MUSCULAR SYSTEM WORKS
skeleton. They are called voluntary,
The musculoskeletal system is made up of
muscles and joints. The muscles – all the
600 of them and more and are responsible
for movement.
The skeleton provides attachment points
and support for muscles, but it’s the
muscle tissue’s ability to extend and contract
that makes movement happen.
CLASSES OF MUSCLES
- Cardiac Muscle has branching
fibers and forms most of the wall of
the heart. Its contraction produces
the heartbeat.
- Skeletal muscles are attached to the
of course, because they are
controlled by your will. This type of
muscle can be easily seen by flexing
the forearm, which makes the biceps
muscle become hard and thick.
- Visceral muscle is found in the
stomach, intestines, and blood
vessels, and cannot be controlled at
will.
TYPES OF MUSCLES
- Striated Muscles Striated muscles
are also called skeletal or voluntary
muscles. These are the muscles that
move all the bones, as well as the
face and the eyes. The body is able to
consciously control the activity of a
striated muscle.
- Smooth Muscle the second type of
muscle is smooth muscle, also
known as visceral involuntary or
unstriated muscle. The body has no
conscious control over smooth
muscle, which move the internal
organs such as the digestive tract.
- Cardiac Muscles The third type of
muscle is cardiac muscle. It is
striated in appearance but is like
smooth muscle in its actions.
Movement of cardiac muscle cannot
be consciously controlled. Cardiac
muscle has branching fibers forming
most of the wall of the heart and
controlling the contractions
producing the heartbeat.
MUSCLE MOVEMENT
1. Abduction - movement of drawing
away from the center of the body
(such as fingers spread apart)

2. Adduction – movement of drawing

toward the middle of the body (for
example, fingers held together)
 8. Pronation – movement that turns the
palm of the hand downward.
9. Supination – movement that turns
the palm of the hand upward.

3. Eversion – turning outward. COMMON MUSCULAR CONDTIONS

4. Inversion – turning inward.

5. Extension - Movement in which a BURSITIS

limb is placed in a straight position.
Inflammation of the bursa sac, which lines
6. Flexion- Movement in which a limb the joint and provides smooth joint
is bent. movement.

7. Rotation – turning around on its

own axis.
 TENNIS ELBOW
The tendon that connects the arm
muscle to elbow becomes inflamed
due to the repetitive use of the arm.
TENOSYNOVITIS – inflammation
of the tendon and the sheath around
it, often in a finger or the wrist.
FIBROMYALGIA
MYOPARALYSIS – paralysis of a
Pain in fibrous of muscles, tendons, or muscle.
ligaments.
POLYMYOSITIS – inflammation
of “many muscles.”

MUSCULAR DISEASES AND

PATHOLOGY

Dermatomyositis - Polymyositis
TENDINITIS/TENDONITIS
with inflammatory skin changes of
Inflammation of a tendon. face, neck, trunk, and arms.
 Torticollis – Acute myositis of the cervical
muscles (wryneck).

Dupuytren’s contracture - Disease

affecting the palmar fascia of the
hand, causing the ring finger and
little finger to contract toward the
palm.

MUSCULAR RADIOLOGY AND

DIAGNOSTIC TESTS
Electromyogram (EMG) - is a record of
electric activity in a muscle. This procedure
is done to diagnose carpal tunnel syndrome.

Leiomyosarcoma – Malignant
tumor of smooth muscle.

Myosarcoma - Malignant tumor of muscle

Isokinetic dynamometry - A test to
tissue.
measure the degree of muscular power using
Muscular Dystrophy – inherited disease an instrument called a dynamometer.
characterized by progressive weakness and
degeneration of muscle fibers without the
involvement of the nervous system.
 The Central Nervous System (CNS) -
includes the brain and spinal cord.
The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)- is
composed of cranial nerves that extend from
the brain and spinal nerves that extend from
the spinal cord.
The Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) –
is a division of the peripheral nervous and
controls and coordinates the functions of the
body’s vital organs, such as heartbeat and
rate of breathing — functions we don’t even
think about.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) –
The gold standard for making pictures of
soft tissue such as fascia, tendons, ligaments,
and muscle.
X-Ray

MUSCULAR SURGERIES AND

PROCEDURES
Fasciectomy: Excision of fascia (fibrous
band or membrane of tissue surrounding
muscle).
Fasciotomy: Surgical cutting into muscle
fascia.
THE BRAIN
Myoplasty: Surgical repair of a muscle.
• The brain is the central control
Myorrhaphy: Suturing of a muscle. center for regulating and
coordinating body functions. It lies
Tenomyoplasty: Surgical repair of a tendon
in the cranial cavity (within the
and muscle.
skull)
Tenorrhaphy: Suturing of a tendon.
• Most brains weigh between 2.5–4
Tenotomy: Incision of a tendon. pounds (40–60 ounces). The size of
the skull offers only a general idea of
the brain size, because the shape and
thickness of the skull varies.
NERVOUS SYSTEM
• The brain’s largest part is the
cerebrum.
• Nervous tissue covering the
cerebrum is called the cerebral
cortex.
• Thought, memory, judgment, and
association all take place in the
cerebrum.
• The cerebral cortex is the center that
controls speech, vision, smell,
movement, hearing, and thought
processes and has four lobes.
4 LOBES
1. The frontal lobe is the center for
voluntary movement, judgment,
reasoning, and impulse inhibition.
2. The occipital lobe (the back of each
of the hemispheres) manages visual
perception, association, and visual
memory.
3. The parietal lobe collects,
recognizes, and organizes sensations
of pain, touch, movement, and
position.
4. The temporal lobe correlates
auditory and visual memory as well
as language development.
COMMON TERMS RELATED TO
NERVOUS SYSTEM
• Anesthesia: Without or loss of
feeling or sensation
• Anesthesiologist: Physician who
administers an anesthetic (a drug that
reduces feeling)
• Ataxia: Lack of muscle coordination
• Coma: State of profound
unconsciousness
• Dementia: Mental decline
• Disorientation: A state of confusion
as to time, place, or identity.
• Gait: A matter or style of walking.
• Monoplegia: Paralysis of one limb.
• Neurologist: Physician who
specializes in neurology, the
scientific study of the nervous
system; does not perform surgery.
• Neurology: The branch of medicine
dealing with the study of the nervous
system, functions and disorders.
• Neurosurgeon: Physician who
specializes in neurology and
performs surgeries on the nervous
system.
• Paraplegia: Paralysis of the lower
half of the body.
COMMON NERVOUS SYSTEM
CONDITIONS
• Aphasia involves loss or impairment
of the ability to speak.
• Cerebrovascular accident (CVA) is
also known as a stroke.
• Coma is a state of unconsciousness
in which a person cannot be aroused.
• Concussion is a temporary
dysfunction after injury, usually
clearing within 24 hours. It’s
basically a bruise on the brain.
• Dysphasia is the condition of having
difficulty speaking.
• Epilepsy refers to a sudden
disturbance of the nervous system
functioning due to abnormal
electrical activity of the brain.
• Neuralgia means pain in a nerve.
• Neuritis is inflammation of a nerve.
• Neuroma is a tumor made up of
nerve cells.
• Neurosis is an emotional disorder
involving an ineffective way of
coping with anxiety.
• Polyneuritis is the inflammation of
many nerves.
DISEASES AND PATHOLOGY
• Alzheimer’s disease: Brain disorder
marked by deterioration in mental
capacity, caused by atrophy (wasting
away) of the brain cells; develops
gradually; early signs are loss of
memory for recent events, and an
impairment of judgment and
comprehension.
• Guillain-Barre syndrome: Acute
idiopathic polyneuritis, a rapid-in-
onset, progressive motor neuron
paralysis of unknown cause
• Meningitis: Inflammation of the
meninges caused by bacteria
(bacterial meningitis) or a virus
(viral meningitis),
• Parkinson’s disease: Degeneration
of the nerves of the brain, occurring
in later life, leading to tremors,
weakness of muscles, and slowness
of movement.
SURGERIES AND PROCEDURE
• Craniotomy: Surgical cutting into
and opening the skull to gain access
to the brain tissue for surgery
• Decompression craniectomy: A
portion of the cranium (skull) is
 removed to relieve brain swelling • The main organ of the circulatory
following traumatic brain injury or a (another name for cardiovascular)
stroke. system is the heart which main job is
making the blood flow freely through
• Laminectomy: Excision of the
your veins.
posterior arch of a vertebra
• An adult human’s normal heart rate
• Neurectomy: Excision of a nerve
is 70–80 beats per minute. A child’s
• Neuroplasty: Surgical repair of a is 100–120.
nerve.

3 MAJOR LAYERS
• Endocardium - Endo- is the Greek
prefix for “within.” This is the inner
layer of the heart, lining the
chambers and covering the valves.
• Epicardium: Epi- is the Greek
prefix for “on.” This is the outer
layer of the heart.

• Myocardium: Myo- is the Greek

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM prefix meaning “muscle.” This is the
 actual heart muscle and makes up the
thick middle layer.
COMMON CARDIOVASCULAR AND
LYMPHATIC CONDITIONS
Anemia: Lack of red blood cells
Embolism: The blockage of an artery by
foreign material in the blood- stream, most
often a blood clot but could be fat, an air
bubble, or a clot of bacteria. The foreign
material is called an embolus (plural
emboli).
Hemorrhage: Rapid flow of blood
Hypercholesterolemia: Excessive amounts
of cholesterol
Hyperlipidemia: Excessive amounts of fat
in the blood
Hypertension: Blood pressure that is above
normal range of 120/70 ✓
Hypotension: Blood pressure that is below
normal.
CARDIOVASCULAR AND
LYMPHATIC DISEASES AND
PAHTOLOGY
Aneurysm- a local widening of an artery,
may be due to weakness in the arterial wall
or breakdown of the wall due to
atherosclerosis.
Bacterial endocarditis is inflammation of
the inner lining of the heart caused by
bacteria.
Cardiac arrhythmia is an abnormal heart
rhythm.
Congenital heart disease refers to
abnormalities in the heart at birth, resulting
from some failure in the development of the
fetus.
Congestive heart failure is a condition
where the heart is unable to pump its
required amount of blood.
Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a
disease of arteries supplying blood to the
heart. This is usually the result of
atherosclerosis, the deposition of fatty
compounds on the inner lining of the
coronary arteries.
Heart murmur refers to an extra heart
sound heard between normal heart sounds.
Rheumatic heart disease is heart disease
caused by rheumatic fever.
Varicose veins are abnormally swollen
veins usually occurring in the legs, due to
damaged valves that fail to prevent the
backflow of blood.