ENGLISH 10

TH
4 QUARTER REVIEWER

Denotation and Connotation

Denotation refers to the literal meaning of a word, the "dictionary definition."¨ For example, if you look up the
word snake in a dictionary, you will discover that one of its denotative meanings is "any of numerous scaly, legless,
sometimes venomous reptiles having a long, tapering, cylindrical body and found in most tropical and temperate
regions."

Connotation, on the other hand, refers to the associations that are connected to a certain word or the emotional
suggestions related to that word. The connotative meanings of a word exist together with the denotative meanings.
The connotations for the word snake could include evil or danger.

Analogy is a comparison between things that have similar features, often used to help explain a principle or idea.
Example:
He drew an analogy between the brain and a vast computer.
It is sometimes easier to illustrate an abstract concept by analogy with (= by comparing it with) something concrete.

Etymology is the study of the origin and history of words, or a study of this type relating to one particular word.
Example:
At college she developed an interest in etymology.
A list of selected words and their etymologies is printed at the back of the book.

OPERATIONAL vs. TECHNICAL DEFINITION IN RESEARCH

Operational definition in research refers to defining a concept or variable in measurable terms by outlining
specific procedures or operations to be used for the purpose of measurement. It is a definition that explains how a
variable will be measured or observed so that it can be used in research.
On the other hand, Technical definition in research involves defining a term or concept in relation to the
technical knowledge and understanding of the area of study. It refers to the terminology, concepts, and jargon used
in a specific field or industry. Technical definitions are often highly specialized and may not be easily understood by
those outside the field.
In summary, Operational definitions are used to define variables and concepts in a measurable way for
research purposes, while Technical definitions are used to define technical terms and concepts within a specific field
of study or industry.

IDENTIFYING ERRORS IN A SENTENCE

#1: Read the Sentence All the Way Through

The first step to answering an ISE question is always to read the entire sentence—even if you think the error
is choice A make sure to read all the way to the end. This approach will help prevent you from falling into traps.

Once you've read through the whole sentence, the error may jump out at you, especially on the earlier,
easier questions. Before marking anything down, however, make sure you can articulate why the underlined word or
phrase is wrong. Many answers may sound odd without being incorrect. It can also help to double check the other
choices to ensure that they're all correct.

If you don't find the error, then move onto step 2!

#2: Check Each Underlined Portion

If you don't find a verifiable error the first time through, then you need to check each underlined section
individually. Look at each answer and consider what the possible errors are. For example, if you're looking at
underlined verb, you'll want to check if there's an issue with tense or agreement.
As you may have surmised, this step requires a solid knowledge of what concepts these questions actually test.

#3: Confirm Why the Word You Picked is Wrong

It's not enough to pick an answer because it sounds weird or because it's not the word you would use. In
order to be the answer, it has to be wrong according to the rules of SAT Writing. (The one semi-exception to this rule
is idiom questions, which revolve around common usage rules.)

As such, you need to be able to explain what error the answer you picked contains. If you can't do so, it's
probably not the right choice.

What are the differences between qualitative vs. quantitative data?

When it comes to conducting data research, you’ll need different collection, hypotheses and
analysis methods, so it’s important to understand the key differences between quantitative and
qualitative data:

 Quantitative data is numbers-based, countable, or measurable. Qualitative data is

interpretation-based, descriptive, and relating to language.
 Quantitative data tells us how many, how much, or how often in calculations. Qualitative
data can help us to understand why, how, or what happened behind certain behaviors.
 Quantitative data is fixed and universal. Qualitative data is subjective and unique.
 Quantitative research methods are measuring and counting. Qualitative
research methods are interviewing and observing.
 Quantitative data is analyzed using statistical analysis. Qualitative data is analyzed by
grouping the data into categories and themes.