Jan, 16th 2024

English Language
By: Asst. Lect. Maryam Dhafir Raheem
First Grade/ First Course

Jabir Ibn Hayyan for Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences

College of Medical Sciences

Perfect Tenses
Present Perfect Tense:
Definition: The present perfect tense is used to express an action that
started in the past but has relevance to the present. It is formed by
combining the present tense of the auxiliary verb "have" with the past
participle of the main verb.

Uses :
1. Completed Actions with Relevance to the Present:

-I have lived in this city for five years.

2. Experiences in Life:

-She has visited several countries.

3. Unspecified Time in the Past:

-I Have seen a shooting star.

4. Recent Actions:

-I have just finished my homework.

5. Multiple Actions Over Time:

-They have eaten at that restaurant since their childhood.

6. Result of Past Actions in the Present:

-The streets are wet. It has rained.

7. With "For" and "Since" to Indicate Duration:

- She has been studying English for two years.

Structure:
Subject+ has/ have+ past participle
Types of sentences:
1. Affirmative case:
Subject+ has/ have+ past participle+ sentence complement.

- I have visited Lebanon twice.

- she had never seen such a beautiful sunshine.

2. Negative case:
Subject+ has/ have(not)+ past participle+ sentence complement.

-I haven’t seen you in school lately.

-He hasn’t played balling since high school.

3. Interrogative case:
Has/ have+ Subject+ past participle+ sentence complement?

-Has she painted her hair purple?

-Have they argued for a full hour?

Exercises:
1. I __________ (visit) three different countries.( present perfect)
2. She __________ (never/eat) sushi before.( present perfect)
3. They built a new bridge in the city last month. (re-write in the
present perfect)
4. Have you ever been to Asia? (Answer using present perfect)
5. How many languages have you studied? (Answer using present
perfect)
6. The children (have/has) __________ already eaten.
7. I (have/has) __________ never travelled to Africa.
Past Perfect Tense:
Definition: The past perfect tense is used to describe an action that was
completed before another action took place in the past. It is formed by
combining the past tense of the auxiliary verb "have" (had) with the past
participle of the main verb.

Uses:
1. Expressing Regret or Unfulfilled Conditions in the Past:

-I wish I had studied harder for the exam.

2. Actions Completed Before a Specific Point in the Past:

-The guests had already departed by midnight.

3. When Reporting Speech

-She said that she had already finished her work.

Structure:
Subject+ had+ past participle

Types of sentences:
1. Affirmative case:
Subject+ had+ past participle+ sentence complement.

-She realized she had left her phone at home after reaching the office.

-They had eaten the food before the guests arrival.

2. Negative case:
Subject+ had (not)+ past participle+ sentence complement.

-I hadn’t seen my sister since Christmas.

- They hadn’t eaten since the morning.

3. Interrogative case:
Had+ Subject+ past participle+ sentence complement?

-Had you ever changed your hair colour?

-Had she driven her mother crazy lately?

Exercises:
1. By the time I arrived, they __________ (already/leave). (Past perfect)

2. She felt guilty because she __________ (not/study) for the exam. (Past
perfect: negative form)

3. Before the movie started, they __________ (eat) dinner.( Past perfect)

4. He realized he __________ (lose) his wallet after leaving the

restaurant. (Past perfect)

5. The train __________ (depart) by the time we reached the station.

( Past perfect)
Future Perfect Tense