Scrotum - protective sac of skin

Seminiferous tubules – tiny coiled tubes inside the testes

Epididymis – long coiled tubes in the testes where sperms mature
Vas Deferens – long tube where the sperms travel after the epididymis
Penis – the male organ that deposits the sperm
Ejaculation – the forceful expulsion of the sperm out of a male’s body

PATHWAYS FOR MALE

 Seminiferous tubules- epididymis- vas deferens – urethra
PATHWAYS FOR FEMALE
 ovary- fallopian tube - uterus

Hormones – chemical messengers that carry instructions to cells to change their

activities
Feedback Mechanisms – maintains and regulates the production of hormones
Positive Feedback – increased hormone secretion is enhanced
Negative Feedback – counteracts the production of more hormones
Hypothalamus – found at the base of the brain. Produces hormones that turn the
other endocrine system on an off
Pituitary Gland – pea-sized gland found in the center of the skull
Thyroid Gland- it is located under the larynx or voice box
Parathyroid Glands – four tiny glands embedded in the surface of the thyroid
Thymus – is responsible for the development of the defense system of the body
against disease-causing organisms
Adrenals – “above kidney”
Pancreas – endocrine organ; produces two hormones: insulin and glucagon
Gonads – human reproductive organs
Pineal Gland- located near the thalamus of the brain where the two halves of
the brain join; it produces melatonin
Dwarfism – body’s insufficient production of growth hormones
Diabetes Mellitus – when a person’s blood glucose level is high due to either
inadequate insulin production or inability of blood cells to respond to insulin, or
both
Gestational Diabetes – a type of diabetes that affects pregnant women
Phototropism – a change in response to an increase or decrease of sunlight
Auxin – the hormone that helps make the change in response to an increase or
decrease of sunlight

Nervous System

Neurons – basic functional units of structure and function of the nervous

system
Reflex – one of the simplest responses of the nervous system; automatic
response in the change of environment
Brain – important and delicate organ; main organ of the nervous system;
encased in a bone called the skull
Cerebrum - covers 85 percent of the human brain, making it the most
noticeable part of it
Cerebellum – second largest part of the brain; it coordinates the actions of the
muscles and maintains balance
Brain Stem – connects the spinal cord to the rest of the body
Spinal Cord- tubelike organ of neurons and blood vessels; located inside the
backbone
PNS (Peripheral Nervous System) – links the central nervous system (brain
and spinal cord) to the rest of the body
Encephalitis – acute infection and inflammation of the brain itself
Meningitis – inflammation of the meninges and the membranes
Rabies – viral infection transmitted through bites by infected animals
Tetanus – disease caused by a certain bacteria found in soil contaminated with
animal waste
Epilepsy – “seizure disorder,” associated with seizures, involuntary movement,
and loss of consciousness
Alzheimer’s Disease – characterized by severe mental deterioration

REVIEW SENSE OF SIGHT P. 242

REVIEW SENSE OF HEARING AND BALANCE P. 243

REVIEW SENSE OF SMELL AND TASTE P. 244
Olfactory Cells – sense receptors in the nose
Chemoreceptors – it senses chemical
REVIEW SENSE OF TOUCH P. 245

Plants
Positive Tropism – growth toward the stimulus
Negative tropism – growth away of the stimulus
Heliotropism – a tropism in response to the tracking of the sun’s direction
Chemotropism – reaction to chemicals
Thermotropism – response to temperature or heat

DNA- Deoxyribonucleic Acid

DNA Crystallography – a technique used to study the structure of DNA
Hemophilia A – factor VIII deficiency; hereditary genetic disorder
Bioremediation – use of natural and recombinant microorganisms to break
down toxic and hazardous substances in the environment
Evolution – any change in the genetic composition of a population of
organisms over time

theory of inheritance of acquired characteristics

Georges Cuvier – Jean-Baptiste Lamarck –theory of catastrophism

REVIEW DIRECT AND INDIRECT EVIDENCE P. 298

Embryo – refers to an organism in its early stages of development

Divergent Evolution – occurs when closely related species move to new habitats
because of diverging lifestyles, ultimately producing different species
altogether
Convergent Evolution – groups of initially distantly related organisms evolve
similar structures to adapt to a similar habitat or way of life
Coevolution – two or more species can influence one another’s evolutionary
direction
Gradualism – gradual transformation of features

Homo Habilis - oldest member oh Genus Homo

 Homo – “man”
 Habilis – “handy”

Homo Erectus – first hominid to leave Africa

Homo Sapiens – “wise man”
Neanderthals – may have had the ability to speak
Cro-Magnons – “wisest of the wise”