DEPARTMENT OF ENGINEERING

MECHANICSSOLID MECHANICS II
LABORATORY

LAPORAN
MAKMAL/LABORATORYREPORT

BDA37601 ENGINEERING
LABORATORY III

EXPERIMENT TITTLE: THICK CYLINDER

HUGGANESAN A/L No Matrik/Matrices

Nama pelajar/Name of Student KALISPARAN CD210325
4B Seksyen/Section
Kumpulan/Group
S4
1. TS. DR. MUHAMMAD FAISAL BIN MAHMOD
Nama Pensyarah/Pengajar/Tutor/
Lecturer/Instructor/Tutor’s Name 2.

Nama Ahli Kumpulan No.

Penilaian / Assesment
/ Matrik
Group Members
AUNI ZAKIRAH BINTI CD210185
1. Teori / Theory 10 %
MOHD ZAKIR
AZAMUDEEN BIN AD200225
2. MOHD HASLIN Keputusan / Results 15 %
KIRUBANEESWARY A/P CD210274
3. Pemerhatian /Observation 20 %
RETHNAM
LIM YOU CHEN AD200175
4. Pengiraan / Calculation 10 %
HUGGANESAN A/L CD210325
5. Perbincangan / Discussions 25 %
KALISPARAN
Tarikh Ujikaji / 21/05/2023
Kesimpulan / Conclusion 15 %
Date of Experiment
Tarikh Hantar / Date 28/05/2023
Rujukan / References 5%
of Submission
1.0 THEORY

Derivation of Lame’s Equation and Theoretical Stress Equation

Lame’s equation gives the solution to the thick cylinder problem. The equation is based on the
following assumptions which are the material of the cylinder is homogeneous and isotropic and
also plane sections of the cylinder is perpendicular to the longitudinal axis remain plane under
the pressure.[2] Before derivation is made, one should know the basics of the thick cylinder. Thick
cylinders are those cylindrical vessels that contain fluid under pressure and ratio of the wall
thickness to the internal diameter of such cylindrical vessels will not be less than 1/15. [1]

In order to find out the distribution of stresses as well as variation of radial and
circumferential stress across thickness in the thick cylinder, Lame’s theory or Lame’s
equation will be applied.
Let’s consider the following terms used the n derivation of Lame’s equation

𝜎𝑟 = 𝑅𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 𝑟

𝜎𝜃 = 𝐻𝑜𝑜𝑝 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 𝑟
𝜎𝐿 = 𝐿𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠
𝑎 = 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘 𝑐𝑦𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟

𝑏 = 𝐸𝑥𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘 𝑐𝑦𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟

𝑟 = 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔

𝑟 + 𝛿𝑟 = 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔
𝑃𝑎 = 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑎𝑡 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘 𝑐𝑦𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟
𝑃𝑏 = 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑎𝑡 𝑒𝑥𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘 𝑐𝑦𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟
Let consider one elemental ring of thickness 𝛿𝑟 as displayed in above figure. Let us
assume that radial stresses are 𝜎𝑟 and 𝜎𝑟 + 𝛿𝑟 acting at the radius r and 𝛿𝑟 respectively.
 Constant A and B could be obtained from the boundary conditions

𝐴𝑡 𝑟 = 𝑎, 𝜎𝑟 = −𝑃𝑎
𝐴𝑡 𝑟 = 𝑏, 𝜎𝑟 = −𝑃𝑏

After using the boundary conditions, we will have following values for constant A and B as
mentioned below.
2.0 RESULTS

NO STRAIN / um/m
1 110
2 67
3 47
4 38
5 32
6 31
7 -39
8 -11
9 -1
10 5
11 24
12 -
13 -
14 -
15 -
16 -
3.0 Observation
The objective of the experiment was to analyze the stress system in a thick cylinder. The
experiment was conducted using FL140 software. To prevent any pressure leakage, the discharge
valve was closed. The gauge reading was observed to be zero initially. Then, thereading in the
software was reset to zero. The cylinder was gradually pressurized to 50 bar using a hand pump.
Due to the manual pressurization process using a hand pump and an analog pressure gauge, the
pressure may not be precisely accurate at exactly 50 bar. After approximately 10 seconds of
waiting time to allow the reading to stabilize, the results were recorded.
4.0 Calculation
Sample of Hoop Strain, Radial strain and Longitudinal strain:
Calculation of theoretical strains:
For r = 0.02m,
5625 5625
Hoop Strain, 𝜀 =
5 ×106 [(1 + ) − (0.33) (1 − )] = 82.89 × 106
𝐻 1128.2 ×10 3 0.02 2 0.02 2

5625 5625
Radial Strain, 𝜀 = 5 ×106 [(1 − ) − (0.33) (1 + )] = −82.89 × 106
𝐻 1128.2 ×10 3 0.02 2 0.02 2

5625 5625
Longitudinal Strain, 𝜀 = (−2.925 × 10−7)(5 × 106) [(1 + ) + (1 − )]
𝐻 0.02 2 0.02 2

= −2.925 × 106

Sample of Stress and derive stress:

Derive Value:
For r = 0.02m,

𝜎𝐻 = 72000 [(0.33) (−82.89 × 106) + (82.89 × 106)] =4.49 × 1013

1−0.33 2

𝜎𝑅 = 72000 [(0.33) (82.89 × 106)+ (−82.89 × 106)] =−4.49 × 1013

1−0.33 2

Theoretical value:
For r = 0.02m,
2
5×10 6 (75×10 −3 ) 6

𝐻𝐻= 4.0542−1 [1 + 0.022

]=4.88 × 10

2
5×10 6 (75×10 −3 ) 6
𝐻𝐻= 4.0542−1 [1 − 0.022
]=−4.23 × 10
Table 4:

Radius Derived Theoretical

r(mm) 𝐻𝐻(N/m^2) 𝐻𝐻(N/m^2) 𝐻𝐻(N/m^2) 𝐻𝐻(N/m^2)

20 4.49 × 1013 −4.49 × 1013 4.88 × 106 −4.23 × 106

30 1.99 × 1012 −1.99 × 1012 2.35 × 106 −1.70 × 106

40 1.22 × 1012 −1.22 × 1012 1.46 × 106 −0.82 × 106

50 7.18 × 1011 −7.18 × 1011 1.05 × 106 −0.40 × 106

60 4.99 × 1011 −4.99 × 1011 0.83 × 106 −0.18 × 106

70 3.66 × 1011 −3.66 × 1011 0.70 × 106 −0.048 × 106

5.0 DISCUSSION

a. Construct a graph of hoop, σH and radial stress, σR (derived and theoretical) against and
²

describe its relation with Lame’s Equation.

1) Derived Value : σH VS
²

X-axis: 1 (1 × 10²)
²

Y-axis: σH (1 × 10¹²)

Graph 1.0 shown the data of derived hope stress against

²
 2) Derived Value : σR VS
²

X-axis: 1 (1 × 10²)
²

Y-axis: σR (1 × 10¹²)

Graph 2.0 shown the data of derived radial stress against

²
 3) Theoretical Value : σH VS
²

X-axis: 1 (1 × 10²)
²

Y-axis: σH (1 × 10¹²)

Graph 3.0 shown the data of theoretical radial stress against

²
 4) Theoretical Value : σR VS
²

X-axis: 1 (1 × 10²)
²

Y-axis: σR (1 × 10¹²)

Graph 4.0 shown the data of theoretical radial stress against

²
 5) Compare and comment the experimental value with the theoretical value

The difference between the derived and theoretical values is that the derived value is
marginally greater than the theoretical value. Although theoretical values appear to be
perfect value but they are not always the same in real life because errors can happen when
carrying out experiments.

6) Give some example for the application of thick cylinder in industry and
itsstress behavior.

The chemical, petroleum, military, and nuclear industries all make extensive use of thick-
walled cylinders. Thick-walled cylinders are frequently used in metallurgical processes,
process plants, air compressor units, hot water storage tanks, pneumatic reservoirs,
hydraulic tanks, and storage for gases like butane, among other things. They frequently
experience hightemperatures and pressures, either continuously or intermittently. For the
internal pressures up to the material's yield strength, the traditional elastic analysis of thick-
walled cylinders to final radial and hoop stresses is applicable. However, industrial
cylinders frequently experience pressures that exceed the material's yield strength.
Therefore, a precise elastic- plastic analysis taking into account all the material's properties
is required to fully utilise the material's load carrying capacity and ensure safety with regard
to cylinder strength. Up to the yield point, the stress and strain are directly proportional.
Beyond the elastic point, especially in thick-walled cylinders, the material transitions into a
phase where it is partially elastic and partially plastic.
6.0 CONCLUSION

In a conclusion, the objectives of this experiment to demonstrate and analyze

the stresssystems in a thick cylinder is achieved. In other hand, by completing this
experiment, it also gains our knowledge of thick walled and derivation of lame’s
equation. To finalize, the calculation and comparison between the hoop and radial
strain were express in a graph. Although, there are some errors occur but we
manage to get the precise data. After all, there are things that need to be considered
to prevent error from happening in the next experiment, which was making sure the
apparatus is maintenance before use and also making sure to readthe data in the
same eye level to prevent any misread data during the experiment.
REFERENCES

[1] https://www.hkdivedi.com/2019/11/thick-cylinder-lames-equation.html

[2] https://www.oreilly.com/library/view/s
trength-of-
materials/9789332514829/xhtml/ch10sec2.
xhtml

[3] https://www.bu.edu/moss/mechanics-of-materials-combined-loading/

[4]
http://ijariie.com/AdminUploadPdf/Design_and_Analysis_of_Thick_walled_cylinder_wi
th_holes Without_holes_ijariiie1467.pdf