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MASS CONSERVATION FOR A FLOW SYSTEM
𝑑𝑦
𝑦 𝑑𝑧
𝜕 𝜕𝜌 𝑦
𝜌𝑑𝑉 = 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑥
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡
𝑥
𝑥
𝑧
𝑑𝑉 = 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧
DIFFERENTIAL FORM OF
MASS CONSERVATION
Infinitesimal control volume
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦×𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦×𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑑𝑧
Mass flowrate:
𝑑𝑥
𝒙 − 𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒇𝒂𝒄𝒆𝒔
At x: 𝜌 𝑣! / 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧 = (𝜌𝑣! )𝒙 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧
𝒙
𝑑𝑧
At x + dx: 𝜌 𝑣! / 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧 = (𝜌𝑣! )𝒙#𝒅𝒙 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧
𝒙#𝒅𝒙
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑧
The inflow and outflow of mass towards z-directions
𝑑𝑦 𝑧
through z-surfaces: 𝑦 + 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑧
𝑑𝑦
𝜌 𝑣' / 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = (𝜌𝑣' )𝒛𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
𝒛 𝑦 𝑣' 𝑧 + 𝑑𝑧
𝑣% 𝑦
𝜌 𝑣' / 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = (𝜌𝑣' )𝒛#𝒅𝒛𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 𝑥
𝒛#𝒅𝒛 𝑧
CONTINUITY
EQUATION
From the general form, the law of mass conservation in differential form:
𝜕𝜌
𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧 + 𝜌𝑣! 𝒙#𝒅𝒙 − 𝜌𝑣! 𝒙 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧 + 𝜌𝑣% − 𝜌𝑣% 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑧 + 𝜌𝑣' 𝒛#𝒅𝒛 − 𝜌𝑣' 𝒛 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝜕𝑡 𝒚#𝒅𝒚 𝒚
𝜕𝜌 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕𝜌
+ (𝜌𝑣! ) + (𝜌𝑣% ) + (𝜌𝑣' ) = 0 + ∇ • (𝜌𝒗) = 0
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑡
CONTINUITY EQUATION Infinitesimal control volume for
CYLINDRICAL COORDINATE cylindrical polar coordinate.
SYSTEM
𝑦 𝑦
𝑣"
𝑣#
𝑣"
𝑟 𝑣# Coordinate transformation
𝑦
𝜃 𝑥 𝑟
𝑥
𝑣$
𝑥
𝑟= 𝑥! + 𝑦!
𝜃
𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒆 𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎
𝑥 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃
𝒙 − 𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒔 𝑧
𝑦 = 𝑟 sin 𝜃
2-DIMENSIONAL 3-DIMENSIONAL 𝑦
𝜃 = tan"#
𝑥
CONTINUITY EQUATION
CYLINDRICAL COORDINATE
SYSTEM Infinitesimal control volume for
cylindrical polar coordinate.
Rate of mass accumulation:
𝜕𝜌
𝜕𝑡
1 𝜕 1 𝜕 𝜕
∇ • 𝜌𝒗 = (𝑟𝜌𝑣) ) + (𝜌𝑣* ) + (𝜌𝑣' )
𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝑧
𝜕𝜌 1 𝜕 1 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕𝜌
+ 𝑟𝜌𝑣) + 𝜌𝑣* + 𝜌𝑣' = 0 + ∇ • (𝜌𝒗) = 0
𝜕𝑡 𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑡
𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒂𝒄𝒕 𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒎
CONTINUITY EQUATION
COMMON FLOW
CASES
0
𝜕𝜌 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
+ (𝜌𝑣! ) + (𝜌𝑣% ) + (𝜌𝑣' ) = 0 (𝜌𝑣! ) + (𝜌𝑣% ) + (𝜌𝑣' ) = 0
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
2. Steady and incompressible flow: Steady with constant density. common form
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
(𝜌𝑣! ) + (𝜌𝑣% ) + (𝜌𝑣' ) = 0 (𝑣! ) + (𝑣% ) + (𝑣' ) = 0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
Cylindrical polar
coordinate form
1 𝜕 1 𝜕 𝜕
𝑟𝑣) + 𝑣* + 𝑣 =0
𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝑧 '
CONTINUITY EQUATION
SUMMARY
In analyzing fluid problems, mathematical equations are derived from the laws of physics:
𝜕𝜌
+ ∇ • (𝜌𝒗) = 0
𝜕𝑡
𝜕𝒗
𝜌 + 𝒗 • ∇𝒗 = 𝜌𝒈 − ∇𝑃 + ∇ • τ Cauchy’s equation
𝜕𝑡
𝑑𝒗
𝜌 = 𝜌𝒈 − ∇𝑃 + 𝜇∇+𝒗 Navier-Stokes equation
𝑑𝑡