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CONTENT
Domain 7 Environmental Management
o Hazardous Materials
o Hazardous Waste Operations

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o Environmental Management
Domain 9Low & Ethics
o Regulations
o Record Keeping
o Workers’ Compensation
OSHA STANDARDS

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o Hazard Communication Standard (29 CFR
1910.1200)
o Bloodborne Pathogen Standard (29 CFR
1910.1030)
o Control of Hazardous Energy Standard (29 CFR
i 1910.147)
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o Confined Space Entry Standard (29 CFR 1910.146)
o Personal Protective Equipment (29 CFR 1910.132)
o Respiratory Protection Standard (29 CFR
1910.134)
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o Fall Protection Standard (29 CFR 1926.500–503)

(Subpart M)
Domain 5 Fire Protection and Prevention
o Definitions
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o Automatic Sprinkler Systems

o Storage Requirements for Flammable and
Combustible Liquids
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CSP PREPARATION NOTES

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CSP-IdipNEBOSH-GradIOSH
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Domain 7
Environmental Management

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 Hazardous Materials

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A hazardous material is any solid, liquid,
A hazardous waste is defined as a “solid waste”
or gas that can harm people, other living
that, because of its quantity, concentration, or
organisms, property, or the environment.
physical, chemical, or infectious characteristics,
A hazardous material may be radioactive,
may:

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flammable, explosive, toxic, corrosive, a
• Pose a substantial present or potential hazard to
biohazard, an oxidizer, an asphyxiant, or
human health or the environment when improperly
an allergen.
treated, stored, or disposed of, or otherwise
mismanaged
• Cause or contribute to an increase in mortality or

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an increase in irreversible or incapacitating illness.

A solid waste is defined as any discarded material

Plasma is a gas in which a certain portion of
that is abandoned by being disposed of, burned, or
the particles are ionized.
incinerated, recycled.
Plasma is electrically conductive so that it
A solid waste can physically be a solid, liquid,
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responds strongly to electromagnetic fields.
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Is considered to be a distinct state of matter. semisolid, or container of gaseous material.

Specific Gravity: The ratio of the density of

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Density: The density of matter is equal to its
mass per unit volume. (d = m/v)
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a material to the density of water
(SGx dx /d H O 2 ).
If SG <1 ,lighter than water will float
If SG >1 ,heavier than water will sink

Solubility is the property of a chemical

substance called solute to dissolve in a liquid
Vapor Density VD : Weight of a unit volume of
solvent to form a homogeneous solution.
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gas or vapor compared to the weight of an

Solubility depends on the used solvent as well
equal volume of air.
as on temperature and pressure.
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VD <1 are lighter than air, tend to rise and

Water solubility is usually measured ppm.
dissipate.
VD >1 are heavier than air, tend to concentrate
in low places.

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 Physical Hazards
•Results when a worker is surrounded and overcome by a granular substance such as soil, sand, gravel,
sawdust, seed, grain, or flour or if submerged in a liquid such as water or a chemical
Engulfment •Can cause injury or death by constriction, crushing, or strangulation. Respiratory hazards associated include
suffocation from breathing in a fine substance or from drowning in a liquid.
•Occur as a result of an increase in the ambient temperature surrounding a container or other systematic
Overpressurization failures. The results could be fires and explosions.
•Increase in temperature will result in an increase in pressure(combined gas law)

•Chemical reactions. • Ignition of explosive or flammable chemicals

Fires and Explosions

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•Agitation of shock- or friction-sensitive compounds. • Sudden release of materials under pressure

•Is the disintegration of an engineered material into its constituent atoms owing to chemical reactions with its
surroundings.Or electrochemical oxidation of metals in reaction with an oxidant such as oxygen.
Corrosion •Rusting is Formation of an oxide of iron caused by oxidation of the iron atoms in solid solution
•Corrosion can be concentrated locally to form a pit or crack, or it can extend across a wide area more or less
uniformly corroding the surface.

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Thermal Decomposition •Refers to the by-products of incomplete combustion such as carbon monoxide gases.

•Water-sensitive chemicals are chemicals that react vigorously with moisture. This reaction can result in extreme
heats and can be potentially flammable, corrosive, toxic, or reactive.
Water Reactivity

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•Example sodium, potassium, lithium metals, and aluminum alkyls

Regulations i •Regulates hazardous waste “from cradle to grave,” including generation, treatment, storage, and disposal
Resource Conservation and Recovery
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•Establishing requirements for hazardous waste incinerators, and the closing of substandard landfills
Act (1976) RCRA •regulate underground storage tanks and other leaking waste storage facilities.

Comprehensive Environmental •Established prohibitions and requirements concerning closed and abandoned hazardous waste sites
Response, Compensation, and •Provided for liability of persons responsible for releases of hazardous waste at these sites
Liability Act (CERCLA) •Established a trust fund to provide for cleanup when no responsible party could be identified
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(Superfund) •The law authorizes two kinds of response actions Short&Long term actions.

Superfund Amendment and
Reauthorization Act (SARA)
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•Stressed the importance of permanent remedies and innovative treatment technologies in cleaning up
hazardous waste sites.
•Provided new enforcement authorities and settlement tools.& Increased the size of the trust fund to $8.5
billion.
•Increased the focus on human health problems posed by hazardous waste sites & Encouraged greater

citizen participation in making decisions on how sites should be cleaned up.

Emergency Planning and Community • Inact as an outgrowth of concern over the protection of the public from chemical emergencies
Right-to-Know Act (EPCRA) and dangers.
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Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and
Rodenticide Act (FIFRA)
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•No one may sell, distribute, or use a pesticide unless it is registered by the EPA or meets a specific exemption.
Registration includes approval by the EPA of the pesticide’s label
•EPA must classify each pesticide as either “general use,” “restricted use,” or both. most pesticides
are initially classified as restricted use.

•Asbestos Model Accreditation Plan (40 CFR Part 763, Appendix C) required the use of accredited inspectors,
Asbestos Hazard Emergency workers, supervisors when conducting asbestos activities at schools and public and commercial buildings.
Response Act (1986) •The EPA only requires removal of asbestos to prevent significant public exposure during demolition or
renovation.

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Hazardous Waste Operations A key factor is:
the uncontrolled condition of the site.

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large variety and number of substances that may
be present on the site.

•First and most critical element of hazardous waste operations.

Planning and •Involves three aspects: developing an overall organizational structure for site operations,
Organization establishing a comprehensive work plan that considers each specific phase of the operation,
and developing and implementing a site safety and health plan.
i •Site safety plan • Safe work practices • Nature of anticipated hazards • Handling emergencies
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and self-rescue • Rules and regulations for vehicle • Safe use of field equipment • Handling,
Training storage, and transportation of hazardous materials. • Employee rights and responsibilities •
Safe sampling techniques
•Develop on the basis of the specific needs, location, and potential exposures of employees at
the site.and include the following :
•Surveillance( Preemployment screening• Periodic medical examinations• Termination
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Medical Program examination).

•Treatment ( Emergency• Nonemergency)
• Record Keeping
• Program Review

Site Characterization •Prior to site entry, conduct offsite characterization. gather information away from the site
•Onsite surveys. During this phase, restrict site entry to reconnaissance personnel.
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to identify hazards and workers

protection methodsn •Ongoing monitoring to provide a continuous source of information about site conditions.

•Reliable measurements of airborne contaminants are useful for:

•• Selecting personal protective equipment
Air Monitoring • Delineating areas where protection is needed
• Assessing the potential health effects of exposure
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• Determining the need for specific medical monitoring

•The purpose of PPE is to shield or isolate individuals from the chemical, physical, and
Personal Protective
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biologic
Equipment hazards that may be encountered at a hazardous waste site.

•The purpose of site control is to minimize potential contamination of workers, protect

Site Control the public from the site’s hazards, and prevent vandalism.

•The process of removing or neutralizing contaminants that have accumulated on personnel or

equipment.
Decontamination •protects workers from hazardous substances that may contaminate and eventually permeate the
protective clothing, respiratory equipment, tools, vehicles, and other equipment used on site.

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 Environmental Management

The National Environmental Policy Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ)

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Act (NEPA) Duties functions:

NEPA process consists of an evaluation of the

environmental effects of a federal undertaking
• Gathering information on the conditions and trends
including its alternatives. Three levels of

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in environmental quality.
analysis: • Evaluating federal programs in light of the goals
established in Title I of the Act.
• Developing and promoting national policies to
improve environmental quality.
• Categorical Exclusion: At the first level, an • Conducting studies, surveys, research, and analyses

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undertaking may be categorically excluded from a relating to ecosystems and environmental quality.
detailed environmental analysis if it meets certain
criteria that a federal agency has previously determined
as having no significant environmental impact.

• EA/FONSI(Environmental Assessment/Finding Of No
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Significant Impact): At the second level of analysis, a
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federal agency prepares a written EA to determine
whether or not a federal undertaking would
significantly affect the environment.

• EIS(Environmental Impact Statements): If the EA

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determines that the environmental consequences of a

proposed federal undertaking may be significant, an EIS
is prepared.
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 Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
RCRA.
Nation’s primary law governing the disposal of

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solid and hazardous waste.
RCRA focuses only on active and future facilities
and does not address abandoned or historical sites
that are managed under the Comprehensive
Environmental Response, Compensation, and

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Liability Act—commonly known as Superfund.

• Protecting human health and the environment

Programs

from the potential hazards of waste disposal

• Conserving energy and natural resources

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• Reducing the amount of waste generated
• Ensuring that wastes are managed in an
environmentally sound manner

• The solid waste program, under RCRA Subtitle D,

encourages states to develop comprehensive plans to
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manage nonhazardous industrial solid waste and RCRA regulatory requirements:
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municipal solid waste (MSW), sets criteria for MSW
landfills and other solid waste disposal facilities, and
prohibits the open dumping of solid waste.
• The hazardous waste program, under RCRA • Solid Waste and Hazardous Waste
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Subtitle C, establishes a system for controlling • Universal Waste

hazardous waste from the time it is generated until its • Used Oil Management Standards
ultimate disposal. • USTs
• The underground storage tank (UST) program,
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under RCRA Subtitle I, regulates USTs containing

hazardous substances and petroleum products.
RCRA excludes some substances. Examples
are domestic sewage, irrigation return flow,
point source discharge, certain mining waste,
special nuclear, and other materials.
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1- commercial chemical products, designated with the code “P” or “U”(toxic constituents)
RCRA
hazardous 2- hazardous wastes from specific industries/sources, designated with the code “K”
wastes
3-hazardous wastes from nonspecific sources, designated with the code “F”

4- materials that exhibit a hazardous waste characteristic (ignitability, corrosivity, reactivity,

or toxicity) designated with the code “D.

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 1- Solid Waste and Hazardous
Waste Solid waste means any garbage or refuse; sludge from a
wastewater treatment plant, water supply treatment
plant, or air pollution control facility; and other discarded

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material, including solid, liquid, semisolid, or contained
Regulation (40 CFR Part 262)
gaseous material resulting from industrial, commercial,
mining, and agricultural operations, and from community
activities. Solid wastes include both hazardous and

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Establishes the responsibilities of hazardous waste nonhazardous waste.
generators, including obtaining an identification
number, preparing a manifest, ensuring proper
packaging and labeling, meeting standards for waste
Hazardous Waste. waste may be considered hazardous
accumulation units, and record-keeping and
if it is Ignitable (have a flash point less than 140 °F),

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reporting requirements. Generators can accumulate
Corrosive(acids (pH ≤ 2)or bases (pH ≥ 12.5) capable of
hazardous waste for up to 90 days (or 180 days
corroding metal containers,), or Reactive (e.g., explosive,
depending on the amount of waste generated)
toxic fumes, gases, or vapors when heated). Toxic
without obtaining a permit for being a treatment,
chemicals (harmful or fatal when ingested, inhaled or
storage, and disposal (TSD) facility.
absorbed through the skin.).
i Acute hazardous wastes contain such dangerous
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chemicals that they could pose a threat to human health
and the environment even when properly managed.
Land Disposal Restrictions(LDRs)

Hazardous Waste and Agriculture

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(LDRs) are regulations prohibiting the

disposal of hazardous waste on land without
Irrigation return flows are not considered hazardous waste.
prior treatment.
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Agricultural producers disposing of waste pesticides from

Wastes subject to the LDR include solvents, their own use are exempt from hazardous waste requirements
electroplating wastes, heavy metals, and as long as :
acids. (1) They triple rinse the emptied containers in accordance with
the labeling to facilitate removal of the chemical from the
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container and. (2) They dispose of the pesticide residue on

their own agricultural establishment in a manner consistent
with the disposal instructions on the pesticide label.
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Offsite disposal of hazardous waste could subject agricultural

producers to hazardous waste generator requirements.

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 2- Universal Waste Designed to reduce the amount of hazardous waste items
in the MSW stream, encourage recycling and proper
disposal of certain common hazardous wastes, and reduce
the regulatory burden on businesses that generate these

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wastes.
The universal waste rule does not apply to businesses that
generate less than 100 kg of universal wastes per
month.(CESQG).

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Batteries •(Ni–Cd) and small sealed leadacid batteries,

•That have been recalled or banned from use are obsolete,

Agricultural Pesticides have become damaged, or are no longer needed because of

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changes in cropping patterns or other factors

Thermostats •Which can contain as much as 3 g of liquid mercury

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3- Used Oil Management Standards
Agricultural producers who generate an
average of 25 gal or less per month
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from vehicles or machinery per calendar year

Is any oil (either synthetic or refined from crude oil) that has
are exempt from these regulations.
been used and, as a result of such use, is contaminated by
Exceeding 25 gal are required to store it in
physical or chemical impurities (dirt, metal scrapings, water,
tanks meeting underground or above-
or chemicals).
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ground technical requirements and use

To meet EPA’s definition of used oil, a substance must meet
transporters with EPA authorization
each of the following three criteria:
numbers for removal from the agricultural
establishment.
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•Used oil must have been refined from crude oil or made from synthetic materials.
Origin Animal and vegetable oils are excluded from EPA’s definition of used oil.
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•Whether and how the oil is used(lubricants, hydraulic fluids, heat transfer fluids,
Use buoyants). Unused oils, such as bottom clean-out waste from virgin fuel oil storage
tanks or virgin fuel oil recovered from a spill, do not meet EPA’s definition of used oil

•Whether or not the oil is contaminated with either physical or chemical impurities.
Contaminants Physical contaminants could include metal shavings, sawdust, or dirt. Chemical
contaminants could include solvents, halogens, or salt water.

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 4- Underground Storage Tanks

UST system is a tank and any underground piping

connected to the tank that has at least 10% of its

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combined volume underground.

Exclusion from regulation

• Farm and residential tanks of 1100 gal or less
capacity holding motor fuel used for noncommercial
purposes
• Tanks storing heating oil used on the premises
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USTs and Agriculture
USTs and their associated piping holding
less than 1100 gal of motor fuel for
noncommercial purposes, tanks holding

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where it is stored less than 110 gal, tanks holding heating
• Tanks on or above the floor of underground areas, oil used on the premises, and septic tanks
such as basements or tunnels are excluded from regulations.
• Septic tanks and systems for collecting storm water
and wastewater
• Flow-through process tanks
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• Tanks of 110 gal or less capacity
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• Emergency spill and overfill tanks
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Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA)

Toxicity characteristic leaching procedure

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TSCA addresses the production, importation, use, and

disposal of specific chemicals including polychlorinated
biphenyls, asbestos, radon, and lead based paint.
Certain substances are generally excluded from TSCA,
including, among others, food, drugs, cosmetics, and
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TCLP is a procedure used to determine if a
waste is characteristic of metals (or toxins) that
would make it hazardous. The procedure
essentially involves diluting a material 20 times

pesticides. its weight with nitric acid and tumbling the

Substances on the TSCA Inventory are considered mixture for 24 hours. The leachate is then
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“existing” chemicals. and substances not on the TSCA analyzed for trace material. If the leachate tests
above the established thresholds, the waste is
Inventory are considered “new” chemicals.
determined to be hazardous.

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 Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act
Registration Criteria

• Its composition is such as to warrant the

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The objective (FIFRA) is to provide federal control of
pesticide distribution, sale, and use. proposed claims for it.
Before EPA can register a pesticide that is used on raw • Its labeling and other material required to be
agricultural products, it must grant a tolerance or exemption. submitted comply with the requirements of
A tolerance is the maximum amount of a pesticide that can be the Act.

on a raw product when it is used and still be considered safe.
EPA is required to periodically review pesticide registrations,
with a goal of review every 15 years.
Variations of the registration requirements exist for “minor
use pesticides,” “antimicrobial pesticides,” and “reduced risk
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• It will perform its intended function without
unreasonable adverse effects on the
environment.
• When used in accordance with widespread
and commonly recognized practice, it will not

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pesticides.” generally cause unreasonable adverse effects
on the environment.

•Technical information like product’s active and inert ingredients, manufacturing

Product chemistry
i or formulating processes, and physical and chemical characteristics.
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•Data used to assess the effects of pesticide residues on the environment,
Environmental fate including the effect on non target organisms and their habitat.
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•Expected frequency, amounts,and time of application, and test results of residue

Residue chemistry remaining on treated food or feed.

•Information under “hazards to humans, domestic animals, and nontarget

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organisms” includes specific test data assessing acute, subchronic, and chronic
Other Information toxicity; skin and eye irritation potential; and potential exposure by various
routes.
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Unreasonable Adverse Effects on the Environment

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(1) Any unreasonable risk to man or the environment, taking into

account the economic, social, and environmental costs and benefits
of the use of the pesticide, or
(2) A human dietary risk from residues that result from a use of a
pesticide in or on any food inconsistent with the standard under
Section 408 of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act

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 Clean Air Act of 1970-CAA

CAA regulates air emissions from stationary and mobile sources.

EPA establish National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) to
protect public health and public welfare and to regulate emissions of

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hazardous air pollutants.
Major sources are defined as a stationary source or group of stationary
sources that emit or have the potential to emit 10 tons per year or more of a
hazardous air pollutant or 25 tons per year or more of a combination of

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hazardous air pollutants.
Area source is any stationary source that is not a major source.

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Clean Air Act of 1990-CAA

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Cover 3 risks : acid rain, urban air pollution, and toxic air emissions.
One component of urban smog—hydrocarbons—comes from automobile emissions, petroleum
refineries, chemical plants, dry cleaners, gasoline stations, house painting, and printing shops.
Another key component—nitrogen oxides—comes from the combustion of fuel for
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transportation, utilities, and industries.

The new law addresses the urban air pollution problems of ozone (smog),carbon monoxide (CO),
and particulate matter (PM-10). Specifically, it clarifies how areas are designated and
redesignated “attainment.
pollutant ozone, area classifications are marginal, moderate, serious, severe, and extreme.
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Toxic air pollutants are those pollutants that are hazardous to human health or the environment.
typically carcinogens, mutagens, and reproductive toxins.
Acid rain occurs when sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide emissions are transformed in the
atmosphere and return to the earth in rain, fog, or snow
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Operating permits program:Each permit issued to a facility will be for a fixed term of up to 5
years.
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All sources subject to the permit program must submit a complete permit application within 12
months of the effective date of the program.
The state permitting authority must determine whether or not to approve an application within
18 months of the date it receives the application. EPA has 45 days to review each permit and to
object to permits that violate the CAA.

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Domain 9
Low & Ethics
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 Regulations

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• Encourage employers and employees to reduce workplace
hazards and to implement new or improve existing safety
and health standards.
• Provide for research in occupational safety and health and
develop innovative ways of dealing with occupational safety

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and health problems.
• Establish “separate but dependent responsibilities and
rights” for employers and employees for the achievement of
better safety and health conditions.
• Maintain a reporting and record keeping system to monitor

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job related injuries and illnesses; establish training programs
to increase the number of competent occupational safety and
health personnel.
• Develop mandatory job safety and health standards and
enforce them effectively.
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OSHA has no legal jurisdiction or authority for "withdrawal"
or shutting down a work site. Inspections priorities:
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• Imminent danger situations

• Catastrophes and fatal accidents
OSHA Inspections and Process • Employee complaints
employer must: • Programmed high-hazard inspections
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• Follow-up inspections

• Be advised by the compliance officer of the reason for

the inspection.
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• Require identification of the OSHA compliance

officer.
• Accompany the compliance officer on the inspection.
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• Be assured of the confidentiality of any trade secrets

observed by an OSHA compliance officer during an
inspection.

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 An employer must enter each recordable injury or illness on the
300 and 301 incident report with 7 seven calendar days of receiving
information that a recordable injury or illness has occurred.

Area Director who determines whether he or she will issue a citation

or propose penalties.
Area Director to send all citations via certified mail.
Employer must post the citation for 3 days or until the violation has

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been abated, whichever is longer.

OSHA Citation Penalties

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Other-than-Serious •A violation that has a direct relationship to job safety and health but probably would
Violation not cause death or serious physical harm. penalty from $0 to $1000

•A violation where there is a substantial probability that death or serious physical

Serious Violation harm could result. penalty from $1500 to $7000

Willful Violation
Repeated Violation
i order. fine of up to $70,000 for each such violation with the previous 3 years.
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Failure to Abate
Violation
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•A violation that the employer intentionally and knowingly commits. The employer is aware that a
hazardous condition exists, knows that the condition violates a standard or other obligation of the Act,
and makes no reasonable effort to eliminate it. penalty from$5000 to$70,000.
•An employer who is convicted in a criminal proceeding of a willful violation of a standard that has resulted
in the death of an employee may be fined up to $250,000 (or $500,000 if the employer is a corporation) or
imprisoned up to 6 months, or both.
•A violation of any standard, regulation, rule, or order where, upon reinspection, a
substantially similar violation is found and the original citation has become a final
•Failure to correct a prior violation may bring a civil penalty of up to $7000 for each
day that the violation continues beyond the prescribed abatement date.

•Falsifying records, reports, or applications . $10,000 or up to 6 months in jail, or both.

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Potential Other •Violating posting requirements may bring a civil penalty of $7000.
•Assaulting a compliance officer or otherwise resisting, opposing, intimidating, or interfering
Penalties with a compliance officer in the performance of his or her duties. fine of not more than $5000
and imprisonment for not more than 3 years.
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Types of Standards

•Are those standards that apply to all industries and employers. e.g, fire prevention
Horizontal Standards and protection.and respiratory regulation .
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•Are those standards that apply only to particular industries and employers.
Vertical Standards Standards that apply only to the construction industry.

•Specify the end result to be achieved, not the methodology used to achieve it.e.g
Performance Standards HAZCOM

Specification Standards •Are fixed requirements stipulating dimensions, materials, types, etc. Guardrails

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 Types of Persons

•Defined as someone who is capable of identifying existing and predictable hazards

in the surroundings or working conditions which are unsanitary, hazardous, or

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Competent Person
dangerous to employees, and who has the authorization to take prompt corrective
measures to eliminate them.

•Someone approved by the employer to perform a specific type of duty or duties or

Authorized Person to be at a specific location at the job site.

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•The one who assigned by the employer to perform a specific type of duty or duties
Designated Person or to be at a specific location at the job site.

•Is one who, by possession of a recognized degree, certificate, or professional

Qualified Person standing, or by extensive knowledge, training, and experience, has successfully

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demonstrated their ability to solve problems of the subject matter or project.

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 Record Keeping
An employer must enter each recordable injury or illness
on the 300 and 301 incident report with seven calendar
days of receiving information that a recordable injury or
illness has occurred.

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OSHA 300 form is called the Log of Work-Related Injuries and Illnesses.
300-A form is the Summary of Work-Related Injuries and Illnesses.
OSHA 301 form is called the Injury and Illness Incident Report.

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Privacy Cases Annual Summary
The OSHA 300-A form is signed by representative
and posted in a conspicuous location no later than
February 1.

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• An injury or illness to an intimate body part or the OSHA 300-A form shall remain posted until April
reproductive system 30th.
• An injury or illness resulting from a sexual assault OSHA 300 logs shall be maintained for a period of
• Mental illnesses 5 years
• HIV infection, hepatitis, or tuberculosis
• Needlestick injuries and cuts from sharp objects that
i When an authorized government
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are contaminated with another person’s blood or other
potentially infectious materials representative asks for the records.it must
• Other illnesses if the employee voluntarily requests provide within 4 business hours.
that his or her name not be entered on the log. Reporting Fatalities within 8 h after the death.
reporting must be orally by telephone or in
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person to the Area Office of the OSHA.

Exception for reporting motor vehicle accident
occurring on a public road.
Recordable Injuries or Illnesses
If resulted in :
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Recordable Injuries or Illnesses

If resulted in :
• Death
• Days away from work
• Restricted work or transfer to another job
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• Medical treatment beyond first aid Total Case Incident Rates:TCIR

• Loss of consciousness
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• Injury or illness diagnosed by a physician

or other licensed health care professional.
Days Away, Restricted, or Transfer Rates: (DART)

Severity Rates

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 Workers’ Compensation

Employer defenses

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•The employees accepted the risk they were facing when they accepted the
Assumption of Risk job. By doing so, they gave up any right to collect compensation for injuries.

•Since the employees contributed to their injuries, regardless of how little,

Contributory Negligence the employees are not permitted to recover compensation for their injuries

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•The employer is not at fault because the accident was the fault of another
Fellow-Servant Rule employee or other employees.

Injuries categories

Partial

Total
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•When the employee can still work but is unable to perform all duties of the job because
of the injury, as would often be the case with a broken finger or a severed toe.

•When the employee is unable to work or perform substantial duties on the job, as
would often be the case with a severe back injury or blindness
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•When the employee is expected to fully recover, as would be the case with a broken
Temporary limb or a sprain

•When the employee will suffer the effects of the injury from now on, as would be
Permanent the case with a severed limb, blindness, or permanent hearing loss
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Workers’ compensation premiums were calculated using the

Standard Industrial Classification codes for a particular business or
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industry. expressed in dollars per $100 of payroll.

Primary role of safety professional in relation to
loss-free period. A period is usually a rolling, 3-year average.
workers’ compensation is to ensure that there
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exists a viable safety program that ensures the
safety and health of the employee.
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Statistics show that claims reported late

Adjusted Actual Losses: determined by an additional cost, on the average, 60% more than claims
formula that has a stabilizing effect. reported early.
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Expected Losses :are calculated by multiplying the payrolls One of the best ways to manage workers’
in each applicable classification of the insured’s employees compensation costs is to develop a Return-To-
by an expected loss ratio factor published for each Work/Light Duty Policy/Program for your
classification in each state. specific company.
Most states require employers with five or
Ballast: is an amount that is added to both the numerator
more employees to maintain workers’
and denominator of the EMR to dampen the swings
compensation insurance or be self-insured.
between large credits and large debits.
Unity modification.(1.0)” A unity modification means that
no credit or debit is applied to the insured’s rates.

18 Modesir Osman -IdipNEBOSH

 The specifics of the return-to-work/light
Return-to-Work/Light
duty policy/program depend entirely
Duty Program on the restrictions placed on the
employee by the medical provider.

Benefits

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• Generally gets employees back to work 50%
• Helps control medical costs by as much as 70%
faster
• Reduces indemnity costs
• Speeds recovery up to three times

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• Less abuse of workers’ compensation system
• Reduces vocational rehabilitation
• Improves morale/employee relations
• Reduces degree of permanent partial disability
• Improved work ethic
• Reduces possibility of reinjury upon return
• Enhanced company image
• Employee’s wage loss drastically minimized (full
• Less litigation
wages vs. 66.7%)

Effective program involves

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• Identification of potential jobs for modified duty in writing and communicated to all employees. When
• Early reporting of injuries and illnesses communicating the program/policy to the employees,
• Accident investigation it is helpful to emphasize the company's commitment
• Communications between the employer, the to get injured employees back to productive work as
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injured employee, the quickly as possible. It is essential that a trusting

relationship be established with the medical provider,
medical provider, and the insurance company
and companies should communicate frequently and
• Education of employees and supervisors
openly with that provider.
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Insurance contract sections

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The declarations section is the first section of an insurance contract and states who and
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what risks or property are covered by the contract.

The conditions section lists provisions that must be met or the claim can be denied by
the insurer.

The exclusions section takes coverage away for some types of risk. For example, a
homeowner's policy may exclude for floods.

19 Modesir Osman -IdipNEBOSH

 LIABILITY

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Warranty Negligence Strict Liability

Addresses the performance of a
product on implied or expressed
claims made for it by the
manufacturer or seller.
The plaintiff does not have
to prove that a defect or
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Involves the conduct or behavior Deals with characteristics of
of a person or corporate body, products that are unreasonably
something they did or failed to dangerous and defective. e.g If
do. the product causes harm to a
user.
includes acts of omission
(failure to act) or commission plaintiff does not have to

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unreasonable danger existed in (performing an act). prove breach of warranty.
the product.

Express warranty: is when a seller makes expressed claims about a product for advertising and
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sales. In an express warranty claim, the plaintiff only needs to establish that the product did not
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meet the seller’s expressed claims, which resulted in an injury.
Implied warranty: is a breach of contract law and is when the buyer is injured while using the
product as intended. Implied warranty is divided into 1) merchantability (product is fit for
ordinary purposes for which such products are used) and 2) fitness for a particular purpose.
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DEFECTS
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Instructions and
Design Manufacturing Warnings
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Unreasonably dangerous Involve poor quality materials or Warnings identify dangers

characteristics of a product resulting
from decisions, calculations,
drawings, or specification of the
design process.
FACTORS: selection of material.
cost, durability, function,
maintenance, appearance
shoddy workmanship. Some
involve production irregularities
and errors.
usually result from inadequate
quality control, testing, and
inspection or from errors in
assembly.
inherent to the product or dangers
that may result from its use or
misuse. Instructions explain how
to use a product effectively or
safely. Instructions explain what
actions one must take to eliminate
or reduce the likelihood of injury
during use of a product.

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An employer is required to establish and maintain an accurate record for each employee with occupational exposure. This
record includes all of the following:

 The name and social security number of the employee

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 A copy of the employee's hepatitis B vaccination status

 The employer's copy of the health care professional's written opinion
 A copy of the information provided to the health care professional
 A copy of all results of examinations, medical testing, and follow-up procedures
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OSHA STANDARDS
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 Hazard Communication Standard
Purpose
To ensure that the hazards of all
chemicals produced or imported are
classified and that information
concerning the classified hazards is
transmitted to employers and
employees.
Container shall be labeled, tagged, or
marked with the following:
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• Product identifier
• Signal word
• Hazard statement(s)
• Pictogram(s)
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• Precautionary statement(s)
• Manufacture information
(address, contact info ..etc )
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(29 CFR 1910.1200)
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Written program content
• A list of the hazardous chemicals known to be present using a
product identifier that is referenced on the appropriate SDS
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• The methods the employer will use to inform employees of the
hazards of nonroutine tasks.
• Where other employers in same place are affected .the employer
who produce chemical shall ensure that the hazard communication
programs developed and implemented are transmitted to those
employees and employers.
Training
At the time of their initial assignment and whenever a new
physical or health hazard.
Shall include:
• Methods and observations may use to detect the presence or
release of hazardous chemicals in the work area.
• The physical and health hazards of the chemicals in the work area
• The measure employees can take to protect themselves
• The details of the hazard communication program developed by
the employer
Modesir Osman -IdipNEBOSH
 Bloodborne Pathogen Standard (29 CFR
1910.1030)

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The employer shall make available the hepatitis B
Written Exposure Control Plan vaccine and vaccination series to all employees.
Should an employee refuse to take the hepatitis B
vaccine, the employer is required to obtain a
The exposure determination. written statement of his or her refusal.

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The schedule and method of implementation for Methods
of Compliance, HIV and HBV Research Laboratories and
Production Facilities, Hepatitis B Vaccination and
Postexposure Evaluation and Follow-up, Communication of
Hazards to Employees, and Record Keeping.
Plan shall be reviewed and updated at least annually

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and whenever necessary
Medical Records contain

• The name and social security number of the employee

• A copy of the employee’s hepatitis B vaccination status
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• A copy of all results of examinations, medical testing,
Training Records and follow-up procedures
• The employer’s copy of the health care professional’s
written opinion
• The dates of the training sessions
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• A copy of the information provided to the health care

• The contents or a summary of the training sessions professional
• The names and qualification of persons conducting the
training Record to be maintained at least the duration of
• The names and job titles of all persons attending the employment plus 30 years.
training sessions
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Training records shall be maintained for 3 years

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 Control of Hazardous Energy Standard (29
CFR 1910.147)

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Energy Control Program Periodic Inspection(annually)
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Date of the Employees

Energy included
Employee inspection in inspectionn
control
training
procedures
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Machine or
Inspector
Periodic equipment
Certification
inspections
ideentify the:
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Training and Communication

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• Recognition of applicable hazardous energy sources, the type
and magnitude of the energy available in the workplace, and
the methods and means necessary for energy isolation and
control
• Purpose and use of the energy control procedure
• Prohibition relating to attempts to restart or reenergize
machines or equipment that are locked or tagged out.
Retraining shall be provided for all authorized and
affected employees.
The employer shall certify that employee training
has been accomplished
certification shall contain each employee’s name
and dates of training

26 Modesir Osman -IdipNEBOSH

 Confined Space Entry Standard (29 CFR
1910.146)

Standard does not apply to agriculture, construction, or shipyard employment.

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 Written Entry Program :
The employer shall:
•Implement the measures necessary to prevent unauthorized entry
•Identify and evaluate the hazards of permit spaces before the
employee enters them
•Develop and implement the means, procedures, and practices necessary for safe permit space
entry operations

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Entry Permits

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The permit space to be entered
Date and the authorized duration of the entry permit
Purpose of the entry

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Authorized entrants by name
Attendant name
Entry supervisor (by name)
Measures to isolate the permit space and to eliminate or control permit space hazards before
entry i
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Training:
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• For employee to acquire the understanding, knowledge, and skills

•Training shall be provided to each affected employee before the employee is first assigned
duties
•Training shall be provided to each affected employee before the employee is first assigned
duties
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•The certification shall contain each employee’s name, the signatures or initial of the trainers,
and the dates of training.
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 Personal Protective Equipment (29 CFR
1910.132)

Application:

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• PPE for eyes, face, head, and extremities; protective clothing; respiratory devices; and
protective shield and barriers.
•The Final Rule does not require an employer to provide normal safety boots or shoes,
but does require the employer to provide specialty boots.
•Where employees provide their own PPE the employer shall be responsible to assure its

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adequacy, including proper maintenance and sanitation of such equipment.

When PPE is necessary

What PPE is necessary
Training:

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How to properly don, doff, adjust, and wear PPE
Limitations of the PPE
Proper care, maintenance and useful life, and disposal of the PPE
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29 Modesir Osman -IdipNEBOSH

 Respiratory Protection Standard (29 CFR
1910.134)

Purpose:
•The purpose of Standard is to control those occupational diseases caused by breathing air
contaminated with harmful dusts, fogs, fumes, mists, gases, smokes, sprays, or vapors.

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Why respirator protection is necessary and how improper wearing or use can
compromise the protection received
Training: Limitations and capabilities of the respirator and cartridge (filter)
Inspection and maintenance procedures
Cleaning, disinfecting, and storage procedures
Proper wear of the respirator

Retraining shall be administered annually

30 Modesir Osman -IdipNEBOSH

 Respiratory Protection Program

• Procedures for selecting respirators for use in the workplace

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• Medical evaluations of employees required to use respirators
• Fit testing procedures
• Procedures for proper use of respirators
• Procedures and schedules for cleaning, disinfecting, storing, inspecting,
repairing, discarding, and otherwise maintaining respirators

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• Procedures to ensure adequate air quality, quantity, and flow of
breathing air for atmosphere-supplying respirators
• Training required for respirator usage
• Procedures for evaluating the effectiveness of the program

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 Fall Protection Standard (29 CFR 1926.500–503)
(Subpart M)

Application:
• Construction work areas
• Do not apply when employees are making inspection, investigation, or assessment of
workplace conditions prior to the actual start of construction work or after all construction

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work has been completed.

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32 Modesir Osman -IdipNEBOSH

 • Nature of fall hazards in the work area

Training: • Correct procedures for erecting, maintaining, disassembling, and inspecting fall
protection systems to be used

• Use and operation of guardrail systems, personal fall arrest systems, safety net
systems, warning line systems, safety monitoring systems, controlled access zones, and
other protection to be used

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• The role of each employee in the safety monitoring system in which this system is
used
• The limitations on the use of mechanical equipment during the performance of
roofing work on low-sloped roofs

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• Correct procedures for the handling and storage of equipment and materials and the
erection of overhead protection
• The role of employers in fall protection plans

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Domain 5
Fire Protection and Prevention
i 10.59%
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 Definitions:
•Chemical reaction that occurs between a fuel and an oxidizing agent that produces
Combustion energy, usually in the form of heat and light.

Heat of •The amount of heat in calories evolved by the combustion of 1 g weight of a

combustion substance.

Combustible
•Any liquid having a flash point at or above 140°F and below 200°F
liquid

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•Any liquid having a flash point below 140°F and having a vapor pressure not
Flammable liquid
exceeding 40 psia at 100°F
•The minimum temperature at which a liquid gives off vapor within a test vessel in
Flash point sufficient concentration to form an ignitable mixture with air near the surface of the

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liquid. The flash point is normally an indication of susceptibility to ignition.

•The maximum concentration of a combustible substance capable of propagating a

Upper
flame through a homogeneous combustible mixture. UFL usually expressed in volume
flammability limit percent.

•The lower end of the concentration range of a flammable solvent at a given

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Lower
temperature and pressure for which air/vapor mixtures can ignite.LFL usually
flammability limit expressed in volume percent.

Classification of Fires
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•A fires involve common combustibles such as wood, paper, cloth, rubber, trash, and
Class A plastics.

•Involve flammable liquids, gases, solvents, oil, gasoline, paint, lacquers, tars, and other
Class B synthetic or oil-based products.
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•Energized electrical equipment, such as wiring, controls, motors, data processing

Class C panels, or appliances.

Class D
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•Involve combustible metals such as magnesium and sodium.

•Involve combustible cooking media such as oils and grease commonly found in
Class K commercial kitchens.
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The new labeling system for fire extinguishers uses pictures to indicate what types of fires
extinguishers can be used on and red diagonal lines through the types of fires they should not be
used on.
The number ratings on FE to indicate how large a fire they can contain. E.g, Class A
extinguishers numeric rating of 1, which would indicate 1 gal of extinguishing material. The
number ratings on Class B or C fire extinguishers indicate how many square feet of coverage the
unit will contain.e.g 5BC indicates a 5 ft2 of coverage area for Class B and C fires

35 Modesir Osman -IdipNEBOSH

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Exceptions of FE hydrostatic test :

 When the unit has been repaired by soldering, welding, brazing, or
use of patching compounds.
 When the cylinder or shell threads are damaged.
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 When there is corrosion that has caused pitting, including corrosion under
removable name plate assemblies.
 When the extinguisher has been burned in a fire;
 When a calcium-chloride-extinguished agent has been used in a stainless
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steel shell.
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 Automatic Sprinkler Systems

Dry Pipe Systems:

Installed in areas where there is a potential for freezing,
which would render the system basically inoperable when
needed. E.g, dry pipe systems are normally installed in
parking garages, unheated buildings.
Dry pipe systems cannot be installed unless the range of
ambient temperatures reaches below 40°F.
Wet Pipe Systems:
More frequently installed systems. water is present at
all times inside the piping distribution system.
Once the sprinkler head is opened, the water in the
distribution system will flow out of the distribution

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system.
Water is not present in the pipe until the system is
triggered and the water is released into the distribution
system.

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Deluge Systems:
Installed in areas where there are special hazards
where the rapid spread of fire is a major concern.
Heat sensors from the sprinkler heads have been
Water Spray Systems:

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removed by design.
Operate in same fashion as deluge system . There is no water stored in the distribution system.
The piping and discharge nozzle spray patterns are The water is released into the piping distribution
designed to protect a uniquely configured hazard. system by the activation of a deluge valve, which is
Such patterns are designed for three dimensional activated by a fire alarm system.
components or equipment Must be manually reset, by resetting the deluge valve.
i Are designed to cover the floor area of a space.
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Preaction Systems:
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Basically hybrids of wet, dry, and deluge systems.

An water supply valve is added to a dry pipe
system. The valve itself is opened by the activation of Foam Water Sprinkler Systems:
a fire detection system, such as a fire alarm or smoke Foam water sprinkler systems discharge a mixture of
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detector. water and low expansion foam concentrate.

Normally placed in areas where accidental Used in areas that have high challenge fires, such as
discharge is undesirable. Typical areas include data flammable liquids and airport hangars.
centers, museums, and art centers.
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 NFPA 13, Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems.
The maximum spacing allowed between sprinklers in a light-hazard occupancy area is 15 feet. Light-
hazard areas are those where the quantity and/or combustibility of contents is low and where fires
with relatively low rates of heat release are expected, such as an office area.
Ordinary-hazard occupancy areas also have a maximum allowable spacing of 15 feet between
sprinkler heads. Extra-hazard occupancy areas have a maximum allowable spacing of 12 feet between
sprinkler heads.

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Flash Point
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Minimum temperature at which a liquid gives off vapor within a test vessel in sufficient
concentration to form an ignitable mixture with air near the surface of the liquid.
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Vapor Pressure
The pressure exerted by the molecules that escapes from the liquid to form a separate vapor phase
above the liquid surface.
The pressure exerted by the vapor phase is called the vapor or saturation pressure. Vapor or
saturation pressure depends on temperature.
If fluids consist of more than one component, then components with high vapor pressures are
called light components and those with lower vapor pressures are called heavy components.

38 Modesir Osman -IdipNEBOSH

 Fire Point
The temperature at which a substance will give off a vapor that will burn continuously
after ignition. Usually, the fire point is higher than the flash point.

Flammable and Explosive Limit Ranges

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Concentrations between the lower and upper limits of the mixture are flammable or explosive. The
lower flammable limit (LFL) or the lower explosive limit (LEL) is the leanest mixture that is still
flammable or explosive. Conversely, the upper flammable limit (UFL) or upper explosive limit
(UEL) is the richest mixture that is still flammable or combustible. These concentrations are given
in percentage of air.

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Autoignition Temperature
Also referred to as kindling point, is the lowest temperature at which a substance will ignite in a
normal atmosphere without an external source of ignition from a spark or flame. The temperature

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at which a chemical will ignite decreases as the pressure increases or oxygen concentration
increases.

Specific Gravity
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Specific gravity describes the density of a liquid compared to the density of water. Those liquids
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with a specific gravity of one or less (≤1) are lighter than water and those with specific gravities of
greater than or equal to one (≥1) are heavier than water. The specific gravity is particularly
important when addressing chemical spills
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Vapor Density
Vapor density is the measure of the density of a substance compared to air. Those gases and
vapors with densities greater than or equal to one (≥1) are heavier than air and will tend to sink to
lower levels. Those gases and vapors with densities less than or equal to one (≤1) are lighter than
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air and will tend to float upward. Knowing the vapor density of a substance is useful in
determining the location of the ventilation system.
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Evaporation Rate
Is the rate at which a liquid is converted to vapor at a given temperature and pressure. Butylacetate,
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which has an evaporation rate of 1, is the standard by which most substances are compared to.
Therefore, if a substance has an evaporation rate of less than 1, it will evaporate more
quickly than butylacetate.

39 Modesir Osman -IdipNEBOSH

 Water Solubility (Sw)
Is the maximum amount of a substance that can dissolve in water at equilibrium at a given
temperature and pressure. (Sw) values are usually expressed as moles of solute per liter. The term
water solubility is primarily used in many environmental studies to help determine the fate of
chemicals in the environment.

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Boiling Point
The temperature at which the vapor pressure of the liquid is equal to the environmental
pressure surrounding the liquid. It is the temperature point where the liquid is converted

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into a vapor.

Storage Requirements for Flammable and Combustible Liquids

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 Inside Storage Rooms for Flammable or Combustible Liquids

Storage room shall be equipped with either a gravity or a mechanical exhaust ventilation system. This
system shall be designed to provide for a complete change of air within the room at least six times per
hour. In addition, in each
inside storage room, there shall be maintained one clear aisle at least 3 ft wide. Containers over 30 gal
capacity will not be stacked one upon the other.

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Fire “RACE” rule
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“Compressed gas”
• R = Rescue/remove all occupants
• A = Activate the alarm system (1) Is: A gas or mixture of gases in a container
• C = Confine the fire by closing doors having an absolute pressure exceeding 40 (psi) at
• E = Evacuate/extinguish 70°F (21.1°C), or
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OSHA’s Portable Fire Extinguishers standard
requires that a fire extinguisher be placed within 75
ft for Class A fire risk ,and within 50 ft for high-risk
Class B fire risk.
The two most common types of extinguishers in the
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(2) Is a gas or mixture of gases having an absolute
pressure exceeding 104 psi at 130°F (54.4°C)
regardless of the pressure at 70°F (21.1°C), or
(3) Is a liquid having a vapor pressure exceeding
40 psi at 100°F (37.8°C) as determined by ASTM

chemistry laboratory are pressurized dry chemical (American Society for Testing and Materials).
(Type BC or ABC) and carbon dioxide.
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The priorities of emergencies are universal and listed in increasing

order:
 Safety of people
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 Protection of property
 Cleanup and salvage
 Restoring operations

41 Modesir Osman -IdipNEBOSH