ANAPHY WEEK 5: THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM
ORIGIN - the fixed attachment
- consists of all the muscles of the body
- make up approximately 42% of total body weight
- are composed of long, slender cells known as fibers
- the fibers are different lengths and vary in color from
white to deep red
- each muscle consists of a group of fibers held together
by connective tissue and enclosed in a fibrous sheath or
fascia
- the fascia holds the muscle to form a group of muscles
COMMON TYPES OF MUSCLES
- muscles cause movements
- help maintain posture
- produce heat
1. SKELETAL MUSCLES - elastic and work in pairs:
one flexing while the other is extending
- they are striated, with horizontal markings, and are
stimulated to contract by electrical impulses from the
nervous system
- white muscle fibers: fast, contract rapidly, have poor
blood supply, operate without oxygen, and tire quickly
- they use glycolytic pathway to produce ATP through
anaerobic environment
-resulting ATP is usually lower in number so it tires
easily as it runs out of ATP
- red muscle fibers: slow, contract more slowly, have
better blood supplies, operate with oxygen, and do not
tire as easily. They are used in ongoing movements,
such as maintaining posture.
- have higher concentration of mitochondria giving them
characteristics of red color
- since they have higher concentration of mitochondria
they use oxidative pathway
- skeletal muscles do the flexing and extending
- voluntary
2. SMOOTH MUSCLE - lines most hollow organs of the
body, such as the intestines, stomach, and uterus
- they help move substances through tubular areas
such as blood vessels and the small intestines,
contracting automatically and rhythmically
- contract slower than skeletal muscles, but can remain
contracted longer, and are not as dependent on oxygen
- they are stimulated by electrical impulses or hormones,
and
use carbohydrates for energy
- not striated, spindle shaped (narrow ends)
- involuntary
3. CARDIAC MUSCLE - also known as myocardium
- are striated like skeletal muscles but are smaller and
shorter
- they are stimulated to contract by electrical impulses
sent out from small clumps of specialized tissue in the
heart, the sinoatrial and atrioventricular node (keeps the
heart beating)
- muscles that made up your heart or cardiac system
- they have intercalated disks which connects two
adjacent skeletal muscles
- involuntary
PARTS OF A MUSCLE
1. BODY - the main portion
- where we usually the bulk muscles
2.
- area where your muscles is attached to and do not
produce movement
3. INSERTION - the point of attachment to the part of
the body moved by this muscle through contraction
• TENDON - means of attachment
- connecting the muscle to the bone
- they vary in length, from less than an inch to more
than a foot
- a wide sheet-like tendon is called an aponeurosis
- this tendon is usually seen in your hands or foot
MAJOR MUSCLES OF THE HUMAN BODY
(ANTERIOR)
1. OCCIPITOFRONTALIS (frontal belly) - attached to
the occipital bone in your head/skull
- muscle of the scalp
- spanning from the eyebrows to the superior nuchal
lines of occipital bones
- knuckle lines is the point of attachment of the muscles
to the bone
2. MASSETER - muscle involved in the movement of
jaws
3. STERNOCLEIDOMASTOID - muscles that connect
the sternum and sterno, clavicle, and mastoid process
of the temporal bone
- serve to turn and nod the head
- creates the movement of the head
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4. DELTOID - located in your shoulder usually below
the jaw
- acts as the connection to your arm to the trunk of the
body
- provides movement in different directions
- protects and stabilizes your shoulder joint
- which is the ball-and-socket joint
5. TRAPEZIUS - located at the back of the body
- large triangular muscle extending over the back of the
neck and shoulders
- moves the head and shoulder blade
- it is two muscles
6. PECTORALIS MAJOR - muscle of your chest
- the superior and largest muscle of the anterior chest
wall
- fan-shaped characteristic
7. PECTORALIS MINOR - triangular shape and thinner
- usually seen in the upper part of the chest beneath the
pectoralis major, at the side of underarm
8. RECTUS ABDOMINIS - between the ribs and the
pubic bone at the front of the pelvis
- commonly referred as the 6 pack abs
- when this muscle contracts it provides a characteristic
bumps or bulges
- to move the body between the ribcage and the pelvis
9. SERRATUS ANTERIOR - almost same as pectoralis
- fan-shaped in appearance but they originate
superolateral surfaces of the 1st to 8th ribs or the 1st to
9th ribs at the lateral wall of the thorax and inserts along
the superior angle, medial border, and inferior angle of
the scapula
10. BICEPS/BICEPS BRACHII - is a large, thick muscle
on the ventral portion of the upper arm
- muscle that is usually targeted or enlarges when you
are lifting weights
- if you flex your arm, it is the muscle that bulges
- muscle responsible for the movement of your forearm
11. BRACHIALIS - an elbow flexor, helps in moving
your joint in part of the elbow
- usually originates from the distal anterior humerus and
inserts onto the ulnar tuberosity
- one of the largest elbow flexors and provides pure
flexion of the forearm at the elbow so it can move
greater than 60 degrees
12. BRACHIORADIALIS - almost the same as the
brachialis, the only difference is it is attached to the
radius
- a superficial forearm muscle located in the upper part/
lateral forearm
- primarily flexes the forearm at the elbow but also
functions to supinate or pronate depending on the
rotation of the forearm
13. PRONATOR TERES - a fusiform forearm muscle
(almost the same as smooth muscle as it is spindle
shape)
- found in the superficial layer of the anterior
compartment of the forearm
- to pronate the forearm and assist in flexion
- this muscle is usually very important especially in
sports
- helps you move or flex faster
14. FLEXOR CARPI RADIALIS - it flexes the carpi
which is the wrist, radialis or hand
- muscle/superficial muscle of the forearm that belongs
to the anterior muscle group and lies in the first layer
- flexes your wrist muscle, responsible at the joint
located at the wrist
15. TENSOR FASCIAE LATAE - a fusiform muscle
located in the lateral (side) aspect of the thigh
- it belongs to the muscles of the gluteal region (butt),
along with the gluteus maximus, gluteus
medius and gluteus minimus muscles
16. ABDOMINAL EXTERNAL OBLIQUE - large muscle
that takes the origin from the 6th to the 12th ribs
- receives segmental blood supply from the lateral
cutaneous branches of the inferior 8th posterior
intercostal vessels
- at the side, outer part side of the abdomen
17. PECTINEUS - a flat quadrangular muscle usually
situated in the upper portion of the thigh
- part of a group of muscles known as the adductor
muscles which are a group of muscles located in the
inner thigh that aid in balance and alignment.
18. ADDUCTOR LONGUS - part of the adductor group
- is a large, fan-shaped muscle located in the medial
aspect of the thigh (seen at the center of the thigh)
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19. SARTORIUS - the longest muscle in the body
- also known as the tailor’s muscle because it is usually
exercised when doing tailor work
- spands both the hip and the knee joints
- the name sartorius is derived from the latin word
Sartor, which translates to tailor/patcher, due to how the
individual will position their leg while working
20. ILIOPSOAS - a deep muscle usually a group of
muscle which connects the spine to the lower limbs
- It has different compositions which are the iliacus,
psoas minor muscles and psoas major
- it’s major functions is for hip flexor
21. RECTUS FEMORIS - the muscle that is directly
involved in the femur of the thigh
- flexes the hip along with the sartorius and iliopsoas
and extends the lower leg at the knee
- working in conjunction with the other three quadriceps
muscles
- it usually antagonizes the hamstring muscles at the
knee and the hip
22. VASTUS LATERALIS MUSCLE - located at the
lateral side of the thigh
- this muscle is the largest of the quadriceps which
includes: vastus intermedius, and vastus medialis and
rectus femoris
- together, the quadriceps act on the knee and hip to
promote movement as well as strength and stability
23. GRACILIS - a long, thin muscle located in the
medial compartment of the thigh (middle of the thigh)
- it originates in the ischiopubic ramus (part of the pubic
bone) and joins with the sartorius and semitendinosus
muscle tendons to form the pes anserine, which inserts
on the superior medial tibia, medial to the tibial
tuberosity
24. VASTUS MEDIALIS - one of the four muscles that
make up the quadriceps group of muscles
- it originates from the upper part of the femoral shaft
and inserts as a flattened tendon into the
quadriceps femoris tendon, which inserts into the upper
border of the patella
- seen usually above the patella
25. FIBULARIS (PERONEUS) LONGUS - a long
muscle located superficially in the lateral compartment
of the leg, together with the fibularis brevis it makes up
the lateral compartment muscle of the leg
- fibularis longus spreads from the proximal aspect of
the fibula to the medial cuneiform and to the first
metatarsal bones
26. TIBIALIS ANTERIOR MUSCLE - also known as the
tibialis anticus
- is the largest of four muscles in the anterior
compartment of the leg
- it is thick muscle belly arises from its proximal
attachment at the lateral tibia
- attached at the tibia and found at the front
- the tibialis anterior tendon (TAT) inserts distally on the
medial border of the foot
27. SOLEUS - a powerful lower limb muscle, which is
situated deep to the gastronemius muscle
- together with gastrocnemius, the soleus and plantaris
forms the calf muscle or triceps surae
- it runs from back of the knee to the ankle and is
multipennate (fibers are not arranged properly, they
usually have different angles/arrangement)
- cannot be easily differentiated between gastrocnemius
because it is usually situated deep in the gastrocnemius
muscle
28. GASTROCNEMIUS - the chief muscle of the calf of
the leg
- responsible in flexing the knee and foot
- it runs to the Achilles tendon from two heads attached
to the femur
MAJOR MUSCLES OF THE HUMAN BODY
(POSTERIOR)
1. EPICRANIAL APONEUROSIS - epicranial: located
at the cranial part
- aponeurosis: a tendon that is wide sheet-like
- it runs from the superior portion of the frontal bone and
covers the parietal bones to the lambdoid suture
- also referred to as the Galea Aponeurotica or the
Aponeurosis Epicranialis which is a broad tendon and is
the intermediate section of the occipitofrontalis muscle
2. SPLENIUS CAPITIS - a thick, flat muscle at the
posterior aspect of the neck arising from the midline
(spine) and extending superolaterally to the cervical
vertebrae and, along with the splenius cervicis,
comprise the superficial layer of intrinsic back muscles
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3. LEVATOR SCAPULAE - attached to the scapula
region of the shoulder bone
- a posterior Axio-appenducular muscle that connects
the upper limb to the vertebral column
- lies in the posterior triangle of the neck
- the superior aspect of the levator scapulae is covered
by sternocleidomastoid, and also the inferior part by
trapezius
4. SUPRASPINATUS - most superiorly located of the
rotator cuff muscles
- resides in the supraspinous fossa of the scapula,
superior to the scapular spine
5. RHOMBOIDS - a collective group of muscles that
formed a rhomboid shape, major and minor
- rhomboids are important in upper limb movement
because it provides stability of both the shoulder girdle
and scapula
- both rhomboids is usually innervation from the dorsal
scapular nerve, and their vascular supply the dorsal
scapular artery
6. TERES MINOR - a narrow, intrinsic shoulder muscle
that extends from the lateral border of the scapula to the
greater tubercle (or tuberosity) of the humerus
- it contributes to the rotation or rotator cuff (a group of
muscles and tendons that collectively stabilize the
glenohumeral joint which is the ball joint of the shoulder)
7. TERES MAJOR - a thick but flattened and
rectangular shaped
- that usually extends from the inferior posterior scapula
to the medial lip of the intertubercular groove of the
humerus
- its major function is to provide extension and
adduction to your humerus with the help of latissimus
dorsi it can provide synergistically movement
8. INFRASPINATUS - a thick triangular muscle that
occupies much of the infraspinous fossa located at the
scapula (fossa: empty area that usually have dent in
the bone)
- It is a member of the rotator cuff, commonly
remembered by the mnemonic “SITS” (supraspinatus,
infraspinatus, teres minor, subscapularis)
9.TRICEPS BRACHII - located at the back of the
briceps
- a large, thick muscle on the dorsal part of the upper
arm
- it often appears in the shape of a horseshoe on the
posterior aspect of the arm
- its function is to provide extension of the elbow joint
10. LATISSIMUS DORSI MUSCLE - a broad, flat
muscle that occupies the majority of the lower posterior
thorax (middle part/rib part of the body)
- used in movement of the upper extremity but is also
considered to be a respiratory accessory muscle
11. SERRATUS POSTERIOR INFERIOR - posterior: at
the back, inferior: small muscle
- originates in the supraspinal ligament
- a spinous processes of the upper 2 to 3 lumbar
vertebrae (L01–L03) and the lower 2 of thoracic
vertebrae (T11–T12)
12. EXTENSOR CARPI RADIALIS LONGUS (ECRL) -
a muscle in your forearm that works in conjunction with
the other muscles so that in can provide movement in
your arm, wrist and hand
13. EXTENSOR CARPI ULNARIS - has a fusiform
appearance and located in the posterior compartment of
the forearm
- primarily functions to extend and adduct the wrist
- it is usually seen between the elbow and the base of
the little finger
- usually used for extension or straightening of the arm
14. FLEXOR CARPI ULNARIS - is a superficial flexor
muscle of the forearm that flexes and adducts the hand
- it is the most powerful wrist flexor
- originates from two separate heads connected by a
tendinous arch.
- usually involved in flexing the muscle
15. EXTENSOR DIGITORUM - responsible for
extending your digits or fingers
- runs from the lateral epicondyle of humerus to the
medial four phalanges of the hand
- it generates the pull for the extension of the four
medial fingers in their metacarpophalangeal and both
interphalangeal joints
16. GLUTEUS - any of three muscles in
each buttock which move the thigh
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a. Gluteus Maximus - the largest muscle of gluteus
b. Gluteus Minimus - is the smallest muscle of the butt
- it shares similar characteristics with the gluteus
medius, including structure and function, blood supply,
and innervation
- it is located just beneath the gluteus medius muscle
- acts as predominantly acts as a hip stabilizer and
abductor of the hip
c. Gluteus Medius - acts as a stabilizer of the pelvis
and maintain the trunk upright when standing on one
leg, running, and walking, it helps maintain the posture
17. GEMELLI MUSCLES - made up of the
inferior gemellus muscle and the superior gemellus
muscle
- two small accessory fasciculi to the tendon of the
internal obturator
- act as an externally (laterally) help in rotating the hip
18. SEMIMEMBRANOSUS - is a relatively large muscle
that originates from a small facet on the rough
superolateral surface of the ischial tuberosity
- has flat tendon origin
- the tendon of semimembranosus appears at the level
of the mid-thigh and continues caudally toward the point
of insertion at the medial condyle of the tibia
20. PERONEUS LONGUS MUSCLE - is one of two
muscles in the lateral compartment of the lower limb,
along with the peroneus brevis muscle.[1] The lateral
compartment receives innervation from the superficial
peroneal nerve (L5-S2), supplied by the anterior tibial
and peroneal arteries
21.TIBIALIS POSTERIOR MUSCLE (TPM) - attached
to the tibia
- usually seen in the lower leg
- it is the deepest muscle of the deep posterior
compartment of the lower leg
- has large belly arises from the posterior aspect of the
interosseous membrane and superior two-thirds of the
posterior and medial surface of the fibula, and the
superior aspect of the proximal tibia
ADDUCTOR MUSCLES - are an important group of
muscles located on your inner thighs
- they serve to bring your legs toward the center of your
body. This motion of bringing your legs inward is called
adduction
- it is comprised of the adductor longus, adductor brevis,
adductor magnus, gracilis, and pectineus
- lower hip
- the hip abductor muscles- stabilize the hip within the
frontal plane during the single-limb support phase of
walking
- divided into superficial muscles like the gluteus
maximus with their insertion into the iliotibial band and
deeper muscles such as the glutei medius and minimus
with their insertion into the greater trochanter
- helps in stabilizing your body when you are in one foot
- located at the higher hip
TONICITY - residual muscle tension produces by
muscle contraction
- muscles are continually working to maintain posture
- this passive muscle contraction known as residual
muscle tension is called tonicity
- not the same as achieving muscle tone through
exercise.

19. SEMITENDINOSUS - make up the hamstrings ABDUCTOR MUSCLES

muscle group - contribute to various actions, including pelvic
- it is located at the posterior and medial aspect of the stabilization during walking and running, abduction and
thigh rotation at the hip joint
- the semitendinosus is so named due to it having a - moving away from your body midline
long tendon of insertion