CHAPTER > 07

System of Particles
and Rotational Motion
KEY NOTES

The motion of a rigid body which is pivoted or fixed in

Rigid Body some way is rotation.
Å Ideally a rigid body is a body with a perfectly definite and
fixed shape. The distances between all pairs of particles of Centre of Mass and Its Motion
such a body do not change on the application of a force. Å Centre of mass of a system of particles is the point that behaves
Å In pure translational motion at any instant of time, all as, if the entire mass of the system is concentrated on it.
particles of the body have the same velocity. Å Centre of mass
Å The most common way to constrain a rigid body so that it (i) of n-particles system is
does not have translational motion is, to fix it along a straight m x + m2 x 2 + … + mnx n
line. The only possible motion of such a rigid body is x CM = 1 1
m1 + m2 + … + mn
rotation. The line or fixed axis about which the body is
m1 y1 + m2 y 2 + … + mny n
rotating is its axis of rotation. y CM =
m1 + m2 + … + mn
Å In rotation of a rigid body about a fixed axis, every particle of
the body moves in a circle, which lies in a plane m1z1 + m2z2 + … + mnzn
zCM =
perpendicular to the axis and has its centre on the axis. m1 + m2 + … + mn
Å In some examples of rotation, Z (ii) of rigid bodies is
however the axis may not be fixed. 1 1 1
A prominent example of this kind X=
M ∫ xdm, Y = M ∫ ydm and Z =
M∫
zdm
of rotation is a top spinning in
Å Centre of mass of symmetrical bodies, e.g. for uniform rod,
place (as shown in figure).
circular plate, etc lies at their centre.
The axis of such a spinning top
moves around the vertical through Y Å The motion of centre of mass of a system of particles is
X O
its point of contact with the considered to be moving as if all the mass of the system was
ground, sweeping out a cone. This movement of the axis of concentrated at the centre of mass and all the external forces
the top around the vertical is termed precession. were applied at that point.
Note The point of contact of the top with ground is fixed.
Å Velocity and acceleration of centre of mass respectively are
as follows
The motion of a rigid body which is not pivoted or fixed in
m1 v1 + m2 v2 + … + mn vn
Å

some way is either a pure translation or a combination of v=

translation and rotation. m1 + m2 + … + mn
 m1 a1 + m2 a 2 + … + mn a n ∆ θ dθ
Instantaneous angular velocity, ω = lim =
a= ∆t→ 0 ∆t dt
m1 + m2 + … + mn
Å At any given instant, the relation v = ωr applies to all
Å The total linear momentum of a system of particles is particles of the rotating rigid body.
equal to the product of the total mass of the system and Thus, for a particle at a perpendicular distance ri from the
the velocity of its centre of mass. fixed axis, the linear velocity v i at a given instant is given
p = mv by
dp
=m
dv
= ma = Fext v i = ωri
dt dt Å As pure translational motion of a body is characterised by
This is the statement of Newton’s second law of motion all parts of the body having the same velocity at any
extended to a system of particles. instant of time.
Å When the total external force acting on a system of Similarly, pure rotation can be characterised by all parts of
particles is zero, the total linear momentum of the system the body having the same angular velocity at any instant
is constant. of time.

i.e.
dp
=0
Å For rotation about a fixed axis, the direction of the vector ω
dt does not change with time. Its magnitude may, however
or p = constant. change from instant to instant.
This is the law of conservation of the total linear For the more general rotation, both the magnitude and the
momentum of a system of particles. direction of ω may change from instant to instant.
Å If the total external force acting on the system is zero, the Å Angular acceleration α is defined as the rate of change of
centre of mass moves with a constant velocity, i.e. moves dω
angular velocity, i.e. α = .
uniformly in a straight line like a free particle. dt
If the axis of rotation is fixed, the direction of ω and hence
Vector Product of Two Vectors that of α is also fixed.
Å A vector product of two vectors a and b is a vector c such
that Torque and Angular Momentum
(i) magnitude of c = c = ab sinθ, where a & b are the Å The turning effect of the force about the axis of rotation is
magnitudes of a & b and θ is the angle between the called torque or moment of force.
two vectors. Å If a force F acts on a single particle at a point whose
(ii) c is perpendicular to the plane containing a and b. position vector with respect to the origin is given by vector
Å Vector product of two vectors a and b is not commutative. r, then moment of force is given by
i.e. a × b = − (b × a) τ = r×F
Å Vector products are distributive with respect to vector Å The magnitude of τ is given as τ = rF sin θ
addition, i.e. a × ( b + c) = a × b + a × c (a) When θ = 0° or 180°, then τ = 0 (minimum).
Å The vector product among cartesian unit vectors (b) When θ = 90°, then τ = rF (maximum).
$i, $j and k$ are given as Å The moment of force is a vector quantity.
$i × $i = 0, $j × $j = 0, The quantity angular momentum can be referred to as
k$ × k$ = 0,
Å

moment of (linear) momentum.

$i × $j = k$ , $j × k$ = i$, k$ × i$ = $j Consider a particle of mass m and linear momentum p at a
Å If a = ax$i + ay $j + azk$ and b = bxi$ + by $j + bzk$ , position r relative to origin.
 i$ The angular momentum L is given as L = r × p.
$j k$ 
  Å The magnitude of the angular momentum vector is
then a × b = ax ay az .
L = rp sinθ.
b by bz 
 x Å The time rate of the total angular momentum of a system
of particles about a point is equal to the sum of the
Angular Velocity and Acceleration external torques acting on the system taken about the same
Å The average angular velocity of the particle over the point.
∆θ ∆θ dL
interval ∆t is , i.e. ω = . i.e. τ = τ ext =
∆t ∆t dt
Equilibrium of a Rigid Body Centre of Gravity
Å A rigid body is said to be in equilibrium, if both of its If a body is supported on a point such that the total
linear momentum and angular momentum remain same gravitational torque about this point is zero, then this
with time. point is called centre of gravity of the body.
Å If total force or vector sum of all forces acting on the body Σmiri = 0
is zero, then linear momentum of the body remains
constant, so the body is in translatory equilibrium, i.e. Moment of Inertia
n
and Radius of Gyration
F1 + F2 + ......... + Fn = ∑ Fi = 0 Å Moment of inertia is the analogue of mass in rotational
i =1
motion.
Å If the total torque, i.e. the vector sum of the torques on the
The moment of inertia ( I) of a body about an axis is
rigid body is zero, then angular momentum of the body
defined as the sum of the products of the mass of the
remains constant, so the body is in rotational equilibrium.
n
particles of the body and the square of the respective
i.e. τ1 + τ 2 ......... + τ n = ∑ τi = 0 distance of the particles from the axis of rotation.
n
i =1 I = m1r12 + m2r22 + … + mnrn2 = Σ miri2
i =1
Å A pair of equal and opposite forces with parallel lines of
action is known as a couple. A couple produces rotation where, m1 , m2 … , mn are the masses of n-particles and
without translation. r1 , r2 , … , rn be their distances from axis of rotation.
Å For a couple with forces − F and F acting at A and B points Å The radius of gyration of a body about an axis is defined
with position vectors r1 and r2 with respect to some origin O as the distance from the axis of a mass point whose mass is
as shown in figure. equal to the mass of whole body and whose moment of
inertia is equal to the moment of inertia of the body about
A N B the axis of rotation. It is denoted by k.

O r1 F I
r2
k=
F
M

The moment of couple = total torque Theorem of Perpendicular Axes

= ( r2 − r1 ) × F
Å According to principle of moment, when an object is in
rotational equilibrium, then algebraic sum of all torques
acting on it is zero. Clockwise torques are taken negative
and anti-clockwise torques are taken positive.
Å In case of the lever as shown in figure below
Å It states that “the moment of inertia of a planar body
(lamina) about an axis perpendicular to its plane, is equal
to the sum of its moment of inertia about two
perpendicular axes concurrent with perpendicular axis
and lying in the plane of the body”.
Z

R
Planar body
A B
d1 d2
O N
F1 F2 Y
M
P(x, y)
(i) Force F1 is usually some weight to be lifted. It is called
the load and its distance from fulcrum d1 is called the X
load arm.
(ii) Force F2 is the effort applied to lift the load and distance ∴ I Z = IX + I Y
d 2 of the effort from the fulcrum is the effort arm. where, IX , I Y and I Z are the moments of inertia about the
At equilibrium, load arm × load = effor × effort arm X, Y and Z-axes, respectively.
⇒ F1 d1 = F2 d 2
Theorem of Parallel Axes
The above equation expresses the principle of moments for
a lever. Å It states that “ the moment of inertia of a body about any
F axis is equal to the moment of inertia of the body about a
Å The ratio 1 is called the mechanical advantage ( MA ). parallel axis passing through the centre of mass plus the
F2
product of the mass of the body and the square of the
F1 d 2
MA = = distance between the two parallel axes.”
F2 d1
Å Two such axes are shown in figure for a body of mass M. If Kinematic Equations
a is the distance between the axes and I CM and I 0 are the
respective moments of inertia about these axes, then of Rotational Motion
Z Z′ Å The kinematic equations for rotational motion with
uniform angular acceleration are given below
1
(i) ω = ω 0 + αt (ii) θ − θ 0 = ω 0t + αt 2
a 2
(iii) ω 2 − ω 20 = 2α (θ − θ 0 )
O O′
Y where, θ 0 & ω 0 are initial angular displacement & angular
velocity, θ & ω are final angular displacement & angular
velocity and α is angular acceleration.
X
Conservation of Angular Momentum
If the external torque on the rotating body is zero, then
I 0 = I CM + Ma 2 angular momentum on the body is conserved. This is law of
conservation of angular momentum.
Moment of Inertia of Some
dL
Regular Shaped Bodies As, =0
dt
Å Moment of inertia of the rod about an axis passing
L = constant, Iω = constant or I1ω1 = I 2ω 2
Ml 2
through its centre and perpendicular to rod, I =
12 Rolling Motion
Moment of inertia of the rod about an axis perpendicular Å When a body performs translation motion as well as
to the length of the rod and passing through its end, rotational motion, then this type of motion is known as
Ml 2 rolling motion.
I′ =
3 Å Kinetic Energy of Rolling Motion A body rotating about
where, l is the length of the rod. its axis with angular velocity ω and its centre of mass
Å Moment of inertia of a thin circular ring about an axis moving with velocity v CM , then kinetic energy of rolling is
through its centre and perpendicular to its plane, given as
I c = MR 2 KE rolling = KE translational + KE rotational
1 1 1  k2 
Moment of inertia about any diameter of the ring, = Mv CM 2
+ Iω 2 = Mv CM 2
1 + 2 
1 2 2 2 
 R 
I d = MR 2
2 Å Various physical quantities of a body, rolling on an
where, R is the radius of the circular disc. inclined plane without slipping are listed below
Moment of inertia of a circular disc about an axis passing g sinθ
(i) Acceleration of the body, a =
Å

through its centre and perpendicular to its plane is given k2

1+ 2
1 R
by I c = MR 2
2 where, θ = angle of inclination.
1 (ii) Velocity of the body when it reaches the bottom,
About its diameter, I d = MR 2
4 2gh
Moment of inertia of a solid cylinder about an axis v=
Å
k2
passing through its centre of mass and parallel to its 1+ 2
R
1
length, I = MR 2 (iii) Time taken by a rolling body to reach the bottom,
2
1 2h (1 + k 2 / R 2 )
Å Moment of inertia of a solid sphere about a diameter, t=
2 sin θ g
I = MR 2
5 Å A body with smaller value of k 2 / R 2 will take less time to
Moment of inertia about any tangent, reach the bottom.
7 Å Change in kinetic energy due to rolling (v 2 > v1 )
I tan = MR 2 .
5 1  k2 
= m 1 + 2  (v 22 − v12 )
2  R 
 Mastering NCERT
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

TOPIC 1 ~ Rigid Body, Centre of Mass and Its Motion

1 A system of particles is called a rigid body, when 6 Two balls each of mass m are placed on the vertices A
(a) any two particles of system may have and B of an equilateral ∆ABC of side 1 m. A ball of
displacements in opposite directions under mass 2m is placed at vertex C. The centre of mass of
action of a force this system from vertex A (located at origin) is
(b) any two particles of system may have velocities in
opposite directions under action of a force C
(c) any two particles of system may have a zero relative 2m
velocity
(d) any two particles of system may have 1m 1m
displacements in same direction under action of a force
2 In pure rotation,
m m
(a) all particles of the body move in a straight line A 1m B
(b) all particles of body move in concentric circles
(a)  m , m (b)  m , 3 m
(c) all particles of body move in non-concentric 1 1 1
circles 2 2  2 
(d) all particles of body have same speed 1 3   3 3 
3 In precession of a body, (c)  m , m (d)  m, m
2 4   4 4 
(a) axis of rotation is fixed
(b) axis of rotation translates on a curved path 7 Three identical spheres of mass M each are placed at
(c) both ends of axis of rotation move around circular the corners of an equilateral triangle of side 2 m.
paths Taking one of the corner as the origin, the position
(d) one end of rotation axis is fixed vector of the centre of mass is
4 The centre of mass of a system of two particles divides, $i $i + $j $j
(a) 3 ( $i − $j ) (b) + $j (c) (d) $i +
the distance between them 3 3 3
(a) in inverse ratio of square of masses of 8 The centre of mass of three particles of masses 1 kg,
particles
2 kg and 3 kg is at (3, 3, 3) with reference to a fixed
(b) in direct ratio of square of masses of coordinate system. Where should a fourth particle of
particles mass 4 kg be placed, so that the centre of mass of the
(c) in inverse ratio of masses of particles system of all particles shifts to a point (1, 1, 1)?
(d) in direct ratio of masses of particles
(a) ( − 1, − 1, − 1) (b) ( − 2, − 2, − 2 )
5 Centre of Mass (CM) of the given system of particles (c) ( 2, 2, 2 ) (d) (1, 1, 1)
will be at
9 Find the centre of mass of a
m 2m
A B uniform L-shaped lamina
(a thin flat plate) with
2m
dimensions as shown in the
O
figure alongside. The mass of 1m
the lamina is 3 kg.
D C 2m
m m (a) ( 5 / 6 ) m , ( 5/ 6 ) m
(b) ( 3/ 4 ) m , ( 3/ 4 ) m
(a) OD (b) OC (c) ( 5 / 8 ) m , ( 5/ 8 ) m
(c) OB (d) AO (d) ( 3/ 5 ) m , ( 3/ 5 ) m
10 Distance of the centre of mass of a solid uniform cone 15 Two particles A and B initially at rest move towards
from its vertex is z 0 . If the radius of its base is R and each other under a mutual force of attraction. At the
its height is h, then z 0 is equal to instant, when the speed of A is v and the speed of B is
h2 3h 5h 3h 2 2v, the speed of centre of mass of the system is
(a) (b) (c) (d) (a) zero (b) v (c) 15
. v (d) 3v
4R 4 8 8R
16 Three point particles of masses 1.0 kg, 1.5 kg and
11 Three bodies having masses 5 kg, 4 kg and 2 kg is
2.5 kg are placed at three corners of a right angle
moving at the speed of 5 m/s, 4 m/s and 2 m/s,
triangle of sides 4.0 cm, 3.0 cm and 5.0 cm as shown
respectively along X -axis. The magnitude of velocity
in the figure. The centre of mass of the system is at a
of centre of mass is AIIMS 2018
point JEE Main 2020
(a) 1.0 m/s (b) 4 m/s (c) 0.9 m/s (d) 1.3 m/s 2.5 kg
12 Two particles of equal masses have velocities
v 1 = 4 $i ms −1 and v 2 = 4$j ms −1 . First particle has an
4 cm 5 cm
acceleration a 1 = (2$i + 2$j) ms −2 , while the
acceleration of the other particle is zero. The centre of
mass of the two particles moves in a path of 1.0 kg 1.5 kg
3 cm
(a) straight line (b) parabola
(c) circle (d) ellipse (a) 2.0 cm right and 0.9 cm above 1 kg mass
13 Two persons of masses 55 kg and 65 kg respectively, (b) 0.6 cm right and 2.0 cm above 1 kg mass
are at the opposite ends of a boat. The length of the (c) 1.5 cm right and 1.2 cm above 1 kg mass
boat is 3 m and weighs 100 kg. The 55 kg man walks (d) 0.9 cm right and 2.0 cm above 1 kg mass
upto the 65 kg man and sits with him. If the boat is in 17 The position vector of the centre of mass rcm of an
still water, the centre of mass of the system shifts by asymmetric uniform bar of negligible area of
CBSE AIPMT 2012 cross-section as shown in figure is JEE Main 2019
(a) 3 m (b) 2.3 m (c) zero (d) 0.75 m
14 Two balls of same masses start moving towards each 2m
other due to gravitational attraction, if the initial L
distance between them is l. Then, they meet at m
m
M M L 2L 3L
F F
l 13 5 11 3
(a) r = Lx$ + L y$ (b) r = Lx$ + L y$
8 8 8 8
l l l 3 11 5 13
(a) (b) l (c) (d) (c) r = L x$ + L y$ (d) r = L x$ + L y$
2 3 4 8 8 8 8

TOPIC 2 ~ Vector Product, Angular Velocity,

Torque and Angular Momentum
18 The vector product of two vectors A = 2$i + $j − k
$ and 20 The unit vector perpendicular to vectors
B = − $i − $j + 2k$ is A = 2$i + $j + k$ and B = $i − $j + 2k$ is
1 1
(a) 2$i + 3$j − k$ (b) $i + 3$j + k$ (a) ( $i − $j − k$ ) (b) ( $i + $j − k$ )
3 3
(c) − i$ + 3$j + 2k$ (d) i$ − 3$j − k$ 1 $ $ $ 1 $ $ $
(c) (i − j − k ) (d) (i + j − k )
19 Two vectors P and Q are given in space as 3 3
P = 2$i − 3$j + k$ and Q = − 4$i + 6$j − 2k$ . The angle 21 Angular velocity vector is directed along
between P and Q is (a) the tangent to the circular path
(a) 90° (b) 0° (b) the inward radius
(c) 30° (d) 60° (c) the outward radius
(d) the axis of rotation
22 A body is rotating with angular velocity momentum of the system, calculated about O and P
ω = (3$i − 4$j − k$ ). The linear velocity of a point be LO and L P respectively, then
having position vector r = (5$i − 6$j + 6k$ ) is (a) LO and LP do not vary with time
(b) LO varies with time while LP remains constant
(a) 6$i + 2$j − 3k$ (b) −18$i − 23$j + 2k$
(c) LO remains constant while LP varies with time
(c) −30i$ − 23$j + 2k$ (d) 6i$ − 2$j + 8k$
(d) LO and LP both vary with time
23 A circular plate rotating about its axis with angular 27 A cycle rim is rotated over its axle in a vertical plane
speed ω is placed lightly (without any translational by holding ends of axle using 2-strings A and B.
push) on a perfectly frictionless table. The radius of
the disc is R. Let v A , v B and vC be the magnitudes of
linear velocities of the points A, B and C on the disc
as shown below. Then,
A

R C
123

— ω A B A B
2 O

B
Initially After
(a) v A > vB > vC (b) v A < vB < vC
(c) v A = vB > vC (d) v A = vB < vC Such that the rim is vertical. If you leave one string,
24 Point masses m1 and m2 are placed at the opposite the rim will tilt. Now, keeping the rim in vertical
ends of a rigid rod of length L and negligible mass. position with both the strings in one hand, put the
The rod is to be set rotating about an axis wheel in fast rotation around the axle with the other
perpendicular to it. The position of point P on this rod hand. Then, leave one string, say B, from your hand.
through which the axis should pass, so that the work What will happen, if we leave string B?
required to set the rod rotating with angular velocity (a) The rim will stop rotating
ω 0 is minimum, is given by CBSE AIPMT 2015 (b) The rim will rotate in a vertical plane and the plane of
ω0 rotation will precesses about string A
(c) The rim will rotate in a horizontal plane
m1 P m2 (d) String at A is twisted
x (L – x)
28 A force F is applied on a single particle P as shown in
the figure. Here, r is the position vector of the particle.
(a) x =
m1 L m
(b) x = 1 L The value of torque τ is
m1 + m2 m2 Z
m2 m2 L
(c) x = L (d) x = τ F
m1 m1 + m2
θ
P
25 The angular momentum L of a single particle can be r
represented as O Y
(a) r × p (b) rp sin θ n$
(c) rp ⊥ n$ (d) Both (a) and (b) X

( n$ = unit vector perpendicular to plane of r, so that r, (a) F × r (b) r × F

p and n$ make right handed system) (c) r ⋅ F (d) F ⋅ r
z
26 A point mass m is attached to a 29 What is the torque of a force 7$i + 3$j − 5 k$ about the
massless string whose other end is P
origin? The force acts on a particle whose position
fixed at P as shown in figure. The
vector is $i − $j + k$ .
mass is undergoing circular motion in
xy-plane with centre O and constant O m (a) 2 $i + 12 $j − 10 k$ (b) $i + 12$j + 10 k$
ω
angular speed ω. If the angular (c) i$ + 10 $j + 10 k$ (d) 2 i$ + 12$j + 10 k$
30 Newton’s second law for rotational motion of a 33 A force F = α$i + 3$j + 6k$ is acting at a point
system of particle can be represented as r = 2$i − 6$j − 12k$ . The value of α, for which angular
(L for a system of particles) momentum about origin is conserved, is
dp dL CBSE AIPMT 2015
(a) = τ ext (b) = τ int
dt dt (a) −1 (b) 2
dL dL (c) zero (d) 1
(c) = τ ext (d) = τ int + τ ext
dt dt 34 A bob of mass m attached to an inextensible string of
31 If τ ext = 0, means L → constant, it is length l is suspended from a vertical support. The bob
(a) rotational analogue of conservation of linear momentum rotates in a horizontal circle with an angular speed
(b) rotational analogue of force ω rads −1 about the vertical support. About the point of
(c) rotational analogue of linear momentum suspension ,
(d) None of the above (a) angular momentum is conserved
(b) angular momentum changes in magnitude but not in
32 A man spining in free space, changes the shape of his
direction
body, e.g. by spreading his arms or by curling up. By (c) angular momentum changes in direction but not in
doing this, he cannot change his magnitude
(a) moment of inertia (b) angular momentum (d) angular momentum changes both in direction and
(c) angular velocity (d) rotational kinetic energy magnitude

TOPIC 3 ~ Equilibrium of a Rigid Body

35 A rigid body is said to be in partial equilibrium only, 38 Different relations are given below. Which of the
if following is correct?
(a) it is in rotational equilibrium Effort
(a) Mechanical advantage =
(b) it is in translational equilibrium Load
(c) Either (a) or (b) (b) Load arm × Effort = Effort arm × Load
(d) None of the above (c) Load arm × Load = Effort arm × Effort
36 For rotational equilibrium, (d) None of the above
n 39 In a lever system, the effort arm is larger than the load
(a) ∑ Fi net = 0
i=1 arm, then the value of mechanical advantage is
n (a) equal to 1
(b) ∑ τ i net = 0 (b) less than 1
i=1
(c) greater than 1
(c) Both (a) and (b) are the necessary conditions for the (d) None of the above
rotational equilibrium
(d) Both (a) and (b) are not necessary for rotational 40 In the game of see-saw, what should be the
equilibrium displacement of boy B from right edge to keep the
37 ABC is an equilateral see-saw in equilibrium? ( M 1 = 40 kg and M 2 = 60 kg)
A
triangle with O as its A B
centre. F1 , F2 and F3 F3 M1 M2
represent three forces
O
acting along the sides B F2
AB , BC and AC, C
respectively. If the total F1 2m 2m
torque about O is zero, 4
then the magnitude of F3 is CBSE AIPMT 2012 (a) m (b) 1 m
3
(a) F1 + F2 (b) F1 − F2 2
(c) m (d) Zero
F + F2 3
(c) 1 (d) 2( F1 + F2 )
2
41 A rod of weight w is supported by two parallel knife 44 A metal bar 70 cm long and 4 kg in mass supported
edges A and B; and is in equilibrium in a horizontal on two knife edges placed 10 cm from each end. A
position. The knives are at a distance d from each other. 6 kg weight is suspended at 30 cm from one end.
The centre of mass of the rod is at distance x from A. What are the reactions at the knife edges? (Assume
The normal reaction on A is CBSE AIPMT 2015 the bar to be of uniform cross-section and
wx wd homogeneous)
(a) (b) (a) 45 N and 43 N (b) 50 N and 35 N
d x
w( d − x ) w( d − x ) (c) 55 N and 43 N (d) 54 N and 30 N
(c) (d)
x d 45 A 3 m long ladder weighing 20 kg leans on a
42 In the given figure, balancing of a cardboard on the frictionless wall. Its feet rest on the floor 1m from the
tip of a pencil is done. The point of support, G is the wall as shown in figure. Find the reaction forces of
centre of gravity. the wall and the floor.
F1 B
Choose the correct option. JEE Main 2014
(a) τ Mg about CG = 0
(b) τ R about CG = 0 3m

(c) Net τ due to m1 g , m2 g ...... mn g about CG = 0 F2

D

(d) All of the above N

w
43 Two point objects of masses 1.5 g and 2.5 g
respectively, are at a distance of 16 cm apart. The A C
F E
centre of gravity is at a distance x from the object of
1m
mass 1.5 g, where x is
(a) 10 cm (b) 6 cm (a) 34.6 N and 199 N (b) 25 N and 175 N
(c) 13 cm (d) 3 cm (c) 30 N and 180 N (d) 35 N and 160 N

TOPIC 4 ~ Moment of Inertia

46 Moment of inertia in rotational motion is analogous to 49 One solid sphere A and another hollow sphere B are
(a) radius of gyration (b) angular momentum of same mass and same outer radius. Their moments
(c) mass (d) torque of inertia about their diameters are I A and I B
47 Two masses are joined with a light rod and the system respectively, such that
is rotating about the fixed axis as shown in the figure. (a) I A = I B (b) I A > I B
The moment of inertia of the system about the axis is (c) I A < I B (d) None of these
50 Two discs having mass ratio (1/2) and diameter ratio
M/2 M/2
(2/1), then find ratio of moment of inertia.
O (a) 2 : 1 (b) 1 : 1 JIPMER 2019
l/2 l/2
(c) 1 : 2 (d) 2 : 3
51 A thin wire of mass M and length L is bent to form
2
(a) Ml / 2 (b) Ml / 42 circular ring. The moment of inertia of this ring about
(c) Ml 2 (d) Ml 2 / 6
its axis is
1 1 1 1
(a) ML2 (b) ML2 (c) ML2 (d) ML2
48 A light rod of length l has two masses m1 and m2 are 4π 2 12 3π 2 π2
attached to its two ends. The moment of inertia of the
52 Two solid spheres A and B are made of metals of
system about an axis perpendicular to the rod and
different densities ρ A and ρ B , respectively. If their
passing through the centre of mass is NEET 2016
m1 m2
masses are equal,then the ratio of their moments of
(a) m1 m2 l 2 (b) l2 inertia ( I B / I A ) about their respective diameters is
( m1 + m2 ) 2/ 3 2/ 3
m1 m2 ρ  ρ  ρA ρB
(c) l2 (d) ( m1 + m2 ) l 2 (a)  B  (b)  A  (c) (d)
( m1 − m2 ) ρA   ρB  ρB ρA
53 Two identical rods of mass M and 58 What is the moment of inertia of a ring about a
length l are lying in a horizontal plane at α tangent to the periphery of the ring?
an angle α. The moment of inertia of the 1 3
O (a) MR 2 (b) MR 2
system of two rods about an axis passing 2 2
through O and perpendicular to the plane (c) MR 2 (d) MR 2 / 9
of the rods is
(a) Ml 2 / 3 (b) Ml 2 / 12 (c) Ml 2 / 4 (d) Ml 2 / 6 59 The moment of inertia of a thin uniform rod of length
L and mass M about an axis passing through a point
54 Seven identical circular planar discs, each of mass M at a distance of 1/ 3 from one of its ends and
and radius R are welded symmetrically as shown in perpendicular to the rod is
the figure. The moment of inertia of the arrangement ML2 ML2 7ML2 ML2
about the axis normal to the plane and passing (a) (b) (c) (d)
12 9 48 48
through the point P is JEE Main 2018
60 Consider a uniform square plate of side a and mass m.
The moment of inertia of this plate about an axis
P
perpendicular to its plane and passing through one of
O
its corner is
5 1
(a) ma 2 (b) ma 2
6 12
7 2
(c) ma 2 (d) ma 2
12 3
19 55 73 181 61 Three identical spherical shells, each X
(a) MR 2 (b) MR 2 (c) MR 2 (d) MR 2
2 2 2 2 of mass m and radius r are placed as
shown in figure. Consider an axis
55 A rod is rotating about an axis passing through its
XX ′ which is touching two shells
centre and perpendicular to its length. The radius of
and passing through diameter of third
gyration for the rod is
shell.
Moment of inertia of the system X′
consisting of these three spherical shells about XX ′
O M
L axis is CBSE AIPMT 2015
11 2
(a) 4 mr2 (b) mr
5
(a) L/12 (b) L/ 12 (c) L/ 6 (d) L/ 6
16 2
56 A disc of mass M and radius R is rotating about one (c) 3 mr2 (d) mr
5
of its diameter. The value of radius of gyration for the
disc is JEE Main 2013 62 From a uniform circular disc of radius R and mass
R
9 M, a small disc of radius is removed as shown in
3
(a) R / 4 (b) R / 2 the figure. The moment of inertia of the remaining
(c) R / 6 (d) None of these disc about an axis perpendicular to the plane of the
57 For the given figure, if we apply theorem of parallel disc and passing through centre of disc is
JEE Main 2018
axes, it shows
Z Z′

2R
3
a

O O′ R
Y

X 40
(a) 4 MR 2 (b) MR 2
9
(a) I Z = I Z ′ + Ma 2 (b) I Z ′ = I Z + Ma 2 37
(c) 10MR 2 (d) MR 2
(c) I Z = I Z ′ + 2Ma 2 (d) I Z ′ = I Z + 2Ma 2 9
63 The moment of inertia of a uniform cylinder of length radius of a thin cylinder of the same mass such that its
l and radius R about its perpendicular bisector is I. moment of inertia about its axis is also I, is
What is the ratio l/ R such that the moment of inertia JEE Main 2019
is minimum? JEE Main 2017 (a) 16 cm (b) 14 cm
3 3 3 (c) 12 cm (d) 18 cm
(a) (b) 1 (c) (d)
2 2 2 65 Find ratio of radius of gyration of a disc and ring of
same radii at their tangential axis in plane.
64 Let the moment of inertia of a hollow cylinder of
JIPMER 2017
length 30 cm (inner radius
5` 5 2
10 cm and outer radius 20 cm) about its axis be I. The (a) (b) (c) 1 (d)
6 3 3

TOPIC 5 ~ Kinematics and Dynamics of Rotational

Motion About a Fixed Axis
66 A wheel is rotating at 900 rpm about its axis. When 72 Three objects, A : (a solid sphere), B : (a thin circular
the power is cut-off, it comes to rest in 1 min. The disc) and C : (a circular ring), each have the same
angular retardation (in rad s −2 ) is mass M and radius R. They all spin with the same
π π π π angular speed ω about their own symmetry axes. The
(a) − (b) (c) (d)
2 4 6 8 amounts of work (W ) required to bring them to rest,
67 The wheel of a car is rotating at the rate of 1200 rpm. would satisfy the relation NEET 2018
On pressing the accelerator for 10 s, it starts rotating (a) WB > W A > WC (b) W A > WB > WC
at 4500 rpm. The angular acceleration of the wheel is (c) WC > WB > W A (d) W A > WC > WB
(a) 30 rads −2 (b) 1880 degs −2 73 A solid sphere of mass m and radius R is rotating
(c) 40 rads −2
(d) 1980 degs −2 about its diameter. A solid cylinder of the same mass
and same radius is also rotating about its geometrical
68 When a ceiling fan is switched OFF, its angular axis with an angular speed twice that of the sphere.
velocity fall to half while it makes 36 rotations. How The ratio of their kinetic energies of rotation
many more rotations will it make before coming to (KE sphere /KE cylinder ) will be NEET 2016
rest? (Assume uniform angular retardation) (a) 3 : 1 (b) 2 : 3
(a) 36 (b) 24 (c) 18 (d) 12 (c) 1 : 5 (d) 1 : 4
69 The angular speed of a motor wheel is increased from
1200 rpm to 3120 rpm in 16 s. (i) What is its angular 74 A cord of negligible mass is wound round the rim of a
acceleration, assuming the acceleration to be flywheel (disc) of mass 20 kg and radius 20 cm. A
uniform? (ii) How many revolutions does the motor steady pull of 25 N is applied on the cord as shown in
make during this time? figure. The flywheel is mounted on a horizontal axle
with frictionless bearings.
(a) 4 π rads −2 and 200 (b) 2π rads −2 and 470
−2
(c) 4 π rads and 576 (d) 3π rads −2 and 390
70 The angular velocity of a wheel increases from 100 rps
R
to 300 rps in 10 s. The number of revolutions made
during that time is M = 20 kg
(a) 600 (b) 1500 (c) 1000 (d) 2000 R = 20 cm
71 To maintain a rotor at a uniform angular speed of F = 25 N
100 rads −1 , an engine needs to transmit torque of Compute the angular acceleration of the flywheel.
100 N-m. The power of the engine is
(a) 12.50 s −2 (b) 6 s −2
(a) 10 kW (b) 100 kW
(c) 10 MW (d) 100 MW (c) 10 s −2 (d) 8 s −2
75 A flywheel of moment of inertia 0.4 kg-m 2 and 82 An ice skater spins at 3π rads −1 with her arms
radius 0.2 m is free to rotate about a central axis. If a extended. If her moment of inertia with arms folded is
string is wrapped around it and it is pulled with a 75% of that with arms extended, her angular velocity
force of 10N, then its angular velocity after 4 s will be when she folds her arms is
(a) 10 rads −1 (b) 5 rads −1 (a) π rad s −1 (b) 2π rad s −1 (c) 3π rad s −1 (d) 4π rad s −1
(c) 20 rads −1 (d) None of these 83 A disc of moment of inertia 2 kg-m 2 revolving with
76 A hollow cylinder and solid sphere of mass M and 8 rad/s is placed on another disc of moment of inertia
radius r are rotating about an axis passing through its 4 kg-m 2 revolving with 4 rad/s. What is the angular
centre. If torques of equal magnitude are applied to frequency of composite disc? JIPMER 2018
them, then the ratio of angular accelerations produced 3 16 16
(a) 4 rad/s (b) rad/s (c) rad/s (d) rad/s
is 16 3 5
2 5 5 4
(a) (b) (c) (d) 84 Two discs of same moment of inertia rotating about
5 2 4 5 their regular axis passing through centre and
77 A rope is wound around a hollow cylinder of mass perpendicular to the plane of disc with angular
3 kg and radius 40 cm. What is the angular velocities ω1 and ω 2 . They are brought into contact
acceleration of the cylinder, if the rope is pulled with face to face coinciding the axis of rotation. The
a force of 30 N? NEET 2017 expression for loss of energy during this process is
(a) 25 m/s 2 (b) 0.25 rad/s 2 (c) 25 rad/s 2 (d) 5 m/s 2 NEET 2017
1 1
78 A solid cylinder of mass 50 kg and radius 0.5 m is (a) I (ω1 + ω 2 )2 (b) I (ω1 − ω 2 )2
2 4
free to rotate about the horizontal axis. A massless I
string is wound round the cylinder with one end (c) I (ω1 − ω 2 )2 (d) (ω1 − ω 2 )2
8
attached to it and other hanging freely. Tension in the
string required to produce an angular acceleration of 85 If frictional force is neglected and girl bends her
2 revs −2 is CBSE AIPMT 2014 hand, then (initially girl is rotating on chair)
(a) 25 N (b) 50 N (c) 78.5 N (d) 157 N JEE Main 2012

79 Two rotating bodies A and B of masses m and 2m with

moments of inertia I A and I B ( I B > I A ) have equal
kinetic energy of rotation. If L A and LB be their
angular momenta respectively, then NEET 2016
LB
(a) LA > LB (b) LA =
2
(c) LA = 2LB (d) LB > LA
80 A solid sphere is rotating freely about its symmetry
axis in free space. The radius of the sphere is
increased keeping its mass same. Which of the
following physical quantities would remain constant (a) I girl will reduce (b) I girl will increase
for the sphere? NEET 2018 (c) ω girl will reduce (d) None of the above
(a) Rotational kinetic energy 86 When acrobat bends his body (assume no external
(b) Moment of inertia torque)
(c) Angular velocity
(d) Angular momentum
81 A thin horizontal circular disc is rotating about a
vertical axis passing through its centre. An insect is at
rest at a point near the rim of disc. The insect now
moves along a diameter of the disc to reach its other
end. During the journey of the insect, the angular
speed of the disc AIIMS 2018
(a) continuously decreases
(b) continuously increases
(c) first increases and then decreases
(a) I acrobat decreases (b) I acrobat increases
(d) remains unchanged
(c) ω acrobat increases (d) Both (a) and (c)
 TOPIC 6 ~ Rolling Motion
87 A drum of radius R and mass M rolls down without Then, its acceleration is
slipping along an inclined plane of angle θ. The (a)
g sin θ
(b)
g sin θ
frictional force 1 + ( I / MR )
2
1 + ( MR 2 / I)
(a) converts translational energy into rotational energy g sin θ g sin θ
(b) dissipates energy as heat (c) (d)
1 − ( I / MR 2 ) 1 − ( MR 2 / I)
(c) decreases the rotational motion
(d) decreases the rotational and translational motion 92 A sphere pure rolls on a rough
88 Kinetic energy of a rolling body will be inclined plane with initial velocity
2.8 m/s. Find the maximum distance
1 2  k2  1 2
(a) mvCM 1 + 2  (b) Iω on the inclined plane. AIIMS 2019
2  R  2 (a) 2.74 m (b) 5.48 m
30º

1 2 (c) 1.38 m (d) 3.2 m

(c) mvCM (d) None of these
2 93 Three bodies, a ring, a solid cylinder and a solid
89 A body is rolling down an inclined plane. Its sphere roll down the same inclined plane without
translational and rotational kinetic energies are equal. slipping. They start from rest. The radii of the bodies
The body is a are identical. Which of the bodies reaches the ground
(a) solid sphere (b) hollow sphere with maximum velocity?
(a) Solid sphere
(c) solid cylinder (d) hollow cylinder
(b) Ring
90 A solid sphere of mass 1 kg and radius 10 cm rolls (c) Solid cylinder
down an inclined plane of height 7 m. The velocity of (d) All will have same velocity
its centre as it reaches the ground level is 94 A solid sphere is in rolling motion. In rolling motion,
(a) 7 ms −1 (b) 10 ms −1 (c) 15 ms −1 (d) 20 ms −1 a body possesses translational kinetic energy K t as
91 A round uniform body of radius R , mass M and well as rotational kinetic energy K r simultaneously.
moment of inertia I , rolls down (without slipping) an The ratio K t : ( K t + K r ) for the sphere is NEET 2018
inclined plane making an angle θ with the horizontal. (a) 10 : 7 (b) 5 : 7 (c) 7 : 10 (d) 2 : 5

SPECIAL TYPES QUESTIONS

I. Assertion and Reason
■ Direction (Q. Nos. 95-102) In the following questions,
a statement of Assertion is followed by a corresponding
statement of Reason. Of the following statements, choose
the correct one.
(a) Both Assertion and Reason are correct and Reason
is the correct explanation of Assertion.
(b) Both Assertion and Reason are correct but
Reason is not the correct explanation of
Assertion.
(c) Assertion is correct but Reason is incorrect.
(d) Assertion is incorrect but Reason is correct.
95 Assertion The centre of mass of a body must lie on
the body.
Reason The centre of mass of a body lie at the
geometric centre of body.
96 Assertion The motion of the centre of mass describes
the translational part of the motion.
Reason Translational motion always means straight
line motion.
97 Assertion For a system of particles under central
force field, the total angular momentum is conserved.
Reason The torque acting on such a system is zero.
98 Assertion When a particle is moving in a straight line
with a uniform velocity, its angular momentum is
constant.
Reason The angular momentum is zero when particle
moves with a uniform velocity.
99 Assertion Inertia and moment of inertia are same
quantities.
Reason Inertia represents the capacity of a body to
oppose its state of motion or rest.
100 Assertion Moment of inertia of a particle is same, (b) Both II and III cases will have a non-zero net torque
whatever be the axis of rotation. acting on the rod about its centre
(c) Both I and III cases will have a non-zero net torque
Reason Moment of inertia depends on mass and acting on the rod about its centre
distance of the particle from the axis of rotation. (d) The net torque is zero in all cases
101 Assertion If bodies slide down an inclined plane 106 A lever system is shown in the figure below.
without rolling, then all bodies reach the bottom R
simultaneously is not necessary.
A B
Reason Acceleration of all bodies are equal and
d1 d2
independent of the shape.
102 Assertion The work done against force of friction in F1 F2
the case of a disc rolling without slipping down an F1 is usually some weight to be lifted and force F2 is
inclined plane is zero. effort applied to lift the load. Choose the correct
Reason When the disc rolls without slipping, friction statements.
is required because for rolling condition velocity of F
point of contact is zero. I. The ratio of 1 is equal to mechanical advantage, i.e.
F2
II. Statement Based Questions F d
MA = 1 = 2 .
F2 d 1
103 An external force is applied on a rigid body so that it
comes in motion. Which of these statements is II. If the effort arm d 2 is larger than the load arm, then a
incorrect? small effort can be used to lift a large load.
I. If the total force on the body is zero, then the total linear III. At equilibrium, load arm × effort arm = load × effort.
momentum of the body does not change with time. (a) Both I and III (b) Both III and II
II. If the total torque on the rigid body is zero, the total (c) Both I and II (d) All of these
angular momentum of the body does not change with 107 A body rolls down on an inclined plane without
time. slipping, choose the correct statements.
III. Volume of rigid body remains constant. I. KE of body is conserved.
IV. Shape of rigid body can change easily. II. Angular momentum of body about its own centre of
(a) Only I (b) Only II mass is not conserved.
(c) Only III (d) Only IV III. Velocity at any instant of time does not depend on mass.
104 Which of these statement(s) is/are incorrect? IV. At bottom all objects (cylinder, sphere, ring) possess
I. Moment of force is a vector quantity. equal rotational KE.
II. Angular momentum may not be parallel to angular (a) Both I and III (b) I, II and III
velocity. (c) I, II and IV (d) Only IV
III. Angular momentum of a particle moving in a straight 108 For a rolling motion (without slipping) of a disc on a
line is always constant with respect to fixed point. level surface is shown in figure, choose the correct
IV. Moment of inertia of a body remains same irrespective statements.
of position of axis of rotation. C
(a) Only I (b) Only II
(c) Only III (d) Only IV
105 A rigid rod of length L is acted upon by some forces. D r Oω B
All forces labelled F have the same magnitude.
Which of the following statements is correct?
A
F F F F
L/2 L/2 I. vA = 0
II. v B = v D > vC
L/4 L/4 L/2
III. vC = 2rω
L/4 L/4 L/4 L/4
F F F F IV. Velocity of centre of mass of body in pure rolling is
I II III F
zero.
(a) Both I and II cases will have a non-zero net torque (a) Both I and II (b) Both II and III
acting on the rod about its centre (c) I, II and IV (d) Both I and III
109 A projectile is fired at an angle and it was following a
parabolic path. Suddenly, it explodes into fragments.
Choose the correct statement regarding this situation.
Y (a) The forces may be acting radially from a point on the axis.
Parabolic path
of the projectile Explosion
Path of the CM
of fragments
X 113 Figure shows a lamina in xy-plane. Two axes Z and Z′
O x1
(a) Due to explosion CM shifts upwards.
(b) Due to explosion CM shifts downwards.
(c) Due to explosion CM traces its path back to origin.
(d) CM continues to move along same parabolic path.
110 Choose the correct statements.
(a) For a general rotational motion, angular momentum L
and angular velocity ω need not be parallel.
(b) For a rotational motion about a fixed axis, angular
momentum L and angular velocity ω are always
parallel.
(c) For a general translational motion, momentum p and
velocity v are always perpendicular.
(d) For a general translational motion, acceleration a and
velocity v are always parallel.
111 Figure shows two identical particles 1 and 2, each of
mass m, moving in opposite directions with same speed
v along parallel lines. At a particular instant, r1 and r2
are their respective position vectors drawn from point
A which is in the plane of the parallel lines. Choose the
correct statement.
A G
112 The net external torque on a system of particles about
an axis is zero. Which of the following statement is
incorrect?
(b) The forces may be acting on the axis of rotation.
(c) The forces may be acting perpendicular to the axis of
rotation.
(d) The torque caused by some forces may be equal and
opposite to that caused by other forces.
pass perpendicular to its plane. A force F acts in the
plane of lamina at point P as shown. Which of the
following statement is correct? (The point P is closer to
Z ′-axis than the Z-axis.)
Z F Z′
P
(a) Torque τ caused by F about Z-axis is along − k.$
(b) Torque τ ′ caused by F about Z ′-axis is along − k.
$
(c) Torque τ caused by F about Z-axis is less in magnitude
than that about Z ′-axis.
(d) Total torque is given by τ = τ + τ ′.
114 With reference to figure of a cube of edge a and mass
m, state whether the following statements are correct.
(O is the centre of the cube.)
Z′′
E Z

r1 Z′
d1 D
E O H F
d2
1 v Y
r2

A X B
v 2 a

(a) Angular momentum L1 of particle 1about A is mv( d1 ) (a) The moment of inertia of cube about Z-axis is
⊗. I Z = I X + IY
(b) Angular momentum L2 of particle 2 about A is mvr2 €. (b) The moment of inertia of cube about Z′-axis is
(c) Total angular momentum of the system about A is ma 2
IZ ' = IZ +
L = mv( r1 + r2 ) €. 2
(d) Total angular momentum of the system about A is (c) The moment of inertia of cube about Z ′′-axis is
L = mv(d 2 − d1 ) ⊗. ma 2
where, € represents a unit vector coming out of the = IZ +
2
page and ⊗ represents a unit vector going into the
(d) I X ≠ IY
page.
115 A man standing on a platform holds weights in his III. Matching Type
outstretched arms. The system rotates freely about a
central vertical axis. If he now draws the weights 119 Match the examples given in Column I with the type
inwards close to his body, then choose the incorrect of motion they are executing in Column II and select
statement. the correct answer from the codes given blow. There
(a) The angular velocity of the system will increase. is no information about nature of surfaces of bodies as
(b) The angular momentum of the system will decrease. given.
(c) The kinetic energy of the system will increase. Column I Column II
(d) He will have to expand some energy to draw the
weights.
116 A uniform rod kept vertically on the ground falls from A. 1. Rolling
rest. Its foot does not slip on the ground, then choose
the incorrect statement. A block over an
inclined plane
(a) No part of the rod can have acceleration greater than g
in any position.
(b) At any position of the rod, different points on it have
different accelerations. B. 2. Translation
(c) Any particular point on the rod has different A cylinder over
accelerations for different positions of the rod an inclined plane
(d) The maximum acceleration of any point on the rod, at
any position, is 1.5 g.
117 A ring rolls without slipping on a horizontal surface. C. 3. Rotation
At any instant, its position is as shown in the figure.
A spinning top
B
ω
S E
D. 4. Precession

A O C v Earth-Sun system

A B C D A B C D
(a) 2 1 3 4 (b) 2 3 1 2
D
(c) 3 1 2 1 (d) 3 1 2 4
Which of the following statement is incorrect? 120 Match the Column I (rotation of different bodies)
(a) Section ABC has greater kinetic energy than section with Column II (their moment of inertia) and select
ADC. the correct answer from the codes given below.
(b) Section BC has greater kinetic energy than
section CD. Column I Column II
(c) Section BC has the same kinetic energy as
A. Thin circular ring of radius R 1. MR 2 / 2
section DA. having axis perpendicular to
(d) None of the above the plane and passing through
centre
118 Sphere is in pure accelerated rolling motion in the
figure shown, choose the correct statement. B. Thin circular ring of radius R 2. ML2 /12
having axis passing through its
diameter
ω
C. Thin rod of length L about an 3. MR 2
v

axis perpendicular to the rod

θ and passing through mid-point
sin
mg D. Circular disc of radius R about 4. MR 2 / 4
an axis perpendicular to the
θ
disc and passing through the
centre.
(a) The direction of fs is upwards.
(b) The direction of fs is downwards. A B C D A B C D
(c) The direction of gravitational force is (a) 3 2 2 1 (b) 2 3 1 2
upwards. (c) 3 1 2 1 (d) 3 1 2 4
(d) The direction of normal reaction is downwards.
121 Match the Column I (rotation of different bodies) 122 A rigid body is rolling without slipping on the horizontal
with Column II (their moment of inertia) and select surface, then match the Column I with Column II and
the correct answer from the codes given below. select the correct answer from the codes given below.
C
Column I Column II
A. Circular disc of radius R 1. MR 2 / 4
about an axis passing
through the diameter B 60°
v

B. Hollow cylinder of radius R 2. MR 2 ω

about an axis passing
D
through the axis of cylinder A
2
C. Solid cylinder of radius R 3. MR / 2 Column I Column II
about an axis passing
A. Velocity at point A, i.e. vA 1. v 2
through the axis of cylinder.
B. Velocity at point B, i.e. vB 2. zero
D. Solid sphere of radius R 4. (2 / 5) MR 2
about an axis passing C. Velocity at point C, i.e. vC 3. v
through its diameter. D. Velocity at point D, i.e. vD 4. 2v

A B C D A B C D A B C D A B C D
(a) 4 3 2 1 (b) 1 2 3 4 (a) 2 1 4 3 (b) 1 3 4 2
(c) 1 3 2 4 (d) 2 1 3 4 (c) 4 3 2 1 (d) 2 3 4 1

NCERT & NCERT Exemplar

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
NCERT
123 In the HCl molecule, the separation between the nuclei
−10
of the two atoms is about 1.27 Å (1 Å = 10 m ).
What is the approximate location of the centre of mass
of the molecule, given that a chlorine atom is about
35.5 times as massive as a hydrogen atom and nearly all
the mass of an atom is concentrated in its nucleus?
. Å from H-atom
(a) 124 . Å from H-atom
(b) 11
(c) 1 Å from H-atom (d) None of the above
124 A child sits stationary at one end of a long trolley
moving uniformly with a speed v on a smooth
horizontal floor. If the child gets up and runs about on
the trolley in any manner, what is the speed of the
centre of mass of the (trolley + child) system?
(a) Increase (b) Remains constant
(c) Decrease (d) None of the above
125 A particle has momentum p with components px , p y
and p z , has a position vector r with components x, y
and z. If particle moves in the xoy-plane, then
(a) angular momentum of particle is zero
(b) angular momentum of particle has only x-component
(c) angular momentum of particle has only y-component
(d) angular momentum of particle has only z-component
126 Two particles, each of mass m and speed v, travel in
opposite directions along parallel lines separated by a
distance d. Then, choose the correct statement.
(a) Angular momentum of system about a point depends on
choice of position of point.
(b) Angular momentum of system is zero.
(c) Angular momentum of system about any point in space
is constant.
(d) Angular momentum keeps on increasing.
127 A car has the weight of 1800 kg. The distance
between its front and back axles is 1.8 m. Its centre of
gravity is 1.05 m behind the front axle. What are the
forces exerted by the level ground on each front
wheel and each back wheel?
(a) 3275 N and 5000 N
(b) 3675 N and 5145 N
(c) 3675 N and 4565 N
(d) 3000 N and 5000 N
128 Torques of equal magnitude are applied to a hollow NCERT Exemplar
cylinder and a solid sphere, both having the same
mass and radius. The cylinder is free to rotate about 134 For which of the following does the centre of mass lie
its standard axis of symmetry and the sphere is free outside the body?
to rotate about an axis passing through its centre. (a) A pencil (b) A shot put
(c) A dice (d) A bangle
Which of the two will acquire a greater angular
speed after a given time? 135 Which of the following points is the likely position of
(a) Sphere the centre of mass of the system shown in figure?
(b) Hollow cylinder Hollow sphere
Air
(c) Both acquire same speed in same time
(d) Data is insufficient to reach any conclusion R/2 A
129 A child stands at the centre of a turntable with his B
two arms outstretched. The turntable is set rotating C
with an angular speed of 40 rev min −1 . How much R/2
D
is the angular speed of the child, if he folds his
hands back and thereby reduces his moment of Sand
inertia to (2/5) times the initial value? Assume that (a) A (b) B (c) C (d) D
the turntable rotates without friction.
136 A particle of mass m is moving in yz-plane with a
(a) 40 rpm (b) 45 rpm
uniform velocity v with its trajectory running parallel to
(c) 55 rpm (d) 100 rpm
positive Y-axis and intersecting Z-axis at z = a in figure.
130 To maintain a rotor at a uniform angular speed of The change in its angular momentum about the origin
200 rads −1 , an engine needs to transmit a torque of as it bounces elastically from a wall at y constant is
180 N-m. What is the power required by the engine? Z

Note Uniform angular velocity in the absence of v

a
friction implies zero torque. In practice, applied
torque is needed to counter frictional torque).
Assume that the engine is 100% efficient.
(a) 50 kW (b) 20 kW Y
(c) 16 kW (d) 36 kW
(a) mva e$ x (b) 2 mva e$ x (c) ymv e$ x (d) 2 ymv e$ x
131 A metre stick is balanced on a knife edge at its 137 When a disc rotates with uniform angular velocity,
centre. When two coins, each of mass 5 g are put which of the following statement is not correct?
one on top of the other at the 12 cm mark, the stick (a) The sense of rotation remains same.
is found to be balanced at 45 cm. What is the mass (b) The orientation of the axis of rotation remains same.
of the metre stick? (c) The speed of rotation is non-zero and remains same.
(a) 66 g (b) 70 g (d) The angular acceleration is non-zero and remains same.
(c) 50 g (d) 55 g
138 A uniform square plate has a small piece Q of an
132 A hoop of radius 2 m weighs 100 kg. It rolls along a irregular shape removed and glued to the centre of the
horizontal floor so that its centre of mass has a plate leaving a hole behind as shown in figure below.
speed of 20 cms −1 . How much work has to be done The moment of inertia about the Z-axis is
to stop it? Y Y
(a) 10 J (b) 12 J
(c) 4 J (d) 3 J Hole
Q
133 A cylinder rolls up an inclined plane of angle of X X
inclination 30°. At the bottom of the inclined plane,
the centre of mass of the cylinder has speed of
5 ms −1 . How far will the cylinder go up the (a) increases
plane? (b) decreases
(a) 2.5 m (b) 3.83 m (c) the same
(c) 4 m (d) 4.9 m (d) changed in unpredicted manner
139 The density of a non-uniform rod of length 1m is given 141 The variation of angular
by ρ( x ) = a (1 + bx 2 ) , where a and b are constants position θ of a point on a
θ
and 0 ≤ x ≤ 1. The centre of mass of the rod will rotating rigid body with time t
is shown in figure. t1 t2 t3
be at
O t
3( 2 + b) 4 ( 2 + b) In which direction, the body is
(a) (b)
4( 3 + b) 3( 3 + b) rotating?
3( 3 + b ) 4(3 + b ) (a) Clockwise
(c) (d)
4(2 + b ) 3( 2 + b ) (b) Anti-clockwise
(c) May be clockwise or anti-clockwise
140 A merry-go-round, made of a ring like platform of (d) None of the above
radius R and mass M, is revolving with angular speed
142 A disc of radius R is rotating with an angular speed
ω. A person of mass M is standing on it. At one
instant, the person jumps off the round, radially away ω 0 about a horizontal axis. It is placed on a horizontal
from the centre of the round (as seen from the table. The coefficient of kinetic friction is µ k . What
round). The speed of the round afterwards is was the velocity of its centre of mass before being
(a) 2ω (b) ω
brought in contact with the table?
ω ω 0R
(c) (d) 0 (a) ω 0 R (b) Zero (c) (d) 2ω 0 R
2 2

Answers
> Mastering NCERT with MCQs
1 (c) 2 (b) 3 (d) 4 (c) 5 (c) 6 (c) 7 (d) 8 (b) 9 (a) 10 (b)
11 (b) 12 (a) 13 (c) 14 (a) 15 (a) 16 (d) 17 (a) 18 (d) 19 (b) 20 (a)
21 (d) 22 (c) 23 (c) 24 (d) 25 (d) 26 (c) 27 (b) 28 (b) 29 (d) 30 (c)
31 (a) 32 (b) 33 (a) 34 (c) 35 (c) 36 (b) 37 (a) 38 (c) 39 (c) 40 (c)
41 (d) 42 (d) 43 (a) 44 (c) 45 (a) 46 (c) 47 (b) 48 (b) 49 (c) 50 (a)
51 (a) 52 (b) 53 (d) 54 (d) 55 (b) 56 (b) 57 (b) 58 (b) 59 (b) 60 (d)
61 (a) 62 (a) 63 (d) 64 (a) 65 (a) 66 (a) 67 (d) 68 (d) 69 (c) 70 (d)
71 (a) 72 (c) 73 (c) 74 (a) 75 (c) 76 (a) 77 (c) 78 (d) 79 (d) 80 (d)
81 (c) 82 (d) 83 (c) 84 (b) 85 (a) 86 (d) 87 (a) 88 (a) 89 (d) 90 (b)
91 (a) 92 (c) 93 (a) 94 (b)

> Special Types Questions

95 (d) 96 (c) 97 (a) 98 (c) 99 (d) 100 (d) 101 (c) 102 (a) 103 (d) 104 (d)
105 (a) 106 (c) 107 (d) 108 (d) 109 (d) 110 (a) 111 (d) 112 (c) 113 (b) 114 (b)
115 (b) 116 (a) 117 (c) 118 (a) 119 (a) 120 (c) 121 (b) 122 (a)

> NCERT & NCERT Exemplar MCQs

123 (a) 124 (b) 125 (d) 126 (c) 127 (b) 128 (a) 129 (d) 130 (d) 131 (a) 132 (c)
133 (b) 134 (d) 135 (c) 136 (b) 137 (d) 138 (b) 139 (a) 140 (a) 141 (b) 142 (b)
 Hints & Explanations
1 (c) A rigid body does not deform under action of 3
m × 0 + m × 0 + 2m ×
applied force and there is no relative motion of any 2 = 3
yCM = m
two particles constituting that rigid body. So, it m + m + 2m 4
means that a system of particles is called a rigid
1 3 
body, when any two particles of system have a zero Hence, the centre of mass is  m, m.
relative velocity. 2 4 
4 (c) Centre of mass of, system of two particles is 7 (d) The given system of spheres is as shown below
m r + m2 r2
rCM = 11 M (1m, 3m)
m1 + m2
If m1 + m2 = M = total mass of the particles
m r + m2 r2
rCM = 1 1
M M M
∴ rCM ∝ 1/ M (0, 0) (2 m, 0)
So, the above relation clearly shows that the centre
of mass of a system of two particles divide the The x and y -coordinates of centre of mass is
distance between them in inverse ratio of masses of
particles. Σ mi xi M × 0+ M × 1+ M × 2
x= = =1
5 (c) If all the masses were same, the CM was at O. Σ mi M+M +M
m 2m Σ mi yi M × 0 + M ( 3 ) + M × 0
A B y= =
Σ mi M +M +M
3M 1
O
y= =
3M 3
 $j 
So, position vector of the centre of mass is  $i + .
D
m m
C  3
But as the mass at B is 2m, so the CM of the system 8 (b) Centre of mass of a system of particles is given by
1 × x1 + 2 × x2 + 3 × x3
will shift towards B. So, CM will be on line OB. xCM = =3
1+ 2 + 3
6 (c) The centre of mass is given by
[Q xCM = yCM = zCM = 3]
2 m C 1 √3 ⇒ x1 + 2x2 + 3x3 = (1 + 2 + 3 )3 = 18 …(i)
2 2
When fourth particle is placed, then
1m 1m xCM = yCM = zCM = 1 (given)
1 × x1 + 2 × x2 + 3 × x3 + 4 × x4
⇒ xCM =
(1 + 2 + 3 + 4 )
mO m
A B (1, 0) ⇒ x1 + 2 x2 + 3 x3 + 4 x4 = 1 (1 + 2 + 3 + 4 ) = 10 …(ii)
A (0, 0) 1m
On solving Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
m1 x1 + m2 x2 + m3 x3 4 x4 = 10 − 18 ⇒ x4 = − 2
xCM =
m1 + m2 + m3 Similarly, y4 = − 2, z 4 = − 2
 1 ∴ The fourth particle must be placed at the point
m × 0 + m × 1 + 2m ×   ( −2, − 2, − 2 ).
 2
xCM = 9 (a) We can think of the L -shape to consist of 3 squares
m + m + 2m
each of length 1 m as shown in figure.
2m 1
xCM = = m The mass of each square is 1 kg as the lamina is uniform.
4m 2 The centres of masses C1 , C 2 and C 3 of the squares are (by
m1 y1 + m2 y2 + m3 y3 symmetry) their geometric centres and have coordinates
yCM =
m1 + m2 + m3 (1/2, 1/2), (3/2, 1/2) and (1 / 2, 3 / 2 ), respectively.
 We take the masses of the squares to be concentrated at 14 (a) As the balls were initially at rest and the forces of
these points. The centre of mass of the whole L-shape attraction are internal, then their centre of mass (CM)
( X , Y ) is the centre of mass of these mass points. will always remain at rest.
Y So, vCM = 0
2m As CM is at rest, they will meet at CM. Hence, they will
(0, 2) F E (1, 2) meet at l/2 from any initial positions.
C3 15 (a) As per the question, two particles A and B are
D (1,1) B (2, 1) initially at rest, move towards each other under a mutual
force of attraction. It means that, no external force is
C1 C2 1 m applied on the system. Therefore, Fext = 0
X So, there is no acceleration of CM. This means velocity
(0, 0) O A
(2, 0) of the CM remain constant.
As, initial velocity of CM, vi CM = 0 ⇒ final velocity
[1(1/ 2) + 1(3 / 2) + 1 (1/ 2)] kg -m 5 of CM, v f CM = 0
Hence, X = = m
(1 + 1 + 1) kg 6 So, the speed of centre of mass of system will be zero.
[1(1/ 2) + 1(1/ 2) + 1(3 / 2)] kg - m 5 16 (d) We choose origin as shown in the figure.
Y = = m
(1 + 1 + 1) kg 6 Y

10 (b) We know that, centre of mass of a uniform solid

h (0, 4) m3=2.5 kg
cone of height h is at height from base as shown in
4
figure, therefore
4 cm 5 cm
z0
m1=1 kg 3 cm (3, 0)
X
h (0, 0) m2=1.5 kg
C
h/4
m1 x1 + m2 x2 + m3 x3
Using xCM = , we have
h h 3h m1 + m2 + m3
h − z0 = or z 0 = h − = 1 × 0 + 1.5 × 3 + 2.5 × 0
4 4 4 xCM = = 0.9 cm
11 (b) As, velocity of centre of mass is 1 + 1.5 + 2.5
m v + m2 v2 + m3 v3 Similarly,
vCM = 1 1 1 × 0 + 1.5 × 0 + 2.5 × 4
m1 + m2 + m3 yCM = = 2.0 cm
5× 5+ 4 × 4 + 2× 2 1 + 1.5 + 2.5
=
5+ 4 + 2 So, centre of mass (CM) is 0.9 cm right and
25 + 16 + 4 45 2.0 cm above 1 kg mass.
= = = 4.09 ≈ 4 m/s
11 11 17 (a) Coordinates of centre of mass (COM) are given by
m x + m2 x2 + m3 x3
12 (a) Given, v1 = 4 i$ ms −1 , v2 = 4 $j ms −1 X COM = 1 1
m1 + m2 + m3
a = ( 2$i + 2$j ) ms −2 , a = 0 ms −2 ,
1 2
m1 y1 + m2 y2 + m3 y3
∴ Velocity of centre of mass, and YCOM =
m1 + m2 + m3
m v + m2 v2 ( v1 + v2 )m
vCM = 1 1 = [Q m1 = m2 = m]
m1 + m2 2m For given system of rods, masses and coordinates of
centre of rods are as shown.
4 $i + 4 $j
= = 2( i$ + $j ) ms −1 y
2
Similarly, acceleration of centre of mass,
a + a 2 2i$ + 2$j + 0 (L , L )
a CM = 1 = = ( i$ + $j ) ms −2
2 2 2m
Since, from above values, it can be seen that v CM is (2L, L )
m 2
parallel to a CM , so the path will be a straight line. x
m ( 5L, 0)
13 (c) Here on the entire system, net external force is zero,
2
hence the centre of mass remains unchanged.
  5L  = $i ( −24 − 6 ) − $j (18 + 5 ) + k$ ( −18 + 20 )
 2mL + m2L + m  13
So, X COM = 2= L = − 30i$ − 23$j + 2k$
 4m  8
  23 (c) Velocity at a point on the circular plate (disc)
v = Rω, where r is the distance of point from O.
L
2mL + m × + m× 0 A
2 5L
and YCOM = =
4m 8 R C
ω

123
—
So, position vector of COM is 2 O
rCOM = X COM x$ + YCOM y$
13 5 B
= Lx $ + Ly$
8 8 Since, RA = RB
18 (d) Given, A = 2i + j − k, B = − $i − $j + 2k$
$ $ $ vA = vB
$i $j k$ Also, RC < R A or RB
∴ Vector product, A × B = 2 1 −1 ⇒ vA = vB > vC
−1 −1 2 24 (d) The position of point P on this rod through which
the axis should pass, so that the work required to set the
= i$ ( 2 − 1) − $j ( 4 − 1) + k$ ( − 2 + 1) = i$ − 3$j − k$ rod rotating with minimum angular velocity ω 0 , is their
centre of mass, we have,
19 (b) Given, P = 2i$ − 3$j + k$ ,
m1 x = m2 ( L − x )
Q = − 4 $i + 6$j − 2k$ ⇒ m1 x = m2 L − m2 x
$i $j k$ m2 L
⇒ ( m1 + m2 )x = m2 L ⇒ x =
∴ P×Q = 2 −3 1 m1 + m2
−4 6 −2 26 (c) Angular momentum of a particle about a point is
given by L = r × p = m( r × v )
∴ PQ sin θ = $i ( 6 − 6 ) − $j ( − 4 + 4 ) + k$ (12 − 12 ) For LO , LO
(Q P × Q = PQ sin θ )
⇒ PQ sin θ = 0
⇒ sin θ = 0 v
∴ θ = 0° 90°
r
O
R
20 (a) Given, A = 2i + j + k and B = i$ − $j + 2k$
$ $ $
ω
$i $j k$ | L | = ( mvr sin θ ) = m ( Rω ) ( R ) sin 90° = mR 2ω
∴ A ×B= 2 1 1 = constant
1 −1 2 Direction of LO is always upwards, therefore LO is
constant, both in magnitude as well as direction.
⇒ A × B = ( 2 + 1) $i − ( 4 − 1)$j + ( −2 − 1)k$ For LP ,
= 3$i − 3$j − 3k$ | LP | = ( mvr sin θ ) = ( m ) ( Rω ) ( l ) sin 90° = ( mRlω ).
∴ | A × B | = 32 + ( − 3 )2 + ( − 3 )2 = 3 3 LP
P
∴ Unit vector perpendicular to vector A and B is given
as I

A ×B 3$i − 3$j − 3k$ 1 $ $ $ v

n$ = = = ( i − j − k)
|A × B | 3 3 3 R
r
22 (c) Given, ω = 3i$ − 4 $j − k$ and r = 5$i − 6$j + 6k$
Magnitude of LP will remains constant but direction of
As, linear velocity, v = ω × r LP keeps on changing, i.e. it varies with time.
$i ^
j k$ 27 (b) The rim keeps rotating in a vertical plane and the
plane of rotation turns around the string A, i.e. the axis of
= 3 − 4 −1
rotation of the rim or its angular momentum precesses
5 −6 6 about the string A.
28 (b) If a force acts on a single particle at a point P whose 39 (c) Mechanical advantage of a lever system is given as
position with respect to origin O is given by the position d 2 (effort arm)
vector r as shown in given figure, the moment of the MA =
d1 (load arm)
force acting on the particle with respect to the origin O
is defined as the vector product. Q d 2 > d1
τ = r × F ⇒ | τ | = r F sin θ So, MA > 1
40 (c) Let x be the distance from centre, then
29 (d) Given, r = i$ − $j + k$
For rotational equilibrium,
and F = 7$i + 3$j − 5 k$ M 1 g × rA = M 2 g × x
$i $j k$
x
∴ τ = r × F = 1 −1 1 M1g 2m M2g
7 3 −5
( 40 × 10 ) × 2 = ( 60 × 10 ) x
= ( 5 − 3 ) i$ − ( −5 − 7 ) $j + [ 3 − ( −7 )] k$ ⇒
8 4
x= = m
⇒ τ = 2 $i + 12 $j + 10 k$ 6 3
4 2
33 (a) Given, force, F = αi$ + 3$j + 6k$ So, 60 kg boy has to be displaced = 2 − = m.
3 3
and r = 2$i − 6$j − 12k$ 41 (d) As the weight w balances the normal reactions.
As, angular momentum about origin is conserved. x d–x
i.e. τ = constant A B
Torque, τ = 0 ⇒ r × F = 0
$i $j N1 N2
k$ w
⇒ 2 − 6 −12 = 0 So, w = N1 + N 2 …(i)
α 3 6 Now, balancing torque about the CM,
i.e. anti-clockwise momentum = clockwise momentum
⇒ ( −36 + 36 )$i − (12 + 12α )$j + ( 6 + 6α )k$ = 0
⇒ N1x = N 2 ( d − x )
⇒ 0$i − 12(1 + α )$j + 6(1 + α )k$ = 0
Putting the value of N 2 from Eq. (i), we get
⇒ (1 + α ) = 0 ⇒ α = − 1 N1x = ( w − N1 ) ( d − x )
So, value of α for which angular momentum about ⇒ N 1 x = wd − wx − N 1 d + N 1 x
origin is conserved is −1.
w( d − x )
34 (c) Angular momentum of the pendulum about the ⇒ N1d = w( d − x ) ⇒ N1 =
d
suspension point O is L = ( r × v )m
w (d − x )
O O O So, the normal reaction on A is .
d
42 (d) Point G is the centre of gravity of the cardboard and
l it is so located that the total torque on it due to forces
L L m1 g , m2 g ⋅⋅⋅ mn g is zero.
vrad r Ltan r r It means τ Mg = Σ τ i = Σ ri × mi g = 0.
v τ of reaction R, i.e τ R about CG is also zero as it is at
vtan LradL
CG.
Then, v can be resolved into two components, radial ∴ CG could be defined as the point, where the total
component v rad and tangential component v tan . Due to gravitational torque on the body is zero.
v rad , L will be tangential and due to v tan , L will be 43 (a) Taking the moment of forces about centre of
radially outwards as shown in the figure. gravity G
So, net angular momentum will be as shown in figure, 16 cm
whose magnitude will be constant (| L| = mvr ) but its 1.5 g G 2.5 g
direction will change as shown in the figure.
37 (a) If we take clockwise torque, then magnitude of total x (16– x)cm
torque is τ net = τ F 1 + τ F 2 + τ F 3 i.e. . g x = 2.5g (16 − x ) ⇒ 3 x = 80 − 5 x
15
0 = − F1 r − F2 r + F3 r ⇒ 8 x = 80
⇒ F3 = F1 + F2 ∴ x = 10 cm
44 (c) Figure below shows the rod AB, the positions of the For rotational equilibrium, taking the moments of the
knife edges K 1 and K 2 , the centre of gravity of the rod forces about A, 2 2 F1 − (1/ 2 ) w = 0 …(iii)
is at G and the suspended weight is at P. Now, w = 20 × g = 20 × 9.8 N = 196 N
From Eq. (i), N = 196.0 N
R1 R2 From Eq. (iii), reaction force of wall,
P G
A B F1 = w / 4 2 = 196.0/ 4 2 = 34.6 N
K1 K2
From Eq. (ii), F = F1 = 34.6 N
w1 w ∴ Reaction force of floor, F2 = F 2 + N 2

The rod is uniform in cross-section and homogeneous. = ( 34.6 )2 + (196 )2 = 199 N

Hence, G is at the centre of rod. 47 (b) Two masses are joined with a light rod and the
Given, AB = 70 cm, AG = 35 cm, entire system is rotating about the fixed axis.
AP = 30 cm, PG = 5 cm, Therefore, total moment of inertia is
AK 1 = BK 2 = 10 cm and K 1G = K 2G = 25 cm. M  l M  l
2
Ml 2 Ml 2 Ml 2
2

Also, m = mass of the rod = 4 kg and m1 = suspended I=   +   = + =

2  2 2  2 8 8 4
weight of mass = 6 kg; R1 and R2 are the normal reactions
of the support at the knife edges. For translational 48 (b) Consider the situation shown below
equilibrium of the rod, B
R1 + R2 − w1 − w = 0
r1 r2
or R1 + R2 − m1 g − mg = 0 …(i)
The moments of R2 and w1 are anti-clockwise (+ve), m1 m2
whereas the moment of R1 is clockwise (− ve). l
For rotational equilibrium,
A
− R1 ( K 1G ) + w1 ( PG ) + R2 ( K 2G ) = 0 …(ii)
we have, w = 4.0 g N and w1 = 6.0 g N, where g = Moment of inertia about AB, I AB = m1 r12 + m2 r22
acceleration due to gravity. Taking, g = 9.8 ms −2 . 2 2
 m2   m1 
With numerical values inserted in Eq. (i), we get = m1  l + m2  l
 m1 + m2   m1 + m2 
R1 + R2 − 4 .0 g − 6.0 g = 0
m1 m2 ( m1 + m2 ) m1 m2
⇒ R1 + R2 = 10.00 g N …(iii) = l2 = l2
( m1 + m2 ) 2
( m1 + m2 )
= 98.00 N
49 (c) Let mass and outer radii of solid sphere and hollow
From Eq. (ii), we get
sphere be M and R, respectively. The moment of inertia
− 0.25 R1 + 0.05 w1 + 0.25 R2 = 0 of solid sphere A about its diameter,
0.05 × 6.0g
or R1 − R2 = = 12
. g N = 1176
. N …(iv) 2
I A = MR 2 …(i)
0.25 5
From Eqs. (iii) and (iv), R1 = 54.88 N − ~ 55 N
The moment of inertia of hollow sphere (spherical shell)
⇒ R2 = 4312. N B about its diameter,
Thus, the reactions of the supports are about 55 N at K 1 2
I B = MR 2 …(ii)
and 43 N at K 2 . 3
45 (a) The ladder AB is 3 m long and its foot A is at It is clear from Eqs. (i) and (ii), that
distance AC = 1 m from the wall. I A < IB
From Pythagoras theorem, BC = AB 2 − AC 2 = 8 50 (a) Given, mass ratio of two discs,
= 2 2m m1 1
m1 : m2 = 1 : 2 , i.e. =
m2 2
For translational equilibrium, taking the forces in the
vertical direction. d1 2
and diameter ratio, =
N −w=0 …(i) d2 1
Taking the forces in the horizontal direction, r1 d1 / 2 d1 2
⇒ = = =
F − F1 = 0 …(ii) r2 d 2 / 2 d 2 1
 ∴ Ratio of their moment of inertia, So, moment of inertia of system
m1 r12 MR 2 55
2 2 = + 27MR 2 = MR 2
I1 m r 1  2 2
= 2 2 = 1 ⋅ 1 =   = 2 2
I 2 m2 r2 m2  r2  2  1 1 55
Hence, I P = MR 2 + ( 7M × 9R 2 )
2 2
∴ I1 : I 2 = 2 : 1 181 181
⇒ IP = MR 2 I system = MR 2
51 (a) Here, a thin wire of length L is bent 2 2
to form a circular ring as shown in 55 (b) As, moment of inertia of rod,
figure, then 2πr = L (r is the radius of r L ML2
the ring) I rod = …(i)
L 12
⇒ r= …(i) Using radius of gyration, I = Mk 2 …(ii)
2π
Hence, the moment of inertia of the ring about its axis, Comparing Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
I = Mr2 Radius of gyration, k = L/ 12

 L
2 MR 2
⇒ I=M   [from Eq. (i)] 56 (b) I disc about the axis along its diameter = …(i)
 2π  4
Using radius of gyration, I = Mk 2 …(ii)
ML2
⇒ I= R
4π 2 Comparing Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get k = .
2
52 (b) As two solid spheres are equal in masses, so
58 (b) Using the parallel axes theorem,
mA = mB
1/ 3
4 3 4 R ρ  Tangent
⇒ πR A ρ A = πRB3 ρB ⇒ A =  B  (axis-1)
3 3 RB  ρ A 
R
The moment of inertia of a solid sphere about diameter, Diameter (axis-2)
2 C
2 I R 
I= mR 2 ⇒ A =  A  (as mA = mB )
5 I B  RB 
2/ 3 2/ 3
I A  ρB  I ρ  MR 2
∴ =  ⇒ B =  A I tan = I dia + MR 2 = + MR 2
I B  ρA  I A  ρB  2
53 (d) The angle between the rods will not make any 3
= MR 2
difference. 2
∴ Net moment of inertia, I = I1 + I 2 ML2
59 (b) For thin uniform rod, ICM =
Ml 2 Ml 2 Ml 2 12
= + =
12 12 6 (about middle point)
54 (d) Moment of inertia of an outer disc about the axis A
through centre is
MR 2
= + M ( 2R )2 L/3 L/6 L/2
2
 1 9 B
= MR 2  4 +  = MR 2
 2 2 Applying parallel axes theorem, moment of inertia about
L
M an axis AB at a distance from one end is given as
3
I = ICM + Mx2
2
R R ML2  L  L L L
= +M   Q x = − = 
12  6  2 3 6
For 6 such discs,
ML2
9 ⇒ I=
Moment of inertia = 6 × MR 2 = 27MR 2 9
2
60 (d) Moment of inertia of square plate of mass m about For I to be maximum,
2
ma dI m2  1  ml
Z-axis is and moment of inertia about Z ′ can be =−   + =0
6 dl 4 πρ  l 2  6
computed using parallel axes theorem,
m2 ml 3
Z′ Z ⇒ =
4 πρ 6
a a Now, putting m = ρπR 2 l
a/ 2 3 l2 3
∴ l3 = ⋅ ρπR 2 l ⇒ 2 =
a/2 a/2 2πρ R 2
a
l 3
∴ =
2 R 2
 a ma 2 ma 2 2 2
IZ ′ = IZ + m   = + = ma 64 (a) Moment of inertia of hollow cylinder about its axis is
 2 6 2 3
M 2
61 (a) A is a spherical shell whose mass is m and radius is r. I1 = ( R1 + R22 )
2
Its moment of inertia about the XX ′-axis is I A =
2 2
mr where, R1 = inner radius and
3 R2 = outer radius.
B is a spherical shell whose mass is m and radius is r. Moment of inertia of thin hollow cylinder of radius R
2
Its moment of inertia about its own axis is I B = mr2 about its axis is
3 I 2 = MR 2
X
Given, I1 = I 2 and both cylinders have same mass (M).
A
So, we have
M
( R12 + R22 ) = MR 2
2
r r
B C (102 + 202 ) / 2 = R 2
R 2 = 250 = 15.8
X′ R ≈ 16 cm
Its moment of inertia about XX ′-axis is 65 (a) For disc, moment of inertia about the diameter,
2 5 mr2
I B ′ = I B + mr2 = mr2 + mr2 = mr2 Id = and moment of inertia about the tangential axis,
3 3 4
Similarly, the moment of inertia of the spherical shell C mr2
about the XX ′-axis is I disc = I d + mr2 ⇒ I disc = + mr2
4
5
IC ′ = mr2 5mr2
3 I disc =
4
Total moment of inertia is, I = I A + I B ′ + IC ′
Let the radius of gyration of disc is kdisc.
2 5 5
= mr2 + mr2 + mr2 = 4 mr2 5mr2
3 3 3 ⇒ I disc = mkdisc
2
⇒ = mkdisc
2
4
62 (a) Moment of inertia of remaining solid
5
= Moment of inertia of complete solid ⇒ kdisc = r …(i)
4
− Moment of inertia of removed portion
For ring, moment of inertia about the diameter,
9MR 2  M ( R / 3 )2  2R  
2
∴ I= − + M    ⇒ I = 4 MR 2 I a′ = mr2 / 2
2  2  3 
 and moment of inertia about the tangential axis,
63 (d) MI of a solid cylinder about its perpendicular mr2 3
bisector of length is I ring = I a′ + mr2 = + mr2 = mr2
2 2
 l2 R 2  Let the radius of gyration of ring, k ring .
I = m + 
 12 4 3
⇒ I ring = m k 2 ring ⇒ mr2 = mk 2 ring
mR 2 ml 2 m2 ml 2 2
⇒ I= + = + [QρπR 2 l = m] 3
4 12 4 πρl 12 ⇒ k ring = r …(ii)
2
 From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get ∴ Angular acceleration,
ω − ω 0 104 π − 40π
5
r α= = = 4 π rads −2
kdisc 4 5 t 16
∴ = =
k ring 3 6 The angular acceleration of the motor is 4π rads −2 .
r
2 (ii) The angular displacement in time t is given by
66 (a) Angular retardation, 1 1
θ = ω 0 t + αt 2 = 40 π × 16 + × 4 π × 162
2π 2 2
ω f − ωi 0 − 900 ×
α= = 60 rad s− 2 = 640π + 512π = 1152π rad
∆t 60 1152π
Number of revolutions = = 576
900 × 2 × π π 2π
=− = − rad s−2
3600 2 70 (d) Initial angular velocity,
67 (d)∴ Angular acceleration, ω 0 = 2πf0 = 2π × 100 = 200π rad/s
ω − ω 0 2π ( ν − ν 0 ) Final angular velocity, ω = 2πf = 2π × 300 = 600π rad/s,
α= =
t t t = 10 s
4500 −1 From first equation of rotational motion,
Given, ν = 4500 rpm = s
60 ω = ω 0 + αt
ν 0 = 1200 rpm =
1200 −1 ω − ω 0 600π − 200π
s ⇒ α= = = 40π rad/s 2
60 t 10
t = 10 s If θ be the total angular displacement, then from
Substituting the given values,we get equation of rotational motion, ω 2 = ω 20 + 2θα
2π  3300 ω 2 − ω 20 ( 600π )2 − ( 200π )2
( 4500 − 1200 ) 2π   ⇒ θ= =
ω − ω0  60  2α 2 × 40π
α= = 60 =
t 10 10
( 200π ) [ 3 − 1] 200π × 200π × 8
2 2

−2 11π × 180 = =
= 11π rads = 80π 80π
π
θ = 4000 π
−2
= 1980 degs θ 4000π
∴ Number of revolution, n = = = 2000
68 (d) Total angular displacement in 36 rotation, 2π 2π
θ = 36 × 2π 71 (a) Given, ω = 100 rad s −1 and τ = 100 N-m
Using ω 22 − ω12 = 2αθ, we get ∴ Power of the engine, P = τω = 100 × 100
(ω / 2 ) − ω = 2α(36 × 2π)
2 2
…(i) = 10 × 103 W = 10 kW
Similarly, 02 − (ω / 2 )2 = 2α ( n × 2π) …(ii) 72 (c) Work done required to bring an object to rest is
given as
Dividing Eq. (i) by Eq. (ii), we get
1 2
3 W = Iω
− ω2 2
4 36
= ⇒ n = 12 where, I is the moment of inertia and ω is the angular
−ω2 / 4 n
velocity.
Hence, ceiling fan will make 12 more rotations before Since, here all the objects spin with the same ω, this
coming to rest. means, W ∝I
69 (c) (i) We shall use ω = ω 0 + αt 2
As, I A (for a solid sphere) = MR 2
ω 0 = Initial angular speed in rads −1 5
1
= 2π × Angular speed in revs −1 I B (for a thin circular disc) = MR 2
2
2π × Angular speed in rev / min
= IC (for a circular ring) = MR 2
60 s /min
∴ W A : WB : WC = I A : I B : IC
2π × 1200
= rads −1 = 40 π rads −1 2 1
60 = MR 2 : MR 2 : MR 2
5 2
Similarly, ω = Final angular speed is rads –1
2 1
2π × 3120 = : : 1 = 4 : 5 : 10
= = 2π × 52 = 104 π rads −1 5 2
60 ⇒ W A < WB < WC
73 (c) Kinetic energy (KE) of sphere 77 (c) Consider a hollow cylinder, around which a rope is
1 1 2  1 wounded as shown in the figure.
= Iω 2 =  mR 2  ω 2 = mR 2ω 2
2 2 5  5 Rope
F=30 N
Kinetic energy (KE) of cylinder
1  mR 2  r
=   ( 2ω )2 = mR 2ω 2
2 2 
KEsphere 1 Hollow cylinder
So, =
KEcylinder 5
Torque acting on the cylinder due to the force F is
74 (a) Given, M = 20 kg, R = 20 cm = 0.20 m
τ = Fr
F = 25 N Now, we have τ = Iα
Torque, τ = FR where, I = moment of inertia of the cylinder about the
= 25 × 0.20 = 5.0 N-m axis through the centre = mr2
Moment of inertia of flywheel about its axis,
and α = angular acceleration.
MR 2 20 × ( 0.2)2 τ
I= = = 0.4 kg-m 2 ⇒ α= =
Fr
=
F
=
30
2 2 I mr2 mr 3 × 40 × 10−2
We use, Iα = τ
100
τ = = 25 rad / s 2
∴ Angular acceleration, α = = 5.0/ 0.4 4
I
−2 78 (d) Given, m = 50 kg, R = 0.5 m, α = 2 revs −2
= 12.50 s
75 (c) Given, moment of inertia,
Fixed horizontal axis
I = 0.4 kg-m 2
T
Radius, r = 0.2 m
Force, F = 10 N Torque produced by the tension in the string,
(ω 2 − ω1 ) τ = T × r = T × 0.5
Q F × r = Iα = I
t T
τ = N-m …(i)
[from τ = F × r and τ = Iα ] 2
F × r× t We know that, τ = Iα …(ii)
⇒ ω 2 − ω1 =
I From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
10 × 0.2 × 4
= = 20 rads −1 T
= Iα
0.4 2
76 (a) Moment of inertia of hollow cylinder about its axis  mR 2 
of symmetry, I1 = MR 2 As, Iα =   × ( 2 × 2π ) rads −2
 2 
Moment of inertia of solid sphere about an axis passing its  mR 2 
2 Q I solid cylinder = 
centre, I 2 = MR 2  2 
5
Let α1 and α 2 be angular accelerations produced in the T 50 × ( 0.5 )2
So, = × 4π
cylinder and the sphere respectively, on applying same 2 2
torque τ in each case. Then, 1
τ T = 50 × × 4π = 50 π = 157 N
α1 = (as τ = Iα) 4
I1
79 (d) Given, ( KE ) A = ( KE )B
τ
and α2 = 1 1
I2 ∴ I A ω 2A = I B ω B2
2 2
Their corresponding ratio is Since, I B > I A , so ω B < ω A
2 1 1
MR 2 ⇒ LA ω A = LB ω B [Q L = Iω]
α1 I 2 5 2
= = = 2 2
α 2 I1 MR 2 5
⇒ LB > LA
80 (d) Moment of inertia of a rotating solid sphere about its 84 (b) I is the moment of inertia of each discs.
2
symmetrical (diametric) axis is given as I = mR 2 Total angular momentum before contact,
5 Li = Iω1 + Iω 2 = I (ω1 + ω 2 )
Rotational kinetic energy of solid sphere is Total angular momentum after contact, L f = Iω + Iω
1 1 2 1 L f = 2Iω, where ω is the final angular velocity of the
K r = Iω 2 = × mR 2ω 2 = mR 2ω 2
2 2 5 5 combined system.
Angular velocity, ω = vCM R According to conservation of angular momentum,
As, we know that external torque, L f = Li ⇒ 2Iω = I (ω1 + ω 2 )
dL ω + ω2
τ ext = ⇒ ω= 1 …(i)
dt 2
where, L is the angular momentum. Now, loss in energy
Since, in the given condition, τ ext = 0 = total rotational kinetic energy before contact − total
rotational kinetic energy after contact
dL
⇒ = 0 or L = constant 1 1 1
dt = Iω12 + Iω 22 − ( I1 + I 2 ) ⋅ ω 2
2 2 2
Hence, when the radius of the sphere is increased 2
1 2 1 2 1  ω1 + ω 2 
keeping its mass same, only the angular momentum = Iω1 + Iω 2 − ⋅ 2I  
remains constant. But other quantities like moment of 2 2 2  2 
inertia, rotational kinetic energy and angular velocity 1 1 I
changes as they are related to R which is increasing = Iω12 + Iω 22 − ⋅ (ω12 + ω 22 + 2ω1ω 2 )
2 2 4
with time. 1
= I[ 2ω12 + 2ω 22 − ω12 − ω 22 − 2ω1ω 2 ]
81 (c) Moment of inertia of the insect-disc system, 4
1 I I
MI = MR 2 + mx2 = [ω12 + ω 22 − 2ω1ω 2 ] = (ω1 − ω 2 )2
2 4 4
where, m = mass of insect 85 (a) As there is no external torque, so if the girl bends
and x = distance of insect from centre. her hands, her moment of inertia about the rotational
Clearly, as the insect moves along the diameter of the axis will decrease. By conservation of angular
disc. Moment of inertia first decreases and then momentum,
increases. L = Iω = constant. So in order to keep L constant, if I is
By conservation of angular momentum, decreasing, then ω will increase.
i.e. Iω = constant, i.e. when moment of inertia 86 (d) By the conservation of angular momentum, we
increases, then angular velocity decreases and know that Iω = constant.
vice-versa. Therefore, angular speed first increases and As the acrobat bends his body, then moment of inertia I
then decreases. will decrease
82 (d) Given, ω1 = 3π rad s −1 , I1 = I and hence ω of acrobat will increase as no external
75 3 torque is acting on the acrobat.
I2 = I1 = I , ω 2 = ?
100 4 87 (a) When a body rolls down without slipping along an
As, I 2 ω 2 = I1ω1 inclined plane of inclination θ, it rotates about a
I I horizontal axis through its centre of mass and also its
∴ ω 2 = 1 × ω1 = 1 × 3π centre of mass moves.
I2 75I1
100 As it rolls down, it suffers loss in gravitational potential
energy which provides translational energy and due to
4
= × 3π = 4π rad s −1 frictional force, it gets converted into rotational energy.
3
88 (a) Kinetic energy of a rolling body = Rotational kinetic
83 (c) Given, moment of inertia of discs,
energy + Translational kinetic energy
I1 = 2 kg-m 2 and I 2 = 4 kg-m 2
1 1 2 1 mk 2 vCM
2
1 2
Angular velocity of discs, ω1 = 8 rad/s and ω 2 = 4 rad/s = Iω 2 + mvCM = 2
+ mvCM
2 2 2 R 2
From angular momentum conservation principle,
where, k is the corresponding radius of gyration of the
I1ω1 + I 2 ω 2 = ( I1 + I 2 )ω body.
or 2 × 8 + 4 × 4 = ( 2 + 4 )ω 1 2  k2  Q I = mk 2 
16 + 16 32 16 = mvCM 1 + 2   
or ω= = = rad/s 2  R  and vCM = Rω
6 6 3
It applies for any rolling body.
89 (d) When a body rolls down an inclined plane, it is If s be the distance covered along the plane, then
accompanied by rotational and translational kinetic 2gssin θ
h = s sin θ ⇒ v2 =
energies. 1 + ( I / MR 2 )
1
Rotational kinetic energy, K R = Iω 2 Now, v2 = u 2 + 2as, u = 0 ⇒ v2 = 2as
2
2gssin θ g sin θ
where, I is the moment of inertia and ω is the angular ∴ 2as = or a=
velocity. 1 + ( I / MR 2 ) 1 + ( I / MR 2 )
Translational kinetic energy for pure rolling, 92 (c) Given, initial velocity of sphere, u = 2.8 m/s
1 2 1
= K T = mvCM = m( rω )2 (Q vCM = rω) Acceleration on the inclined plane,
2 2 g sin θ
where, m is mass of the body, vCM is the velocity and ω a= …(i)
k2
is the angular velocity. 1+ 2
Given, translational kinetic energy = rotational kinetic R
energy where, k and R are the radius of gyration and radius of
1 1 2 sphere, respectively.
∴ m( r ω ) = Iω ⇒ I = mr
2 2 2
2 2 Moment of inertia of sphere,
We know that, mr2 is the moment of inertia of hollow 2
I = mk 2 = mR 2
cylinder about its axis, where m is the mass of hollow 5
cylindrical body and r is the radius of the cylinder. k 2
2
⇒ = …(ii)
90 (b) When a body of mass m and radius R rolls down an R2 5
inclined plane of height h and angle of inclination θ, it
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we have
loses potential energy. However, it acquired both linear
g sin 30°
and angular speeds. a= [Qθ = 30°, given]
2
1 2
mgh = mvCM
1
+ Iω 2 1+
2 2 5
5g 25
For pure rolling ω =
vCM
and using I = mk 2 , = = m/s 2 [Q g = 10 m/s 2 ]
R 14 7
1 2 1 v2 If s be the maximum distance travelled by the sphere,
mgh = mvCM + mk 2 CM then at maximum distance, v = 0.
2 2 R2
∴ From third equation of motion,
2gh
Velocity at the lowest point, vCM = v2 = u 2 − 2 as
1 + (k 2 / R 2 )
0 = u 2 − 2 as
2 k2 2
For solid sphere, Mk 2 = MR 2 ⇒ 2 = u 2 ( 2. 8 )2 × 7
5 R 5 ⇒ s= =
2a 2 × 25
2 × 10 × 7
∴ v= = 10 ms −1 = 109
. m
1 + ( 2/ 5 )
Hence, the value of maximum distance is very close to
91 (a) Assuming that no energy is used up against static option (c), so option (c) is correct.
friction, the loss in potential energy is equal to the total
93 (a) Applying conservation of mechanical energy, we get
gain in the kinetic energy.
Potential energy = Translational kinetic energy +
C Rotational kinetic energy
s 1 2 1 2
⇒ mgh = mv + Iω
ω 2 2
h C 2
1 2 1 2 v v
v ⇒ mgh = mv + mk   [Q I = mk 2 , ω = ]
2 2  R R
θ
1 1 1 2 k2 
Thus, Mgh = I ( v2 / R 2 ) + Mv2 mgh = mv 1 + 2 
2 2 2  R 
(where, v = velocity of centre of mass)
 2gh 
or
1 2
v ( M + I / R 2 ) = Mgh or v2 =  
2 1 + k2 / R2 
2Mgh 2gh
or v2 = = where, k and R are the radius of gyration and radius of
M + ( I / R ) 1 + ( I / MR 2 )
2
object, respectively.
 Note that velocity v is independent of the mass of the Alternate Method
rolling body.
Suppose moment of inertia, I = xmR 2 …(i)
R 2
For solid sphere, moment of inertia, I = mR 2 …(ii)
5
Thus, from Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
h 2
x=
5
θ Since, the ratio of translational energy to the total
2gh energy can be written as
For a ring, k2 = R2 ⇒ vring = = gh
1+ 1 1 2
mvCM
Kt 2
For a solid cylinder, k 2 = R 2 / 2 , = …(iii)
Kt + Kr 1 2  k2 
2gh 4 gh mvCM 1 + 2 
vcylinder = = 2  R 
1 + (1/ 2 ) 3
where, k is called the radius of gyration.
For a solid sphere, k 2 = 2R 2 / 5, I I
As, k= or k 2 =
2gh 10gh m m
vsphere = =
1 + ( 2/ 5 ) 7 From Eq. (i), we get
From the results obtained, it is clear that among the xmR 2
k2 = = xR 2
three bodies, the sphere has the greatest and the ring has m
the least velocity of the centre of mass at the bottom of the
Substituting the value of k 2 in Eq. (iii), we get
inclined plane.
Kt 1 1
94 (b) Translational kinetic energy of a rolling body is = =
Kt + Kr  xR 2  1 + x
1 2 1 + 2 
Kt = mvCM …(i)  R 
2
2 Kt 1 5
Total kinetic energy of a rolling body Here, x = ⇒ = =
= Rotational kinetic energy (K r ) + Translational kinetic 5 K t + K r 1 + (2 / 5) 7
energy(K t ) 95 (d) The centre of mass of a body may lie on or outside the
1 2 1 2 body.
= Iω + mvCM …(ii)
2 2
For a solid sphere, moment of inertia about its diametric
2 CM CM
axis, I = MR 2
5
Substituting the value of I in Eq. (ii), we get (a) (b)

12 2 1 2
Kt + Kr =  MR  ω + mvCM
2 Hence, in Fig. (a), centre of mass is on the body and in
25  2 Fig. (b), centre of mass does not lie on the body.
12
2 The centre of mass of an object is the average position
2   vCM  1 2
=  MR    + mvCM of all the parts of the system, weighted according to
25   R  2 their masses. Therefore, centre of mass of body lie at
[Q vCM = Rω ] the geometric centre of body.
1 2 1 2  1 1 Therefore, Assertion is incorrect but Reason is correct.
= mvCM + mvCM =  +  mvCM 2
5 2  5 2 96 (c) The motion of centre of mass describes the
7 translational part of the motion.
= mvCM 2
…(iii) In translational motion, all points of a moving body
10
move along a straight line, i.e. the relative velocities
1 2
mvCM between any two particles, must be zero.
Kt 1 10 5
∴ Ratio, = 2 = × = But it is not necessary that translational motion of body
Kt + Kr 7
mvCM 2 7 7
2 is always in straight line. A parabolic motion of an
10 object without rotation is also translational motion.
∴ K t : ( K t + K r ) = 5 :7 Therefore, Assertion is correct but Reason is incorrect.
 97 (a) When τ ext = 0 ⇒ L = a constant. In case I, net torque about its centre is
F
So, for a system of particles under central force field, the L/2 L/2
total angular momentum on the system is conserved
because torque acting on such a system is zero.
Therefore, Assertion and Reason are correct and Reason is
F
the correct explanation of Assertion.
L L
98 (c) Angular momentum remains constant as particle is τ = F × + F × = FL
2 2
moving in a straight line. The angular momentum is
constant when particle moves with a uniform velocity. In case II, net torque about its centre is
F
Therefore, Assertion is correct but Reason is incorrect.
99 (d) There is a difference between inertia and moment of
inertia of a body. The inertia of a body depends only upon
the mass of the body but the moment of inertia of a body L/4 L/4 L/2
F F
about an axis not only depend upon the mass of the body
L L L 5
but also upon the distribution of mass about the axis of τ=F × + F × + F × = FL
rotation. 2 4 2 4
Inertia represents the capacity (ability) of a body to oppose In case III, net torque about its centre is
its state of motion or rest. F F

Therefore, Assertion is incorrect but Reason is correct.

100 (d) Moment of inertia changes with axis chosen.
L/4 L/4 L/4 L/4
It is because moment of inertia of a particle depends on its F F
mass and its distance from axis of rotation.
L L L L
Therefore, Assertion is incorrect but Reason is correct. τ= −F × +F × −F × +F × =0
2 4 4 2
101 (c) Friction force between sliding body and inclined plane
So, case I and II will have a non-zero net torque
depends upon the nature of surfaces of both the body and acting on the rod about its centre.
inclined plane, hence if bodies slide down an inclined
plane without rolling, then it is not necessary that all 106 (c) Statements I and II are correct but statement III is
bodies reach the bottom simultaneously. Acceleration of incorrect and it can be corrected as,
all bodies are also not equal due to different values of At equilibrium.
friction between the surfaces of body and inclined plane. Load arm × Load = Effort × Effort arm
Therefore, Assertion is correct but Reason is incorrect. F d
F1 d1 = F2 d 2 ⇒ 1 = 2
102 (a) The work done on a body is given by F2 d1
F1
W = ∫ F ⋅ vdt , where F is force of friction. The ratio of is called mechanical advantage (MA).
F2
For the rolling disc without slipping down an inclined
plane, the velocity of the particle on which the friction 107 (d) When a body rolls down on an inclined plane
force is acting, is zero. Hence, work done is zero, i.e. without slipping, then at bottom all objects (cylinder,
sphere, ring) possess equal rotational kinetic energy.
when the disc rolls without slipping, the friction force is
required because for rolling condition, velocity of point of Because velocity of contact point is zero, hence
contact is zero. translational energy is zero.
Therefore, Assertion and Reason are correct and Reason is During rolling motion, kinetic energy is not
conserved due to friction. Angular momentum of
the correct explanation of Assertion.
body during rolling motion without slipping is
103 (d) Statement IV is incorrect and it can be corrected as, conserved. Velocity of rolling body at any instant
The shape of rigid body must not change on application of depends upon mass of its own.
force. So, statement IV is correct, but I, II and III are
Rest statements are correct. incorrect.
104 (d) Statement IV is incorrect and it can be corrected as, 108 (d) According to figure, the disc rotates with angular
velocity ω about its symmetry axis passing through O.
Moment of inertia changes with axis of rotation. C
Rest statements are correct.
ω
105 (a) Using sign convention, we can take anti-clockwise O
D B
vCM
moment (or torque) as positive, while clockwise moment r
(or torque) as negative.
A
 At bottom point A, the linear velocity due to rotation is About A, |L| = mv d1 − mvd 2 as d 2 > d1 ,
exactly opposite to the translational velocity vCM , i.e. total angular momentum will be inward.
v rot = rω = vCM Hence, L = m v ( d 2 − d1 ) ⊗
The point A will be instantaneously at rest, if vCM = rω , Thus, statement given in option (d) is correct, rest are
i.e. v A = 0 when vCM = rω. incorrect.
Hence, for the disc, the condition for rolling without
112 (c) We know that, torque on a system of particles,
slipping is vCM = rω.
τ = r × F = rF sin θ n$ ...(i)
At the top point C of the disc, linear velocity due to
rotational motion and the translational velocity vCM are where, θ is angle between r and F and n$ is a unit vector
in the same direction, parallel to level surface. perpendicular to both r and F.
Therefore, vC = v rot + vCM = vCM + vCM = 2vCM = 2rω (a) When forces act radially, from a point on the axis
At B and D, linear velocity due to rotation and the θ = 0°, hence | τ | = 0 [from Eq. (i)]
translational velocity vCM are perpendicular to each (b) When forces are acting on the axis of rotation,
other. So, r = 0, | τ | = 0 [from Eq. (i)]
vB = vD = | v rot + vCM | = vCM
2
+ vCM
2
+ vCM
2
cos 90° (c) When forces are acting perpendicular to the axis of
rotation,
= 2vCM = 2rω
θ = 90°, | τ | = rF [from Eq. (i)]
Therefore, vB = vD < vC (d) When torque by forces are equal and opposite,
So, statements I and III are correct but II and IV are τ net = τ1 − τ 2 = 0
incorrect. Thus, statement given in option (c) is incorrect, rest
109 (d) In the given situation, projectile could be considered are correct.
as rigid body before explosion and after explosion, as its 113 (b)
fragments are considered as system of particles. Thus,
the concept of CM is applicable to both. (a) Consider the below diagram, where r > r′
Since, the explosion is due to internal forces, so the Torque τ about Z-axis,
motion of CM after explosion will follow the same τ = r × F, which is along k$
parabolic path as it would have followed if there was no
Z F Z′
explosion.
Thus, statement given in option (d) is correct, rest are
incorrect. r′
r P
110 (a) For a general rotational motion ,where axis of
rotation is not symmetric, angular momentum L and
angular velocity ω need not be parallel. (b) τ′ = r ′ × F, which is along− k$
For rotational motion about a fixed axis, angular velocity
(c) | τ| Z = Fr⊥ = magnitude of torque about Z-axis
ω and angular momentum L are not always parallel.
where r⊥ is perpendicular distance between F and
For a general translational motion, momentum p = mv,
Z-axis.
hence pand v are always parallel.
Similarly, |τ|Z ′ = F r⊥′
For a general translational motion, acceleration a and Clearly, r⊥ > r⊥′ ⇒ | τ| Z > | τ | Z ′
velocity v are not always parallel.
(d) We are always calculating resultant torque about a
Thus, statement given in option (a) is correct, rest are common axis. Hence, total torque τ ≠ τ + τ ′,
incorrect. because τ and τ ′ are not about common axis.
111 (d) The angular momentum L of a particle with respect Thus, statement given in option (b) is correct, rest are
to origin is defined to be L = r × p , where r is the incorrect.
position vector of the particle and pis the linear
momentum. 114 (b)
The direction of L is perpendicular to both dr and pby (a) Theorem of perpendicular axes is applicable only
for lamina (plane) objects, i.e. I Z ≠ I X + IY .
right hand rule.
(b) As, Z ′ || Z and distance between them
For particle 1, L1 = r1 × mv, is out of plane of the paper
2 a
and perpendicular to r1 and p(mv). = a =
Similarly L2 = r2 × m ( − v ) is into the plane of the paper 2 2
and perpendicular to r2 and − p. Now, by theorem of parallel axes
2
Hence, total angular momentum  a ma 2
IZ ′ = IZ + m   = IZ +
L = L1 + L2 = r1 × mv + ( − r2 × mv )  2 2
 (c) Z ′′ is not parallel to Z, hence theorem of parallel Let hydrogen atom be at origin, i.e. position vector of it,
ma 2 r1 = 0
axes cannot be applied, i.e. I Z′ ≠ I Z +
2 ∴ Position vector of chlorine atom,
(d) As, X and Y -axes are symmetrical. . × 10−10 m
r2 = 127
Hence, I X = IY Position vector of the centre of mass is given by
Thus, statement given in option (b) is correct, rest m r + m2 r2
are incorrect. rCM = 1 1
m1 + m2
115 (b) When a man standing on a rotating platform holds
weights in his outstretched arms, draws the weights . × 10−10
m × 0 + 35.5 m × 127
=
inwards close to his body, then angular velocity increases. m + 35.5 m
According to law of conservation of angular . × 10−10
35.5 × 127
momentum, L = Iω = constant, therefore when angular =
velocity increases, then moment of inertia of the system 36.5
will decrease, so that L remains constant. = 1235
. × 10−10 m
Thus, statement given in option (b) is incorrect, rest are = 124
. Å
correct.
from hydrogen atom on the line joining H and Cl atoms.
116 (a) The statement given in option (a) is incorrect and it
124 (b) The speed of the centre of mass of the (trolley +
can be corrected as,
child) system will remain unchanged, i.e. v. Because the
Due to rotation, lower part has acceleration greater state of any system can be changed only by external
than g. force and the forces involved in running on the trolley
Rest statements are correct. are internal forces.
117 (c) Since, the velocity at point B ( 2v ) is more than that 125 (d) We know that, p = px $i + p y $j + p z k$
at D (zero) or A( 2v). Thus, it can be concluded that,
and r = x$i + y$j + zk$
upper portion is moving faster than lower portion. $i $j
Therefore, section ABC and BC has greater kinetic k$
energy than section ADC, CD or DA. L = r × p= x y z
Thus, statement given in option (c) is incorrect, rest are px p y p z
correct.
If particle remains in xoy-plane, then z = 0 and p z = 0.
118 (a) As we know that, frictional force will be in the $i $j k$
opposite direction to the direction of motion. Thus, the
given figure can be shown as ⇒ L= x y 0 = k$ ( xp y − ypx )
px p y 0
ω
fs
v So, angular momentum has only z-component.
θ
g s in 126 (c) The given situation is as shown below
m m
1 v

where, fs will be upwards to provide torque. r1 r21 m

122 (a) If v is the velocity of CM of the body of radius r, v
then 2
r2
Velocity at point A, v A = 0
0
Velocity at point B, vB = v 2
Velocity at point C, vC = v + rω = 2v Angular momentum of system about origin,
Velocity of point D , vD = rω = v L = L1 + L2
Hence, A → 2, B → 1, C → 4 and D →3. = r1 × p1 + r2 × p2
123 (a) Given, separation between the nuclei of H and Cl = r1 × mv $i + r2 × mv( − i$ )
= 1.27 Å = 1.27 × 10−10 m = ( r + r ) mv i$ − r × mv i$
2 21 2

Let the mass of hydrogen atom = m [Q using triangle law of vector addition]
∴ Mass of chlorine atom = 35.5 m = r21 mvi$
CM CI
H which is independent of choice of origin and has same
m 35.5 m value or constant at any point in space.
1.27.Å
127 (b) Moment of force about centre of gravity is zero. Distance between mid-point E and new centre of
Total mass of the car = 1800 kg gravity
2 N2 2 N1
( DE ) = 50 − 45 = 5 cm
Distance between 12 cm mark and the new centre of
gravity
(CD) = 45 − 12 = 33 cm
G From principle of moments in equilibrium,
Mg × DE = m1 g × CD = ( 2 × 5 ) g × CD
0.75 m 1.05 m M × 5 = 10 × 33 ⇒ M = 66 g
1800 g
∴ Mass of the metre stick is 66 g.
132 (c) Work done = ∆K = Change in rotational kinetic
N 1 = reaction by front-one wheel
energy + Change in linear
N 2 = reaction by rear-one wheel
kinetic energy
g = 9.8 ms −2 1 2 1
= mvCM + Iω 2 [Q I = mr2 and vCM = rω]
For vertical equilibrium, 2 N 1 + 2 N 2 = 1800 g 2 2
⇒ N 1 + N 2 = 900 g …(i) = mvCM
2
= 100 × ( 20 × 10−2 )2 = 4 J
Taking moments about G,
133 (b) Angle of inclination, θ = 30°
− 2N 2 ( 0.75 ) + 2 N 1 (105
. )= 0
Speed of centre of mass, u = 5 ms −1
7
⇒ N 2 = N1 …(ii) N
5
R f
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
7 θ
N 1 + N 1 = 900 g s in θ
5 mg
mg cos θ
5 mg
⇒ N1 = × 900 g = 375 g θ
12
⇒ N 2 = 525 g Acceleration of the cylinder rolling up the inclined
⇒ N 1 = 375 × 9.8 = 3675 N  g sin θ 
plane is given by the formula, a = −  
⇒ N 2 = 525 × 9.8 = 5145 N  1+ k 2 / R 2 
2gh where, k = radius of gyration of cylinder.
128 (a) Using velocity at lowest point, v =
1 + k2 / R2 Negative sign indicates that acceleration is downwards.
For a cylinder, moment of inertia,
k2 2
As, for sphere is R and for hollow cylinder is R, 1 R2
R 2
5 I = mk 2 = mR 2 ⇒ k 2 =
2 2
we get vsphere is largest.
9.8 × sin 30° 9.8 × 1/ 2 9.8 −2
129 (d) From law of conservation of angular momentum, ∴ a=− = =− ms
 R / 2
2 3/ 2 3
L1 = L2 1 + 
Iω  R2 
⇒ I1ω1 = I 2ω 2 ⇒ ω 2 = 1 1
I2 Using third equation of motion, v2 = u 2 + 2as
I1 × 40 200
⇒ ω2 = = = 100 rpm  9.8
2 2 0 = ( 5 )2 + 2  −  × s
I1  3
5
25 × 3
130 (d) Given, τ = 180 N-m and ω = 200 rads −1 . ∴ s= = 3.83 m
Power, P = τω = 180 × 200 = 36 kW 2 × 9.8
131 (a) Let total mass of the metre stick be M kg.. 134 (d) A bangle is in the form of a ring as shown in the
A B below diagram. The centre of mass lies at the centre,
O 12 cm 45 cm 50 cm 100 which is outside the body (boundary).
C D E
33 cm

C
Centre
m1g Mg
 L
135 (c) Centre of mass of a system lies towards the part of the
∫ xa (1 + bx ) ⋅ dx
2
system, having bigger mass. In the diagram, lower part is
heavier, hence CM of the system lies below the ⇒ R= 0
L
horizontal diameter i.e., at C.
∫ a (1 + bx ) ⋅ dx
2

Hollow sphere 0
Air L
 ax2 abx4 
 +  aL2 abL4
R/2 A +
 2 4 0
B = L
= 2 4
 abx3  abL3
C aL +
R/2 ax +  3
D  3 0

Sand a ab
+
136 (b) The initial velocity is vi = ve$ y and after reflection = 2 4 [Q given, L = 1m]
ab
from the wall, the final velocity is v f = − ve$ y . The a+
3
trajectory is described as position vector r = ye$ y + ae$ z .
3( 2 + b )
Hence, the change in angular momentum is =
r × m ( v f − v j ) = 2mvae$ x . 4(3 + b )
dω 140 (a) As no external torque acts on the system, angular
137 (d) We know that, angular acceleration, α =
dt momentum should be conserved.
where, ω is angular velocity of the disc. Hence, Iω = constant ...(i)
Given, ω = constant where, I is moment of inertia of the system and ω is
dω 0 angular velocity of the system.
⇒ α= = =0
dt dt From Eq. (i), I1 ω1 = I 2 ω 2
Hence, angular acceleration is zero. where, ω1 and ω 2 are angular velocities before and after
jumping.
138 (b) In the given diagram, when the small piece Q is
I
removed and glued to the centre of the plate, the mass ⇒ Iω = × ω 2
comes closer to the Z-axis, i.e. the axis of rotation and 2
hence moment of inertia decreases. (as mass reduced to half, hence moment of inertia also
reduced to half)
139 (a) Coordinate of centre of mass of non-uniform body is ⇒ ω 2 = 2ω
given as,
141 (b) As the slope of θ-t graph is positive and positive
R=
∫ xdm slope indicates anti-clockwise rotation.
∫ dm 142 (b) Before being brought in contact with the table, the
where, dm = ρ( x )dx disc was in pure rotational motion, hence vCM = 0.
Here, ρ( x) = a (1 + bx2 )