ENGINEERING

Department of Petroleum Engineering

PETE-205: Petroleum Fluid Properties

Lecture [1]

Introduction

Dr. Abdullah SULTAN

Spring 2010

Course description
• Course number: PETE 205 (2-3-3)

• Course title: Petroleum Fluid Properties

• Catalog description
Study of the phase behavior of hydrocarbon systems as related
to petroleum recovery. Ideal and real gas behavior, single and
multicomponent two-phase systems, properties of reservoir
fluids under various conditions of pressure and temperature.
The Laboratory part of the course will cover tests on reservoir
fluids.

• Prerequisites
ME 203 : Thermodynamics I
PETE 201: Introduction to Petroleum Engineering

© KFUPM | SPRING 2010 | PETE-205: PETE Fluid Properties | Lecture 1: Introduction 2

Course description
• Textbook
McCain, W.D. Jr.: The Properties of Petroleum Fluids,
PennWell, 2nd ed., Tulsa, Oklahoma, (1990).

• Handouts
(will be posted to class webCT)
1. Summary Notes (Slides)
2. Journal Papers
3. Reviews
4. Tutorials

• Course objective
To enable the students to understand the behavior of reservoir
fluids under different operating conditions and to be able to
determine or estimate PVT properties of oil, gas and water.

© KFUPM | SPRING 2010 | PETE-205: PETE Fluid Properties | Lecture 1: Introduction 3

Textbook & References

Textbook Reference (1) Reference (2)

© KFUPM | SPRING 2010 | PETE-205: PETE Fluid Properties | Lecture 1: Introduction 4

Textbook & References

Reference (3) Reference (4) Reference (5)

© KFUPM | SPRING 2010 | PETE-205: PETE Fluid Properties | Lecture 1: Introduction 5

Evaluation Components
• Course grade:
The final grade will be based on the following distribution
Laboratory 25%
Assignments 7%
Quizzes 5%
Attendance 3%
First major Exam 15% (March 27, 2010)
Second major Exam 15% (May 1, 2010)
Final Examination 30% (June 21, 2010)
Total 100%

• Homeworks:
Regular weekly HWs. (you should expect Quiz on the due date of HW)
Solutions will be provided on the due date.
No late HWs! unless prior arrangement is made

• Exam:
Date and Location TBD

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Prerequisites
• Course Prerequisite:
– Background in:
» Basic Eng. Math.
» Linear Algebra (will be reviewed briefly)

– Familiarity with:
» Programming (language of your choice)
» MATLAB or Mathematica are recommended
» Visual basics

• Software skills
Throughout the course, we will learn how to use the following software
packages:
» MATLAB
» Mathematica
» Visual basics

© KFUPM | SPRING 2010 | PETE-205: PETE Fluid Properties | Lecture 1: Introduction 7

Course Policies
• Academic Integrity:
– Moderate Collaboration is allowed in doing HWs, but you must present your
own work!
– Make sure you understand Plagiarism:
• “the practice of claiming or implying original authorship of (or incorporating
material from) someone else's written or creative work, in whole or in part, into
one's own without adequate acknowledgement”.

• Copyrights:
– “All the material generated in the course are copyrighted ® KFUPM”
– Prior permission from the instructor is needed for copying or distributing the
course material.

• General
– No late work will be accepted (unless arrangements have been made in
advance)
– You are encouraged to help each other with your homework assignments, but
you must turn in your own work
– Ask questions and participate actively in class!
© KFUPM | SPRING 2010 | PETE-205: PETE Fluid Properties | Lecture 1: Introduction 8
Course Outline
Main Topics
1. Introduction
2. Petroleum fluid composition
3. Phase behavior fundamentals
4. The five reservoir fluids
5. Properties of dry gases
6. Properties of black oils – Definitions
7. Properties of black oils – Fluid studies
8. Properties of black oils – Correlations
9. Gas-liquid equilibria
10. Properties of oilfield waters

Supplementary topics
Meso & Nano Scale fluids behavior
Wax, Asphaltenes
Chemistry of petroleum fluids
Neural Network
© KFUPM | SPRING 2010 | PETE-205: PETE Fluid Properties | Lecture 1: Introduction 9

Units and Dimensions

PETE-205
Petroleum Fluid Properties

© KFUPM | SPRING 2010 | PETE-205: PETE Fluid Properties | Lecture 1: Introduction 10

Objectives
1. Convert a quantity expressed in in one set into its equivalent
in any other dimensions.
2. Identify the units commonly used in different systems SI,
CGS and American engineering units.
3. Explain the concept of dimensional homogeneity
4. Given data for two variables (x and y), use linear
interpolation to estimate the value of one variable for a given
value of the other.
5. Given a two parameter expression relating two variables, state
what you plot vs what to generate straight line.
6. Given a power law or exponential expression involving two
variables, state what you plot vs what on rectangular, semilog
or logarithmic axes that would generate a straight line.

© KFUPM | SPRING 2010 | PETE-205: PETE Fluid Properties | Lecture 1: Introduction 11

Units and dimensions

• Any measured or counted quantity has a numerical

value and a unit.

• 2 meters, 5 seconds, 3 kilograms, 100 riyals

• Dimension is a property that can be measured like

(length (L), time (t), mass, temperature(T)) or can be
calculated by multiplying or dividing other
dimensions such as velocity (L/t), volume (L3),
density (mass/L 3)

© KFUPM | SPRING 2010 | PETE-205: PETE Fluid Properties | Lecture 1: Introduction 12

Units and dimensions
• Units are the means of expressing the dimensions
cm, m, ft, in for length
kg, g, Ibm for mass

• Measurable units are specific values of dimensions

that have been defined by convention, custom or law
such as grams mass
sec time
cm length

© KFUPM | SPRING 2010 | PETE-205: PETE Fluid Properties | Lecture 1: Introduction 13

Units and dimensions

• The numerical values of quantities can be
added or substracted ONLY if they have the
same units.

3 cars + 2 cars = 5 cars

3 cm + 1 cm = 4 cm
2 apples + 2 oranges = -------X
30 km – 2 kg = --------X

© KFUPM | SPRING 2010 | PETE-205: PETE Fluid Properties | Lecture 1: Introduction 14

Units and dimensions

• On the other hand,

Numerical values and their corresponding units
may always be combined by multiplication and
division
4 N * 4 m =12 N.m
5 km/2 hr = 2.5
km
2 m * 3 m = 6 m2 hr

© KFUPM | SPRING 2010 | PETE-205: PETE Fluid Properties | Lecture 1: Introduction 15

Conversion of Units

• A quantity can be expressed in terms of any

units having the appropriate dimension e.g
(length can be expressed in terms of cm, m, in,
ft. Mass can be expressed in kg, g, Ibm…….)

• Numerical value will be dependent on the unit

chosen
e.g 1 m = 100 cm, 1 in = 2.54 cm
1 kg= 1000 g, 1 Ib = 454 g

© KFUPM | SPRING 2010 | PETE-205: PETE Fluid Properties | Lecture 1: Introduction 16

Conversion of Units

• To convert a quantity expressed in terms of

one unit to its equivalent in terms of another
unit, multiply the given quantity by the
conversion factor
new unit
old unit
so that the unwanted (old) unit cancel out.

© KFUPM | SPRING 2010 | PETE-205: PETE Fluid Properties | Lecture 1: Introduction 17

Conversion of Units

• Example 1
convert 300 cm to m
(new unit) 1 m
300 cm * = 3m
(old unit) 100 cm

convert 40 ft to in
(new unit) 1 2 in
4 0 ft * = 480 in
(old unit) 1 ft

© KFUPM | SPRING 2010 | PETE-205: PETE Fluid Properties | Lecture 1: Introduction 18

Conversion of Units

Note
• Raising a quantity to a power raises its units to the same
power
2
24 hr hr 2
= 24 2
1 day day 2

• The equivalence between two expressions of a given

quantity in terms of a ratio is known as conversion factor ,
e.g. conv factor to sec/min = 60 sec/1 min

Class Exercise:
convert an acceleration of 1 cm/s2 to its equivalent in km/yr2

© KFUPM | SPRING 2010 | PETE-205: PETE Fluid Properties | Lecture 1: Introduction 19

System of Units
A system of units has the following components

System of Units

Base units Multiple Units

Derived Units
mass, length, time, Multiples or fractions
Obtained in 2 ways
temp of base units, hr, min

Compound
By multiplying or Defined equivalents of
dividing base or compound units
multiple units
ft/min, cm2 1 N = kg.m/sec2
1 erg = 1g.cm/sec2

© KFUPM | SPRING 2010 | PETE-205: PETE Fluid Properties | Lecture 1: Introduction 20

 2.3 System of Units

Quantity SI CGS American Eng Sys

Length [L] m cm ft
Mass [m] kg g Ibm
Time [t] sec sec sec
Temperature [T] K (oC) K (oC) oF

Mole [n] mole g-mole Ib-mole

© KFUPM | SPRING 2010 | PETE-205: PETE Fluid Properties | Lecture 1: Introduction 21

System of Units

• Multiple unit prefixels in SI and CGS

Tera(T) = 1012 centi(c) = 10-2
Giga(G) = 109 milli(m) = 10-3
Mega(M) = 106 micro(µ) = 10-6
Kilo(K) = 103 nano(n) = 10-9

Example:
Convert 23 Ibm. ft/min2 to its equivalent in
kg.cm/s2?

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System of Units

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Force and Weight

• Force is proportional to the product mass * Length
of mass and acceleration. F=
time2
• The force upon an object due to
gravity
– measured in Newtons (N) in
– the SI system or pounds (lb)
– in the AE system

There is a problem when we use the

same unit (pound meaning lbf and
lbm) to describe two different
dimensions.
Must have conservation of units.

© KFUPM | SPRING 2010 | PETE-205: PETE Fluid Properties | Lecture 1: Introduction 24

Force and Weight

SI system F=kg.m/s2 1 Newton(N) = 1 kg.m/s2

CGS system F=g.cm/s2 1 dyne=1 g.cm/s2

Amer Engr System F=Ibf 1 Ibf=32.174 Ibm.ft/s2

The equation that relates force in defined units to mass

and acceleration is
m⋅a
F=
gc
1 kg.m/s 2 1 g.cm/s 2 32.174 Ib m .ft/s 2
gc = = =
1N 1 dyne 1 Ib f
© KFUPM | SPRING 2010 | PETE-205: PETE Fluid Properties | Lecture 1: Introduction 25

Force and Weight

Example
What is the force needed to move an object with a
mass of 4 kg at a rate of 9 m/s2
m kg .m
F = 4 kg * 9 2
= 36 2 = 36 N
s s

If m=4 Ibm and a=9ft/s2

ft Ib . ft 1 Ib f
F = 4*9 2
= 36 m2 * = 1.12 Ib f
s s 32.174 Ib m . ft / s 2

© KFUPM | SPRING 2010 | PETE-205: PETE Fluid Properties | Lecture 1: Introduction 26

Force and Weight
• Weight of an object is the force exerted on the object by the gravitional
acceleration
m⋅g
W=
gc
g : free fall acceleration, gravitional acceleration its value changes from
place to place on earth
gc : Constant (conversion factor)
g = 9.8066 m/s2 = 980.66 cm/s2 = 32.174 ft/s2

• Example
What is the weight of an object with a mass of 1 Ibm at sea level
and 45 latitude (g=32.174 ft/s2)
m⋅ g 32.174 ft/s 2
W= = 1Ibm * = 1 Ib f
gc Ib m .ft/s 2
32.174
Ib f

© KFUPM | SPRING 2010 | PETE-205: PETE Fluid Properties | Lecture 1: Introduction 27

Dimensional Homogenity and Dimensionless Quantities

• Quantities can be added or substracted if they have

identical units.
• Every valid equation must be dimensionally
homogeneous, all additive terms on both side must
have the same dimensions
• Consider the equation
m m m
U = Uo +g * t (sec )
sec sec sec 2

• All terms in above equation has the same dimension.

This equation is dimensionally homogeneous
© KFUPM | SPRING 2010 | PETE-205: PETE Fluid Properties | Lecture 1: Introduction 28
Temperature conversion

• In petroleum industry Fahrenheit and Rankin are the

temperature scales used

Example:
The water from faucet in summer is 104oF. It is heated and boils at 100oC.
• What is the temperature change in oC?
• What is the initial temperature in oC?

© KFUPM | SPRING 2010 | PETE-205: PETE Fluid Properties | Lecture 1: Introduction 29

Data Representation and Analysis

• The objective is to use the calibration data to

estimate the value of y for a value of x
between tabulated points (Interpolation) or
outside the range of the table data
(extrapolation).
• A number of interpolation and extrapolation
methods are commonly used, including two
points linear interpolation, graphical
interpolation, and curve fitting.

© KFUPM | SPRING 2010 | PETE-205: PETE Fluid Properties | Lecture 1: Introduction 30

Data Representation and Analysis

• Which one is most appropriate ?

depends on the nature of the relationship
between x and y.

(b) (c)
(a)

© KFUPM | SPRING 2010 | PETE-205: PETE Fluid Properties | Lecture 1: Introduction 31

Data Representation and Analysis

(b) (c)
(a)

For (a) & (b) a straight line would probably be fitted to the data
and used as the basis for subsequent interpolation or
extrapolation.

• For (c) a curve could be drawn in by inspection and used as

the bases for interpolation or straight line segment could be
fitted to successive pairs of points or a nonlinear function
u(x) that fits the data.

© KFUPM | SPRING 2010 | PETE-205: PETE Fluid Properties | Lecture 1: Introduction 32

Two point linear interpolation

y
(X2, Y2)
y2 − y1 x2 − x1
=
????? y − y1 x − x1
(X, Y)

(X1, Y1)

x
x − x1
y = y1 + ( y 2 − y1 )
x 2 − x1

Example:
x1=84.6 y1=50
----------- -------- if we want to find y at x=100????
x2=118.3 y2=70 Ans y=59.1

© KFUPM | SPRING 2010 | PETE-205: PETE Fluid Properties | Lecture 1: Introduction 33

Straight line

• If a plot of y vs x appears to be a straight line, then

the equation you would use to represent the
relationship between x and y is
a : slope of the line
y = ax + b
b : intercept

• Let’s take two points (x1,y1), (x2,y2)

For x1, y1 y1=ax1+b
x2, y2 y2=ax2+b

y 2 − y1
a=
x2 − x1
b = y1 − ax1 = y 2 − ax2

© KFUPM | SPRING 2010 | PETE-205: PETE Fluid Properties | Lecture 1: Introduction 34

Fitting a line to scattered data
• Least squares method
y y1 y2 ………………………yi yn

x x1 x2……………………….xi xn

1 n
1 n
sx = xi s xx = xi2
n i =1 n i =1

1 n
1 n
sy = yi s xy = xi yi
n i =1 n i =1

sxy − sx s y
Slope: a=
sxx − (sx ) 2
y = ax + b
sxx s y − sxy sx
Intercept: b =
sxx − (sx ) 2
© KFUPM | SPRING 2010 | PETE-205: PETE Fluid Properties | Lecture 1: Introduction 35

Fitting nonlinear data

e.g. How would you plot (x,y) data to get a straight line
and how would you determine the slope and
intercept for the following function.

y = ae bx
ln y = ln(ae bx ) = ln a + ln e bx
ln y = ln a + b x
intercept slope

© KFUPM | SPRING 2010 | PETE-205: PETE Fluid Properties | Lecture 1: Introduction 36