DECEMBER 2023 528/1(N)

Distributed Generation Systems

Time Allowed:2.5 Hours Full Marks:60

Answer to Question No. 1 of Group A must be written in the main answer script. In Question No. 1 ,
out of 2 Marks for each MCQ, 1 marks is allowed for right answer and 1 marks is allowed for correct
explanation of the answer.

Answer any Five(05) Questions from Group-B.

GROUP-A

1. Choose the correct answer from the given alternatives and explain your answer(any ten):
2x10=20

1) DER is for a) Distributed Energy Resources b) Distribution Energy Reduction c)Deep energy
resource d) Dual energy report
2) CHP is a a) Combined heat and power b) Complex heat plant c) Conditional heat power d) none.
3) DG is normally smaller than a) 50MW b) 65MW c) 70MW d) None
4) The Microgrid is operated in two modes a) Grid-connected , standalone b) Active and Reactive
Mode c) Action-Reaction Mode d) None
5) SOFC refers to a) Storage only fuel cell b) Six- oxygen fuel cell C)Solid Oxide Fuel Cell d) None
6) WECS converts a) solar energy into biogas b) wind energy into electrical energy c) wind energy
into solar energy d)None
7) In DG technology energy can be stored in a) flywheel b) inductor c) resistor d) None
8) PEIs stands for a) Power Electronic interfaces b)power energy index c) profile energy index
d)None
9) Microgrid can operate in islanded mode. Islanded mode means a) off mode b) on off mode c)
mixing mode d)None
10) SPV stands for a) Slow Photovoltaic b) Solar-Photovoltaic Systems c) Special Photo produced
d)None
11) Fuel cell produces a) water and heat b) heat and acid c) heat and gas d) None
12) Smart Grid = a)Electric Grid +Intelligence b)Mainly radial c) Electric Grid+Internal d) Power flow
control-Limited
13) An hybrid microgrid consists of a) an AC bus and an AC bus b) an AC bus and a DC bus c) a DC bus
and DC bus d)None.
14) Conventional power generation uses a) large fossil-fired gas or coal boilers b) wind turbine c)
solar cell d)None
15) MPP stands for a) Maximum power protection b) Maximum power point c) Minimum power
point d) None
DER is for a) Distributed Energy Resources
Explanation: DER stands for Distributed Energy Resources, which refers to a variety of small,
decentralized power-generating technologies (such as solar panels and wind turbines) that can be
located close to the point of use.

CHP is a) Combined heat and power

Explanation: CHP stands for Combined Heat and Power, a process that simultaneously generates
both electricity and useful heat from the same energy source, providing high efficiency compared to
separate production of electricity and useful heat.

DG is normally smaller than a) 50MW

Explanation: DG, or Distributed Generation, typically refers to power generation units that are
smaller in scale and located near the point of use. A capacity of 50MW is generally considered a
larger-scale power plant.

The Microgrid is operated in two modes a) Grid-connected, standalone

Explanation: Microgrids can operate in both grid-connected and standalone modes. In the grid-
connected mode, they are connected to the main electrical grid, and in standalone mode, they can
operate independently.

SOFC refers to c) Solid Oxide Fuel Cell

Explanation: SOFC stands for Solid Oxide Fuel Cell, a type of fuel cell that uses a solid oxide
electrolyte to produce electricity from the electrochemical conversion of fuels.

WECS converts b) wind energy into electrical energy

Explanation: WECS stands for Wind Energy Conversion System, and it converts wind energy into
electrical energy through the use of wind turbines.

In DG technology, energy can be stored in a) flywheel

Explanation: Distributed Generation (DG) systems can incorporate energy storage technologies, and
a flywheel is one of the methods used for storing energy.

PEIs stands for a) Power Electronic interfaces

Explanation: PEIs stands for Power Electronic Interfaces, which are devices used to interface
between different electrical systems or components.
Microgrid can operate in islanded mode. Islanded mode means a) off mode
Explanation: In the context of a microgrid, islanded mode means operating independently from the
main grid, essentially "off the grid."

SPV stands for b) Solar-Photovoltaic Systems

Explanation: SPV stands for Solar Photovoltaic, which refers to the use of solar panels to convert
sunlight into electricity.

Fuel cell produces a) water and heat

Explanation: Fuel cells typically produce electricity through electrochemical reactions and generate
water and heat as byproducts.

Smart Grid = a) Electric Grid + Intelligence

Explanation: A Smart Grid is an electric grid that incorporates advanced communication and
information technology to enhance the efficiency and reliability of the power system.

An hybrid microgrid consists of b) an AC bus and a DC bus

Explanation: A hybrid microgrid may consist of both AC (Alternating Current) and DC (Direct Current)
buses, allowing for flexibility in integrating various energy sources and loads.

Conventional power generation uses a) large fossil-fired gas or coal boilers

Explanation: Conventional power generation often involves the use of large fossil-fired gas or coal
boilers to produce steam that drives turbines and generates electricity.

MPP stands for b) Maximum power point

Explanation: MPP stands for Maximum Power Point, a term commonly used in the context of solar
panels to denote the point at which the solar module produces maximum power.

GROUP-B

8x5

2) Draw and explain the typical configuration of an AC Microgrid.

3) Explain the working flywheel energy storage (FES) system .
4) Explain the functions of Central controller in Microgrid.
5) Define Smart Grid and draw smart grid infrastructure with explanation.
6) Define tariff and write short note on dynamic pricing and critical peak pricing.
 7) Explain how the real and reactive powers are controlled in a power inveter based energy
source.

8) What is automated meter reading and draw block diagram of an AMR System with
explanation

each unit of blocks .

9) What is Intelligent electronic Devices (IED)and Draw Functional architecture of IED.

2) Typical Configuration of an AC Microgrid:

Typical Configuration of an AC Microgrid:

An AC microgrid is a small-scale, localized power system that integrates various distributed energy
resources (DERs) and loads to operate autonomously or in coordination with the main electrical grid.
The typical configuration of an AC microgrid involves several key components that work together to
generate, distribute, and manage electrical energy. Here's a simplified diagram and explanation of
the typical configuration:

1. Renewable Energy Sources (RES):

• Components: Solar panels, wind turbines, or other renewable sources.

• Function: Convert sunlight or wind energy into electrical power.

2. Distributed Generators (DG):

• Components: Small-scale generators like diesel generators, natural gas generators,

or combined heat and power (CHP) systems.

• Function: Provide additional power generation capacity and flexibility.

3. Energy Storage System (ESS):

• Components: Batteries, flywheels, or other energy storage technologies.

• Function: Store excess energy during periods of high generation and provide energy
during low generation or high demand periods.

4. Microgrid Controller:

• Components: Centralized control system or distributed control architecture.

• Function: Monitors and controls the operation of all microgrid components,

optimizing energy flow, managing the balance between generation and
consumption, and ensuring system stability.

5. Loads:

• Components: Residential, commercial, or industrial loads.

• Function: Consume electrical energy for various applications.

 6. Power Electronics:

• Components: Inverters, converters, and other power electronic devices.

• Function: Convert DC power from renewable sources or energy storage into AC

power compatible with the microgrid and the main grid.

7. Protection Devices:

• Components: Circuit breakers, relays, and protective devices.

• Function: Ensure the safety and reliability of the microgrid by isolating faulty
sections and protecting equipment from overloads or faults.

8. Grid Connection Point:

• Components: Point of connection with the main electrical grid.

• Function: Allows for energy exchange between the microgrid and the main grid,
enabling grid support or islanding operation.

Explanation of Operation:

• Grid-Connected Mode:

• In normal operating conditions, the microgrid can operate in grid-connected mode,

exchanging energy with the main grid.

• The microgrid controller manages the distribution of power from various sources to
meet local demand efficiently.

• Islanded Mode:

• In the event of a grid outage or intentional islanding, the microgrid can operate
autonomously to supply power to critical loads.
 • The microgrid controller ensures a stable balance between generation and
consumption within the microgrid.

• Energy Management:

• The microgrid controller employs advanced algorithms to optimize energy

management, considering factors such as the availability of renewable energy,
energy storage state-of-charge, and real-time demand.

• Load Shedding and Prioritization:

• During high-demand periods or limited generation capacity, the microgrid controller

may implement load shedding strategies, prioritizing critical loads and maintaining
essential services.

Overall, the typical configuration of an AC microgrid is designed to enhance energy resilience,

increase the share of renewable energy sources, and improve the reliability of the local electrical
supply.

3) Working of Flywheel Energy Storage (FES) System:

A Flywheel Energy Storage (FES) system stores energy by harnessing the kinetic energy of a rotating
mass (the flywheel) and converting it back to electrical energy when needed. The basic principle
involves accelerating the flywheel when excess energy is available and extracting energy from it
when demand exceeds the supply. Here's a step-by-step explanation of the working of a Flywheel
Energy Storage system:

1. Charging Phase:

• During periods of excess energy production or low demand, surplus electricity is

used to drive a motor that accelerates the flywheel.

• The motor applies torque to the flywheel, causing it to spin and gain rotational
kinetic energy.

• The rotational speed of the flywheel increases during this charging phase.

2. Energy Storage:

• The kinetic energy of the spinning flywheel is stored as rotational energy, which is a
form of potential energy.

• The flywheel is designed with a high rotational inertia, allowing it to store a

significant amount of energy.

3. Discharging Phase:

• When there is a demand for electricity, or during periods of low energy production,
the stored energy in the flywheel is converted back to electricity.

• The motor now acts as a generator. The rotation of the flywheel drives the motor,
and the kinetic energy is transformed into electrical energy.
 • The generated electricity is then supplied to the grid or a specific load.

4. Energy Extraction:

• The rate of energy extraction can be controlled by adjusting the load on the
generator or by varying the speed of the flywheel.

• The rotational energy of the flywheel is gradually depleted as electricity is drawn

from the system.

5. Control Systems:

• Advanced control systems are employed to monitor and manage the operation of
the FES system.

• These control systems ensure that the flywheel operates within its safe limits,
controlling the charging and discharging processes for optimal performance.

Key Features and Advantages:

• High Energy Density: Flywheel systems have a relatively high energy density, allowing them
to store a significant amount of energy in a compact space.

• Rapid Response: FES systems can respond quickly to changes in demand, making them
suitable for applications where fast energy delivery is crucial.

• Long Cycle Life: Flywheels can endure a large number of charge-discharge cycles,
contributing to their longevity.

• Maintenance-Free Operation: Compared to some other energy storage technologies,

flywheels require minimal maintenance.

Applications:

• FES systems are used for various applications, including grid stabilization, uninterruptible
power supply (UPS) systems, and supporting renewable energy integration by smoothing out
fluctuations in power output.

In summary, Flywheel Energy Storage systems leverage the rotational kinetic energy of a spinning
flywheel to store and release electrical energy, providing a flexible and responsive solution for
managing fluctuations in energy supply and demand.

4) Functions of Central Controller in Microgrid:

The Central Controller in a microgrid performs several crucial functions:

• Load Management: Balancing the power demand and supply to ensure stable and reliable
operation.

• Optimization: Optimizing the operation of distributed energy resources (DERs) for efficiency
and cost-effectiveness.

• Islanding Operation: Initiating and managing the microgrid in islanded mode when
disconnected from the main grid.
 • Fault Detection and Correction: Identifying and addressing any faults or disruptions in the
microgrid operation.

• Communication: Facilitating communication between different components within the

microgrid for coordinated operation.

The central controller essentially acts as the decision-making hub, ensuring the microgrid operates
seamlessly under varying conditions.

5) Smart Grid Definition and Infrastructure:

Smart Grid: A Smart Grid refers to an advanced and integrated electrical grid that incorporates
modern digital communication, control, and automation technologies to enhance the efficiency,
reliability, and sustainability of power generation, distribution, and consumption. It is a next-
generation electricity network that leverages information technology to monitor, control, and
optimize the generation and utilization of electricity in real-time.

Smart Grid Infrastructure:

The infrastructure of a Smart Grid comprises various components and technologies that work
together to enable a more intelligent and responsive electrical grid. Here are key elements of Smart
Grid infrastructure:

1. Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI):

• Description: Smart meters with two-way communication capabilities are deployed

to collect real-time data on energy consumption, enabling utilities to monitor and
manage electricity usage more efficiently.

• Function: Provides accurate and timely consumption data, facilitates demand

response programs, and enables dynamic pricing.

2. Sensors and Automation:

• Description: Sensors, intelligent electronic devices (IEDs), and other monitoring

devices are deployed throughout the grid infrastructure to collect data on grid
conditions, equipment health, and power quality.

• Function: Enables real-time monitoring, fault detection, and automation of grid

operations for improved reliability and reduced downtime.

3. Communication Networks:

• Description: High-speed and robust communication networks (fiber optics, wireless,

etc.) connect various components of the Smart Grid, allowing for seamless data
exchange.

• Function: Facilitates rapid and reliable communication between devices, sensors,

control centers, and end-users for coordinated grid management.

4. Data Analytics:
 • Description: Advanced analytics and software applications process the vast amounts
of data generated by the Smart Grid to extract valuable insights, predict system
behavior, and optimize grid operations.

• Function: Enhances decision-making, identifies trends, and supports predictive

maintenance for improved grid efficiency.

5. Control Systems:

• Description: Advanced control systems, including Distribution Management Systems

(DMS) and Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA), allow operators to
monitor and control the grid in real-time.

• Function: Enables efficient energy dispatch, voltage regulation, and grid balancing
while responding to dynamic changes in demand and supply.

6. Renewable Energy Integration:

• Description: Smart Grid infrastructure supports the integration of renewable energy

sources (solar, wind, etc.) by providing mechanisms for grid stability, demand
forecasting, and real-time control.

• Function: Enhances the ability to accommodate intermittent renewable energy

generation and maintain grid reliability.

7. Grid Modernization Devices:

• Description: Devices such as synchrophasors, smart switches, and energy storage

systems contribute to grid modernization efforts.

• Function: Enhances grid resilience, minimizes outage durations, and supports the
integration of new technologies.

6) Tariff, Dynamic Pricing, and Critical Peak Pricing:

Tariff:

A tariff refers to the pricing structure or rates charged by utilities for the consumption of electricity,
water, or other utilities. Tariffs are typically structured based on various factors, such as the amount
of consumption, the time of day, and the type of consumer. Tariffs are a critical aspect of utility
billing and are used to recover the costs associated with generating, transmitting, and distributing
electricity.

Dynamic Pricing:

Dynamic pricing is a strategy where the cost of electricity varies based on the time of day, demand
levels, or other factors. Unlike traditional fixed-rate tariffs, dynamic pricing allows for real-time
adjustments to the price of electricity. The goal is to encourage consumers to shift their electricity
usage to periods of lower demand, helping to balance the load on the electrical grid more efficiently.
 • Time-of-Use (TOU) Pricing: In a common form of dynamic pricing, rates are divided into
different time periods, such as peak, off-peak, and shoulder hours. Consumers pay different
rates for electricity consumed during each period.

• Critical Peak Pricing (CPP): An extension of dynamic pricing, CPP involves higher rates during
critical peak periods when demand is exceptionally high. Consumers are incentivized to
reduce consumption during these peak times.

Explanation:

• Dynamic pricing aims to reflect the actual cost of generating and delivering electricity at
different times. It encourages consumers to use electricity when it is cheaper, leading to
more efficient use of resources and reducing the overall strain on the electrical grid.

• This approach aligns with the concept of demand response, where consumers actively adjust
their electricity consumption patterns based on price signals provided by the utility.

Critical Peak Pricing (CPP):

Critical Peak Pricing is a specific form of dynamic pricing where electricity rates are significantly
higher during short periods of high demand or system stress. CPP is designed to address peak load
conditions, and it serves as an additional incentive for consumers to reduce or shift their electricity
usage during critical peak events.

Explanation:

• During critical peak events, utilities face higher costs due to increased demand and the
potential need to use more expensive or less efficient power generation sources. CPP aims
to reduce demand during these critical periods.

• Consumers who participate in CPP programs may receive advance notifications of critical
peak events, allowing them to adjust their usage or take advantage of demand response
programs to save on costs.

Note on Dynamic Pricing and CPP:

• Both dynamic pricing and CPP promote energy efficiency, reduce peak demand, and
contribute to the overall stability of the electrical grid.

• Adoption of these pricing strategies often requires advanced metering infrastructure (AMI)
and smart grid technologies to provide real-time data and enable communication between
utilities and consumers.

7) Control of Real and Reactive Powers in Power Inverter-based Energy Source:

Controlling real and reactive powers in a power inverter-based energy source is crucial for ensuring
the stability and efficient operation of the electrical grid. Inverters are commonly used in renewable
energy systems, such as solar and wind power, to convert DC (direct current) generated by these
sources into AC (alternating current) suitable for distribution in the grid. Here's how the control of
real and reactive powers is managed in a power inverter-based energy source:

1. Real Power (P) Control:

 • Duty Cycle Control: The real power output of an inverter is primarily controlled by
adjusting the duty cycle of the pulse-width modulation (PWM) signals that control
the switching devices (usually power transistors) in the inverter.

• Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT): In renewable energy systems like solar,
MPPT algorithms are used to optimize the real power output by adjusting the
operating point of the solar panels to the maximum power point.

2. Reactive Power (Q) Control:

• Phase Angle Control: The reactive power output of an inverter is controlled by

adjusting the phase angle difference between the voltage and current waveforms.
This is typically achieved by manipulating the timing of the inverter's switching
devices.

• Capacitive and Inductive Reactance Control: In some cases, reactive power control
can be achieved by connecting capacitors or inductors to the output of the inverter,
influencing the reactive power flow.

3. Power Factor Control:

• Power Factor Correction (PFC): Power factor is a measure of how effectively

electrical power is being converted into useful work output. Inverters often
incorporate power factor correction techniques to improve power factor and
minimize reactive power flow.

4. Voltage Control:

• Voltage Regulation: Inverters also play a role in regulating the voltage at their output
terminals. This is important for maintaining the stability of the grid and ensuring
compatibility with other connected devices.

5. Grid Interaction Control:

• Grid Synchronization: In grid-tied systems, inverters need to synchronize their

output with the grid's voltage and frequency. This involves detecting the grid
parameters and adjusting the inverter's output accordingly.

8) Automated Meter Reading (AMR) System:

Automated Meter Reading (AMR) is a technology that allows utility companies to remotely collect
data from energy meters and other measuring devices without the need for physical access. This
system enhances the efficiency of meter reading processes and provides more accurate and timely
consumption data. Here's an overview of the Automated Meter Reading (AMR) system, including a
block diagram with an explanation of each unit:

Automated Meter Reading (AMR) System:

1. Smart Meters:

• Description: Smart meters are advanced electronic devices that measure and record
consumption data, such as electricity, gas, or water usage.
 • Function: They continuously monitor and record consumption information, including
real-time data on energy consumption patterns.

2. Communication Module:

• Description: This module facilitates two-way communication between the smart

meters and the central data management system.

• Function: Enables the transmission of consumption data from smart meters to the
central system and allows for remote commands or configuration updates to be sent
to the meters.

3. Data Concentrator Unit (DCU):

• Description: The DCU is a centralized device that collects data from multiple smart
meters.

• Function: Gathers consumption data from smart meters in a specific geographic area
or network and forwards this data to the central data management system.

4. Central Data Management System:

• Description: This central server or system is responsible for receiving, processing,

and managing the consumption data collected from smart meters.

• Function: Stores and analyzes the data, generates reports, and provides valuable
insights into energy consumption patterns. It also facilitates billing processes and
supports decision-making by utilities.

Explanation:

• Data Flow: The flow of data starts with smart meters continuously measuring and recording
consumption information. The communication module allows these meters to communicate
this data to the DCU. The DCU then aggregates and forwards the data to the central data
management system.

• Benefits:

• Efficiency: Eliminates the need for manual meter readings, reducing operational
costs and potential errors.

• Timely Data: Provides real-time and accurate consumption data, enabling more
responsive actions by utility companies.

• Remote Management: Allows for remote configuration and control of smart meters.

• Communication Networks: The communication between the smart meters, communication

modules, DCUs, and central data management system often occurs over secure
communication networks, such as wired (e.g., power line communication) or wireless (e.g.,
cellular or radio frequency) connections.

Automated Meter Reading systems are a crucial component of modern utility infrastructure,
promoting efficiency, accuracy, and better customer service in the management of energy and utility
consumption.

.
9) Intelligent Electronic Devices (IED):

Functional Architecture of IED:

1. Sensors and Actuators: Collect data and initiate actions based on the IED's function.

2. Data Acquisition Unit (DAU): Gathers data from sensors and converts analog signals to
digital.

3. Communication Interface: Facilitates communication between IEDs and the central

monitoring system.

4. Processing Unit: Analyzes data, executes control algorithms, and makes decisions.

5. Memory Storage: Stores configuration settings and historical data.

6. Communication Networks: Connects IEDs to form an integrated system.

Explanation: IEDs are devices with computational capabilities used for protection, control,
monitoring, and automation within power systems.