MANUAL CALCULUS II Chapter 3

CHAPTER 3 : TECHNIQUES OF INTEGRATION

At the end of this chapter, student must be able to :

i. Know all the techniques of integration

ii. Differentiate and compare among all the techniques

iii. Apply the knowledge of integration to solve the problem involve with
integration,

3.1 INTEGRATION ( A REVIEW)

 The following techniques will be discussed in this chapter :

a. table of integrals(review)
b. integration using substitution method(review)
c. integration by parts
d. integration using partial fraction method
e. integration by trigonometric substitution
f. integrating powers of trigonometric functions
g. miscellaneous substitution
 completing square technique

3.1.1 INTEGRATION BY SUBSTITUTION

Form of integral
   
f h x h' x  dx can be evaluated using u-substitution

u  hx  , du  h' x  dx

so it will become,
 f u du

In practice, substitution method is carried out as stated below :

S1 : Make a choice for u, u  hx 

 h' x 
du
S2 : Compute
dx

S3 : Make the substitution u  hx   du  h' x  dx

Note : At this stage, the entire integral must be in terms of u, and there
will be no x.

S4 : Evaluate the resulting integral

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 MANUAL CALCULUS II Chapter 3

S5 : Replace u by hx  , so the final answer is in terms of x.

Example :

1. Using tables of integrals, solve


1
a) dx
4x  6

Solution :

1
 4x  6  2

1
4x  6  
2 dx  C
1
4
2
1
 4x  6  2
 C
2

5 2x
b)

1
5 2 x dx Ans :
2 ln 5
C


61
c) 4x  74 dx Ans:
5
2
π/2

d)

0
cos θ  sin 2θ dθ
Ans: 0

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 MANUAL CALCULUS II Chapter 3

2. Use substitution method to solve the integrals


2
a) dx
3x  8

2 du
 
2
Solution: dx   let u  3x  8
3x  8 u 3

du du

2
= 3
3 u dx

2 du
= ln u  C  dx
3 3

2
= ln 3 x  8  C
3

 x3 

4x 2 4
b) dx Ans : tan 1  C
x6  2  2
3 2  

ln x 3 ln 4 x
c)
 x
dx Ans:
4
C


x2 2 3 1
d) dx  x 1 2  2  x 1 2 C
x 1 3
Ans:


3 e 1
e) x 2 e x dx Ans: @ 0. 5728
3
0

1 e x 1

dx
f) Ans:  ln x C
e x  e x 2 e 1


cos 2x 1
g) dx Ans: ln 1 sin 2 x  C
1  sin 2x 2

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 MANUAL CALCULUS II Chapter 3


6 6  2x 
h) dx sinh 1   C

4  2x 2 2  2 
Ans:

3.2 INTEGRATION BY PARTS

If u and v are two differentiable of x, then the product rule states that
d
uv   u dv  v du
dx dx dx

Integrate both sides over x,

 uv  dx 
 
d dv du
u dx  v dx
dx dx dx

So,
uv 
 u dv 
 v du

Integration by Parts for Indefinite Integrals will be :

 u dv  uv 
 v du

Integration by Parts for Definite Integrals will be :

b b

a
u dv  uv ba 

a
v du

There are different types of product for which integration by parts can be used :
sin bx 


n 


i) x   or  dx ii) x n  e ax dx
cos bx 
 

u dv u dv

sinh bx 

 
 
iii) x   or
n
 dx iv) x n  ln ax  dx
cosh bx 
 

u dv dv u

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 MANUAL CALCULUS II Chapter 3

sin 1 bx 
 
 or  sin bx 

 
 1   
v) cos bx  dx vi) e ax
  or  dx
or  cos bx 
   
tan 1 ax 
 

u dv u dv

Example ;

1.
 x cos x dx

Solution: ux  dv   cos x dx

du  dx v  sin x

uv 
 v du
= x  sin x  
 sin x dx

= x sin x    cos x   C
= x sin x  cos x  C

2.
 x e x dx A : xe x  e x  C


x 3 ln x x3
3. x 2 ln x dx A:  C
3 9

4.
 x 2 sin x dx A : x 2 cos x  2x sin x  2 cos x  C


x 2e 4 x xe 4 x 1 4x
5. x 2 e 4 x dx A:   e C
4 8 32

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 MANUAL CALCULUS II Chapter 3


1 31
6. x 4 ln 2x dx A: ln 2 
5 800
1/ 2
1/ 2


1
7. x e 2 x dx A:
4
0

8.
 sin 1x dx A : x sin 1 x  1  x 2  C


1
9. tan 12x dx A : x tan1 2 x  ln1  4 x 2
C
4


ex
10. e x sin x dx A: sin x  cos x   C
2


1 2x
11. e 2 x cos x dx A: e sin x  2 cos x   C
5

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 MANUAL CALCULUS II Chapter 3

3.3 INTEGRATION BY PARTIAL FRACTIONS

Px 
- involve rational function
 Qx 
dx where Px  and Qx  are polynomial

functions.

- Divide into two category :

a. Proper Fractions

 Degree Px   Qx 

 Factorize the denominator

 Decompose the denominator into partial fractions depends on its type.

There are 3 types :

I. Unrepeated Factor

For example :

Px  A B
 
xx  1 x x  1

II. Repeated Factor

For example :

Px  A B C D
  2  
x x  1
2 2 x x x  1 x  12

III. Quadratic Factor

For example :

Px  A Bx  C

x x 12
 
x
 2
x 1

 Solve the value of the constants which we introduce A,B, C,…..

 Integrate the fractions.

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 MANUAL CALCULUS II Chapter 3

Example :

Solve the following integrals using partial fraction technique :


3x  6
1. dx
x  5x  4
2

3x  6
Solution:
x 2
 5x  4
dx

3x  6 A B
 
2
x  5x  4 x  4 x 1
A  x 1   B  x  4 

 x  4  x  1 
3x  6  A  x  1   B  x  4 

METHOD 1: METHOD 2:

Choose x   1 3x  6  A  x  1   B  x  4 
3   1   6  A 0  B 3  Ax  A  Bx  4B
3  3B   A  B  x  A  4B
B 1
Choose x   4 A  B  3  equation 1 
3   4   6  A  3  B  0  A  4B  6   equation 2 
6   3 A 3 B   3
A 2 B 1
A  3B
2
3x  6
x 
2 1
dx   dx
2
 5x  4 x  4 x 1

x 
1 1
=2 dx  dx
4 x 1
= 2  ln x  4   ln x  1  C
= 2 ln x  4  ln x  1  C

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 MANUAL CALCULUS II Chapter 3

 x2  6 2
2.
x 3
 2x 2
dx A:  ln x 
x
 2 ln x  2  C


2x  1 3
3. dx A: ln x  ln x  1  C
xx  1 2 x 1


6x 2  x  8 2 1 x 
4. dx A: 2 ln x  2 ln x 4  tan1    C
x  4x
3 2 2


7 x 2  75 x  150
5. dx A: 6 ln x  8 ln x  5  7 ln x  5  C
x 3  25 x


 2x 2  14 x  49 7
6. dx A: 3 ln x   5 ln x  7  C
x  7x
3 2 x


9 x 3  20 x 2  30 x  97 3  x 
5 ln x  2  4 ln x  3  tan 1   C
x  2x  3x 
7. dx A :
2
5 5  5


6x  7 5
8. dx A : 6 ln x  2  C
x  2 2 x 2


1 1 2
9. dx A : ln x  ln x 1 C
x x
3 2

4x  1 1
10.
 x 2x  1 dx
2
A : 2 ln x 
x
 2 ln 2 x  1  C

 2x  4 1
11.
 x  1x  1
2 2
dx A : ln x 2
 1  tan1 x  2 ln x  1 
x 1
C

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 MANUAL CALCULUS II Chapter 3

b. Improper Fractions

 Degree Px   Qx 

 Use long division method to divide Qx  into Px  until a remainder Rx 
is obtained such that degree Rx  < degree Qx  . The division statement
is
Px  Rx 
f x    Sx  
Qx  Qx 
where Rx  and Sx  are polynomials.

 Integrate both sides over x,

P x  R x  
 

Q x 
dx  S x   Q x   dx
 
R x 

  
S x dx 
Q x 
dx

Example :


x 3  4 x 2  2x  3
1. Solve the integrals dx
x 2  4x  4

x 8
Solution: x 2  4x  4 x 3  4x 2  2x  3
 x 3  4x 2  4x
2
8x  6x  3
 8x 2
 32 x  32
26 x  35

x 3  4x 2  2x  3 26 x  35
 x 2
 4x  4
dx 
 x 8 
x 2  4x  4
dx

26 x  35 A B
 
x 2 x  2  x  2 2
2

26 x  35  A  x  2   B

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 MANUAL CALCULUS II Chapter 3

CHOOSE x  2
26  2   35  A 0  B
52  35  B
B  17

CHOOSE x  0
26 0  35  A  2  B
35   2 A  17
2A  52
A  26

x 3  4x 2
 2x  3
 
26 17
dx  x 8   dx
x 2
 4x  4 x 2  x  2 2
=
 x dx 
 8 dx  26
 x  2 dx  17
 x  2 2 dx

x 2   x  2 1 
  8 x  26  ln x  2   17   C
2  1 
x2 17
  8 x  26 ln x  2  C
2 x  2

2x 3  4 x 2  x  3
2. a. Express as a sum of partial fraction.
x 2  2x  3


2x 3  4 x 2  x  3
b. Hence, solve the integrals of dx .
x 2  2x  3
A : x 2  3 ln x  3  2 ln x  1  C

x3 13 x  12
3. a. Show that  x4
x  4x  3
2
x 2  4x  3


x3
b. Hence, evaluate dx
x 2  4x  3
x2 27 1
A:  4x  ln x  3  ln x  1  C
2 2 2


x2 x
4. dx A : x  2 tan1 C
x 2
4 2


x4  1 x2 1
5. dx A:  ln x  ln x 2  2  C
x 3  2x 2 2

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 MANUAL CALCULUS II Chapter 3

3.4 INTEGRATING POWERS OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

a. Integrating Powers of Sinus and Cosinus

 sin
m
x cosn x dx
If m  0 then the integration will be  cos x dx
n
i.
ii. If n  0 then the integration will be  sin x dx m

iii. If m  0 & n  0 then the integration will be  sin m

x cosn x dx

CASE PROCEDURE REL. IDENTITIES

1. m odd Subs. u  cos x sin2 x  1  cos2 x
2. n odd Subs u  sin x cos2 x  1  sin2 x
3. m even & n Use identities to reduce
sin2 x  1  cos 2x 
1
even powers of sin and cos
2
cos2 x  1  cos 2x 
1
2

Examples : Solve the integrals

1.
 sin 2 x dx ,
 cos 2 3x dx

1 1
Ans: x  sin 2 x  C Solution :
2 4


1
  1  cos 6x  dx
2


1
 1  cos 6x  dx
2
1  1 

2  x  6 sin 6 x   C
1 1
 x sin 6 x  C
2 12

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 MANUAL CALCULUS II Chapter 3

2.
 sin 3 4x dx ,
 cos 3 2x dx

1 1 sin 3 x
Ans:  cos 4 x  cos 3 4 x  C Ans: sin x  C
4 12 3


1 1
3. sin 2 x cos 3 x dx Ans: sin 3 x  sin 5 x  C
3 5

cos 5 x

2 1
4. sin 5 x cos 4 x dx Ans:   cos 7 x  cos 9 x  C
5 7 9


1 1
5. sin 2 x cos 2 x dx Ans: x  sin 4 x  C
8 32


1 1
6. sin 3 2x cos 2 2x dx Ans:  cos 3 2 x  cos 5 2 x  C
6 10

sin 4 x sin 6 x
7.
 3
sin x cos 3
x dx Ans:
4

6
C

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 MANUAL CALCULUS II Chapter 3

b. Integrating Powers of Secant and Tangent

 tan
m
x secn x dx

If m  0 then the integration will be  sec x dx

n
i.

ii. If n  0 then the integration will be  tan m x dx

Note : Use reduction formula when n  2 & m  2

Reduction Formula

secn2 x tan x n  2
 sec x dx    secn2 x dx
n
1.
n 1 n 1
m1
tan x
 tan x dx  m  1   tan x dx
m m2
2.

iii. If m  0 & n  0 then the integration will be

 tan
m
x secn x dx

CASE PROCEDURE REL. IDENTITIES

1. n even Subs. u  tan x sec2 x  1 tan 2 x
2. m odd Subs u  sec x tan 2 x  sec2 x  1
3. m even & n Reduce to powers of sec x tan 2 x  sec2 x  1
odd alone

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 MANUAL CALCULUS II Chapter 3

Examples : Solve the integrals

1.
 tan x dx ,
 tan2 x dx ,
 tan3 x dx

Ans:  ln cos x  C
Solution:

tan2 x

 sec 2 x  1 dx Ans:
2
 ln cos x  C


 sec 2 x dx 
 1 dx

1
 tan 3 x  x  C
3

sec x tan x

1
2. sec 3 x dx Ans:  ln sec x  tan x  C
2 2

tan3 x
3.
 sec 2 x tan2 x dx Ans:
3
C

tan7 x tan9 x
4.
 sec 4 x tan6 x dx Ans:
7

9
C


1 1
5. sec 3 2x tan3 2x dx Ans: sec 5 2 x  sec 3 2 x  C
10 6


1 2 1
6. sec 5 3x tan5 x dx Ans: sec 9 3 x  sec 7 x  sec 5 3 x  C
27 21 15

sec x tan x

1
7. sec x tan2 x dx Ans:  ln sec x  tan x  C
2 2

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 MANUAL CALCULUS II Chapter 3

3.5 INTEGRATION BY TRIGONOMETRIC SUBSTITUTION

 This technique can be used when you encounter the following expressions:

Expression Substitution Identity used

a x
2 2 x  a sin  1  sin2   cos2 
x 2  a2 x  a sec  sec 2   1  tan 2 
a2  x 2 x  a tan  1  tan 2   sec2 

 Steps to be followed when you use this technique :

S1 : Identify the expression which you are going to use.

S2 : Differentiate the expression and substitute the expression from x and dx

to θ and dθ.At this stage you will not find x in the integrals.

S3 : Simplify the questions and solve the integrals using the knowledge that
you have.

S4 : Substitute your answer in S3 with x. At his stage, you must use the
substitution in S2 to build a right angle triangle and use Phythagoras
Theorem. If you encounter definite integrals question using this
technique, then your final answer must be in values.

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 MANUAL CALCULUS II Chapter 3

Example :


dx
1.
x 2
16  x 2

Solution:
a 2  16 x  a sin 
a4 x  4 sin 
dx  4 cos  d

16  x 2  16   4 sin  2
 16  16 sin 2 

 
16 1  sin 2  
 16  cos 2  
 4 cos 

x  4 sin  x 4
x
 sin 
4
2
16  x
dx
x 2
16  x 2


4 cos 
 d
4 sin  2 4 cos 


1
 d
4 sin  2


1
 d
16 sin 2 


1 1
 d
16 sin 2 


1
 cos ec 2  d
16
1
   cot  C 
16

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 MANUAL CALCULUS II Chapter 3

1
 cot  C
16
1  1 
  C 
16  tan 
 
 
1  1 
  C
16  x
 
2
 16  x 
2
1 16  x
  C
16 x
2
16  x
 C
x


x2  9 3
2. dx Ans : x 2  9  3 cos 1   C
x x 

dx x  x

1
tan1    C
3.
4x 
2 2
Ans :
16 2 84x 2 
1


x  5 
4. dx Ans : 3   1
4x 2  2 
1/ 2

x2 4
x
dx
5. Ans :  C
2
x2 4 4x

Using a substitution x  4  3 sin  , solve  9  x  4 dx .

2
6.
x  4 1
  x  4  9  x  4   C
9
sin 1 
2
Ans :
2  3  2

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 MANUAL CALCULUS II Chapter 3

4x
 x
8
7. dx Ans : 2 tan1 2 x   C
4 2
1  2
4x 2  1

x 2 9
x
dx
8. Ans : C
2
x 2 9 9x

w 2 9 w  w 2 9 w 2 9
9.
 w2
dw Ans : ln
3

w
C

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 MANUAL CALCULUS II Chapter 3

3.6 MISCELLANEOUS SUBSTITUTION

3.6.1 Integration By Completing Square Technique

The integrals of the form

 
dx dx
or
ax  bx  c
2
ax  bx  c
2

where ax 2  bx  c can’t be factorize. Therefore in order to solve the integral

ax 2  bx  c can be factorize using completing square and then we use integration by
substitution.

Techniques of completing square :

1. Make sure constant of x2 must be positive one

2. Next add square of constant of x divide by two and also substract the same
terms as if you don’t add anything to that expression

3. Then you will start complete the square by taking the first three terms by
factoring and simplify the other expressions.
Techniques of completing square is shown below :

ax 2  bx  c
 b c
 a x 2  x  
 a a
 b  b 
2
 b 
2
c
 a x 2  x        
 a  2a   2a  a

 b 
2   b  2
c 
 a  x         
 2a    2a  a 
  
Example : Complete the square –x2+x-1
 x2  x  1

  x2  x  1 
  1
2
 1
2 
   x 2  x          1
  2  2 
 1
2
3
   x    
 2 4


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 MANUAL CALCULUS II Chapter 3

Example :

Solve the integrals :

dx
1.
 4x 2
 4x  3

Solution: by completing the square:

2
 4x  4x  3
 3
4x2  x  
 4
 2 2 2
 1  1 3
 4  x  x        
  2  2 4 
 2
1 1 3
 4  x     
  2 4 4 
  2x  1 2 2
 4    
  2  4 
  2 x  1 2 2
 4  
 4 4 
  2 x  1 2  2

dx
 4x 2
 4x  3

 x 
dx
 2
2 1  2

u
du 1
 2
 u 2   2 x  1 2
2 2
u  2x  1
u
1 du
 2 du  2 dx
2 2
du
1 1 u  dx 
  tan1 C  2
2 2 2 
1  2 x  1
 tan1 C
2 2 2

dx 2 x  1  7

1
2. Ans : ln C
5  4x  2x 2 2 14 2 x  1  7

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 MANUAL CALCULUS II Chapter 3

dx

 x  1
3. Ans : sinh 1    C
8  2x  x 2  7 

x
4 x 2
4. 2
dx Ans : 2 tan1   C
 4x  8  2 

x
5
5. 2
dx Ans : 5 tan1 x  3   C
 6x  10

dx
6.
 2x  x 2
Ans : sin 1 x  1  C

x
dx 1 x 2
7. 2
Ans : tan1   C
 4 x  13 3  3 

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