– Also known as striated muscle

(fibers have obvious stripes) and

MUSCLE TYPES as voluntary muscle (subject to
conscious control)
1. Skeletal
→ Skeletal muscle tissue can
2. Smooth
contract rapidly and with great
3. Cardiac
force, but it tires easily and must
rest after short periods of
activity.
A. ENDOMYSIUM
– Each muscle fiber is enclosed in
a delicate connective tissue
sheath called endomysium.
B. PERIMYSIUM
– Several sheathed muscle fibers
are then wrapped by a coarser
fibrous membrane called
perimysium to form a bundle of
fibers called a fascicle.
C. EPIMYSIUM
– Many fascicles are bound
together by an even tougher
“overcoat” of connective tissue
called an epimysium, which
covers the entire muscle.
D. TENDON OR APONEUROSIS
– The ends of the epimysium that
extend beyond the muscle blend
either into a strong, cordlike
tendon or a sheetlike
– Skeletal muscle fibers are aponeurosis, which directly
packaged into organs called attaches the muscle to bone,
skeletal muscles that attach to cartilage, or another connective
the skeleton. tissue covering.
→ cover our bone and cartilage
framework and help form the
smooth contours of the body.
– Skeletal muscle fibers are large,
cigar-shaped, multinucleated
cells.
 shift into “high gear” for short
periods.
– Has no striations and is
FUNCTIONS OF MUSCLE
involuntary, which means that
we cannot consciously control A. MOVEMENT
it. ❖ SKELETAL MUSCLES
Found mainly in the walls – Attached to bones by
of hollow (tubelike) tendons
visceral organs such as the – Cross joints so when they
stomach, urinary bladder, contract, bones they attach
and respiratory passages to move
→ Smooth muscle propels ❖ SMOOTH MUSCLE
substances along a pathway. – Found on organ walls
– Moving food through the – Contractions produce
digestive tract and emptying movement of organ
the bowels and bladder are contents
examples of activities normally ❖ CARDIAC MUSCLE
handled by smooth muscles. – Produces atrial and
ventricular contractions
– This pumps blood from the
heart into the blood vessels
Is found in only one place B. STABILITY
in the body – the heart ❖ HOLD BONES TIGHTLY
– Like skeletal muscle, cardiac TOGETHER
muscle is striated, and like – Stabilize joints
smooth muscle, it is ❖ SMALL MUSCLES HOLD
uninucleate and its control is VERTEBRAE TOGETHER
involuntary. – Stabilize the spinal column
– The cardiac cells are cushioned C. CONTROL OF BODY OPENINGS
by small amounts of AND PASSAGES
endomysium and are arranged ❖ SPHINCTERS
in spiral or figure 8-shaped – Valve-like structures formed by
bundles. muscles
– Cardiac muscle fibers are – Control movement of
branching cells joined by special substances in and out of
gap junctions called passages
intercalated discs. ➢ A urethral sphincter
→ Cardiac muscle usually prevents or allows
contracts at a fairly steady rate urination
set by the heart’s pacemaker.
→ However, the nervous system
can also stimulate the heart to
D. HEAT PRODUCTION ✓ The gap between them, the
❖ HEAT IS RELEASED WITH synaptic cleft, is filled with
MUSCLE CONTRACTION interstitial fluid.
– Helps the body maintain a
normal temperature
– Moving your body can make
you warmer if you are cold

✓ To contract, skeletal muscle fibers

must be stimulated by nerve
impulses.
✓ One motor neuron (nerve cell) may
stimulate a few muscle fibers or
hundreds of them, depending on
the particular muscle and the work
it does.
✓ A motor unit consists of one
❖ MUSCLE FATIGUE
neuron and all the skeletal muscle
– Occurs when muscles are
fibers it stimulates.
unable to contract even though
✓ When a long, threadlike extension
it is still being stimulated.
of the neuron, called the axon,
– Major factor is oxygen deficit.
reaches the muscle, it branches
OXYGEN DEFICIT
into a number of axon terminals,
– It happens when a
each of which forms junctions with
person is able to take in
the sarcolemma of a different
oxygen fast enough to
muscle cell.
keep the muscles
✓ These junctions, called
supplied with all the
neuromuscular junctions, contain
oxygen they need when
synaptic vesicles filled with a
they are working
chemical referred to as a
vigorously.
neurotransmitter.
– When muscles lack
✓ The specific neurotransmitter that
sufficient oxygen for
stimulates skeletal muscle fibers is
aerobic respiration,
acetylcholine, or Ach.
lactic acid begins to
✓ Although the nerve endings and the
accumulate in the
muscle fiber membranes are very
muscle via the
close, they never touch.
anaerobic pathway.

Named on a particular
structural/functional characteristics
1. DIRECTION
– Some muscles are named in
reference to some imaginary
line, usually the midline of the
body or the long axis of a limb
bone.
➢ Rectus (Straight)
– its fibers run parallel
to that imaginary line.
➢ Oblique (Slant)
2. RELATIVE SIZE
➢ Maximus (Largest)
➢ Minimus (Smallest)
➢ Longus (Longest)
3. LOCATION
– Some muscles are named for
the bone with which they are
associated.
➢ Temporalis (Temporal
Bone)
➢ Frontalis (Frontal Bone)
4. NUMBER OF ORIGINS
➢ Biceps (Two Origins)
➢ Triceps (Three Origins)
➢ Quadriceps (Four Origins)
5. LOCATION OF THE MUSCLE’S
ORIGIN AND INSERTION
– Occasionally, muscles are
named for their attachment
sites.
➢ Sternocleidomastoid
muscle has its origin on
the sternum (sterno) and
clavicle (cleido) and
inserts on the mastoid
process of the temporal
bone.
6. SHAPE
– Some muscles have a
distinctive shape that helps to
identify them.
➢ Deltoid muscle is roughly
triangular (deltoid means
“Triangular”)
7. ACTION
– When muscles are named
for their actions, terms such
as
➢ flexor, extensor, and
adductor appear in their
names.
1. HEAD AND NECK MUSCLES
– They have many specific
functions but are usually
grouped into two large
categories – facial muscles and
chewing muscles.
➢ Facial muscles are unique
because they insert into
soft tissues.
When they pull on the
skin of the face, they
permit us to express
ourselves by
frowning, smiling, and
so forth.
The chewing muscles
begin to break down
food for the body.
– All head and neck muscles are
paired except for the platysma,
orbicularis oris, frontalis, and
occipitalis.
A. FACIAL MUSCLES
1. FRONTALIS
– Covers the frontal bone.
– Runs from the cranial
aponeurosis to the skin of
the eyebrows, where it
inserts.
→ This muscle allows you
to raise your eyebrows
and to wrinkle your
forehead
2. ORBICULARIS OCULI
– The fibers of the orbicularis
oculi run in circles around
the eyes.
→ It allows you to close
your eyes, squint,
blink, and wink.
3. ORBICULARIS ORIS
– It is the circular muscle of
the lips
– Often called “kissing”
muscle
→ It closes the mouth and
protrude the lips.
4. BUCCINATOR
– The fleshy buccinators
muscle runs across the
cheek and inserts into the
orbicularis oris.
– It flattens the cheek (as in
whistling of blowing the
trumpet).
→ It is also listed as a
chewing muscle
because it compresses
the cheek to hold food
between the teeth
during chewing.
5. ZYGOMATICUS
– The zygomaticus extends
from the corner of the
mouth to the cheekbone.
→ It is often referred to as
the “smiling” muscle
because it raises the
corner of the mouth.
6. MASSETER
– As it runs from the
zygomatic process to the
temporal bone to the
mandible, the masseter
covers the angle of the
lower jaw.
→ This muscle closes the
jaw by elevating the
mandible.
7. TEMPORALIS
– The temporalis is a fan-
shaped muscle overlying the
temporal bone.
→ It inserts into the
mandible and acts as a
synergist of the
masseter in closing the
jaw.
B. NECK MUSCLES
1. PLATYSMA
– The platysma is a single
sheetlike muscle that 1. PECTORALIS MAJOR
covers the anterolateral
neck
→ Its action is to pull the
corners of the mouth
inferiorly, producing a
downward sag of the
mouth.
2. STERNOCLEIDOMASTOID
– The paired
sternocleidomastoid
muscles are two–headed
muscles, one found on each
side of the neck. 2. INTERCOSTAL MUSCLES
– Of the two heads of each
muscle, one arises from the
sternum, and the other
arises from the clavicle.
– The heads fuse before
inserting into the mastoid
process of the temporal
bone.
When both
sternocleidomastoid
muscles contract
together, they flex your
neck.
If just one muscle
contracts, the face is
rotated toward the
shoulder on the
opposite side and tilts
the head to its own side.
– It is a large fan-shaped muscle
covering the upper part of the
chest.
– Its origin is from the sternum,
shoulder girdle, and the first six
ribs.
– It inserts on the proximal end of
the humerus.
→ This muscle forms the
anterior wall of the axilla
and acts to adduct and flex
the arm.
– The intercostal muscles are
deep muscles found between
the ribs.
→ The external intercostals
are important in breathing
because they help to raise
the rib cage when you
inhale.
→ The internal intercostals,
which lie deep to the
external intercostals,
depress the rib cage,
helping to move air out of
the lungs when you exhale
forcibly.

– The anterior abdominal muscles
form a natural “girdle” that
reinforces the body trunk.
– Taken together, they resemble the
structure of plywood because the
fibers of each muscle or muscle pair
run in a different direction.
– They form a muscular wall that is
well suited for its job of containing
and protecting the abdominal
contents.
1. RECTUS ABDOMINIS
– The most superficial muscles of
the abdomen.
– They run from the pubis to the
rib cage enclosed in
aponeurosis.
→ Main function is to flex the
vertebral column.
→ They also compress the
abdominal contents during
defecation and childbirth
and are involved in forced
breathing.
2. EXTERNAL OBLIQUE
– Are paired superficial muscles
that make up the lateral walls of
the abdomen.
– Their fibers run downward and
medially from the last eight ribs
and insert into the ilium.
→ They flex the vertebral
column and also rotate the
trunk and bend it laterally.
3. INTERNAL OBLIQUE
– Are paired muscles deep to the
external obliques.
– Their fibers run at right angles
to those of the external
obliques.
→ They arise from the iliac
crest and insert into the
last three ribs.
→ Same functions with the
external obliques.
4. TRANSVERSUS ABDOMINIS
– The deepest muscle of the
abdominal wall.
– Has fibers that run horizontally
across the abdomen.
→ It arises from the lower ribs
and iliac crest and inserts
into the pubis.
→ This muscle compresses
the abdominal contents.
1. TRAPEZIUS
– The most superficial muscles of
the posterior neck and upper
trunk.
– They form a diamond or kite-
shaped muscle mass.
 – Each muscle runs from the → These muscles not only act
occipital bone of the skull down as powerful back extensors
the vertebral column to the end (erectors) but also provide
of the thoracic vertebra. resistance that helps
– They then flare laterally to control the action of
insert on the scapular spine and bending over at the waist.
clavicle. – A common source of lower back
– pain.
→ Extend the head and 4. QUADRATUS LUMBORUM
elevate, depress, adduct, – The fleshy quadratus
and stabilize the scapula. lumborum muscles from part of
the posterior abdominal wall.
2. LATISSIMUS DORSI – Acting separately, each muscle
– Are the two large, flat muscles of the pair flexes the spine
that cover the lower back. laterally.
– They originate on the lower – Acting together, they extend
spine and ilium and then sweep the lumbar spine.
superiorly to insert into the – These muscles arise from the
proximal end of the humerus. iliac crest and insert into the
upper lumbar vertebrae.
→ Each latissimus dorsi
extends and adducts the
humerus.
→ These are very important
5. DELTOID
muscles when the arm
– The deltoids are fleshy,
must be brought down in
triangle-shaped muscles that
power stroke, as when
form the rounded shape of your
swimming or striking a
shoulders.
blow.
→ Because they are so bulky,
3. ERECTOR SPINAE
they are a favorite
– The erector spine group is the
injection site when
prime mover of back extension.
relatively small amounts of
– These paired muscles are deep
medication (less than 5 ml)
muscles of the back.
must be given IM.
– Each erector spinae is a
→ The deltoids are the prime
composite muscle consisting of
movers of arm abduction.
three muscle columns
(longissimus, iliocostalis, and
spinalis) that collectively span
the entire length of the
vertebral column.

1. BICEPS BRACHII
– The most familiar muscle of the
arm because it bulges when you
flex your elbow.
– It originates by two heads from
the shoulder girdle and inserts
into the radial tuberosity.
→ This muscle is the powerful
prime mover for flexion of
the forearm and acts to
supinate the forearm.
2. BRACHIALIS
– The brachialis lies deep to the
biceps brachii and, like the
biceps, is a prime mover in
elbow flexion.
→ The brachialis lifts the ulna
as the biceps lifts the
radius.
3. BRACHIORADIALIS
– The brachioradialis is a fairly
weak muscle that arises on the
humerus and inserts into the
distal forearm.
→ It resides mainly in the
forearm.
4. TRICEPS BRACHII
– The triceps brachii is the only
muscle fleshing out the
posterior humerus.
– Its three heads arise from the
shoulder girdle and proximal
humerus, and it inserts into the
olecranon process of the ulna.
→ The powerful prime mover
of elbow extension
→ This muscle straightens the
arm (strong jab in boxing)
Muscles Causing Movement at
the Hip Joint
1. GLUTEUS MAXIMUS
– A superficial muscle of the hip
that forms most of the flesh of
the buttock.
→ It is a powerful hip
extensor that acts to bring
the thigh in a straight line
with the pelvis.
→ The most important
muscle for extending the
hip when power is needed,
as when climbing stairs or
jumping.
2. GLUTEUS MEDIUS
– The gluteus medium runs from
the ilium to the femur, beneath
the gluteus maximus for most
of its length.
→ It is important in steadying
the pelvis during walking.

→ It is an important site for
giving IM injections,
particularly when
administering more than 5
ml.
3. ILIOPSOAS
– The ilopsoas is a fused muscle
composed of two muscles, the
iliacusand the psoas major.
– It runs from the iliac bone and
lower vertebrae deep inside the
pelvis to insert on the lesser
trochanter of the femur.
→ It is a prime mover of
hip flexion.
→ It acts to keep the
upper body from falling
backward when we are
standing erect.
4. ADDUCTOR MUSCLES
– The muscles of the adductor
group form the muscle mass at
the medial side of each thigh.
– As their name indicates, they
adduct, or press the thighs
together.
→ They tend to become flabby
very easily so special exercises
are usually needed to keep
them toned.
Muscles Causing Movement at
the Knee Joint
1. HAMSTRING GROUP
– The muscles forming the
muscle mass of the posterior
thigh are the hamstrings.
– The group consists of three
muscles – the biceps femoris,
semimembranosus, and
semitendinosus.
→ They are prime movers of
thigh extension and knee
flexion.
– Their name comes from the fact
that butchers use their tendons
to hang hams.
– You can feel these tendons at
the back of your knee.
2. SARTORIUS
– Compared with other thigh
muscles, the thin, straplike
Sartorius muscle is not too
important.
– It is the most superficial muscle
of the thigh and so is rather
hard to miss.
– It runs obliquely across the
thigh from the anterior iliac
crest to the medial side of the
tibia.
3. QUADRICEPS GROUP Muscles Causing Movement at
– The quadriceps group consists the Ankle and Foot
of four muscles – the rectus
1. TIBIALIS ANTERIOR
femoris, and three vastus
– The tibialis anterior is a
muscles – that flesh out the
superficial muscle on the
anterior thigh.
anterior leg.
– The vastus muscles originate
→ It arises from the upper
from the femur; the rectus
tibia and then parallels the
femoris originates on the pelvis.
anterior crest as it runs to
– All four muscles insert into the
the tarsal bones, where it
tibial tuberosity via the patellar
inserts by a long tendon
ligament.
→ It acts to dorsiflex and
→ The group as a whole acts to
invert the foot.
extend the knee powerfully,
as when kicking a ball.
→ Because the rectus femoris
crosses two joints, the hip
and the knee, it can also
help to flex the hip.
→ The vastus lateralis and
rectus femoris are
sometimes used as IM
injection sites, particularly
in infants, who have poorly 2. EXTENSOR DIGITORUM
developed gluteus muscles. LONGUS
– Lateral to the tibialis anterior,
the extensor digitorum longus
muscle arises from the lateral
tibial condyle and proximal
three-quarters of the fibula and
inserts into the phalanges of
toes 2 to 5.
→ It is a prime mover of toe
extension.

3. FIBULARIS MUSCLES
– The three fibularis muscles –
longus, brevis, and tertius – are
found on the lateral part of the
leg.
 – They arise from the fibula and
insert into the metatarsal bones
of the foot.
– The group as a whole plantar
flex and everts the foot, which
is antagonistic to the tibialis
anterior.
4. GASTROCNEMIUS
– It is a two-bellied muscle that
forms the curved calf of the
posterior leg.
– It arises by two heads, one from
each side of the distal femur,
and inserts through the large
calcaneal (Achilles) tendon into
the heel of the foot.
→ It is a prime mover for
plantar flexion of the foot
(toe dancer’s muscle)
5. SOLEUS
– Deep to the gastrocnemius is
the fleshy soleus muscle
– Because it arises on the tibia
and fibula, it does not affect
knee movement.
– Like the gastrocnemius, it
inserts into the calcaneal
tendon and is a strong plantar
flexor of the foot.
1. STRAINS
– injuries due to over-stretched
muscles or tendons
2. SPRAINS
– more serious injuries that result
in tears to tendons, ligaments,
and/or cartilage of joints
RICE is recommended treatment for
either
✓ Rest
✓ Ice
✓ Compression
✓ Elevation
Prevention
1. WARM UP MUSCLES
– A few minutes before an
intense activity raises muscle
temperature and makes muscle
more pliable
2. STRETCHING
– Improves muscle performance
and should always be done
after the warm-up or after
exercising
3. COOLING DOWN OR SLOWING
DOWN
– Before completely stopping
prevents pooling of blood in the
legs and helps remove lactic
acid from muscles
✓ CONTRACTIONS BECOME
SLOWER AND NOT AS STRONG
➢ Dexterity and gripping
ability decrease
➢ Mobility may decrease
✓ ASSISTIVE DEVICES HELPFUL

✓ ROUTINE EXERCISE
➢ Swimming
➢ Physical therapy