Anatomy Reviewer

MUSCULAR SYSTEM

 Primary purpose of muscular system is to provide movement for the body.

 The muscles receive their ability to move the body through the nervous system.

5 Major Properties of Muscular System

1. Excitable or irritable – This means that they are capable of receiving stimulation and
responding to stimulation from the nerves.
Stimulus Response Theory by Edward Thorndike
If muscles is prone to stimulus nagkakaroon ng MUSCLE MEMORY (automatic na ginagawa
ng muscle)

2. Contractible – After receiving stimulation, they are capable of contracting, or

shortening. (flexion)
Kapag nangyayari ng kusa ang shortening nakakaranas tayo ng MUSCLE CRAMPS

3. Extensible – A muscle can be stretched without damage by the application of force.

4. Elasticity – A muscle is able to return to its original resting shape and length after being
extended or contracted.
5. Adaptability – The muscular system is adaptable in that it can be changed in response
to how it is used.

Hypertrophy- Enlarging of muscles (Development of muscles by means or enlarging of size,

thickness and endurance)
Atrophy - Wasting away of muscle (deprived of work, or hindi na nagagamit masyado)

Muscular Dystrophy – Pinanganak kang normal, pero habang lumalaki ka lumiliit ang muscles
mo. (different case from polio)

5 Types of Muscle Movements

1. Adduction – Moving a body part toward the mid-line of the body.
2. Abduction – Moving a body part away from the body.
3. Flexion – Bending a joint to decrease the angle between two bones or two body parts.
4. Extension – Straightening and extending of the joint to increase the angle between two
bones.
5. Rotation – Rotation involves moving a body part around an axis.

3 Main types of Muscles

1. Cardiac Muscle – is an involuntary muscle meaning it operates without any conscious
control. These muscles form the walls of the heart and contracts to circulate the blood.
2. Visceral/Smooth Muscles – is an involuntary muscles these muscles are found in organs
or organ systems such as the digestive or respiratory system.
3. Skeletal Muscles – Voluntary muscles, attach to the skeleton and provide the skeleton
with the ability to move.
-Erectile Muscle (Sex Organ) Involuntary

Supportive Structures
 Tendons – Attach a muscle to a bone
 Fascia – Attach a muscle to muscle

Tendons and Fascia work together with the muscles, which create the muscular system
necessary for movement.

The Nervous System is intrinsically connected to the muscular system of the body. It is
essential to the voluntary skeletal muscles.

Quadriplegia – A body state of paralysis.

Cardiac Muscle – The only organ that is not directly dependent upon the nervous system.

SKELETAL SYSTEM
The skeleton protects vital organs such as The Brain, The Heart, and The Lungs.
Forensic Anthropology – Study of the human remains

TWO MAJOR SECTIONS

Axial Skeleton – This forms the main trunk consists of Skull, spinal column, ribs and sternum
(breast bone).

1. The Skull is composed of 8 different bones

1. Parietal (2)
2. Temporal (2)
3. Frontal (1)
4. Occipital (1)
5. Ethmoid (1)
6. Sphenoid (1)

2. The Spinal Columns also known as Vertebral

There are 26 vertebrae in the spinal column, and an interverbal disk between each vertebra.
Spinal Column – Protect the spinal cord.
Invertebral Disk – Act as sshock absorbers between each vertebra.

3. Composed of 24 ribs - To protect the vital organs such as the heart, major blood vessel
and the lungs. These bones are also responsible for the production of creation of the blood which
is what we called the HEMATOPOESIS.
-12 pairs of ribs
-7 pairs of true ribs
-5 pairs of false ribs
-last 2 pairs are the Floating Ribs

Appendicular Skeletal – this section forms the extremities of the body

1. Shoulder Girdle – is comprised of 4 bones.

- 2 clavicles (collar bones)
- 2 scapulas (shoulder blades)
The arm composed of 3 bones.
- Humerus (upper bone) – categorized as Long Bone
- Radius and Ulna (lower bone)
Attached to the Radius and Ulna are the Wrist bones (8 Carpals)
Attached to the 8 Carpals are the Hand Bones (5 Metacarpals) which form the palm
And the 14 Phalanges which form the fingers including thumbs

2. Pelvic Girdle – is the structure to which the leg bones are attached
- 2 Coccyx (or the Hip Bones which is divided into 3 bones, ilium, Ischium,
Symphysis )

The leg bones are attached to the pelvic sockets called the Acetabulums
Each leg consists of 1 Femur (thigh bone) categorized as Long Bone
Between the upper and lower leg is the Patella or Knee Cap
Lower leg composed of the
- Tibia also known as the Shin Bone
- Fibula runs parallel to it
Attached to the lower leg are the 7 Tarsals (ankle bone)
Attached to the ankle bones are the 5 Metatarsals
And attached to theses bones are the 14 Phalanges
Heel of the foot or the Calcaneus

Long bones are hard, dense bones that provide strength, structure and mobility. Example if the
Femur or Thigh bone.
It has Shaft (diaphysis) and has 2 ends. (Proximal Epiphysis (upper) , Distal Epiphysis (lower)).
Medullary Canal – Is a cavity in the diaphysis, which is filled with yellow marrow.
Endosteum – A membrane that lines the medullary canal and keeps the yellow marrow in tact.
Periosteum – A tough membrane that covers the outside of the bone.

Joints are formed where two or more bones join together.

3 Categories of Joints
1. Diarthosis or Synovial – Freely movable. Examples are Arm sockets, and the ball
sockets of the hips and shoulder
2. Amphiarthrosis – slightly movable. Example is the vertebrae.
3. Synarthrosis – immovable. Examples are the sutures or joints of the cranium.

Ligaments and Cartilage are the supportive structures for the joint.
NERVOUS SYSTEM
-Coordinates all activities of the body.
-Enables the body to respond and adapt to changes both inside and outside.

1. Central Nervous System

-The Brain
1. Cerebrum – largest section of the brain, divided into left & right hemisphere.
It is divided into 4 lobes
1. Frontal – primarily responsible for reasoning and thought.
2. Parietal - integrates sensory information.
3. Temporal – process auditory information from the ears.
4. Occipital – processing visual information from the eyes.
2. Cerebellum – located below the cerebrum and above the 1st cervical of the neck.
It is responsible for Muscle Coordination, Balance, Posture and Muscle Tone

3. Diencephalon - is found between the cerebrum in the midbrain.

It contains 2 structures
1. Thalamus – Directs sensory impulses to the cerebrum
2. Hypothalamus – Controls and regulates temperature, appetite, water balance, sleep
and blood vessel constriction and dilation.
-Also plays the role in emotions such as anger, fear, pleasure, pain and affection

4. Midbrain – located below cerebrum at the top of the brainstem. Responsible for eye and
auditory reflexes.

5. Pons – located below the midbrain and in the brainstem. It is responsible for reflex actions
such as chewing, tasting and saliva production.

6. Medulla Oblongata – located at the bottom of the brainstem. It connects to the spinal cord,
which is responsible for heart and blood vessel function, digestion, respiration, swallowing,
coughing, sneezing, and blood pressure.
Also known as the center for respiration.

-The Spinal Cord

It is the link between the brain and the nerves in the rest of the body. It is divided into 4 regions.
1. Cervical
2. Thoracic
3. Lumbar
4. Spinal Nerves
The Afferent Spinal Nerves are responsible for carrying the information from the body to the
brain.
The Efferent carries information from the brain to the body.
 2. Peripheral Nervous System – the nervous system outside the brain and the spinal cord.

1.Somatic System – is responsible for carrying motor and sensory information. It is made up of
nerves that connect to skin, sensory, organs, and skeletal muscles.
-Also responsible for nearly all voluntary muscle movements.
-Process sensory information from external stimuli (hearing, touch and sight)

Afferent Neurons takes information from the nerves to the CNS.

Efferent Neurons takes information from the CNS to the muscle fibers throughout the body.

2.Autonomic Nervous System

-Sympathetic Nervous System – “Fight or Flight” revs up the body to either defend yourself or
escape the threat.

-Parasympathetic Nervous System – once the threat is gone, it brongs all systems of the body
back to normal.