Professional Documents
Culture Documents
INSTRUCTION MODULE IN
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No.: IM-GECMS1 -1STSEM-2022-2023
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Orientation
1. Vision, mission, goals and objectives and core values of the university.
2. Grading System
3. University Policies
4. Course Outline
5. Course Requirements
1. commit to memory the vision, mission, goals and objectives and core values of the university;
2. manifest proper behavior/attitude reflective of the vision, mission, goals & objectives and core
values of the university;
3. abide to the university policies; and
4. take pride in being a true NVSUan.
V. LESSON CONTENT
I. VISION, MISSION, GOALS AND OBJECTIVES AND CORE VALUES OF THE UNIVERSITY.
UNIVERSITY VISION
A premier university in a global community
UNIVERSITY MISSION
To develop an empowered, productive, and morally upright citizenry through high quality,
innovative, and relevant instruction, research, extension, and entrepreneurship programs adhering
to international standards.
CORE VALUES
A Academic Excellence Delivery of high quality, innovative, and relevant instruction and
acquisition of globally competitive skills.
GRADING SYSTEM
Requirements Points Weight
(%)
Mid Term 4
0
Mid-Term Examination 100 40
Class Standing 60
Recitation/Class Participation and Assignments 10
Quizzes 20
Group Outputs/Project 30
Final Term 6
0
Final Examination 100 40
Class Standing 60
Recitation/Class Participation and Assignments 10
Quizzes 20
Group Outputs/Project 30
Grade
Raw Score Descriptive Equivalent
Equivalent
60%
100 1.00 Outstanding
95 – 99 1.25 Outstanding
90 – 94 1.50 Very Satisfactory
85 – 89 1.75 Very Satisfactory
80 – 84 2.00 Very Satisfactory
75 – 79 2.25 Satisfactory
70 – 74 2.50 Satisfactory
65 – 69 2.75 Satisfactory
60 – 64 3.00 Fair
55 – 59 4.00 Conditional
Below 55 5.00 Failed
INC Incomplete
DRP Officially Dropped without Credit
UD Unofficially Dropped with a grade of 5.00
1. trace the history of the Rizal Law and its important provision;
2. discuss the controversies on the passage of the Rizal law;
3. examine the goals of the Rizal Law; and
4. critically asses the effectiveness of the Rizal course.
V. LESSON CONTENT
1. INTRODUCTION TO THE COURSE
Cemented in history as the potent symbol of the nation, Rizal’s heroism was sponsored by
the nation through Republic Act No. 1425 on June 12, 1956. This law is entitled “an Act to Include
in the Curricula of all Public and Private Schools, Colleges and Universities Courses on the Life,
works and Writings of Jose Rizal, particularly his novels Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo,
Authorizing the Printing and Distribution Thereof, and for Other Purposes”. The Act stresses on the
significance of Dr. Jose Rizal, a national hero and foremost exemplar of Filipino heroism, in
fostering a sense of nationalism, especially to the fair hope of the nation – the youths. This act
made the study of Dr. Jose P. Rizal’s life mandatory among college students.
WHEREAS, today, more than any other period of our history, there is a need for a
rededication to the ideals of freedom and nationalism for which our heroes lived and died;
WHEREAS, it is meet that in honoring them, particularly the national hero and patriot.
lose Rizal, we remember with special fondness and devotion their lives and works that have
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“In accordance with section 185. Fair Use of a Copyrighted Work of Republic Act 8293, the copyrighted works included in this material may be
reproduced for educational purposes only and not for commercial distribution.”
Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No.: IM-GECMS1 -1STSEM-2022-2023
shaped the national character;
WHEREAS, the life, works and writing of lose Rizal, particularly his novels Noli Me
Tangere and El Filibusterismo, are a constant and inspiring source of patriotism with which
the minds of the youth, especially during their formative and decisive years in school, should
be suffused;
WHEREAS, all educational institutions are under the supervision of, and subject to
regulation by the State, and all schools are enjoined to develop moral character, personal
discipline, civic conscience and to teach the duties of citizenship; Now, therefore,
Be It enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the Philippines in
Congress assembled:
Section 1. Courses on the life, works and writings of Jose Rizal, particularly his novel
Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo, shall be included in the curricula of all schools,
colleges and universities, public or private: Provided, that in the collegiate courses, the
original or unexpurgated editions of the Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo or their English
translation shall be used as basic texts.
The Board of National Education is hereby authorized and directed to adopt forthwith
measures to implement and carry out the provisions of this Section, including the writing and
printing of appropriate primers, readers and textbooks. The Board shall, within sixty (60) days
from the effectivity of this Act, promulgate rules and regulations, including those of a
disciplinary nature, to carry out and enforce the provisions of this Act. The Board shall
promulgate rules and regulations providing for the exemption of students for reasons of
religious belief stated in a sworn written statement, from the requirement of the provision
contained in the second part of the, first paragraph of this section; but not from taking the
course provided for in the first part of said paragraph. Said rules and regulations shall take
effect thirty (30) days after their publication in the Official Gazette.
Section 2. It shall be obligatory on all schools, colleges and universities to keep in
their libraries an adequate number of copies of the original and unexpurgated editions of the
Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo, as well as of Rizal’s other works and biography. The
said unexpurgated editions of the Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo or their translations
in English as well as other writings of Rizal shall be included in the list of approved books for
required reading in all public or private schools, colleges and universities.
The Board of National Education shall determine the adequacy of the number of
books, depending upon the enrollment of the school, college or university.
Section 3. The Board of National Education shall cause the translation of the Noli Me
Tangere and El Filibusterismo, as well as other writings of Jose Rizal into English, Tagalog
and the principal Philippine dialects; cause them to be printed in cheap, popular editions; and
cause them to be distributed, free of charge, to persons desiring to read them, through the
Purok organizations and Barrio Councils throughout the country.
Section 4. Nothing in this Act shall be construed as amendment or repealing section
nine hundred twenty-seven of the Administrative Code, prohibiting the discussion of religious
doctrines by public school teachers and other person engaged in any public school.
Section 5. The sum of three hundred thousand pesos is hereby authorized to be
appropriated out of any fund not otherwise appropriated in the National Treasury to carry out
the purposes of this Act.
Section 6. This Act shall take effect upon its approval.
Approved: June 12, 1956
Senate Bill 438 was first authored by Senator Claro M. Recto leading to the creation of RA
1425. Senator Jose B. Laurel Sr. who was then the Chairman Committee on Education sponsored
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“In accordance with section 185. Fair Use of a Copyrighted Work of Republic Act 8293, the copyrighted works included in this material may be
reproduced for educational purposes only and not for commercial distribution.”
Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No.: IM-GECMS1 -1STSEM-2022-2023
the bill. This bill was considered as one of the most controversial bills in the Philippines. It was
blocked by the Catholic Church because they believed that Catholic dogmas were mortified. They
also believed that the bill would go against the freedom of religion and conscience. They used the
1939 Canon Law to defend their side that according to the law, it prohibits books that attack the
Catholic doctrines and practices. The oppositionists argued that among the 333 pages of Noli Me
Tangere, only 25 passages were nationalistic while 120 passages are anti-Catholic. Scrutiny of the
two novels by some members of Catholic observed Noli Me Tangere with 170 readings and El
Filibusterismo 50 passages are against the Catholic faith. Furthermore, they pointed out that Rizal
admitted that he did not only attack the friars but also the Catholic itself. They suggested reading
medium for learners to what they called Rizalian Anthology, a collection of Rizal’s written works
that contain the patriotic reasoning instead the two novels.
Here are the names who opposed the passage of the bill:
Senator Mariano Cuenco
Francisco Rodrigo - former Catholic Action President
Decoroso Rosales - brother of Julio Rosales, an archbishop.
Other oppositions from the Lower House
Ramon Durano
Marciano Lim
Manuel Soza
Godofredo Ramos
Miguel Cuenco
Jose Nuguid
Lucas Paredes
Tecla San Andres Ziga
Carmen Consing.
However, Recto and Laurel defended the bill and argued that the only objective of the law
is to keep the memory of the national hero alive in every Filipino’s mind, to emanate Rizal as he
peacefully fought for freedom, and not to go against religion. Along with them were, Senators
Quintin Paredes, Lorenzo Tanada and Domocao Alonto of Mindanao, Representatives from the
House Jacobo Gonzales, Emilio Cortez, Mario Bengson, Joaquin Roxas. Lancap Lagumbay and
Pedro Lopez.
The intense debate even went into physical, fist fight between Cebu Representative Ramon
Durano and Pampanga Representative Emilio Cortes.
Bacolod City Bishop Manuel Yap menaced to campaign against pro-Rizal bill legislators
and to punish them in the upcoming elections. Catholic Schools Representatives were menacing
the government to close down their schools if the Rizal Bill passed. Senator Recto told them that if
they did, the State could nationalize the Catholic schools in the country. There was a motion to use
the bowdlerize novels as textbooks and put the original copies under lock and key in the school
libraries but Recto rejected this amendment and expressed:
“The people who would banish the novel of Rizal from the schools...would blot out
from our minds the memory of the national hero... this is not a fight against Recto but a
fight against Rizal... now that Rizal is dead and they can no longer attempt at his life. they
are attempting to blot out his memory.”
Because of the never-ending debate on the Rizal Bill, approved amendments were
formulated through the proposal of three legislators from the upper house. Senator Laurel
proposed an amendment to the original bill in which, aside from Noii Me Tangere and El
Fiiibusterismo, other written works of Rizal must include and be read out the unexpurgated revision
of the two novels would no longer be compulsory to elementary and secondary levels but would
strictly be included in college level. Senator Lim recommends the relief to those students who feel
that reading Rizal’s novels would negatively affect his or her faith. Senator Primicias also proposed
amendment that promulgates the rules and regulations in getting an exemption only from reading
the two novels through written statement or affidavit and not from taking the Rizal course but
according to Ambeth Ocampo, no student has ever availed of this exemption. After the final
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“In accordance with section 185. Fair Use of a Copyrighted Work of Republic Act 8293, the copyrighted works included in this material may be
reproduced for educational purposes only and not for commercial distribution.”
Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No.: IM-GECMS1 -1STSEM-2022-2023
amendments, the bill was finally posed on May 17, 1956 end was signed into law as Republic Act
1425 by President Ramon Magsaysay on lune 12 of the same year.
Aims of Rizal Law
1. To rededicate the lives of the youth to the ideals of independence and nationalism,
for which our heroes lived and died.
2. To dignify our national hero for devoting his life and works in shaping the Filipino
character.
3. To stimulate patriotism through the study of Rizal’s life, works, and writings.
Jai-alai event
3. ESSENTIALS OF STUDYING RIZAL
1. Provides insights on how to deal with current problems.
“He who controls the past controls the future.” Rizal, a course or subject, is full of
relevant information and ideas from which one could base his decisions in life.
2. It helps people understand better us Filipinos.
The past allows people to know who they are. They comprehensively define
themselves not only in terms of where we are going but also where we come from.
The life of an essential national historical figure like lose Rizal contributes much to
shedding light on our collective experience and identity as Filipino. The excellent
grasp of the past offered by this subject would help us in dealing wisely with the
present.
3. It teaches nationalism and patriotism.
Nationalism requires the desire to acquire freedom and political independence
especially by a country under a foreign power.
Patriotism denotes proud devotion and loyalty to one's nation.
4. It provides several valuable life lessons.
Students can learn from the way Rizal faced various challenges in life.
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“In accordance with section 185. Fair Use of a Copyrighted Work of Republic Act 8293, the copyrighted works included in this material may be
reproduced for educational purposes only and not for commercial distribution.”
Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No.: IM-GECMS1 -1STSEM-2022-2023
5. It helps in developing logical and critical thinking.
Critical thinking refers to discerning, evaluative, and analytical” reasoning. A
Philosophy major, Jose Rizal’s insurrection demonstrated his essential skills of
thought in his polemical speeches, essays. satires, novels, and written arguments.
In deciding what to believe or do. Rizal also proved his being a rational,
reflective thinker, never succumbing to the irrational whims and unsupported
opinions of anyone. He indiscriminately evaluated and criticized even the teaching
of the influential religion of his time.
6. Rizal can serve as a valuable model and inspiration to every Filipino.
The hero's philosophies, convictions, life principles, thoughts, ideas, aspirations,
and dreams are a significant influence on anyone. Throughout his life, he valued
independence, respect for parents, love for siblings and loyalty to friends, and
maintained a sense of honor. As a man of intellect, he highly regarded academic
excellence, logical and critical reasoning, philosophical and scientific inquiry,
linguistic study, end education research. As an ordinary person, he manifested
versatility and flexibility while sustaining a strong sense of moral uprightness.
7. Life of Rizal is full of Fascination.
Rizal was involved in e love triangle with Antonio Luna was also part of the
romantic equation.
Rizal was a model in some of Juan Luna’s Paintings.
VI. REFERENCES
Ariola, M. (2018). The Life and Works of Rizal. Manila: Unlimited Books Library Services &
Publishing Inc.
Chua, M. (2019, July 20). Did the Americans make Rizal a hero? Retrieved August 19, 2020 from
https://www.manilatimes.net/2019/07/20/opinion/columnists/did-the-americans-make-rizal-a-hero/
586664/#:~:text=Constantino%20established%20Americans'%20sponsorship%20of,erection%20of
%20a%20national%20monument
De Viana, A., Cabrera, H., Samala, E., De Vera, M. & Atutubo, J. (2018) Jose Rizal: Social
Reformer and Patriot. Manila: Rex Bookstore, Inc.
Francisco, V., Francisco, PM., Dulay, M., Battung, J. & Bumidang, J. (2018). Rizal: A Modualr
Approach Based on the New CHED Curriculum. Manila: Mindshapers Co., Inc.
Garcia, H. (2019, June 14). Was Rizal an American-sponsored hero? Retrieved August 19, 2020
from https://philippinereporter.com/index.php/2019/06/14/was-rizal-an-american-sponsored-hero/
Pawilen, R., Crudo, ER., Guiwa, HI. & Pawilen, G. (2018). Course Module for The Life, Works, and
Writings of Rizal. Manila: Rex Bookstore, Inc.,
Pangilinan, M. (2018). Life and Works of Dr. Jose P. Rizal. Manila: Mindshapers Co., Inc.
Umali, V. et al. (2019). Jose Rizal: A Review on the Life and Works of the First Filipino.
Mandaluyong: Books Atbp. Publishing Corp.
1. illustrate the economic, socio-cultural, and political structures during the 19th century; and
2. analyze the economic, socio-cultural and political structures during the 19th century and its
corresponding implications to the present situation.
V. LESSON CONTENT
1. THE GLOBAL CONTEXT: THE THREE GREAT REVOLUTIONS
19th century covers 1800-1900 and it is known as the birth of modern life as well as the birth
of nation-states around the globe. During this time, modernity precipitated by the three great
revolution: Industrial, French, and American.
On November 17, 1860 French Ferdinand de Lesseps build the Suez Canal connecting
Red Sea and Mediterran ean Sea, linking Europe and Orient closer. It facilitated travel and
communication easier and faster. From three months voyage to Barcelona became one month. In
addition, More Spaniards flocked to the colony and swelled the Spanish Population. In 1810 there
were 4,000 and this number increased to 13, 500 in 1870 and 34, 000 in 1898 and other travelers.
3.5 The Influx of Liberal Ideas
The ships that come to the open ports of the Philippines via the Suez Canal carried with
them men of liberal ideas from America and Europe. They brought books and newspaper that
contained democratic ideologies and rational thoughts of the American and French Revolution.
The Filipinos, after reading such things, began to wonder at the deplorable political conditions in
the country. They started to discuss political reforms, liberty and justice.
VIII. REFERENCES
Ariola, M. (2018). The Life and Works of Rizal. Manila: Unlimited Books Library Services &
Publishing Inc.
De Viana, A., Cabrera, H., Samala, E., De Vera, M. & Atutubo, J. (2018) Jose Rizal: Social
Reformer and Patriot. Manila: Rex Bookstore, Inc.
Francisco, V., Francisco, PM., Dulay, M., Battung, J. & Bumidang, J. (2018). Rizal: A Modualr
Approach Based on the New CHED Curriculum. Manila: Mindshapers Co., Inc.
Pawilen, R., Crudo, ER., Guiwa, HI. & Pawilen, G. (2018). Course Module for The Life, Works, and
Writings of Rizal. Manila: Rex Bookstore, Inc.,
Pangilinan, M. (2018). Life and Works of Dr. Jose P. Rizal. Manila: Mindshapers Co., Inc.
Umali, V. et al. (2019). Jose Rizal: A Review on the Life and Works of the First Filipino.
Mandaluyong: Books Atbp. Publishing Corp.
V. LESSON CONTENT
1. FAMILY
1.1 JOSE RIZAL’S FAMILY
The Rizal Family belonged to the “principalia” an aristocratic town of distinguished families.
The family was able to live well by the dint of honest and hard work and frugal living. They get their
living from the farms, which were rented from the Dominican Order, they harvested rice, corn, and
sugarcane. They raised pigs, chickens, and turkeys in their backyard. Doña Teodora, Rizal’s
mother managed a general goods store and operated a small flour-mill and a home-made ham
press.They owned a carriage, which was a status symbol of the ilustrados in Spanish Philippines
and a private library (the largest in Calamba) which consisted of more than 1,000 volumes. Rizal
family had a simple, contented, and happy life. Don Francisco and Doña Teodora loved their
children, but they never spoiled them. They were strict parents and trained their children to love
God, to behave well, to be obedient, and to respect people, especially the old folks.They give their
children a sound spanking whenever they (children) got into mischief. They believed in the maxim:
“Spare the rod and spoil the child.”
Jose Rizal was born on June 19, 1861 in the town of Calamba, province of Laguna, then a
town with three to four thousand inhabitants, is located 54 kilometers south of Manila. “I was born
in Calamba on 19 June, 1861, between eleven and midnight, a few days before full moon. It was a
Wednesday and my coming out in this vale of tears would have cost my mother her life had she
not vowed to the virgin of Antipolo to take me to her sanctuary by way of pilgrimage.”- Dr. Jose
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“In accordance with section 185. Fair Use of a Copyrighted Work of Republic Act 8293, the copyrighted works included in this material may be
reproduced for educational purposes only and not for commercial distribution.”
Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No.: IM-GECMS1 -1STSEM-2022-2023
Rizal. The newborn was given the full name JOSE PROTACIO RIZAL MERCADO Y ALONSO
REALONDA, the apostle of Philippine freedom; and reasonably branded by the late Hon. Leon Ma.
Guerrero, the “first Filipino” for he was the first to use the term Filipino to refer himself. He was the
seventh child of the eleven children of Don Francisco and Doña Teodora.
Meaning of Name
JOSE Chosen by his mother who was a devotee of the Christian Saint San Jose
(St. Joseph – Patron Saint of workers).
PROTACIO Given by his father as second name as near to “protesto”
RIZAL (Ricial – greenfield ) given by Spanish alcalde
MERCADO Given to Jose’s great grandfather by their great-great grandfather Domingo
Lamco 1731 – meaning market
Y and
ALONSO Middle name of his mother
REALONDA Last name of his mother
On June 22, 1861, at the age of three days old, Jose Rizal was baptized in the Catholic
church of his town with Father Rufino Collantes, the parish priest who baptized the young hero, a
Batangueño and Father Pedro Casañas who was the godfather (ninong) of Rizal, native of
Calamba and close friend of his family. During the christening ceremony, Father Collantes advised
the Rizal family, “Take good care of this child, for someday he will become a great man.”
The Rizal Family Members
o The Hero’s Father - Don Francisco Mercado Rizal
Born in Biñan, Laguna, on May 11, 1818.
Studied Latin and Philosophy College of San Jose in Manila
After the death of their parents, he moved to Calamba and
became a tenant-farmer of the Dominican-owned hacienda.
On January 5, 1898 he died in Manila at the age of 80.
Jose describe him as “A model of fathers.”
“My father was a model of fathers had given us an education
commensurate with small fortune; and through thrift he was
able to build a stone, house; erect a little nipa house in the
middle of our orchard under the shade of some trees and
others.”
o The Hero’s Mother – Doña Teodora Alonso Y Realonda
Born in Meisik, Sta. Cruz, Manila on November 8, 1826.
Studied at Colegio de Sta. Rosa in Manila.
Died in Manila on August 19, 1911 at the age of 85.
A woman of refined culture and character, with exemplary literary
talents, a fortitude of a Spartan Woman, and wit business ability.
“My mother is a woman more than ordinary culture; she
knows literature and speaks Spanish better than I. She even
corrected my poems and gave me wise advises when I was
studying rhetoric. She is a mathematician and has read
many books. ”
o Paciano – 2nd
Closest brother of Jose born in 1851.
Confidant of Jose Rizal and he convinced the young hero to study
in Europe without their parents’ permission.
Joined the Philippine Revolution and became a combat general in
1900’s.
Died on April 13, 1930, an old bachelor aged 79.
Had two children by his mistress (Severina Decena)
o Narcisa – 3rd
Born in 1852 and nicknamed as “Sisa.”
Married to Antonio Lopez (nephew of Father Leoncio Lopez).
Musician and educator of Pueblo de Morong (former name of Rizal
Province).
Can recite from memory most of Jose’s poems.
o Olimpia – 4th
Born in 1855. Her nickname was “Ypia”
Married to Silvestre Ubaldo, a telegraph operator from Manila.
She died while giving birth in 1887.
o Lucia – 5th
Born in 1857.
Married to Mariano Herbosa of Calamba. Their children were
Delfina, first wife of General Salvador Natividad and helped
Marcela Agoncillo make the first Philippine flag in Hongkong;
Concepcion; Patrocinio, who married Jose Battalones; Teodisio,
who married Lucina Vitingco; Estanislao and Paz, Victoria and
Jose. Herbosa died of cholera and was denied of Christian burial
being the brother-in-law of Jose Rizal.
o Maria – 6th
Born in 1859, given a nickname “Biang.”
She married Daniel Faustino Cruz of Biñan, Laguna and blessed
with 5 children.
o Josefa – 9th
Born in 1865
Panggoy – nickname
Remained single until her death in 1951 at the aged of 83.
o Trinidad – 10th
o Soledad – 11th
Born in 1870
The youngest, “Choleng” married to Pantaleon Quintero of
Calamba and was blessed with five children. She became a
teacher, is said to have been “the best educated” among
Rizal’s sisters. Died at the age of 59.
2. CHILDHOOD
2.1 THE TOWN THAT INSPIRES A HERO
Calamba was located in the midst of a rich agricultural region in Laguna, the lake province
of Luzon, famed for coconut in the hillsides and sugar cane in the valleys. It is enclosed between
the vast Laguna de Bay and the enchanted Mt. Makiling. It endowed the area with breathtaking
landscape and comforting nature that tenderly fondles the townsfolk from dawn to twilight (Umali,
et al., 2019).
The Dominican friars virtually owned the town of Calamba and its haciendas at the time,
hence, non-Spanish families were only renting the lands they tilled and were subject to pay taxes,
mostly excessive in money or kind (Constantino, 2005 as cited by Umali, et.al., 2019). The system
was known as the encomienda that left people very vulnerable to cruelty and discrimination from
the Dominican friars. Despite those cruelties, Calamba still offered opportunities. Rizal himself
wrote a poem reminiscing his happy moment in the town of Calamba, entitled “Un Recuerdo A Mi
Pueblo” (In Memory of My Town).
The house of the Rizal family was one of the distinguished in Calamba during Spanish
times. It was a two- storey building, rectangular in shape, built of adobe stones and hard woods,
and roofed with red tiles.
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“In accordance with section 185. Fair Use of a Copyrighted Work of Republic Act 8293, the copyrighted works included in this material may be
reproduced for educational purposes only and not for commercial distribution.”
Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No.: IM-GECMS1 -1STSEM-2022-2023
3. EARLY EDUCATION
3.1 RIZAL’S EARLY EDUCATION
Doña Teodora – Rizal’s first teacher
At the age of 3, he learned alphabet and the prayers
TUTORS OF RIZAL
o Maestro Celestino
o Maestro Lucas Padua
o Leon Monroy – former classmate of his Father
o Maestro Justiano Aquino Cruz – first formal teacher of Rizal in Biñan, Laguna (1869-1871)
at the age of 9
o The boys in the class, especially Pedro, the teacher’s son laughed at Pepe’s answers.
o In the afternoon of his day in school, when the teacher was having his siesta, Jose met
the bully, Pedro.
o He was angry for making fun of him during his conversation with the teacher.
o Pepe challenged Pedro to a fight.
o Pedro readily accepted the fight thinking that he could easily beat the Calamba boy who
was smaller and younger.
o Having learned the art of wrestling from his athletic Tio Manuel, Pepe defeted Pedro.
o He became popular among his classmates.
o Andres Salandanan challenged Pepe to an arm-wrestling match.
o Having the weaker arm, Pepe lost and nearly cracked his head on the sidewalk.
o He had succeeding fights with the boys of Binan.
o He was not quarrelsome by nature, but he never ran away from a fight.
o Pepe spent his leisure hours with teacher Justiniano’s father-in-law, master painter
Juancho.
o He took the opportunity to become an apprentice together with his classmate Jose
Guevarra.
o Sooner they became the class best painters.
o Pepe led a frugal and methodical life in Binan.
o However, upon the intercession of Manuel Xerez Burgos, nephew of Father Burgos, he
was admitted.
o registered as Jose Rizal
o His college was located in Intramuros, within the walls of Manila.
o He boarded in a house outside Intramuros, on Caraballo Street, 25 minutes walk from the
college. The boarding house was owned by a spinster named Titay who owed the Rizal
(Mercado) family an amount of P300.
Rizal at UST
o Being a child of a family landowners, Jose Rizal decided to study for a degree in Land
Surveying and Assessment at Ateneo Municipal de Manila and graduated on March 14,
1877, with honors or sobresaliente.
o In 1878, he pursued his passion for arts as he enrolled at the Faculty of Arts and Letters for
a degree in Philosophy at the University of Santo Tomas.
o He also enrolled Medicine major in ophthalmology with the intention and desire to cure his
mother’s failing eyesight.
IX. REFERENCES
Ariola, M. (2018). The Life and Works of Rizal. Manila: Unlimited Books Library Services &
Publishing Inc.
De Viana, A., Cabrera, H., Samala, E., De Vera, M. & Atutubo, J. (2018) Jose Rizal: Social
Reformer and Patriot. Manila: Rex Bookstore, Inc.
Francisco, V., Francisco, PM., Dulay, M., Battung, J. & Bumidang, J. (2018). Rizal: A Modualr
Approach Based on the New CHED Curriculum. Manila: Mindshapers Co., Inc.
Pangilinan, M. (2018). Life and Works of Dr. Jose P. Rizal. Manila: Mindshapers Co., Inc.
Pawilen, R., Crudo, ER., Guiwa, HI. & Pawilen, G. (2018). Course Module for The Life, Works, and
Writings of Rizal. Manila: Rex Bookstore, Inc.
Umali, V. et al. (2019). Jose Rizal: A Review on the Life and Works of the First Filipino.
Mandaluyong: Books Atbp. Publishing Corp.
V. LESSON CONTENT
During his college days at UST, Rizal was involved in brawls. During the summer
vacation in 1878, while walking on dimly street he got injured.
He was struck by sword. The injury took two weeks.
He reported the incident and filed complaint but nothing happened.
Beside this, he also encountered other form of brawls.
Literary Triumph at UST
TO THE FILIPINO YOUTH Rizal, 18 years old, submitted his poem entitled A La
(1879) Juventud Filipina (To the Filipino Youth)
The first prize, a feather shaped, gold ribbon decorated
silver pen was given to Rizal.
In the poem, Rizal beseeched the Filipino to rise from
lethargy, to let their genius fly swifter than the wind and
descend with art science to break the chains that have
long bound the spirit of the people
THE COUNCIL OF THE GODS Another literary contest by the Artistic-Literary Lyceum to
(1880) commemorate the fourth centennial of the death of
Cervantes, Spanish and author of Don Quixote.
Manuel De Cervantes – Spain’s glorified man of letter.
Rizal submitted an allegorical drama, El Consejo de los
Dioses (The Council of the Gods)
The allegory was based on Greek classics
Rizal was aided by Father Rector of the Ateneo in
securing the needed reference materials
The contestwas participated by priest,
laymen, professors of UST, newspapermen and
scholars.
Rizal won the first price; he received
a gold ring engraved with bust of Cervantes.
Life in Madrid
November 3, 1882 - Rizal moved into Madrid in order to
continue his medical studies. Universidad Central de Madrid
He also studied painting and sculpture in the Academy of Fine
Arts of San Fernando
Lessons in French, English, Fencing and Shooting in the Hall
of Arms of Sanz Carbonel
Romance with Consuelo Ortiga Y Perez – daughter of Don
Consuelo Ortiga Y
Pablo Ortiga Y Rey (Mayor of Manila)
Perez
He composed a poem dedicated to her “A La Señorita
C. O. y P.” (To Miss C. O. y P.)
Rizal backed out (still engaged with Leonor Rivera and Eduardo de Lete, his friend
had fallen inloved with Consuelo)
The only vice of the hero “Lottery”
He bought books and was able to have a fair-sized private library in his boarding house.
Bad news: Calamba Sugarcane plantations failed; Land rentals increased; and Rizal’s
allowance
3. First Homecoming
Rizal established a medical clinic at Calamba - he opened a clinic at Calamba and did
charity works thus he was called Dr. Uliman “because he came from Germany”
He opened gymnasium for young folks. (gymnastics, fencing, shooting)
Failure to see Leonor Rivera – he tried to go to Dagupan, Pangasinan but his parents
absolutely forbade him because Leonor Rivera’s mother did not like him as son-in-law.
With a heavy heart, Rizal bowed to his parents. He was then a victim of his time that
marriages must be arranged by the parents of both groom and bride.
Life threat – his novel angered the Augustinian friars, Salvador Font and Jose Rodriguez
and banned the reading of the Noli for it was considered heretic or against the Catholic and
may destroy the faith and beliefs of Christians. But some Filipinos read it in secret that
made the awakening of Filipino Nationalism. Emilio Terrero as a liberal governor-general at
that time sided Rizal’s idea in the novel that he even provided Rizal a personal body guard
in the person of Jose Taviel de Andrade. Beside those issues, Rizal gained attention from
his fellow Filipinos and he got defenders
February 18, 1888 Rizal and Basa visited Macao, a Portuguese colony. They boarded the ferry
steamer, Ku-Kiang. The city is small, low and gloomy. There are many junks, sampans, but few
steamers. The city looks sad and almost dead. In this place, they stayed at the home of Don Juan
Francisco Lecaros, a Filipino married to a Portuguese lady. Lecaros was rich and had a wide
garden planted with trees and flowering plants.
o In Macao, Rizal and Basa visited the theatre, casino, cathedral, churches, pagodas,
botanical gardens, and bazaars. They saw the famous Grotto of Camoens, Portugal’s
national poet.
February 20, 1888 After their two-day sojourn in Macao, Rizal and Basa returned to Hong Kong on
board again on the steamer Ku-Kiang.
February 22, 1888 - Rizal left Hong Kong alone. on board the Oceanic, an American steamer for
Japan, his next destination. Rizal liked the ship because it was clean and efficiently managed but
did not like the meals on board. Other passengers of the ship were two Portuguese, two Chinese,
several British and an American woman Protestant missionary. His cabin mate was a British
Protestant missionary who lived in China for 27 years.
→ Romantic Interlude in Japan (1888)
February 28, 1888 Rizal arrived in Yokohama, Japan and registered at the Grand Hotel.
February 29, 1888 - He proceeded to Tokyo and took a room at Tokyo Hotel where he stayed for
six (6) days. Japan was to him the “Land of the Cherry Blossoms” because of its natural beauty
and the charming manners of the Japanese people.
o When he was in Tokyo, he was visited by Juan Perez Caballero, secretary of the Spanish
legation. Tokyo is more expensive than Paris. The streets are large and wide, according to
Rizal’s letter to Blumentritt. He lived at the Spanish legation after accepting the invitation for
two reasons: (1) he could economize his living expenses and (2) he had nothing to hide to
the eyes of Spanish authorities.
o During his first day in Tokyo, Rizal was embarrassed because he did not know the
Japanese language although he looked like a Japanese. he had a hard time shopping for
he could not be understood. To avoid further embarrassment, he decided to study the
Japanese language. In a few days, he was able to speak the language. He also studied the
Japanese drama (kabuki), and visited the museums, libraries, art galleries, shrines, and
Japanese villages. While he was promenading the Tokyo Park, Rizal heard the band
playing Western music. He was impressed by the superb performance of the band.
However, he was not impressed of the mode of transportation because the rickshaws were
drawn by men, which made Rizal disgusted because according to him, human beings are
working like horses.
o Rizal met Seiko-San, a pretty Japanese girl and the only daughter of a Japanese samurai.
Her real name was Seiko Usui but Rizal called her O-Sei-San. They almost met daily as
they visited interesting spots of the city, like the Imperial Art Gallery, the Imperial Library,
the city parks and picturesque shrines. O-Sei-San served as Rizal’s guide, interpreter, and
tutor. Rizal and O-Sei-San love each other and the latter did not experience in her 23 years
an ecstasy of true love. After the death of Rizal in 1896, O-Sei-San married to Alfred
Charlton, British teacher of Chemistry and their love was blessed by a daughter, Yuriko,
who later married Japanese senator.
Rizal’s Impression of Japan
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o The beauty of the country – flowers, mountains, streams, and scenic panorama.
o Cleanliness, politeness, and industry of the Japanese people.
o The picturesque dress and simple charm of the Japanese women.
o Few thieves in Japan – House remained opened day and night.
o Beggars were rarely seen in the city streets, unlike manila and other cities.
May 16, 1888 – Rizal left US and went to London through City of Rome, the second largest ship in
the world next to the great Eastern.
May 24, 1888 – He reached Liverpool and stayed there. He described the place as “big and
beautiful city.”
o After one day he moved to London and stayed there for a short time as guest at the home
of Dr. Antonio Ma. Regidor, a practicing lawyer in London and exile of 1872.
o Later he lodged at 37 Chalcot, Crescent, Primrose Hill. He boarded at Beckett family. Mr.
Beckett was the organist of St. Paul’s church. Gertrude called "Gettie” or “Tottie” was the
oldest of the Beckett sisters. He spent Sundays in the house of Dr. Reinhold Rost, the
librarian of the ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Authority of Malayan languages. Rizal
played cricket (English game) and boxed with Dr. Rost son. Rizal also spent most of his
time in the British Museums annotating Morga’s book, Successos de los Islas Filipinas
(Historical Events of the Philippine Islands), which was published in Mexico in 1609. For
about ten (10) months, Rizal was deeply immersed in his historical studies in London.
While in London, Rizal received bad and good news, the bad news were:
o (1) persecution of the Filipino patriots who signed the petition addressed to the Queen
Regent of Spain requesting the expulsion of the friars in the Philippines. The petition was
signed by M.H. Del Pilar and 800 patriots;
o (2) attacks on Rizal by Senators Salamanca and Vida in the Spanish Cortes and
Wenceslao E. Retana or” Desenganos” and Pablo Feced or” Quioquiap” in the Spanish
newspapers;
o (3) persecution of Rizal’s family and other Calamba farmers for their courage to petition the
government for agrarian reforms,
o (4) exile of Manuel T. Hidalgo, (husband of Rizal’s oldest sister, Saturnina), by Governor-
General Weyler to Bohol without due process;
o (5) arrest and jailing of Rizal’s friend Lauriano Viado in Bilibid Prison because of the copies
of "Noli” found in his house.
September, 1888 - Rizal visited Paris for a week to search for more historical materials in the
Biblioteque Nationale. In this place, he was entertained by Juan Luna and wife Paz Pardo de
Tavera and showed their son Andres (Luling).
December 11,1888 - He went again to Spain and visited Madrid and Barcelona. He went to visit his
compatriots Marcelo H. Del Pilar and Mariano Ponce, two great leaders of the Propaganda
Movement. he exchanged ideas with them and promised to cooperate in the fight for reforms.
December 24, 1888 - He returned to London and spent Christmas and New Year’s with the
Beckett family.
o During the Christmas eve (Noche Buena), Rizal wrote and sent Blumentritt a Christmas
gift a bust of Emperor Augustus which he made. He also sent to another friend Dr.
Carlos Czepelak (a Polisl1 scholar) a bust of Julius Ceasar as a Christmas gift Knowing
that Rizal had a great admiration in magic, Mrs. Beckett gave him a Christmas gift, a
book entitled “The Life and Adventures of Valentine Vox, the Ventriloquist”.
May 6, 1889 - Rizal and his friends attended the opening ceremonies of the Universal Exposition of
Paris. Rizal saw the cutting of the ribbon of Pres. Sodi Carnot of the French Republic. The
exposition drew a vast crowd of tourists and persons of more than 200,000. The greatest attraction
of the exposition was the Eiffel Tower which was built by Alexander Eiffel, a famous French
engineer. An International Art Competition was held in which Felix R. Hidalgo’s painting won
second prize, Felix Pardo de Tavera, and Juan Luna’s paintings obtained third prize while Rizal’s
entry (a bust) did not qualify for the exhibition.
June 24, 1889 Rizal stood as baptismal godfather (ninong) to a baby girl born to Juan Luna and
Paz Pardo de Tavera. She was their second child, Rizal chose the name of the baby girl a “Marie
de la Paz, Blanca, Laureana, Hermenegilda Inana y Pardo de Tavera”
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Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No.: IM-GECMS1 -1STSEM-2022-2023
Rizal’s Organization in Paris
o Kidlat Club – (March 19, 1889) purely a social society of a temporary nature. It was
formed by Rizal to bring together the young Filipinos in the French capital so that they
could enjoy their sojourn in the city during the Universal Exposition.
o Indios Bravos – (Brave Indians/Filipinos) replaced Kidlat Club. Its members pledged to
excel in intellectual and physical prowess in order to win the admiration of foreigners,
particularly Spanish.
o R.D.L.M Society (Redemcion de los Malayos) - September 21, 1889 Rizal founded
another society during the Universal Exposition in Paris. Rizal rigidly guarded its secret
existence. Some of its members were Gregorio Aguilera, Jose Ma. Basa, Julio Dorente,
Marcelo H. Del Pilar, Mariano Ponce, Baldomero Roxas and Father Jose Maria
Chongco (Filipino priest).
August 1889 Rizal scheduled the holding of the inaugural convention of the “International
Association of Filipinologists” in Paris. The aim of the association is to study the Philippines from
scientific and historical point of view. The officers were Dr. Ferdinand Blumentritt (Austrian) as
President; Mr. Edmund Plauchut (French) as Vice President; Dr. Reinhold Rost (Anglo. German),
as counselor; Dr. Antonio Ma. Regidor (F111pmo-Sparush) as another counselor; and Dr. Jose
Rizal (Filipino) as the secretary himself. The Inaugural convention did not materialize because the
French government discouraged the holding of the conference by private organizations during the
period of the international exposition.
January 15, 1890 - Rizal returned to Paris. Riz'al complained of a terrible headache, but he was
not stricken with flu which was an epidemic raging in Europe at that time. He left Paris for two (2)
reasons: (1) the cost of living in Paris is very high and his money is dwindling; (2) the gay social life
of the city that hampered his literary works, especially the writing of his second novel El
Filibusterismo.
July 18,1890 - Rizal also wrote Ponce of his determination to go home because of the suffering
that affected his family. His parents, relatives, and friends in the Philippines were persecuted.
o August 19, 1890 Rizal - received a sad news on the untimely death of his friend,
Jose Ma. Panganiban, a talented Bicolano and co-workers in the PrOpaganda
Movement. Panganiban died in Barcelona on this date after a lingering illness.
o Aborted Duel with Antonio Luna - August 30, 1890 -Rizal attended a social reunion
of the Filipinos in Madrid. Juan Luna, who was no longer sober and was jealous of
Rizal because he was frustrated with his romance with Nellie Boustead, made
unsavory remarks against Nellie. Rizal who have a high sense of chivalry heard the
unsavory remarks of Luna. He then challenged the latter to a duel. The Filipinos
who were present during the occasion pacified the two pointing out to both that such
duel Would jeopardize their cause in Spain. Fortunately, when Luna became sober,
he realized his bad remarks against Nellie and thereafter apologized to Rizal. Rizal
accepted his apology and the two became friend again.
o Rizal – Retaña Duel - On another occasion, Rizal challenged Wenceslao E. Retana,
hisbitterenemy. Retana used to attack the Filipinos including Rizal in various
newspapers in Madrid and other cities in Spain. Also, Retana published in the
newspapers that Rizal’s family had not paid their rents to the Dominican Orders so
they were ejected from their lands in Calamba. Angered by the insult of Retana,
Rizal challenged him to a duel. To save his own skin, Retana at once published
retraction and an apology in the newspaper.
o December 1890 - Rizal received a letter from Leonor Rivera announcing he coming
marriage to an Englishman (the choice of her mother) and asking his forgiveness.
Rizal was stunned of this sad news from Leonor. Rizal, who was engaged with
Leonor Rivera, was left broken-hearted.
o Rizal – Del Pilar Rivalry - Later Part of December 1890 Rizal and MH. Del Pilar
(Rizal’s fearless lawyer-joumalist) were rivals for leadership supremacy.
Unfortunately, some of his former admirers supported del Pilai’s supremacy. The
Filipinos resented Rizal’s interference of their private lives who loved women, wine,
and cards. January 1, 1891 - About 90 Filipinos met on New Year’s Day to patch up
Rizal and Del Pilar’s differences and to intensify the campaign for reform. Owing to
the intrigues of his jealous compatriots, Rizal retired from the Propaganda
Movement and instead focused himself in the publication of his second novel,
practice his medical profession and to make a more vigorous campaign for his
country.
February 7, 1891 The Filipinos put up Responsable, a leader to direct the affairs of the Filipino
community and to determine the editorial policy of the La Solidaridad. Del Pilar objected to the
placing of the newspaper under the Responsable but was willing to publish articles that would
express the aspirations and demands of the Filipino people. Rizal was elected as Responsible but
he graciously declined the coveted position. he believed that some of his compatriots who
supported Rizal disliked him.
March 29, 1891- This was the eve of his departure from Biarritz to Paris. He finished writing the
manuscript for El Filibusterismo.
April 4, 1891 - From Paris, Rizal wrote his friend Jose Ma. Basa who was in Hong Kong of his
desire to go to the British colony a first steamer ticket from Europe to Hong Kong.
April 15, 1891 - Rizal went back to Brussels where he was happily received by the Jacoby
landladies and by petite Suzanne (the Belgian girl who loved him).
May 1, 1891 - Rizal notified the Propaganda authorities in Manila to cancel his monthly allowance
and devote money to the education of young Filipino students in Europe. Simultaneous with his
retirement from the Propaganda Movement, he also ceased writing articles for La Solidaridad.
May 30, 1891 -Rizal almost completed the revision of El Filibusterismo and readied it for printing.
June 13, 1891 Rizal informed Basa that he was negotiating with a printing firm for the printing of
his Fili. Only three chapters left to be corrected. It is longer than Noli.
→ Rizal in Ghent and El Filibusterismo (1891)
July 5, 1891 Rizal left Brussels for Ghent, a famous university city in Belgium. Owing to his limited
funds, he lived in a cheap boarding house with Jose Alejandro, a roommate who years later
became general during the Filipino American War of 1899-1900. He was also an engineer.
Rizal moved to Ghent because the cost of printing in Ghent was cheaper than in Brussels and he
escaped the attraction of Petite Suzanne.
August 7, 1891 - Rizal received a letter from M.H. del Pilar requesting him to resume writing for
the La Solidaridad. In reply, Rizal wrote denying any resentment and explained why he stopped
writing for La Solidaridad. In his letter to del Pilar, he said he wanted other Filipinos to work for La
Solidarida and to leave del Pilar alone to direct the policy in the newspaper and Rizal don’t want to
meddle in it.
Ottober 3, 1891 - Rizal left Ghent for Paris, two weeks after the publication of the Fili. He stayed a
few days in Paris to bid goodbye to his friends.
October 14, 1891 - From Paris he went to Marseilles.
VIII. REFERENCES
Ariola, M. (2018). The Life and Works of Rizal. Manila: Unlimited Books Library Services &
Publishing Inc.
De Viana, A., Cabrera, H., Samala, E., De Vera, M. & Atutubo, J. (2018). Jose Rizal: Social
Reformer and Patriot. Manila: Rex Bookstore, Inc.
Francisco, V., Francisco, PM., Dulay, M., Battung, J. & Bumidang, J. (2018). Rizal: A Modualr
Approach Based on the New CHED Curriculum. Manila: Mindshapers Co., Inc.
Pangilinan, M. (2018). Life and Works of Dr. Jose P. Rizal. Manila: Mindshapers Co., Inc.
Pawilen, R., Crudo, ER., Guiwa, HI. & Pawilen, G. (2018). Course Module for The Life, Works, and
Writings of Rizal. Manila: Rex Bookstore, Inc.
Umali, V. et al. (2019). Jose Rizal: A Review on the Life and Works of the First Filipino.
Mandaluyong: Books Atbp. Publishing Corp.
Zaide, G. & Zaide, S. (2008). Life, Works, and Writing of a Genius, Writer, scientist, and National
Hero. Quezon City: All Nations, Publishing Co. Inc.
V. LESSON CONTENT
On board the steamer Cebu, Rizal left Manila, sailing through the islands of Mindoro and
Panay, until seven o’clock in the evening of July 17, 1892. He reached Dapitan, a remote town in
NVSU-FR-ICD-05-00 (081220) Page 37 of 109
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Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No.: IM-GECMS1 -1STSEM-2022-2023
Mindanao which was under the missionary jurisdiction of the Jesuits. Dapitan became the solitary
witness since July 31, 1896. One of the most fruitful periods with varied achievements in Rizal’s
life. His stay in the town was more than a life in exile-it was the period when Rizal had more than
focused on serving the people and the society through his civic works, medical practices, land
development, and promotion of education; it was the period when Rizal found, somehow, his brief
interlude of peace and freedom.
During the early part of his exile in the town, Rizal lived at the residence of Captain
Carcinero-politico-military governor of the district-because he did not agree with the conditions laid
to him by Fr. Pablo Pastells, superior of the Jesuit parish priests of Dapitan. The conditions were
the following:
1. Rizal must publicly retract his errors concerning religion, and make statements that were
clearly pro-Spanish and against revolution;
2. he must perform the church rites and make a general confession of his past life; and
3. Rizal must present himself in an exemplary manner as a Spanish subject and a man of
religion.
As a result, Captain Carcinero and Rizal became good friends, he believed Rizal had fine
qualities and personality and was not a filibuster. The officer gave Rizal complete freedom to roam
everywhere and report only once to him in a week.
On September 21, 1892, Butuan, mail boat which brought the news about Rizal’s winning
in the lottery. Rizal, Carcinero and Francisco Equilor (Spanish resident in Dipolog, neighbor town
of Dapitan) jointly owned the ticket no. 9736. The prize amounts Php 20, 000. 00. Rizal’s share is
Php 6, 200.00. He gave his father Php 2,000.00, Php 200.00 to Roman Basa in Hong Kong, the
rest he invested thru purchasing agricultural lands from the coast of Talisay about kilometer away
from Dapitan.
In Dapitan, Rizal had a scholarly debate with Father Pastells (September 1, 1892 – April
1893) on religion. The debate started when Pastells sent Rizal a book by Sarda along with an
advice that Rizal should desist from his majaderas (foolishness) in viewing religion from the
perspective of individual judgement and self-esteem. In his letter to Fr. Pastells, Rizal revealed his
anti-Catholic ideas because of his bitterness of the Spanish friars who committed abuses. He
believed that individual judgment is a gift from God and everybody should use it. Fr. Pastells tried
his best to win Rizal’s faith back but apparently he failed and they ended up having religious
differences. However, Rizal still continued to be Catholic even he didn’t subscribe to Pastells’
interpretation of church doctrines. He attended masses and celebrated Christmas and other
religious activities in Dapitan. The friar gave Rizal a copy of famous Catholic book by Father
Thomas Kempis entitled “Imitacion de Cristo” (Imitation of Christ) in reciprocation, Rizal gave him a
bust of St. Paul whom he made.
While having a debate with Father Pastells, through letters, Rizal got involved in a quarrel
to Mr. Juan Larder, a French friend and business man. The latter purchased many logs from the
lands of Rizal but these were of poor quality. Angered by the letter of Antonio Miranda, a Dapitan
businessman, expressing his disgust over the business deal, Rizal got mad and challenged Mr.
Larder into a duel. Rather than accepting the duel, Mr. Larder wrote an apology letter to Rizal and
he accepted it.
As an Engineer –
He practiced his title as an expert surveyor (perito agrimensor) from the Ateneo
Municipal. He constructed the Water System of Dapitan and Mr. H.F. Cameron
American engineer praised him for his engineering ingenuity. He also has
community projects in Dapitan:
Drained the marshes to get rid of malaria that was infesting Dapitan
Equipped the town with lighting system using Php 500 one of his patients paid
him. The lighting system consisted of coconut oil lamps
Beautified the town of Dapitan by remodeling the town plaza and making a huge
relief map of Mindanao out of earth, stones and grass.
As an Educator –
Rizal established in Dapitan a school. It began with 3 pupils who increased to 16
and eventually 21. 16 of his pupils did not pay tuition. Instead of charging them
fees, Rizal made them work in his gardens and construction projects. Formal
classes were between 2:00 p.m. and 4:00 p.m. He also applied the “emperor”
system like that of Ateneo. During recess, pupils-built fires to drive away insects,
pruned fruit trees and manured the soil. Outside class hours, students had
As an Agriculturist –
Rizal devoted his time in planting crops and fruit bearing trees in his 16-hectare
land later it turned 70 hectares. (Cacao, Coffee, Sugarcane)
He imported modern machinery from United States and introduced to the native
farmers of Dapitan because he believed that the place is suitable for cattle raising
but his plan did not materialize.
As a Businessman –
With Ramon Carreon, his partner, Rizal tried fishing, copra and hemp industries.
As an Inventor –
In 1887, he invented a special lighter
(cigarette lighter) called sulpukan/sulpakan
during his medical practice and he sent it to
Blumentritt as a gift. The wooden lighter’s
mechanism was based on the principle of
compressed air.
Wooden brick-maker that can manufacture
about 6,000 bricks a day.
As an Artist –
Rizal contributed paintings to the Sisters of Charity who were preparing the
sanctuary of the Holy Virgin.
Made sketches of persons and things that attracted him in Dapitan
Modeled a statuette called “The Mother’s Revenge” to stress the moral of the
incident where a puppy of his dog, Syria, was eaten by a crocodile
Constructed a statue of a girl called “The Dapitan Girl”, a woodcarving of
Josephine Bracken (Rizal’s wife)
Made a bust of St. Paul for Father Pastells
As a Linguist –
He studied and made comparisons of the Bisayan and Malayan languages in the
region.
He has knowledge in 22 languages (Tagalog, Ilocano, Bisayan, Subanum,
Spanish, Latin, Greek, English, French, German, Arabic, Malayan, Hebrew,
Sanskrit, Dutch, Catalan, Italian, Chinese, Japanese, Portuguese, Sweddish, and
Russian).
As a Scientist –
Rizal’s Contributions to Science
Rizal sent specimens he found to the museum of Europe especially the Dresden
Museum. In turn, he received scientific books and surgical instruments
He had (1) built up a rich collection of concology (consisting of 346 shells of 203
species) (2) discovered rare specimens like: Draco rizali(a flying dragon),
Apogonia rizali (a small beetle, Rhacophorus rizali(a rare frog)
Conducted anthropological, ethnographical, archaeological, geological and
geographical studies.
Prior the outbreak of the revolution, the Katipunan leader, Andres Bonifacio, sought the
advice of Rizal. In a secret meeting on May 2, 1896, at Bitukang Manok River in Pasig, the
group agreed to send Pio Valenzuela as a representative to Dapitan who would inform Rizal of
their plan to launch a revolution against the Spaniards.
With a round trip first class ticket worth P60, Valenzuela went to Dapitan and used the
name, Procopio Bonifacio. Aboard the steamship Venus, he arrived at the bay of Dapitan on
June 21, 1896. Together with him in the ship were Josephine Bracken, Rizal’s sister Narcissa,
and Rizal’s niece, Angelica Lopez. From the ship, Valenzuela together with two other
companions, Raymundo Mata, a blind man, and Rufino Magos, an attendant proceeded directly
to the house of Rizal.
At night, Rizal invited Valenzuela for dinner. After supper, they talked in the garden.
There, Valenzuela told him of the Katipunan’s plan. Regarding this, Rizal outspokenly objected
Bonifacio’s “premature” idea for two reasons:
a. The Filipinos were still unprepared for such bloody revolution; and
b. The Katipunan lacked machinery-before plotting a revolution, there must be sufficient
arms and funds collected.
Rizal also advised the Katipunan leaders to attract “all wealthy and influential persons of
Manila and the provinces” to join the secret organization. To attract the rich, he suggested them
to seek help of Antonio Luna. Rizal believed that Luna would be very helpful in the revolution
because “he can direct the campaign in case of hostilities break out”. Valenzuela, on the other
hand, told Rizal of their plan to rescue him in Dapitan. Again, the exiled hero disagreed
because he had no plan of breaking his word of honor to the Spanish authorities. So
Valenzuela went back to Manila without convincing Rizal.
5. Military Doctor in Cuba
On July 30, 1896, Rizal was given a go-signal to go to Cuba to serve as voluntary military
doctor during the Cuban Revolution and there was a yellow fever epidemic through the letter of
Governor General Ramon Blanco. After four years, thirteen days and a few hours, Rizal bade
goodbye to Dapitan as he rode the España, steamer which brought Rizal to Manila. He was
accompanied by Josephine, Narcisa, Angelica (Narcisa’s daughter), his three nephews and six
pupils.
August 6, 1896 – The España arrived in Manila on a Thursday morning. he failed to catch the
mail ship Isla de Luzon because it had earlier departed midnight of the same day. Governor-
General Blanco, on orders, transferred Rizal to the Spanish cruiser Castilla. Captain Enrique
gave Rizal a good accommodation because Rizal was told that he was not a prisoner but a
guest on board in order to avoid difficulties from friends and enemies. Rizal stayed in the
cruiser for about a month (August 6 to September 3, 1896) pending in the availability of a
Spain-bound ship.
August 26, 1896 – The Cry of Balintawak was raised by Bonifacio and hi9 valiant Katipuneros.
August 30, 1896 – Bonifacio and Iacinto attacked San Juan (Battles of San Juan). In the
afternoon, Governor-General Blanco proclaimed a state of war in the first eight provinces
Manila (as a province), Bulacan, Cavite, Batangasl Laguna, Pampanga, Nueva Ejica, and
Tarlac. Rizal learned of the eruption and the raging battles in Manila through the newspapers
he read while on board the steamer Cutllla On this day also, mu] rewwed a letter absolvmg
him all blame for raging revolution.
September 2, 1896 – At 6 00 p.m., Rizal was transferred to the steamer Isla de Panay “huh
was to sail for Barcelona, Spam. This was his last trip to Spam. Among his fellow passengers
on board were Don Pedro Roxas (rich Manila industrialist) and his son Periquin.
September 7, 1896 – Rizal arrived in Singapore in the evening of September 7. Together with
other passengers, he went sightseeing and shopping. He was, however, placed under arrest
by the ship skipper Captain Alimany, upon instruction from Manila government. Rizal was
unaware that since his departure from Manila Bay on his way to Spain, Govemor-General
Blanco was secretly conspiring with the Minister of War and the Colonies for his destruction.
The two were exchanging coded telegrams and confidential messages for his arrest. He was
secretly being kept under surveillance.
September 30, 1896 - The steamer anchored at Malta at about 6:25 in the evening. Being a
prisoner, he was confined in his cabin. He was not able to visit the famous island fortress of
the Christian crusaders.
October 3, 1896 - The steamer Isla de Panay arrived in Barcelona about 10:00 o’clock in the
evening. The trip from Manila to Barcelona lasted for 30 days. He was kept under heavy guard
in the cabin for three (3) days by General Eulogio Despujol and his men. The General
happened to be the same person who ordered his banishment to Dapitan in July 1892.
October 6, 1896 – At 3:00 am. of October 6, he was awakened and escorted to the infamous
prison-fortress Monjuich. He spent the whole morning inside the cell. At 2:00 p.rn. he was
taken out of the cell and brought to the headquarters of General Despujol. He was told that he
would be shipped back to Manila on board the ship Colon. At 8:00 pm. Rizal was taken aboard
the ship which was full of soldiers, officers, and their families. The ship left Barcelona with
Rizal on board.
October 11, 1896 – Rizal’s diary was taken away before reaching Port Said. His diary was
critically scrutinized by the Spanish authorities but nothing dangerous was found in its content.
The cabin was also thoroughly searched but no subversive materials were found.
November 2, 1896 – Rizal’s diary was returned to him. At this time, news reports on Rizal’s
predicament reached his friends in Europe and Singapore. Dr. Antonio Ma. Regidor and Sixto
Lopez requested Atty. Fort, an English lawyer in Singapore to institute a writ of habeas corpus
to the Supreme Court for the removal of Rizal from the steamer. Unfortunately, Chief Justice
Lornel Cox denied the writ on the grounds that the steamer Colon is a warship of a foreign
power and was carrying Spanish troops. Under International law, the Singapore authorities
has no jurisdiction over the steamer.
November 3, 1896 – The steamer Colon reached Manila. Meanwhile, the Spanish authorities
who wanted to get evidence against Rizal arrested Deodato Arellano, Dr. Pio Valenzuela,
Moises Salvador, Jose Dizon, Domingo Franco, Temoteo. Rizal was brought to Fort Santiago
where other patriots were incarcerated including his brother Paciano to implicate Rizal. But
Paciano refused to sign anything despite being his body broken and his left hand crushed.
o 7:00 AM - Rizal was transferred to the chapel cell which were adorned by religious
images to convince him to go back to Catholic fold. His first visitors were Fathers Miguel
Sadera Mata and Luis Viza.
o 7:15 AM - After Father Saderra left, Rizal asked Fr. Viza for the Sacred Heart statuette
which he carved when he was an Ateneo student. From his pocket the same statue
appeared.
o 8:00 AM - Father Viza was relieved by Father Antonio Rosell who joined Rizal for
breakfast. Lt. Luis Taviel de Andrade joined them.
o 9:00 AM - Fr. Federico Faura, who once said that Rizal would lose his head for writing
Noli Me Tangere, arrived. Rizal told him, "Father, you are indeed a poet.”
o 10:00 AM - Fathers Jose Vilaclara and Estanislao March visited Rizal, followed by a
Spanish journalist, Santiago Mataix of El Heraldo Madrid, for an Interview.
o 12:00-3:30 PM - Rizal was alone in his cell. He had lunch, wrote letters and probably
wrote his last poem of 14 stanzas which he wrote in his flowing handwriting in a very
small piece of paper. He hid it inside his alcohol stove. The untitled poem was later
known as Mi Ultimo Adios (My Last Farewell). In its Second stanza, he already praised
the revolutionaries in the battlefield in giving their lives” without doubt, without gloom.”
o 3:00 PM: According to an account of the agent of the Cuerpo de Vigilancia guarding
Rizal’s cell, Rizal signed what seems to be the document retracting his anti-Cathoiic
writings and his membership in masonry. This event is a contentious issue among Rizal
experts.
o 4:00 PM - Visit of Rizal’s mother, Teodora Alonso. Then Rizal’s sister Trinidad entered to
get her mother and Rizal whispered to her in English referring to the alcohol stove,
“There is something inside.” They were also accompanied by Narcisa, Lucia, Josefa,
Maria and son Mauricio Cruz. Leoncio Lapez Rial, Narcisa’s eleven-year-old son, was
not allowed to enter the cell. While leaving for their carriages, an official handed over the
alcohol stove to Narcisa. After their visit, Fathers Vilaclara and Estanislao March returned
to the cell followed by Father Rosell.
o 6:00 PM - Rizal was visited by the Dean of the Manila Cathedral, Don Silvino Lopez
Tuñon. Father March left Father Vilaclara to be with the two.
o 8:00 PM - Rizal’s last supper where he informed Captain Dominguez that he already
forgave those who condemned him.
o 9:30 PM - Rizal was visited by the fiscal of the Royal Audiencia of Manila, Don Gaspar
Cestaño with whom Rizal offered the best chair of the cell According to accounts, the
fiscal left with “a good impression of Rizal’s intelligence and noble character.”
o 10:00 PM - The draft of the retraction sent by the anti-Filipino Archbishop Bernardino
Nozaleda (1890-1903) was submitted by Father Balaguer to Rizal for signature but Rizal
rejected it at first because it W85 too long. Another shorter retraction was prepared by
Father Pio Pi, Superior of the Jesuit Society in the Philippine, which was acceptable to
Rizal. Rizal wrote his own retraction in which he abjured masonry and his religious ideas
which were anti-Catholic. The Rizal’s retraction is now controversial document. The
Rizalist scholars were anti-Mason or anti-Catholic claimed it to be forgery.
o 5:30 AM - Rizal took his last meal. According to stories told to Narcisa by Lt. Luis Taviel
de Andrade, Rizal threw some eggs in the corner of a cell for the “poor rats,” “Let them
have their fiesta too.” Rizal also wrote to his family and to his brother.
o 6:00 AM - Rizal wrote his father, Francisco Mercado “My beloved Father, Pardon me for
the pain with which I repay you for sorrows and sacrifices for my education. I did not want
nor did I prefer it. Goodbye, Father, goodbye... lose Rizal.” To his mother, he had only
these words, “To my very dear Mother, Sra. Dofia Teodora Alonso 6 o’clock in the
morning, December 30, 1896. Jose Rizal.”
o 1896 at 6:30 AM - A trumpet sounded at Fort Santiago, a signal to begin the death march
to Bagumbayan. The four (4) soldiers who acted as advanced guards with bayoneted
rifles moved first. A few meters behind, Rizal walked calmly with his defense counsel on
one side and two Jesuit priests on the other. Behind them were the soldiers. With the
sounds of the drum, the cavalcade marched slowly, passing the narrow Postigo Gate
(one of the gates of the city wall), and reached the Malecon (new Bonifacio drive). Rizal
walked serenely to Bagumbayan field and was told to stand on a grassy lawn by the
shore of the Manila Bay, between two lamp posts.
Rizal bade farewell to Fathers March and Villaclara and to his defender Lt. Luis Taviel de
Andrade. One of the priests blessed him and offered him a crucifix to kiss. Rizal requested that
he be shot facing the firing squad but his request was denied because the orders was to shot
him in the back. Dr. Felipe Ruiz Castillo, the Spanish military physician who took his pulse was
amazed to find it normal.
8. Rizal’s Death
December 30, 1896 at 7:03 AM, with the
captain shouting “Fuego!” (fire) Shouts rang
out iron! the guns of eight Indio soldiers. Rizal,
being a convicted criminal was not facing the
firing squad. As he was hit, he resists and
turns himself to face his executors with his last
words “Consumatum est” (It is done). He falls
down and dies facing the sky.
9. The Precious Moment of His Life
o 30 December 1896, afternoon -
Narcisa, after a long search,
discovered where her brother’s body was secretly buried, at the old unused Paco
Cemetery. She asked the guards to place a marble plaque designed by Doroteo
Ongjungco containing Rizal’s initials in reverse—“RPJ.”
o 17 August 1898 - Four days after the Mock Battle of Manila when the Americans took
over the city, the remains of Rizal where exhumed. They were brought to Narcisa’s
house, washed and cleansed and were placed in an ivory urn designed by Romualdo
Teodoro de Jesus. The urn stayed there until 1912.
o 29 December 1912 - From Estraude Street in Binondo, Manila, the urn was transferred in
a procession headed by the masons and the Knights of Rizal to the marble hall of the
Ayuntamiento de Manila, where it stayed overnight with the Knights on guard.
o 30 December 1912, morning - In a solemn procession, the urn began its last journey to
Rizal’s final resting place the base of the soon-to-rise national monument to José Rizal.
o 30 December 1913: The Rizal National Monument at the Luneta was inaugurated. Its
original design name was “Motto Stella” (Guiding Star) and was made by Swiss sculptor
Dr. Richard Kissling who earlier also made the National Monument to William Tell, the
National Hero of Switzerland.
¡Adiós, Patria adorada, región del sol querida, Paalam na, sintang lupang tinubuan,
Perla del mar de oriente, nuestro perdido Edén! Bayang masagana sa init ng araw,
A darte voy alegre la triste mustia vida, Edeng maligaya sa ami’y pumanaw
Y fuera más brillante, más fresca, más florida, At perlas ng dagat sa dakong Silangan.
También por ti la diera, la diera por tu bien.
Inihahandog ko ng ganap na tuwa
En campos de batalla, luchando con delirio,
Sa iyo yaring buhay na lanta na’t aba;
Otros te dan sus vidas sin dudas, sin pesar;
Naging dakila ma’y iaalay rin nga
El sitio nada importa, ciprés, laurel o lirio,
Kung dahil sa iyong ikatitimawa.
Cadalso o campo abierto, combate o cruel
martirio, Ang nanga sa digmaan dumog sa paglaban
Lo mismo es si lo piden la patria y el hogar. Handog din sa iyo ang kanilang buhay,
Hirap ay di pansin at di gunamgunam
Yo muero cuando veo que el cielo se colora Ang pagkaparool o pagtagumpay.
Y al fin anuncia el día tras lóbrego capuz;
Bibitaya’t madlang mabangis na sakit
si grana necesitas para teñir tu aurora,
O pakikibakang lubhang mapanganib,
Vierte la sangre mía, derrámala en buen hora
Pawang titiisin kung ito ang nais
Y dórela un reflejo de su naciente luz.
Ng baya’t tahanang pinakaiibig.
Mis sueños cuando apenas muchacho Ako’y mamamatay ngayong minamalas
adolescente, Ang kulay ng langit na nanganganinag
Mis sueños cuando joven ya lleno de vigor, Ibinababalang araw ay sisikat
Fueron el verte un día, joya del mar de oriente, Sa kabila niyang mapanglaw na ulap.
Secos los negros ojos, alta la tersa frente,
Sin ceño, sin arrugas, sin manchas de rubor Kung dugo ang iyong kinakailangan
Sa ikadidilag ng iyong pagsilang,
Ensueño de mi vida, mi ardiente vivo anhelo, Dugo ko’y ibubo’t sa isa man lamang
¡Salud te grita el alma que pronto va a partir! Nang gumigiti mong sinag ay kuminang.
¡Salud! Ah, que es hermoso caer por darte vuelo, Ang mga nasa ko, mulang magkaisip,
Morir por darte vida, morir bajo tu cielo, Magpahanggang ngayon maganap ang bait,
NVSU-FR-ICD-05-00 (081220) Page 47 of 109
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NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No.: IM-GECMS1 -1STSEM-2022-2023
Y en tu encantada tierra la eternidad dormir. Ang ikaw’y makitnag hiyas na marikit
Ng dagat Silangan na nakaliligid.
Si sobre mi sepulcro vieres brotar un día
Noo mo’y maningning at sa mga mata
Entre la espesa yerba sencilla, humilde flor,
Mapait na luha bakas ma’y wala na,
Acércala a tus labios y besa al alma mía,
Wala ka ng poot, wala ng balisa,
Y sienta yo en mi frente bajo la tumba fría,
Walang kadungua’t munti mang pangamba,
De tu ternura el soplo, de tu hálito el calor.
Sa sandaling buhay maalab kong nais
Deja a la luna verme con luz tranquila y suave, Ang kagalingan mo’t ang paiwang sulit
Deja que el alba envíe su resplandor fugaz, Ng kaluluwa king gayak ng aalis:
Deja gemir al viento con su murmullo grave, Ginhawa’y kamtan mo! Anong pagkarikit!
Y si desciende y posa sobre mi cruz un ave,
Nang maaba’t ikaw’y mapataas lamang,
Deja que el ave entone su cántico de paz.
Mamatay at upang mabigyan kang buihay,
Malibing sa lupang puspos ng karika’t
Deja que el sol, ardiendo, las lluvias evapore
Sa silong ng iyong langit ay mahimlay.
Y al cielo tornen puras, con mi clamor en pos;
Deja que un ser amigo mi fin temprano llore Kung sa ibang araw ikaw’y may mapansin
Y en las serenas tardes cuando por mí alguien Nipot na bulaklak sa aba kong libing,
ore, Sa gitna ng mga damong masisinsin,
¡Ora también, oh Patria, por mi descanso a Dios! Hagka’t ang halik mo’y itaos sa akin.
Ora por todos cuantos murieron sin ventura, Sa samyo ng iyong pagsuyong matamis,
Por cuantos padecieron tormentos sin igual, Mataos na taghoy ng may sintang sibsib,
Por nuestras pobres madres que gimen su Bayang tumaggap noo ko ng init,
amargura; Na natatabunan ng lupang malamig.
Por huérfanos y viudas, por presos en tortura Bayan mong ako’y malasin ng buwan
Y ora por ti que veas tu redención final. Sa liwang niyang hilano’t malamlam;
Bayan ihatid sa aking liwayway
Y cuando en noche oscura se envuelva el Ang banaang niyang dagling napaparam.
cementerio
Y solos sólo muertos queden velando allí, Bayaang humalik ang simoy ng hangin;
No turbes su reposo, no turbes el misterio, Bayaang sa huning masaya’y awitin
Tal vez acordes oigas de cítara o salterio, Ng darapong ibon sa kurus ng libing
Soy yo, querida Patria, yo que te canto a ti. Ang buhay payapang ikinaaaliw.
Bayaang ang araw na lubhang maningas
Y cuando ya mi tumba de todos olvidada Pawiin ang ulan, gawing pawang ulap,
No tenga cruz ni piedra que marquen su lugar, Maging panganuring sa langit umakyat,
Deja que la are el hombre, la esparza con la At ang aking daing ay mapakilangkap.
azada,
Y mis cenizas, antes que vuelvan a la nada, Bayaang ang aking maagang pagpanw,
El polvo de tu alfombra que vayan a formar. Itangis ng isnag lubos na nagmamahal;
Kung may umalala sa akin ng dasal,
Entonces nada importa me pongas en olvido. Ako’y iyo sanang idalangin naman.
Tu atmósfera, tu espacio, tus valles cruzaré. Idalangin mo rin ang di nagkapalad,
Vibrante y limpia nota seré para tu oído, Na nangamatay na’t yaong nanganhirap
Aroma, luz, colores, rumor, canto, gemido, sa daming pasakit, at ang lumalangap
Constante repitiendo la esencia de mi fe. naming mga ina luhang masaklap.
Brief Explanation
Stanza Meaning
I. He expresses of sacrifice for and goodbye to his motherland.
II. He deals with martyrdom and his service for the country by offering his life.
III. He talks about his death, final end.
IV. He presents his vision, that is, to see Philippines free and developed.
V. He goes back to his death. He declares that it is his desire to die for the
sake of the country.
VI. He desires that his country also shows love for him by offering flowers on
his tomb.
VII. He requests for proper burial.
VIII. He urges the country to offer prayer for him and his rest in God.
IX. He requests for prayers for others. For those people who died and fro
those mothers who mourn.
X. He mention that the dead are forgotten.
XI. Although the dead are forgotten, he hopes that his spirit will continue to live
XII. on.
XIII. He expresses farewell to his loved ones. He also discusses heaven, a
place where no slave and oppressor and there is only one Almighty
Creator.
XIV. Finally, he said that death is rest. All people die. Here, he shows us the
thoughts and sentiments.
IX. REFERENCES
Ariola, M. (2018). The Life and Works of Rizal. Manila: Unlimited Books Library Services &
Publishing Inc.,
Chua, M. (2012). The Last Days of José Rizal: A Timeline of His Last Arrest, Incarceration,
Execution and the Journey of His Remains. Retrieved on September 24, 2020 from
https://xiaochua.net/2012/12/25/the-last-days-of-jose-rizal-a-timeline-of-his-last-arrest-
incarceration-execution-and-the-journey-of-his-remains/
De Viana, A., Cabrera, H., Samala, E., De Vera, M. & Atutubo, J. (2018) Jose Rizal: Social
Reformer and Patriot. Manila: Rex Bookstore, Inc.,
Francisco, V., Francisco, PM., Dulay, M., Battung, J. & Bumidang, J. (2018). Rizal: A Modualr
Approach Based on the New CHED Curriculum. Manila: Mindshapers Co., Inc.,
Pawilen, R., Crudo, ER., Guiwa, HI. & Pawilen, G. (2018). Course Module for The Life, Works,
and Writings of Rizal. Manila: Rex Bookstore, Inc.,
V. LESSON CONTENT
Sucesos means the work of an honest observer, a versatile bureaucrat, who knew the
workings of the administration from the inside. On the other hand, Las Islas Filipinas means
“The Philippine Island” in English and was named in honor of King Philip II of Spain. This essay
that described the events in the Philippine islands explored the political, social, and economic
aspect of Spain and its colonies. It contains eight (8) chapters. (1) Of the first discoveries of the
Eastern islands; (2) Of the government of Dr. Francisco de Sande; (3) Of the government of don
Gonzalo Ronquillo de Peiialosa; (4) Of the government of Dr. Santiago de Vera; (4) Of the
NVSU-FR-ICD-05-00 (081220) Page 51 of 109
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Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No.: IM-GECMS1 -1STSEM-2022-2023
government of Gomes Perez Dasrnariiias; (6) Of the government of don Francisco Tello; (7) Of
the government of don Pedro de Acuiia; and (8) An account of the Philippine Islands.The book is
based on the experience and observation of Antonio De Morga.
Morga (1609) wrote that the purpose for writing Sucesos was so he could chronicle "the
deeds achieved by our Spaniards, the discovery, conquest, and conversion of the Filipinas
Islands - as well as various fortunes that they have from time to time in the great kingdoms and
among the pagan peoples surrounding the islands. " Therefore, the book (Sucesos...) narrates
the history of wars, intrigues, diplomacy and evangelization of the Philippines in a somewhat
disjointed way and Rizal referred it as biased.
2. Rizal’s Annotation to Morga’s 1609 Philippine History
Rizal during his second trip abroad particularly in London, he found the book, Sucesos
and he read it Rizal as truth seeker desired to study the Philippine history that made him as a
historian. He had the burning desire to know exactly the condition of the Philippines when the
Spaniards came ashore to the islands fro he believed that the country was economically self-
sufficient and prosperous before the coming of Spaniards. In addition, he believed the conquest
of the Spaniards contributed in part to the decline of the Philippine’s rich traditions and culture.
IX. REFERENCES
A. Book / Printed Resources
Ariola, M. (2018). The Life and Works of Rizal. (1st ed.). Manila: Unlimited Books Library
Services & Publishing Inc.
Pangilinan, M. (2018). Life and works of Dr. Jose P. Rizal. (1st ed.). Manila: Mindshapers Co.,
Inc.
Umali, V., Ramos, O., Ambidda, M., & Maliban, N. (2019). Jose Rizal: A review on the life and
works of the first Filipino. (1st ed.). Mandaluyong City: Books Atbp. Publishing Corp.
B. E-Resources
Kuhonta A. (2014, October 5). Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas (Introduction). Retrieved November
10, 2020 from https://www.slideshare.net/abbieelainekuhonta/sucesos-39902918
Morga, A. (1609). Sucesos de Las Islas Filipinas. Retrieved November 11, 2020 from
http://public-library.uk/ebooks/05/48.pdf
Rizalian Youth Council – Hawaii. (n.d.). Annotations to Dr. Antonio Morga's Sucesos de las Islas
Filipinas (1609). Retrieved November 11, 2020 from
https://rizalianyouthcouncilhawaii.weebly.com/annotations-to-sucesos-de-las-islas-
filipinas.html#:~:text=Annotations%20to%20Dr.,)%20(Translated%20by%20Austin
%20Craig)&text=At%20his%20own%20expense%2C%20he,prior%20to%20the%20Spanish
%20conquest.
Tan, L. (n.d.). Rizal’s annotation of Morga's Sucesos De Las Islas FIlipinas (summary).
Retrieved November 10, 2020 from
https://www.academia.edu/42198655/Rizal_s_annotation_of_Morgas_Sucesos_De_Las_Islas_
FIlipinas_SUMMARY_
Wisely, A. (2019, September 18). Dr. Antonio de Morga's Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas.
Retrieved November 10, 2020 from https://www.slideshare.net/anandawisely/dr-antonio-de-
morgas-sucesos-de-las-islas-filipinas
NOLI ME TANGERE
V. LESSON CONTENT
4. A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE NOVEL
As a man obsessed with freedom and
liberty for the Filipino people, Rizal proposed a
book writing project to the Filipino members of the
Circulo Hispano Filipino. The book wou ld deal on
the socio-cultural and political aspects of life in the
Philippines. Members wanted to write about the
characters and activities of the Filipino women and
most of them were not interested with this
proposed project of Rizal. On June 2, 1884, Rizal
proposed the writing of a novel about the
Philippines written by a group of Filipinos. His
proposal was unanimously approved by the
Filipinos present at the party, among whom were
Pedro, Maximino and Antonio Paterno,Graciano
López Jaena, Evaristo Aguirre, Eduardo de Lete,
Julio Llorente and Valentin Ventura. He then
decided to write the book by himself and did not
lose hope using his talent and writing skills. He
started to write his masterpiece the, “Noli Me
Tangere,” and joined the Brotherhood of Masons
for more mature contacts and enlightenment to complete the book. He finished the book in
December 1886.
Desiring thy welfare which is our own, and seeking the best
treatment, I will do with thee what the ancients did with their sick,
exposing them on the steps of the temple so that everyone who came
to invoke the Divinity might offer them a remedy.
SILHOUETTE OF A FILIPINA – It
was popular belief that the silhouette
of the woman in the cover of Noli Me
Tangere is the unfortunate Maria
Clara, Crisostomo Ibarra’s lover.
“Padre Cura! Padre
Cura!' [Padre Salvi] the
Spaniards cried to him; but
he did not mind them. He ran
in the direction of the Capitan
Tiago’s house. There he
breathed a sigh of relief. He
saw through the transparent
gallery an adorable silhouette
full of grace and the lovely
contours of Maria Clara and
that of her aunt bearing
glasses and cups.”
BAMBOO STALKS – One thing comes to mind when bamboo stalks are talked about
resilience.
CROSS - The one that killed the Christ Jesus. It was a representation of suffering and
death. It also represents a grave. Magnifies the discrimination towards Filipinos, Chinese
Mestizos and Spaniards during this time towards a proper burial.
BURNING TORCH - A reference to the Olympic torch, it tells everyone the beginning of
the defense of honors and the start of proving themselves worthy of victory. Rage and
passion are most abundant in this phase. Represents a phrase that could possibly mean
everything to every single suffering Filipinos: “The rise of the revolution is now at hand.”
POMELO BLOSSOMS AND LAUREL LEAVES - They roughly represent faith, honor
and fidelity. P0melo blossoms are utilized as loose potpourri or a mixture of dried flower
petals and spices used to scent the air. It is commonly used in prayers and cleansing.
The laurel leaves, also known as bay leaves, are used as crowns during the Ancient
Greek Olympics wherein the best of the best are treated as heroes. Filipinos in this time
wants to embody these three virtues that Rizal represented as two plants.
1. Crisostomo Ibarra- also known as Juan Crisostomo Ibarra y Magsalin in his full name, a
Filipino who studied in Europe for 7 years, the love interest of Maria Clara. The main and
most important character in the novel manifesting in him the Filipino who acquired
European idea through his education in Europe.
2. Elias – Ibarra’s mysterious friend, a master boater, also a fugitive. He was referred to at
one point as “the pilot”, who wants to revolutionize his country. Ibarra’s grandfather
condemned of burning a warehouse that made Elias a fugitive. The character that Rizal
placed to represent the Filipino masses who suffered from Spanish brutalities and abuse
due to their powerlessness in the novel and in real Philippines social situation of that
time.
3. Maria Clara de Los Santos – Ibarra’s sweetheart; the illegitimate daughter of Father
Damaso and Pia Alba. She symbolized a Filipina who came from a good education,
modest, faithful, reserved and conservative.
4. Padre Damaso Verdolagas – Franciscan friar and Maria Clara’s biological father. An
antagonist in character and represents the un-Christian works of the Catholic friars who
are in the church.
5. Sisa – the mother of Basilio and Crispin, who became insane after losing her sons. She
symbolized a mother who would do everything for the sake of her children.
6. Kapitain Tiago – He was known in his full name as Don Santiago de Los Santos the
known father of Maria Clara and one of the richest men in San Diego. He symbolized the
Filipinos who were passive and thought of their welfare first.
8. Dona Victorina – Victorina de los Reyes de De Espadana, a woman who passes herself
off as a Peninsulares . Wife of Don Tiburcio de Espadana, known in the novel as a
trying hard rich woman who abhors anything that is Filipino and clings to Spanish way of
life. This kind of character was manifested on some Filipinos of that time.
10. Don Rafael Ibarra – known in the plot as a concerned citizen and property owner who
was the father of Crisostomo Ibarra. Padre Damaso who played an antagonist role
called him a heretic and rebel due to his view on relating to liberalism in society.
11. The School Master – A teacher at San Diego who’s view in the novel represented the
weak and useless education in the Philippines. He attributes the problem from facilities
and methods of learning that the friars implemented in the country.
12. Tandang Pablo – The Leader of the rebels, whose family was destroyed because of the
Spaniards.
15. Padre Sibyla – Hernando de la Sibyla, a Filipino friar. He is described as short and has
fair skin.
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16. Padre Salvi – also known in his full name as Bernardo Salvi, a secret admirer of Maria
Clara.
17. The Alferez – chief of the Guardia Civil; mortal enemy of the priests for power in San
Diego.
18. Don Tiburcio – Spanish husband of Donya Victorina who was limp and submissive to
his wife; he also pretended to be a doctor.
19. Dona Consolacion – wife of the alferez, another who passed herself as a Peninsular;
best remembered for her abusive treatment of Sisa.
20. Captain General (no specific name) – The most powerful official in the Philippines, a
hater of secular priests and corrupt officials, and a friend of Ibarra.
Ibarra resolves to cede all quarters and to work for the goodness of his countrymen. To
exhibit his good intentions, he seeks to build, public schools in his native town, all expenses
paid by him. He meets with apparent support from all, especially Padre Damaso’s descendant,
a young and gloomy Fransciscan named Padri Salvi, for whom Maria Clara confesses as an
instinctive dread.
At the laying of the cornerstone for the new schoolhouse, a suspicious accident,
apparently aimed at Ibarra’s life, occurs, but the festivities proceed until the dinner, where
Ibarra is wantonly and grossly maligned over the memory of his father by Fray Damaso. The
young man almost loses control of himself and is about to kill the friar, but was saved by Maria
Clara.
Ibarra is excommunicated, and Capitan Tiago, through his fear of the friars, is forced to
break the engagement and agree to the marriage of Maria Clara with a young and innocuous
Spaniard provided by Padre Damaso. Obedient to her reputed father’s command and
influenced by her mysterious dread of Padre Salvi, Maria Clara consents to this arrangement
but becomes seriously ill, only to save by medicines sent secretly by Ibarra and clandestinely
administered by a girlfriend.
Ibarra succeeds in having the excommunication removed, but before he can explain
matters, an uprising against the Civil Guard is secretly brought about agents of Padre Salvi,
and the leadership is attributed to Ibarra to ruin him. He is warned by a mysterious friend, an
outlaw called Elias, whose life he had accidentally saved; but desiring first to see Maria Clara,
refuses to make his escape, and when the outbreak occurs, he is arrested as the prime mover
of it and thrown into prion in Manila.
On the evening when Capitan Tiago gives a ball in his Manila house to celebrate his
supposed daughter’s engagement, Ibarra makes his escape from prison and succeeds in
seeing Maria Clara alone. He begins to reproach her because it is a letter written to her before
he went to Europe which forms the basis of the charge against him, but she clears herself of
treachery to him. The letter had been secured from her by false representations and in
exchange for two others written by her mother just before her birth, which prove that Padre
Damaso is her birth father. These letters had been coincidentally located in the convent by
Padre Salvi, who made use of them to intimidate the girl and get possession of Ibarra’s letter,
from which he forged others to incriminate the young man. She tells him that she will marry the
young Spaniard, sacrificing herself thus to save her mother’s name and Capitan Tiago’s honor
and to prevent a public scandal, but that she will always remain faithful to Crisostomo Ibarra.
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Ibarra’s escaped, had been effected by Elias, who transported him in a bangka up the
Pasig to the Lake, where the Civil Guard so closely besetted them that Elias leaped into the
water and drew the pursuers away from the boat, in which Ibarra laid concealed.
On Christmas Eve, at the mausoleum of the Ibarra in a gloomy wood, Elias appeared,
wounded and dying, and found there a boy named Basilio beside the corpse of his mother, a
poor woman who had been driven to insanity be her husband’s neglect and abuses. On the
part of the Civil Guard, her younger son having disappeared sometime before in the convent,
where he was a sacristan. Basilio, who was ignorant of Elias’s identity, helped him to build a
funeral pyre, on which his corpse and the madwomen were to be burned.
Upon knowing of the reported death of Ibarra in the chase on the Lake, Maria Clara
became disconsolate and begged her supposed godfather, Fray Damaso, to put her in a
nunnery. Unconscious of her knowledge of their real relationship, the friar breaks down and
confesses that all the trouble he has stirred up with the Ibarras has been to prevent her from
marrying a native, which would condemn her and her entreaties, and she entered the nunnery
of St. Clara, to which Padre Salvi was assigned in a ministerial capacity.
IX. REFERENCES
A. Book / Printed Resources
Ariola, M. (2018). The life and works of Rizal. Manila: Unlimited Books Library Services &
Publishing Inc.,
Francisco, V., Francisco, PM., Dulay, M., Battung, J. & Bumidang, J. (2018). Rizal: A modular
approach based on the new CHED curriculum. Manila: Mindshapers Co., Inc.,
Manebog, J. (2018). Life and works of Rizal: biography, writings, and legacies of our bayani.
Malabon City: Mutya Publishing House, Inc.
Pangilinan, M. (2018). Life and works of Dr. Jose P. Rizal. Manila: Mindshapers Co., Inc.
Umali, V., Ramos, O., Ambidda, M., & Maliban, N. (2019). Jose Rizal: A review on the life and
works of the first Filipino. (1st ed.). Mandaluyong City: Books Atbp. Publishing Corp.
Zaide, G. & Zaide, S. (2008). Life, works, and writings of a genius writer, scientist, and national
hero. Quezon City: All Nations Publishing Co., Inc.
B. E-Resources
Miguel, K. (2013, May 8). Noli Me Tangere. Retrieved November 11, 2020 from
https://www.slideshare.net/khaziakinka/noli-me-tangere-20779561
Sanijon, A. (2012, July 29). The title of the novel. Retrieved November 11, 2020 from
https://www.slideshare.net/angelsanijon/the-title-of-the-novel?from_action=save
Tonogbanua, C. (2011, August 31). Noli and Fili cover symbolisms. Retrieved November 13, 2020 from
https://www2.slideshare.net/carlotonogbanua/noli-and-fili-cover-symbolisms
EL FILIBUSTERISMO
V. LESSON CONTENT
1. A brief History of the Novel
El Filibusterismo is the second novel written by Jose Rizal and it is considered as the
sequel of Noli Me Tangere. In English translation it is known as the “Reign of Greed” that
pictured a brink of revolution in its 38 chapters with 279 long pages. Original manuscript was
written in Spanish. Jose Rizal dedicated El Filibusterismo to the three martyred priests of Cavite
mutiny. The execution of the three priests was significant to the title of the novel. He had defined
the word filibuster as his title of the novel to his German friend Ferdinand Blumentritt, in his
letter.
The word filibustero is little known in the Philippines. The masses do not know it yet. I heard
it for the first time in 1872 when the tragic executions took place.
I still remember the panic that this word created. Our father forbade us to utter it, as well
as the words Cavite, Burgos, etc. The Manila newspapers and the Spaniards apply this word to
one whom they want to make a revolutionary suspect.
The Filipinos belonging to the educated class fear the reach of the word. It does not have
the meaning of freebooters; it rather means a dangerous patriot who will soon be hanged or well,
a presumptuous man."
To the memory of the priests, Don Mariano Gomez (85 years old), Don
Jose Burgos (30 years old), and Don Jacinto Zamora (35 years old). Executed in
Bagumbayan Field on the 28th of February, 1872.
The Church, by refusing to degrade you, has placed in doubt the crime
that has been imputed to you; the Government, by surrounding your trials with
mystery and shadows, causes the belief that there was some error, committed in
fatal moments; and all the Philippines, by worshiping your memory and calling you
martyrs, in no sense recognizes your culpability. In so far, therefore, as your
complicity in the Cavite mutiny is not clearly proved, as you may or may not have
been patriots, and as you may or may not have cherished sentiments for justice
and for liberty, I have the right to dedicate my work to you as victims of the evil
which I undertake to combat. And while we wait expectantly upon Spain some
day to restore your good name and cease to be answerable for your death, let
these pages serve as a tardy wreath of dried leaves over your unknown tombs,
and let it be understood that every one who without clear proofs attacks your
memory stains his hands in your blood!
o Maria Clara - Ibarra's girlfriend. She enlisted in the nunnery when she learned that Ibarra
was already dead. Simoun planned to sneak her out of the convent; she died before the
plan was put to action.
o Basilio – The eldest of Sisa’s two sons, now an aspiring doctor. He is the one who
discovered the true identity of Simoun and befriended him. At first he refuses to join
Simoun's plan of overthrowing the Spanish government; in this, he represents the young
educated Filipinos who are apathetic to the needs of the society. The death of Juli makes
him decide to join Simoun's troop.
o Isagani – Poet and Basilio’s best friend; portrayed as emotional and reactive; Paulita
Gómez’ boyfriend before being dumped for fellow student Juanito Peláez. He is the
nephew of Padre Florentino who planned to set up a new school in their society. He
sabotaged the plan of Simoun by removing the lamp that contained the explosives and
threw it on the waters. He was once a person full of hope and aspirations for his country
but he was disheartened and let go of his ideals in favor of personal gains. He
symbolizes the youth who, despite their being very aggressive and idealistic, cannot be
relied on in times of adversity.
o Paulita Gomez – The girlfriend of Isagani and the niece of Doña Victorina, the old Indio
who passes herself off as a Peninsular, who is the wife of the quack doctor Tiburcio de
Espadaña. In the end, she and Juanito Peláez are wed, and she dumps Isagani,
believing that she will have no future if she marries him because of his liberal ideas. She
represents the women who have no sense of nationalism and sympathy towards others.
o Huli – Juliana de Dios, the girlfriend of Basilio, and the youngest daughter of Kabesang
Tales. When her family fell into serious debt, she decided to become a servant rather
than to sell the locket that Basilio given her which was once a possession of Maria Clara.
When Basilio was imprisoned, she asked father Camorra to release her. Being pure and
innocent, she was not aware that Father Camorra was a womanizer planned to rape her
but she jumped over the balcony to her death rather than to submit to the evil will of the
friar. She represents the Philippines which would rather suffer with pride and honor.
o Tandang Selo – father of Kabesang Tales. He raised the sick and young Basilio.
o Father Sibyla – Hernando de la Sibyla, a Dominican friar and vice-rector of the University
of Santo Tomas.
o Quiroga – Chinese merchant who secretly keep armaments for the Filipino rebels in
preparation for the revolution planned by Simoun.
o Padre Irene – priest who promised the students to established the academia de Lengua
Española in return for some amount of money.
o Father Camorra – lustful priest who nearly raped Huli in exchange of Basilio’s freedom
o Señor Pasta - An old Filipino lawyer who refuses to help the Filipino students in their
clamor for educational reforms. He represents the part of the society that is only
generous and sympathetic to the rich and powerful. His self-centeredness overshadows
his patriotism.
o Placido Penitente and Pecson - They are the students who asked for educational
reforms. They represent the people who have yet to cultivate their nationalistic attitude.
o Ben-Zyab – Pseudonym of Abraham Ibañez. A journalist who believes that he is the only
one thinking for the Philippines. The name is an anagram of Ybañez, an alternate
spelling of his name.
o Doña Victorina - She is the ridiculously pro-Spanish woman who is going to Laguna in
search of her henpecked husband. Her search for her husband symbolizes her search
for the foreign identity that she did not have.
o Macaraig - classmate of Isagani at the University of Santo Tomas and a rich student who
serves as the leader of students who wish for the construction of the Academia de
Castellano.
Simoun has reasons for instigating a revolution. First is to rescue Maria Clara from the
convent and second, to get rid of ills and evils in the Philippine society. His true identity is
discovered by a now grown-up Basilio while visiting the grave of his mother, Sisa, as Simoun
was digging near the grave site for his buried treasures. Simoun spares Basilio’ life and asks
him to join in his planned revolution against the government, egging him on by bringing up the
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tragic misfortunes of the latter's family. Basilio declines the offer as he still hopes that the
country’s condition will improve. Basilio, at this point, is a graduating student of medicine at the
Ateneo Municipal de Manila. After the death of his mother, Sisa, and the disappearance of his
younger brother, Crispin, Basilio heeded the advice of the dying boatman, Elias, and traveled to
Manila to study. Captain Tiago adopted Basilio after Maria Clara entered the convent. With
Captain Tiago’s help, Basilio was able to go to Colegio de San Juan de Letran where, at first, he
is frowned upon by his peers and teachers not only because of the color of his skin but also
because of his shabby appearance.
Captain Tiago’s confessor, Father Irene, is making Captain Tiago’s health worse by
giving him opium even as Basilio tries hard to prevent Captain Tiago from smoking it. He and
other students want to establish a Spanish language academy so that they can learn to speak
and write Spanish despite the opposition from the Dominican friars of the Universidad de Santo
Tomas. With the help ‘of a reluctant Father Irene as their mediator and Don Custodio'’s decision,
the academy is established; however, they will only serve as caretakers of the school, not as the
teachers. Dejected and defeated, they hold a mock celebration at a panciteria while a spy for the
friars witnesses the proceedings.
Simoun, for his part, keeps in close contact with the bandit group of Kabesang Tales, a
former cabeza de barangay who suffered misfortunes at the hands of the friars. Once a farmer
owning a prosperous sugarcane plantation and a Cabeza de barangay (barangay head), he was
forced to give everything to the greedy and unscrupulous Spanish friars. Bandits captured his
son, Tano, who became a civil guard; his daughter Huli had to work as a maid to get enough
ransom money for his freedom; and his father, Tandang Selo, suffered a stroke and became
mute. Before joining the bandits, Tales took Simon's revolver while Simoun was staying at his
house for the night. As payment, Tales leaves a locket that once belonged to Maria Clara.
To further strengthen the revolution, Simoun has Quiroga, a Chinese man hoping to be
appointed consul to the Philippines, smuggle weapons into the country using Quiroga’ bazaar as
a front. Simoun wishes to attack during a stage play with all of his enemies in attendance. He,
however, abruptly aborts the attack when he learns from Basilio that Maria Clara had died
earlier that day in the convent. A few days after the mock celebration by the students, the people
are agitated when disturbing posters are found displayed around the city. The authorities accuse
the students present at the panciteria of agitation and disturbing peace and have them arrested.
Basilio, although not present at the mock’ celebration, is also arrested. Captain Tiago dies after
learning of the incident, and as stated in his will-forged by Irene, all his possessions are given to
the Church, leaving nothing for Basilio. Basilio is left in prison as the other students are
released. A high official tries to intervene for the release of Basilio but the Captain-General,
bearing grudges against the high official, coerces him to tender his resignation. Juli, Basilio’
girlfriend _ and the daughter of Kabesang Tales, tries to ask Father Camorra’s help upon the
advice of a senior woman. Instead of helping Juli, however, the priest tried to rape her as he has
long hidden desires for Juli. Juli, rather than submit to the will of the friar, jumps over the balcony
to her death. Basilio got released with the help of Simoun. Basilio, now a changed man, and
after hearing about Juli’s suicide, finally joined Simoun’s revolution.
Simoun then tells Basilio his plan at the wedding of Paulita Gomez and Juanito, Basilios
hunch-backed classmate. He planned to conceal an explosive inside a pomegranate-styled
Kerosene lamp that Simoun will give to the newlyweds as a gift during the wedding reception.
‘The reception will take place at the former home of the late Captain Tiago, which is now filled
with explosives planted by Simoun. Accordi: 2 to Simoun, the lamp will stay lighted for only 20
minutes before it {1 kers; if someone attempts to turn the wick, it will explode and kill everyone-
essential members of civil society and the Church hierarchy -inside the house. Basilio has a
change of heart and attempts to warn Isagam1, his friend and former boyfriend of Paulita.
Simout leaves the reception early as planned and leaves a note behind: “ Mene Thecel Phares.
“ -Juan Crisostomo Ibarra Initially thinking that it was merely a bad joke, Father Salvi recognizes
the handwriting and confirms that it was indeed Ibarras as people begin to panic, the lamp
flickers. Father Irene tries to turn the wick up when Isagani, due to his undying love for Paulita,
bursts in the room and throws the lamp into the river, sabotaging Simoun’s plans. He escapes
by diving into the river as the guards chase him. He later regrets his impulsive action because
Simoun, now unmasked as the perpetrator of the attempted arson and failed revolution,
becomes a fugitive. Wounded and exhausted after the pursuing Guardia Civil shot him, he
seeks shelter at the home of Father Florentino, Isaganis uncle, and comes under the care of
doctor Tiburcio de Espadafia, Dofia Victorinas husband, who was also hiding at the house.
Simoun takes poison in order for him not to be captured alive. Before he dies, he reveals his real
identity to Florentino while they exchange thoughts about the failure of his revolution and why
God forsook him. Florentino opines that God did not forsake him and that his plans were not for
the greater good but personal gain. Simoun, finally accepting Florentino’s explanation, squeezes
his hand and dies. Florentino then takes Simoun’s remaining jewels and throws them into the
Pacific Ocean with the corals hoping that they would not be used by the greedy, and that when
the time came that it would be used for the greater good, when the nation would be finally
deserving liberty for themselves, the sea would reveal the treasures.
IX. REFERENCES
A. Book / Printed Resources
Ariola, M. (2018). The life and works of Rizal (1st ed.). Manila: Unlimited Books Library
Services & Publishing Inc.
Maslang, K. et.al. (2018). Rizal life and works. Nueva Vizcaya: SMU Publishing and Digital
Printing
Pangilinan, M., Igloria, M., & Pasague, E. (2018). Life and works of Dr. Jose P. Rizal (1st
ed.). Manila: Mindshapers Co., Inc.
Umali, V., Ramos, O., Ambidda, M., & Maliban, N. (2019). Jose Rizal: A review on the life
and works of the first Filipino (1st ed.). Mandaluyong City: Books Atbp. Publishing Corp.
Zaide, G. & Zaide, S. (2008). Life, works, and writings of a genius, writer, scientist and
national hero. (2nd ed.) Quezon City: All Nations Publishing Co., Inc.
B. E-Resources
Jose Rizal.com (n.d.). El Filibusterismo characters. Retrieved November 13, 2020 from
https://www.joserizal.com/el-filibusterismo-characters/
Noli Me Tangere Wiki. (n.d.). El Filibusterismo. Retrieved November 11, 2020 from
https://noli-me-tangere.fandom.com/wiki/El_Filibusterismo#cite_note-35
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Tagalog Lang. (2020, October 4). El Filiusterismo (English summary). Retrieved November
11, 2020 from https://www.tagaloglang.com/el-filibusterismo-english-summary/
Yusa, E. (2012, August 20). El Filibusterismo. Retrieved November 12, 2020 from
https://www.slideshare.net/smmlamson/el-filibustersimo
College: Arts and Sciences
Campus: BAMBANG
V. LESSON CONTENT
1. The Philippines: A Century Hence
The essay, “The Philippines a Century Hence” was originally written in Spanish with the
title “Filipinas dentro de Cien Años” is divided into four parts. The essay is all about Rizal’s
prediction of what will happen to the Philippines after one century. The English translation below
was done Charles Derbyshire and edited by Austin Craig in 2011 in the Project Gutenberg.org.
I. Following our usual custom of facing squarely the most difficult and delicate questions relating to the Philippines,
without weighing the consequences that our frankness may bring upon us, we shall in the present article treat of their
future.
In order to read the destiny of a people, it is necessary to open the book of its past, and this, for the Philippines, may
be reduced in general terms to what follows.
Scarcely had they been attached to the Spanish crown than they had to sustain with their blood and the efforts of
their sons the wars and ambitions of conquest of the Spanish people, and in these struggles, in that terrible [32]crisis
when a people changes its form of government, its laws, usages, customs, religion and beliefs the Philippines were
depopulated, impoverished and retarded—caught in their metamorphosis, without confidence in their past, without
faith in their present and with no fond hope for the years to come. The former rulers who had merely endeavored to
secure the fear and submission of their subjects, habituated by them to servitude, fell like leaves from a dead tree,
and the people, who had no love for them nor knew what liberty was, easily changed masters, perhaps hoping to
gain something by the innovation.
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Then began a new era for the Filipinos. They gradually lost their ancient traditions, their recollections—they forgot
their writings, their songs, their poetry, their laws, in order to learn by heart other doctrines, which they did not
understand, other ethics, other tastes, different from those inspired in their race by their [33]climate and their way of
thinking. Then there was a falling-off, they were lowered in their own eyes, they became ashamed of what was
distinctively their own, in order to admire and praise what was foreign and incomprehensible: their spirit was broken
and they acquiesced.
Thus years and centuries rolled on. Religious shows, rites that caught the eye, songs, lights, images arrayed with
gold, worship in a strange language, legends, miracles and sermons, hypnotized the already naturally superstitious
spirit of the country, but did not succeed in destroying it altogether, in spite of the whole system afterwards developed
and operated with unyielding tenacity.
When the ethical abasement of the inhabitants had reached this stage, when they had become disheartened and
disgusted with themselves, an effort was made to add the final stroke for reducing so many dormant wills and
intellects to nothingness, in order to make of the individual [34]a sort of toiler, a brute, a beast of burden, and to
develop a race without mind or heart. Then the end sought was revealed, it was taken for granted, the race was
insulted, an effort was made to deny it every virtue, every human characteristic, and there were even writers and
priests who pushed the movement still further by trying to deny to the natives of the country not only capacity for
virtue but also even the tendency to vice.
Then this which they had thought would be death was sure salvation. Some dying persons are restored to health by a
heroic remedy.
So great endurance reached its climax with the insults, and the lethargic spirit woke to life. His sensitiveness, the
chief trait of the native, was touched, and while he had had the forbearance to suffer and die under a foreign flag, he
had it not when they whom he served repaid his sacrifices with insults and jests. Then he began to study himself and
to realize his misfortune. [35]Those who had not expected this result, like all despotic masters, regarded as a wrong
every complaint, every protest, and punished it with death, endeavoring thus to stifle every cry of sorrow with blood,
and they made mistake after mistake.
The spirit of the people was not thereby cowed, and even though it had been awakened in only a few hearts, its
flame nevertheless was surely and consumingly propagated, thanks to abuses and the stupid endeavors of certain
classes to stifle noble and generous sentiments. Thus when a flame catches a garment, fear and confusion
propagate it more and more, and each shake, each blow, is a blast from the bellows to fan it into life.
Undoubtedly during all this time there were not lacking generous and noble spirits among the dominant race that tried
to struggle for the rights of humanity and justice, or sordid and cowardly ones among the dominated that aided
[36]the debasement of their own country. But both were exceptions and we are speaking in general terms.
Such is an outline of their past. We know their present. Now, what will their future be?
Will the Philippine Islands continue to be a Spanish colony, and if so, what kind of colony? Will they become a
province of Spain, with or without autonomy? And to reach this stage, what kind of sacrifices will have to be made?
Will they be separated from the mother country to live independently, to fall into the hands of other nations, or to ally
themselves with neighboring powers?
It is impossible to reply to these questions, for to all of them both yes and no may be answered, according to the time
desired to be covered. When there is in nature no fixed condition, how much less must there be in the life of a
people, beings endowed with mobility and movement! So it is that in order to deal [37]with these questions, it is
necessary to presume an unlimited period of time, and in accordance therewith try to forecast future events.
II.What will become of the Philippines within a century? Will they continue to be a Spanish colony?
Had this question been asked three centuries ago, when at Legazpi’s death the Malayan Filipinos began to be
gradually undeceived and, finding the yoke heavy, tried in vain to shake it off, without any doubt whatsoever the reply
would have been easy. To a spirit enthusiastic over the liberty of the country, to those unconquerable Kagayanes
who nourished within themselves the spirit of the Magalats, to the descendants of the heroic Gat Pulintang and Gat
Salakab of the Province of Batangas, independence was assured, it was merely a question [42]of getting together
and making a determined effort. But for him who, disillusioned by sad experience, saw everywhere discord and
disorder, apathy and brutalization in the lower classes, discouragement and disunion in the upper, only one answer
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presented itself, and it was: extend his hands to the chains, bow his neck beneath the yoke and accept the future
with the resignation of an invalid who watches the leaves fall and foresees a long winter amid whose snows he
discerns the outlines of his grave. At that time discord justified pessimism—but three centuries passed, the neck had
become accustomed to the yoke, and each new generation, begotten in chains, was constantly better adapted to the
new order of things.
Now, then, are the Philippines in the same condition they were three centuries ago?
For the liberal Spaniards the ethical condition of the people remains the same, that is, the native Filipinos have not
advanced; for the [43]friars and their followers the people have been redeemed from savagery, that is, they have
progressed; for many Filipinos ethics, spirit and customs have decayed, as decay all the good qualities of a people
that falls into slavery that is, they have retrograded.
Laying aside these considerations, so as not to get away from our subject, let us draw a brief parallel between the
political situation then and the situation at present, in order to see if what was not possible at that time can be so
now, or vice versa.
Let us pass over the loyalty the Filipinos may feel for Spain; let us suppose for a moment, along with Spanish writers,
that there exist only motives for hatred and jealousy between the two races; let us admit the assertions flaunted by
many that three centuries of domination have not awakened in the sensitive heart of the native a single spark of
affection or gratitude; and we may see whether or not [44]the Spanish cause has gained ground in the Islands.
Formerly the Spanish authority was upheld among the natives by a handful of soldiers, three to five hundred at most,
many of whom were engaged in trade and were scattered about not only in the Islands but also among the
neighboring nations, occupied in long wars against the Mohammedans in the south, against the British and Dutch,
and ceaselessly harassed by Japanese, Chinese, or some tribe in the interior. Then communication with Mexico and
Spain was slow, rare and difficult; frequent and violent the disturbances among the ruling powers in the Islands, the
treasury nearly always empty, and the life of the colonists dependent upon one frail ship that handled the Chinese
trade. Then the seas in those regions were infested with pirates, all enemies of the Spanish name, which was
defended by an improvised fleet, generally manned by rude adventurers, when not by foreigners and enemies, [45]as
happened in the expedition of Gómez Pérez Dasmariñas, which was checked and frustrated by the mutiny of the
Chinese rowers, who killed him and thwarted all his plans and schemes. Yet in spite of so many adverse
circumstances the Spanish authority has been upheld for more than three centuries and, though it has been
curtailed, still continues to rule the destinies of the Philippine group.
On the other hand, the present situation seems to be gilded and rosy—as we might say, a beautiful morning
compared to the vexed and stormy night of the past. The material forces at the disposal of the Spanish sovereign
have now been trebled; the fleet relatively improved; there is more organization in both civil and military affairs;
communication with the sovereign country is swifter and surer; she has no enemies abroad; her possession is
assured; and the country dominated seems to have less spirit, less aspiration for independence, a word that is to it
almost incomprehensible. Everything then at first [46]glance presages another three centuries, at least, of peaceful
domination and tranquil suzerainty.
But above the material considerations are arising others, invisible, of an ethical nature, far more powerful and
transcendental.
Orientals, and the Malays in particular, are a sensitive people: delicacy of sentiment is predominant with them. Even
now, in spite of contact with the occidental nations, who have ideals different from his, we see the Malayan Filipino
sacrifice everything—liberty, ease, welfare, name, for the sake of an aspiration or a conceit, sometimes scientific, or
of some other nature, but at the least word which wounds his self-love he forgets all his sacrifices, the labor
expended, to treasure in his memory and never forget the slight he thinks he has received.
So the Philippine peoples have remained faithful during three centuries, giving up their liberty and their
independence, sometimes dazzled by [47]the hope of the Paradise promised, sometimes cajoled by the friendship
offered them by a noble and generous people like the Spanish, sometimes also compelled by superiority of arms of
which they were ignorant and which timid spirits invested with a mysterious character, or sometimes because the
invading foreigner took advantage of intestine feuds to step in as the peacemaker in discord and thus later to
dominate both parties and subject them to his authority.
Spanish domination once established, it was firmly maintained, thanks to the attachment of the people, to their
mutual dissensions, and to the fact that the sensitive self-love of the native had not yet been wounded. Then the
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people saw their own countrymen in the higher ranks of the army, their general officers fighting beside the heroes of
Spain and sharing their laurels, begrudged neither character, reputation nor consideration; then fidelity and
attachment to Spain, love of the fatherland, made of the [48]native, encomendero1 and even general, as during the
English invasion; then there had not yet been invented the insulting and ridiculous epithets with which recently the
most laborious and painful achievements of the native leaders have been stigmatized; not then had it become the
fashion to insult and slander in stereotyped phrase, in newspapers and books published with governmental and
superior ecclesiastical approval, the people that paid, fought and poured out its blood for the Spanish name, nor was
it considered either noble or witty to offend a whole race, which was forbidden to reply or defend itself; and if there
were religious hypochondriacs who in the leisure of their cloisters dared to write against it, as did the Augustinian
[49]Gaspar de San Agustin and the Jesuit Velarde, their loathsome abortions never saw the light, and still less were
they themselves rewarded with miters and raised to high offices. True it is that neither were the natives of that time
such as we are now: three centuries of brutalization and obscurantism have necessarily had some influence upon us,
the most beautiful work of divinity in the hands of certain artisans may finally be converted into a caricature.
The priests of that epoch, wishing to establish their domination over the people, got in touch with it and made
common cause with it against the oppressive encomenderos. Naturally, the people saw in them greater learning and
some prestige and placed its confidence in them, followed their advice, and listened to them even in the darkest
hours. If they wrote, they did so in defense of the rights of the native and made his cry reach even to the distant steps
of the Throne. And not a few priests, both secular [50]and regular, undertook dangerous journeys, as representatives
of the country, and this, along with the strict and public residencia2 then required of the governing powers, from the
captain-general to the most insignificant official, rather consoled and pacified the wounded spirits, satisfying, even
though it were only in form, all the malcontents.
All this has passed away. The derisive laughter penetrates like mortal poison into the heart of the native who pays
and suffers and it becomes more offensive the more immunity it enjoys. A common sore, the general affront offered
to a whole race, has wiped away the old feuds among different provinces. The people no longer has confidence in its
former protectors, [51]now its exploiters and executioners. The masks have fallen. It has seen that the love and piety
of the past have come to resemble the devotion of a nurse who, unable to live elsewhere, desires eternal infancy,
eternal weakness, for the child in order to go on drawing her wages and existing at its expense; it has seen not only
that she does not nourish it to make it grow but that she poisons it to stunt its growth, and at the slightest protest she
flies into a rage! The ancient show of justice, the holy residencia, has disappeared; confusion of ideas begins to
prevail; the regard shown for a governor-general, like La Torre, becomes a crime in the government of his successor,
sufficient to cause the citizen to lose his liberty and his home; if he obey the order of one official, as in the recent
matter of admitting corpses into the church, it is enough to have the obedient subject later harassed and persecuted
in every possible way; obligations and taxes increase without thereby increasing rights, privileges [52]and liberties or
assuring the few in existence; a régime of continual terror and uncertainty disturbs the minds, a régime worse than a
period of disorder, for the fears that the imagination conjures up are generally greater than the reality; the country is
poor; the financial crisis through which it is passing is acute, and every one points out with the finger the persons who
are causing the trouble, yet no one dares lay hands upon them!
True it is that the Penal Code has come like a drop of balm to such bitterness.3 But of what use are all the codes in
the world, if by means of confidential reports, if for trifling reasons, if through anonymous traitors any honest citizen
may be exiled or banished without a hearing, without a trial? Of what use is that Penal Code, of what use is life, if
there is no security in the home, no faith in justice and confidence [53]in tranquility of conscience? Of what use is all
that array of terms, all that collection of articles, when the cowardly accusation of a traitor has more influence in the
timorous ears of the supreme autocrat than all the cries for justice?
If this state of affairs should continue, what will become of the Philippines within a century?
The batteries are gradually becoming charged and if the prudence of the government does not provide an outlet for
the currents that are accumulating, some day the spark will be generated. This is not the place to speak of what
outcome such a deplorable conflict might have, for it depends upon chance, upon the weapons and upon a thousand
circumstances which man can not foresee. But even though all the advantage should be on the government’s side
and therefore the probability of success, it would be a Pyrrhic victory, and no government ought to desire such.[54]
If those who guide the destinies of the Philippines remain obstinate, and instead of introducing reforms try to make
the condition of the country retrograde, to push their severity and repression to extremes against the classes that
suffer and think, they are going to force the latter to venture and put into play the wretchedness of an unquiet life,
filled with privation and bitterness, against the hope of securing something indefinite. What would be lost in the
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struggle? Almost nothing: the life of the numerous discontented classes has no such great attraction that it should be
preferred to a glorious death. It may indeed be a suicidal attempt—but then, what? Would not a bloody chasm yawn
between victors and vanquished, and might not the latter with time and experience become equal in strength, since
they are superior in numbers, to their dominators? Who disputes this? All the petty insurrections that have occurred
in the Philippines were the [55]work of a few fanatics or discontented soldiers, who had to deceive and humbug the
people or avail themselves of their power over their subordinates to gain their ends. So they all failed. No insurrection
had a popular character or was based on a need of the whole race or fought for human rights or justice, so it left no
ineffaceable impressions, but rather when they saw that they had been duped the people bound up their wounds and
applauded the overthrow of the disturbers of their peace! But what if the movement springs from the people
themselves and bases its cause upon their woes?
So then, if the prudence and wise reforms of our ministers do not find capable and determined interpreters among
the colonial governors and faithful perpetuators among those whom the frequent political changes send to fill such a
delicate post; if met with the eternal it is out of order, proffered by the elements who see their livelihood in the
backwardness of their subjects; [56]if just claims are to go unheeded, as being of a subversive tendency; if the
country is denied representation in the Cortes and an authorized voice to cry out against all kinds of abuses, which
escape through the complexity of the laws; if, in short, the system, prolific in results of alienating the good will of the
natives, is to continue, pricking his apathetic mind with insults and charges of ingratitude, we can assert that in a few
years the present state of affairs will have been modified completely—and inevitably. There now exists a factor which
was formerly lacking—the spirit of the nation has been aroused, and a common misfortune, a common debasement,
has united all the inhabitants of the Islands. A numerous enlightened class now exists within and without the Islands,
a class created and continually augmented by the stupidity of certain governing powers, which forces the inhabitants
to leave the country, to secure education abroad, and it is [57]maintained and struggles thanks to the provocations
and the system of espionage in vogue. This class, whose number is cumulatively increasing, is in constant
communication with the rest of the Islands, and if today it constitutes only the brain of the country in a few years it will
form the whole nervous system and manifest its existence in all its acts.
Now, statecraft has various means at its disposal for checking a people on the road to progress: the brutalization of
the masses through a caste addicted to the government, aristocratic, as in the Dutch colonies, or theocratic, as in the
Philippines; the impoverishment of the country; the gradual extermination of the inhabitants; and the fostering of
feuds among the races.
Brutalization of the Malayan Filipino has been demonstrated to be impossible. In spite of the dark horde of friars, in
whose hands rests the instruction of youth, which miserably wastes years and years in the colleges, issuing
therefrom [58]tired, weary and disgusted with books; in spite of the censorship, which tries to close every avenue to
progress; in spite of all the pulpits, confessionals, books and missals that inculcate hatred toward not only all
scientific knowledge but even toward the Spanish language itself; in spite of this whole elaborate system perfected
and tenaciously operated by those who wish to keep the Islands in holy ignorance, there exist writers, freethinkers,
historians, philosophers, chemists, physicians, artists and jurists. Enlightenment is spreading and the persecution it
suffers quickens it. No, the divine flame of thought is inextinguishable in the Filipino people and somehow or other it
will shine forth and compel recognition. It is impossible to brutalize the inhabitants of the Philippines!
May poverty arrest their development?
Perhaps, but it is a very dangerous means. Experience has everywhere shown us and especially in the Philippines,
that the classes which [59]are better off have always been addicted to peace and order, because they live
comparatively better and may be the losers in civil disturbances. Wealth brings with it refinement, the spirit of
conservation, while poverty inspires adventurous ideas, the desire to change things, and has little care for life.
Machiavelli himself held this means of subjecting a people to be perilous, observing that loss of welfare stirs up more
obdurate enemies than loss of life. Moreover, when there are wealth and abundance, there is less discontent, less
complaint, and the government, itself wealthier, has more means for sustaining itself. On the other hand, there occurs
in a poor country what happens in a house where bread is wanting. And further, of what use to the mother country
would a poor and lean colony be?
Neither is it possible gradually to exterminate the inhabitants. The Philippine races, like all the Malays, do not
succumb before the foreigner, [60]like the Australians, the Polynesians and the Indians of the New World. In spite of
the numerous wars the Filipinos have had to carry on, in spite of the epidemics that have periodically visited them,
their number has trebled, as has that of the Malays of Java and the Moluccas. The Filipino embraces civilization and
lives and thrives in every clime, in contact with every people. Rum, that poison which exterminated the natives of the
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Pacific islands, has no power in the Philippines, but, rather, comparison of their present condition with that described
by the early historians, makes it appear that the Filipinos have grown soberer. The petty wars with the inhabitants of
the South consume only the soldiers, people who by their fidelity to the Spanish flag, far from being a menace, are
surely one of its solidest supports.
There remains the fostering of intestine feuds among the provinces.
This was formerly possible, when communication from one island to another was rare and [61]difficult, when there
were no steamers or telegraph-lines, when the regiments were formed according to the various provinces, when
some provinces were cajoled by awards of privileges and honors and others were protected from the strongest. But
now that the privileges have disappeared, that through a spirit of distrust the regiments have been reorganized, that
the inhabitants move from one island to another, communication and exchange of impressions naturally increase,
and as all see themselves threatened by the same peril and wounded in the same feelings, they clasp hands and
make common cause. It is true that the union is not yet wholly perfected, but to this end tend the measures of good
government, the vexations to which the townspeople are subjected, the frequent changes of officials, the scarcity of
centers of learning, which forces the youth of all the Islands to come together and begin to get acquainted. The
journeys to Europe contribute not a little to tighten the bonds, for abroad the inhabitants [62]of the most widely
separated provinces are impressed by their patriotic feelings, from sailors even to the wealthiest merchants, and at
the sight of modern liberty and the memory of the misfortunes of their country, they embrace and call one another
brothers.
In short, then, the advancement and ethical progress of the Philippines are inevitable, are decreed by fate.
The Islands cannot remain in the condition they are without requiring from the sovereign country more liberty Mutatis
mutandis. For new men, a new social order.
To wish that the alleged child remain in its swaddling-clothes is to risk that it may turn against its nurse and flee,
tearing away the old rags that bind it.
The Philippines, then, will remain under Spanish domination, but with more law and greater liberty, or they will
declare themselves [63]independent, after steeping themselves and the mother country in blood.
As no one should desire or hope for such an unfortunate rupture, which would be an evil for all and only the final
argument in the most desperate predicament, let us see by what forms of peaceful evolution the Islands may remain
subjected to the Spanish authority with the very least detriment to the rights, interests and dignity of both parties.
III. If the Philippines must remain under the control of Spain, they will necessarily have to be transformed in a political
sense, for the course of their history and the needs of their inhabitants so require. This we demonstrated in the
preceding article.
We also said that this transformation will be violent and fatal if it proceeds from the ranks of the people, but peaceful
and fruitful if it emanate from the upper classes.
Some governors have realized this truth, and, impelled by their patriotism, have been trying to introduce needed
reforms in order to forestall events. But notwithstanding all that have been ordered up to the present time, they have
[68]produced scanty results, for the government as well as for the country. Even those that promised only a happy
issue have at times caused injury, for the simple reason that they have been based upon unstable grounds.
We said, and once more we repeat, and will ever assert, that reforms which have a palliative character are not only
ineffectual but even prejudicial, when the government is confronted with evils that must be cured radically. And were
we not convinced of the honesty and rectitude of some governors, we would be tempted to say that all the partial
reforms are only plasters and salves of a physician who, not knowing how to cure the cancer, and not daring to root it
out, tries in this way to alleviate the patient’s sufferings or to temporize with the cowardice of the timid and ignorant.
All the reforms of our liberal ministers were, have been, are, and will be good—when carried out.[69]
When we think of them, we are reminded of the dieting of Sancho Panza in his Barataria Island. He took his seat at a
sumptuous and well-appointed table “covered with fruit and many varieties of food differently prepared,” but between
the wretch’s mouth and each dish the physician Pedro Rezio interposed his wand, saying, “Take it away!” The dish
removed, Sancho was as hungry as ever. True it is that the despotic Pedro Rezio gave reasons, which seem to have
been written by Cervantes especially for the colonial administrations: “You must not eat, Mr. Governor, except
according to the usage and custom of other islands where there are governors.” Something was found to be wrong
They prevail in the end and were acknowledged permission to their project on the
condition that Senorita Guadalupe Reyes should be their teacher. As a compliment to these
young women for their bravery, Marcelo del Pilar asked Rizal to write a letter commending them
for their extraordinary courage. So on February 22, 1889, Rizal sent del Pilar the letter for
transfer to the young women of Malolos.
The letter to the young women of Malolos concentrated on the following salient points,
the rejection of the spiritual authority of the friars, the defense of private judgement, qualities
Filipino mothes need to possess, duties and responsibilities of Filipino mothers to their children,
duties and responsibilities of a wife to her husband, and counsel to young woman on their
choice of a lifetime partner.
VIII. REFERENCES
Garcia, C.,& Cruz, C. (2015). Rizal and the development of Filipino nationalism. (1st ed).
Manila: Mindshapers Co.,Inc.
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Maslang , K.,Dacles D., Del Rosario Fe Yolanda. (2018) Rizal life and works (1st ed). Nueva
VIzcaya: Saint Mary’s University Publising and Digital Printing Office
Pangilinan, M., Igloria, M., & Pasague, E. (2018). Life and works of Dr. Jose P. Rizal (1st
ed.). Manila: Mindshapers Co., Inc.
Umali, V., Ramos, O., Ambidda, M., & Maliban, N. (2019). Jose Rizal: A review on the life
and works of the first Filipino (1st ed.). Mandaluyong City: Books Atbp. Publishing Corp.
X. E-Resources
Ocampo, A. (2019, March 15). The indolence of the Filipino. Retrieved November 13, 2020
from https://opinion.inquirer.net/120136/the-indolence-of-the-filipino
Project Gutenberg.org (2011, April 18). The indolence of the Filipino. Retrieved November
13, 2020 from http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/6885/pg6885-images.html
Project Gutenberg.org (2011, April 18). The Philippines a century hence. Retrieved
November 13, 2020 from https://www.gutenberg.org/files/35899/35899-h/35899-h.html
V. LESSON CONTENT
1. Bayani and Kabayanihan
vs.
On the other hand, UP Diksyunaryong Filipino (2001) listed three meanings for bayani: a
person of extraordinary courage and ability; a person considered to possess extraordinary
talents or someone who did something noble (“dakila”); a leading man in a play. It was added
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that a bayani or hero from mythology were those who had the qualities of the gods,
extraordinary strength, bravery, or ability.
Then, bayani in the dictionary is defined as someone who is brave or valiant, someone
who works toward a common task or cooperative endeavor (“bayanihan”). It is significant that
bayani comes a few words under “bayan,” which is defined as: the space between here and the
sky. Bayan is also a town, municipality, pueblo, or nation, and can refer to people and citizens
(“mamamayan”) who live in those communities, or to those who originate or come from the
same place (“kababayan”). Bayan also refers to the day (“araw”) or a time of day (“malalim ang
bayan”) or even to the weather, good or bad (“masamang bayan”).
Philip Zimbardo (n.d.) defined heroes as people who transform compassion (a personal
virtue) into heroic action (a civic virtue). He added that in doing so, they must put their best
selves forward in service to humanity. He coined the term “heroic action” that must possess the
following characteristic: (1) engaged in voluntarily; (2) conducted in service to one or more
people or the community as a whole; (3) involving a risk to physical comfort, social stature, or
quality of life; and (4) initiated without the expectation of material gain.
On the other hand, “Kabayanihan” or heroism is a concept that came from the Greeks.
The Greeks look at Hercules as an example. He is considered a “hero” that is strong-willed and
has supernatural character who consciously directs his abilities for the good of the people. The
Western-inspired educational system taught us this definition; that is why we see heroes as
larger than life characters with extraordinary strength, extraordinary courage and extraordinary
intellect.
Ang mga bagani ay natutukoy din ang antas sa pamamagitan ng kanilang kasuutan. Ang
mga nagampanan ang ilang ritwal gaya ng pagkain ng atay o puso ng kaaway ay makikitang
nakasuot ng pulang putong. Samantalang ang mga nakapatay naman ng 7-27 na kaaway ay
nagsusuot ng pulang dyaket habang ang mga nakapatay naman ng 50-100 na kaaway ay
nakasuot naman ng pulang pantalon at ang mga nakasuot naman ng itim na kasuotan ay ang
mga nakapatay sa loob mismo ng pamamahay nito.
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Antas ng Pagkabagani
Taguri Bilang ng Kinitil
Nowadays, being a hero is seen in a different context. It does not require the act of
sacrificing your own life for the country. You don’t have to die in order to be a hero. The act of
heroism can be seen into different ways and different dimensions. You can be a hero in most
possible way. Serving people with the best of your ability is a true essence of being a hero,
another example would be, when you’re helping a lady to cross the street and when a firefighter
helped extinguish a fire. Those are simple acts that shows heroism, moreover they are acts of
“kabayanihan” and makes that person doing the act as “bayani”.
You don’t have to be like Rizal to be a hero. Though he expressed his love on the
country through silent means but powerful way through his novels, essays, articles, and poems,
this doesn’t mean that you have to do that too to be considered as one. Doing something that is
beneficial to the society and to other people is a manifestation of heroism. People can be a hero
on their own little way. Ordinary people in their own little ways with extra ordinary
accomplishments can be a hero. If you accomplish for the benefit of the community, you can be
a hero. When you are passionate and focused in providing service for the benefit of the society
you can also be a hero.
IX. REFERENCES
A. Books/ Printed Materials
Ariola, M. (2018). The life and works of Rizal (1st ed.). Manila: Unlimited Books Library Services &
Publishing Inc.
Pangilinan, M., Igloria, M., & Pasague, E. (2018). Life and works of Dr. Jose P. Rizal (1st ed.). Manila:
Mindshapers Co., Inc.
B. E - Resources
Ocampo, A. R. (2016, September 2). ‘Bayani’ a richer word than ‘hero’ | Inquirer Opinion.
Retrieved November 5, 2020 from https://opinion.inquirer.net/96994/bayani-a-richer-word-than-
hero:
PI 10 at ang pagpukaw sa natutulog nating kamalayan nang pagiging pilipino. (2014, May 14).
Retrieved November 5, 2020 from http://magdingasapoyniifrit.blogspot.com/2014/05/heroism-
part-iii-ang-salitang-bayani-sa.html
V. LESSON CONTENT
Filipino theoretician
APOLINARI Spokesman of the Philippine revolution
O MABINI Writer of the short-lived republic of 1898-99 constitution
3. OTHER HEROES
GENERAL GREGORIO DEL PILAR
Hero of Tirad Pass. Born on November 14, 1875, in Bulacan, Bulacan.
Died of December 2, 1899, in the battle of Tirad Pass, to enable
Aguinaldo to escape from the Americans. One of the youngest and
bravest generals ever produced by the Philippines.
Sublime paralytic and the brain of the revolution. Born in Talaga, Tanauan,
Batangas, on June 22, 1864. He joined La Liga Filipina in 1892 and
Aguinaldo's revolutionary government from June 1898 to May 1899. He was
captured by the American forces in December 1899 and deported to Guam in
January 1901. He died in Manila on May 13, 1903.
GOMBURZA (MARIANO GOMEZ, JOSE BURGOS & JACINTO
ZAMORA)
Three intellectuals who crusaded for reform. Father Jose Burgos Killed
by garrote in Bagumbayan, Manila on February 17, 1872, for allegedly
instigating the Cavite mutiny.
Founder and first editor of the newspaper La Solidaridad, which became the
vehicle of expression for Filipino propaganda in Spain. Together wtih Jose
Rizal and Marcelo H. Del Pilar, he undertook propaganda campaigns in Spain.
Born in Jaro, Iloilo, on December 18, 1856. He died on January 20, 1896, in
Barcelona, Spain.
PANDAY PIRA
MARIANO PONCE
GREGORIA DE JESUS
One of the brave and patriotic women who played a heroic role in the
Philippine revolution. Born in Kalookan City, on May 9, 1875. Wife of Andres
Bonifacio and Lakambini of the Katipunan. She actually fought alongside her
husband during the revolution, aside from being the custodian of the Katipunan
documents. She organized the Katipunan's Women Chapter. She died on March
15, 1943.
Musician, journalist, politician, and lawyer. Considered the greatest lyric poet
in Spanish. Born in Ermita, Manila, on May 30, 1873. When the revolution
broke out, General Antonio Luna invited him to join the editorial staff of La
Independencia, the organ of the revolution. Thus, he fought for the Filipino
cause with his pen. Died in Manila June 12, 1929.
FELIPE AGONCILLO
LEONA FLORENTINO
First poetess of the Philippines. Born in Vigan, Ilocos Sur, on April 19, 1849.
Her poems were given international recognition at the Exposicion in Madrid in
1887 and in Paris in 1889. Died on October 4, 1884.
ARTEMIO RICARTE
Last of the propagandists. Gifted son of Leona Florentino, first poetess of the
Philippines. Born in Vigan, Ilocos Sur, on July 7, 1864. He aroused the
hostility of the friars and government officials when he openly criticized the
evils of the Spanish rule and he advocated reforms. He was the founder of the
first Philippine labor union, as well as the first independent Filipino Catholic
church. Died on October 9, 1938.
JOSE PALMA
Poet and soldier. Born in Tondo, Manila, on June 3, 1876. Younger brother of
Dr. Rafael Palma. He was a staff member of La Independencia. He wrote
Filipinas, a patriotic poem in Spanish, which became the lyrics of the
Philippine National Anthem. Died in Manila, on February 12, 1903.
RAJAH SULAYMAN
The last rajah of Manila, noted for his daring and bravery. Nephew of Rajah
Lakandula. Of all of the early rulers of Manila, he was feared most by the
Spaniards. He was killed on June 3, 1571, in the Battle of Bangkusay.
Maker of the first Philippine flag. Born in Taal, Batangas, on June 24, 1859.
Married to Felipe Agoncillo. She labored to make the Filipino flag in Hong
Kong with the help of Delfina Herbosa de Natividad, a niece of Rizal. Died on
May 30, 1946, in Taal, Batangas.
RAJAH LAKANDULA
One of the most illustrious ancient Filipinos. Chief of Tondo, when Legazpi
came to Manila in 1571. He became a Christian and took the name of Carlos,
after the king of Spain. He made the blood compact with Goiti. He fought
alongside the Spaniards against the Chinese pirate, Limahong. Died in 1575.
Avenger of Filipino honor. Born in Mambulao, Camarines Norte, on February 1, 1863. A good friend
and co-worker of Rizal. He was Bicolandia's greatest contribution to the historic campaign for reforms,
more popularly called the Propaganda Movement. He wrote articles for La Solidaridad, under the pen
names Jomapa and J.M.P. Died in Barcelona, Spain, on August 19, 1890.
DIEGO SILANG
He led the revolt of the Ilocanos in opposition to the tribute and abuses of the Spanish officials. Born in
Aringay, La Union, on December 16, 1730. The revolt started in Vigan, Ilocos Sur. He was killed by
Miguel Vicos, a Spanish mestizo who bore grievances against Diego Silang.
LAPU-LAPU
Chief of Mactan who led the first successful Filipino armed resistance against Spanish aggression. He
fought and killed Magellan in a battle in Mactan, on April 27, 1521.
FRANCISCO BALTAZAR
More popularly known as Balagtas, he is considered the prince of Tagalog poets. Born in Panginay,
Bigaa, Bulacan, on April 2, 1788. He wroteFlorante at Laura, a masterpiece of local versification,
upholding moral and social values; it served as the basic foundation of the Philippine literature. Died in
Orion, Bataan, on February 20, 1862.
FRANCISCO DAGOHOY
He led the longest revolt in Bohol against the Spaniards. The immediate cause of the revolt was the
refusal of a Jesuit priest to give a Christian burial to Dagohoy's brother. The Spaniards needed 85 years
before they were able to suppress the rebellion. It was only in 1829 that they finally succeeded in
bringing to end the revolt started by Dagohoy.
EPIFANIO DELOS SANTOS
Lawyer, journalist, historian, philosopher, bibliographer, biographer, painter, poet, musician, literary
critic, antique collector, and librarian. Born in Malabon, Rizal, on April 7, 1871. Died on April 28,
1928, in Manila.
TERESA MAGBANUA
The first woman in Panay to fight in the Philippine revolution. Known as the Visayan Joan of Arc.
Born in Pototan, Iloilo, on November 4, 1871. Died in August 1947.
TRINIDAD TECSON
Mother of Biak-na-Bato or Balintawak. Born in San Miguel, Bulacan, on November 18, 1848. Even
though women-members of the Katipunan were exempted from the pact, she participated in
Sanduguan(blood compact). She fought fearlessly in 12 bloody battles of the revolution in Bulacan,
including the famous Battle of Biak-na-Bato. Later, she became known as The Mother of the Philippine
Red Cross. Died on June 28, 1928.
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INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
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AGUEDA ESTEBAN
Katipunan member who later married Artemio Ricarte. She commuted from Cavite to Manila to buy
saltpeter, lead, and copper which were used to make ammunitions. She also carried secret messages
about the planned offensives against the Spanish posts.
GENERAL FRANCISCO MAKABULOS
Leader of the revolt in Tarlac. Born in La Paz, Tarlac, on September 17, 1871. He was the first patriot
in Tarlac, who joined the Katipunan. General Aguinaldo appointed him as one of the brigadier generals
of the Central Luzon area. He established the Central Executive Committee, which had a constitution
called the Constitution of Makabulos. Died in La Paz, Tarlac, on April 30, 1922.
JULIAN FELIPE
Composer of the Philippine National Anthem. Born in Cavite City on January 28, 1861. A dedicated
music teacher and composer, he was appointed by Aguinaldo as Director of the National Band of the
Philippine Republic. Died in Manila on October 2, 1941.
Note: Read the Republic Act No. 8491 or the Flag and Heraldic Code of the Philippines
https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1998/02/12/republic-act-no-8491/#:~:text=REPUBLIC%20ACT%20NO.-,8491,SECTION%201.
IX. REFERENCES
Francisco, V., Francisco, PM., Dulay, M., Battung, J. & Bumidang, J. (2018). Rizal: A modualr
approach based on the new CHED curriculum. Manila: Mindshapers Co., Inc.,
Pawilen, R., Crudo, ER., Guiwa, HI. & Pawilen, G. (2018). Course module for the life, works,
and
writings of Rizal. Manila: Rex Bookstore, Inc., B. E-Resources
Dylan, H. (2015, January 8). Complete list of Filipino heroes. Retrieved November 10, 2020 from
http://bayaningpinoys.blogspot.com/2015/01/philippine-national-heroes-dr.html
Iglesias, I. (2016, August 27). Nine national heroes. Retrieved November 10, 2020 from
https://www.manilatimes.net/2016/08/27/weekly/the-sunday-times/nine-national-heroes/282407/
Library of Congress. (2011, June 22). Andres Bonifacio. Retrieved November 6, 2020 from
https://www.loc.gov/rr/hispanic/1898/bonifacio.html
National Commission for Culture and the Arts. (2017, November 6). Selection and proclamation
of national heroes and laws honoring Filipino historical figures. Retrieved November 10, 2020
from https://ncca.gov.ph/about-culture-and-arts/culture-profile/selection-and-proclamation-of-
nationalheroes-and-laws-honoring-filipino-historicalfigures/#:~: text=No%20law%2C
%20executive%20order%20or,proclamations%20issued%20honoring%
20these%20heroes.
Official Gazette. (1993, March 29). Executive Order No. 75, 1993. Retrieved November 5, 2020
from https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1993/03/29/executive-order-no-75-1993/
Official Gazette. (1998, February 12). Republic Act No. 8491. Retrieved November 10, 2020
from
https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1998/02/12/republic-act-no 8491/#:~:text=REPUBLIC
%20ACT%20NO.-,8491,SECTION%201.
Phil.news.ph. (2019. July 11). National symbols of the Philippines – symbols of our country.
Retrieved November 10, 2020 from https://philnews.ph/2019/07/11/national-symbols-of-the-
philippines/
Primer Media Inc. (2017, April 15). Learn about the Philippines’ National Symbols. Retrieved
November 9, 2020 from https://primer.com.ph/tips-guides/2017/04/15/learn-about-the-
philippines-nationalsymbols/
Rubistar. (2010, May 25). Making a brochure: Sample rubric. Retrieved November 10, 2020
from
http://rubistar.4teachers.org/index.php?
screen=ShowRubric&module=Rubistar&rubric_id=1417742&
BRILIAN G. TOMAS
DEPARTMENT CHAIR
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