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Robin Wight, «Islam New Political Face,» Current History , vol. 90, no. 552 (January 1991), p. 25. )29 (

Mohammed Choudhary and Michael Berdine, «Islamic Resurgence and Western Response,» )30 (

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Barbara Stowasser, ed., The Islamic Impulse (Washington, DC: Center for Contemporary Arab )31 (

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)39 (
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Robin Wright, «Islam Democracy and the West,» Foreign Affairs , vol. 71, no. 3 (1992), pp. 131- )34 (

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Elie Kedourie, Afghani and 'Abduh: An Essay on Religious Unbelief and Political Activism in )40 (

Modern Islam (London: Frank Cass, 1966), pp. 1-66.

Aziz Al-Azmeh, «Islamist Revivalism and Western Ideologies,» History Workshop Journal , vol. 32 )41 (

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Mona Abul-Fadel, «From Greed to Justice: American Policy in the Middle East Reflections from )43 (

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94.

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.121 U ,)2004

Margot Patterson, «Islamic Fundamentalism Feared, Misunderstood,» National Catholic )45 (

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Nazih Ayubi, Political Islam, Religion and Politics in the Arab World (London; New York: )46 (

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Hugsh Kennedy, The Prophet and the Age of Caliphates (London: Longman, 1986). )48 (

Richard Bulliet, «The Future of Islamic Movement,» Foreign Affairs , vol. 72, no. 5 (November- )49 (

December 1993), pp. 38-39.

Pipes, «This World is Political, the Islamic Revival of the Seventies,» pp. 20-22. )50 (

Guppy, «The Failure of Islamism,» p. 226. )51 (

Michael Eminsalla, «Islamic Fundamentalism: Its Consequences for the West,» Islam and the )52 (

Modern Age (New Delhi), vol. 22, no. 1 (February 1991), pp. 27-29.

Choudhary and Berdine, «Islamic Resurgence and Western Response,» pp. 553-554. )53 (

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Ibrahim Abu-Rabi, «Discourse, Power and Ideology in Modern Islamic Revivalist Thought: The )54 (

Case of Sayyed Qutub,» Islamic Culture (Hyderabad), vol. 65, nos. 2-3 (April-July 1991), pp. 92-93.

Ahmed Mousalli, «The Views of Islamic Fundamentalism on Epistemological and Political )55 (

Philosophy,»Islamic Quarterly , vol. 37, no. 3 (1993), p. 182.

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Lawrence Davidson, «Historical Dictionary of Islamic Fundamentalism in the Arab World, Iran, )57 (

and Turkey,» Middle East Policy , vol. 7, no. 2 (February 2000), p. 209.

Abu-Rabi, «Discourse, Power and Ideology in Modern Islamic Revivalist Thought: The Case of )58 (

Sayyed Qutub,» p. 93.

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John Esposito, Islamic Threat: Myth or Reality (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992), p. 35. )59 (

Mousalli, «The Views of Islamic Fundamentalism on Epistemological and Political Philosophy,» )60 (

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Pervez Hoodbhoy, «The United States and Islam: Toward Perpetual War,» Social Research , )61 (

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Haris Proctor, «Islam and International Relations,» in: Majid Khadduri, ed., The Islamic Theory )62(
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29.

Ayatollah Khoimeini, Islam and Revolution , translated by Hamid Algar (Berkely, CA: Mizan )63 (

Press, 1981), pp. 45-77.

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Institute that Preaches Strict form of Islam,» Wall Street Journal , 3/12/2003, p. A1.

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