गणित

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ÙetLe keâe@efcheefšMeve šeFcme ke=âle
šer.peer.šer./heer.peer.šer./Sue.šer. iesÇ[/peer.DeeF&.meer./[eÙeš/[erSmeSmeSmeyeer/DeejheerSmemeer/kesâJeerSme/SveJeerSme/PeejKeb[
šerpeeršer/jepemLeeve mketâue/keâeuespe ueskeäÛejj/ef[«eer keâeuespe hejer#ee/Ùet.peer.meer./DeefmemšWš Øeeshesâmej /hee@efuešsefkeävekeâ ueskeäÛejj
(TGT/PGT/LT Grade/GIC/DIET/DSSSB/RPSC/KVS/NVS/ Jharkhand TGT/ Rajasthan
School/College Lecturer/ Degree College Exam/UGC/Assistant Professor/Polytechnic Lecturer)
ieefCele
DeOÙeeÙeJeej mee@uJ[ hesheme&
JÙeeKÙee meefnle nue heÇMve-he$e
ØeOeeve mecheeokeâ
Deevebo kegâceej cenepeve
mecheeokeâ
DeefOeJeòeâe DeefYe<eskeâ efmebn
uesKeve menÙeesie
heJeve hešsue (vesš pesDeejSHeâ), keâeefle&kesâÙe efceßee
keâchÙetšj «eeefHeâkeäme
yeeuekeâ=<Ce, Ûejve efmebn, efJeveÙe meent
mebheeokeâerÙe keâeÙee&ueÙe
ÙetLe keâe@efcheefšMeve šeFcme
12, ÛeÛe& uesve, ØeÙeeiejepe-211002
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Email : yctap12@gmail.com
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ØekeâeMeve Iees<eCee
mecheeokeâ SJeb ØekeâeMekeâ Deevevo kegâceej cenepeve ves Deesce meeBF& Dee@Heâmesš, ØeÙeeiejepe mes cegefõle keâjJeekeâj,
ÙetLe keâe@efcheefšMeve šeFcme, 12, ÛeÛe& uesve, ØeÙeeiejepe-211002 kesâ efueS ØekeâeefMele efkeâÙee~
Fme hegmlekeâ keâes ØekeâeefMele keâjves ceW mecheeokeâ SJeb ØekeâeMekeâ Éeje hetCe& meeJeOeeveer yejleer ieF& nw
efHeâj Yeer efkeâmeer $egefš kesâ efueS Deehekeâe megPeeJe Deewj menÙeesie meeoj Dehesef#ele nw~
efkeâmeer Yeer efJeJeeo keâer efmLeefle ceW vÙeeefÙekeâ #es$e ØeÙeeiejepe nesiee~ cetuÙe : 895/-
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efJe<eÙe-metÛeer
TGT, PGT hejer#ee hee"dÙe›eâce .................................................................................................................................................. 4-5
TGT, PGT kesâ hetJe& hejer#ee ØeMve-he$eeW keâe efJeMues<eCe Ûeeš& ........................................................................................................ 6-7
TGT, PGT Papers Through Pie Chart and Bar Graph .................................................................................. 8
Yeeie-1 : yeerpe ieefCele (ALGEBRA)
yeerpe ieefCele (ALGEBRA) .................................................................................................................................9-289

◘ Theory of Equations and Inequations .........................................................................................................9-48
◘ Sequences and Series (A.P, G.P, H.P) .....................................................................................................49-74
◘ Permutation and Combination .................................................................................................................75-86
◘ Binomial Theorem....................................................................................................................................87-97
◘ Exponential and logarithmic series .......................................................................................................98-105
◘ Sets, Relations and functions ...............................................................................................................106-161
◘ Modern Algebra ..................................................................................................................................162-191
◘ Matrices and Determinants ..................................................................................................................192-270
◘ Linear Algebra.....................................................................................................................................271-289
Yeeie-2 : JeemleefJekeâ efJeMues<eCe (REAL ANALYSIS)
JeemleefJekeâ efJeMues<eCe (REAL ANALYSIS)...................................................................................................290-322

◘ Convergence and Divergence of Sequences and Series of real numbers and functions ......................290-314
◘ Functional Analysis and Measure Theory ...........................................................................................314-322
Yeeie-3 : meefoMe efJeMues<eCe (VECTOR ANALYSIS)
meefoMe efJeMues<eCe (VECTOR ANALYSIS) ..................................................................................................323-391

◘ Operations on vectors .........................................................................................................................223-372
◘ Divergence, Gradient and Curl ............................................................................................................373-391
Yeeie-4 : meefcceße efJeMues<eCe (COMPLEX ANALYSIS)
meefcceße efJeMues<eCe (COMPLEX ANALYSIS) ..............................................................................................392-453

◘ Complex number, De-Moiver's theorem, nth root of unity ..................................................................392-430
◘ Hyperbolic and logarithmic function of a complex variable ...............................................................431-437
◘ Analytic Functions and Power Series ...................................................................................................438-440

◘ Complex Integration, Cauchy's Theorem and Calculus of Residue .....................................................441-453
2
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Yeeie-5 : kewâuekegâueMe (CALCULUS)
kewâuekegâueMe (CALCULUS) ............................................................................................................................454-768
◘ Limit, continuity and differentiability of function of one variable ......................................................454-521
◘ Rolle's Theorem and Lagrange's Mean Value Theorem ......................................................................522-530
◘ Tangent, Normal, Increasing, Decreasing and Maxima/Minima of a Function of one variable..........531-564
◘ Limit, Continuity and Differentiability of function of two variable and Partial Differentiation ..........565-577
◘ Integration, applications of Integration and area bounded by curve .....................................................578-646
◘ Length of curve, surface area and volume of solids revolution ...........................................................647-659
◘ Ordinary and Partial differential equations, Integral Equations and Calculus of Variations ...............660-768
Yeeie-6 : pÙeeefceefle (GEOMETRY)

pÙeeefceefle (GEOMETRY) .............................................................................................................................769-926
◘ Two Dimension .......................................................................................................................................... 769
● The Line and General equation of second degree and its classification ........................................772-804
● Conic section.................................................................................................................................805-876
◘ Three Dimensions ...................................................................................................................................... 877
● The Plane and The Line (Cartesian and vector) ............................................................................877-909
● Sphere, Cone and Cylinder ...........................................................................................................910-926
Yeeie-7 : meebefKÙekeâer Deewj šesheesuee@peer (STATISTICS AND TOPOLOGY)
meebefKÙekeâer Deewj šesheesuee@peer (STATISTICS AND TOPOLOGY) ..................................................................927-967
● Statistics and Probability .................................................................................................................927-961
● Topology..........................................................................................................................................962-967
Yeeie-8 : ef$ekeâesCeefceefle (TRIGONOMETRY)
ef$ekeâesCeefceefle (TRIGONOMETRY)............................................................................................................968-1032
◘ Trigonometrical Identities and Circular function ..............................................................................968-1001
◘ Height and Distance ........................................................................................................................1002-1008
◘ Properties of Triangular and Circular inverse function ...................................................................1009-1032
Yeeie-9 : efmLeefle efJe%eeve Deewj ieefleefJe%eeve (STATICS AND DYNAMICS)

efmLeefle efJe%eeve Deewj ieefleefJe%eeve (STATICS AND DYNAMICS) ................................................................1033-1120
Yeeie-10 : DebkeâieefCele (ARITHMETIC)

DebkeâieefCele (ARITHMETIC)....................................................................................................................1121-1170
Yeeie-11 : mebKÙeelcekeâ efJeMues<eCe leLee mebef›eâÙee efJe%eeve (Numerical Analysis & Operations Research)
mebKÙeelcekeâ efJeMues<eCe leLee mebef›eâÙee efJe%eeve (Numerical Analysis & Operations Research).................. 1171-1184
● Numerical Analysis .....................................................................................................................1171-1178
● Linear Programming Problems ....................................................................................................1179-1184
3
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ØeefMeef#ele mveelekeâ ieefCele : hee"dÙe›eâce
(TGT Maths : Syllabus)
JeeefCepÙe/ieefCele–keâece meceÙe Deewj Ûeeue meceÙe, Ûe›eâJe=efæ yÙeepe, meefcceße mebKÙeeÙeW–Gvekesâ Ùeesie leLee iegCeveheâue, ef[ceeFJej ØecesÙe Deewj
yeQefkebâie, keâjeOeeve, ØeejefcYekeâ efveÙeceeW keâe ØeJeen meefÛe$e~ Fmekeâe ØeÙeesie TBÛeeF& Deewj otjer~ meefcceße jeefMeÙeeW kesâ ÛejIeeleebkeâerÙe
meebefKÙekeâer–yeejbyeejlee yebšve, meebefKÙekeâer DeebkeâÌ[eW keâe DeeuesKeerÙe heâueve, Je=òeerÙe heâueve SJeb neFhej~
efve™heCe, kesâvõerÙe ØeJe=efòe keâer ceeheW, efJe#esheCe keâer ceeheW, pevce/ce=lÙeg yeesefuekeâ heâueve–JeemleefJekeâ Je DeefOekeâefuhele YeeieeW ceW he=LekeäkeâjCe~
meebefKÙekeâer, metÛekeâebkeâ~ pÙeeefceleer–yeesOeeÙeve heeFLeeieesjme efmeæevle Je Fmekeâe efJemleej, Je=òe Je
yeerpeieefCele–keâjCeer, yengheo Deewj Gvekesâ iegCeveKeC[, ueIegieCekeâ, oes Je=òeKeC[, Je=òe kesâ Ûeehe Je peerJee Je=òe keâer mheMe& jsKee, Skeâeblej Je=òe
De%eele jeefMeÙeeW kesâ jsKeerÙe meceerkeâjCe, yengheoeW kesâ cenòece meceeheJele&keâ KeC[ Deewj Gmekesâ keâesCe, peerJee kesâ KeC[ Deewj Gvemes efveefce&le DeeÙele,
Deewj ueIegòece meceeheJelÙe& Skeâ IeeleerÙe leerve De%eele jeefMeÙeeW kesâ Ùegiehele jsKeerÙe meceleue Deeke=âefleÙeeW keâer mece™helee~
meceerkeâjCe, efÉIeele yengheo kesâ iegCeveKeC[, efÉIeele meceerkeâjCe, Devegheele efveoxMeebkeâ pÙeeefceleer–keâeleerÙe leue, jsKee, efÉleerÙe Ieele kesâ JÙeehekeâ
Je meceevegheele, mebKÙee heæefle mecegÛÛeÙe mebef›eâÙeeÙeW, ØeefleefÛe$eCe~ meceIeeleerÙe meceerkeâjCe Éeje efve™efhele mejue jsKee Ùegice~ Fvekesâ yeerÛe keâe
meejefCekeâ–heefjYee<ee, GhemeejefCekeâ SJeb menKeC[, 3 × 3 ›eâce lekeâ kesâ keâesCe Je DeOe&keâeW kesâ Ùegice keâe meceerkeâjCe, mecekeâesCeerÙe keâeleeaÙe efveoxMeebkeâeW
veeieefjkeâ keâe efJemleej meejefCekeâ kesâ meeceevÙe iegCe ›ewâÙecej kesâ efveÙece keâer ceW MebkeâJe (Je=òe, hejJeueÙe, oerIe& Je=òe Je Deefle hejJeueÙe) kesâ ceevekeâ
meneÙelee mes n jwefKekeâ meceerkeâjCeeW (n = 3) kesâ efvekeâeÙe keâe nue, DeeJÙetn meceerkeâjCe Je ØeeÛeefuekeâ meceerkeâjCe, efÉIeele JÙeehekeâ meceerkeâjCe Éeje jsKee
kesâ Øekeâej, 3 × 3 ›eâce lekeâ kesâ DeeJÙetneW keâe Ùeesie keâe iegCeveheâue, Ùegice, Je=òe, hejJeueÙe oerIe&Je=òe Je Deefle hejJeueÙe efve™efhele keâjves kesâ
heefjJele&ve DeeJÙetn meceefcele Deewj efJe<ece meceefcele DeeJÙetn keâe Øeefleueesce ØeefleyevOe, cetue efyevog Je De#eeW kesâ mLeeveevlejCe keâer meneÙelee mes Je=òe,
hejJeueÙe, oerIe&Je=òe Je DeeflehejJeueÙe kesâ meceerkeâjCe Øeehle keâjvee, MeebkeâJe
DeeJÙetn keâer meneÙelee mes leerve De%eele jeefMeÙeeW kesâ Ùegiehele meceerkeâjCe keâe
kesâ efkeâmeer efyevog hej mheMeea Je DeefYeuecye–Úsokeâ jsKee keâe MeebkeâJe mes
nue, meceerkeâjCe efmeæevle, cetueeW kesâ meceefcele heâueve, DebkeâieefCeleerÙe,
ØeefleÛÚsove, meerceevle efmLeefle ceW Fmekesâ mheMeea nesves keâe ØeefleyevOe,
iegCeesòej, njelcekeâ, ßesefCeÙeeb leLee Øeeke=âeflekeâ mebKÙeeDeeW kesâ JeieeX Deewj IeveeW
mheefMe&ÙeeW kesâ ØeeÛeefuekeâ meceerkeâjCe, Jee¢e efyevog mes MeebkeâJe hej mheMeea
kesâ heoeW mes yeveer ßesCeer keâe Ùeesie~ ›eâceÛeÙe Deewj mebÛeÙe, efÉheo ØecesÙe, Ùegice~ MeebkeâJe kesâ efkeâmeer efyevog hej DeefYeuecye keâe meceerkeâjCe–mheMe& keâjves
ÛejIeeleebkeâer Deewj ueIegieCekeâerÙe ßesCeer keâe Ùeesie~ DeLeJee DeefYeuecye nesves keâe ØeefleyevOe, OegÇJeerÙe efveoxMeebkeâeW (efÉefJeieerÙe) ceW
ØeeefÙekeâlee–Ùeesie leLee iegCeve kesâ efmeæevle~ MeebkeâJe keâe ceevekeâ meceerkeâjCe, ieesuee, Mebkegâ Je yesueve keâe ef$eefJeceerÙe
mecegÛÛeÙe efmeæevle–mecegÛÛe yeerpeieefCele kesâ efveÙece, leguÙelee, mebyebOe, pÙeeefceleer~
ØeefleefÛe$eCe, ØeefleefÛe$eCeeW keâe mebÙeespeve Øeefleueesce ØeefleefÛe$eCe, efheÙeeveeW kesâ keâueve–DeJekeâueve–DeJekeâueve keâer heefjYee<ee, yeerpeerÙe, ef$ekeâesCeefceleerÙe,
DeefYeie=nerle leLee Deeieceve DeefYeie=nerle kesâ ØeÙeesie~ DeebefMekeâ mecetn Deewj ÛejIeeleebkeâer leLee ueIegieCekeâerÙe heâueveeW keâe DeJekeâueve, mheMe&jsKee Je
mecetn meceekeâeefjlee, GhemecegÛÛeÙe Éeje peefvele Ghemecetn, Ûe›eâerÙe mecetn, DeefYeuecye, Skeâ Ûej jeefMe kesâ heâueve kesâ GefÛÛe‰ Je efvecve‰ mejue Je›eâeW
efkeâmeer DeheÙeJe keâer keâesefš, Ûe›eâerÙe mecetn kesâ Ghemecetn, menmecegÛÛeÙe keâe DevegjsKeCe~ meceekeâueve–KeC[Me: leLee ØeeflemLeeheve mes meceekeâueve,
efJeÙeespeve, ueQiejevpe ØecesÙe~ DeebefMekeâ efYeVeeW keâer meneÙelee mes meceekeâueve, efveef§ele meceekeâueve Je Fmekesâ
JeemleefJekeâ efJeMues<eCe–JeemleefJekeâ mebKÙeeDeeW keâer DeefYeie=nerefleÙeeB, ØeÙeesie meceleerÙe Je›eâeW kesâ Devleie&le #es$eheâue, yesueve, MebkegâJe ieesues kesâ
mecegÛÛeÙeeW keâer ieCeveerÙelee otjer meceef°, meeceerhÙe, efJeJe=le mecegÛÛeÙe, mebJe=le DeJekeâueve Je he=‰ %eele keâjves ceW meceerkeâjCe DeJekeâueve meceerkeâjCe keâer
mecegÛÛeÙe, JÙeglheVe mecegÛÛeÙe meIeve mecegÛÛeÙe heefjhetCe& mecegÛÛeÙe keâesefš Je Ieele~ ieg®lJeeOeerve mejue jsKeerÙe mejue ieefle kesâ GoenjCeeW ceW
yeesupewveeW–efJemšême ØecesÙe meefnle DevÙe meeceevÙe ØecesÙe~ JeemleefJekeâ efvecveefueefKele ™he mes meceerkeâjCeeW keâes nue keâjvee–
mebKÙeeDeeW kesâ Deveg›eâce–Deveg›eâce keâer meercee, DeefOekeâejer Deveg›eâce, (i) dy / dx = f ( x) (ii) dy / dx = f ( x)
Dehemeejer, Deveg›eâce heefjyeæ Deveg›eâce, Skeâefo° Deveg›eâce, DeefYemeejer (iii) ϕ ( y )(3) / dx 2 = f ( x)
Deveg›eâceeW keâer mebef›eâÙeeÙeW, keâesMeer Deveg›eâce, meercee mebyebOeer keâesMeer ØecesÙe meefoMe efJeMues<eCe–›eâefcekeâ Ùegice Je ›eâefcekeâ ef$ekeâ kesâ ™he ceW efmLele
Deewj JeemleefJekeâ Deveg›eâce keâer DeefYemeefjlee hej keâesMeer efmeæevle~ meercee Je meefoMe, efJemLeeheve meefoMe cegòeâ meefoMe, FkeâeF& meefoMe, ceeheebkeâ leLee
meelelÙe JeemleefJekeâ ceeve Jeeues heâueveeW keâer meercee, Jeece he#e Deewj oef#eCe efokeäkeâespeÙee, yejeyej meefoMe, meefoMeeW kesâ Ùeesie (yeue, Jesie, lJejCe) keâe
he#e meercee, heâueve keâe meelelÙe, meblele heâueveeW keâer efJeMes<eleeSb, DemeelelÙe mebÙeespeve~ oes meefoMeeW keâe Devlej–meehes#e Jesie, oes meefoMeeW keâe DeefoMe Je
Deewj Fmekesâ Øekeâej~ meefoMe iegCeve~ keâeÙe& keâer ieCevee, yeue DeeIetCe& Je šeke&â keâer ieCevee ceW
ef$ekeâesCeefceleer–Je=òeerÙe ceehe leLee efJeefMe° keâesCeeW kesâ ef$ekeâesCeefceleerÙe Fvekeâe ØeÙeesie~ meefoMeeW keâe ef$eiegCeve~
Devegheele, oes keâesCeeW kesâ Ùeesie Deewj Devlej kesâ leLee efkeâmeer keâesCe kesâ efmLeefle efJe%eeve–leerve yeue ueies efheC[eW keâe meblegueve, ueeceer keâe ØecesÙe,
DeheJelÙe& SJeb DeheJele&keâ keâesCeeW kesâ ef$ekeâesCeefceleerÙe Devegheele, ef$eYegpe keâe efveÙece ef$ekeâesCeefceleerÙe ØecesÙe SJeb oes mecekeâesCeerÙe yeueeW ceW
ef$ekeâesCeefceleerÙe meJe&leefcekeâeÙeW, ef$ekeâesCeefceleerÙe meceerkeâjCe, ef$eYegpe keâe nue, efveÙeespeve~ meblegueve kesâ meeceevÙe ØeefleyevOe ieg®lJe kesâvõ~
heefjiece Devle SJeb Jee¢e Je=òeeW keâer ef$epÙeeÙeW SJeb iegCe, Øeefleueesce Je=òeerÙe ieefle efJe%eeve–ieg®lJe kesâ DeOeerve GOJee&Oej meceleue ceW ieefle Øe#eshÙe keâer
heâueveeW kesâ meeceevÙe iegCe~ ieefle, keâeÙe&, Tpee&, meeceLÙe& Sce. kesâ. Sme. ØeCeeueer ceW ieCevee~
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ØeJeòeâe ieefCele : hee"dÙe›eâce
(PGT Maths : Syllabus)
yeerpe ieefCele : meceerkeâjCe efmeæevle, cetueeW kesâ meceefcele heâueve, ØecesÙe Deewj Fmekeâe ØeÙeesie~ FkeâeF& kesâ cetue meefcceße mebKÙeeDeeW kesâ heâueve–
DebkeâieefCeleerÙe iegCeesòej Je njelcekeâ ßesefCeÙeeb, Øeeke=âeflekeâ mebKÙeeDeeW kesâ JeieeX ÛejIeelekeâerÙe, Je=òeerÙe, neFhejyeesefuekeâ ueIegieCekeâerÙe, JÙeehekeâ
Deewj IeveeW kesâ heoeW mes yeveer ßesCeer keâe Ùeesie~ ›eâceÛeÙe Deewj mebÛeÙe, efÉheo ÛeejIeeleebkeâerÙe, Øeefleueesce Je=òeerÙe Je Øeefleueesce nehejyeesefuekeâ heâueve–
ØecesÙe, ÛeejIeeleebkeâerÙe Deewj ueIegieCkeâerÙe ßesefCeÙeeW keâe Ùeesie, ØeeefÙekeâlee– JeemleefJekeâ Je DeefOekeâefuhele YeeieeW ceW he=LekeäkeâjCe~
Ùeesie Je iegCeve kesâ efmeæevle~ (De) heâueve–DeJekeâue ieefCele heâueve– heefjYee<ee Je DeejsKe, heâueve keâer
meejefCekeâ–heefjYee<ee, GhemeejefCekeâ Je menKeC[ 3×3 ›eâce lekeâ kesâ meercee Skeâ efyevog hej Je Skeâ Devlejeue ceW heâueve keâe meelelÙe mebJe=le
meejefCekeâ keâe efJemleej, kewâcej kesâ efveÙece mes n jsKeerÙe (n = 3) meceerkeâjCeeW Devlejeue hej melele heâueveeW keâer meeceevÙe efJeMes<eleeDeeW~ heâueve keâe
kesâ efvekeâeÙe keâe nue~ DeJekeâueve, yeerpeerÙe, ef$ekeâesCeefceleerÙe, ÛejIeeleebkeâerÙe Je ueIegieefCekeâerÙe
DeeyÙetn–DeeJÙetn kesâ Øekeâej 3 × 3 ›eâce lekeâ kesâ DeeJÙetneW keâe Ùeesie Deewj heâueveeW keâe DeJekeâueve, heâueve kesâ heâueve keâe DeJekeâueve, mheMe& jsKee Je
iegCeveheâue, heefjJele&ve DeeJÙetn meceefcele Deewj efJe<ece meceefcele DeeJÙetn, DeefYeuecye, Skeâ ÛejjeefMe kesâ heâueve kesâ GefÛÛe‰ Je efvecve‰~
DeeJÙetn keâe menKeC[ve, DeeyÙetn keâe Øeefleueesce DeeJÙetn keâer meneÙelee mes heâueveeW kesâ DeefveJeeÙe& ™he keâer meercee, Sue. neefmhešue keâe efveÙece, Skeâ
leerve De%eele jeefMeÙeeW kesâ Ûegiehele keâe meceerkeâjCe keâe nue~ efyevog hej heâueve keâer DeJekeâueveerÙelee, mebÙegòeâ Je Øeefleueesce heâueveeW kesâ
mecegÛÛeÙe efmeæevle Je mebef›eâÙeeÙeW–Jeie& mece efveÙece, meenÛeÙe& efveÙece, DeJekeâueve, je@ue keâe ØecesÙe ceeOÙeceeve ØecesÙe, šsueme& ØecesÙe Gòejesòej
›eâce efJeefvecesÙe efveÙece, efJelejCe efveÙece, meJe& meefcekeâeÙeW, ef[ceesie&ve keâe DeJekeâueve, efueefyvešdpe ØecesÙe, cewkeäueeefjve Je šsuej keâer ßesefCeÙeeb ›eâeefvlekeâ
efveÙece, leguÙelee mecyevOe, ØeefleefÛe$eCe, Øeefleueesce ØeefleefÛe$eCe, ØeefleefÛe$eCeeW efyevog DeebefMekeâ DeJekeâueve, DevebvemheMeea Je›eâlee efÉkeâ Deewj Je›eâeW keâe
keâe mebÙeespeve, efheÙeeveeW kesâ DeefYeie=nerle leLee Deeieceve DeefYeie=nerle kesâ ØeÙeesie~ DevegjsKeCe~
mecetn efmeæevle–DeebefMekeâ mecetn Deewj mecetn meceekeâeefjlee, GhemecegÛÛeÙe (ye) meceekeâue ieefCele–KeC[Me: leLee ØeeflemLeeheve mes meceekeâueve,
Éeje peefvele Ghemecetn, Ûe›eâerÙe mecetn, efkeâmeer DeJeÙeJe keâer keâesefš, Ûe›eâerÙe DeebefMekeâ efYeVeeW mes meceekeâueve, efveef§ele meceekeâueve~ efveef§ele meceekeâueve
mecetn kesâ Ghemecetn, men mecegÛÛeÙe efJeÙeespeve, uewiejeBvpe ØecesÙe~ ØemeeceevÙe kesâ ØeÙeesie mes meceleueerÙe Je›eâeW kesâ Devleie&le #es$eheâue %eele keâjvee leLee
Ghemecetn Deewj efJeYeeie mecetn, meceekeâjlee keâe ceewefuekeâ ØecesÙe, ØeLece Deewj ieesues, Mebkegâ Je yesueve kesâ DeeÙeleve Je he=‰ %eele keâjvee, efveef§ele
efÉleerÙe Skeâ kesâ meceekeâeefjlee ØecesÙe~ meceekeâueve Ùeesie keâer meercee kesâ ™he ceW, heefj›eâceCe efheC[ hej Ûeehe keâueve
jwefKekeâ ieefCele–meefoMe meceef° kesâ GoenjCe, meefoMeeW keâe jwefKekeâ Je #es$ekeâueve~
mebÙeespeve, jwefKekeâ Deefßelelee, jwefKekeâ Deveeefßelelee, DeeOeej Je efJecee, (me) DeJekeâue meceerkeâjCe–DeJekeâue meceerkeâjCe yeveevee, DeJekeâue
heefjceefle efJeceerÙe meefoMe meceef°, Ghemeceef°, Ghemeceef° peveve, efJeYeeie meceerkeâjCe kesâ Øekeâej, DeJekeâue meceerkeâjCe keâer Ieele Je keâesefš,
meceef° ØelÙe#e Ùeesie~ ieg®lJeeOeerve mejue jsKeerÙe ieefle kesâ GoenjCeeW ceW efvecveefueefKele Øekeâej keâer
jwefKekeâ ™heevlejCe Deewj DeeJÙetn–GoenjCe, jwefKekeâ ™heevlejCe keâe DeJekeâue meceerkeâjCeeW keâes nue keâjvee–
yeerpeieefCele, meceekeâeefjlee keâe ceewefuekeâ ØecesÙe Deewj Fmekesâ ØeÙeesie, leer (i) dy / dx = f(x) (ii) dy / dx = f(x) (y) (iii) dy2 /dx2 = f(x)
meceef° Deewj Éwleer DeeOeej, jwefKekeâ ™heevlejCe keâe heefjJele&, jwefKekeâ ØeLece Ieele Je ØeLece keâesefš kesâ meeOeejCe DeJekeâue meceerkeâjCe DeÛej
™heevlejCe keâe DeeJÙetn efve™heCe, DeeOeej keâe heefjJele&ve Deewj Fmekeâe iegCebkeâeW Jeeues jsKeerÙe DeJekeâue meceerkeâjCe, meceIeele jsKeerÙe DeJekeâue
DeeJÙetn efve™heCe hej ØeYeeJe, jwefKekeâ ™heevlejCe keâer Je DeeJÙetn keâer meceerkeâjCe, DeJekeâue meceerkeâjCe pees ØeLece keâesefš kesâ nQ efkeâvleg ØeLece Ieele
keâesefš jwefKekeâ ™heevlejCe keâer MetvÙelee, keâesefš MetvÙelee ØecesÙe kesâ veneR nw, efJeefÛe$e nue, meb#esoer~ ØeLece keâesefš kesâ jsKeerÙe DeebefMekeâ
DeefYeuee#eefCekeâ ceeve Je DeefYeuee#eefCekeâ meefoMe, kewâueer nwefceušve ØecesÙe, DeJekeâue meceerkeâjCeeW keâer Glheefòe, Pp + Qq = h kesâ efueÙes uewieje@vpe keâer
kewâueer nwefceušve ØecesÙe keâer meneÙelee mes JÙegl›eâceCeerÙe DeeJÙetn keâe efJeefOe, oes mJeleb$e Ûej jeefMeÙeeW kesâ efueÙes uewiejevpe efJeefOe~ ØeLece keâesefš kesâ
Øeefleueesce efvekeâeuevee~ ÛejiegCeebkeâes Jeeues DejsKeerÙe DeebefMekeâ DeJekeâue meceerkeâjCeeW keâes nue keâjves
efveoxMeebkeâ pÙeeefceefle–a × 2 ×2h ×5 × by2 = 0 Éeje efve™efhele keâer Meejefheš keâer efJeefOe, Rr + S8 + Tt = v Øekeâej kesâ efÉleerÙe keâesefš
mejue jsKeeÙegice, Fve jsKeeDeeW kesâ yeerÛe keâe keâesCe Je DeOe&keâeW kesâ Ùegice keâe kesâ DeebefMekeâ DeJekeâue meceerkeâjCeeW keâes nue keâjves keâer cetbies keâer efJeefOe~
meceerkeâjCe~ mecekeâesCeerÙe keâeleeaÙe efveoxMeebkeâeW ceW MeebkeâJe kesâ ceevekeâ efJeefnle ™he Ùee kewâvee@efvekeâue ™he~
meceerkeâjCe Je heefjceleerÙe meceerkeâjCe efÉIeele JÙeehekeâ meceerkeâjCe Éeje meefoMe efJeMues<eCe–meefoMeeW kesâ Øekeâej, meefoMeeW kesâ Ùeesie keâe ef$eYegpe keâe
jsKeeÙegice, Je=òe, hejJeueÙe, oerIe&Je=òe Je DeeflehejJeueÙe efve™efhele keâjves kesâ efveÙece, oes meefoMeeW keâe mebÙeespeve (yeue, Jesie, lJejCe) meefoMeeW keâe
ØeefleyevOe~ cetue efyevog Je De#eeW kesâ mLeeveevlejCe keâer meneÙelee mes Je=òe, Devlej-meehes#e Jesie, oes meefoMeeW kesâ DeefoMe Je meefoMe iegCeve Je Fvekeâe
hejJeueÙe, oerIe&Je=òe Je DeeflehejJeueÙe kesâ ceevekeâ meceerkeâjCe Øeehle keâjvee ØeÙeesie, leerve meefoMeeW kesâ DeefoMe Je meefoMe iegCeve Je Fvekeâe ØeÙeesie~
mheMeea Je DeefYeuecye Úsokeâ jsKe keâe MeebkeâJe mes ØeefleÛÚsove, meerceevle mebjsKeerÙe leLee meceleueerÙe meefoMeeW keâe ØeefleyevOe, leerve ÛejeW kesâ efyevog
efmLeefle ceW Fmekesâ mheMeea nesves keâe ØeefleyevOe mheMe& keâjves keâe ØeefleyevOe, heâueveeW kesâ «ewef[Svš, [eFJepexvme Je keâue&, [eFJepexvme Je mšeskeäme kesâ
mheefMe&ÙeeW kesâ ØeÛeefuekeâ meceerkeâjCe, ØeJeCelee kesâ heoeW ceW mheefMe&ÙeeW keâe ØecesÙeeW keâe ØeÙeesie, leerve ÛejeW kesâ heâueveeW keâe DeJekeâueve Je meceekeâueve~
meceerkeâjCe, yeeOÙe efyevog mes MeebkeâJe hej mheMeea Ùegice~ OegÇJeerÙe efveoxMeebkeâeW efmLeefle efJe%eeve–leerve yeue ueies efheC[eW keâe meblegueve, meceleueerÙe yeue
(efÉefJeceerÙe) ceW MeebkeâJe kesâ ceevekeâ meceerkeâjCe, ieesues, Mebkegâ, yesueve, efvekeâeÙe kesâ Devleie&le mevlegueve kesâ meeceevÙe ØeefleyevOe, ieg®lJe kesâvõ,
kesâvõerÙe MeebkeâJepe Je ef$eefJeceerÙe keâeleeaÙe efveoxMeebkeâeW ceW ceevekeâ meceerkeâjCe keâe@ceve kewâefšvejer, mLeeF& Je DemLeeF& mevlegueve~ oes Je leerve efoMeeDeeW ceW
Je Fvekesâ ØeejefcYekeâ iegCe~ ieg®lJe kesâvõ %eele keâjvee~
ef$ekeâesCeefceleerÙe–ef$ekeâesCeefceleerÙe meceerkeâjCe, ef$eYegpe keâe nue heefjiele, ieefle efJe%eeve–ieg®lJe kesâ DeOeerve GOJee&Ove meceleue ceW Øeefle Øe#eshÙe keâer
Devle: SJeb yee¢e Je=òeeW keâer ef$epÙeeÙeW Deewj iegCe, TbÛeeF& Deewj otjer, ieefle, keâeÙe&, meeceLÙe& Deewj Tpee& Deewj mebJesie mebj#eCe, efÛekeâves efheC[eW keâe
Øeefleueesce Je=òeerÙe heâueve kesâ meeOeejCe iegCe, meefcceße mebKÙeeDeeW kesâ Ùeesie meerOee mebIeó, peÌ[lJe DeeIetCe& Deewj peÌ[lJe kesâ iegCeveheâue, ØeOeeve De#e–
Deewj iegCeveheâue, ceeheebkeâ keâesCeebkeâ ™he, nj keâe heefjcesÙeerkeâjCe ef[ceeFJej DeeIetCeea oerIe& Je=òepe [er Suecyeš& keâe efmeæevle~
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ieefCele DeOÙeeÙeJeej efJeYeeefpele nue ØeMve-he$eeW keâe efJeMues<eCe Ûeeš&
›eâ.meb. hejer#ee ØeMve-he$e hejer#ee efleefLe/hejer#ee Je<e& ØeMveeW keâer
mebKÙee
UP (GIC/GDC/Polytechnic Lecturer/Ashram
Paddhati/LT Grade)
1. UPPSC LT «es[ efMe#ekeâ hejer#ee, 2018 29 pegueeF&, 2018 120
2. UPPSC jepekeâerÙe FCšj keâe@uespe (GIC) ØeJeòeâe hejer#ee, 2015 25 efmelecyej, 2016 120
5. UPPSC Deeßece heæefle ØeJeòeâe hejer#ee, 2021 25 efmelecyej, 2021 80
6. UPPSC Polytechnic Lecturer ØeJeòeâe hejer#ee, 2021 (I-II) 22 ceeÛe&, 2021 200
7. UPHESC Assistant Professor hejer#ee, 2021 13 Dekeäštyej, 2021 70
8. UPPSC GDC hejer#ee, 2021 15 ceeÛe&, 2022 70
ØeJeòeâe ÛeÙeve hejer#ee (PGT)
9. ØeJeòeâe ÛeÙeve hejer#ee, 2021 18 Deiemle, 2021 125
10. ØeJeòeâe ÛeÙeve hejer#ee, 2016 3 HeâjJejer, 2019 125
11. ØeJeòeâe ÛeÙeve hejer#ee, 2013 2016 125
ØeefMeef#ele mveelekeâ efMe#ekeâ ÛeÙeve hejer#ee (TGT)
20. ØeefMeef#ele mveelekeâ efMe#ekeâ ÛeÙeve hejer#ee, 2021 8 Deiemle, 2021 125
21. ØeefMeef#ele mveelekeâ efMe#ekeâ ÛeÙeve hejer#ee, 2016 8 ceeÛe&, 2019 125
22. ØeefMeef#ele mveelekeâ efMe#ekeâ ÛeÙeve hejer#ee, 2013 2016 125
efouueer DSSSB hejer#ee
31. DSSSB TGT 2021 4 efmelecyej, 2021 100
32. DSSSB PGT 2015 28 petve, 2015 200
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33. DSSSB PGT 2015 30 veJecyej, 2016 100
34. DSSSB TGT 2018 23 efmelecyej, 2018 120
35. DSSSB TGT 2014 28 efomecyej, 2014 100
kesâvõerÙe efJeÅeeueÙe meefceefle ÛeÙeve hejer#ee
36. KVS PGT 2018 23 efomecyej, 2018 80
37. KVS TGT 2017 2017 113
veJeesoÙe efJeÅeeueÙe meefceefle ÛeÙeve hejer#ee
38. NVS PGT 2018 10 petve, 2019 60
DevÙe jepÙe keâer ØeefMeef#ele mveelekeâ efMe#ekeâ ÛeÙeve hejer#ee
39. jepemLeeve TGT 2016 2016 120
43. PeejKeC[ TGT 2017 2017 75
GòejeKeC[ (GIC/GDC/LT/Lecturer)
44. UK PSC GDC 2017 2017 100
45. UK PSC GIC 2018 2018 100
46. UK PSC Lecturer (Mains) 2020 2020 200
47. UK SSSC LT 2020 2020 100
Haryana (TGT/PGT)
48. Haryana PGT 2018, 2019, 2020 2018, 2019, 2020 180
49. Haryana TGT 2019, 2020 2019, 2020 120
Gòej ØeosMe ueeskeâ mesJee DeeÙeesie hejer#ee
50. UP PCS (Pre) 2010 2010 100
51. UP PCS (Pre) 2009 2009 100
52. UP PCS (Pre) 2008 2008 100
53. UP PCS (Pre) 2007 2007 100
54. UP PCS (Pre) 2006 2006 100
55. UP PCS (Pre) 2005 2005 100
56. UP PCS (Pre) 2004 2004 100
57. UP PCS (Pre) 2003 2003 100
58. UP PCS (Pre) 2002 2002 100
59. UP PCS (Pre) 2001 2001 100
60. UP PCS (Pre) 2000 2000 100
61. UP PCS (Pre) 1999 1999 100
62. UP PCS (Pre) 1998 1998 100
63. UP PCS (Pre) 1997 1997 100
64. UP PCS (Pre) 1996 1996 100
65. UP PCS (Pre) 1995 1995 100
66. UP PCS (Pre) 1994 1994 120
kegâue ØeMve-he$e · 70 Total 7348
veesš- GheÙeg&òeâ ØeMve-he$eeW kesâ mecÙekeâ efJeMues<eCe kesâ Ghejevle ÙeLee mebYeJe meceeve Øeke=âefle SJeb ØeJe=efòe mes yeÛeles ngS ieefCele
mes mecyeefvOele kegâue 7348 ØeMveeW keâes DeOÙeeÙeJeej Øemlegle efkeâÙee ieÙee nw~ ognjeJe Jeeues ØeMveeW keâe hejer#ee Je<e& SJeb hejer#ee
veece ÙeLeemLeeve efveefo&° keâj efoÙee ieÙee nw~
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Trend Analysis of Previous Year TGT, PGT, GIC, LT, DSSSB,
NVS, KVS, Papers Through Pie Chart and Bar Graph
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01.
yeerpeieefCele (ALGEBRA)
3. If 2n – 15 = x2 then
1. Theory of Equations and Ùeefo 2n – 15 = x2 leye
(a) n = 2 or n = 4/ n = 2 DeLeJee n = 4
Inequations
(b) n = 4 or n = 6/ n = 4 DeLeJee n = 6
1. The value of (c) n = 2 or n = 8/ n = 2 DeLeJee n = 8
( x – y ) + ( y – z ) + ( z – x ) is
3 3 3 (d) n = 4 or n = 8/ n = 4 DeLeJee n = 8
UP Higher Asst. Prof. 2021
9 ( x – y )( y – z )( z – x )
Ans. (b) : n = 4 or n = 6
( x – y ) + ( y – z ) + ( z – x ) keâe ceeve nw
3 3 3
If 2n – 15 = x2 ; x is an integer then either n = 4 or n = 6
9 ( x – y )( y – z )( z – x ) because if n = 4 ; 2n – 15 = 1 and if n = 6 ; 2n – 15 = 49.
1 4. If f(x) = ax2 + 2bx + 1, a and b are positive real
(a) 0 (b) numbers and b2 < a, then which of the
9
1 following is correct?
(c) (d) 1 Ùeefo f(x) = ax2 + 2bx + 1, a Deewj b Oeveelcekeâ
3
UP TGT 2021 JeemleefJekeâ mebKÙeeSb nw leLee b2 < a, lees efvecveefueefKele ceW
keâewve mener nesiee?
( x – y) + ( y – z) + (z – x )
3 3 3
Ans. (c) : (a) f(x) = 0 ∀ x ∈ R (b) f(x) > 0 ∀ x ∈ R

9 ( x – y )( y – z )( z – x ) (c) f(x) < 0 ∀ x ∈ R (d) none of the above
ceevee x – y = A, y – z = B, z – x = C UP PGT 2021
A+B+C=x–y+y–z+z–x=0 Ans. (b) : f (x) > 0,
Dele: A3 + B3 + C3 = 3ABC 2
f (x) = ax + 2bx + 1, a, b > 0, b2 < a
A +B +C
3 3 3
3ABC 1 Now, discriminant D = 4b – 4a 2
Dele: = = 2 2
9ABC 9ABC 3 = 4 (b – a) < 0 as b < a
1 1 ∴ No real root of f(x) exists
2. If x 2 + 2 = 11 , then value of x 3 – 3 may be
x x Hence, f(x) > 0, ∀ x ∈ R
equal to 5. If the difference of the roots of the equation x2
1 1 + px + 12 = 0 is one then the values of p are–
Ùeefo x 2 + 2 = 11 lees x 3 – 3 keâe ceeve nes mekeâlee nw
x x Ùeefo meceerkeâjCe x2 + px + 12 = 0 kesâ cetueeW keâe Devlej
(a) 22 (b) 25 (c) 33 (d) 36 Skeâ nes lees p kesâ ceeve nQ–
UP TGT 2021
(a) ± 7 (b) ± 2 (c) ± 3 (d) ± 1
1 1
Ans. (d) : x + 2 = 11 lees x – 3 = ?
2 3
UP PGT 2021
x x
2 Ans. (a) : ±7
 1 1 x2 + px + 12 = 0 _____(i)
x –  = x + 2 – 2
2
 x x Let α, β be the roots of (i)

 1
2
 1
2
Then α + β = – p
⇒  x –  = 11 – 2 ⇒  x –  = 9 & α–β = 1
 x  x
−p 1 –p 1
1 So, we get α = + &β= –
x– = 9 =3 2 2 2 2
x
3 and αβ = 12 gives
 1 1 1 1
x – = x 3
– – 3x x – 1

 x

x3

x

x ( p + 1)( p – 1) =12
4
⇒
1
27 = x 3 – 3 – 3 × 3 ⇒ ( p + 1)( p – 1) = 48
x
1 ⇒ p 2 –1 = 48
⇒ x 3 – 3 = 27 + 9 = 36
x ⇒ p 2 = 49 ⇒ p = ±7
ALGEBRA 9 YCT
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6. If the two roots of the equation x3 – 5x2 – 16x + (a) p + q – r = 0 (b) q3r – p3 = 0
80 = 0 are 4 and –4 then the third root of this (c) p3r – q3 = 0 (d) p – q + r = 0
equation is UPPSC GIC 2021
Ùeefo meceerkeâjCe x3 – 5x2 – 16x + 80 = 0 kesâ oes cetue 4 UPPSC Ashram Paddhati 2021
leLee –4 nQ lees Fme meceerkeâjCe keâe leermeje cetue nw– Ans. (c) : p3r–q3 = 0
(a) 1 (b) 2 Let α,αR, αR2, be roots of x3–px2+qx–r =0.
(c) 6 (d) 5 Then α + αR + αR2 = p,
UP PGT 2021 α2R + α2R3+α2R2 = q
Ans. (d) : 5 and α3R3 = r
Let the third root be r. Now αR (α + αR + αR2) = q
∴ 4 + (–4) + r = 5 (sum of roots) ⇒ αR(p) = q
⇒r=5 ⇒ α3R3(p3) =q3 ⇒ p3r–q3 = 0
7. If α and β are roots of x2 + x + 1 = 0, then the 10. The roots of the equation log4 (x2 –6x + 24) = 2
equation whose roots are α7 and β4 is – are-
Ùeefo α leLee β meceerkeâjCe x2 + x + 1 = 0 kesâ cetue nes meceerkeâjCe log4 (x2 – 6x + 24) = 2 kesâ cetue nQ-
(a) 2, 3 (b) 4, 6
leye Jen meceerkeâjCe efpemekesâ cetue α7 leLee β4 nes~ (c) 1, 5 (d) 2, 4
(a) x2 – x – 1 = 0 UPPSC GIC 2021
(b) x2 – x + 1 = 0 Ans. (d) : 2, 4
(c) x2 + x – 1 = 0 Given log4 (x2 – 6x + 24) = 2
(d) x2 + x + 1 = 0
⇒ x2 – 6x + 24 = 42
UP PGT 2021 ⇒ x2 – 6x + 24=16
Ans. (d) : x2 + x + 1 = 0 ⇒ x2 – 6x + 8= 0
–1 ± 3i ⇒ x2 – 4x –2x+ 8= 0
Roots of x2 + x + 1 = 0 are α = = ω
2 ⇒ (x – 4)(x–2) = 0
–1 – 3i ⇒ x = 2,4
&β= = ω2 , (ω, ω2 are cube roots of unity) 11. The sum of the roots of the equation x2 – 4 |x -
2
2| – 4x + 8 = 0 is
–1 + 3i meceerkeâjCe x2 – 4 |x - 2| – 4x + 8 = 0 kesâ cetueeW keâe
Now, α7 = ω7 = ω6 ω = ω = = α (ω3 = 1)
2 Ùeesieheâue nw-
2 4 8 6 2 2 –1 – 3i (a) 8 (b) 9 (c) 6 (d) 4
& β 4 = (ω ) = ω = ω ω = ω = = β, (ω3 =1)
2 UPPSC GIC 2021
Thus, equation whose roots are α7, β 4 is x2+x+1=0 Ans. (a) : 8
The harmonic mean of the roots of the equation Given x − 4 (x − 2) − 4x + 8 = 0
2
8.
2
ax + bx + c = 0 is- Case I. If x > 2 then equation becomes
meceerkeâjCe ax2 + bx + c = 0 kesâ cetueeW keâe njelcekeâ x 2 − 4(x − 2) − 4x + 8 = 0
ceeOÙe nw-
⇒ x 2 − 4x + 8 − 4x + 8 = 0
2c 2c
(a) − (b) ⇒ x 2 − 8x + 16 = 0
b b
 −b 
c c ⇒ Sum of roots = 8 ∵ α + β = 
(c) (d) −  a 
b b
Case II. If x < 2 then equation becomes
UPPSC GIC 2021
x 2 + 4(x − 2) − 4x + 8 = 0
Ans. (a) : -2c/b
Let α, β be the roots of ax2 + bx + c = 0 , then ⇒ x 2 + 4x − 8 − 4x + 8 = 0
α + β = –b/a ⇒ x2 = 0
and αβ= c/a Sum of roots = 0
∴ Harmonic mean of α and β is Hence, sum of roots of x 2 − 4 (x − 2) − 4x + 8 = 0 is 8
2 2αβ 2c / a −2c
= = = 12. If α, β, γ are the roots of the equation x3 + px2 +
1/ α + 1/ β α + β −b / a b qx + r = 0, then α2 β2 + α2 γ2 + β2 γ2 is equal to
9. Find the condition that the roots of the cubic Ùeefo meceerkeâjCe x3 + px2 + qx + r = 0 kesâ cetue α, β, γ
equation x3 – px2 + qx – r = 0 be in a geometric neW, lees α2 β2 + α2 γ2 + β2 γ2 keâe ceeve nw
progression-
(a) q2 – 2pr (b) q2 + 2pr
Jen Mele& %eele keâerefpeS leeefkeâ ef$eIeeleer meceerkeâjCe x3 – 2
(c) q + p 2
(d) q2 – p2
px2 + qx – r = 0 kesâ cetue iegCeesòej ßesCeer ceW neW- UP TGT 2021
ALGEBRA 10 YCT
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Ans. (a) : x3 + px2 + qx + r = 0 Ùeefo x<0
α + β + γ = –p, α. β. γ = –r x2 + 3x + 2 = 0
αβ + βγ + γα = q x2 + 2x + x + 2 = 0
(αβ + βγ + γα)2 = q2 x(x + 2) + 1 (x + 2) = 0
α2β 2 +β2γ2 + γ2α2 + 2(αγβ 2 + γ2αβ + βγα2) = q2 x = –1, x = –2
α2β 2 +β2γ2 + γ2α2 = q2 – 2 αβγ (α + β + γ) Case II-
= q2 – 2(–r) (–p) x>0
= q2 – 2rp x2 – 3x + 2 = 0
13. If one zero of the third degree polynomial x3 + x2 – 2x – x + 2 = 0
ax2 + bx + c is –1, then the product of other two x(x – 2) – 1(x – 2) = 0
zeroes is x = 1, x = 2
Ùeefo Skeâ ef$eIeele yengheo x3 + ax2 + bx + c keâe Skeâ 4 JeemleefJekeâ cetue Øeehle neWies~
MetvÙekeâ –1 nw, lees DevÙe oesveeW MetvÙekeâeW keâe iegCeveheâue nw 16. The roots of the equation log9(x2 – 16x + 141) =
(a) b – a + 1 (b) b – a – 1 2 are
(c) a – b + 1 (d) a + b + 1 meceerkeâjCe log9(x2 – 16x + 141) = 2 kesâ cetue nQ
UP TGT 2021 (a) 4, 5 (b) 5, 6
Ans. (a) : x3 + ax2 + bx + c = 0 (c) 6, 10 (d) 4, 6
⇒ (–1)3 + a(–1)2 + b(–1) + c = 0 UPPSC Ashram Paddhati 2021
Ans. (c) : Given log9(x2 – 16x + 141) = 2
(∵ x = –1 jKeves hej)
⇒ x2 – 16x + 141 = 92 = 81
⇒ –1 + a – b + c = 0 ⇒ x2 – 16x + 60 = 0
⇒ a–b+c=1⇒c=1–a+b ⇒ (x – 6)(x – 10)= 0
c ⇒ x = 6, 10 are required roots of equation.
∴ α.β.γ = −
1 17. The harmonic mean of the roots of the equation
⇒ −1× (β.γ ) = −c ax2 – bx + c = 0 is
⇒ β.γ = c meceerkeâjCe ax2 – bx + c = 0 kesâ cetueeW keâe njelcekeâ
⇒ β.γ = 1 + b − a ceeOÙe nw~
14. 2
If x1 and x2 are roots of x – 2x + 4 = 0, then the 2c 2c
3 3
(a) – (b)
value of x1 + x 2 is equal to b b
Ùeefo x1 leLee x2 meceerkeâjCe x – 2x + 4 = 0 kesâ cetue nQ,
2 c c
(c) (d) –
lees x1 + x 2 keâe ceeve nw
3 3 b b
UPPSC Ashram Paddhati 2021
(a) 16 (b) 8
(c) –16 (d) 4 Ans. (b) : Let α and β are roots of equation
UP TGT 2021 ax2 – bx + c = 0
Ans. (c) : x2 – 2x + 4 = 0 Let H be harmonic mean of α and β
x1 + x2 = 2 x1 x2 = 4 1 11 1
3 3 3
∴ =  + 
x1 + x 2 = (x1 + x2) – 3x1 x2 (x1 + x2) H 2α β 
3
=2 –3×4×2 αβ
H=2
= 8 – 24 = –16 α +β
15. The number of real solutions of the equation c
 b c
=2 a
2
x – 3 x + 2 = 0 is ∵ α + β = ,and αβ = 
b  a a 
meceerkeâjCe x 2 – 3 x + 2 = 0 kesâ JeemleefJekeâ cetueeW keâer a
2c
mebKÙee nw =
b
(a) 4 (b) 1
(c) 3 (d) 2 18. One of the solutions of the system of
UP TGT 2005, 2021 inequalities:
UPPCS (Pre) 2004 2x+ y > 3 and x – 2y ≤ – 1 is :
2 DemeefcekeâeDeeW kesâ efvekeâeÙe 2x+ y > 3 Deewj x – 2y ≤ – 1
Ans. (a) : x – 3 x + 2 = 0
keâe Skeâ nue nw:
 x; x ≥ 0 (a) (2,0) (b) (2,1)
| x |= 
 − x; x < 0 (c) (0,5) (d) (1,1)
Case I- UKPSC Lecturer (Mains) 2020
ALGEBRA 11 YCT
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Ans. (c) : We have 2x + 4
2x + y > 3 Ans. (b) : Given ≥5
x −1
x − 2y ≤ −1 2x + 4
or −5≥ 0
x −1
2x + 4 − 5x + 5
or ≥0
x −1
−3x + 9
or ≥0
x −1
−3 ( x − 3)
or ≥0
x −1
or
( x − 3) ≤ 0
The shaded region contains the system of given ( x − 1)
inequalities and among the given options (0,5) is one of or x ∈ [1,3]
the solutions.
21. Suppose that |3x| + |2y| ≤ 1. Then the maximum
| x + 3 | +x
19. If > 1, x ≠ –2 , then x lies in value of 9x+ 4y is:
x+2 ceeve ueerefpeS efkeâ |3x| + |2y| ≤ 1 leye 9x+ 4y keâe
| x + 3 | +x DeefOekeâlece ceeve nw :
Ùeefo > 1, x ≠ –2 leye x DeJeÙeJe nw :
x+2 (a) 1 (b) 2
(a) (–5, –2) ∪ (–1, ∞)/(-5,-2) ∪ (–1, ∞)ceW (c) 3 (d) 4
(b) (–3, –2) ∪ (–1, ∞)/(–3, –2) ∪ (–1, ∞)ceW UKPSC Lecturer (Mains) 2020
(c) (–5, –2)/ (–5, –2)ceW Ans. (c) : We have using triangle inequality
(d) (–3, –2) ∪ (1, ∞)/(–3, –2) ∪ (1, ∞)ceW 9x + 4y ≤ 9x + 4y
UKPSC Lecturer (Mains) 2020 ≤ 2 3x + 2 2y + 3x
x +3 + x ≤ 2 + 3x ≤ 2 + 1 = 3 because 3x + 2y ≤ 1
Ans. (a) : We have > 1, x ≠ −2
x+2 Hence the maximum value of 9x + 4y is 3.
Case-I If x + 3 ≥ 0 ⇒ x ≥ –3 then
x +3+ x x
>1 22. If x = 3 – 5 , then =
x+2 2 + 3x - 2
2x + 3
⇒ −1 > 0 Ùeefo x = 3 – 5 , lees
x
=
x+2
2 + 3x - 2
⇒
( x + 1) > 0 (a) 5 (b) 5
( x + 2) 1 1
⇒ x ∈ ( −∞, −2 ) ∪ ( −1, ∞ ) (c) (d)
5 5
Case-II If x + 3 < 0 ⇒ x < −3 then Haryana PGT 2020
−x − 3 + x Ans. (d) :
>1
x+2 (
2 3− 5 )=1
gives
−3 − x − 2
>0
Given x = 3 – 5 then x =
2 2
(6 − 2 5 )
x+2
( )
2
( x + 5) < 0 5 −1
=
( x + 2) 2
⇒ x ∈ ( −5, −2 ) but as x < −3 we have x ∈ ( −5, −3) 5 −1
∴ x=
Thus x ∈ ( −5, −3) ∪ ( −1, ∞ ) 2
(
2 7−3 5 )
20. The solution set of the inequality
2x + 4
≥ 5 is (
Now 3x – 2 = 3 3 − 5 − 2 = 7 − 3 5 = ) 2
x–1
( )
2
Demeefcekeâe
2x + 4
≥ 5 keâe nue mecegÛÛeÙe nw: 14 − 6 5 3− 5
x–1 = =
2 2
(a) (3, ∞) (b) (1, 3]
(c) (– ∞,3) 3− 5
(d) [1,∞) ∴ 3x − 2 =
UKPSC Lecturer (Mains) 2020 2
ALGEBRA 12 YCT
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5 −1 Ans. (b) : If x + 3 ≥ 10 , we have (x+3) ≥ 10 & (x+3) ≤
x 2 5 −1 –10
∴ = =
2 + 3x − 2 3− 5 2+3− 5 ⇒ x ≥ 7 & x ≤ –13
2+ ⇒ x∈ ( –∞, –13] ∪ [7, ∞)
2
26. The solution set of inequality
5 −1 3( x − 2) 5(2 − x )
= ≥ is:
5− 5 5 3
=
( 5 −1 5 + 5 )( ) Demeefcekeâe
3( x − 2) 5(2 − x )
5
≥
3
keâe nue mecegÛÛeÙe nw:
−( 5)
2
( 5) (b) (2, ∞)
2
(a) (–∞,∞)
(c) [2, ∞) (d) Non-existent/DeefmlelJenerve
5 5 +5−5− 5 UKPSC Lecturer (Mains) 2020
=
20 3( x − 2 ) 5 ( 2 − x )
Ans. (c) : Given ≥
4 5 1 5 3
= =
20 5 or 9x − 18 ≥ 50 − 25x
23. What will be the value of x3 + y3 + z3, if x + y + or 34x ≥ 68
z=0? or x ≥ 2
(a) 2xyz (b) 3xyz 27. The solution set of inequality-
(c) xyz (xz + yz + zx) (d) xyz 2 x + 21–x– 3 < 0
DSSSB TGT 04-09-2021 Shift-I (Male) in R is :
Ans. (b) : We have, R ceW Demeefcekeâe 2 x + 21–x– 3 < 0 keâe nue mecegÛÛeÙe nw:
x 3 + y3 + z3 − 3xyz (a) (0,1) (b) (–1,0)
(c) (–1,1) (d) [–1,1]
(
= ( x + y + z ) x 2 + y 2 + z 2 − xy − yz − zx ) UKPSC Lecturer (Mains) 2020
If x + y + z = 0 then, Ans. (a) : Given 2 x + 21− x − 3 < 0
or 2 2 x + 2 − 3 ⋅ 2 x < 0
⇒ x3 + y3 + z3– 3xyz = 0
⇒ x3 + y3 + z3= 3xyz or 2 2 x − 2 ⋅ 2 x − 2 x + 2 < 0
3 or 2 x ( 2x − 2 ) − 1( 2x − 2 ) < 0
x 100
=
24.
2.56 x
, then 'x' is equal to:
( )(
or 2 x − 2 2 x − 1 < 0 )
3
x 100 or 1 < 2 < 2x
= , lees 'x' yejeyej nw: which gives 0 < x < 1
2.56 x
(a) 4 (b) 16 28. Solution set of inequality
(c) 64 (d) 256 2 |x+ 1|> x+ 4
Haryana TGT 2019 Demeefcekeâe 2|x+ 1|> x+ 4 keâe nue mecegÛÛeÙe nw :
Ans. (c) : (a) (2, ∞) (b) (–∞,–2)
3
x 100 (c) (–∞,–2) ∪ (0, ∞) (d) (–∞,–2) ∪ (2, ∞)
= UKPSC Lecturer (Mains) 2020
2.56 x
Ans. (d) : Given 2 x + 1 > x + 4
⇒ x x = 256
3
Case-I If x + 1 ≤ 0 ⇒ x ≥ −1 then
⇒ x 4 / 3 = 256
2x + 2 > x + 4
( )
3/ 4
⇒ x = ( 256 )
3/ 4
= 44 = 64 ⇒ x > 2 ⇒ x ∈ ( 2,∞ )
Case-II If x + 1 < 0 ⇒ x<–1 then
25. If x + 3 ≥ 10 then x is −2x − 2 > x + 4
Ùeefo x + 3 ≥ 10 leye x nw ⇒ x < −2 ⇒ x ∈ ( – ∞,–2 )
(a) x ∈ [–13, 7] 29. The solution set of the inequality
(b) x∈ ( –∞, –13]∪[ 7, ∞) 2x
(c) x∈ (–∞, –13)∪(7, ∞) (

5x + 2 3 ) ≥ 13x is:
2x
(d) x∈ (–13, 7) Demeefcekeâe 5x + (2 3 ) ≥ 13x keâe nue mecegÛÛeÙe nw:
UKPSC GIC 2018
JDD-75-PGT TIER-II X-15, 28.06.2015 (a) {2}/j (b) [2, ∞ )/j
DSSSB TGT (Section B) 28-12-2014 (c) [0,2]/j (d) (– ∞ ,2]/j
Section B PGT TIER-I 31.11.2014 UKPSC Lecturer (Mains) 2020
ALGEBRA 13 YCT
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( ) Ans. (b) : For infinitely many solutions of the given
2x
Ans. (d) : We have 5x + 2 3 ≥ 13x system of linear equations we must have
x
 5   12 
x a +1 8 4a
So,   +   ≥ 1 = =
 12   13  a a + 3 3a − 1
Which clearly shows that equality hold if x = 2 ⇒ ( a + 1)( a + 3) = 8a and 8 ( 3a–1) = 4a ( a + 3)
 5   12 
x x
⇒ a 2 − 4a + 3 = 0 and a 2 − 3a + 2 = 0
Now because   +   is a decreasing function
 13   13  ⇒ ( a − 1)( a − 3) = 0 and ( a–1)( a − 2 ) = 0
we have that x ∈ ( −∞, 2] ⇒ when a = 1 the given system has infinitely many
solutions.
30. If α, β are the roots of the quadratic equation
33. The inequality
1 1 7x2 + 11 > x3 + 17x
2x2 – 5x– 7 = 0, then 2 + 2 =
α β is satisfied for all values of x which satisfy the
Ùeefo α, β efÉIeele meceerkeâjCe 2x2 – 5x– 7 = 0 kesâ cetue nw following:
1 1
Demeefcekeâe 7x2 + 11 > x3 + 17x x kesâ Gve meYeer ceeveeW
leye 2 + 2 = kesâ efueS mevleg° nw pees efvecveefueefKele keâes mevleg° keâjles nQ :
α β
(a) 0 < x < 1 (b) 1 < x < ∞
(a) 1 (b) 53/49
(c) – ∞ < x < 1 (d) –1 < x < 1
(c) 50/39 (d) 59/37
UKPSC Lecturer (Mains) 2020 UKPSC Lecturer (Mains) 2020
Ans. (b) : Ans. (c) : The inequality 7x + 11 > x 3 + 17x can be
2
If α , β are the roots of the equation 2x 2 − 5x − 7 = 0 then written as x − 7x + 17x − 11 < 0 which on factoring
3 2
splits into
5
α + β = & αβ = −7 2 which gives
2 ( )(
( x − 1) x − 3 + i 2 x + 3 − i 2 < 0 )
25 53 Thus among the given options for all real values
α 2 + β 2 = ( α + β ) − 2αβ =
2
+7 =
4 4 x ∈ ( −∞,1) , the given inequality is satisfied.
1 1 α +β 2 2
53 4 53 34. The number of values of k for which the linear
So, 2 + 2 = 2 2 = =
α β αβ 49 4 49 equations 4x+ky+2z = 0; kx+4y+z = 0; 2x+2y+z
= 0 possess a non-zero solution is:
1 1 1
31. For the inequality (2 − x ) > (4 − x ) + , k kesâ ceeveeW keâer mebKÙee efpemekesâ efueS jwefKekeâ meceerkeâjCe
4 3 2
which one of the following is correct solution? 4x+ky+2z = 0; kx+4y+z = 0; leLee 2x+2y+z = 0
1 1 1 DeMetvÙe nue jKelee nw, nw:
Demeefcekeâe (2 − x ) > (4 − x ) + kesâ efueS, (a) 2 (b) 1
4 3 2
efvecveefueefKele ceW mes keâewve mee mener nue nw? (c) zero (d) 3
(a) x > 18 (b) x > 16 Haryana PGT 2019
(c) x > 14 (d) x > 12 Ans. (a) : If system of linear equations
UKPSC Lecturer (Mains) 2020 4x + ky + 2z = 0
kx + 4y + z = 0
1 1 1
Ans. (b) : We have ( 2 − x ) > ( 4 − x ) + 2x + 2y + z = 0
4 3 2 has a non - zero solution then we must have
4
⇒ (2 − x ) > (4 − x ) + 2 4 k 2
3
⇒ 6 − 3x > 16 − 4x + 6 k 4 1 =0
⇒ x > 16 2 2 1
32. The number of values of 'a' for which the ⇒ 8–k(k – 2) + 2(2k – 8) = 0
system of equations ⇒ –k2 + 6k – 8 = 0 or k2 – 6k + 8 = 0
(a + 1) x+ 8y = 4a ⇒ (k –2) (k – 4) = 0 ⇒ k = 2, 4
ax+ (a+3) y = 3a – 1
has infinitely many solutions is : 35. If the difference between the roots of the
'a' kesâ Ssmes ceeveeW keâer mebKÙee efpemekesâ efueS meceerkeâjCe equation x2+ax+1 = 0 is less than 5 , then the
efvekeâeÙe (a + 1) x+ 8y = 4a set of possible values of 'a' is:
ax+ (a+3) y = 3a – 1 Ùeefo meceerkeâjCe x2+ax+1 = 0 kesâ cetueeW keâe Devlej
kesâ Devevle nue nw, nw: 5 mes keâce nes, lees 'a' kesâ mecYeJe ceeveeW keâe mecegÛÛeÙe nw:
(a) 2/2 (b) 1/1 (a) (–3,3) (b) (–3,∞)
(c) 0/0 (d) infinite/Devevle (c) (3,∞) (d) (–∞,–3)
UKPSC Lecturer (Mains) 2020 Haryana PGT 2019
ALGEBRA 14 YCT
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Ans. (a) : Let α and β be the roots of x2+ax+1 = 0 Ans. (b) : Quadratic polynomial x2+(a+1)x + b has
Then , we have zeros –2 and 3 so, we have
α + β = –a , and αβ = 1 (–2)2 + (a+1) (–2) + b = 0 ⇒ 2a–b = 2
and (3)2 + (a+1) (3) + b = 0 ⇒ 3a+b = –12
Now if α–β< 5
which on solving gives
then (α – β)2 < 5 a= –2 and b = –6
⇒ α2 + β 2 – 2αβ <5 39. If one of the zeros of the polynomial x3 + ax2 +
⇒ (α+β)2 – 4αβ < 5 bx + c is –1, then the product of other two zeros
⇒ a2 – 4 < 5 is equal to:
⇒ a2 < 9 yengheo x3 + ax2 + bx + c keâe Skeâ MetvÙekeâ –1 nw, lees
⇒ a∈ (–3, 3) DevÙe MetvÙekeâeW keâe iegCeveheâue yejeyej nw:
4
a +b +c 4 4 (a) b – a + 1 (b) b – a – 1
36. If a + b + c = 0 , then 2 2 2 2 2 2
is (c) a – b + 1 (d) a – b – 1
a b +b c +c a
Haryana TGT 2019
equal to :
Ans. (a) : Given polynomial
a 4 + b4 + c4 x3+ax2+bx+c
Ùeefo a + b + c = 0 lees yejeyej
a 2 b 2 + b 2 c2 + c2 a 2 Let –1, α and β be the roots of the given polynomial
nw: then we have –αβ = –c & (–1)3+a–b+c = 0
(a) 2 (b) 1 ⇒a–b+c=1⇒c=1–a+b
(c) 0 (d) –2 and hence αβ = b–a+1
Haryana TGT 2020 40. If the equation 9 x − 7 x − 36 = −16, then the
Ans. (a) : We have value of 'x' is:
a+b+c=0 Ùeefo meceerkeâjCe 9 x − 7 x − 36 = −16 nw, lees 'x' keâe
⇒ (a + b + c)2 = 0 on squaring both sides
ceeve nw:
⇒ a2 + b2 + c2 + 2ab + 2bc + 2ca = 0
(a) 5 (b) 10
⇒ a2 + b2 + c2 = – (2ab + 2bc + 2ca)2 on squaring (c) 20 (d) 100
both sides
Haryana TGT 2019
⇒ a4 + b4 + c4 + 2a2b2 + 2b2c2 + 2c2a2
= 4a2b2 + 4b2c2 + 4c2a2 + 8ab (a + b + c) Ans. (d) : Given 9 x − 7 x − 36 = −16
⇒ a4 + b4 + c4 = 2a2b2 + 2b2c2 + 2c2a2 ⇒ 2 x = 20
4
a +b +c4 4 ⇒ x = 10
⇒ =2
a 2 b 2 + b 2c 2 + c 2a 2 ⇒ x = 100
37. The pair of equation y = 0 and y = 5 has 41. If α , β , λ are zeros of the cubic polynomial
solutions: ax3 + bx 2 + cx + d, then αβ + βλ + λα is equal to:
meceerkeâjCeeW leLee kesâ Ùegice kesâ nue nw: Ùeefo α , β , λ ef$eIeeleerÙe yengheo ax 3 + bx 2 + cx + d kesâ
(a) One solution /Skeâ nue MetvÙekeâ nQ, lees αβ + βλ + λα yejeyej nw :
(b) Two solution/oes nue
b b
(c) no solution /keâesF& nue veneR (a) − (b)
a a
(d) Infinitely many solutions/Devevle ™he mes keâF& nue c d
Haryana TGT 2020 (c) (d)
a a
Ans. (d) : The pair of equation y = 0 and y = 5 has no Haryana TGT 2019
solution because they are parallel pair of lines.
Ans. (c) : If α, β, γ are the zeros of the cubic
polynomial ax3 + bx2 + cx + d then Factor theorem
states that
ax3 + bx2 + cx + d = k(x–α) (x–β) (x–γ)
where k is a constant. Now we get
ax3+bx2+cx+d = kx3–k(α+β+γ)x2+k(αβ+βγ+γα)x–kαβγ
38. If –2 and 3 are the zeroes of the quadratic
polynomial x2+(a+1) x+b, then: which gives a = k and k(αβ + βγ + γα) = c
Ùeefo Skeâ efÉIeeleerÙe yengheo x2+(a+1) x+b kesâ MetvÙekeâ c
⇒ αβ + βγ + γα =
–2 leLee 3 neW, lees : a
(a) a= 2 ; b = 6 (b) a= –2 ; b = –6 42. The zeros of the quadratic polynomial
(c) a= –2 ; b = 6 (d) a= 2 ; b = –6 x 2 + 99x + 127 are :
Haryana TGT 2020 efÉIeeleerÙe yengheo x 2 + 99x + 127 kesâ MetvÙekeâ nw:
ALGEBRA 15 YCT
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(a) Both positive/oesveeW Oeveelcekeâ (a) x2 + x – 1 = 0 (b) x2 + x + 1 = 0
(b) Both negative/oesveeW $e+Ceelcekeâ (c) x2 – x – 1 = 0 (d) x4 – x2 – 1 = 0
(c) Both equal/oesveeW yejeyej UKPSC GIC 2018
(d) One positive and one negative Ans. (b) : α, β are the roots of the equation
Skeâ Oeveelcekeâ Deewj Skeâ $e+Ceelcekeâ x2 – x + 1 = 0
α + β = 1 & αβ = 1
Haryana TGT 2019
Now the equation whose roots are α2, β 2 is given by
Ans. (b) : Let α and β be the zeros of the quadratic
x2 – (α2 + β 2)x + α2β 2 = 0
polynomial
and we have α2 + β 2 = (α+ β)2– 2αβ = 1–2 = –1
x2 + 99x + 127
then we have & α2β 2 = 1
which gives the required equation
sum of zeros = α + β = –99
x2 + x +1 = 0
& product of zeros = αβ = 127
which clearly shows that both the zeros, α and β, must 46. If α and β are the roots of the equation x2–
be negative. 2x+4=0, then value of αn +β n is
43. If the roots of the equation 3x2 + 2x + p(p – 1) =
Ùeefo meceerkeâjCe x2–2x+4=0 kesâ cetue α leLee β neW, lees
0 are of opposite signs, then: αn +β n keâe ceeve nesiee
Ùeefo meceerkeâjCe 3x2 + 2x + p(p – 1) = 0 kesâ cetue  nπ   nπ 
(a) 2n +1 cos   (b) 2n −1 sin  
efJehejerle efÛeÖ kesâ neW, lees :  3   3 
(a) p ∈ ( −∞, 0 ) (b) p ∈ ( 0,1)  2nπ   nπ 
(c) 2n cos   (d) 2n +1 sin  
(c) p ∈ (1, ∞ ) (d) p ∈ ( 4, ∞ )  3   3 
Haryana PGT 2020 (GIC) ØeJeòeâe hejer#ee, 2015
Ans. (b) : Given equation 3x2 + 2x + p(p – 1) = 0 Ans. (a) : Given that α and β are the roots of the
If the roots of the given equation are of opposite sign equation x2–2x+4=0
then product of roots is negative i.e. 2 ± 4 − 16
p ( p − 1) x= = 1± i 3
<0 2
3 Which are complex conjugate
⇒ p(p – 1) < 0 Let α = 1 + i 3 and β = 1 − i 3
⇒ 0<p<1 Then polar from of roots are
⇒ p ∈ ( 0,1) 1 i 3  π π
α = 2  +  = 2  cos + isin 
44. If 1 is a twice repeated root of the equation  3
2 2  3
ax 3 + bx 2 + bx + d = 0, then:
1 i 3  π π
Ùeefo 1 meceerkeâjCe ax 3 + bx 2 + bx + d = 0, keâe oes yeej and β = 2  −  = 2  cos − isin 
DeeJe=òe cetue nw, lees 2 2   3 3
(a) a = d = b (b) a = d –b  nπ nπ   nπ nπ  
∴α n + βn = 2n  cos + isin  +  cos − isin  
(c) a = –d = b (d) –a = d = –b  3 3   3 3 
Haryana PGT 2018 nπ
Ans. (b) : Let f(x) = ax3 + bx2 + bx + d = 0. = 2n.2cos
3
If 1 is twice repeated root of f(x) then
2
f(x) = (x–1) (x+α) nπ
α n + β n = 2 n +1 cos
So, f' (x) = 2(x–1) (x+α) + (x–1)2 3
= (x – 1) (3x+2α–1). 47. The roots of the equation x3 – 12x2 + 39x – 28=0
which clearly shows that 1 is a unique root of f' (x) as are in A.P., the common difference is
well. meceerkeâjCe x3 – 12x2 + 39x – 28=0 kesâ cetue meceevlej
So, we get f (1) = a + b + b + d = 0 ⇒ a + 2b + d = 0 ßesÌ{er ceW nQ, lees meeJe& Devlej nw
and f' (1) = 3a + 2b + b = 0 ⇒ 3a + 3b = 0
(a) 2 (b) 3
Now 3a + 3b = 0 gives a = – b which on putting in
(c) –2 (d) 4
a + 2b + d = 0
UP TGT-2016 (08-03-2019)
gives b – d = 0 or b = – d
Thus we get a=d=–b Ans : (b) meceerkeâjCe x3 – 12x2 + 39x – 28=0
45. If α, β are the roots of the equation x2 – x + 1 = ceevee meceerkeâjCe kesâ cetue a– d, a, a+d A.P. ceW nw~
0, the equation whose roots are α2, β2 is : cetueeW keâe Ùeesie = a–d+a+a+d = –(–12)
Ùeefo α, β meceerkeâjCe x – x + 1 = 0, kesâ cetue nbw lees Jen
2 3a = 12. a=4
meceerkeâjCe efpemekesâ cetue α , β neW, nw:
2 2 cet ueeW keâe ieg Ceve
ALGEBRA 16 YCT
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(a–d) a (a+d) = – (–28) x kesâ meYeer JeemleefJekeâ ceeveeW, pees meceerkeâjCe
a(a2–d2) = 28
( )
x 2 + 4x − 60
4(42–d2) = 28 x 2 − 5x + 5 = 1 keâes mevleg‰ keâjles nQ, keâe
16–d2=7 Ùeesieheâue nw:
d2 = 16–7 (a) –4 (b) 6
d2 = 9 (c) 5 (d) 3
d = ±3 KVS PGT 23-12-2018
48. If x–1 and x+3 are the two factors of x3 + ax +b,
( )
x 2 + 4x −60
then remaining factor is Ans : (d) Given equation is x 2 − 5x + 5 =1
Ùeefo x3 + ax +b, kesâ oes iegCeveKeC[ x–1 Deewj x+3 nes, We know that for ab =1 there cases arises
lees yeÛee ngDee iegCeveKeC[ nw Case I When b=0 i.e., x2+4x–60 = 0 ⇒x = –10, 6
(a) x+2 (b) x–2 Case II When a = 1 i.e., x2–5x+5=1 ⇒ x = 1, 4.
(c) x–3 (d) x+1 Case III When a= –1 and b even i.e., x2+4x–60 is even
UP TGT-2016 (08-03-2019) i.e., when x2–5x+5=–1 ⇒ x = 2, 3
Ans : (b) JÙebpekeâ x3 + ax +b =0 But at x = 3, x2+4x–60 is odd.
iegCeveKeC[ (x–1) (x+3) nw So, real values of x are –10, 6, 1, 4, and 2
Their sum = –10+6+1+4+2 = 3
leye x–1 = 0, x = 1
51. If a and b are natural numbers such that a2–b2
leLee, x+3 = 0, x = –3 is prime number, then a2–b2 equals:
JÙebpekeâ ceW x=1 jKeves hej Ùeefo a leLee b Ssmeer Øeekeâ=le mebKÙeeSB nw efkeâ a2–b2 Skeâ
a+b = –1 ............ (i) DeYeepÙe mebKÙee nw, lees a2–b2 yejeyej nw:
x= –3 jKeves hej (a) 1 (b) ab
–3a+b= 27 ............. (ii) (c) a–b (d) a+b
meceerkeâjCe (i) Je (ii) mes KVS PGT 23-12-2018
4a = –28 Ans : (d) If a and b are natural numbers such that a2–b2
a = –7, b = 6 is prime numbers, then
a leLee b keâe ceeve JÙebpekeâ ceW jKeves hej a2–b2 = a+b
3 e.g., a = 3, b= 2
x –7x+6 = 0
x3+2x2–3x–2x2–4x+6 a2–b2 = 32–22 = 9–4 = 5
x (x2+2x–3) –2(x2+2x–3) and a+b = 3+2 = 5
(x–2) (x2+2x–3) ⇒ a 2 − b2 = a + b
(x–2) (x–1) (x+3)
Dele: JÙebpekeâ keâe yeÛee iegCeveKeC[ (x–2) nw~ 52. Let α, β be the roots of the equation
x2+ax+a3=0, a≠0. If (α,β) lies on the parabola
49. The equations 2x–ky+7 =0 and 6x–12y+15 = 0 y2=x, then the roots of the equation are
have no solution for ceeve ueerefpeS α, β meceerjkeâCe x2+ax+a3=0, a≠0 kesâ
meceerkeâjCeeW 2x–ky+7 = 0 leLee 6x–12y+15 = 0 keâe
cetue nw~ Ùeefo (α,β) hejJeueÙe y2=x hej efmLele nes, lees
keâesF& nue veneR nw, peye meceerkeâjCe kesâ cetue nw
(a) k = –4 (b) k = 4
(a) 2, 3 (b) 4, –2
(c) k=1 (d) k= –1
(c) 4, 2 (d) 2, –3
UP TGT-2016 (08-03-2019)
UP PGT-2016 (02-02-2019)
Ans : (b) Condition of no solution
Ans : (b) The equn x2+ax+a3=0, a≠0
a1 b1 c1
= ≠ then Roots of α and β
a 2 b 2 c2 Sum of the Roots, α+β = –a ......(i)
ØeMveevegmeej, Product of the Roots, αβ = a3 ....... (ii)
2x–ky +7 = 0 the parabola y =x in α, β is lies
2
6x–12y+15 = 0 then β2 = α put the equn (ii)

2 k 7
leye = ≠ β3 = a 3 , β = a put the equn (i)
6 12 15
1 k α + a = −a
= α = −2a
3 12
k=4 So that β3 = a3
50. The sum of all real values of x satisfying the β2.β =a3
α.a = a3
( )
x 2 + 4x − 60
equation x 2 − 5x + 5 = 1 is: (–2a).a = a3
ALGEBRA 17 YCT
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a3 +2a2 = 0
(x + 1) + ( x 5 − 1) − 2 ( x10 − x 5 )
5 2 2
(c)
a2(a+2) = 0
(x + 1) + ( x 5 − 1)
2 2
a = 0, a= –2 (d) 5
n
Given equ
x2+ax+a3=0 DSSSB 23 SEP 2018 (9 AM-11 AM)
x2–2x–8 = 0 Ans : (c) efJekeâuheevegmeej,
x2–4x+2x–8 =0, (x–4) (x+2) = 0
( x − 1) − ( x + 1)
5 2 5 2
x = 4, x =–2 (a) + 5x 5
then Root of the equn 4, –2 is. = x10 + 1 − 2x 5 − x10 − 1 − 2x 5 + 5x 5
If the roots of the equation x2+x+a=0, a>0 are
( )
53.
real and distinct, then the roots of the equation = 2x 5 ( −2 ) + 5x 5
x 2 − 4 ax + 1 = 0 are = −4x 5 + 5x 5 = x 5
Ùeefo meceerkeâjCe x2+x+a=0, a>0 kesâ cetue JeemleefJekeâ SJeb
Demeceeve nes, lees meceerkeâjCe x − 4 ax + 1 = 0 kesâ cetue neWies
2
(b) ( x − 1)( x + 1)
5 5
(a) rational /heefjcesÙe = ( x − x + x − 1) = x

10 5 5 10
−1
(b) irrational /DeheefjcesÙe
(x + 1) + ( x 5 − 1) − 2 ( x10 − x 5 )
5 2 2
(c)
(c) imaginary /DeefOekeâefuhele
(d) none of the above /Ghejesòeâ ceW mes keâesF& veneR = x10 + 2x 5 + 1 + x10 − 2x 5 + 1 − 2x10 + 2x 5
2
UP PGT-2016 (02-02-2019) ) (
= 2 x5 + 1
Ans : (c) x + x + a = 0, a> 0
( ) ( )
2 2
then D>0 (d) x 5 + 1 + x5 − 1
1–4a > 0
4a<1 = 2 x10 + 1 ( )
1
a< Dele: efJekeâuhe (c), 5 keâer Ieele Skeâ Ûej ceW nw~
4
0 < 16a < 4 56. Deiej x+5 yengheo x3 + ax2 + ax – 15 keâe Skeâ keâejkeâ
0 < 16a – 4 < 0 nw~ lees a keâe ceeve keäÙee nesiee?
equ x − 4 ax + 1 = 0
2 (a) –9 (b) 7
D = 16a – 4<0 (c) 9 (d) 8
So the Roots imaginary DSSSB 23 SEP 2018 (9 AM-11 AM)
If a, b, c are rational numbers and ax +bx+c=0 Ans : (b) yengheo x + ax + ax – 15 keâe Skeâ keâejkeâ x+5 nw~
2 3 2
54.
and 2x2+x–2=0 have a common root, then ceevee x3+ax2+ax–15= 0, x+5 = 0 leye x=–5
4a–2b+3c is equal to /Ùeefo a, b, c heefjcesÙe mebKÙeeSB Deye (–5)3+a(–5)2+a(–5)–15=0
nw Deewj ax +bx+c=0 SJeb 2x +x–2=0 keâe Skeâ
2 2
–125+25a–5a–15 = 0
GYeÙeefve‰ cetue nes, lees 4a–2b+3c yejeyej nw 20a=140
(a) –1 (b) –2 a =7
(c) 0 (d) 4 57. efvecveefueefKele ceW mes keâewve mee Skeâ Ûej ceW yengheo veneR nw?
UP PGT-2016 (02-02-2019)
 5  5
Ans : (c) a, b, c are rational number (a)  x 2 + 2 x  x 2
(i) ax2+bx+c = 0  
(ii) 2x2+x–2=0 have a comman root  2 −1 1
 12 3

−1 ± 1 + 16 −1 ± 17 (b)  x + x 2
 x − x 2

x= , x= Root   
4 4
is irrational then the both root common  3  3 
n (c)  x 2 − 2  x 2 + 2 
from equ (i) and (ii)   
a = 2, b= 1, c= –2 −3 −1
= 4a–2b+3c   1 5

(d)  x 2 − x 2  x 2 − x 2 
= 4×2–2×1+3×(–2)   
= 8–2–6 = 0 DSSSB 23 SEP 2018 (9 AM-11 AM)
55. efvecve ceW mes keâewve mee ef[«eer 5 kesâ Skeâ Ûej ceW Skeâ Ans : (d) yengheo ceW ncesMee Ûej keâer Ieele Oeveelcekeâ leLee hetCe&mebKÙee
efÉhe#eerÙe nw? nesleer nw~
(x − 1) − ( x + 1) + 5x
2 2
 −23 −1
 1 
5 5 5 5
(a)
 x − x 2  x 2 − x 2  yengheo veneR nw~
(b) (x 5
− 1)( x 5 + 1)   
ALGEBRA 18 YCT
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58. yengheo x3–x2+x–1 x-De#e keâes efkeâleves efyevog hej Ans : (b) efyevog (7, –9)
efJeÛÚsefole keâjlee nQ? efJekeâuhe (b) mes
(a) 0 (b) 1 7y–9x+1 = 0
(c) 2 (d) 3 7×(–9)–9×(7)+1 = 0
DSSSB 23 SEP 2018 (9 AM-11 AM) 7×(–9)–9×(7)+1 = 0
Ans : (b) x3–x2+x–1 = 0 –63–63+1= 0
x2(x–1)+1(x–1) = 0 –125≠ 0
(x2+1)(x–1) = 0 Dele: efyevog (7,–9) meceerkeâjCe keâe nue veneR nw~
x2≠–1 x =1 2
DeLee&le yengheo x De#e hej kesâJeue Skeâ efyevog hej efJeÛÚsefole keâjlee nw~ 63. Consider the quadratic equation ax +bx+c=0
where a,b,c ∈ C , which of the following
59. k keâe cetuÙe keäÙee nesvee ÛeeefnS leeefkeâ oes ÛejeW x leLee y statement is true for this question?
ceW jwefKekeâ meceerkeâjCe 31x+124y = k keâe hetCeeËkeâ ceeve (a) Roots will be complex and exist inconjugate pair.
nue nw? (b) Roots will be complex and equal.
(a) 134 (b) 72 (c) Roots will be complex and need not be in
(c) 103 (d) 155 conjugate pair.
DSSSB 23 SEP 2018 (9 AM-11 AM) (d) Roots will not exist.
Ans : (d) meceer. 31x+124y = k DSSSB 23 SEP 2018 (9 AM-11 AM)
k keâe ceeve efJekeâuhe (d) mes jKeves hej Ans : (c) Given quadratic eqn is
2
31x+124y = 155 ax +bx+c=0 where a,b,c∈ C
leye x leLee y kesâ hetCeeËkeâ ceeve 1 nesiee~ Here the coifficents are complex numbers then roots
will be complex number but need not be in conjugate
DeLee&le 31×1+124×1 =155 pair.
31+124 = 155 64. ceeve ueerefpeS 3 efÉIeele meceerkeâjCe x2+ax+bc=0,
155 = 155
x2+bx+ca=0, x2+cx+ab=0 nw~ Ùeefo Fve leerveeW
Dele: k keâe ceeve 155 nesiee~
meceerkeâjCeeW kesâ ØelÙeskeâ Ùegice ceW Skeâ meceeve cetue neW, lees
60. efvecveefueefKele ceW mes keâewve mee meceerkeâjCe oes ÛejeW ceW Skeâ
Fve meceeve cetueeW kesâ Ùeesie Deewj iegCeveheâueve keäÙee nesieW?
jwefKekeâ meceerkeâjCe nw?
a+b+c
(a) 7x–3y + 2z = 0 (b) (y+x)2 – 2=0 (a) Ùeesie = , iegCeveheâue = 2abc
(c) 2x–3y+7 = 0 (d) (x–1)(y+2) = 0 2
DSSSB 23 SEP 2018 (9 AM-11 AM) − (a + b + c)
(b) Ùeesie = , iegCeveheâue = a 2 b2c2
Ans : (c) oes ÛejeW keâe jwefKekeâ meceer. 2
efvecve 2x–3y+7 = 0 − (a + b + c)
(c) Ùeesie = , iegCeveheâue = abc
Skeâ Ieele keâe meceerkeâjCe jwefKekeâ meceerkeâjCe neslee nw~ 2
61. A pair of linear equation in two variables x and a+b+c
(d) Ùeesie = , iegCeveheâue = a 2 b2c2
y b1 x + c1 y = a1 ,c 2 x + a 2 y = b 2 has infinite 2
number of possible solutions if: DSSSB 23 SEP 2018 (9 AM-11 AM)
b1 c1 a1 a1 b1 c1 Ans : (*) meceerkeâjCe,
(a) = ≠ (b) = =
c1 a 2 b 2 b2 c2 a 2 x2+ax+bc=0 ..............(i)
x2+bx+ca=0 .............. (ii)
a1 b1 a1 b1 c1
(c) ≠ (d) = = x2+cx+ab=0 .............. (iii)
b2 c2 a 2 b2 c2 meceerkeâjCeeW kesâ ØelÙeskeâ Ùegice ceW Skeâ meceeve cetue nw~
DSSSB 23 SEP 2018 (9 AM-11 AM) leye meceerkeâjCe (i) Je (ii) mes
Ans : (b) equation b1x+c1y = a1 x2 + ax + bc = 0
c2x+a2y = b2 x2 + bx + ca = 0
for infinite solution.
– – – Ieševes hej
b1 c1 a1 x(a–b) = c(a–b)
= =
c2 a 2 b2 x = c GYeÙeefve‰ cetue
62. efvecveefueefKele ceW mes keâewve mes meceerkeâjCe kesâ nue (7, –9) meceerkeâjCe (ii)
2
Je (iii) mes
veneR nw? x + bx + ca = 0
2
(a) 2x + 3y + 13 = 0 (b) 7y − 8x + 1 = 0 x + cx + ab = 0
3 5 3
(c) x+ y+ =0 (d) 6y − 3x + 75 = 0 x(b–c) = a(b–c)
2 4 4
x = a GYeÙeefve‰ cetue
DSSSB 23 SEP 2018 (9 AM-11 AM)
ALGEBRA 19 YCT
CLICK HERE -
meceerkeâjCe (iii) Je (i) mes
2
x + cx + ab = 0
(c) (a 2
1 + a 22 )( b12 + b 22 ) ≥ ( a1b1 + a 2 b2 )
2
x2 + ax + bc = 0 (d) a1b1 + a 2 b 2 ≤ a12 b12 + a12 b 22 + a 22 b12 + a 22 b 22

x(c–a) = b(c–a) DSSSB 23 SEP 2018 (9 AM-11 AM)
x = b GYeÙeefve‰ cetue Ans : (d) Given a1, a2, b1, b2 are the non-zero real
number.
cetueeW keâe iegCeveheâue = abc Let a1 = 1, b1= 2, a2= 3, b2 = 4
cetueeW keâe Ùeesieheâue = a+b+c Putting the value in give option
65. If a, b, c ∈R+ and are in arithmetic So that true option is
progression, then the roots of the quadratic
equation ax2+bx+c=0 are imaginary for: a1b1 + a 2 b 2 ≤ a12 b12 + a 22 b12 + a12 b 22 + a 22 b 22
c c
(a) −7 ≥ 4 3 (b) −7 >3 2 68. Roots of the quadratic equation x2 – 2ix + 3 = 0
a a are:
c c (a) 3i, –i (b) –3i, –i
(c) −7 < 4 3 (d) −7 < 3 2
a a (c) 3i, i (d) ±3i
DSSSB 23 SEP 2018 (9 AM-11 AM) DSSSB 23 SEP 2018 (9 AM-11 AM)
Ans : (c) Quadratic equation. Ans : (a) Quadratic equation x2–2ix+3 = 0
ax2+bx+c = 0 Sum of the Roots = 2i
Where a, b, c, ∈ complex number and a, b, c, are is Product of the Roots = 3
A.P. from the given options let the roots are 3i, –i
then b2–4ac < 0
So that Sum of the Root = 2i
3i +(–i) = 2i
c
−7 < 4 3 2i = 2i
a
66. oes GcceeroJeejeW ves ØeMve x2+px+q=0 keâes nue keâjves keâe Product of the Roots = 3
ØeÙeeme efkeâÙee~ Skeâ ves p kesâ ieuele ceeve kesâ meeLe Meg™ 3i×(–i) = 3
2
efkeâÙee Deewj Gmes cetue –1 Deewj –9 efceuee, peyeefkeâ otmejs –3i = 3
3=3 (i2= –1)
ves q kesâ ieuele ceeve kesâ meeLe Meg™ efkeâÙee Deewj Gmes cetue
OR.
2 Deewj 8 efceuee~ mener cetue keâe helee ueieeÙeW~
Let Roots be α, and β
(a) 1 Deewj 9 (b) 8 Deewj 9
Then α+β = 2i .............. (i)
(c) –1 Deewj 2 (d) 9 Deewj –2
αβ = 3 ..............(ii)
We know ( α − β ) = ( α + β ) − 4αβ
2 2
2
Ans : (a) x +px+q=0
* ØeLece JÙeefòeâ P keâe ieuele ceeve jKeves hej cetue –1 Deewj –9 = (2i)2–4×3 = –4–12
leye cetueeW keâe Ùeesie = –1–9 (α–β)2 = 16i2
–p = –10, p = 10 α–β = 4i.............. (iii)
n
cetueeW keâe iegCeveheâue = (–1) ×(–9) equ (iii) + (i)
2α = 6i
q = 9 pees mener nw~
α = 3i
* efÉleerÙe JÙeefòeâ q keâe ieuele ceeve jKeves hej cetue 2 Deewj 8 equn (ii) from αβ = 3
leye cetueeW keâe Ùeesie =2+8 3
–p = 10, p = −10 β=
3i
cetueeW keâe iegCeveheâue = 2 ×8 1 i
β= ×
q = 16 pees ieuele nw~ i i
leye mener meceerkeâjCe x +px+q = 0
2 β = –i (i2=1)
x2–10x+9 = 0 Root of equation (α, β) = (3i, –i)
(x–9) (x–1) = 0, x = 1, 9 69. For any real x≠0, which of the inequality is true?
DeLee&le mener cetue 1 Deewj 9 neWies~ 1+ x2 1
67. If a1, a2, b1, b2 are non-zero real numbers, then (a) <1 (b) x + < 2
2x x
which of the inequalities is true?
(a) a12 + a 22 ≥ ( a1b1 + a 2 b 2 ) ( b12 + b 22 ) 1 1
2
(c) x + < 0 (d) x + ≥ 2
x x
( )( )
(b) a12 + a 22 b12 + b 22 < ( a1b1 + a 2 b2 )
2
ALGEBRA 20 YCT
CLICK HERE -
Ans : (d) efkeâmeer mebKÙee keâes Gmeer kesâ JÙegl›eâce ceW peesÌ[ves hej mebKÙee (a) 4 (b) 2 (c) 1 (d) 0
keâe ceeve meowJe 2 Ùee 2 mes DeefOekeâ neslee nw~ LT 2018
2
1 Ans : (d) x + 5 x + 4 = 0
leye x+ ≥2
x 2
x +4 x + x +4=0
70. If x(≠1) is any real number, then x +1>x +x if: 3 2
(a) x= –1 x ( x + 4 ) + 1( x + 4 ) = 0
(b) x > –1
(c) Inequality doesn't hold for any real x.
( x + 4 )( x + 1) = 0
(d) x < –1 x = −4 (mecYeJe venerR) Modulus function 
DSSSB 23 SEP 2018 (9 AM-11 AM)  
x = −1 (mecYeJe venerR) can not be negative 
Ans : (b) x3+1>x2+x
(x+1)(x2+1–x)> x(x+1) Dele: JeemleefJekeâ nueeW keâer mebKÙee =0
x2+1–x–x>0 73. The number of solutions of
x2–2x+1>0 log 4 ( x − 1) = log 2 ( x − 3 ) is
(x–1)2>0
then x > –1 log 4 ( x − 1) = log 2 ( x − 3 ) kesâ nueeW keâer mebKÙee nw
71. The real values of x satisfying the inequality: (a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 1 (d) 0
( log10 x ) − 3 ( log10 x ) + 1
2
x > 1000 are: LT 2018

(a) x> 100 (b) x> 1000 Ans : (a) log 4 ( x − 1) = log 2 ( x − 3)
(c) x> 10 (d) x>1
log 22 ( x − 1) = log 2 ( x − 3)
Ans : (b) Change in the question as below given that 1
log 2 ( x − 1) = log 2 ( x − 3)
( log10 x )2 − 3( log10 x ) +1 2
x > 1000
1
x(
log10 x ) − 3( log10 x ) +1
2
⇒ > 103 log 2 ( x − 1) 2 = log 2 ( x − 3)

⇒ ( log10 x )
2
− 3 ( log10 x ) + 1 > log x 103 1
3
( x − 1) 2 = ( x − 3)
⇒ ( log10 x ) − 3 ( log10 x ) + 1 >
2
Squaring both side
log10 x
3 ( x − 1) = ( x − 3)2
⇒ ( log10 x ) − 3( log10 x ) + 1 −
2
>0
log10 x ( x − 1) = x 2 − 6x + 9
( log10 x ) − 3 ( log10 x ) + 1 − 3 x 2 − 7x + 10 = 0
3 2
⇒ >0
log10 x x 2 − 5x − 2x + 10 = 0
x ( x − 5) − 2 ( x − 5) = 0
( log10 x ) {( log10 x ) − 3 + 1( log10 x − 3)}
2
⇒ >0 ( x − 2 )( x − 5) = 0
log10 x
⇒
{( log 10 }
x ) + 1 + ( log10 x − 3 )
2
>0
Dele:
x=2,5
nueeW keâer mebKÙee 2 nesieer~
log10 x
(1 − x + x )
n
74. If 2
= a 0 + a 1 x + a 2 x 2 + .... + a 2n x 2n
But 1 + ( log10 x ) > 0 always.
2
then ( a0 + a 2 + a4 + .... + a 2n ) is equal to

Hence inequality depends only on.
Ùeefo ( 1 − x + x 2 ) = a 0 + a1 x + a 2 x 2 + .... + a 2n x 2n
n
( log10 x − 3) > 0
( log10 x − 0 ) leye ( a0 + a2 + a4 + .... + a2n ) yejeyej nw
⇒ log10 x < or log10 2 > 3 3n − 1 3n + 1
(a) (b)
⇒ x <1 or x > 10 3
2 2
⇒ x ∈ (0, 1) ∪ (103, ∞) 3n + 2 3n − 2
(∵ log10 x is defined for x > 0) (c) (d)
2 2
Hence option (d). LT 2018
72. The number of real solutions of the equation
2
Ans : (b) (1 − x + x 2 n
) = a 0 + a1x + a 2 x + ...... + a 2n x 2n
2
x + 5 x + 4 = 0 is
x = 1 jKeves hej
meceerkeâjCe x 2 + 5 x + 4 = 0 kesâ JeemleefJekeâ nueeW keâer
(1)
n
= a 0 + a1 + a 2 + ...... + a 2n ....... (i)
mebKÙee nw
ALGEBRA 21 YCT
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hegve: x =–1 jKeves hej Ans : (b) x2–(p–2)x–p+1=0
α+β = P−2
(3)
n
= a 0 − a1 + a 2 − a 3 + ...... .......(ii)
α.β = −P + 1
meceerkeâjCe (i) Je (ii) keâes peesÌ[ves hej øeMveevegmeej,
2 ( a 0 + a1 + a 2 + ...... + a 2n ) = 3n + 1
α 2 + β 2 = ( α + β ) − 2αβ ⇒ P 2 + 4 − 4P + 2P − 2
2
3 +1 n
⇒ P 2 − 2P + 2
a 0 + a 2 + a 4 + ...... + a 2n =
2 ⇒ ( P − 1) + 1
2
75. If the roots of the equation

vÙetvelece ceeve kesâ efueS Ùeefo P=1 lees ceeve vÙetvelece nesiee~
( a − b ) x2 + ( c − a ) x + (b − c) = 0 are equal then 78. The condition that the equations ax2+bx+c=0,
a, b, c are in a' x2+b'x+c' = 0 have a common root is
Ùeefo meceerkeâjCe ( a − b ) x + ( c − a ) x + (b − c) = 0
2
meceerkeâjCeeW ax2+bx+c=0, a' x2+b'x+c' = 0 kesâ Skeâ
kesâ cetue yejeyej neW, lees a, b, c nQ GYeÙeefve‰ cetue nesves keâe ØeefleyebOe nw~
(a) arithmetic progression /meceevlej ßesÌ{er ceW ( bc '− b 'c ) = ( ca '− c 'a )( ab '− a 'b )
2
(a)
(b) geometric progression /iegCeesòej ßesÌ{er ceW
( ab '− a 'b ) = ( ca '− c 'a )( bc '− b 'c )
2
(b)
(c) harmonic progression /njelcekeâ ßesÌ{er ceW
( ca '− c 'a ) = ( bc '− b 'c )( ab '− a ' b )
2
(d) None of the above /GheÙeg&òeâ ceW mes keâesF& veneR (c)
LT 2018 (d) None of the above /GheÙeg&òeâ ceW mes keâesF& veneR
LT 2018
Ans : (a) ( a − b ) x + ( c − a ) x + ( b − c ) = 0
2
Ans : (c) ax2+bx+c=0,
if the sum of the coefficient is equal to zero then 1 is a' x2+b'x+c' = 0 keâe Skeâ GYeÙeefve‰ cetue α nes-
product the root of the equation
a −c b−c α 2
α 1
α+β = , α.β = , = =
a−b a−b bc '− cb ' a 'c − ac ' ab '− ba '
a –b = b–c , 2b = a+c bc'− cb'
α2 = .................. (i)
a+c ab'− ba '
b= in A.P. a 'c − ac'
2 α= ................... (ii)
76. For the equation |x |+|x|–6=02 ab '− ba '
meceerkeâjCe |x2|+|x|–6=0 kesâ efueS meceer. (i) Je (ii) mes
2
(a) there is only one root /kesâJeue Skeâ cetue nw  a 'c − ac '  bc '− cb '
  =
(b) the sum of roots is –1/cetueeW keâeÙeesie –1 nw  ab '− ba '  ab '− ba '
( a 'c − ac ') = ( bc '− cb ')( ab '− ba ' )
2
(c) the product of roots is –4/cetueeW keâe iegCeveheâue –4 nw
(d) there are four roots/Ûeej cetue nQ
79. The equation x 2 − 5 x + 6 = 0 has
LT 2018
2 x 2 − 5 x + 6 = 0 meceerkeâjCe kesâ nw
Ans : (c) x + x − 6 = 0
(a) Two real roots/oes JeemleefJekeâ cetue
2
x +3 x −2 x −6 = 0 (b) Four real roots/Ûeej JeemleefJekeâ cetue
x { x + 3} − 2 { x + 3} = 0 (c) One real root/Skeâ JeemleefJekeâ cetue
(d) No real root/keâesF& JeemleefJekeâ cetue veneR
{ x + 3}{ x − 2} = 0 DSSSB TGT (SECTION-B) 28 DEC 2014
|x| = –3 (mecYeJe veneR) Ans. (b) : Given x2 − 5 x + 6 = 0
|x| = 2 2
lees x= ±2 x 5x 6 0
Dele: cetueeW keâe iegCveheâue –4 nesiee~ 2
x −3 x −2 x +6 = 0
77. The value of p for which the sum of the squares x ( x − 3) − 2 ( x − 3) = 0
of the roots of the equation x2–(p–2)x–p+1=0 is
minimum, will be (x 3)( x 2) 0
p keâe Jen ceeve, efpemekesâ efueS meceerkeâjCe When x − 3 = 0 x 3
x2–(p–2)x–p+1=0 kesâ cetueeW kesâ JeieeX keâe Ùeesie vÙetvelece x 3(real)
nes, nesiee When x − 2 = 0 x 2
(a) 0 (b) 1
(c) 2 (d) 3 x 2(real)
LT 2018 Number of solution = 4 which are real
ALGEBRA 22 YCT
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80. The equation x + 4 = −4 has −3 −4
(a) (b)
x + 4 = −4 meceerkeâjCe kesâ nw 7 7
(a) Unique solution/Skeâ cee$e meeOeve −5 −7
(c) (d)
(b) Two solutions/oes meeOeve 7 4
DSSSB TGT (SECTION-B) 28 DEC 2014
(c) Many solutions/keâF& meeOeve
(d) No solution/keâesF& meeOeve veneR Ans. (b) : Since α, β are the roots of 3x 2 + 4x + 7 = 0
DSSSB TGT (SECTION-B) 28 DEC 2014 ∴ α + β = −4 / 3 & α.β = 7 / 3
Ans. (d) : x + 4 = −4 has No solution 1 1 α + β −4 / 3
and hence + = =
Since, A quantity of a modulus can't be negative. α β α.β 7/3
81. An odd degree polynomial equation has– 1 1 4
efJe<ece Ieele yengheoer meceerkeâjCe kesâ nw–
α β 7
(a) Atleast one real root
keâce mes keâce Skeâ JeemleefJekeâ cetue 85. The roots of the equation ax 2 + bx + c = 0 are
(b) No real root/keâesF& JeemleefJekeâ cetue veneR 1 1
(c) Only one real root/kesâJeue Skeâ JeemleefJekeâ cetue α , β then equation whose roots are , is–
α β
(d) None of these/FveceW mes keâesF& vener
DSSSB TGT (SECTION-B) 28 DEC 2014 Ùeefo ax 2 + bx + c = 0 meceerkeâjCe kesâ cetue α , β nQ, lees
Ans. (a) : An odd degree polynomial has at least one 1 1
real root. efpeme meceerkeâjCe kesâ cetue , nQ Jen nw–
α β
82. One root of the equation tan x = x is–
tan x = x meceerkeâjCe keâe Skeâ cetue nw– (a) ax 2 − bx + c = 0 (b) bx 2 − ax + c = 0
π (c) cy2 + by + a = 0 (d) by 2 + cy + a = 0
(a) x = 0 (b) x =
2 DSSSB TGT (SECTION-B) 28 DEC 2014
(c) x = π Ans. (c) : α, β are the roots of ax 2 + bx + c = 0
(d) None of these/FveceW mes keâesF& venerÇ ∴ α + β = − b / a & α.β = c / a
Ans. (a) Given that tan x = x 1 1
and equation whose roots are , is
then for x = 0 α β
tan x = x 1 1 1 1
Hence it has solution as y2 − + y+ . = 0
x=0
83. The real root of the equation x 3 − 6x + 9 = 0 is– α +β 1
y2 − y+ =0
x 3 − 6x + 9 = 0 meceerkeâjCe keâe JeemleefJekeâ cetue nw–
(a) –6 (b) –9 (c) 6 (d) –3 −b / a 1
y2 − y+ =0
DSSSB TGT (SECTION-B) 28 DEC 2014 c/a c/a
Ans. (d) : Given equation is b a
x 3 − 6x + 9 = 0 y2 + y + = 0
c c
Which has two positive real roots and one negative real roots. 2
3 cy by a 0
let f(x) = x – 6x + 9
By option x= –3
86. The solution set of 2x + 3 > 5 is–
then f ( −3) = ( −3)3 − 6( −3) + 9
2x + 3 > 5 keâe meeOeve mecegÛÛeÙe nw–
= −27 + 18 + 9
= −27 + 27 = 0 (a) ( −∞, −4) (b) (1, ∞)
∴ f ( −3) = 0 (c) ( −∞, −4) ∪ (1, ∞)
hence -3 is the real root of the given equation. (d) None of these/FveceW mes keâesF& veneR
84. If roots of the equation 3x 2 + 4x + 7 = 0 are DSSSB TGT (SECTION-B) 28 DEC 2014
1 1 Ans. (c) : Given that
α , β then value of + is equal to– 2x + 3 > 5
α β
Ùeefo 3x 2 + 4x + 7 = 0 meceerkeâjCe kesâ cetue α , β nQ, lees when ( 2x + 3) > 5 2x 2
1 1 x 1 x (1, )
+ keâe cetuÙe Fmekesâ yejeyej nw–
α β when (2x + 3) < −5 2x 8
ALGEBRA 23 YCT
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x 4 x ( , 4) 90. If sin θ and cos θ are the roots of the equation
hence combined solution is ax 2 − bx + c = 0, then a, b and c satisfy the
x ∈ ( −∞, −4) ∪ (1, ∞ ) relation–
87. If the roots of the quadratic equation

Ùeefo ax2 − bx + c = 0, Fme meceerkeâjCe kesâ sin θ Deewj
cos θ cetue nQ, lees a, b Deewj c Fme mebyebOe keâe meceeOeeve
(4 + m)x2 + (m + 1)x + 1 = 0 are equal then the
keâjles nw–
value of m is–
(a) a 2 + b 2 + 2ac = 0 (b) a 2 − b 2 + 2ac = 0
Ùeefo (4 + m)x 2 + (m + 1)x + 1 = 0 Fme efÉIeeleer
(c) a 2 + c 2 + 2ab = 0
meceerkeâjCe kesâ cetue Skeâ meceeve nw, lees m keâe cetuÙe nw– (d) a 2 − b 2 − 2ac = 0
SECTION B PGT TIER-I 31.11.2014
(a) 5 (b) 4
(c) 2 Ans. (b) : Since sin θ and cos θ are the roots of the
equation ax2 – bx + c = 0
(d) None of these/FveceW mes keâesF& veneR
So, sin θ + cos θ = b/a
squaring boths the sides,
Ans. (a) : Since the roots of the quadratic equation we get (sin θ + cos θ)2 = (b/a)2
(4 + m)x 2 + (m + 1)x + 1 = 0 are equal
sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ = 1
2 c b2
there fore B − 4AC = 0 1 2. ∵ c
2 a a2 sin θ.cos θ =
(m + 1) − 4(4 + m).1 = 0 a
m 2 2m 1 16 4m 0 a 2 2ac b 2
m2 2m 15 0 a2 b2 2ac 0
2
m 5m 3m 15 0 2
(m 5)(m 3) 0
91. If [ x ] − 5 [ x ] + 6 = 0, where [ .] denote the
greatest integer function, then –
m 5, m 3
By option m = 5 Ùeefo [ x ]2 − 5 [ x ] + 6 = 0, nw, peneB [ .] cenòece hetCeeËkeâ
88. If (x–1) is a factor of heâueve metefÛele keâjlee nw, lees–
x5 − 4x3 + 2x2 − 3x + K = 0, then K is– (a) x ∈[3, 4] (b) x ∈ (2,3]
(c) x ∈[2, 4) (d) x ∈[2,3]
Ùeefo x5 − 4x3 + 2x2 − 3x + K = 0, keâe
(x–1)iegCeveKeb[ nw, lees K nw–
Ans. (c) : Given equation is [x]2–5[x] + 6 = 0
(a) 4 (b) – 4 where [.] denotes greatest integer function
(c) 2 (d) 3 put [x]=x, we get
x 2 − 5x + 6 = 0 (x 2)(x 3) 0
Ans. (a) If (x–1) is a factor of x5–4x3+2x2–3x+K=0,
then x = 1 will be a root of this equation, so putting x = x 2 0 or x −3 = 0
1 in the given equation, we get 1 − 4 + 2 − 3 + K = 0 x 2 or x=3
K=4 [ x] 2 or [x] = 3
89. How many real solutions are there for the 2 x 3 or 3≤ x < 4
Hence combined solution is x ∈[2, 4)
equation x 4 − 2 = 0 ?
92. Common roots of the equations
x 4 − 2 = 0 meceerkeâjCe kesâ efkeâleves JeemleefJekeâ meeOeve nQ?
z 3 + 2z 2 + 2z + 1 = 0 and z1985 + z100 + 1 = 0 are–
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4
DSSSB TGT (SECTION-B) 28 DEC 2014 z 3 + 2z 2 + 2z + 1 = 0 Deewj z1985 + z100 + 1 = 0 Fve oes
meceerkeâjCeeW keâe GYeÙe cetue nw–
Ans. (b) : Given equation is x 4 − 2 = 0
(a) ω , ω 2 (b) 1, ω
2 2
(x 2)(x 2) 0 (c) 1, ω 2 (d) 1, ω , ω 2
either 2
x − 2 = 0 or x + 2 = 0 2 JDD-75-PGT TIER II-X-15 28.06.2015
Ans. (a) : Given equeation are
when x 2 + 2 = 0 x 2 = − 2 (not accepted)
z 3 + 2z 2 + 2z + 1 = 0................. ( i )
since there is no real numbers, where square is negative
And z 1985 +z100 +1=0 ................ (ii)
so, when x 2 − 2 = 0 Form(i) we get
( z + 1) ( z 2 + z + 1) = 0
1
x 24
Hence 2 solutions z 1 and 1 + z + z 2 = 0
ALGEBRA 24 YCT
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If we put z = ω P Q π
leye, + =
The 1+z+z2 =1+ ω+ ω2 =0 2 2 4
⇒ ω3=z3=1 P Q
From (ii) z1985+z100+1=0 tan + tan
P Q π 2 2 =1
tan  +  = tan ⇒
⇒ ( z3 ) .z 2 + ( z 3 ) .z + 1 = 0
661 33
2 2 4 1 − tan P tan Q
⇒ z2+z+1=0. 2 2
Which also implies 1+ ω+ ω2 =0. P Q P Q
⇒ tan + tan = 1 − tan tan
⇒ ω satisfies both the equations which is complex 2 2 2 2
and hence another root will be ω2 . b c
⇒ − = 1 − ⇒ −b = a − c
Therefore common roots are ω & ω2 a a
93. The polynomial f ( x ) = x4 + x 3 + x 2 + 1 is– a+b=c
f ( x ) = x4 + x 3 + x 2 + 1 keâe yengheo nw– 95. meceerkeâjCe x 2 + x − 6 = 20 kesâ cetue nQ:
(a) irreducible over ring of integers Z (a) Skeâ Deewj kesâJeue Skeâ JeemleefJekeâ mebKÙee
hetCee&keâ Z kesâ JeueÙe hej DeueIegkeâjCeerÙe (b) JeemleefJekeâ Deewj Ùeesie, Skeâ
(b) reducible over the field of real numbers R (c) JeemleefJekeâ Deewj Ùeesie, MetvÙe
JeemleefJekeâ mebKÙee R kesâ #es$e hej ueIegkeâjCeerÙe (d) JeemleefJekeâ Deewj iegCeve, MetvÙe
(c) reducible over the field F5 of five elements TGT 2001
heeBÛe IeškeâeW kesâ F5 #es$e hej ueIegkeâjCeerÙe Ans : (c) meceerkeâjCe x + x − 6 = 20 ..... (i)
2
(d) none of these/FveceW mes keâesF& veneR

 x, x > 0
JDD-75-PGT TIER II-X-15 28.06.2015 ∵x =
Ans. (a) : Given polynomial is f(x) = x4+x3+x2+1 by − x, x < 0
Einstein’s criterion for irreducibility Case -I peye x > 0, x = x,
n n–1
F(x) = anx –1 an–1x +……….+a0 (an ≠ 0) | ∴ x 2 + x − 6 = 20 ⇒ x 2 + x − 26 = 0
If there exist a prime P such that p | an, P a n , P a n −1 , −1 ± 1 + 104 −1 ± 105
⇒x= =
….. P a n , and p2 | a0. Then if an=1 then f is irreducible over Z. 2 2
Case -II peye x > 0, x = − x,
π P
94. In a triangle PQR, ∠R= . If tan   and ⇒ x 2 − x − 6 = 20 ⇒ x 2 − x − 26 = 0
2 2
1 ± 1 + 104 1 ± 105
Q ⇒x= =
tan   are the roots of the equation ax2+ bx 2 2
2
−1 ± 105 1 ± 105
+ c = 0, then ∴ cetueeW keâe ÙeesieHeâue = +
π 2 2
ef$eYegpe PQR ceW, ∠R= nw Ùeefo tan   leLee
P
−1 + 105 − 1 − 105 + 1 + 105 + 1 − 105
2 2 =
2
Q
tan   meceerkeâjCe ax2+ bx+ c =0 kesâ oes cetue nQ leye, 0
2 = =0
2
(a) a + b = c (b) b + c = a
(c) a + c = b (d) b=c
cetueeW keâe iegCeveHeâue
TGT 2003  −1 ± 105  1 ± 105 
=  
 
π  2  2 
Ans : (a) ef$eYegpe PQR ceW, ∠R= leLee meceer. ax2+ bx + c
2  −1 + 105  −1 − 105  1 + 105  1 − 105 
P Q =  
 
 
 
=0 kesâ tan   leLee tan   oes cetue nQ leye  2  2  2  2 
2 2
P
tan + tan =
Q −b P Q c
leLee tan tan = = 
( )
 −1 2 − 105 2  1 2 − 105 2 
( )  ( ) ( ) 
2 2 a 2 2 a 4  4 
  
∆PRQ ceW, ∠P + ∠Q + ∠R = 180 0   
 1 − 105  1 − 105 
∠P + ∠Q = 1800 − ∠R( ) = 
 4  4 
 
π  π = 26 × 26 = 676
∠P + ∠Q =  ∠R = 
2  2 Dele: cetue JeemleefJekeâ nw Deewj cetueeW keâe Ùeesieheâue MetvÙe nw~
ALGEBRA 25 YCT
CLICK HERE -
96. Ùeefo meceerkeâjCe ax 2 + bx + c = 0 kesâ cetue m : n kesâ − ( −6 ) 6
Devegheele ceW nQ leye Ans : (b) cetueeW keâe ÙeesieHeâue ( α + β ) = =
3 3
(a) mna2 = (m+n)c2 (b) mnb2 = (m+n)ac 4
(c) mnb2 = (m+n)2ac (d) FveceW mes keâesF& veneR leLee α ⋅β =
3
TGT 2001
α 2 + β2 = ( α + β ) − 2αβ
2
Ans : (c) Ùeefo cetue m : n kesâ Devegheele ceW nw~ leye ceevee cetue α
leLee β nQ~ 36 4
α 2 + β2 =− 2×
α m α β 9 3
∴α : β = m : n ⇒ = ⇒ =
β n m n 2 2 4
α +β = 4−2
meceevegheele kesâ efveÙece mes, 3
α β α+β ( αβ ) α β  1 1  α 2 + β2   α + β 
∴  +  + 2  +  + 3αβ =   + 2  + 3αβ
= ⇒ =
m n m+n mn β α α β  αβ   αβ 
⇒ ( m + n ) αβ = ( α + β ) mn put the value
2 2
 4  
 4 − 2× 3   6 
2
 −b  2 c
 = (m + n )
⇒ mn  4
=  + 2   + 3× = 1 + 3 + 4 = 8
 a  a 4 4 3
   
⇒ mnb = (m + n) ac
2 2
 3  3
97. Ùeefo 2, 3, meceerkeâjCe 2x3+mx2-13x+n = 0 kesâ oes cetue 1
neW leye m Deewj n keâe ceeve nesiee: 100. x + keâe JÙegl›eâce Øeehle keâerefpeS:
x
(a) –5, – 30 (b) –5, 30
x2 +1 x
(c) 5, 30 (d) FveceW mes keâesF& veneR (a) (b)
TGT 2001 x x −1
2
Ans : (b) Ùeefo 2, 3, meceerkeâjCe 2x3+mx2-13x+n = 0 kesâ oes x x2 −1

(c) (d)
cetue neW leye meceerkeâjCe keâes mevleg° keâjWies~ x +1
2
x +1
efoS ieS meceerkeâjCe ceW x = 2 jKeves hej TGT 2001
∴ 16+4m–26+n=0 ⇒ 4m+n=10 .....(i) 1 x +1 2
Ans : (c) x + =
Deye, efoS ieS meceerkeâjCe ceW x = 3 jKeves hej x x
54 + 9m − 39 + n = 0 ⇒ 9m + n = −15 .....(ii) x
meceer. (i) leLee meceer. (ii) keâes nue keâjves hej, ∴ JÙegl›eâce = 2
x +1
m = –5, n = 30
leye x3–6x2 + 6x keâe ceeve nesiee: 101. meceer. 4 5x + 7x − 3 5 = 0 ceW x keâe ceeve nw :
2
98. Ùeefo x = 2+22/3+21/3
(a) 3 (b) 2 5 3 5 3
(a) ,− (b) ,
(c) 1 (d) FveceW mes keâesF& veneR 4 5 4 5
TGT 2001
− 5 3 5 −3
Ans : (b) Ùeefo x = 2+22/3+21/3 (c) , (d) ,
2 2 3 5
⇒ (x − 2) = 2 2 / 3 + 21/ 3
TGT 2001
oesveeW he#eeW keâe Ieve keâjves hej,
Ans : (a) meceer. 4 5x + 7x − 3 5 = 0
2
(x − 2)3 = ( 22 / 3 + 21/ 3 )
3
4 5x 2 + 12x − 5x − 3 5 = 0
x −8 −3×2(x − 2)x = 2
3
( ) +(2 )
2/3 3 1/3 3
+ 3× 2 2
2/ 3 1/3
(2 2/3
+2 1/3
) 4x ( )
5x + 3 − 5 ( )
5x + 3 = 0
x − 6x + 12x − 8 = 4 + 2 + 6 ( x − 2 )
3 2
x 3 − 6x 2 + 6x = 6 + 6x − 12 + 8 − 6x
( )(
5x + 3 4x − 5 = 0 )
⇒ x 3 − 6x 2 + 6x = 2 5 −3
⇒x= ,
99. Ùeefo α leLee β efÉIeele meceer. 3x – 6x + 4 = 0 kesâ oes
2 4 5
α β  1 1 102. Skeâ efÉIeele meceerkeâjCe heefjcesÙe iegCeebkeâ jKe mekeâlee nw Ùeefo,
cetue neW leye  +  + 2  +  + 3αβ keâe ceeve
β α α β (a) oesveeW cetue yejeyej Deewj DeheefjcesÙe mebKÙee neW
nesiee: (b) Skeâ cetue heefjcesÙe leLee otmeje DeheefjcesÙe
3 (c) Skeâ cetue JeemleefJekeâ leLee otmeje keâeuheefvekeâ nes
(a) 12 (b) 8 (c) (d) 16
2 (d) FveceW mes keâesF& veneR
TGT 2001 TGT 1999
ALGEBRA 26 YCT
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Ans : (d) efÉIeele meceerkeâjCe ceW, 106. Ùeefo meceer. ( λ + 3 ) x 2 − ( 5 − λ ) x + 1 = 0 Deueie-
Ùeefo oes cetue yejeyej Deewj DeheefjcesÙe nes DeLee&led Deueie cetue jKelee nes, leye λ keâe ceeve nesiee–
cetue = 2 , 2 nes leye (a) λ = 1 or λ = 13 (b) λ > 12 or λ < 1
cetueeW keâe iegCeveheâue DeLee&le 2 × 2 = 4 heefjcesÙe nesiee uesefkeâve (c) λ > 13 or λ < 1 (d) λ > 13 or λ > 1
cetueeW keâe Ùeesieheâue= 2 + 2 = 2 2 DeheefjcesÙe Øeehle nesiee~ TGT 1999
hegve : Ùeefo Skeâ cetue DeheefjcesÙe nw lees otmeje Yeer DeheefjcesÙe ner nesiee~ Ans : (c) efoÙes ieÙes meceer. keâer leguevee ax +bx+c = 0 mes keâjves hej
2
Deewj Ùeefo Skeâ cetue keâeuheefvekeâ nw lees otmeje cetue Yeer keâeuheefvekeâ ner a = λ + 3, b = − ( 5 - λ ) , c = 1
nesiee JeemleefJekeâ veneR~ ∴ cetue kesâ Deueie-Deueie Deewj JeemleefJekeâ nesves hej
Fme Øekeâej efoÙes ieÙes meYeer keâLeve DemelÙe nw~ b 2 − 4ac > 0
Dele: efJekeâuhe (d) mener nw~
{− ( 5 − λ )} − 4 × ( λ + 3) × 1 > 0
2
103. x kesâ efkeâme ceeve kesâ efueS JÙebpekeâ x2-4x+9 keâe ceeve
2
efvecvelece nw : ⇒ λ + 25 − 10λ − 4λ − 12 > 0
(a) x =2 (b) x =5 λ 2 − 14λ + 13 > 0
(c) x =8 (d) x =10
λ 2 − 13λ − λ + 13 > 0
TGT 1999
Ans : (a) y = x2 - 4x+9 λ ( λ − 13 ) − 1( λ − 13 ) > 0
Ùee y=(x-2)2+5 efvecvelece nes~ ⇒ ( λ − 13 ) > 0 or ( λ − 1) < 0
JÙebpekeâ y efvecvelece nesiee Ùeefo (x-2)2 efvecvelece nes~ ⇒ λ > 13 or λ < 1
DeLee&led (x-2)2 = 0 Ùee x = 2 107. Ùeefo 2y + 2y + 4 = 4 leye y keâe ceeve nesiee ?
104. Ùeefo meceer. x2+px+12=0 keâe Skeâ cetue 4 nw peyeefkeâ (a) 4 (b) 6
meceerkeâjCe x2+px+q =0 kesâ oesveeW cetue yejeyej nQ, leye (c) 8 (d) –4
keâe q ceeve nesiee TGT 1999
(a) 49/4 (b) 4/49
Ans : (b) 2y + 2y + 4 = 4
(c) 4 (d) FveceW mes keâesF& veneR
TGT 1999 oesveeW he#eeW keâe Jeie& keâjves hej–
Ans : (a) ∵ x = 4 meceerkeâjCe x +px+12 = 0 2
keâe Skeâ cetue nw~ 2y + 2y + 4 = 16
∴ (4)2+ p.4+12 = 0 2y + 4 = 16 − 2y
16+4p+12=0
oesveeW he#eeW keâe hegve: Jeie& keâjves hej
4p+28 = 0 ⇒ p = −7
2y + 4 = 256 + 4y 2 − 64y
Deye, meceerkeâjCe x2 + px + q = 0 kesâ cetue yejeyej nw~
⇒ 4y 2 − 66y + 252 = 0
∴ b2–4ac = 0
p2 – 4×1×q = 0 ⇒ 2y 2 − 33y + 126 = 0
49 2y 2 − 12y − 21y + 126 = 0
(–7)2–4q = 0 ⇒ q =
4 2y ( y − 6 ) − 21( y − 6 ) = 0
105. Ùeefo x=31/3+3-1/3 nes leye efvecve ceW mes keâewve mee mecyevOe ( y − 6 )( 2y − 21) = 0
mener nw? 21
(a) 3x3+9x–10=0 (b) 3x3–9x+10=0 ⇒ y = 6 Ùee y =
(c) 3x3+9x+10=0 (d) 3x3–9x–10= 0 2
TGT 1999 Dele: y = 6 meceer. keâe nue nw~
Ans : (d) ∵ x=31/3+3-1/3 108. Ùeefo meceerkeâjCe x3 – 3x2 – 4x + 12 = 0 kesâ oes cetueeW keâe
ÙeesieHeâue MetvÙe nw leye meceer. kesâ meYeer cetue nw–
1 3 2 /3 + 1
x=31/3+ = (a) 4, 5, 3 (b) 2, 3, 5
31/ 3 31 / 3 (c) 2, –2, 3 (d) 3, –3, 2
oesveeW he#eeW keâe Ieve keâjves hej TGT 1999
2/3
x3= (3 + 1) 3 Ans : (c) ceevee meceer. kesâ cetue α, −α leLee β nw~
⇒ 3x 3 = (3 2 / 3 ) 3 + 13 + 3.3 2 / 3 × 1(3 2 / 3 + 1)
(31/ 3 ) 3
∴cetueeW keâe Ùeesie, α − α + β = − ( −3) ⇒ β = 3
⇒ 3x 3 = 9 + 1 + 3.32 / 3 .
(3 2/ 3
)
+ 1 31/ 3 leLee cetueeW keâe iegCeveHeâue
31/ 3  12 
 (32 / 3 + 1)  α ( −α ) β = −   ⇒ α 2β = 12
3
3x = 10 + 9x ∵ x =   1 
 31/ 3  α 2 = 4 ⇒ α = ±2
⇒ 3x 3 − 9x − 10 = 0 Dele: meceer. kesâ cetue 2,–2 leLee 3 neWies~
ALGEBRA 27 YCT
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109. Ùeefo α leLee β meceer0 ax2 + bx + c = 0 kesâ cetue neW leye 1 + 2α + gα 2 + α 3 = 0
β α α 3 + gα 2 + 2α + 1 = 0...........(2)
+ keâe ceeve nesiee–
aα + b aβ + b
meceerkeâjCe (1) Deewj (2) kesâ meceeve heoeW keâer leguevee keâjves hej g = 2
2 −2 a −a
(a) (b) (c) (d) 112. The number of roots of the equation
a a 2 2 2 2
TGT 1999 x− = 1− is
x −1 x −1
Ans : (b) ∵ α Deewj β meceer0 ax + bx + c = 0 kesâ cetue nQ~
2
2 2
meceerkeâjCe x − = 1− kesâ efkeâleves cetue nQ?
− c x − 1 x −1
∴ aα + bα + c = 0 ⇒ aα + b =
2
(a) one/ Skeâ (b) two/ oes
α
−c (c) zero/ Met vÙe (d) infinite/ Devevle
Deewj aβ2 + bβ + c = 0 ⇒ aβ + b = PGT 2010
β
−b 2 2
leLee cetueeW keâe Ùeesie ( α + β ) = Ans : (c) x − = 1−
a x −1 x −1
c (x – 1) mes oes v eeW he#eeW ceW ieg Cee keâjves hej
cetueeW keâe iegCeve ( α.β ) = ⇒ x (x–1) –2 = (x–1) –2
a
⇒ x2 – x – 2 = x – 3
β α β α
∴ + = + ⇒ x2 – 2x + 1 = 0
aα + b aβ + b −c −c ⇒ (x – 1)2 = 0
α β ⇒ x = 1, 1
c hejvleg x = 1 efoÙes ieÙes meceerkeâjCe keâes mebleg<š veneR keâjlee Dele: efoÙes
−αβ αβ −2αβ −2 × a −2 ieÙes meceer keâjCe keâe keâesF& nue veneR nw~
= − = = =
c c c c a
113. If the roots of the equation y 2 − 2y + 3 = 0
110. If α, β are the roots of the equation 4x2+3x+7=0
1 1 are α and β then α4+β4 will be equal to
then + is equal to. Ùeefo meceerkeâCe y 2 − 2y + 3 = 0 kesâ cetue α leLee β
α β
Ùeefo meceerkeâjCe 4x2+3x+7= 0 kesâ cetue α, β nes leye nes lees α4+β4 keâe ceeve nesiee
1 1 (a) 16 + 8 3 (b) 10 − 8 3
+ yejeyej nw
α β (c) 13 − 12 2 (d) 13 + 12 2
7 7 3 3 PGT 2010
(a) (b) − (c) (d) −
3 3 7 7 Ans : (b) y − 2 y + 3 = 0
2
PGT 2011 leye α + β = 2 Deewj αβ = 3

Ans : (d) Since α, β are the roots of equn. 4x2+3x+7=0
( )
2
α 2 + β2 = ( α + β ) − 2αβ = 2 − 2 3 = 2 − 2 3 lees
2
3 7
∴ α + β = − and α.β =
( )
4 4
( α 2 + β2 ) = 2 − 2 3
2 2
1 1 α +β
⇒ + =
α β α.β α 4 + β4 + 2α 2β2 = 4 + 12 − 8 3
−3/ 4 3
( )
2
⇒ = =− α 4 + β4 = 16 − 8 3 − 2. 3
7/4 7
1 1 3 = 10 − 8 3
⇒ + =−
α β 7 114. H.C.F. of x2+2x–8 and x2+x–12 will be
x2+2x–8 leLee x2+x–12 keâe ce.me. nesiee
111. Ùeefo meceerkeâjCe x3+2x2+gx+1=0 keâe α Skeâ cetue nw, lees
(a) x–2 (b) x–3
1
Yeer Fme meceerkeâjCe keâe cetue nesiee, peye g keâe ceeve nesiee (c) x+4 (d) x+3
α PGT 2010
(a) –1 (b) 0 (c) 1 (d) 2 Ans : (c)
PGT 2013
x2 + 2 x − 8 = x2 + 4 x − 2x − 8 = x ( x + 4) − 2 ( x + 4)
Ans : (d) ÛetBefkeâ α meceerkeâjCe x +2x +gx+1=0 keâe cetue nw
3 2
= (x–2) (x+4)
FmeefueS α 3 + 2α 2 + gα + 1 = 0..........(1) x2+x–12 = x2+4x–3x–12 = x(x+4) –3(x+4)
1 2 g = (x–3) (x+4)
Fmeer Øekeâej 3 + 2 + + 1 = 0
α α α FmeefueS ce.me. nesiee (x+4)
ALGEBRA 28 YCT
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115. It the roots of the quadratic equation x2 + px +
n
q = 0 are tan300 and tan150, respectively, then α qp = ......... (ii)
the value of 2 + q – p is ℓ
Ùeefo meceerkeâjCe x2 + px + q = 0 kesâ cetue tan300 Deewj From (i) and (ii) we get divided
tan150 nes, lees 2 + q – p keâe ceeve nesiee p2 q2
+ = − n/ℓ
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 0 (d) 1 pq pq
PGT 2009
Ans : (b) Since tan30o and tan15o are the roots of the p q n
⇒ + =−
quadratic equation x2+px+q= 0 therefore. q p ℓ
Sum of roots = tan 300 + tan150 = − p p q n
⇒ + + =0
1 3 −1 q p ℓ
⇒ + = −p
3 3 +1 117. The product of any r consecutive natural
3 +1+ 3 − 3 number is always divisible by
⇒ = −p efkeâmeer Yeer r ueieeleej Øeeke=âeflekeâ mebKÙeeDeeW keâe iegCeve
3+ 3
ncesMee efJeYeepÙe nw
4
⇒ = −p ...........(i) (a) r! (b) r2
3+ 3 (c) rn (d) None of these
and product of roots= tan 300 × tan150 = q PGT 2009
1 3 −1 Ans : (a) The product of any r consecutive natural
⇒ × =q number is always divisible by r!.
3 3 +1
118. If α, β and γ are the roots of the equation x3 +
3 −1
⇒ q= .............. (ii) px2 + qx + r = 0, then the value of Σα 2 β is
3+ 3
from (i) and (ii), we get Ùeefo α, β Deewj γ mecetn nw meceerkeâjCe x3 + px2 + qx + r
3 −1 4 3 −1 + 4 = 0 kesâ lees Σα 2 β keâe ceeve keäÙee nesiee
2+q− p = 2+ + = 2+
3+ 3 3+ 3 3+ 3 (a) 3r – pq (b) 3p – rq
3+ 3 (c) 3r (d) None of these/FveceW mes keâesF& veneR
= 2+ = 2 +1 = 3 PGT 2009
3+ 3
Ans : (a) efoS ieS meceerkeâjCe mes
⇒ 2+q−p =3 α + β + γ = − p; αβ + βγ + γα = q
116. If the roots p and q of the equation lx2 + nx + n Deewj αβγ = −r
p q n leye Σα 2 β = Σα .Σαβ − 3αβγ
= 0 be in the ratio p : q then + + =
q p l = (α + β + γ )(αβ + βγ + γα ) − 3αβγ
Ùeefo meceerkeâjCe lx2 + nx + n = 0 kesâ cetue p : q kesâ
= (− p)(q) − 3(− r )
p q n = − pq + 3r = 3r − pq
Devegheele ceW nes lees + + =?
q p l
119. If α, β are the roots of the equation
(a) 0 (b) 2
n x 2 − 2 x + 3 = 0 then the value of
(α − 2) + (β − 2)
−4 −4
l is
n
(c) (d) None of these Ùeefo α Deewj β cetue nw meceerkeâjCe x 2 − 2 x + 3 = 0 kesâ
l
FveceW mes keâesF& veneR lees ( α − 2 ) −4 + ( β − 2 ) −4 keâe ceeve nesiee
PGT 2009 14 14
(a) (b) −
Ans : (a) Let the root of the equation lx 2 + nx + n = 0. 81 81
22 22
are pα, qα (c) (d) −
−n 81 81
then pα + qα = (sum of roots) PGT 2005
ℓ
Ans : (b)
−n
⇒ α(p + q) = ............... (i) The equation x 2 − 2x + 3 = 0
ℓ
whose roots are (α–2) and (β–2) is
n
and α 2 qp = (product of roots) ( x + 2)
2
− 2( x + 2) + 3 = 0
ℓ
ALGEBRA 29 YCT
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x 2 + 2 x + 3 = 0 = F ( x ) ⇒ F'(x) = 2x + 2 ⇒ 2x − 4x + 1 = 2 ( x + 1)( x − 1)
Given that the quadratic equation
x2–2x+3=0 ⇒ −2 x + 1 = 2 ( x + 1)( x − 1)
Now ( α − 2 ) + ( β − 2 )
−4 −4
is coefficient of x3 in −2 x 2 − 1 = 2 x − 1
F' ( x ) Again squaring on both side, we get
−
F( x ) (
4 x2 + 1 − 4 x = 4 x2 − 1 )
2 2
4x + 1 − 4x − 4x + 4 = 0
5
x=
4
veesš- x keâe ceeve efoÙes ieÙes meceerkeâjCe keâes mebleg° veneR keâjlee nw~
122. Number of real solutions of the equation x2 +
8|x| + 8 = 0 is
(a) 2
(b) 4
(c) 0
(d) None of the above/FveceW mes keâesF& veneR
PGT 2004
Ans : (c) peye x ≥ 0 lees | x |= x
x2 + 8x + 8 = 0
− 8 ± 32
⇒ x= = −4 ± 2 2
14 2
Hence the coefficient of x is − 3
peye x < 0 lees |x| = –x
81
120. One of the roots of the equation 3x +px+3=0; 2 x2 – 8x + 8 = 0
p>0 is square of the other, then p is equal to 8 ± 32
Ùeefo meceerkeâjCe 3x2+px+3=0; p>0 ceW Skeâ cetue otmejs ⇒ x = 2 = 4 ± 2 2
cetue keâe Jeie& nes lees p yejeyej nw veesš- Oeveelcekeâ mebKÙeeDeeW keâe Ùeesie keâYeer MetvÙe veneR neslee nw~
(a)
1
(b) 1 (c) 3 (d)
2 123. If α, β and γ are roots of the equation x3 + ax2
3 3 + bx + a = 0 then the value of
PGT 2005 tan -1
α + tan-1β + tan-1 γ will be
Ans : (c) The equation 3x2+px+3=0, p>0
(a) nπ, b ≠ 1 (b) 0
Let one root is α and other roots is α2. Then
(c) 1 (d) π, b ≠ 1
2 −p
α+α = .......... (i) PGT 2004
3 3 2
Ans : (a) x + ax + bx + a = 0
3
and α.α 2 = = 1 ⇒ α3 = 1 ⇒ α+β+γ=–a
3
We know that if α =1 then α+α =–1 by cube root of
3 2 αβ + βγ + αγ= b
unity so comparision by equation (i) αβγ= – a
−p tan α + tan β + tan −1 γ
−1 −1
= −1
3 α +β 
p=3 = tan −1   + tan γ
−1
 1 − αβ 
121. The equation x + 1 − x − 1 = 4 x − 1 has
 α+β 
meceerkeâjCe x + 1 − x − 1 = 4 x − 1 kesâ heeme  +γ 
1 − αβ
(a) no solution/ keâesF& nue veneR nw = tan −1  
 α +β 
(b) one solution/ Skeâ nue nw  1 − γ   
(c) two solution/ oes nue nw   1 − αβ  
(d) more than two solutions/ oes mes DeefOekeâ nue nw  α + β + γ − αβγ 
= tan −1  
PGT 2005  1 − (αβ + βγ + αγ 
Ans : (a) Equation x + 1 − x − 1 = 4 x − 1  −a + a 
Squaring on both side, we get = tan −1  −1
 = tan 0
 1− b 
( x + 1) + ( x − 1) − 2 ( x + 1)( x − 1) = 4 x − 1 = nπ, b ≠1
ALGEBRA 30 YCT
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124. The equation ax3+3bx2+3cx+d=0 has two equal Ans : (c) efoÙee ieÙee meceerkeâjCe
roots, then which statement is true? mx2–4x+2(m+1) = 0
(a) (bc–ad)2=(b2–ac)(c2–bd)
(b) (ac–bd)2=(a2–ac)(c2–ad)
meceerkeâjCe kesâ cetue JeemleefJekeâ (Real) nQ, DeLee&led
(c) (ac–ad)2=4(b2–ac)(c2–bd) B2–4AC≥ 0
(d) (ac–bd)2=4(a2–bc)(c2–ad) ⇒ (–4)2–4×m×2(m+1)≥0
PGT 2003 ⇒ 16–8m(m+1)≥0
Ans : (c) ceevee cetue α , β Deewj γ nw ⇒ 16–8m2–8m≥0
⇒ 8m2+8m–16≤0
meceer. ax 3 + 3bx 2 + 3cx + d = 0
⇒ m2+m–2≤0
3b ⇒ m2+2m–m–2≤0
leye α + β + γ = − .........(i )
a ⇒ m(m+2)–1(m+2) ≤0
3c
αβ + βγ + γα = ........... ( ii )
a
d ⇒ (m+2) (m–1) ≤0
αβγ = − ...............(iii )
a ↓ ↓
Deye heÇMveevegmeej α = γ m=–2 m=1
3b ⇒ m≤1 or m≥ –2
lees 2α + β = − ..........(iv ) 127. Let P(x) = a0+a1x2+a2x4+.....+anx2n be a
a polynomial in the real variable x with
3c 0<aa<a1<a2<......<an. The function P(x) has:
α 2 + 2αβ = ........(v)
a (a) neither a max, nor a minimum
d (b) only one max.
α 2 β = − .............(vi) (c) only one max. and one minimum.
a
meceer (iv) mes β keâe ceeve meceer. (v) ces jKeves hej (d) None of these
PGT 2002
α 2 + 2α  −  3c
3b
− 2α  = Ans : (d) Given that the polynomial
 a  a
aα − 6α b − 4aα = 3c
2 2 P(x) = a 0 + a1x 2 + a 2 x 4 + ....... + a n x 2n
−3aα 2 − 6α b − 3c = 0 lees aα 2 + 2α b + c = 0 kesâ oes yejeyej Now differentiating w.r.to x, we get
cetue nw FmeefueS 4b2 − 4ac = 0 , dp ( x )
= P '(x) = 2a1x + 4a 2 x 3 + ..... + 2na n x 2n −1
b2 − ac = 0 , dx
For maximum or minimum of P(x),
∴ ( bc − ad ) = 4 ( b 2 − ac )( c 2 − bd ) mener nw~
2
P'(x) = 0
125. If a be a multiple root of order 3 of the 2a1x+4a2x3+.......+2nanx2n–1 = 0
equation x3–bx2+cx+d=0, then ⇒ x(2a1+4a2x2+......+2nanx2n–2) = 0
8d 8d ⇒ x= 0 & (2a1+4a2x2+......+2nanx2n–2) = 0
(a) a = (b) a = − Again
3c 3c
d 2 p(x)
8d = p"(x) = 2a1 + 12a 2 x 2 + ..... + 2n(2n − 1)a n x 2n −2
(c) a = (d) None of the above dx 2
3c at x = 0, p"(x) = 2a1>0, minimum
PGT 2003 Hence at x = 0 the polynomial is constant function and
Ans : (d) α + β + γ = b.............3α = b is minimum at x = 0
b 128. If α, β , γ, δ be the roots of x4+6x2–5x+4=0. Then
αβ + βγ + γα = c............α =
3 (α+β +γ) (β+γ+δ)(γ+α+β) (δ+α+β ) is:
2 (a) 6 (b) –5
αβλ = − d ................3α = c (c) –4 (d) None of these
2 c PGT 2000
α = Ans : (d) Given that the equation
3
3 x4+6x2–5x+4=0
α = −d If α, β, γ and δ are the roots of above eqn then
126. If the roots of the equations mx2–4x+2(m+1)=0
are real, then :  coeffi of x 3 
α + β + γ + δ = −
(a) m ≤ 1 (b) m ≥ – 2  coefficient of x 4 
 
(c) m≥–2 and m≤ 1 (d) m≥1 or m≤–2 α + β + γ + δ = 0 ........ (i)
PGT 2002
ALGEBRA 31 YCT
CLICK HERE -
and αβγδ=4 ⇒ | x |≠ −3 and | x |= 2
Then ( α + β + γ )( β + γ + δ )( γ + δ + α )( δ + α + β ) Hence there are only two distinct root
= ( α + β + γ + δ − δ )( β + γ + δ + α − α ) 132. If α, β, γ are root of x3–7x2+5x–2=0 the value of
( γ + δ + α + β − β )( δ + α + β − γ + γ ) 1
+
1
+
1
is :
αβ βγ αγ
= ( −δ )( −α )( −β )( −γ )
7 7 7 7
= αβγδ from (i) (c) (a) (d) (b)
3 5 2 4
=4 PGT 2000
129. The Condition that one root of the equation Ans : (d) Ùeefo α, β, γ meceer. x3–7x2+5x–2=0 kesâ cetue neW leye
(1+m2)x2+2cmx+(c2–a2)=0 is reciprocal of the α+β+γ = 7
other is : αβ+βγ+γα = 5
(a) 1+m2 = cm (b) c = a 1 + m 2 αβγ= 2
(c) 1+m2 = c2–a2 (d) 1+m2+2c = 0 1 1 1 α+β+ γ 7
∴ + + = =
PGT 2000 αβ βγ γα αβγ 2
Ans : (c) efoÙee nw meceer. 133. The nth divided difference of a polynomial of
(1+m2)x2+2cmx+(c2–a2)=0 degree 'n' is
1 'n' Ieele Jeeues yengheo keâe 'n'JeeB efJeYeeefpele Deblej nw
ceevee meceer. keâe Skeâ cetue α leLee otmeje cetue nw~ (a) a variable /Skeâ Ûej
α
(b) a constant /Skeâ DeÛej
c2 − a 2
∴ cetueeW keâe iegCeveheâue = (c) always zero/meowJe MetvÙe
1 + m2 (d) None of these /FveceW mes keâesF& veneR
1 c2 − a 2 Rajasthan TGT 2016
α.
=
α 1 + m2 Ans : (b) The nth divided difference of polynomial of
⇒ 1+m2= c2–a2 degree n is a constant.
130. The number of the solution of equation- 134. Ùeefo x 2 + px + 1 = 0 kesâ cetue a,b nw Deewj x2 + qx +
sin(ex)=5x + 5–x is 1 = 0 kesâ cetue c, d nQ, lees (a − c) (b − c) (a + d)
(a) One (b) Zero
(b + d) keâe ceeve nw
(c) Infinite (d) None of these
PGT 2000 If a,b are the roots of x 2 + px + 1 = 0 and c,d
Ans : (b) meceer. sin(e x ) = 5x + 5− x ......(i) are the roots of x2 + qx + 1 = 0 then the value
nce peeveles nQ efkeâ, A.P. ≥ G.P. of (a − c) (b − c) (a + d) (b + d) is
5 x + 5− x (a) p 2 − q 2 (b) q 2 − p 2
∴ ≥ 5 x × 5− x
2 (c) p 2 + q 2 (d) 2pq
5x + 5− x ≥ 2 Rajasthan TGT 2015
meceer. (i) mes,
Ans. (b) : Given that a,b are the roots of x 2 + px
x
sin(e ) ≥ 2
+1 = 0 and c,d are the roots of x 2 + qx + 1 = 0 , then
but sin e( ) ≥/ 2
x
a + b = −p ab = 1
GheÙeg&òeâ mes mhe° nw efkeâ sin keâe keâesF& Yeer ceeve 1 mes yeÌ[e veneR neslee~ c + d = −q cd = 1
Dele: efoÙes ieÙes meceer. keâe keâesF& nue veneR nesiee~ Now, (a − c)(b − c)(a + d)(b + d)
131. For the equation |x2|+|x|–6=0: = {ab − c(a + b) + c2 }{ab + d(a + b) + d 2 }
(a) There are four distinct roots.
(b) There are only three distinct root. = (1 + cp + c2 )(1 − pd + d 2 )
(c) There is only two distinct root. = 1 − pd + d2 + cp − p2 cd + pcd 2 + c2 − c2 pd + c2 d2
(d) There is only one root
PGT 2000 = 1 − pd + d2 + pc − p2 + pd + c2 − pc + 1 (∵ cd = 1)
Ans : (c) Given that = 2 − p 2 + c2 + d2
| x |2 + | x | −6 = 0
= 2 − p 2 + (c + d)2 − 2cd
 x, x > 0
| x |=  = 2 − p 2 + (−q)2 − 2.1
− x, x < 0
= q2 − p2
∴ (|x|+3)(|x|–2) = 0
ALGEBRA 32 YCT
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135. Ùeefo meceerkeâjCe ax 2 + bx + c = 0 kesâ cetueeW keâe Devegheele x 2 + 5x + 7
(r + 1) 2 x − 5 x 3 − 18x − 35
r nw, lees yejeyej nw
r 3 2
If the ratio of the roots of the equation −− x −+ 5x
(r + 1) 2 5x 2 − 18x − 35
ax 2 + bx + c = 0 is r, then is equal to 2
r − 5x ∓ 25x
a 2
b2 7x − 35
(a) (b) − 7x ∓ 35
bc ca
c2 1 ∴ x 3 − 18x − 35 = (x − 5)(x 2 + 5x + 7) = 0
(c) (d)
ab abc for ∴ x 2 − 5x + 7 = 0
Rajasthan TGT 2015 −5 ± 25 − 28 −5 ± i 3
x= =
Ans. (b) : Let roots of the equation ax 2 + bx + c = 0 be 2 2
α & β then – Hence we conclude that one root is real and
two roots are complex.
α :β = r
2 138. x 9 + 5x8 − x 3 + 7x + 2 = 0 ceW DeefOekeâ mes DeefOekeâ
α  $e+Ceelcekeâ cetueeW keâer mebKÙee nw
2  β + 1 2 2
(r + 1)  = (α + β) / β
∴ = The number of allmost negative roots in
r α α x 9 + 5x8 − x 3 + 7x + 2 = 0 is
β β
(a) 1 (b) 4 (c) 2 (d) 3
( α + β) 2 ( − b / a )
2
b2 / a 2 b2 Rajasthan TGT 2015
= = = =
αβ c c ca Ans. (d) : Given equation is x 9 + 5x 8 − x 3 + 7x + 2 = 0
a a
put x = –x and count the number of changes of
136. x = 6 kesâ efueÙes, yengheo x 4 − 5x 3 − 5x 2 − 5x + 2 keâe sign, which gives the number of negative roots
ceeve yejeyej nw (− x)9 + 5(− x)8 − (− x)3 + 7(− x) + 2 = 0
For x = 6, the value of the polynomial
x 4 − 5x 3 − 5x 2 − 5x + 2 is equal to
Hence number of negative roots is 3.
(a) 2 (b) –12
139. If α1, α2, α3, ......... αn are the roots of the
(c) 1296 (d) 8
Rajasthan TGT 2015 equation
x n + P1 x n-1 + P2 xn -2 + ........ + Pn-1 x + Pn = 0, Pn ≠ 0,
Ans. (d) : Put x = 6 in the given polynomial the value is
1 1 1 1
Let, p(x) = x 4 − 5x 3 − 5x 2 − 5x + 2 then the value of + + + ........... + is-
α1 α 2 α 3 αn
p(6) = (6) 4 − 5(6)3 − 5(6)2 − 5(6) + 2 Ùeefo α1, α2, α3, ......... αn meceerkeâjCe
= 1296 − 1080 − 180 − 30 + 2 = 8 x n + P1 x n-1 + P2 xn -2 + ........ + Pn-1 x + Pn = 0, Pn ≠ 0,
meceerkeâjCe x 3 − 18x − 35 = 0 kesâ cetue nw 1 1 1 1
137. kesâ cetue neW, lees
+ + + ....... + keâe ceeve nw–
α1 α 2 α 3 αn
The roots of the equation x 3 − 18x − 35 = 0 are
P Pn −1
(a) meYeer JeemleefJekeâ Deewj meceeve/all real and equal (a) − n −1 (b)
(b) meYeer JeemleefJekeâ Deewj efYeVe/all real and distrinct Pn Pn
(c) Pn–1 (d) –Pn–1
(c) meYeer meefcceße/all complex
Rajasthan TGT 2013
(d) Skeâ JeemleefJekeâ Deewj oes meefcceße mebÙegiceer
Ans : (a) given that α1, α2, α3,.............. αn are the roots
one real and two complex conjugate of the equation
Rajasthan TGT 2015
x n + P1x n −1 + P2 x n − 2 + ........... + Pn −1x + Pn = 0
Ans. (d) : Given equation is x 3 − 18x − 35 = 0
1 1 1 1 P
put x = 5 we get Then + + + ........... + = − n −1
α1 α 2 α3 αn Pn
53 − 18 × 5 − 35 = 125 − 90 − 35
140. The roots of the equation x – 15x – 126 = 0, are
3
= 125 − 125 = 0
Hence x=5 is a root of the given equation which is real.
meceerkeâjCe x3 – 15x – 126 = 0, kesâ cetue nw –
And (x – 5) will be a factor of equation (a) 6,3 + 2 3i, − 3 − 2 3i
3
x − 18x − 35 = 0 (b) 6,3 − 2 3i, − 3 − 2 3i
ALGEBRA 33 YCT
CLICK HERE -
(c) 6, − 3 − 2 3i, − 3 + 2 3i From (1) and (2), we get
3β = 12 ⇒ β = 4
(d) −6, − 3 − 2 3i, − 3 + 2 3i
if α = 1, β = 4, then γ = 12 − (α + β)
Rajasthan TGT 2013
= 12 − (1 + 4)
Ans : (c) Given equation is x 3 − 15x − 126 = 0 =7
∵ x = 6 is a root of the equation Then difference of two roots is = 4 − 1 = 3.
∴ (x − 6) will be a factor of this equation
143. If x2–3x+2 is a factor of x4–px2+q, then/Ùeefo
2
x + 6x + 21 x2–3x+2 yengheo x4–px2+q, keâe Skeâ iegCeve Keb[ nes, lees
3 (a) p = 5, q = 2 (b) p = 5, q = 4
x − 6 x − 15x − 126
(c) p = −5, q = −4 (d) p = −5, q = 4
3
−x − + 6x 2 Rajasthan TGT 2011
6x 2 − 15x − 126 Ans : (b) Given that x 2 − 3x + 2 is a factor of
2
− + 36x
− 6x x 4 − px 2 + q
21x − 126 Then x 2 − 3x + 2 = (x − 1)(x − 2) ie., (x − 1) & (x − 2)
21x − 126 also will be factor
× × ⇒ x = 1, x = 2 will be zero of x 4 − px 2 + q
Hence the roots of the equation x 2 + 6x + 21 = 0 is Put x = 1& x = 2 we get
given by *1− p + q = 0 ⇒ p − q = 1
−6 ± 36 − 84 −6 ± 4 3i * 16 − 4p + q = 0 ⇒ 4p − q = 16
x= =
2 2 Solveing these two we get
Hence the roots are 6, −3 − 2 3i, −3 + 2 3i p = 5&q = 4
141. If the polynomial f (x) = 2x4 + kx3 − 75k is 144. The number of real roots of the equation
divided by x, the remainder is 150, then the 2x 8 + 3x 4 + x 2 + 7 = 0 is/ meceerkeâjCe
value of k will be/ Ùeefo yengheo 2x 8 + 3x 4 + x 2 + 7 = 0 kesâ meYeer JeemleefJekeâ cetueeW keâer
4 3
f (x) = 2x + kx − 75k keâes x mes efJeYeeefpele keâjves hej mebKÙee nw–
(a) 2 (b) 4
Mes<e 150 nes, lees k keâe ceeve nesiee– (c) 6 (d) 0
(a) –2 (b) –1 Rajasthan TGT 2011
(c) 1 (d) 2 8 4 2
Rajasthan TGT 2011 Ans : (d) Given equation is 2x + 3x + x + 7 = 0
Number of changes of sign in the original
Ans : (a) Given f (x) = 2x 4 + kx 3 − 75k divided by x equation and when x replace by –x gives the number of
Gives remainder −75k real solution.
But it is given that remainder is 150. Hence the given equation has no real solution.
∴ −75k = 150 145. An equation of 4th degree is given as
2x –15x3+35x2–30x+8=0. It is known that the
4
⇒ k = −2 roots of this equation are in geometric

progression. The roots of this equation are
142. If the roots of the equation x3-12x2+39x–28= 0 Skeâ ÛeewLee ef[«eer keâe meceerkeâjCe Fme lejn efoÙee ieÙee nw
are in A.P., then difference between two of its 2x4–15x3+35x2–30x+8=0, Ùen %eele nw efkeâ Fme
roots is/ Ùeefo meceerkeâjCe x -12x +39x–28= 0 kesâ cetue
3 2
meceerkeâjCe kesâ cetue pÙeeefceleerÙe ßesCeer ceW nQ~ Fme meceerkeâjCe
meceevlej ßesCeer ceW neW, lees Fvekesâ oes cetueeW keâe Deblej nw– kesâ cetue keäÙee nQ?
(a) 1 (b) 2 (a) (1,2,4,8) (b) (1/2, 1,2,4)
(c) 3 (d) 3 1 1 
Rajasthan TGT 2011 (c) (2,4,8,16) (d)  , ,1, 2 
4 2 
Ans : (c) Given eqn is x 3 − 12x 2 + 39x − 28 = 0 Jharkhand TGT 2017
Putting, x=1 satisfies the given equation Ans : (b) The given equation can be written as
hence x=1 is a root of the equation 15 35
let α, β, γ are the roots of the equation x 4 − x 3 + x 2 − 15x + 4 = 0 ..........(i)
2 2
Then α + β + γ = 12.............(1) Let α,β,γ, δ are the roots (G.P.) of equation (i)
But α, β, γ are in A.P.  15  15
α+β+γ+ δ = −  −  = ............(ii)
∴ 2β = α + γ........................(2)  2 2
ALGEBRA 34 YCT
CLICK HERE -
α.β.γ. δ = 4 ..................................(iii) Ans : (a) if 2, is the root of x3–6x2+3x+10=0 then
take option (b) (x–2) is the factor of this eqn
sum of roots x 3 + 6x 2 + 3x + 10
1 15 = x 2 (x − 2) − 4x(x − 2) − 5(x − 2)
+1+ 2 + 4 =
2 2 = (x − 2)(x 2 − 4x − 5)
1
and product of Roots .1.2.4 = 4 = (x − 2)(x 2 − 5x + x − 5)
2
option (b) satisfy the both eqn (ii) and (iii) = (x − 2)(x − 5)(x + 1)
so option (b) is correct answer. So, other root of eqn x 3 − 6x 2 + 3x + 10 = 0 is 5, −1
146. If 1, ω, ω2 are the cube roots of unity then
(a+b)(a ω+b ω2)(a ω2+b ω)= 150. If α, β, γ are roots of x3+px2+qx+r=0 and α, β , γ
Ùeefo 1, ω, ω2 FkeâeF& kesâ Ieve cetue nQ, leye  1 1 1
are non-zero then  + +  =
(a+b)(a ω+b ω )(a ω +b ω)=
2 2
α β γ
(a) 0 (b) 1
3 3
Ùeef o α , β , γ, meceer k eâjCe x3+px2+qx+r=0 kesâ cetue nQ,
(c) a+b (d) a + b
 1 1 1
Jharkhand TGT 2017 Deewj α, β, γ iewj-MetvÙe nQ leye  + +  =
Ans : (d) (a+b)(aω+bω )(aω +bω) 2 2
α β γ
2
= (a + b)(a ω +abω +abω +b ω )
2 3 4 2 2 3
(a) p –2q (b) –q/r
2 2 2
= (a + b)(a +ab(ω+ω )+b ) (c) pqr (d) 0
= (a + b)(a2–ab+b2) Jharkhand TGT 2017
= a3+b3 Ans : (b) If α,β,γ are the roots of eqn x3+px2+qx+r= 0
147. A set X has 3 elements. The number of then
elements in power set of power set of X is α + β + γ = – p .......(i)
mecegÛÛeÙe X ceW 3 Debkeâ nQ~ X kesâ Ieeleebkeâ kesâ Ieeleebkeâ ceW αβ+ βγ + γα = q .......(ii)
DebkeâeW keâer mebKÙee efkeâleveer nw? α.β.γ = – r ...............(iii)
(a) 8 (b) 24 (c) 256 (d) 64
1 1 1 βγ + γα + αβ −q
Jharkhand TGT 2017 + + = =
Ans : (c) The power set of anyset having α β γ αβγ r
n element = 2n 151. If f:R→R, g:R→R is defined by f(x)=4x–1 and
So, the number of element in power set of g(x)=x2+2 then fof(x)=
23
power set of x in = 2 = 2 = 2568
Ùeefo f:R→R, g:R→R keâes Deewj f(x)=4x–1 Deewj
148. The polynomial equation whose roots are the g(x)=x2+2 Éeje heefjYeeef<ele efkeâÙee peelee nw, leye
4 3
reciprocal of the roots of the equation x +3x – fof(x)=
6x2+2x–4=0 is (a) 16x2–8x+3 (b) a2+2
yengheo Jeeuee Skeâ meceerkeâjCe, efpemekesâ cetue meceerkeâjCe (c) 16x–5 (d) 27
x4+3x3–6x2+2x–4=0 kesâ cetueeW kesâ heejcheefjkeâ nQ, Jen Jharkhand TGT 2017
keâewve mee nw? Ans : (c) f:R→R, g:R→R, f(x)=4x–1 & g(x)=x2+2
(a) 4x4–6x2+2x3–2x+1=0 fof(x) = f(4x–1)
(b) x4–x3+8x2–6x+7=0 = 4(4x–1)–1
(c) x4+8x3+x–5=0 = 16x–4 –1
(d) 4x4–2x3+6x2–3x–1=0 = 16x–5
Jharkhand TGT 2017
Ans : (d) x4+3x3–6x2+2x–4=0 152. If p, q and r are the roots of the equation
1 x 3 − 9x 2 + 26x − 24 = 0 then the value of sum of
x→ (Then reciprocal) squares of p, q and r is
x
1 1 1 2 Ùeefo p, q Deewj r meceerkeâjCe x3 − 9x2 + 26x − 24 = 0
4
+3 3 −6 2 + −4 = 0 kesâ cetue nw, leye p, q Deewj r kesâ JeieeX kesâ Ùeesie keâe ceeve
x x x x
4x 4 − 2x 3 + 6x 2 − 3x − 1 = 0 keäÙee nesiee?
(a) 17 (b) 23
149. If 2, is the root of x3–6x2+3x+10=0 then the
other roots are (c) 29 (d) 37
Ùeefo 2, x3–6x2+3x+10=0 keâe cetue nw, leye DevÙe cetue Jharkhand TGT 2017
keäÙee nQ? Ans : (c) x –9x +26x–24=0 ⇒ p+q+r = 9, pq+qr+rp=26
3 2
(a) –1, 5 (b) –2, 5 (p+q+r)2 = p2+q2+r2+2(pq+pr+rp)

(c) 1/2, 3 (d) 3, 6 (9)2 = p2+q2+r2+52
Jharkhand TGT 2017 p2+q2+r2=29
ALGEBRA 35 YCT
CLICK HERE -
153. If a and b are odd integers. then the roots of the Power to different is three term is zero.
equation– 2ax 2 + (2a + b)x + b = 0,a ≠ 0 –x > –1 = x<1
Ùeefo a leLee b efJe<ece hetCeeËkeâ nQ, lees meceerkeâjCe then interval 0 < x < 1
2ax 2 + (2a + b)x + b = 0,a ≠ 0 kesâ cetue 156. The domain for which the functions defind by
f(x) = 3x2 – 1 and g(x) = 3 + x are equal, is–
(a) rational/heefjcesÙe nQ~
Jen Øeehle efpemekesâ efueS f(x) = 3x2 – 1leLee g(x) = 3 +
(b) irrational/DeheefjcesÙe nQ~
x Éeje heefjYeeef<ele heâueve meceeve nw, nw–
(c) non–real/DeJeemleefJekeâ nQ~
(d) equal/meceeve nQ~ 4 4
(a) −1, (b) 1,
KVS TGT DEC 2017 3 3
Ans. (a) : The equation 2ax2 + (2a+b) x + b = 0 4 4
a and b are odd integers. (c) −1, (d) −1,
3 3
Let Roots of equation α and β
KVS TGT DEC 2017
− (2a + b)
Sum of the Root (α + β) = Ans. (c) : The domain is f(x) ≥ 0, g(x) ≥ 0
2a So, that
Product of the Root
3x2 – x – 4 ≥ 0
αβ = b/2a [ given a ≠ 0 ]
Roots of equation are an rational. (x + 1) (3x – 4) ≥ 0
then interval
154. If α , β be the roots of ax2 + bx + c = 0 then
x ∈ [ –1, 4/3]
those of ax2+2bx+4c = 0 are–
157. If f(x) = px + q, where p and q are integers, f(–
Ùeefo meceerkeâjCe ax2 + bx + c = 0 kesâ cetue α leLee β nQ,1) = – 5 and f(3) = 3, then p and q are equal to–
lees ax2+2bx+4c = 0 kesâ cetue nw– Ùeefo f(x) = px + q, nw, peyeefkeâ p leLee q hetCee&keâ nQ,
α β Deewj f(–1)= – 5 leLee f(3)=3 nw, lees p leLee q yejeyej nQ
(a) , (b) −2α, −2β
2 2 (a) p = –3, q = –1 (b) p = 2, q = –3
(c) −α, −β (d) 2α, 2β (c) p = 0, q = 2 (d) p = 2, q = 3
KVS TGT DEC 2017 KVS TGT DEC 2017
Ans. (d) : The equation αx2 + bx + c = 0 are the roots α Ans. (b) : f(x) = px + q
and β f(–1) = –5, f(3) = 3
then, α + β = –b/a α β = c/a then,
the equation ax2 + 2bx + 4c = 0 are the root (α1, β 1) let q – p = – 5....................(i)
α1+ β 1 = –2b/a α1β 1 = 4c/a q + 3p = 3 ...................(ii)
So, that equation (i) and (ii) Solving
2(α+ β) = –2b/a 4αβ = 4c/a p = 2 , q = –3
Root of sum two time and product four time
158. x and a are real numbers. If a > 0 and x > a
then root 2α, 2β
then–/x leLee a JeemleefJekeâ mebKÙeeSB nQ~ Ùeefo a > 0 leLee
155. The largest interval for which
x > a nw, lees–
x12 − x 9 + x4 − x + 1 > 0 is–
Jen yeÌ[s mes yeÌ[e Deblejeue , efpemekesâ efueS (a) x ∈ ( −a, ∞) (b) x ∈[ −∞, a)
x12 − x 9 + x4 − x + 1 > 0 nQ, (c) x ∈ ( −a,a) (d) x ∈ ( −∞, −a) ∪ (a, ∞)
(a) −4 < x ≤ 0 (b) 0 < x < 1 KVS TGT DEC 2017
(c) −100 < x < 100 (d) −∞ < x < ∞ Ans. (d) : x, a are Real number
KVS TGT DEC 2017 then a > 0, x > a
Ans. (d) : x12 − x 9 + x 4 − x + 1 > 0 So, that
we have x ∈ ( −∞, −a) ∪ (a, ∞)
f ( x ) = x12 − x 9 − x 4 − x + 1 > 0
159. If x − 1 > 5, then–/ Ùeefo x − 1 > 5, nw, lees
( ) ( )
f ( x ) = x 9 x 3 − 1 + x x3 − 1 + 1 > 0
(a) x ∈ ( −4, 6)
if x ≥ 1 (b) x ∈[ −4, 6]
( )
and f ( x ) = (1 − x ) + x 4 1 − x 5 + x12 > 0 (c) x ∈ ( −∞, −4.) ∪ (6, ∞)
if x < 1 (d) x ∈[ −∞, −4.) ∪ [6, ∞)
hence largest interval is ⇒ ( −∞ < x < ∞ ) KVS TGT DEC 2017
ALGEBRA 36 YCT
CLICK HERE -
Ans. (c) : x − 1 > 5 (a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4
UP PCS (Pre) 2000
x > 6, x < –4
Ans. (b) : (1 − α1 )(1 − α 2 ) (1 − α3 ) =
{(1 − α1 − α2 + α1α 2 ) (1 − α3 )}
x ∈ ( −∞, −4) ∪ (6, +∞) = (1 − α1 − α 2 + α1α 2 − α3 + α1α3 + α 2 α3 + α1α 2 α3 )
160. Given that x, y and a are real numbers and Ùee
x < y, a < 0 then
1 − ( α1 + α 2 + α3 ) + α1α 2 + α 2 α3 + α3α1 + α1α 2 α3 
efoÙee nw efkeâ x, y Deewj a JeemleefJekeâ mebKÙeeSB nQ leLee
x < y, a < 0 nw, lees– efoÙee ieÙee meceer. x 4 − 1 = 0 efpemekesâ cetue 1, α1 , α 2 , α3 nw~
x y x y 1 + α1 + α 2 + α3 = 0 .......(i)
(a) < ≤
(b)
a a a a α1α 2 α3 = −1 .......(ii)
x y x y α1 + α 2 + α1α 2 + α1α3 + α 2 α3 = 0 .......(iii)
(c) > (d) ≥
a a a a (1 − α1 )(1 − α2 ) (1 − α3 ) = 2
KVS TGT DEC 2017
Ans. (c) : x, y and a are real Number 163. The minimum number of imaginary roots of
x < y, a < 0 the equation x7 – 3x4 + 2x3 – 1 = 0 is:
then meceerkeâjCe x7 – 3x4 + 2x3 – 1 = 0 kesâ DeefOekeâefuhele
x y cetueeW keâer vÙetvelece mebKÙee nw:
>
a a
[∵ −1 > −2] (a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) 5
UP PCS (Pre) 2000
161. If α, β, γ are the roots of equation x3 + x + 1 =
Ans. (c) : x7–3x4+2x3–1=0
1 1 1 f(+ve) roots = +(1)–(2)+(3)– = 3(+ve) real roots
0, then the value of 3 + 3 + 3 is equal to:
α β γ f(–ve) roots = – – – – = No(–ve) real roots
Ùeefo meceerkeâjCe x + x + 1 = 0 kesâ cetue α, β, γ nQ lees Imagenary root = Total root –Real root
3
= 7–3= 4
1 1 1
+ + keâe ceeve yejeyej nw
:
α3 β 3 γ 3 164. If the root of the equation mx2–4x+2(m+1)=0
(a) –6 (b) –4 (c) –1 (d) 0 are real, then:/ Ùeefo meceerkeâjCe mx2–4x+2(m+1)=0
UP PCS (Pre) 2000 kesâ cetue JeemleefJekeâ neW lees:
Ans. (b) : x3+x+1=0 (a) m≤1 (b) m≥–2
α+β+ γ = 0 ............(i) (c) m≥–2 and m≤1 (d) m≥–2 or m≤2
αβγ = −1 ...........(ii) UP PCS (Pre) 2001
2
αβ + βγ + γα = 1 ..............(iii) Ans. (c) : mx –4x + 2 (m+1) = 0
Dividing eqn (iii) in eqn (ii) for real roots
1 1 1 b2 > 4ac
+ + = −1 16 > 4 m (2m+2)
α β γ
3
16 > 8 m2 + 8 m
 1 1 1 1 1 1  α + β  β + γ  γ + α  m2+m–2 < 0
 + +  = 3 + 3 + 3 + 3   
α β γ α β γ  αβ  βγ  γα  m = 1, –2
m > –2 and m < 1
1 1 1  −γ × ( −α ) × ( −β ) 
−1 = 3 + 3 + 3 + 3  
α β γ  α 2β 2 γ 2  165. If the equation x5–10x2+x+c=0 has 3 equal
roots, then c is equal to:/Ùeefo meceerkeâjCe x5–
1 1 1
−1 = 3 + 3 + 3 + 3 10x2+x+c=0 kesâ leerve meceeve cetue neW lees c keâe ceeve nw:
α β γ
(a) 2 (b) 4 (c) 6 (d) 8
1 1 1 UP PCS (Pre) 2001, 2000
+ + = −4
α 3 β3 γ 3
Ans. (d) let f ( x ) = x − 10x + x + c = 0
5 2
162. If α1 , α2 , α 3 be the roots of the equation has three roots equal.

x4 − 1 = 0 , then ( 1 − α1 )( 1 − α 2 ) (1 − α3 ) is equal then
to:/ Ùeefo α , α , α meceerkeâjCe x4 − 1 = 0 kesâ cetue f ' ( x ) = 5x − 20x + 1
4
1 2 3
neW lees (1 − α1 )(1 − α 2 ) (1 − α3 ) keâe ceeve yejeyej nw: f '' ( x ) = 20x 3 − 20
ALGEBRA 37 YCT
CLICK HERE -
Now, 20x 3 − 20 = 0 α ( β1 + β2 ) = r ( p + q )
x =1 r
β1 + β2 = ( p + q )
α
equn x − 10x + x + c = 0
5 2
r
put the value of x = 1 β1 + β2 = ( −α )
α
(1)5 − 10 (1)2 + 1 + c = 0 β1 + β2 = −r
1 − 10 + 1 + c = 0
meceer. (ii) mes
c=8
α +β 2 = −q
166. If α, β , γ are the roots of the equation x3–x+1=0, α.β = pr
2
the value of α3+β3+γ3 is:/ Ùeefo α, β , γ meceerkeâjCe
αβ 1 = qr
x3–x+1=0, kesâ cetue nQ lees α3+β3+γ3 keâe ceeve nw:
Mes<e cetuees keâe iegCeveheâue
(a) –3 (b) 3 (c) 1 (d) –1
UP PCS (Pre) 2001 α β1β2 = pqr
2 2
Ans. (a) : x3–x+1= 0 kesâ cetue α, β, γ nw lees, r 2β1β2 = pqr 2

α+β+ γ = 0 Dele: Mes<e cetueeW keâe iegCeveHeâue Je ÙeesieHeâue ›eâceMe: –r, pq nQ~
α.β.γ = −1 168. The equations x3–2x2–2x+1 = 0 and x4–7x2+1 =
0, have:/ meceerkeâjCeeW x3–2x2–2x+1 = 0 leLee x4–
peye ( α + β + γ ) = 0 lees α3 + β3 + γ 3 = 3αβγ
7x2+1 = 0, kesâ cetue nQ:
3 3 3
α + β + γ = 3αβγ (a) no common root/keâesF& GYeÙeefve‰ veneR
3 3 3
α + β + γ = −3 (b) one common root/Skeâ GYeÙeefve‰
(c) two common root/oes GYeÙeefve‰
167. If the equation x2+px+qr = 0 and x2+qx+pr = 0 (d) Three common root/leerve GYeÙeefve‰
have a common root, then the sum and product
of their other roots are respectively: UP PCS (Pre) 2002
Ùeefo meceerkeâjCe x2+px+qr = 0 leLee x2+qx+pr = 0 keâe Ans. (a) : meceer. x 3 − 2x 2 − 2x + 1 = 0 ..........(i)
Skeâ cetue GYeÙeefve‰ nQ, leye Fvekesâ Mes<e cetueeW keâe Ùeesie ( x + 1) ( x 2 − 3x + 1) = 0
leLee iegCeveheâue ›eâceMe: nQ: 2
x+1=0, x –3x+1 =0
(a) r, pq (b) –r, pq
(c) pq, r (d) –pq, r 3± 5
x = –1, x =
UP PCS (Pre) 2002 2
Ans. (b) : ceevee GYeÙeefve‰ cetue α nw~ meceer. keâs cetue
3+ 5 3− 5
leye, α 2 + pα + qr = 0..............(i) −1, ,
2 2
α 2 + qα + pr = 0...............(ii) meceer. x − 7x + 1 = 0 .............(ii)
4 2
α2 −α 1 Ghejeskeäle meceer. (i) keâs cetue

= =
(p r − q r)
2 2
( pr − qr ) ( q − p ) meceer. (ii) keâes mebleg<š vener keâjles nw, DeLee&led efoÙes ieÙes meceerkeâjCees ceW
keâesF& GYeÙeefve<" cetue vener nw~
α2 −α
= 169. If Z1, Z2, ........., Zn-1 are n, nth roots of unity,
(
r p2 − q2 ) r (p − q) then (1–Z1)(1–Z2).......(1–Zn-1) is equal to:
-α 1 Ùeefo Z1, Z2, ............., Zn-1 FkeâeF& n, nJeW cetue neW lees
hegve: = α=r (1–Z1)(1–Z2).......(1–Zn-1) is equal to:
r (p − q) −(p − q)
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) n (d) n2
−α 1 UP PCS (Pre) 2002
=
( p − q )( p + q ) ( p − q ) Ans. (c) : efoÙee nw-
−α = p + q
x n − 1 = ( x − 1)( x − z1 )( x − z 2 ) .....( x − z n −1 )
Dele: meceerkeâjCe (i) mes
xn −1
−r = ( p + q ) = ( x − z1 )( x − z 2 ) .....( x − z n −1 )
x −1
α + β1 = − p
or 1 + x + x 2 + .....x n −1 = ( x − z1 )( x − z 2 ) ......( x − z n −1 )
αβ1 = qr
Let x = 1
Mes<e cetuees keâe Ùeesie
αβ1 + αβ2 = qr + pr
(1 − z1 )(1 − z 2 ) .....(1 − z n −1 ) = n
ALGEBRA 38 YCT
CLICK HERE -
170. If the roots of the equation x 2 − bx + c = 0 are −α 2 α
2 =
two consecutive integers, then b − 4ac is equal ℓ−m m−ℓ
to –/ Ùeefo meceerkeâjCe x 2 − bx + c = 0 kesâ cetue oes −α =
ℓ−m
=−
(m − ℓ)
m−ℓ m−ℓ
›eâceeiele hetCee&keâ mebKÙee neW, lees b 2 − 4ac yejeyej nw–
α =1
(a) 0 (b) 1
(c) 2 (d) 3
UP PCS (Pre) 2003 α2 −α
=
Ans. (b) : Let the two consecutive integers be n, n + 1 ( ℓ − m )( ℓ + m ) ℓ − m
x 2 − (2n + 1)x + n(n + 1) = 0 −α = ℓ + m
b 2
4ac ℓ + m = −1
173. If α, β are the roots of the equation x2+x+1=0,
⇒ [ −(2n + 1) ] − 4 × 1 × n(n + 1) =
2
then the equation whose roots are α19,β17 is–
⇒ 4n 2 + 1 + 4n − 4n 2 − 4n Ùeefo α,β meceerkeâjCe x2+x+1=0,kesâ cetue nQ, lees Jen
meceerkeâjCe, efpemekesâ cetue α19, β17 neW, nw–
⇒ b 2 − 4ac = 1
(a) x 2 + x + 1 = 0 (b) x 2 − x − 1 = 0
171. If α , β, γ are roots of the equation
(c) x 2 − x + 1 = 0 (d) x 2 + x − 1 = 0
x 3 + px 2 + qx + r = 0 the value of α 3 + β 3 + γ 3 UP PCS (Pre) 2004
is–/ Ùeefo x 3 + px 2 + qx + r = 0 meceerkeâjCe kesâ cetue Ans. (a) : meceerkeâjCe x2 + x + 1 = 0 keâs cetue α, β nw
α , β , γ neW, lees α 3 + β 3 + γ 3 keâe ceeve nw– leye x2+x+1 = 0 keâs cetue w, w2 Yeer nw~
(a) 3pq − p3 − 3r (b) p3 + q3 + 3r
DeLee&led w2+w+1 = 0
efoÙes ieÙes cetue α19, β17 leye cetue
(c) 3pq − p3 − q3 + 3r (d) p3 − 3pq + 3r w19, w17 Ùee (w3)6w, (w3)5w2
UP PCS (Pre) 2003 DeLee&led w, w2 Ùee w2, w
Ans. (a) : x 3 + px 2 + qx + r = 0 ceevee cetue α, β, γ nw leye meceer.
∑ α = −p, ∑ αβ = q, ∑ αβγ = −r, x2–(cetuees keâe Ùeesie)x + (cetuees keâe iegCeveheâue) = 0
∑ α 2 = ( ∑ α ) − 2 ∑ αβ x2– (w+w2)x + (ww2) = 0
2
meceer. ces x = α jKeves hej [x2–(–1)x+w3] = 0 {∵ w+w2+1=0 ⇒ w3=1}

3
x +x+1=0 (∵ w = ω)
∑ α3 + p ∑ α 2 + q ∑ α + r ∑ α0 = 0
174. If α, β, γ are the roots of the equation
∑ α3 + p ( ∑ α ) − 2 ∑ αβ + q ∑ α + r ∑ α 0 = 0
2
x3+x2+2x+1 = 0, the value of (α–2+ β –2+ γ–2) is:
  (a) 4 (b) 3 (c) 0 (d) 2
∑ α3 + p  p 2 − 2q  + q ( −p ) + r ( 3) = 0 UP PCS (Pre) 2005
Ans. (d) : Given equation x3+x2+2x+1 = 0
∑ α3 = 2pq − p3 + pq − 3r
let α, β, γ are the roots of equation.
α3 + β3 + γ 3 = 3pq − p3 − 3r then α+β+γ = –1 ..........(i)
αβ+βγ+γα=2 ..........(ii)
172. If the equations x 2 + lx + m = 0 and αβγ = –1 ......... (iii)
2
x + mx + l = 0 have a common root, then the 1 1 1
The value of α −2 + β−2 + γ −2 = 2 + 2 + 2
value of l + m is–/ Ùeefo meceerkeâjCeeW α β γ
x2 + lx + m = 0 Deewj x 2 + mx + l = 0 keâe Skeâ cetue β 2 γ 2 + γ 2 α 2 + α 2β 2
= ...... (iv)
GYeÙeefve‰ nes, lees l + m keâe ceeve nw– α 2β 2 γ 2
(a) 0 (b) –1 (αβ+βγ+γα)2=(α2β 2+β2γ2+γ2α2)+2αβγ (α+β+γ)
(c) 1 (d) 2 (2)2= (α2β 2+β2γ2+γ2α2)+2(–1)(–1)
UP PCS (Pre) 2003 from (i), (ii) and (iii)
2
x + lx + m = 0.................(i) 2 2
∴ from (iv) α −2 + β−2 + γ −2 = = =2
Ans. (b) :
( −1) 1
2
x 2 + mx + l = 0................. (ii)
2
Skeâ cetue GYeÙeefve‰ nw lees ye»eiegCeve Keb[ mes 175. If one root of 5x + 13x + k = 0 is reciprocal of
the other, then k is equal to:
α2 −α 1 (a) 0 (b) 3 (c) 2 (d) 5
= = (∵ x = α)
ℓ2 − m2 ℓ − m m − ℓ UP PCS (Pre) 2005
ALGEBRA 39 YCT
CLICK HERE -
Ans. (d) : ceevee efoÙes ngS meceer. keâe Skeâ cetue α nw leye otmeje cetue f'(x) = 2x–3
1 f(x) = 0
nesiee~ then (x–1) (x–2) = 0
α x = 1, 2
5x 2 + 13x + K = 0 f'(x) = 0
1 k
∴ cetueeW keâe iegCeveheâue = α. = ⇒ k =5 2x–3 =0 , x=
3
α 5 2
176. If the roots of the equation x3 + 3ax2+ 3bx+c = 0 Show that is not a repeated root.
are in G.P., then: 179. if α, β are real numbers and β ≠ 0 and α + iβ is
(a) b = a3c (b) b3 = a3c a root of the equation x3 + qx2 + r = 0, then one
3 3
(c) b = ac (d) b = ac of the roots is
UP PCS (Pre) 2005 (a) –α + iβ (b) 2 α – q
Ans. (b) : Given equation x3 + 3ax2+ 3bx+c = 0 (c) –2 α – q (d) none of the above
α UP PCS (Pre) 2007
ceevee meceer. kesâ cetue , α, αβ nw
β Ans : (c) meceerkeâjCe x + qx + r = 0 meceerkeâjCe leerve Ieele keâe nw
3 2
α lees Fmekesâ cetue leerve nesies efpemekeâe Skeâ cetue %eele nw α + iβ, β ≠ 0
leye cetueeW keâe Ùeesieheâue + α + αβ = −3a .......(i)
β α + iβ leye α − iβ mebÙegiceer nesles nw~
α2 ceevee Skeâ DevÙe cetue P nw
oes-oes cetuees keâs iegCeve keâe Ùeesie + α 2β + α 2 = 3b ........(ii)
β leye cetueeW keâe Ùeesie α + iβ + α − iβ + P = −q
cetueeW keâe iegCeveheâue α3 = −c ........(iii) P = − q − 2α
1 3a
from (i) + 1 + β = − and 180. If sum of two roots of the equation x4 – 8x3 +
β α
19x2 + 4λ x + 2 = 0 is 4, the value of λ is
1 3b (a) –3 (b) 3
from (ii) + β + 1 = 2
β α (c) 2 (d) –4
3b 3a b UP PCS (Pre) 2007
∴ 2 =− ⇒ α=−
α α a Ans : (a) Let roots be α, β, γ , δ
( given ) ...............(i)
3
 b α+β = 4
∴ from (iii)  −  = −c
 a α + β + γ + δ ⇒ γ + δ = 4.............(ii)
b =a c
3 3
αβ + αγ + αδ + βγ + βδ + γδ = 19
177. If g(x) = 1 + x and f ( g(x) ) = 3 + 2 x + x then αβ + α ( γ + δ ) + β( γ + δ ) + γδ = 19
f(x) is αβ + γδ = 19 − 4(α + β) = 3.....................(iii)
(a) 1+x (b) 2+x αβγδ = 2
(c) 1+2x2 (d) 2+x2 αβ(3 − αβ) = 2 1
UP PCS (Pre) 2006 .........(iv)
αβγδ = 2 2
Ans : (d) g ( x ) = 1 + x
αβγ + αβδ + αγδ + βγδ = 4λ
f g ( x )  = 3 + 2 x + x f(x) = ? αβ( γ + δ ) + γδ (α + β) = −4λ
2
give option (d) f(x) = 2+x 4 αβ + 4δγ = −4λ
( )
2
f g ( x )  = 2 + 1 + x 4 × 1 + 4 × 2 = −4λ
4 + 8 = −4λ
f g ( x )  = 2 + 1 + x + 2 x
λ = −3
= 3 + 2 x + x (given) 181. If roots of the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 are in
178. If all the coefficients of the polynomial f(x) are r
the ratio r : 1, then the value of is
( r + 1)
2
positive, then the equation f(x)=0 does not have:
(a) a repeated root (b) a negative root
bc ca
(c) a positive root (d) an imaginary root (a) (b)
UP PCS (Pre) 2006 a b
Ans : (a) Polynomial f(x) is positive root ca bc
(c) (d)
equation f(x) = 0 b2 a2
Let f(x) = x2–3x+2 UP PCS (Pre) 2007
ALGEBRA 40 YCT
CLICK HERE -
Ans : (c) efÉ. meceer. ax2 + bx + c = 0 183. Which of the following sets is finite?
cetueeW keâe Devegheele r : 1 (a) The set of lines parallel to the x-axis.
(b) The set of numbers which are multiples of 5.
ceevee cetue αr, α nw~ (c) The set of numbers which are solution of the
cetueeW keâe Ùeesie α ( r + 1) = − b / a equation x27+26x18-17x11+7x3-10 = 0
(d) The set of circles through the origin (0, 0)
−b
r + 1= UP PCS (Pre) 2008
αa
Ans. (c) : The set of number which are solution of the
b2
( r + 1) equation
2
= ........(i)
α2a 2 x27+26x18–17x11+7x3–10=0
cetueeW keâe iegCeveheâue Set is finite solution is 27.
α2r = c/a 184. The number of solutions in the set of real
c 2
r = 2 .........(ii) numbers of the equation x + 5 x + 6 = 0 is
αa (a) zero (b) four
r c / α 2a (c) two (d) infinitely many
= 2 2 2 (meceer. (i), (ii) mes)
( r + 1) b /α a
2
UP PCS (Pre) 2008
c / α2 a ac Ans. (a) : meceer0 x 2 + 5 x + 6 = 0

= 2 2 2 = 2
b /α a b meceer0kesâ nue x 2 + 3 x + 2 x + 6 = 0
x ( x + 3) + 2 ( x + 3) = 0
r ac
=
( r + 1)
2
b2
( x + 3)( x + 2 ) = 0
182. The sum of the fourth powers of the roots of x4
–x3–7x2+x+6 = 0 is x ≠ −3, − 2 does not possible
(a) 1 (b) 15 meceer0 keâe keâesF& nue (MetvÙe) veneR nw~
(c) 19 (d) 99 185. If the sum of the roots of the equation ax2+bx+c
UP PCS (Pre) 2008 = 0 is equal to the sum of their cubes then
4 3 2
Ans. (d) : x –x –(7x –x–6) = 0 (a) a3+b3=c3 (b) a2+b2=3ac
( )
2 2
x 3 ( x − 1) − 7x 2 − 7x + 6x − 6 = 0 (c) b –a =3ac (d) a3+b3=a+b
UP PCS (Pre) 2008
x 3 ( x − 1) − 7x ( x − 1) + 6 ( x − 1)  = 0 Ans. (c) : meceer0 ax2+bx+c = 0
x 3 (x − 1) − [ (x − 1)(7x + 6) ] meceer0 kesâ cetue α Deewj β nQ~
b
( x − 1)  x 3 − ( 7x + 6 )  = 0 cetueeW keâe Ùeesie α + β = −
a
3
(
( x − 1) x − 7x − 6 = 0 )Ùeefo x − 1 = 0 lees x = 1 cetueeW keâe iegCeveheâue ⇒ αβ =
c
a
x 3 − 7x − 6 = 0 lees ØeMve keâer Melee&vegmeej α3+β3=α+β
x 3 + 1 − 7x − 7 = 0 (α+β ) (α2+β 2–αβ ) = α+β
α2+β 2–αβ = 1
( )
( x + 1) x 2 − x + 1 − 7 ( x + 1) = 0 (α+β )2 –3αβ= 1
( x + 1)  x − x + 1 − 7  = 0
2 Put the value
2
 −b 
( )
x + 1  x 2
− x − 6 
 = 0   − 3c / a = 1
 a 
( x = −1 ) b 2 3c
hegve: − =1
a2 a
2
2
x −x −6 = 0 b –3ac = a2
2 2
b –a = 3ac
x 2 − 3x + 2x − 6 = 0
186. Which one of the following does not have a
x ( x − 3) + 2 ( x − 3 ) = 0 solution in the set of integers?
x = − 2, x = 3 (a) x+6=0 (b) 2x+4=0
(c) x2–4=0 (d) 3x+7=0
Dele: ( -1) + ( −2 ) + (1) + ( 3) = 99
4 4 4 4
UP PCS (Pre) 2009
ALGEBRA 41 YCT
CLICK HERE -
Ans. (d) 3x+7=0
∴ α 2 + β2 + γ 2 = ( α + β + γ ) − 2 ( αβ + βγ + γα ) ]
2
x=–7/3∉2
value of x does not integers. 2
 −q  r q 2 − 2rp
187. The number of real solutions of the equation =  − 2 =
 p  p p2
sin (ex) = 5x+5–x, is
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 4 192. If one root of the equation x2+px+12 = 0 is 4,
UP PCS (Pre) 2009 with the equation x2+px+q = 0 has equal roots,
Ans. (a) Given equ. sin(ex)= 5x+5–x then the value of q is/Ùeefo meceerkeâjCe x2+px+12 =
L.H.S. = –1≤ sin(ex)≤1 0 keâe Skeâ cetue 4 nes leLee meceerkeâjCe x2+px+q = 0 kesâ
R.H.S. =5x+5–x≥2
solution does not exist oesveeW cetue yejeyej neW, lees q keâe ceeve nesiee:
⇒ Number of real solution = 0 (a) 49/4 (b) 4/49
188. If the equations (c) 4 (d) GheÙeg&òeâ ceW mes keâesF& veneR
x3+ax+1=0 and x4+ax2+1=0 (GIC) ØeJeòeâe hejer#ee, 2015
have a common root, then the value of a is
(a) 2 (b) –2 (c) 1 (d) –1 Ans. (a) : Since 4 is the root of the equaiton
UP PCS (Pre) 2009 x2 +px + 12 = 0
Ans. (b) x3+ax+1=0 and x4+ax2+1=0 have a common ⇒ 42+4p+12 = 0
root. ⇒ 4p = –28
let x = 1 is common root. ⇒ p =–7
∴1+a+1= 0 ⇒ a= –2 and roots of the equaiton x2+px+q=0
189. The set of real numbers x, satisfying are equal
x - 1 ≤ 3 and x - 1 ≥ 1,is So, p2–4q=0 (∵ b2=4ac)
(a) [2, 4] (b) [–∝, 2]∪[4, ∝]
(c) [–2, 0]∪[2, 4] (d) [–4, 0]∪[1, 4] ⇒ (–7)2 –4q = 0 (∵p = –7)
UP PCS (Pre) 2009 ⇒ 4q = 49
≤
Ans. (c) x -1 3 ⇒–3≤x–1≤3⇒–2≤x≤4 ⇒ x∈[–2, 4] 49

⇒ q=
and x -1 ≥ 1 ⇒x–1≤1 or x ≥ 2 4
193. The number of real solutions of the equation
⇒ x≤0 or x≥2 3 3
x- 2 = 3- 2 is equal to/ meceerkeâjCe
x -9 x -9
3 3
x - 2 = 3- 2 kesâ JeemleefJekeâ nueeW keâer mebKÙee yejeyej nw
⇒ x∈[–2, 0] ∪[2, 4] x - 9 x -9
190. If the roots of the cubic equation 2x -3x - 3 2 (a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 3
5x+3=0 are in A.P., then one of the roots is (GIC) ØeJeòeâe hejer#ee, 2015
1 1 3 3
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) (d) Ans. (a) : Given eqn is x - 2 = 3- 2
2 3 x -9 x -9
Ans. (c) : Given that roots of cubic equation then, x 2
–9 = 0
2x3–3x2–5x+3=0 are in A.P.
let roots are a–b, a, a+b x=±3
a–b+a+a+b=3/2 but ∞ ≠∞ So that no real solution.
3a = 3/2 194. If α and β are roots of the equation x2–x+1=0,
a=
1 then α2016 + β2016 is equal to/ Ùeefo α Deewj β
2 meceerkeâjCe x2–x+1=0, kesâ cetue nQ, lees α2016+β2016 leguÙe nw
191. If α,β,γ are the roots of the equation px + qx +
3 2
(a) 2 (b) 1
rx + s=0, then α2+β2+γ2 is equal to
(c) –1 (d) –2
q 2 − 2rs q 2 − 2pr (GIC) ØeJeòeâe hejer#ee, 2015
(a) (b)
p2 p2 2
Ans. (c) : x – x + 1 = 0 (Given that)
q2 + p2 α, β are root of the equction
(c) q2–2pr (d)
2r ceevee α = -ω, β = - ω2 Yeer meceer. kesâ cetue neWies
Ans. (b) : If α,β,γ are the roots of the equation px3 + qx2
+ rx + s=0 Dele: (-ω)2016 + (-ω2)2016 = -1 (∵ ω2 + ω = -1)
ALGEBRA 42 YCT
CLICK HERE -
1 rd −2m + n = −32
195. If one root is of the other of the equation
3 m + n = −11
3x 2 − (1 + 4k)x + (k 2 + 5) = 0, Then the value of −3m = −21
m=7
k is–/Ùeefo meceerkeâjCe 3x2 − (1 + 4k)x + (k 2 + 5) = 0,
meceer. (i) ceW m keâe ceeve jKeves hej,
keâe Skeâ cetue otmejs cetue keâe Skeâ efleneF& nes, lees k keâe –2 ×7 + n = –32
ceeve nesiee– n = –32 + 14
78 79 n = –18
(a) (b) Dele: m = 7 Deewj n = –18
7 7
79 197. meceerkeâjCe x3 – 12x2 +39 x – 28 = 0 kesâ cetue A.P. ceW
(c) (d) None of the above
8 nw leye A.P. keâe meJee&vlej nesiee–
(GIC) ØeJeòeâe hejer#ee, 2015 (a) 12 (b) –12
(c) 39 (d) 3
Ans. (c) : The Equetion 3x 2 − (1 + 4k)x + (k 2 + 5) = 0, TGT 2003, 2013
1 Ans : (d) ceevee cettue a–d, a, a+d nw pees efkeâ meceevlej ßesCeer ceW nw~
Let one root is m then other root will be m i.e.,
3 cetueeW keâe ÙeesieHeâue
1
α = m, β= m x 2 keâe iegCebekeâ
3 (a–d) + a + a + d = − 3
x keâe iegCeebkeâ
1 + 4k 1 1 + 4k
α+β = ⇒ m+ m= −12
3 3 3 (a − d) + a + a + d = −
1 + 4k 1
⇒ 4m = 1 + 4k ⇒m= ..... (i) 3a = 12 ⇒ a = 4
4
k2 + 5 −28
and α.β = leLee, cetueeW keâe iegCeveHeâue = −
3 1
(a–d) a (a + d) = 28
1 k2 + 5
m. m =
3 3
⇒ m2 = k 2 + 5 ........ (ii) (a 2
)
− d 2 a = 28
2 2
From (i) and (ii), we get (4 – d ) 4 = 28
(1 + 4k )
2 ⇒ 16 – d2 = 7 = d2= 16–7
= k 2 + 5 ⇒ 1 + 16k 2 + 8k = 16k 2 + 80 ⇒ d2 = 9
16
d = ±3
⇒8k = 79
79
198. Ùeefo 2 + i meceerkeâjCe x2 – ax+1 = 0 keâe Skeâ cetue nw,
k= leye a keâe ceeve keäÙee nesiee?
8
(a) 2 (b) 4 (c) 1 (d) 8
196. Ùeefo x + 2 Deewj x –1 meceerkeâjCe x3 + 10x2 + mx+n = TGT 2013
0 kesâ oes iegCeveKeC[ nes lees m leLee n keâe ceeve keäÙee Ans : (b) ∵ 2 + i meceer0 x2 – ax + 1 = 0 keâe Skeâ cetue nw~
nesiee : ∴ 2 –i meceer. x2 – ax + 1= 0 keâe otmeje cetue (2 –i) nesiee~
(a) 5 Deewj –3 (b) 17 Deewj –8 − xkeâe iegCeebkeâ
∴ cetueeW keâe ÙeesieHeâue = 2
(c) 7 Deewj –18 (d) 23 Deewj –19 x keâe iegCeebkeâ
TGT 2013 −(−a)
Ans : (c) Ùeefo x + 2 leLee x–1 meceerkeâjCe x + 10x2 + mx+n 2 + i + 2 − i = 1 = a = 4
3
= 0 kesâ oes iegCeveKeC[ nw leLee x = –2 leLee x = 1 jKeves hej 199. oes ÛejeW Jeeues jwefKekeâ meceerkeâjCe keâe jsKee efÛe$e (graph)
meceerkeâjCe mevleg<š nesiee~ nesiee–
(–2)3 + 10(–2)2 + m(–2) + n = 0
(a) Skeâ Je=òe (b) jsKee keâe meceerkeâjCe
– 8 + 40 –2m +n = 0
(c) Skeâ hejJeueÙe (d) Skeâ oerIe&Je=òe
–2m + n = –32 ...............(i)
TGT 2013
Deye, x = 1 mes,
Ans : (b) oes ÛejeW Jeeues jwefKekeâ meceerkeâjCe ncesMee jsKee ner nesles nw~
(1)3 + 10(1)2 + m × 1 + n = 0
m + n = –11 ....(ii) Ùeefo oes Ûej Jeeues efÉIeele meceerkeâjCe nw leye Jen, Je=òe, hejJeueÙe,
meceer0 (i) ceW mes meceer. (ii) keâes Ieševes hej, oerIe&Je=òe Ùee DeeflehejJeueÙe nes mekeâlee nw~
ALGEBRA 43 YCT
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200. If α, β,γ, δ are the roots of equation Ans : (b) x 3 + px 2 + qx + r = 0
x4+px2+qx+k=0, then the value of the product
( α + β + γ )( α + γ + δ )( α + β + δ )( β + γ + δ ) , is α+β+γ =–P ⇒ αβ + βγ + γα = q
Ùeefo α, β, γ, δ meceerkeâjCe x4 + px2 + qx + k = 0, 203. Σa2 (b–c) is equal to/ Σa2 (b–c) yejeyej nw
kesâ cetue neW, lees iegCeveheâue (a) a2b – a2c
( α+β+ γ )( α+ γ +δ)( α+β+δ)( β+ γ +δ) , keâe ceeve nw: (b) a2b – a2c–ab
2 2 2
(c) a (b– c) + b (c – a) c (a – b)
(a) k (b) –k
(c) q (d) –q (d) a2 (b– c) + b2 (b –c) c2 (b– c)
UP PCS (Pre) 1997, PGT 2013 TGT 2010
4 2
Ans : (a) x +px +qx+k=0 Ans : (c) ∵ ∑ a = a + b + c leLee ∑ a = a + b 2 + c 2
2 2
α+ β+γ+ δ=0 ......... (i) ∴ ∑ a 2 (b − c) = a 2 (b − c) +b 2 (c − a ) + c 2 (a − b)

Σαβ = p ............... (ii)
204. If the roots of equation 2x2+ kx – 8 = 0 are
Σαβγ = –q .............. (iii) equal and of opposite sign, then the value of k is.
αβγδ= K .............. (iv)
Find that Ùeef o efÉIeele meceerkeâjCe 2x 2 + kx − 8 = 0 kesâ cetue meceeve
(α+β+γ) (α+γ+δ) (α+β+δ) (β+γ+δ) =(–δ) (–β) (–γ)(–α) Deewj efJehejerle efÛevn Jeeues nes leye k keâe ceeve keäÙee nesiee?
= αβγδ= k (a) 0 (b) – 2 (c) 4 (d) 8
3 2
201. The equation f(x)=x –x –8x+12=0 has double TGT 2010
root α, then α is a root of:/ meceerkeâjCe f(x)=x –x – Ans : (a) ceevee meceerkeâjCe kesâ cetue α leLee −α nwb~
3 2
8x+12=0 kesâ oes cetue α kesâ yejeyej nQ, lees α cetue: − x keâe iegCeebkeâ
∴ cetueeW keâe Ùeesieheâue = 2
(a) f"(x) = 0 (b) f'(x)=0 x keâe iegCeebkeâ
(c) f(x)+f"(x)=0 (d) fx(x)+10=0
UP PCS (Pre) 1997, PGT 2013 (α − α ) = −k ⇒ k = 0
2
Ans : (b) meceer. ⇒ f(x) = x3–x2–8x+12 = 0
205. If the sum of two roots of equation.
α+β+ γ = 1
x3– 5x2 – 16x + 80 = 0 be zero, then all the roots
αβ + βγ + γα = − 8 are
αβγ = − 12 Ùeefo meceerkeâjCe x3– 5x2–16x+80 = 0 kesâ oes cetuees keâe
ØeMve mes 2α + γ = 1 Ùeesieheâue MetvÙe nes leye meceerkeâjCe kesâ meYeer cetue neWies?
(a) 4, –4, 5 (b) 5, –5, 4
α 2 + 2αγ = − 8
(c) 6,–6, 5 (d) FveceW mes keâesF& veneR
α 2 + 2α (1 − 2α ) = − 8 TGT 2010
α 2 + 2α − 4α 2 = − 8 Ans : (a) ceevee meceer. kesâ cetue ›eâceMe: α,−α leLee β nQ~
2
−3α + 2α = − 8 5
∴ cetueeW keâe Ùeesieheâue (α − α + β) = ⇒ β=5
1
3α 2 − 2α = 8
−80
3α 2 − 2α − 8 = 0 hegve: cetueeW keâe iegCeveheâue [α.(−α).β] =
1
3α 2 − 6α + 4α − 8 = 0 − α 2 .5 = −80 ⇒ α 2 = 16
3α ( α − 2 ) + 4 ( α − 2 ) = 0 ⇒ α = ±4
α = 2, α = −
4 Dele: meceerkeâjCe kesâ cetue ›eâceMe: 4, -4 leLee 5 nQ~
3 206. If α, β are the roots of the equation ax2+ bx + c
f ' ( x ) = 3x − 2x − 8............. ( i )
2
= 0, then the equation, whose roots are
Ùes oesveeW ceeve meceer0 (1) keâes mebleg° keâjles nQ~ 1 1 1
, + is/ Ùeefo α, leLee β meceerkeâjCe ax2+ bx
α + β α β
202. The roots of the equation x 3 + px 2 + qx + r = 0
1 1 1
are α, β and γ. The value of αβ + βγ + γα is: + c = 0, kesâ cetue neW leye , + neW?
α + β α β
meceerkeâjCe x 3 + px 2 + qx + r = 0 kesâ cetue α, β leLee γ 2 2
(a) abx + (c + ab) x+ca = 0
nQ, lees αβ + βγ + γα keâe ceeve nw: (b) acx2 + (a2 + b2) x+ bc = 0
(a) –p (b) q (c) bcx2 + (b2 + ac) x+ab = 0
(c) c (d) None of these (d) None of these/FveceW mes keâesF& veneR
UP PCS (Pre) 1997 TGT 2010
ALGEBRA 44 YCT
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Ans : (c) Ùeefo α, leLee β efÉIeele meceerkeâjCe ax2+ bx + c = 0, Ans : (b) efoÙee nw
−b c e = y + 1 + y2 ⇒ ex − y = 1 + y2
x
kesâ cetue neW leye α + β = leLee α .β =
a a oesveeW he#eeW keâe Jeie& keâjves hej
1 1 1
∴ cetue ' + Jeeues meceer0 (e − y ) =1 + y 2 ⇒ e 2 x + y 2 − 2 ye x =1 + y 2
x 2
α +β α β
 1  1 1   1  1 1  e 2x − 1
2
x − +  +  x +  ×  +  = 0 ⇒ e2x − 1 = 2ye x ⇒ y =
2e x
 α + β  α β   α + β  α β 
 1
⇒ x2 −  +
α +β 1
⇒ y=
(
e x e x − e− x ) ⇒ y=e
− e− x x
α + β αβ  x + αβ = 0 x
2
  2e
 a b a 211. efÉIeele meceerkeâjCe 8 sec θ – 6 sec θ + 1 = 0 kesâ cetueeW
2
x2 − − −  x + = 0 ⇒ bcx2 + (b2 + ac)x + ab = 0 keâer mebKÙee nesieer–

 b c c (a) Devevle (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 0
207. If x,y and z are real and different, then the TGT 2009
equation
u = x2 +4y2 +9z2 +12yz –4zx –2xy is always Ans : (d) efÉIeele meceerkeâjCe 8 sec2θ – 6 sec θ + 1 = 0
Ùeefo x,y, z JeemleefJekeâ leLee Deueie-Deueie nw, leye meceer0 8 sec2θ – 4 sec θ–2secθ+1 = 0
4 secθ(2secθ–1) –1(2secθ–1) = 0
u = x2 +4y2 +9z2 +12yz –4zx –2xy nesiee ~
(2secθ–1) (4secθ–1) = 0
(a) zero/MetvÙe 2secθ–1= 0 4secθ = 1
(b) non-negative/$e+Ceelcekeâ veneR 1 1
(c) non-positive/Oeveelcekeâ veneR sec θ = sec θ =
2 4
(d) None of these/FveceW mes keâesF& veneR ⇒ cosθ = 2 ⇒ cos θ = 4
TGT 2010 ⇒ oesveeW ceeve mebYeJe veneR nQ keäÙeeWefkeâ –1 ≤ cos θ ≤ 1
Ans : (d) u = x2 +4y2 +9z2 +12yz –4zx –2xy Dele: meceer. keâe nue veneR nw~
= (x-2y-3z)2 ≥ 0
212. Ùeefo meceerkeâjCe ax2 + bx + c = 0 keâe Skeâ cetue otmejs
{ ∵ Jeie& mebKÙee nw $e+Ceelcekeâ veneR nesiee~ cetue keâe Jeie& nes leye–
208. Ùeefo 1 meceerkeâjCe ax2+bx+c = 0 keâe Skeâ cetue nw, leye (a) a3 + bc (b+c) = 3abc
(a) a = 1 (b) b = 1 (b) b3 + ac (a+c) = 3abc
(c) c = 1 (d) a + b + c = 0 (c) c3 + ab (a+b) = 3abc
TGT 2009 (d) FveceW mes keâesF& veneR
Ans : (d) Ùeefo 1 efÉIeele meceerkeâjCe ax + bx + c = 0 keâe Skeâ
2
TGT 2009
cetue nw leye x=1 meceerkeâjCe keâes mevleg° keâjsiee~ Ans : (b) ceevee Skeâ cetue α leLee otmeje cetue α nw~ 2
∴ a.12 + b.1 + c = 0 ⇒ a + b + c = 0 −b
∴ cetueeW keâe Ùeesieheâue, α + α 2 = ... (i)
209. meceerkeâjCe px2 – 2x + 2 = 0 JeemleefJekeâ jwefKekeâ a
iegCeveKeC[ jKelee nes leye p keâe ceeve nesiee c
cetueeW keâe iegCeveheâue, α . α 2 = ⇒ α3 = ... (ii)
c
1 1 a a
(a) p ≤ (b) p > meceer . (i) kes
â oesv eeW he#eeW keâe Ieve keâjves hej
2 2
3
2 3  −b 
(c) p = 1 (d) p = 2
TGT 2009 ( α + α ) = 
 a 

Ans : (a) Ùeefo efÉIeele meceerkeâjCe px2 – 2x + 2 = 0 JeemleefJekeâ
− b3
jwefKekeâ iegCeveKeC[ jKelee nw leye α 3 + α 6 + 3α 3 ( α + α 2 ) = 3
b2 – 4ac ≥ 0 a
2
⇒ px –2x + 2 = 0 keâer leguevee ax + bx + c = 0 mes keâjves hej
2 2 c c c  −b  −b3
+   + 3. ×   = 3 equ. (ii) mes
a = p, b = –2, c = 2 a a a  a  a
∴ (–2)2 – 4 × p × 2 ≥ 0 c c2 3bc −b3
1 + − = 3
4 – 8 p ≥ 0 ⇒ 4 ≥ 8p ⇒ p ≤ a a2 a2 a
2 a c + ac – 3abc = –b3 ⇒ b3+a2c+ac2 = 3abc
2 2
⇒ b3 + ac (a+c) = 3abc
210. Ùeefo ex = y + 1 + y 2 , leye y =
213. Ùeefo tan α Deewj tan β, efÉIeele meceerkeâjCe x2 – px + q
e x + e−x e x − e− x = 0 kesâ cetue nes, leye sin2 (α + β) keâe ceeve keäÙee nesiee :
(a) (b)
2 2 (a) P2/P2 + (1–q)2 (b) P2/P2+q2
x -x x -x 2 2 2
(c) e + e (d) e – e (c) q /P + (1–q) (d) P2/(P+q)2
TGT 2009 TGT 2009
ALGEBRA 45 YCT
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Ans : (a) Ùeefo tan α leLee tan β efÉIeele meceerkeâjCe x2 – px + q 1
(c) K≤ (d) FveceW mes keâesF& veneR
= 0 kesâ cetue nQ, leye cetueeW keâe Ùeesieheâue, tan α + tan β = p 3
cetueeW keâe iegCeveheâue, tan α. tan β = q TGT 2005
tan α + tan β p 2
x − x +1
∵ = Ans : (a) ∵ K =
1 − tan α tan β 1 − q x2 + x + 1
tan 2 (α +β) Kx + Kx + K − x 2 + x − 1 = 0
2
met$e– sin 2 ( α +β ) =
1 + tan 2 ( α + β ) ⇒ ( K − 1) x 2 + ( K + 1) x + ( K − 1) = 0
p2 cetue JeemleefJekeâ neWies Ùeefo, efJeefJeefòeâkeâj b 2 − 4ac ≥ 0
(1 − q ) ⇒ ( K + 1)2 − 4 ( K − 1)2 ≥ 0
2
p2
sin 2 ( α +β ) = =
P 2 + (1 − q )
2 2
P
1+ ⇒ ( K + 1)2 ≥ 4 ( K − 1)2
(1 − q )
2
2
K 2 + 1 + 2K ≥ 4K 2 + 4 − 8K
P
∴ sin 2 ( α +β ) = 3K 2 − 10K + 3 ≤ 0
P 2 + (1 − q )
2
⇒ 3K 2 − 9K − K + 3 ≤ 0
214. efÉIeele meceerkeâjCe x2-6x+6=0 kesâ cetueeW keâe mebKÙeelcekeâ 3K ( K − 3) − 1( K − 3) ≤ 0
Devlej nw:
( 3K − 1) ( K − 3) ≤ 0
(a) 0 (b) 6 (c) 12 (d) 18 ↓ ↓
TGT 2005 1
Ans : (c) ceevee efÉIeele meceerkeâjCe x2–6x+6=0 kesâ cetue α leLee β nw~ ∴ k=
3
K =3
∴cetueeW keâe Ùeesieheâue (α+β)=6 leLee cetueeW keâe iegCeveheâve (α.β)=6, 1

≤K≤3
met$e ( α − β )2 = ( α + β )2 − 4αβ 3
Dele: efJekeâuhe (a) mener nw~
= 62 − 4 × 6
= 36 − 24 = 12 ⇒ α − β = 12
Dele: meceerkeâjCe kesâ cetueeW keâe Devlej 12 nw~
217. Ùeefo α leLee β meceer ( x − a )( x − b ) = c, c ≠ 0 kesâ cetue
215. Skeâ efÉIeele meceerkeâjCe x2+px+q=0 ceW x kesâ iegCeebkeâ 17
kesâ mLeeve hej 13 ues efueÙee peelee nw efpememes meceerkeâjCe neW leye ( x − α )( x − β ) = c, c ≠ 0 kesâ cetue keäÙee neWies?
keâe cetue-2 leLee -15 Øeehle nes peelee nw~ Dele: meceerkeâjCe (a) a, c (b) b, c
kesâ JeemleefJekeâ cetue keäÙee nQ: (c) a, b (d) a + c, b + c
(a) 2, 15 (b) 10, 3 TGT 2005
(c) –10, –3 (d) –2, 15 Ans : (c) Ùeefo α leLee β meceer (x–a) (x–b) = c kesâ cetue neW leye
TGT 2005 (x–a) (x–b) – c = 0
Ans : (c) efoÙee nw : efÉIeele meceerkeâjCe x2+px+q=0.......(a) x2 – (a+b)x + ab–c -----(i)
meceer. (a) ceW Ùeefo x keâe iegCeebkeâ 17 efueÙee peelee nw leye cetue -2 leLee ∴cetueeW keâe ÙeesieHeâue (α+β) = (a+b)
-15 Øeehle nesles nQ~ DeLee&led leLee cetueeW keâe iegCeveHeâue (α×β) = (ab–c)
cetueeW keâe iegCeveheâue Deye, efÉIeele meceer0 (x–α) (x–β) = c -----(ii)
⇒ (–2)(–15) = q ⇒ x − ( α + β ) x + αβ − c = 0
2
⇒ q = 30 x2-(a+b)x+ab–c=0 -----(iii)
DeLee&le cetueeW keâe iegCeveheâue meYeer efmLeefle ceW meceeve nesiee~ Dele: Dele: meceer . (3) kes
â cet ue a leLee b neW
i es
~
JeemleefJekeâ efÉIeele meceerkeâjCe DeLee&le meceer. (ii) kesâ cetue a leLee b neWies~
x2+13x+30=0 x 3 7
∴ x2+10x+3x+30=0
x(x+10)+3(x+10)=0 218. If 7 and 2 are the roots of 2 x 2 = 0, then
(x+10)(x+3)=0 7 6 x
⇒ x= –3, –10 the third root is/ Ùeefo 7 Deewj 2 meejefCekeâ
Dele: efÉIeele meceerkeâjCe (a) kesâ JeemleefJekeâ cetue –3,–10 neWies~
x 3 7
216. Ùeefo x JeemleefJekeâ nw Deewj K=(x2-x+1)/x2+x+1, leye
2 x 2 = 0 kesâ oes cetue nw leye leermeje cetue keäÙee nesiee
1
(a) ≤K ≤3 (b) K ≥3 7 6 x
3
ALGEBRA 46 YCT
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1 αβγδ = 1
(a) 14 (b) (c) –9 (d) +9
2 x4–x3+2x2+x+1 = 0
TGT 2004 x= –i meceer. keâes mevlegefuele keâjlee nw~
x 3 7 leye ( x − x + 2x + x + 1) = ( x − α )( x −β)( x − γ )( x − δ )
4 3 2
Ans : (c) meejefCekeâ 2 x 2 =0

x = ±i jKeves hej
7 6 x
R1 kesâ meehes#e Øemeej keâjves hej, ( )( )(
| 2i |= α 2 − 1 β2 + 1 y 2 + 1 δ 2 + 1 )( )
⇒ x(x2–12) –3 (2x–14) +7 (12–7x) = 0 ( α + 1)(β + 1)( y + 1)( δ + 1) = 4
2 2 2 2
⇒ x3 –12x – 6x + 42 + 84 – 49x = 0
221. If ax2+bx +c = 0 (a ≠ 0) has no real roots (a, b, c
⇒ x3 – 67x + 126 = 0
being reals) and if a + b + c < 0, the sign of c is
∴ cetueesW keâe Ùeesieheâue ( α + β + γ ) = −
( x keâe iegCeebkeâ )
2
Ùeefo ax2+bx +c = 0 (a ≠ 0) keâesF& Yeer JeemleefJekeâ cetue
x 3keâe iegCeebkeâ veneR jKelee nw Deewj Ùeefo a + b + c < 0 nes lees c keâe
α + β + γ = 0 ⇒ 7 + 2 + γ = 0 ⇒ γ = −9 efÛevn nesiee–
(a) positive/Oeveelcekeâ
219. If one root of x2 – 12x +3k = 0 is square of the
other, then the value of k is (b) Negative/$e+Ceelcekeâ
Ùeefo meceerkeâjCe x – 12x +3k = 0 keâe Skeâ cetue otmejs
2
(c) connot be determined/%eele veneR efkeâÙee pee mekeâlee
keâe Jeie& nes, leye k keâe ceeve keäÙee nesiee– (d) both positive and negative/oesveeW (a) Deewj (b)
(a) 12 (b) 9 TGT 2004
(c) 6 (d) 3 Ans : (d) meceerkeâjCe ax2+bx +c = 0 (a ≠ 0) JeemleefJekeâ cetue veneR
TGT 2004 jKelee nes leye b2–4ac < 0 i.e. –ve DeLee&le cetue keâeuheefvekeâ nesles nw~
Ans : (b) meceerkeâjCe x – 12x +3k = 0
2
∵ b Oeveelcekeâ Ùee $e+Ceelcekeâ nes, b2 ncesMee Oeveelcekeâ ner nesiee~

ceevee meceerkeâjCe keâe Skeâ cetue α nw leye otmeje cetue α 2 nesiee
− xkeâe iegCeebkeâ ∴b2–4ac < 0 nesves kesâ efueS a leLee c meceeve efÛevn nessves ÛeeefnS~
∴ cetueesW keâe ÙeesieHeâue = 2
x keâe iegCeebkeâ DeLee&le Ùeefo a Oeveelcekeâ nw lees c Yeer Oeveelcekeâ nesiee~
Deewj Ùeefo a $e+Ceelcekeâ nw lees c Yeer $e+Ceelcekeâ nesiee~
α + α 2 = 12.....(i)
Dele: c oesveeW Oeveelcekeâ leLee $e+Ceelcekeâ nes mekeâlee nw~
leLee α × α 2 = 3k ⇒ α3 = 3k....(ii) (cetueeW keâe iegCeveheâue)
222. The value of k for which the quadratic
meceer (i) mes, α 2 + α − 12 = 0 equation kx2 + 1= kx +3x –11x2 has real and
2
α + 4α − 3α − 12 = 0 equal roots are/k kesâ efkeâme ceeve hej meceerkeâjCe kx2+1
α (α + 4) − 3(α + 4) = 0 =kx+3x–11x2 JeemleefJekeâ leLee meceeve cetue jKelee nw–
( α + 4 )( α − 3) = 0 (a) (–11, –3) (b) (5, 7)
(c) (5, –7) (d) Fvecebs mes keâesF& veneR
α = 3, α = −4 (Deceeve)
TGT 2003
α = 3 meceer. (ii) ceW jKeves hej,
Ans : (c) efÉIeele meceerkeâjCe
a3 = 3×k ⇒ (3)3 = 3 × k ⇒ k = 9
kx2 + 1= kx +3x –11x2
220. If α, β, γ, δ be the roots of x –x + 2x +x+ 1 = 0 (k+11)x2–(k+3) x+1= 0
4 3 2
then the value of (α2+1)(β2 + 1) (γ2 + 1) ( δ 2 + 1 ) is ax2 + bx + c = 0 mes leguevee keâjves hej,
Ùeefo α, β, γ, δ Ûeej IeeleerÙe meceerkeâjCe x4–x3 + 2x2 ⇒ a= (k+11), b= –(k+3) , c= 1
+x+1 = 0 kesâ Ûeej cetue nw leye (α2+1)(β2 + 1) (γ2 + 1) x kesâ JeemleefJekeâ Je meceeve cetue kesâ efueS
( δ 2 + 1 ) keâe ceeve keäÙee nesiee – b2 – 4ac = 0
(a) 0 (b) 2 (c) 1 (d) 4 [–(k + 3)]2 – 4(k + 11) = 0
TGT 2004 k2 + 9 + 6k – 4k – 44 = 0
Ans : (d) Ùeefo α, β, γ, δ Ûeej IeeleerÙe meceerkeâjCe x4–x3 + 2x2 k 2 + 2k − 35 = 0
+x+1 = 0 kesâ Ûeej cetue nw leye k 2 + 7k − 5k − 35 = 0
α +β+ γ +δ =1
αβ + βγ + γδ + δα = 2
( k + 7 )( k − 5 ) = 0
αβγ + βγδ + γδα = −1 Dele: k = (5,–7)
ALGEBRA 47 YCT
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223. The equation (cos p–1) x2+ (cos p)x+ sin p = 0 225. Given that x4+4x3–2x2–12x+9=0 has two paris
in the variable x, has real roots. The p can take of equal roots then the roots are –
any value in the interval: Ùeefo x4+4x3–2x2–12x+9=0 ceW oes peesÌ[s meceeve cetue kesâ
meceerkeâjCe (cos p–1) x + (cos p)x + sin p = 0, Ûej x
2
nQ leye cetue keäÙee nQ?
cebs JeemleefJekeâ cetue jKelee nw~ leye efvecve Devlejeue cebs keâewve (a) (1, 1,2,2) (b) (1, 1, –2,–2)
keâe ceeve Øeehle nesiee– (c) (i,i,1,1) (d) (1,1,–3,–3)
(a) (0, 2π) (b) (–π, 0 ) Jharkhand TGT 2017
 π π  π Ans : (d) According to question
(c)  − ,  (d)  0,  Let α,α,β,β are the roots of equation
 2 2  2
x4+4x3–2x2–12x+9=0
TGT 2003
Then α+α+β+β = –4 ..........(i)
Ans : (d) efoÙee nw (cos p–1) x2+ cos px+ sin p = 0 and α.α.β.β = 9 .............(ii)
cetue JeemleefJekeâ nesves kesâ efueS D ≥ 0 So, in the given option only option (d) satisfy
DeLee&led b 2 − 4ac ≥ 0 the equation (i) and (ii)
1+1+(–3)+(3) = –4
∴ cos 2 p − 4(cos p − 1)sin p ≥ 0
1.1.(–3).(–3)=9
cos 2 p − 4cos p.sin p + 4sin p ≥ 0 ………..(i) So, option (d) is correct answer.
Ùen Yeer cosp ceW Skeâ efÉIeele meceer. nw leLee meowJe Ieveelcekeâ nw Dele: 226. If one root of the equation
Fmekeâe efJeefJeefòeâkeâj $e+Ceelcekeâ nesiee DeLee&le D<0 Ùee b2–4ac<0
ix2 − 2(i + 1)x + (2 − i) = 0 is 2 − i , then the
ceevee cos x = t, Dele: meceer. (i) mes
other root is–
t2–4t.sinp+4sinp≥0
⇒ b2–4ac<0 Ùeefo ix2 − 2(i + 1)x + (2 − i) = 0 meceerkeâjCe keâe Skeâ
(–4sinp)2 –4.1.4sinp<0 cetue 2 − i nw, lees Fmekeâe otmeje cetue nw:
16sin2p–16sinp < 0 ⇒ sin 2 p − sinp < 0 (a) –i (b) 2 + i (c) i (d) 2 – i
KVS TGT DEC 2017
sin p ( sin p − 1) < 0 Ans. (a) : The equation ix2–2(i+1)x+(2–i) = 0
↓ ↓ ceevee otmeje cetue α nw~
π 2−i 1
p=0 p= leye α (2 – i) = ⇒ α = , α = −i
2 i i
227. If one root of the equation 3x4–10x3+4x2–x–6=0
1+ i 3
is , then the other roots are:
 π 2
⇒ p ∈  0, 
 2 −1 + i 3 2 1− i 3 2
(a) , − , −3 (b) , ,3
π 2 3 2 3
Dele: sin p leLee cos p Ùeefo Devlejeue 0,  kesâ ceOÙe neWies leye −1 + i 3 2 1− i 3 2
 2 (c) , − ,3 (d) , − ,3
Ghejesòeâ JÙebpekeâ keâe iegCeebkeâ Oeveelcekeâ Ùee MetvÙe kesâ yejeyej nesiee~ 2 3 2 3
UP PCS (Pre) 2006
224. The set of values of p for which the roots of the
equation 3x2+2x+p(p–1) = 0 are of opposite sign Ans : (d) 3x − 10x + 4x − x − 6 = 0 equation is
4 3 2
is/ p kesâ ceeveeW kesâ Jees meYeer mecegÛÛeÙeeW efpevekesâ efueS biquadratic then Root of four imaginary root is pair
meceerkeâjCe 3x2+2x+p(p–1) = 0 kesâ cetue efJehejerle efÛevn then 1 − i 3 let two other root are α, β
Jeeues nw– 2
(a) (–∞, 0) (b) (0,1) − x 3of coff 10
Sum of the Root = 4 =
(c) (1, ∞ ) (d) (0, ∞ ) x of coff 3
TGT 2003 option is satisfy
Ans : (b) meceerkeâjCe 3x2+2x+P(P–1) 3x4–10x3+4x2–x–6=0
efÉIeele meceerkeâjCe ax +bx+c=0 ceW peye c<0 neslee nw leye meceerkeâjCe
2
1+ i 3 1− i 3 2
Root , ,3, −
mes Øeehle cetue efJehejerle efÛevn Jeeues nesles nw~ 2 2 3
∴ meceer. (i) mes,  −2 
4
 −2 
3 2
 −2  2
3   − 10 ×   + 4   + − 6 = 0
P(P–1) < 0 DeLee&led P ∈ ( 0,1)  3   3   3  3
ALGEBRA 48 YCT
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3 5
231. Sum of the series 2 + + 1 + + ......∞ is
2. Sequences and Series 2 8
3 5
(A.P, G.P, H.P) ßesCeer 2 + + 1 + + ......∞ keâe Ùeesieheâue nw
2 8
(a) 2 (b) 4
228. The value of 52 + 62 + 72 + ....... + 202 is –
(c) 6 (d) 12
5 + 6 + 7 + ....... + 20 keâe ceeve nw–
2 2 2 2
UP TGT 2021
(a) 2040 (b) 2540
2 3 4 5
(c) 2840 (d) 3840 Ans. (c) : S = + + + + ........∞
1 2 4 8
UP PGT 2021
1 2 3 4 5
Ans. (c) : 2840 S= + + + + ...∞
2 2 2 2 2
1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + ...... + 20 = 2 ( 20 )( 21)( 41)
Ieševes hej-
2 2 4 8 16
6
1 1 1 1
⇒ 52 + 6 2 + ....... + 202 = 2870 – 30 S = 2 + + + + .........∞
2 2 4 8
⇒ 52 + 62 + ....... + 20 2 = 2840
1
an+1 + b n+1 1  1 
229. The value of n, for which is the S= 2+ 2 ∵ < 1
n
a +b n
2 1  2 
1−
harmonic mean of a and b, is 2
n keâe ceeve, efpemekesâ efueÙes a Deewj b keâe njelcekeâ ceeOÙe  a 1 1
∵ S∞ = ,a = ,r = 
an+1 + b n+1  1 − r 2 2
n n
nesiee, nw
a +b 1
⇒ S = 2 +1
(a) –1 (b) 0 2
(c) 1 (d) 1/2 1
UP TGT 2021 ⇒ S=3⇒S=6
2
Ans. (a) : ceeve (n = –1) jKeves hej
232. If the nth term of the progression 5, √5, 1, .........
–1+1 –1+1
a +b a +b
0 0
1
= is , then the value of n is
a –1 + b –1 1 1
+ 3125
a b 1
2ab Ùeefo ßesCeer 5, √5, 1, .........keâe nJeeB heo nes, lees
∴ H= 3125
a+b n keâe ceeve nw
2 2
230. If (b – c) , (c – a) , (a – b) are in A.P., then2 (a) 10 (b) 11
1 1 1 (c) 12 (d) 13
, , will be in UPPSC Ashram Paddhati 2021
b–c c–a a–b Ans. (d) : Given progression is
Ùeefo (b – c)2, (c – a)2, (a – b)2 meceevlej ßesÌ{er ceW nes, 5, √5, 1, ................
1 1 1 which is a geometric progression (G. P.) with first term
lees , , nesieer
b–c c–a a–b 1
(a) H.P./njelcekeâ ßesÌ{er ceW (a) = 5 and common ratio (r) =
5
(b) G.P./iegCeesòej ßesÌ{er ceW 1
th
(c) A.P./meceevlej ßesÌ{er ceW Given n term is
3125
(d) None of the above/GheÙeg&òeâ ceW mes keâesF& veneR 1
U TGT 2021 i.e. ar n –1 =
3125
PGT 2013 n –1
Ans. (c) : (c – a)2 – (b – c)2 = (a – b)2 – (c – a)2  1  1
5  =
⇒ [(c – a) – (b – c)] [(c – a) + (b – c)]  5 3125
= [(a–b) – (c – a)] [(a – b) + (c – a)] 1 1
=
⇒
( 2c – a – b )( b – a )
=
( 2a – b – c )( c – b ) n –1
–1 3125
52
( a – b )( b – c )( c – a ) ( a – b )( b – c )( c – a ) n –3
1 1 1 1 5 2 = 55
⇒ – = –
c–a b–c a –b c–a n –3
=5
1 1 1 2
Dele: , , meceevlej ßesÌ{er (A.P) ceW nw~ n = 13
b–c c–a a–b
ALGEBRA 49 YCT
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233. Sum of the n terms of a G.P. is S, product is P oes meceevlej ßesefCeÙeeW 2,5,8,11, …….(60 heoeW lekeâ)
and sum of the reciprocals of the terms is R, Deewj 3,5,7…….(50 heoeW lekeâ) ceW kegâue efkeâleves heo
then P2 =
mece™he nw?
efkeâmeer iegCeesòej ßesÌ{er kesâ n heoeW keâe Ùeesie S, iegCeveheâue
(a) 15 (b) 17
P leLee heoeW kesâ JÙegl›eâceeW keâe Ùeesie R nw, leye P2 =
(c) 16 (d) 18
n−1 n
S S UKPSC Lecturer (Mains) 2020
(a)   (b)  
 R   R  Ans. (c) : Let the arithmetic progression of identical
n +1 n/2 terms in arithmetic progressions
S S
(c)   (d)   2,5,8,11,...,101,...,179 & 3,5,7.9. 11,...,101
 R   R  be 5,11, ... ,101 with r terms.
UKPSC Lecturer (Mains) 2020 Then 101 = 5 + ( r − 1) 6
Ans. (b) : The sum and product of first n terms of the ⇒ r = 17
G.P. a,ar, ..., arn–1, ... with first term a and common ratio
r are given by 236. If a, b, c are in A.P. and x, y, z are in G.P. then
xb-c. yc-a. za-b=
a (1 − r n ) Ùeefo a, b, c meceevlej ßesCeer ceW Deewj x, y, z iegCeesòej
and P = a n r ( )
n n −1 2
S=
1− r ßesCeer ceW nw, leye xb-c. yc-a. za-b=
Now sum of the first n terms of the G.P formed by (a) xyz (b) 1
taking reciprocal of each term of a,ar, ..., arn–1, ... i.e. (c) 2 (d) 0
1 1 1 1 UKPSC Lecturer (Mains) 2020
, , 2 ,....., n −1 ,..... is given by
a ar ar ar UP TGT 2016
1 1 Ans. (b) : If a, b, c are in A.P. and x, y, z are in G.P.
1 − n  1 (1 − r n ) then we have 2b = a + c and y 2 = xz respectively.
R= 
r 
⋅ (1 r n −1 )
a
=
1−
1 a (1 − r ) Now x b −c ⋅ y c−a ⋅ z a −b = x b +a −2b ⋅ y 2b−a −a ⋅ z a −b
r
which gives that = x a − b ⋅ y 2( b − a ) ⋅ z a − b
S a (1 − r ) a (1 − r ) n −1 = ( xz ) ⋅ ( xz )
a −b b −a
n
= ⋅ ⋅ r = a 2 r n −1
R (1 − r ) (1 − r n ) =1
n
237. If sum of series 1+ 4x + 7x2 + 10x3 +...∞, where
S
⇒   = a 2n r ( ) = P 2 35
n n −1
x <1, is , then x equals:
R 16
1 Ùeefo ßesCeer 1+ 4x + 7x2 + 10x3 +...∞, peneB x <1, keâe
234. If S n = nb + n(n - 1)c where, Sn denotes the
2 35
sum of the first n terms of an A.P., then the Ùeesie nes, leess x keâe ceeve nesiee :
16
common difference is : (a) 2/5
1 (b) 1/5
Ùeefo S n = nb + n(n - 1)c peneB Sn Skeâ meceevlej
2 (c) 3/5
ßesCeer kesâ ØeLece n heoeW kesâ Ùeesie keâes efve™efhele keâjlee nw, (d) None of these / Fveces mes keâeF& veneR
lees meeJe&Devlej nw : Haryana PGT 2019
(a) b + c (b) 2b + 3c Ans. (b) : Given
(c) 2b (d) c S = 1 + 4x + 7x2 + 10x3 ... ∞ ; x <1
UKPSC Lecturer (Mains) 2020
TGT 2005 so, xS = x + 4x + 7x + 10x ...∞
2 3 4
; x <1
1 which gives on subtracting
Ans. (d) : Given Sn = nb + n ( n − 1) c ⇒ (1–x)S = 1 + 3x + 3x2 + 3x3 ...∞ ; x <1
2
Now, S1 = b ; first term of the A.P. ⇒ (1–x)S = 1+3(x+x2+x3+...∞ ) ; x <1
S2 = 2b + c 1 3x
⇒ S= + ; x <1
So, S2 − S1 = 2b + c − b = b + c is the second term of the 1 − x (1 − x )2
A.P.
35 1 + 2x
Thus, common difference d = b + c − b = c. ⇒ S= = ; x <1
16 (1 − x )2
235. How many number of identical terms are there
in the two Arithmetic Progression ⇒ 16 + 32x = 35 + 35x2–70x
2,5,8,11, …….(60 terms) ⇒ 35x2 –102x + 19 = 0
and 3,5,7…….(50 terms)? ⇒ (7x–19) (5x–1) = 0
ALGEBRA 50 YCT
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19 1 (a) 12 (b) 9
⇒ or x =
either x = (c) 18 (d) 15
7 5
Haryana PGT 2019
Now because x < 1 we have
Ans. (c) :
1 For x1,x2..., xn we have
x=
5
x12 + x 22 + ...x n2 x12 + x 22 + ...x n2
238. Sum of the squares of first n natural numbers ≥
is: n n
and hence we get
∑ n 2 = 12 + 2 2 + 3 2 + − − − − − + n 2
ØeLece n Øeeke=âeflekeâ mebKÙeeDeeW kesâ JeieeW& keâe Ùeesie nw: 400 80
≥
∑ n 2 = 12 + 2 2 + 3 2 + − − − − − + n 2 n n
n ( n + 1)( 2n + 1) ⇒ n ≥ 16
(a)
6 240. A man saves Rs. 200 in each of the first three
( n + 1)( 2n + 1) months of his service, In each of the subsequent
(b) months, his saving increases by Rs. 40 more
6
2
than the saving of immediately previous month.
n( )
(c)  n + 1 
His total saving from the start of service will be
 2  Rs.11,040 after:
(d) None of the above/GheÙeg&òeâ ceW mes keâesF& veneR Skeâ Deeoceer Deheveer veewkeâjer kesâ ØeLece 3 cenerves ceW 200
UK SSSC LT 2020 ®heÙes yeÛeelee nw~ ØelÙeskeâ cenerves ceW efheÚues cenerves keâer
Ans. (a) : We have Dehes#ee 40 ®heÙes pÙeeoe yeÛeelee nw~ ØeejcYe mes, 11,040
(K+1)3 – K3 = 3 K2 + 3 K + 1 ; K ∈ N. ®heÙes yeÛeeves kesâ efueS Gmes meceÙe ueiesiee:
For K = 1, 2…….we get (a) 19 months/19 cenerves (b) 20 months/20 cenerves
23 – 13 = 3.12 + 3.1 + 1 (c) 21months/ 21 cenerves (d) 18 months/18cenerves
33 – 23 = 3.22 + 3.2 + 1 Haryana PGT 2019
. . .
Ans. (c) : Man's saving are
. . .
200, 200, 200, 240, 260, ... (n terms)
. . .
each month respectively.
(n + 1)3 – n3 = 3n2 + 3n + 1
Now, we have
On adding we get
200+200+200+240+260+...(n terms) = 11,040
(n + 1)3 – 13 = 3(12 + 22 +….+ n2) + 3 (1 + 2 +…..+ n) +
(1 + 1 +…..+1) which gives
Hence, 200+240+260+ ... (n terms) = 10,640
n
 n   n  ⇒  2 × 200 − ( n − 1) 40  = 10,640
3 ∑ K 2  = ( n + 1)3 − 1 − 3  ∑ K  − n 2
 K=1   K =1  ⇒ 20n2 + 180n – 10,640 = 0
n ( n + 1) ⇒ n2 +9n –532 = 0
= n + 3n + 3n + 1 − 1 − 3
3 2
−n
2 ⇒ (n+28) (n–19) = 0
3
= n3 + n2 +
n ⇒ n = 19 months
2 2 Hence, his total saving from the start of service will be
n
n Rs. 11,040 after 19+2 = 21 months.
∴ ∑ K 2 = ( 2n 2 + 3n + 1)
K =1 6 241. In a geometric progression consisting of
n( )( ) positive terms, each term equal the sum of the
= n + 1 2n + 1 next two terms. Then the common ratio of this
6
progression equal:
So, the sum of the squares of the first n natural number
is given by Oeveelcekeâ heoeW keâer iegCeesòej ßesCeer ceW , Ùeefo keâesF& heo,
Deieues oes heoeW kesâ Ùeesie kesâ yejeyej nes, leye Fme iegCeesòej
n ( n + 1)( 2n + 1)
n
∑k =1
K2 =
6
ßesCeer keâe meeJe&Devegheele nw:
(a) sin 18° (b) 2 cos 18°
239. Let x1, x2,..., xn be 'n' observation such that (c) cos 18° (d) 2 sin 18°
∑xi2 = 400 and ∑
x i = 80 , Then a possible Haryana PGT 2019
Ans. (d) : Let the geometric progression be
value of 'n' among the following is:
a,ar,ar2,...
ceevee n Øes#eCe x1, x2,..., xn Fme Øekeâej nQ efkeâ
where a is the first term and r is the common ratio.
∑ xi2 = 400 leLee ∑ x i = 80 leye efvecve ceW mes 'n' Now if we have
a = ar + ar2
keâe keâewve -mee ceeve mecYeJe nw?
ALGEBRA 51 YCT
CLICK HERE -
ar = ar2 + ar3 245. A man with a certain monthly salary and earns
⋮ ⋮ ⋮ a fixed increment every year. If his salary was
Rs. 1500 after 4 years of service and Rs. 1800
ar = ar +arn
n–2 n–1
after 10 years of service. What was his starting
then we get salary?
1 = r (1+ r) Skeâ JÙeefòeâ Skeâ efveef§ele ceeefmekeâ Jesleve mes Meg® keâjlee nw
⇒ r2 + r –1 = 0
Deewj ØeefleJe<e& Skeâ efveef§ele Je=efæ Øeehle keâjlee nw~ Ùeefo 4
−1 ± 5
⇒r= Je<e& keâer mesJee kesâ he§eeled Gmekeâe Jesleve 1500 ™heÙes Lee
2
which gives that common ratio r must be equal to
Deewj 10 Je<e& keâer mesJee kesâ he§eeled 1800 ®heÙes Lee, lees
 5 −1 
Gmekeâe Meg®Deeleer Jesleve efkeâlevee Lee ?
5 −1
and hence r = 2   = 2sin18° (a) Rs. 1100/1100 ®heÙes
2  4  (b) Rs. 1200/1200 ®heÙes
242. If arithmetic mean, geometric mean and (c) Rs. 1300/1300 ®heÙes
Harmonic mean between two numbers 'a' and
'b' are A, G, and H respectively, then A, G, H (d) Rs. 1400/1400 ®heÙes
will be: Haryana TGT 2019
Ùeefo oes mebKÙeeDeeW 'a' Deewj 'b' kesâ yeerÛe meceevlej ceeOÙe,
Ans. (c) : Let the starting salary of man be Rs. x. So, if
iegCeelcekeâ ceeOÙe Deewj njelcekeâ ceeOÙe ›eâceMe: A, G, SJeb fixed increment is Rs. y then
H nes, lees A, G, H neWies: salary after 4 years x + 4y = 1500
salary after 10 years x + 10y = 1800
(a) In Harmonic Series/njelcekeâ ßesCeer ceW
which gives
(b) In Arithmetic Series/meceevlej ßesCeer ceW y = 50 and hence x = 1300
(c) In Geometric Series/iegCeelcekeâ ßesCeer ceW Hence starting salary of the man was Rs. 1300.
(d) Both Harmonic and Geometric Series/njelcekeâ 246. A square is drawn by joining the mid-points of
Deewj iegCeelcekeâ ßesCeer oesveeW ceW the sides of a given square. In the same way,
Haryana TGT 2019 this process continues indefinitely. If side of the
Ans. (c) : If A, G and H be AM, GM and HM of two first square is 4 cm., than the sum of the area of
given positive real numbers a and b, respectively then all the squares are equal to:
a+b 2ab efoÙes ieÙes Jeie& keâer YegpeeDeeW kesâ ceOÙe efyevogDeeW keâes
A= , G = ab and H = peesÌ[keâj Skeâ Jeie& yeveeÙee peelee nw~ Fmeer Øekeâej Ùen
2 a+b
and we have Øeef›eâÙee DeefveÙele peejer jnleer nw~ Ùeefo ØeLece Jeie& keâer
a + b 2ab Yegpee 4 mesceer nw, lees meYeer JeieeX kesâ #es$eheâueeW keâe Ùeesie
( )
2
A×H = × = ab = ab = G 2 yejeyej nw :
2 a+b
2 2
Thus, A, G and H are in geometric progression (a) 32 cm2/32 mesceer (b) 16 cm2/16 mesceer
2 2
243. Third term of sequence an= (–1)n (n–7) is: (c) 64 cm2/64 mesceer (d) 48 cm2/48 mesceer
Deveg›eâce an= (–1) (n–7) keâe le=leerÙe heo nw:
n
Haryana TGT 2019
(a) 8 (b) –8 Ans. (a) :
(c) 4 (d) –4
Haryana TGT 2019
Ans. (c) : Sequence an: N → N is defined by
an = (–1)n(n–7)
Hence for n=3, we get the third term of the sequence
which is a3 = 4
244. For what value of 'K'; K+2, 4K–6, 3K–2 are
three consecutive terms of an A.P.?
'K' kesâ efkeâme ceeve kesâ efueS K+2, 4K–6, 3K–2 meceeblej
ßesCeer kesâ leerve ›eâceeiele heo nQ? If described construction is followed, we obtain squares
(a) 1 (b) –1 with sides
(c) 3 (d) –3 4, 2 2 , 2, 2 ,...
Haryana TGT 2019
respectively; and hence areas are
Ans. (c) : If K+2, 4K–6, 3K–2 are three consecutive
16, 8, 4, 2, ...
terms of an A.P then
⇒ 4K–6–(K+2) = 3K–2–(4K–6) 16
Now, sum of areas 16 + 8 + 4 + 2 + ... = = 32 cm2
⇒ 3K–8 = –K+4 ⇒ 4K = 12 1
1−
⇒ K=3 2
ALGEBRA 52 YCT
CLICK HERE -
247. Let us say a, b, c are in AP then which of the Ùeefo a, b, c Oeveelcekeâ JeemleefJekeâ mebKÙeeSB iegCeesòej ßesCeer
following in not true? ceW neW, lees meceerkeâjCe ax2 + 2bx + c = 0 Deewj dx2 +
(a) b + b = a + c (b) b – a = c – b 2ex + f = 0 keâe Skeâ cetue GYeÙeefve‰ nesiee, Ùeefo
(c) b + a = c + b (d) 2b = a + c
DSSSB TGT 04-09-2021 Shift-I (Male) d e f
, , neWies:
Ans. (c) : a b c
a+c (a) A. P./meceevlej ßesCeer ceW
(A) For a, b, c in AP ; b = ⇒ 2b = a + c (b) G. P/iegCeesòej ßesCeer ceW
2
(B) For a, b, c in AP ; common difference (c) H. P./njelcekeâ ßesCeer ceW
d=b–a=c–b (d) None of the three/leerveeW ceW mes keâesF& veneR
(C) If b + a = c + b then a = c which contradicts that a Haryana PGT 2020
,b,c are in AP Ans. (a) : Given a, b, c are positive real numbers in
(D) For a, b, c in AP; 2b = a + c G.P.
248. Find out the common ratio of the GP if the first
Then we have b2 = ac ⇒ b = ± ac
term of a GP is 1 and the sum of the third term
and fifth term is 90 Consider the equation ax2 + 2bx + c = 0, which can
(a) 3 (b) 2 be written as
(c) 9 (d) 4 ax 2 + 2 ac x + c = 0
DSSSB TGT 04-09-2021 Shift-I (Male)
( )
2
which simplifies to a x+ c =0
Ans. (a) : Let the GP be 1, r, r2, r3, r4,...; where r is the
common ratio c
So, r4 + r2 = 90 or x=−
a
⇒ r + r 2 − 90 = 0
4
Now if dx2 + 2ex + f = 0 and ax2 + 2bx + c = 0 have a
( )( )
⇒ r 2 + 10 r 2 − 9 = 0 ⇒ r 2 = 9 ⇒ r ± 3 common root then we must have that
2
249. If 5th term and 7th term of a harmonic − c − c
progression are respectively 7 and 5, then its
d   + 2e   + f = 0
 a   a 
35th term will be:
Ùeefo Skeâ njelcekeâ ßesCeer keâe 5Jeeb heo leLee 7Jeeb heo cd  c
⇒ + 2e  − +f = 0
›eâceMe: 7 SJeb 5 nes, lees Fmekeâe 35Jeeb heo nesiee: a  a 
 
(a) 2 (b) 1 d 2e f
⇒ − + =0
1 1 a ac c
(c) (d)
35 5 d f 2e
Haryana PGT 2020 ⇒ + =
a c ac
Ans. (b) : If 5th term and 7th term of a harmonic
d f 2e
progression are respectively 7 and 5 then 5th term and ⇒ + =
7th term of the corresponding arithmetic progression are a c b
1 1 d e f
respectively and . which implies that , , are in A.P.
7 5 a b c
1 1 251. If a, b, c are three unequal numbers such that
So, we have a + 4d = and a + 6d = : a – first a, b, c are in arithmetic progression and b – a, c
7 5
– b, a are in geometric progression, then a : b :
term d – common difference
c is :
On solving above equations we get
Ùeefo a, b, c leerve Demeceeve mebKÙeeSB Fme Øekeâej nw efkeâ a,
1 1
d = and a = b, c meceevlej ßesCeer ceW leLee b – a, c – b, a iegCeesòej
35 35 ßesCeer ceW nes, lees a : b : c nw:
∴ 35th term of the arithmetic progression is given by
(a) 1 : 2 : 4 (b) 1 : 3 : 5
1  1  (c) 1 : 2 : 3 (d) 2 : 3 : 4
+ 34.   = 1
35  35  Haryana PGT 2018
∴ 35th term of the harmonic progression is 1. Ans. (c) : If a, b, c which are distinct real numbers, are
in asthmatic progression then we have
250. If a, b, c are positive real numbers which are in
G. P., then the equation ax2 + 2bx + c = 0 and b–a=c–b
dx2 + 2ex + f = 0 have a common root, if If b – a, c – b, a are in geometric progression then we
have
d e f
(c − b) = ( b − a ) a.
2
, , are in:
a b c
ALGEBRA 53 YCT
CLICK HERE -
which gives b – a = a from b – a = c – b 254. The minimum value of the expression 3x+31-x,
⇒ 2a = b x ∈ R is :/
So, 3a = c from b – a = c – b JÙebpekeâ 3x+31-x, x ∈ R keâe vÙetvelece ceeve nw :
Thus, a : b : c = a : 2a : 3a = 1 : 2 : 3 1
252. If cos (x – y), cos x and cos (x + y) are in (a) 0 (b)
3
harmonic progression, then cos x sec (y/2) =
Ùeefo cos (x – y), cos x leLee cos (x + y) njelcekeâ (c) 3 (d) 2 3
UKPSC GIC 2018
ßesCeer ceW nw, lees cos x sec (y/2) =
Ans. (d) : For any two real number a and b we
(a) ±2 (b) ±3 know that - AM ≥ GM
1 a+b
(c) ± 2 (d) ±
2 i.e. ≥ ab
2
Haryana PGT 2018 Now here a = 3x and b = 31–x
Ans. (c) : If cos (x – y), cosx and cos (x + y) are in
3x + 31− x
harmonic progression then we have Then ≥ 3x × 31− x
2
2 cos ( x − y ) cos ( x + y )
cosx = i.e. 3x + 31 – x ≥ 2 3
cos ( x − y ) + cos ( x + y )
∴ Minimum value of 3x + 31–x is 2 3 .
⇒ cos x =
(
2 cos x − sin y
2 2
) 255. The pth term of an A.P is q and qth term is p,
2 cos x cos y. then its nth tern is/ Skeâ meceevlej ßesCeer keâe p JeeB heo
⇒ cos 2 x cos y = cos 2 x − sin 2 y q nw Deewj q JeeB heo p nw, lees Fmekeâe nJeeB heo nw
(a) p – n (b) q – n
⇒ (1 − cos y ) cos 2 x = sin 2 y (c) (p + q + n) (d) (p + q – n)
 y   y  UKPSC GIC 2018
2
4sin 2   .cos 2  
sin y 2 2 Ans. (d) : We have a+(p – 1)d = q and a + (q – 1)d = p
⇒ cos 2 x = = which gives
1 − cos y  y
2sin 2   d = –1 and a = p + q –1
2 so, nth term given by
y a+(n–1)d = (p + q – 1) + (n – 1) (–1)
⇒ cos 2 x = 2 cos 2  
2 is p + q – n.
256. The sum of n terms of an Arithmetic
y
⇒ cos x sec   = ± 2 progression (A.P.) is n2 – 2n, then the 5th term
 
2 of this A.P. is
253. If log102, log10 (22 – 1) and log10 (22 + 3) be three n heoeW Jeeueer efkeâmeer meceevlej ßesCeer keâe Ùeesie n2 – 2n nw,
consecutive terms of an arithmetic progressing, lees Fmekeâe 5JeeB heo nw
then:/ Ùeefo log102, log10 (22 – 1) leLee log10 (22 + 3) (a) 5 (b) 7
Skeâ meceevlej ßesCeer kesâ ›eâceeiele heo neW, lees:s (c) 8 (d) 16
(a) x = log 2 3 (b) x = log 2 5 UKPSC GIC 2018
(c) x = log53 (d) x = log52 Ans. (b) : Let a 1 , a 2 ... a n be the given A.P. then
Haryana PGT 2018 S n = a 1 +a 2 +.....+a n–1 +a n = n (n – 2)
Ans. (b) : It log102, log10(2x –1) and log10(2x + 3) be Therefore, s1 = a1 = –1 & s2 = a1 + a2 = 0 ⇒ a2 = 1
three consecutive terms of on arithmetic progressing Hence, the common difference d = a2–a1 = 2
then so, the 5th term is given by a + (5 – 1) d =
( )
2 log10 2 x − 1 = log10 2 + log10 2x + 3 ( ) (–1)+ 4 × 2 = 7
257. The two positive number , whose difference is
( ) ( )
2
⇒ 2x + 1 = 2 2x + 3 12 and whose A.M. exceeds their G.M. by 2, are
Jes oes Oeveelcekeâ mebKÙeeSB, efpevekeâe Devlej 12 nw Deewj
⇒ 2 + 1 − 2.2 = 2 + 6
2x x 2x
efpevekeâe meceevlej ceeOÙe, iegCeesòej ceeOÙe mes 2 pÙeeoe nwb
⇒ 22x − 4 − 2x − 5 = 0 (a) 32,20 (b) 25,13
⇒ 2 2 x − 5.2 x + 2 x − 5 = 0 (c) 20,8 (d) 16,4
⇒ ( ) (
2 x 2 x − 5 + 1 2x − 5 = 0 ) UKPSC GIC 2018
Ans. (d) : Let the two number be a and b. Assume that
⇒ (2 x
)(
− 5 2x + 1 = 0 ) a > b we are given that
⇒ Either 2 - 5 = 0 or 2x + 1 = 0
x a – b = 12 ––– (i)
⇒ 2x = 5 or 2x = -1 a+b
& − ab = 2 –––– (ii)
⇒ x = log25 or Impossible. 2
ALGEBRA 54 YCT
CLICK HERE -
From (ii) we have 1 1 1
260. Sum of the series + + + ........ is
a − b = 2 –––– (iii) 2 4 6
Now from (i) put a = 12 + b in (iii) and we get 1 1 1
12 + b − b = 2 ßesCeer + + + ........ keâe Ùeesieheâue nw
2 4 6
⇒ 12 + b = 2 + b (e +1) 2 (e -1) 2
⇒ 12 + b = 4 + b + 4 b (a) (b)
2e 2e
⇒ b =2 2
e -1 2
e +1
⇒b=4 (c) (d)
2e 2e
and hence, a = 16. UP TGT-2016 (08-03-2019)
258. If sum of n terms of an arithmetical 1 1 1
progression is 5n2 - 3n, then its pth term is Ans. (b) : ßesCeer + + + ........
Ùeefo Skeâ meceeblej ßesCeer kesâ n heoesb keâe Ùeesieheâue 5n - 2 2! 4! 6!
3n nes, lees Fmekeâe p JeeB heo nw x2 x3
ex = 1 + x + + + ........
(a) 10p + 8 (b) 10p–8 2! 3!
(c) 10p + 3 (d) 10p – 3 −x x 2 x3
UP TGT-2016 (08-03-2019) e = 1 − x + − + ........
2! 3!
Ans. (b) : meceevlej ßesCeer kesâ n heoeW keâe Ùeesie =5n –3n2
 x2 x4 
n = 1 leye, ex + e− x = 2 1 + + + ........ 
 2! 4! 
ßesCeer keâe ØeLece heo = 5(1)2–3(1)  
=5–3 = 2 e x + e− x x2 x4 x6
= 1+ + + ......
n = 2 leye, 2 2! 4! 6!
ßesCeer keâs oes heoeW keâe Ùeesie = 5(2)2–3(2) x = 1 jKeves hej
=20–6 = 14 e + e −1 1 1 1
ßesCeer keâe efÉleerÙe heo = 14–2 = 12 − 1 = + + ......
2 2! 4! 6!
Dele: meceevlej ßesCeer = 2, 12, ............ n. e + e −1 − 2 1 1 1
P JeeB heo, ⇒ = + + ......
2 2! 4! 6!
tp= [a+(p–1)d] 1
tp= [2+(p–1)10] e+ −2
e2 + 1 − 2e
tp= 2+10p–10 ⇒ e =
2 2e
t p = 10P − 8
( e − 1) 1 1 1
2
⇒ = + + + ......
259. If the geometric mean of two numbers is 6.0 2e 2! 4! 6!
and arithmetic mean is 6.5 then the difference 2 3 4
of squares of these numbers is/ Ùeefo oes mebKÙeeDeeW 261. If | x |< 1, then x + 2x + 3x .... is equal to
keâe pÙeeefceeflekeâ ceeOÙe 6.0 leLee meceevlej ceeOÙe 6.5 nes, 2 3 4
lees Gve mebKÙeeDeeW kesâ JeieeX keâe Devlej nw x 2 2x3 3x4
Ùeefo | x |< 1, lees + + .... yejeyej nw
(a) 65 (b) 120 (c) 130 (d) 140 2 3 4
UP TGT-2016 (08-03-2019) x x
(a) + log e (1 − x ) (b) + log e (1 + x )
Ans. (a) : ceevee oes mebKÙeeSb a leLee b nQ~ 1− x 1+ x
ØeMveevegmeej, ab = 6, ab = 36 (c)
x
+ log e (1 + x ) (d)
x
+ log e (1 − x )
a+b 1 − x 1 + x
= 6.5, a+b = 13 ......(i) UP TGT-2016 (08-03-2019)
2
2 3 4
met$e ( a − b )2 = ( a + b )2 − 4ab Ans : (a)
x
+
2x
+
3x
+ ..... |x| < 1
2 3 4
a − b = 169 − 144
 1  1  1
= 25 = 5 = 1 −  x 2 + 1 −  x 3 +  1 −  x 4 + .....
 2   3   4
a–b = 5 ....... (ii)
1 1 1
meceerkeâjCe (i) leLee (ii) mes = x 2 − x 2 + x 3 − x 3 + x 4 − x 4 + .....
a = 9, b=4 2 3 4
 1 2 1 3 1 4 
mebKÙeeDeeW keâe JeieeX keâe Devlej = a ~ b 2 2 2 3 4
= x + x + x ........ +  − x − x − x + ..... 
= (9)2–(4)2  2 3 4 
 
= 81–16 = 65
Dele: mebKÙeeDeeW kesâ JeieeX keâe Devlej = 65 ( ) 1 1
= x 2 1 + x + x 2 + ........∞ +  − x − x 2 − x 3 .....  + x
 2 3 
ALGEBRA 55 YCT
CLICK HERE -
1 Ans : (d) Given series is 2 + 8 + 18 + 32 + ......
= x2 + log (1 − x ) + x
1− x Which can be re-written as
2
x +x−x 2
2 + 2 2 + 3 2 + 4 2 + ......
= + log (1 − x )
1− x Which is an A.P. with first term a = 2 common
x difference d = 2 and number of terms n= 24.
= + log (1 − x )
1− x 24 
So, S24 = 2 × 2 + ( 24 − 1) 2 
262. In a geomeric progression, first term is 7, the 2 
last term is 448 and the sum is 889. The
= 12  2 2 + 23 2 
common ratio of the geometric progression is
Skeâ iegCeesòej ßesÌ{er keâe ØeLece heo 7 nw, Debeflece heo 448 = 12 × 25 2
leLee Ùeesieheâue 889 nw~ iegCeesòej ßesÌ{er keâe meeJee&vegheele nw S24 = 300 2
3 265. Let a, b, c > 0 and abc=1. Then the least value
(a) (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 3.5
2 1 1 1
UP TGT-2016 (08-03-2019) of 2 + + is given by:
a ( b + c ) b 2 ( c + a ) c2 ( a + b )
Ans : (b) iegCeesòej ßesÌ{er ceW (a) 0.5 (b) 2
l = arn–1 ⇒ 448 = 7rn–1 (c) 1.5 (d) 1
rn–1= 64 .......... (i) NVS PGT 10-06-2019
n heoeW keâe Ùeesie Ans : (c) efoÙee nw,
Sn =
( a rn −1) a,b,c>0 leLee abc = 1
Ùen leYeer mecYeJe nw~
r −1
peye a = b = c = 1
889 =
(
7 rn −1 ) leye,
r −1 1 1 1
+ 2 + 2
127 =
n
r −1 a 2
( b + c ) b ( c + a ) c ( + b)
a
r −1 Dele:
n −1
r.r − 1 1 1 1
127 = meceerkeâjCe (i) mes + +
r −1 12 (1 + 1) 12 (1 + 1) 12 (1 + 1)
r64 − 1 1 1 1
127 = = + +
r −1 2 2 2
127r–127 = 64r–1 3
63r = 126, r=2 ⇒ = 1.5
2
263. If a, b, c are in A.P. as well as in G.P., then: 266. A person is to count 4500 notes. Let an denote
(a) a = b ≠ c (b) a = b = c the number of notes that he counts in nth
(c) a ≠ b ≠ c (d) a ≠ b = c minute.
NVS PGT 10-06-2019 If a1 = a2 =....... = a10 = 150 and a10, a11, a12,.... are
Ans : (b) a,b,c are in A.P. in AP with common difference –2, find the total
⇒ 2b= a+c ........... (i) time spent on counting 4500 notes.
and a, b, c, also are in G.P.
Skeâ JÙeefòeâ keâes 4500 veesš efieveves nQ~ ceevee, nJeW efceveš
2
b = ac ceW ef i eves ieS veesšeW keâer mebKÙee an mes Øeoòe nesleer nw~
2 Ùeefo a1 = a2 = ....... = a10 = 150 leLee a10, a11, a12,....
a +c meceeb lej ßesÌ{er ceW nQ, efpemekeâe meeJe& Deblej –2 nw, lees 4500
⇒   = ac (using (i))
 2  vees š eW keâes efieveves ceW pees meceÙe ueiesiee, Jen nw:
⇒ (a+c)2 = 4ac (a) 24 minutes /24efceveš
then, (a–c)2 = 0 (if 4ac = 0) (b) 34 minutes /34 efceveš
⇒ a= c
(c) 125 minutes /125 efceveš
from (i) 2b = a+a ⇒ a = b
(d) 135 minutes /135efceveš
Hence a=b=c
KVS PGT 23-12-2018
264. The sum of the 24 terms of the series
Ans : (b) Given that a1 = a2 = a3 =......= a10 =150.
2 + 8 + 18 + 32 + ... is: and a10, a11, a12, ...... an from A.P. with first term a10,
(a) 500 2 (b) 100 2 common difference d=–2 and number of terms = n–9.
Then
(c) 200 2 (d) 300 2
total number of notes
NVS PGT 10-06-2019
ALGEBRA 56 YCT
CLICK HERE -
9
= ∑ a0 +
( n − 9 ) 2 × a + {( n − 9 ) − 1} d  (3 x
−2 )
2
(
= 3 3x − 2 + 6 )
2  10
i =1
(3 − 2) = 3( 3 )
x 2 x
 n −9 − 2 + 18
⇒ 4500 = 9 ×150 +    2 ×150 + ( n − 10 )( −2 )  x
 2  let 3 –2 = y
n −9 y2 = 3y+18
⇒ [300 + 20 − 2n ] = 4500 − 1350 y2 – 3y – 18 = 0, (y – 6) (y + 3) = 0
2
y = 6, y = –3 (Not possible)
n −9
⇒ [320 − 2n ] = 3150 then y=6
2 3x – 2 = 6
⇒ 2
2n – 338n + 9180 = 0 3x = 8, log38 = x
⇒ (2n–68) (n–135) = 0
269. If x > 0, xy = 1,then the minimum value of x + y
⇒ (2n–68)=0 or (n–135) = 0 will be
when 2n–68=0 ⇒ n = 34 x > 0, xy = 1 Ùeefo lees x+y keâe efveefcve° ceeve nesiee–
when n–135= 0 ⇒ n = 135
(a) –2 (b) 1
But n = 135 is not possible
So, total time spent to count 4500 notes = 34 minutes. (c) 2 (d) GheÙeg&òeâ ceW keâesF& veneR
267. If 5th term of a harmonic progression is 7 and (GIC) ØeJeòeâe hejer#ee, 2015
7th term is 5, then 35th term is / Ùeefo njelcekeâ ßesÌ{erAns. (c) : Given that x>0 and xy = 1 ⇒ y> 0
keâe 5JeeB heo 7 leLee 7JeeB heo 5 nes, lees 35JeeB heo nwSince A.M ≥ GM
(a) 0 (b) 1 x+y
∴ ≥ x.y
7 1 2
(c) (d)
12 35 x+y
UP PGT-2016 (02-02-2019) ≥1 (Given that xy= 1)
2
Ans : (b) 5th term of a harmonic progressin of 7 ⇒ x+y≥ 2
So that 5th term of A.P. is
1 ∴ Minimum value of x+y is 2
7 270. If a, b, c are non-negative real numbers, then
1 a b c
then a + 4d = ........ (i) the minimum value of + + is
7 b+c c+a a+b
1 (a) 3/2 (b) 1
Now 7th term of A.P. is
5 (c) 2 (d) 5/2
1 NVS PGT 10-06-2019
then a + 6d = ............ (ii)
5 1
equn (ii) – (i)
Ans:(a) We know that a + ≥ 2 ( AM ≥ G.M.) ∴
a
1 1 1 1 1 1
2d = − ⇒ d= a + +b+ +c+ ≥ 2+2+2
5 7 35 a b c
then a = −
1 4
=
1 ≥6
7 35 35 a+b b+c b+c c+a a +b c+a
We know, tn=a+(n–1)d Now + + + + + ≥6
b+c a +b c+a b+c c+a a+b
1 1 a+b c+a b+c c+a b+c a+b
t 35 = + ( 34 ) × ⇒ + + + + + ≥6
35 35 b+c b+c a +b a +b c+a c+a
35 b + c + 2a a + b + 2c c + a + 2b
t 35 = = 1, t 35 = 1 + + ≥6
35 b+c a+b c+a
then 35th term is a harmonic progressin of one
2a 2c 2b
1+ +1+ +1+ ≥6
268. If log3, log(3x–2) and log(3x+4) are in b+c a+b c+a
arithmetical progression, then x is equal to 2a 2c 2b
Ùeefo log3, log(3x–2) Deewj log(3x+4) meceeblej ßesÌ{er ceW + + ≥3
b+c a +b c+a
nes, lees x yejeyej nw a c b 3
(a) log34 (b) log23 ⇒ + + ≥
b+c a+b c+a 2
(c) log38 (d) log83
UP PGT-2016 (02-02-2019) 271. If a1 ,a 2 ,a 3 ,...... are in H.P., then the expression
Ans : (c) log3, log(3x–2), log(3x+4) are in A.P. a1a 2 + a 2a 3 + ....... + an −1an is equal to:
then 2log (3x–2) = log 3 +log (3x+4)
Ùeef o a1 ,a 2 ,a 3 ,...... njelcekeâ ßesÌ{er ceW nQ, lees JÙebpekeâ
( ) ( )
2
x 
log 3 − 2 = log 3 3 + 4 x  a1a 2 + a 2a 3 + ....... + an −1an yejeyej nesiee:
 
ALGEBRA 57 YCT
CLICK HERE -
(a) n(a1 − a 2 ) (b) ( n − 1) (a1 − a 2 ) ⇒ 4p–q = 18 ......... (1)
From II and III we get
(c) na1a n (d) ( n − 1) a1a n 3p–q–9 = 3p+q–3p+q
KVS PGT 23-12-2018 ⇒ 3p–q–9 = 2q
Ans : (d) Given that a1, a2, a3, ...... an are in H.P. ⇒ 3p–3q = 9
1 1 1 1 ⇒ p–q = 3 ............ (2)
∴ , , ,........, are in A.P.
a1 a 2 a 3 an Solving equation (1) and (2) we get
Let d be the common difference of the A.P., then p = 5, q = 2
1 1 1 1 1 1 Hence common difference d = 9 –p = 9 –5 = 4
− = − = ........ = − =d and first term a = 5.
a 2 a1 a 3 a 2 a n a n −1 So, T2010 = a+(2010–1)×d
a1 − a 2 a 2 − a 3 a 3 − a 4 a −a = 5 + 2009 × 4
⇒ = = = ..... = n −1 n = d
a1a 2 a 2a 3 a 3a 4 a n −1a n = 5+8036
T 2010 = 8041
a1 − a 2 a −a a −a
⇒ a1a 2 = ,a 2a 3 = 2 3 ,.....,a n −1a n = n −1 n
d d d 274. Three distinct numbers x, y, z from a G.P. in
adding all the above we get. that order and the number x+y, y+z, z+x from
a −a an A.P. in that order. Find the common ratio of
a1a 2 + a 2 a 3 + ..... + a n −1a n = 1 n the G.P./ leerve efYeVe mebKÙeeSB x, y, z iegCeesòej ßesÌ{er
d
yeveeleer nw Deewj mebKÙeeSB x+y, y+z, z+x meceeblej ßesÌ{er
aa  1 1 
= 1 n −  yeveeleer nw~ iegCeesòej ßesÌ{er keâe meeJe& Devegheele nw:
d  a n a1 
(a) 1 (b) –2
a1a n  1 1 (c) 2 (d) 1 or –2
=  + ( n − 1) d −  KVS PGT 23-12-2018
d  a1 a1 
Ans : (d) Since x, y, z form a G.P.
aa
= 1 n ( ( n − 1) d ) Let a be the first from and r be the common ratio then
d x=a, y=ar & z = ar2 ......... (i)
⇒ a1a 2 + a 2 a 3 + ........ + a n −1a n = ( n − 1) a1a n Also x+y, y+z, z+x form an A.P.
⇒ (y+z) –(x+y) = (z+x) – (y+z)
2 2
272. Find the minimum value of 4sin x + 4cos x : ⇒ z–x = x–y
4 sin 2 x
+4 cos2 x
keâe vÙetvelece ceeve %eele keâerefpeS~ ⇒ z+y = 2x
⇒ ar2+ar = 2a (using 1)
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 4 (d) 16
KVS PGT 23-12-2018 ⇒ r 2
+r–2 = 0
⇒ (r–1) (r+2) = 0
Ans : (c) Since A.M. ≥GM
2 2
⇒ r = 1 or –2
4sin x + 4cos x sin 2 x cos2 x Hence common ratio is 1 or –2.
⇒ ≥ 4 .4
2
2 2 275. The least value of 'n', for which
4sin x + 4cos x sin 2 x + cos2 x 1 + 3 + 32 + .... + 3n −1 > 700 is equal to
⇒ ≥ 4
2 'n' keâe vÙetvelece ceeve, efpemekesâ efueÙes
sin 2 x cos 2 x
+4
⇒
4
2
≥2 ( )
∵ sin 2 x + cos 2 x = 1 1 + 3 + 32 + .... + 3n −1 > 700 yejeyej nw
(a) 4 (b) 5 (c) 6 (d) 7
sin 2 x 2
⇒ 4 + 4cos x ≥ 4 UP PGT-2016 (02-02-2019)
Ans : (d) 1 + 3 + 32 + ....... + 3n −1 > 700
2 2
So, minimum value of 4sin x + 4cos x is 4.
273. The first four terms of an A.P. are p, 9, 3p–q efJekeâuhe mes n = 7 jKeves hej
and 3p+q. Find the 2010th term of this A.P.: 1 + 3 + 32 + 33 + 34 + ....... + 37−1 > 700
Skeâ meceeblej ßesÌ{er kesâ henues Ûeej heo p, 9, 3p–q leLee
30 + 31 + 32 + 33 + 34 + 35 + 36 > 700
3p+q nQ~ Fme ßesÌ{er keâe 2010JeeB heo nesiee:
3 + 9 + 27 + 81 + 243 + 729 > 700
(a) 8041 (b) 8043
(c) 8045 (d) 8047 n= 7 jKeves hej ner mecYeJe nw efkeâ ßesCeer keâe ceeve >700 nesiee~
KVS PGT 23-12-2018
 1 1  1 1 
Ans : (a) Since p, 9, 3p-q, 3p+q are in AP if d be the 276. Value of  1 + + + ...  1 − + − ...  is
common difference, then  2 3  2 3 
d= 9–p = (3p–q)–9 = (3p+q) – (3p–q)  1 1  1 1 
From (I) and (II) we get  1 + + + ...  1 − + − ...  keâe ceeve nw
 2 3  2 3 
9–p = 3p–q–9
ALGEBRA 58 YCT
CLICK HERE -
1 1 1 1 n
(a) e 2 − e
−
2 (b) e2 + e
−
2 (c) [ mn − m + n + 1]
2
 1 1 2 1 2
−   1 −  m
(c)  e − e 2 2 (d)  e + e 2 
2 (d) [ mn + m − n + 1]
    2
    DSSSB 23 SEP 2018 (9 AM-11 AM)
UP PGT-2016 (02-02-2019) Ans : (c) Given that m is A.P.
 1 1  1 1  Series for first condition is
Ans : (c) 1 + + + .... 1 − + − .... 
 2! 3!  2! 3!  Ist. 1, 2, 3, 4 .......n
(with common different one.)
x 2 x3
Øemeej ex = 1 + x + + ..... n
Sn =  2a + ( n − 1) d 
2! 3! Formula -
x = 1, –1 jKeves hej
2
n
(
( e − 1) −e−1 + 1 ) then ( Sn )1 =  2 × 1 + ( n − 1) × 1
2
0 −1 n
= −e + e + e − 1 =  2 + ( n − 1)  ................(i)
1 2 2
−1
 1
−  II nd
series
e + e − 2 = e 2 − e 2 
  * 1, 3, 5, 7 ........n (with common different two.)
n
277. The value of 12 + 32 + 52 + .... + (2n − 1)2 is (Sn )2 =  2 ×1 + ( n − 1) × 2
2
ßesCeer 12 + 32 + 52 + .... + (2n − 1)2 keâe ceeve nw n
=  2 + 2 ( n − 1)  ................(ii)
( ) ( )
1 1 2
(a) n 4n 2 − 1 (b) n 4n 2 + 1 III rd
series
3 3
* 1, 4, 7, 10 ......n (with common different three)
(c)
1
6
( 2
n 4n − 1 ) (d)
1
6
(
n 4n 2 + 1 ) n
(Sn )3 =  2 ×1 + ( n − 1) × 3
UP PGT-2016 (02-02-2019) 2
n
Ans : (a) ßesCeer 12 + 32 + 52 + ......... ( 2n − 1)
2
=  2 + 3 ( n − 1)  ................(iii)
2
ØeLece heo keâe Ùeesie = 12= 1 mth series
oes heoeW keâe Ùeesie = 12+32= 1+9 = 10 * 1, m+1, 2m+1,.......n common different m
leerve heoeW keâe Ùeesie = 12+32+52= 1+9+25=35 n
Dele: efJekeâuhe mes,
(Sn )m =  2 ×1 + ( n − 1) m 
2
1
3
(
n 4n 2 − 1 ) n
=  2 + m ( n − 1)  ................(iv)
2
n = 1 jKeves hej ßesCeer keâs oes heo keâe Ùeesie Sum of equation (i), (ii) (iii) and (iv)
n n n n
1
3
(
= × 1 4 × 12 − 1 = 1 ) =  2 + ( n − 1)  +  2 + 2 ( n − 1)  +  2 + 3 ( n − 1)  .......  2 + m ( n − 1) 
2 2 2 2
we get solving
n = 2 jKeves hej ßesCeer keâe ØeLece heo keâe Ùeesie sum of n terms is
1
(
= × 2 4 × 2 −1
3
2
) n
[ mn − m + n + 1]
2
1
= × 2 × 15 = 10
3 279. Ûeej DebkeâieefCeleerÙe ßesCeer keâer n heoeW keâe Ùeesie S1, S2, S3
Dele: n=1, 2, 3 ....... jKeves hej ßesCeer kesâ heoesb keâe Ùeesie kesâ meceeve Deewj S4 nQ Deewj ØelÙeskeâ keâe henuee heo 2 Deewj meceeve
Debkeâ Øeehle neslee nw~ Deblej ›eâceMe: 1, 3, 5, Deewj 7 nw lees:
Dele: ßesCeer keâe ceeve
1
= × n 4n 2 − 1
3
( ) (a) S4 + S3 = S1 + S2
(c) S4 + S2 = S1 + S3
(b) S4 + S1+ S2 = 2S3
(d) S4 + S1 = S2 + S3
278. Ùeefo m DebkeâieefCeleerÙe ßesCeer nw Deewj GveceW ØelÙeskeâ keâe
Ans : (d) ceevee efkeâ Debkeâ ieefCeleerÙe ßesCeer efvecve nw~
henuee heo FkeâeF& Deewj meceeve Deblej ›eâceMe: 1, 2, 3,
ØeMveevegmeej
.....,m nw~ lees Gvekesâ n JeW heoeW keâe Ùeesie efkeâlevee nesiee?
S1 = 2, 3, 4 Sn = 2+3+4 = 9
m
(a) [ mn − m + n + 1] S2 = 2, 5, 8 S2n = 2+5+8 = 15
2 S3 = 2, 7, 12 S3n = 2+7+12 = 21
m S4 = 2, 9, 16 S4n = 2+9+16 = 27
(b) [ mn + m − n + 1] Options from
2
ALGEBRA 59 YCT
CLICK HERE -
S4+S1 = S2+S3 ∞
27+9 = 15+21 (Putting the value) Ans : (b) efoÙee nw, s = ∑ r n | r |< 1,
n=0
36 = 36
S= 1 +r+r2+......... ∞ |r|<1
280. The sum of three numbers in arithmetic
progression is 51 and the product of first and oer ieF& ßesCeer iegCeesòej ßesCeer ceW nw~
third terms is 273. The common difference is leye, iegCeesòej ßesCeer kesâ Devevle heoeW keâe Ùeesie
this progression is/ meceeblej ßesCeer ceW leerve mebKÙeeDeeW 1
keâe Ùeesie 51 nw leLee ØeLece SJeb le=leerÙe mebKÙeeDeeW keâe s=
1− r
iegCeveheâue 273 nw~ Fme ßesCeer keâe meeJe& Devlej nw s (1 − r ) = 1
(a) 5 (b) 4 (c) 3 (d) 6
 s −1 
LT 2018 r =  .............. (i)
Ans : (b) ceevee meceevlej ßesCeer keâer leerve mebKÙeeSb  s 
∞
a–d, a, a+d nw~ Deye, ceevee s1 = ∑ r 2n
ØeMveevegmeej, n =0
3a = 51 leye, s1 = 1+r2+r4 ........... ∞
a = 17 1
efÉleerÙe Melee&vegmeej s1 =
1 − r2
a2–d2= 273
(17)2–d2= 273 1
s1 = meceerkeâjCe (i) mes
289–273 = d2  s −1 
2
1−  
d=4  s 
281. The harmonic mean of two numbers is 4. If s2 s2
their arithmetic mean A and geometric mean G s1 = 2 =
satisfy the equation 2A+G2=27, then the s − (s − 1) 2 s 2 − s2 − 1 + 2s
numbers are/oes DebkeâeW keâe njelcekeâ ceeOÙe 4 nw~ Ùeefo s2
Gvekesâ meceeblej ceeOÙe A leLee iegCeesòej ceeOÙe G, s1 =
2s − 1
meceerkeâjCe 2A+G2=27 keâes mevleg° keâjles nQ, lees Debkeâ nw
(a) 1, 3 283. If x is the first term of a geometric progression
(b) 1, 4 and the sum of its infinite terms is 1/3, then x
(c) 3, 6 lies in the interval
(d) None of the above /GheÙeg&òeâ ceW mes keâesF& veneR Ùeefo Skeâ iegCeesòej ßesÌ{er keâe ØeLece heo x leLee Fmekesâ
LT 2018 Devevle heoeW keâe Ùeesieheâue 1/3 nes, lees x nw Deblejeue
Ans : (c) efJekeâuhe mes 1 1
(a) 0 < x < (b) −1 < x <
ceevee mebKÙee (3,6) nw~ 2 4
2 × ab 1 1 2
H= (c) − < x < (d) 0 < x <
a+b 2 2 3
3× 6 × 2 LT 2018
H= = 4 (mevleg° keâjlee nw)
3+ 6 Ans : (d) iegCeesòej ßesCeer ceW Devevle heoeW keâe Ùeesie
a + b 3+ 6 9 a
meceevlej ceeOÙe A = = = S∞ = | r |< 1
2 2 2 1− r
iegCeesòej ceeOÙe G = ab = 18 = 3 2 peneB, a = ØeLece heo, r = meJee&vlej
efoÙes ieÙes meceerkeâjCe 2A+G2=27 ceW A leLee G keâe ceeve jKeves hej 1 x
leye, =
9 3 1− r
2 × + 18
2 1 1
x = − r.........(i) | r |< 1
27 = 27 {L.H.L. = R.H.L.} 3 3
∞ ∞
∴ –1<r<1
282. If ∑ r n = s,| r |< 1, then ∑ r 2n is equal to
1 1 1
n =0
∞
n=0
∞
− <− r<
3 3 3
Ùeefo ∑ r n = s,| r |< 1, lees ∑ r 2n yejeyej nw 1 1 1 1 1 1
n =0 n=0 − + < − r< +
s2 s2 3 3 3 3 3 3
(a) (b) 1 1 2
2s + 1 2s − 1 ⇒ 0< − r< (meceer. (i) mes)
2s 3 3 3
2
(c) 2 (d) s 2
s −1 0<x<
LT 2018 3
ALGEBRA 60 YCT
CLICK HERE -
284. The sum of first ten terms of the series 287. The sum of the finite series
1 1 1 1 1 1 5 + 8 + 11 + .... + 47 + 50 is–
+ + + .... is/ ßesCeer + + + .... 5 + 8 + 11 + .... + 47 + 50 Fme heefjefcele ëe=bKeuee keâe Ùeesie nw
21 77 165 21 77 165
kesâ ØeLece ome heoeW keâe Ùeesie nw (a) 442 (b) 440 (c) 244 (d) 435
10 20 30 40 DSSSB TGT (SECTION-B) 28 DEC 2014
(a) (b) (c) (d) Ans. (b) : The Given series is
129 129 129 129
LT 2018 5 + 8 + 11 + .........+ 47 + 50
Which is in A.P. with first term a = 5, last term l=50
1 1 1
Ans : (a) + + + ..... kesâ ØeLece 10 heoeW keâe Ùeesie and common difference 'd' = 3
21 77 165 Let total number of terms is n then
 1 1 1  50 − 5 l −a
 3 × 7 + 7 × 11 + 11× 15 + .....10heoesW lekeâ  n= +1 ∵n = +1
3 d
Ùeefo a=3, n=10, d=4 lees 10JeeB heo = 15 + 1 = 16
T10 = 3 + (10 − 1) × 4 = 39 16 n
∴ Sum = [5 + 50] ∵ Sn = (a + l )
1 2 2
ßesCeer keâe 10JeeB heo =
39 × 43 = 8 × 55 = 440
1 4 4 4 4 4 288. If three positive integers a, b, c are in G.P.,
 − + − + ....... – 
16  3 7 7 11 43  then log a, log b, log c are in–
1 4 4  Ùeef o a, b, c Ùen leerve Oeveelcekeâ hetCeeËkeâ iegCeesòej ßesCeers ceW
− nQ, lees log a, log b, log c FmeceW nQ
16  3 43 
(a) A.P.
1 40 × 4 10
× = (b) G.P.
16 129 129 (c) Both A.P. and G.P./A.P. Deewj G.P. oesveeW
285. The sum of the series 72+70+68+....+40 is (d) None of these/FveceW mes keâesF& veneR
ßesCeer 72+70+68+....+40 keâe Ùeesieheâue nw DSSSB TGT (SECTION-B) 28 DEC 2014
(a) 950 (b) 952 (c) 954 (d) 956
Ans. (a) : ∵ a, b, c arein G.P.
LT 2018
Ans : (b) 72+70+68+......40 keâe Ùeesieheâue nw b 2 ac
a = 72, n = ?, d= –2, l = 40 taking log on both the sides , we get
l = a+(n–1)d 2 log b = log a + log c
40 = 72+(n-1)(–2) log a + log c
⇒ log b =
−32 2
= n −1
−2 Which implies log a, log b, log c are in A.P.
n = 17 289. If log 3 81 = x, then the value of x is–
n
Sn = [ a + ℓ ] Ùeefo log 3 81 = x, nw, lees x keâe cetuÙe nw–
2
17 17 × 112 (a) 4 (b) 8
= [ 72 + 40] ⇒ , Sn =952 (c) 16 (d) 32
2 2
286. The arithmetic mean between the numbers
Ans. (b) : Given, log 3 81 = x
(x + y)2 and (x − y)2 is equal to–
(x + y)2 Deewj (x − y)2 Fve oes mebKÙeeDeeW kesâ yeerÛe keâe ( 3 )x = 81
Ùeesieelcekeâ ceeOÙe Fmekesâ yejeyej nw– 3x / 2 = 34
2 2 2
(a) x + y (b) (x + y) x
2 2
=4
(c) 2x + 2y (d) FveceW mes keâesF& veneR 2
DSSSB TGT (SECTION-B) 28 DEC 2014 x=8
a+b 3 3
Ans. (a) : Since A.M. of two numbers a and b = 290. How many terms of the G.P. 3, , , ..., are
2 2 4
(x + y)2 + (x − y)2 needed to give the sum
3069 3 3
? /3, , , ..., peer.
So, Arithmetic mean =
2 512 2 4
2 2 3069
=
2(x + y )
= x 2 + y2
heer. kesâ efkeâleves heoeW keâe Ùeesie nesiee?
512
2
ALGEBRA 61 YCT
CLICK HERE -
(a)8 19
(b)10 their sum = (10 + 190 ) = 19 × 100
2
(c)9
19 × 100
(d)None of these/FveceW mes keâesF& veneR ∴ average = = 100
DSSSB TGT (SECTION-B) 28 DEC 2014 19
293. If log 2, log (2x–1) and log (2x+3) are in
Ans. (b) : Let the number of terms is n
arithmetic progression, then x is equal to–
3069 Ùeef o log 2, log (2x–1) Deewj log (2x+3) Ùen meceevlej
whose sum in =
512 ßesCeer ceW nw, lees x Fmekesâ yejeyej nw–
Here first form (a) = 3
and common ratio r = 1/2. < 1 5 3
(a) (b)
2 2
a(1 − r n ) (c) log 5 (d) log23
Sn = 2
1− r JDD-75-PGT TIER II-X-15 28.06.2015
1
n Ans. (c) : Since log2, log(2x–1) and log (2x+3) are in
3 1− A.P.
2
3069
= then, 2 log(2 x − 1) = log 2 + log(2 x + 3)
512 1 ⇒ log(2 x − 1) 2 = log 2 + log(2 x + 3)
1−
2
n
⇒ (2 x − 1) 2 = 2(2 x + 3)
1 1023 1024 − 1023 1
1 ⇒ 22x − 2.2x + 1 = 2.2 x + 6
2 1024 1024 1024 ⇒ (2 x ) 2 − 4.2 x − 5 = 0
n 10
1 1 put 2 x = m
n 10
2 2 then, m 2 − 4m − 5 = 0
291. The limit of the sequence 0.5, 0.55, 0.555... is– (m + 1)(m − 5) = 0
0.5, 0.55, 0.555... ceeuee keâer meercee nw ⇒ (2 x + 1)(2 x − 5) = 0 (∵ m = 2 x )
(a) 5/9 But 2x + 1 ≠ 0
(b) 5 ⇒ 2x − 5 = 0 ⇒ 2 x = 5
(c) 9/5 taking log both side-
(d) none of these/Ghejesòeâ ceW mes keâesF& veneR ⇒ x log 2 = log 5
log 5
Ans. (a) : Series 0.5, 0.55, 0.555... ⇒x=
= 5(0.1, 0.11, 0.111... log 2
5  log l m 
= (0.9, 0.99, 0.999... ⇒ x = log 2 5 ∵ = log n m 
9  logl n 
5 m +1 m +1
= [ (1 − 0.1), (1 − 0.01),(1 − 0.001... a +b
9 294. For what values of m, is the
a + bm
m
5 arithmetic mean of a and b?/ a Deewj b kesâ meceevlej
= [ (1,1,1,....), ( − 0.1, − 0.01, − 0.001...)]
9
am + 1 + b m + 1
solving we get the limit =
5 ceeOÙe kesâ efueS m keâe cetuÙe keäÙee nesiee?
9 am + b m
(a) 1 (b) 0
292. The average of all multiples of 10 from 2 to 198 (c) 2 (d) FveceW mes keâesF& veneR
is–/ 2 mes 198 ceW 10 kesâ meYeer iegCepeeW keâe Deewmele nw– JDD-75-PGT TIER II-X-15 28.06.2015
(a) 90 (b) 100 Ans. (b) :
(c) 110 (d) 120 a m +1 + b m +1
JDD-75-PGT TIER II-X-15 28.06.2015 Since is the arithemetic mean of a & b.
a m + bm
Ans. (b) : The multiple of 10 from 2 to 198 are
10,20,30,- - - - -,190 a m +1 + b m +1 a + b
So, =
which form an A.Pwith , first term a m + bm 2
a=10, common difference d=10 and ⇒ 2a + 2b = a m +1 + b m +1 + ab m + a m b
m +1 m +1
last term ℓ = 190

⇒ a m +1 + b m +1 = ab m + a m b
let number of terms be n
⇒ a m +1 − a m b = ab m − b m +1
190 − 10
then, n= + 1 = 19 ⇒ a m (a − b) = b m (a − b)
10
ALGEBRA 62 YCT
CLICK HERE -
⇒ a m = bm Ans. (b) : Since a,b,c are in A.P.
m So, 2b = a + c
a
⇒   =1 ⇒ 32b = 3a + c
b
( )
2
a a
m 0
⇒ 3b = 3a .3c
⇒  = 
b b
⇒ 3b = 3a .3c
⇒ m=0 This implies that 3a,3b,3c are in G.P.
295. The sum of the first p terms of an A.P. is q and 297. The 10th common term between the
sum of the first q terms is p. Then the sum of 3+7+11+…and 1+6+11+…is–
(p+q) terms of the series is–/ A.P. kesâ henues p heoeW 3+7+11+…Deewj 1+6+11+…ëe=bKeueeDeeW kesâ yeerÛe ceW
keâe peesÌ[ q nw Deewj henues q heoeW keâe peesÌ[ p nQ, lees 10Jeeb GYeÙe heo nw–
ëe=bKeuee kesâ (p+q) heoeW keâe peesÌ[ nesiee– (a) 193 (b) 211
(a) p + q (c) 191
(b) –(p + q) (d) none of these/FveceW mes keâesF& veneR
p+q JDD-75-PGT TIER II-X-15 28.06.2015
(c)
2 Ans. (c) : Let S1 = 3 + 7 + 11 + .............
(d) none of these/FveceW mes keâesF& veneR With common difference d1=4
JDD-75-PGT TIER II-X-15 28.06.2015 & S2 = 1 + 6 + 11 + .............
Ans. (b) : Let first term of the A.P. is ‘a’ and common with common difference d2=5
difference is ‘d’, then 10th common term =
p 2q
Sp ≡ [ 2a + (p − 1)d ] = q ⇒ 2a + (p − 1)d = .....(i) L.C.M.(4,5) × (10 − 1) + first common term
2 p = 20 × (10 − 1) + 11
q 2p
And Sq ≡ [ 2a + (q − 1)d ] = p ⇒ 2a + (q − 1)d = ....(ii) = 20 × 9 + 11 = 180 + 11 = 191
2 q 298. The minimum value of the express
Subtracting (i) from (ii), we get 3x + 31− x x ∈ R is–
2q 2 − 2p2 3x + 31− x x ∈ R JÙebpekeâ keâe vÙetvelece cetuÙe nw–
(p − q)d =
pq 1
(a) 0 (b)
2(q + p) 3
d=− ........(iii)
pq (c) 3 (d) 2 3
Now sum of first (p + q) terme JDD-75-PGT TIER II-X-15 28.06.2015
p+q
Sp + q = [ 2a + (p + q − 1)d ] Ans. (d) :
∵ A.M. ≥ G.M.
2
p+q 3x + 31− x
⇒ Sp +q = [ 2a + (p − 1)d + qd ] ∴ ≥ 3x .31− x
2 2
p + q  2q  2(p + q)  ⇒ 3x + 31− x ≥ 2 3
=  – q  [ from(i)and(iii) ]
2 p  pq  Minimum value of 3x + 31− x = 2 3
p + q  2q 2(p + q)  299. In an arithmetic progression sum of terms,
= −
2  p p  equidistant from the beginning and the end is
q−p−q equal to–
= p + q  meceeblej ßesCeer ceW Meg™Deele Deewj Deble mes meceeve otjer hej
 p  jnves Jeeues heoeW keâe peesÌ[ Fmekesâ yejeyej neslee nw–
= ( p + q )( −1) (a) last term/DeeefKejer heo
Sp + q = − ( p + q ) (b) first term/henuee heo
(c) second term/otmeje heo
296. If a, b, c are in A.P., then 3a, 3b, 3c are – (d) sum of the first and last term
Ùeefo a, b, c A.P. ceW nw, lees 3a, 3b, 3c nw– Henues Deewj DeeefKejer heo keâe pees[Ì
(a) AP (b) GP JDD-75-PGT TIER II-X-15 28.06.2015
(c) HP Ans. (d) : Let first term of the A.P. is a and last term is l
(d) none of these/FveceW mes keâesF& veneR with common difference d. Then nth term from the
JDD-75-PGT TIER II-X-15 28.06.2015 beginning, (say Bn) is
ALGEBRA 63 YCT
CLICK HERE -
Bn = a + (n–1)d. Ans : (a) meceer. cos ( e x ) = 2x + 2− x .... (i)
And nth term from the end say En is
En = l +(n–1)(–d)=l – (n–1)d. meceer. ceW,
And their sum = Bn + En =[a + (n–1)d]+[l–(n–1)d] 2x + 2− x
R.H.S = ≥ 2 x ⋅ 2− x {∵ AM ≥ G.M}
=a+l 2
= sum of first and last term. = 2x + 2− x ≥ 2
1 1 1
300. ßesCeer + + + ......... kesâ 9 heoeW keâe ÙeesieHeâue nw : leLee L.H.S = cos ( ex )
2 3 6
∵ 0 ≤ cos ( e x ) ≤ 1
−5 1 −3
(a) (b) − (c) 1 (d) R.H.S leLee L.H.S mes,
6 2 2
TGT 2001 cos ( e x ) ≥ 2 Which is not possible.
Ans : (d) ßesCeer keâe ØeLece heo a =

1
meeJe&Devlej d = −
1 ∵ cos ( e x ) keâe ceeve 0 ≤ cos ( e x ) ≤ 1 kesâ yeerÛe neslee nw~
2 6 Dele: meceer. keâes keâesF& nue (MetvÙe) veneR nw~
9 1  1   −3
∴ S9 = 2 × + ( 9 − 1)  −   = 304. Gme iegCeesòej ßesCeer keâe ØeLece heo keâe keäÙee nesiee efpemekeâe
2  2  6  2 otmeje heo 2 Deewj Devevle heoeW keâe ÙeesieHeâue 8 nw?
301. Ùeefo a, b, c iegCeesòej ßesCeer ceW nes leye loga10, logb10, (a) 6 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) 1
logc10 nesieW : TGT 1999
(a) meceevlej ßesCeer (b) iegCeesòej ßesCeer Ans : (c) ceevee ØeLece a Deewj meeJe&vegheele r nw~
(c) njelcekeâ ßesCeer (d) FveceW mes keâeF& veneR ØeMveeveg meej, ar = 2......(i)
TGT 2001 a
Deewj S∞ =
Ans : (c) Ùeefo a, b, c → G.P. ceW nw~ 1− r
a
∴ b 2 = ac ...... (i) 8= ⇒ a = 8 − 8r
oesveeW he#eeW keâe DeeOeej 10 hej log uesves hej 1− r
2
log10 b 2 = log10 (ac) ⇒ a = 8 − 8× meceer. (i) mes
a
2 log10 b = log10 a + log10 c ⇒ a 2 − 8a + 16 = 0
log10 a + log10 c
⇒ (a − 4) = 0 ⇒ a = 4
2
log10 b =
2
⇒ log10 a, log10 b, log10 c meceevlej ßesCeer ceW nQ~ 1 3 7 15
305. ßesCeer + + + + ...... kesâ n heoeW keâe ÙeesieHeâue
1 1 1 2 4 8 16
∴ , , njelcekeâ ßesCeer ceW neWies~ yejeyej nesiee–
log10 a log10 b log10 c
(a) 2n − n − 1 (b) 1 − 2− n
Ùee, log a 10, log b 10, log c 10 → H.P ceW neWies~
(c) n + 2− n − 1 (d) 2n − 1
H H TGT 1999
302. Ùeefo H, P Deewj Q keâe njelcekeâ ceeOÙe nes leye +
P Q 1 3 7 15
Ans : (c) + + + + ......
keâe ceeve keäÙee nesiee ? 2 4 8 16
(a) 2 (b) PQ/P+Q 2n − 1 2 n 1
(c) P+Q/PQ (d) FveceW mes keâesF& veneR n JeeB heo Tn = n = n − n
2 2 2
TGT 2001 n
1
Ans : (a) Ùeefo H, P Deewj Q keâe njelcekeâ ceeOÙe nw leye Tn = 1 −  
2
2PQ H PQ
H= ⇒ = n 
1 
n n
P+Q 2 P+Q n heoebs keâe ÙeesieHeâue Sn = ∑ Tn = ∑ 1 −   
n =1 n =1 
  2  
2 P+Q 2 1 1 H H n n n
= ⇒ = + ⇒ + =2 1
H PQ H P Q P Q = ∑ ∑
n =1
1− 2
n =1  
303. meceer. cos ( e ) = 2 + 2
x x −x
kesâ JeemleefJekeâ nueeW keâer
1 1 
n
mebKÙee nw : 1 −   
2   2  
(a) 0 (b) 1 =n− 
(c) 2 (d) Devevle 1
1−
TGT 2001 2
ALGEBRA 64 YCT
CLICK HERE -
1 1  1 1 1
−1 ⇒ , , are in H.P
2  2n  log λ a log λ b log λ c
=n+ = n + 2− n − 1 ⇒ log a λ,log b λ,log c λ are in H.P
1
2 309. x1/ 2 .x1/ 4 .x1/ 6 .x1/ 8 .x1/16 .........to ∞ is equal to:
a 1 1 x1/ 2 .x1/ 4 .x1/ 6 .x1/ 8 .x1/16 .........to ∞ yejeyej nw
306. Ùeefo a, b, c, A.P. ceW nw leye , , neWies~
bc c b (a) 0 (b) 1
(a) A.P. (b) G.P. (c) x (d) ∞
(c) H.P. (d) FveceW mes keâesF& veneR PGT 2011
TGT 1999 Ans : (c) x1/ 2 .x1/ 4 .x1/ 6 .x1/8 .x1/16 . ........... ∞
Ans : (a) a, b,c → A.P. ceW nQ 1 1 1 1
+ + + +.........∞
∴bc mes Yeeie osves hej = x 2 4 8 16
1/ 2
a b c
, , → A.P. ceW neWies 1−
1 1/ 2
bc bc bc = = x 1/ 2 = x
x 2 (sum of infinite term of G.P.)
a 1 1 310. The sum of all two digit odd numbers is
⇒ , , → A.P. ceW nesies
bc c b meYeer oes DebkeâeW keâer efJe<ece mebKÙeeDeeW keâe Ùeesie nw~
1 1 1 (a) 2475 (b) 2530
307. If , , , are in A.P. then (c) 4905 (d) 5049
b+c c+a a+b
PGT 2011
1 1 1
Ùeefo , , , A.P.ceW nQ leye Ans : (a) Two digit odd numbers are
b+c c+a a+b 11, 13, 15, .............. 99
(a) a,b,c are in A.P. From l = a+(n–1) d
(b) a2, b2, c2 are in A.P. ⇒ 99 = 11+(n–1)2
1 1 1 88
(c) , , are in A.P. ⇒ n–1=
a b c 2
(d) None of these. ⇒ n = 44 +1 = 45
PGT 2010, 2011 ⇒ n = 45
1 1 1 n
Ans : (b) ∵ ,
b+c c+a a+b
, are A.P. Sum = Sn = [ 2a + (n − 1)d ]
2
1 1 1 1 45
− = − ⇒ S45 = [ 2 × 11 + 44 × 2] = 45×55
a +c b+c a+b c+a 2
b+c−c−a c+a −a −b S45 = 2475
⇒ =
( c + a )( b + c ) ( a + b )( c + a )
311. efkeâmeer iegCeesòej ßesCeer ceW Ùeefo (m+n)Jeeb heo 16nes Deewj
⇒
( b − a ) = (c − b) (m–n)Jeeb heo 4 nes, lees m Jeeb heo nesiee?
( b + c) ( b + a ) (a) 8 (b) 6 (c) 12 (d) 10
⇒ b2–a2 = c2–b2 PGT 2013
⇒ 2b2= a2+c2 Ans : (a) Tm + n = ar m + n −1 = 16..........(i)
2
a +c 2
Tm − n = ar m − n −1 = 4...........(ii)
⇒ b2 =
2 meceerkeâjCe (i) kesâ meceerkeâjCe (ii) mes Yeeie osves hej
⇒ a2, b2, c2 are in A.P.
ar m+ n−1 16
=
308. If a, b, c are in G.P. then loga λ ,logb λ ,logc λ ar m −n −1 4
are in/ Ùeefo a, b, c iegCeesòej ßesCeer ceW nQ leye r 2n = 4 = 22
loga λ ,logb λ ,logc λ neWies– leye r = 2, Deewj n = 1
(a) A.P. (b) G.P. ar m+1−1 = 16
(c) H.P (d) None of these
ar m = 16
PGT 2011
ar m 16
Ans : (c) Since a,b,c are in G.P. Tm = ar m−1 = = =8
⇒ b2 = ac r 2
Taking log on both the sides on these base λ, we get 312. Ùeefo oes mebKÙeeDeeW keâe meceeveevlej ceeOÙe 16 nw leLee
2log λ b = log λ a + log λ c
63
⇒ log λ a,log λ b,log λ c are in A.P njelcekeâ ceeOÙe nw ~ lees Gvekeâe iegCeesòej ceeOÙe nw:
4
ALGEBRA 65 YCT
CLICK HERE -
(a) 3 (b) 6 3 (a) 1 (b) 2
(c) 3 (d) 4
(c) 7 (d) 6 7 PGT 2010
PGT 2013 Ans : (b) ceevee efkeâ ›eâceMe: Ûeej heo Fme Øekeâej kesâ nQ
Ans : (d) ceevee oes mebKÙeeSB a leLee b nw a–3d, a–d, a+d, a+3d lees a–3d+a–d+a+d+a+3d= 28
a+b 2ab 63 4a = 28 ⇒ a = 7
leye, = 16 , =
(a–3d)2+(a–d)2+(a+d)2+(a+3d)2 = 216
2 a+b 4
63 a2+9d2–6ad+a2+d2–2ad+a2+d2+2ad+a2+9d2+6ad= 216
a + b = 32 2ab = × 32 4a2+20d2= 216
4 (7)2–20d2=216
ab = 63 × 8 20d2= 20
lees iegCeesòej ceeOÙe · 63 × 4 = 6 7 d2=1 ⇒ d = ±1
313. The third term of Geometric Progression is 4. ßesCeer (7–3), (7–1), (7+1), (7+3)
The product of first five terms is 4, 6, 8, 10
Ùeefo efkeâmeer iegCeesòej ßesCeer keâe leermeje heo 4 nw lees henues oes heoeW keâes Devlej = 2
heebÛe heoeW keâe iegCee nw 316. If a, b, c are in harmonic progression, then
(a) 43 (b) 45 2a–b, b, 2c –b are in/ Ùeefo a, b, c njelcekeâ ßesCeer ceW
(c) 43 (d) FveceW mes keâesF& veneR nes, lees 2a – b, b, 2c –b nesieer
PGT 2010 (a) Geometric progresssion / iegCeelcekeâ ßesCeer
Ans : (b) iegCeesòej ßesCeer kesâ heeBÛe heo ›eâceMe: (b) Arithmetic progresssion / meceevlej ßesCeer
a a (c) Harmonic progression / njelcekeâ ßesCeer
, ,a,ar,ar 2
r2 r (d) None of these / FveceW mes keâesF& veneR
leermeje heo a = 4 PGT 2009
heeBÛeeW heoeW keâe iegCeveheâue Ans : (a) a, b, c are in H.P.
= a5 ⇒ 4 5 2ac
then, b =
314. If three numbers are in H.P. and if sum of their a+c
reciprocals is 15 and product of their given = 2a – b, b, 2c – b
reciprocals is 80, then the numbers are  2ac  2ac  2ac 
Now,  2a −  , ,  2c −
Ùeefo leerve mebKÙeeÙeW njelcekeâ ßesCeer ceW nw Deewj Ùeefo Gvekesâ  a+c a+c  a + c 
efJeueesceeW keâe Ùeesie 15 nw SJeb Gvekesâ efJeueesceeW keâe  a + c − c  2ac  a +c−a 
iegCeveheâue 80 nw lees mebKÙeeÙeW neWieer- = 2a   , ,2c  
 a+c  a+c  a+c 
1 1 1 1 1 1
(a) , , (b) , , 2a 2 2ac 2c 2
3 6 9 2 4 8 = , .
1 1 1 1 1 1 a+c a +c a+c
(c) , , (d) , , So that
3 5 7 2 5 8
 2ac   2c  2a 
2 2 2
PGT 2010
 a + c  =  a + c 
 
Ans : (d) Let a – d, a, a + b in A.P.     a + c 
1 1 1
and , , in H.P. 4a 2 c 2 4a 2c 2
a −d a a +d = =
According to question ( a + c )2 ( a + c )2
a – d + a + a + d = 15 2a – b, b, 2c – b are in G.P.
3a = 15 317. If 5th term of an H.P. is 7 and 7th term is 5,
a=5 then its 12th term is/Ùeefo heeBÛeJeeB heo efkeâmeer njelcekeâ
II Condition ßesCeer keâe 7 nw Deewj meeleJeeB heo 5 nes lees yeejnJeeB heo nesiee
(a2 – d2)a = 80
2 12
(25 – d2) = 16 (a) (b) −
d2 = 9 35 35
d=3 12 35
(c) (d)
then the number are, 2, 5, 8 35 12
315. If the sum of four consecutive terms of an A.P. PGT 2005
is 28 and the sum of their squares is 216, then Ans : (d) 5 th
term of a H.P. is =7 ⇒ 5 th
term of an
the difference of two terms will be/ Ùeefo Skeâ A.P. =
1
DebkeâieefCeleerÙe ßesCeer kesâ ›eâceMe: Ûeej heoeW keâe Ùeesie 28 nw 7
leLee Gvekesâ JeieeX keâe Ùeesie 216 nes lees Gvekesâ oes heoeW ceW and 7th term of a H.P. is =5 ⇒ 7th term ofan A.P. = 1
Deblej nesiee 5
ALGEBRA 66 YCT
CLICK HERE -
Let the first term is a and common difference is d in the A.P. 1 1 
1 = n(n + 1) −  (n − 1)(n) 
then, a + 4d = ................(i) 2  2 
7 1 1
1 = n[n + 1 − (n − 1)] = n [2] = n
and a + 6d = ................(ii) 2 2
5 320. The harmonic mean of the roots of the equation
1 1 (5 + 2 ) x 2 − (4 + 5 ) x + 8 + 2 5 = 0 is
⇒ d= and a =
35 35 (a) 2 (b) 4 (c) 6 (d) 8
∴ 12th term in A.P. = a+11d PGT 2004
1 1 12
= + 11× = Ans : (b) ceevee meceerkeâjCe kesâ cetue a leLee b nw~
35 35 35
35 4+ 5
∴ 12th term in H.P. = cetueesb keâe Ùeesie (a + b) =
12 5+ 2
318. If a, b, c are in G.P. and x, y are arithmetric 8+2 5
a c
cetuees keâe iegCee (ab) =
means of a, b and b, c respectively then + 5+ 2
x y 2ab
is equal to njelcekeâ ceeOÙe =
a+b
(a) 2 (b) 3
8+2 5
(c) 4 (d) 1
PGT 2004
2
= 5+ 2 =
(
16 + 4 5 4 4 + 5
=
) =4
Ans : (a) According to given condition let x be the 4+ 5 4+ 5 ( 4+ 5 )
a+b 5+ 2
A.M. of a,b and y be the A.M of b,c then x =
2 321. What is the sum of the series upto n terms
b+c
and y = 1+4+8+13+19+26+….n terms?
2 n ( n 2 + 6n − 1) n ( n 2 − 6n + 1)
And it is also given that a,b,c are in G.P. this implies that (a) (b)
ac = b2 6 6
a c a c n ( n − 6n − 1)
2
n ( n − n − 1)
2
Now, + = + (c) (d)
x y a+b b+c 6 6
2 2 PGT 2003
=
2a
+
2c Ans : (a) S = 1 + 4 + 8 + 13 + 19 + 26 + ..... + Tn ......(i)
a+b b+c S = 1 + 4 + 8 + 13 + 19 + 26 + ......... + Tn−1 + Tn .....(ii)
2ab + 2ac + 2ac + 2bc
= Deye IešeFS
ab + ac + b 2 + bc
Tn = 1 + {3 + 4 + 5 + 6 + 7 + ...........}
2(ab + ac + b 2 + bc)
=
ab + ac + b 2 + bc
( ∵ ac = b) 2
1
= 1 + ( n − 1) {6+ ( n − 2 ),1}
2
a c
⇒ + =2 1
= 1 + ( n − 1)( n + 4 )
x y
2
1 1
Tn = ( n 2 + 3n − 2)
2 2 3 2
319. If (1 – t1) + (2 – t2) +.…+ (n – tn)= n(n –1),
3 2
then tn is equal to 1 3
n S = ∑ Tn = ∑ n 2 + ∑ n − Σ1
(a) (b) n - 1 2 2
2 n
(c) n + 1 (d) n = ( n 2 + 6n − 1)
6
PGT 2004
1 322. What is the sum of the series upto n terms
Ans : (d) Sn = Σn 2 − Σt n = n(n 2 − 1) 4+44+444+… n terms?
3
1
6
1
n(n + 1)(2n + 1) − Σtn = n(n2 − 1)
3
(a) ( 40
81
)
1 − 10 −
n 4n
9
(b) (
40
81
n
)
10 − 1 −
4n
9
1
Σtn = n(n + 1)
2 (c) ( 40
81
) n
10 − 1 (d) None of these
tn = Σtn − Σtn −1 PGT 2003
ALGEBRA 67 YCT
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th 326. If a, b, c, d, e, f are arithmetic mean between 2
Ans : (b) ceevee Sn = 4 + 44 + 444 + ................n heo and 12. Then a+b+c+d+e+f is equal to :
(
= 4 1+11+111+.......................+ nthheo ) (a) 14
(c) 84
(b) 42
(d) None of these
(4
= 9+99+999+..................+ nthheo
9 ) Ans : (b) If a, b, c, d, e, f are arithmetic mean between
PGT 2000
(4
= (10−1)+(100−1)+(1000−1)+...........+ nthheo
9 ) 2and 12
i.e. 2, a, b, c, d, e, f 12 are in A.P.
= {(4
9 ) ( )}
10+100+1000+...........nth heo − 1+1+1t .......nth heo
If a, b, c, d are in → A.P.
then, b+c = 2
(a + d)
= 
(

4  10 10 −1) n 

−nheo  = ( 40 n
)
10 −1 − n
4
2
and if a, b, c, d, e, → A.P. then
9  10−1 81 9


 a +e
b + c + d = 3. 
323. For a real number x, [x] denotes the integral  2 
part of x, The value of: ∴ If 2, a, b, c, d, e, f, 12 are in A.P. then
1 1 1  1 2   1 99   2 + 12 
 2  +  2 + 100  +  2 + 100  + .....  2 + 100  is a+b+c+d+e+f = 6.  = 42
         2 
(a) 49 (b) 50 (c) 48 (d) 51 DeLeJee
PGT 2002 2 + a + b + c + d + e + f + 12
Ans : (b) From meceevlej ßesCeer ceW nw~
1  1 1  1 2  1 3   1 99  n
 2  +  2 + 100  +  2 + 100  +  2 + 100  + ........  2 + 100  leye, Sn = [ a + l ]
          2
each term is less then 1 to 50 peneB, n = 8, a = 2, l = 12
1 1 1   1 49 
 2  +  2 + 100  + ......  2 + 100  = 0
8
S8 = [ 2 + 12]
2
 1 50   1 51   1 99  S8 = 4 × 14 = 56
from  2 + 100  +  2 + 100  + ...... +  2 + 100  each Dele: 2 + a + b + c + d + e + f + 12 = 56
term has a value greater than 1 except a + b + c + d + e + f = 56 – 14
 1 50  a + b + c + d + e + f = 42
 2 + 100  = [1] = 1 from 50 to 99 each gives a value 1 327. The sum of the progression
then 9 15
3+ +6+ + .....25 is:
1 1 1   1 99  2 2
 2  +  2 + 100  + .......  2 + 100  = 1 + 1 + 1 + ...... + 50 (a) 523 (b) 524 (c) 525 (d) 520
times = 50 PGT 2000
9 15
1 1 2 Ans : (c) ßesCeer 3 + + 6 + + ..... kesâ 25 heoeW keâe Ùeesieheâue
324. If + = then a, b, c are in: 2 2
log a log c log b
3
(a) A.P. (b) G.P. ØeLece heo a= 3, meeJe&Devlej d =
(c) H.P. (d) None of these 2
PGT 2002 ∴ ßesCeer ceW 25 heoeW keâe Ùeesieheâue
1 1 2 25 25  3
Ans : (c) If + = then S25 =  2a + ( 25 − 1) × d  =  2 × 3 + ( 24 ) × 
log a log c log b 2 2  2
2log a × log c 25
log b = ⇒ log a,log b,log c → arein H.P. = × 42 = 25×21= 525
log a + log c 2
325. If log a, log b, log c are in A.P., then a, b, c are in : 328. The sum of n term of A.P. is:
(a) A.P. (b) G.P. n
(c) H.P. (d) None of these (a) Sn =  2a + ( n − 1) d 
2
PGT 2002
n
Ans : (b) If loga, logb and logc are in A.P. (b) Sn =  2a + ( n − 1) d 
then, 2logb = loga + logc 3
2
log(b) = log(ac) (c) Sn = n  2a + ( n − 1) d 
2
b = ac (d) None of these
then a,b,c, are in G.P. PGT 2000
ALGEBRA 68 YCT
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Ans : (a) meceevlej ßesCeer kesâ n heoeW keâe Ùeesieheâue efpemeceW ØeLece heo then aX+bY=m .......(i)
a leLee meeJe&Devlej d nes~ & bX+aY = n ........ (ii)
multiplying (i) by a and (ii) by b and subtracting them,
n
Sn =  2a + ( n − 1) d  we get
2 a2X+abY= am
Ùeefo Deefvlece heo l efoÙee nes leye n heoeW keâe Ùeesieheâue _b2X+abY= _bn
n (a2–b2)X = am–bn
Sn = [ a + l ]
2 am − bn
X= 2
329. Any A.P. of 50th terms the last terms is 101 and a − b2
common difference is 2 the First term is: 1 am − bn a 2 − b2
(a) 3 (b) 2 (c) 5 (d) 1 ⇒ = 2 ⇒ x=
PGT 2000 x a −b 2
am − bn
Ans : (a) ceevee meceevlej ßesCeer keâe ØeLece heo a nw~ a −b
2 2
& similarly y =
ØeMveevegmeej, an − bm
Deefvlece heo = 101= 50 heo leLee meeJe&Devlej d= 2
th a 2
− b 2
∴ l = a+(n–1)×d ⇒ 101= a+(50–1)×2 y an − bm y ma − nb

∴ = 2 ⇒ =
⇒ a =3 x a −b 2
x na − mb
th th th am − bn
330. If a, b, c are the p , q and r terms 3 3 3
respectively of an arithmetic progression and 332. If x , y , z are in A.P.; logxy, logzx, logyz are in
th th th
also the p , q and r terms of a geometric G.P. and xyz = 64, then x, y and z are
progression, then ab–c bc–a ca–b is equal to Ùeefo x3, y3, z3 me.ßes. ceW nQ; logxy, logzx, logyz ieg.ßes.
Ùeefo ›eâceMe: a, b, c Skeâ meceevlej ßesCeer kesâ pJeW, qJeW ceW nQ, leLee xyz = 64 lees x, y leLee z nQ:
Deewj rJeW heo nQ leLee Skeâ iegCeesòej ßesCeer kesâ Yeer pJeW, qJeW (a) in A.P. only /kesâJeue me.ßes. ceW
Deewj rJeW heo nQ, lees ab–c bc–a ca–b yejeyej nw (b) in G.P. only /kesâJeue ieg.ßes. ceW
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) both in A.P. and G.P. /oesveeW me.ßes. leLee ieg.ßes. ceW
(c) abc (d) (abc)a+b+c (d) Neither in A.P. nor in G.P. /ve lees me.ßes. ceW ve ner
Rajasthan TGT 2016 ieg.ßes. ceW
Ans : (b) Let A be the first term and D be the common Rajasthan TGT 2016
difference. then
Ans : (c) Given that x3, y3, z3 are is A.P.
a = A + (p − 1)D  b − c = (q − r)D ∴ 2y3= x3+z3

b = A + (q − 1)D  ⇒ c − a = (r − p)D and log x y, log z x, log y z are in G.P.

c = A + (r − 1)D  a − b = (p − q)D ( log z x ) = log x y.log y z = log x z
2
Let B be the first term and R be the common ratio of

( log z x ) = log x z
2
the G.P.
a= BRp–1, b= BRq–1, c = BRr–1 ( )
∵ log x y log y z = log x z
then
(p − q )D 1
( )
a b − c bc − a c a − b = BR p −1
(q − r )D
( )
. BR q −1
(r − p)D
( )
. BR r −1 log z x =
log z x
= B0 R 0 = ( BR )
0
log x log x = 1
z z
a b −c .b c− a .ca − b = 1 1+
1
( log z x ) 2 =1
a b b a y log z x = 1 ⇒
331. If + = m and + = n , then is equal to x=z
x y x y x and given that xyz= 64 ...............(i)
a b b a y yx2= 64 ................(ii)
Ùeefo + = m leLee + = n lees yejeyej nw
x y x y x ∵ 2y3 = x3+z3 = x3+x3
ma + nb ma − nb 2y3 = 2x3
(a) (b) y=x
na + mb na + mb
Therefore yx2 = 64 .................(ii)
ma − nb ma + nb
(c) (d) ⇒x3 = 64
na − mb na − mb ⇒x = 4
Rajasthan TGT 2016 Hence x= y = z = 4
a b b a x+z
Ans : (c) Given that, + = m & + = n ∴ y=
x y x y 2
let
1
= X,
1
=Y and y = xz Holds
x y Hence x, y, z are both in AP & G.P.
ALGEBRA 69 YCT
CLICK HERE -
333. Ùeefo y = x − x 2 + x 3 − x4 + ....., lees... then the option C is available so that
1, 64 b/w two geometric means
If y = x − x 2 + x 3 − x4 + ....., then 4 and 16
(a) x = y − y 2 + y3 − y 4 + ....... 336. The A.M. G.M. and H.M. between two positive
2 3 4 numbers a and b are equal, then–
(b) x = y + y + y + y + .......
oes Oeveelcekeâ mebKÙeeDeeW a leLee b kesâ A.M, G.M leLee
(c) x = − y + y 2 − y3 + y4 + ....... H.M meceeve nw, lees–
2 3 4
(d) x = − y − y − y − y + ....... (a) ab = 1 (b) a > b
(c) a < b (d) a = b
Rajasthan TGT 2015 KVS TGT DEC 2017
Ans. (b) : Given that Ans. (d) : two positive number a and b
y = x − x 2 + x 3 − x 4 + ....., a+b
A. M. =
x 2
y= (sum of infinite G.P.)
1+ x G.M. = ab
= y + yx = x 2ab
y = x(1 − y) H.M. =
a+b
y A.M. = G.M. = H.M.
x= a+b 2ab
1− y = ab =
2 a+b
then x = y + y 2 + y3 ........
Ùen leYeer mecYeJe nw peye a Deewj b meceeve nes~
334. If the mean of a, b, c is M and ab + bc = –ca, DeLee&le
then mean of a2, b2, c2 is-
Ùeefo a, b, c keâe ceeOÙe M nes leLee ab + bc = –ca, lees a=b
a , b , c keâe ceeOÙe nw–
2 2 2
337. If x, 2x+2, 3x+3, are in GP, then the fourth
(a) M2 (b) 3M2 term is–/Ùeefo x, 2x+2, 3x+3, Skeâ iegCeesòej ßesÌ{er ceW
(c) 6M2 (d) 9M2 nQ, lees Fmekeâe ÛeewLee heo nw–
Rajasthan TGT 2013 (a) 27 (b) –27
Ans : (b) 27 27
(c) (d) −
∵ a 2 + b 2 + c 2 = (a + b + c) 2 − 2(ab + bc + ca) 2 2
Given that mean of a,b,c is M KVS TGT DEC 2017
a+b+c Ans. (d) : x, 2x+2, 3x+3
i.e., =M then,
3
⇒ a + b + c = 3M 2(x + 1) 3(x + 1)
=
and also ab+bc+ca = 0 x 2(x + 1)
then mean of a 2 , b 2 , c 2 ie., 2(x + 1) 3
=
a 2 + b 2 + c 2 (a + b + c)2 − 2(ab + bc + ca) x 2
= x = − 4
3 3
then series x, 2x + 2, 3x + 3
(3M) 2 − 2 × 0 –4, –6, –9
=
3 t n = ar n −1
a 2 + b 2 + c2
= 3M2 3
3
27 −27
3 t n = −4 = −4 × =
thus mean of a + b + c = 3M
2 2 2 2 2 8 2
335. The two geometric means between 1 and 64 are 338. If x, y, z, are in AP, then the value of (x+y–z)
1 leLee 64 kesâ ceOÙece oes iegCeesòej ceeOÙece nw– (y+z–x) is–/ Ùeefo x, y, z, Skeâ meceeblej ßesÌ{er ceW nQ, lees
(a) 1 and 64 (b) 8 and 16 (x+y–z) (y+z–x) keâe ceeve nw:
(c) 4 and 16 (d) 3 and 16 (a) 8yz–3y2 – 4z2 (b) 4xz + 3y2
2 2
KVS TGT DEC 2017 (c) 8xy + 4x –3y (d) 8xz – 3y2
Ans. (c) : two geometric means between 1 and 64 take KVS TGT DEC 2017
the option. Ans. (a) : x, y, z are in A.P.
1, 4, 16, 64 then 2y = x + z
the geometric series x = 2y – z .................(i)
2 3
a, ar, ar , ar (x + y - z) (y + z – x)
then, a = 1, r = 4 Put the value of x equation (i)
1, 1 × 4, 1 × 42 , 1 × 43 , (2y - z + y – z) (y + z – 2y + z)
ALGEBRA 70 YCT
CLICK HERE -
(3y – 2z) (–y + 2z) 2 1 1
3y2 + 2zy + 6yz – 4z2 k y = k x .k z

2 1+1
8yz − 3y 2 − 4z 2 ky = kx z
2 1 1 2xz
339. If the progressions 3, 10, 17, ......and 63, 65, ⇒ = + ⇒y=
67,........ are such that their's nth terms are y x z x+z
equal. then n is equal to–/ Ùeefo ßesefÌ{ÙeeB 3, 10, 17,
342. The following three consecutive terms
..... leLee 63, 65, 67 ............ Fme Øekeâej keâer Gvekesâ n JeW 1 1 1
heo meceeve nQ, lees n keâe ceeve nw– , , are in
1 + x 1 - x 1 - x
(a) 13 (b) 15 (c) 9 (d) 8
KVS TGT DEC 2017 1 1 1
efvecve leerve ›eâceeiele heo , , neWies
Ans. (a) : Series 3, 10, 17, .............are in A.P. 1+ x 1 - x 1- x
and 63, 65, 67 ....................... are in A.P. (a) A.P./ A.P.ceW
nth terms are equal
(b) G.P./ G.P.ceW
then,
a + (n–1)d = A + ( N–1) D ∴[ n = N ] (c) H.P./ H.P.ceW
3 + (n–1) 7 = 63 + (n–1)2 (d) None of the above/GheÙeg&òeâ ceW mes keâesF& veneR
7n – 4 = 2n + 61 (GIC) ØeJeòeâe hejer#ee, 2015
5n = 65
Ans. (a) : The consecutive terms are
n = 13
1 1 1
340. efJeefYevve Oeveelcekeâ ceeveeW kesâ mecegÛÛeÙe kesâ efueS efvecve ceW , ,
1+ x 1- x 1- x
mes melÙe nw–
1 1 1
(a) AM ≥ GM ≥ HM (b) HM ≥ GM ≥ AM Let A= , B= , C=
(c) AM > GM > HM (d) GN > AM > HM 1+ x 1− x 1− x
TGT 2011 1 1 1− x +1+ x 2
Ans : (c) ceevee a Deewj b oes Oeveelcekeâ mebKÙee nQ~ DeLee&le a, b > 0 ⇒ A + C = 1 + x + 1 − x = =
a+b 2ab
1+ x 1− x( )( 1− x )
rleye AM = ,GM = ab leLee H.M =
2 a+b A + C = 2B
a+b a+b−2 a b 1 1 1
∴ AM − GM = − ab = ∴ , , are in arthmetic progression.
2 2 1+ x 1- x 1- x
( a) +( b) ( )
2 2 2
−2 a b a− b 343. If a, b, c are three positive unequal numbers in
= = >0
2 2 Harmonic progression, then which one of the
∴ AM>GM ……. (i) following is correct?/Ùeefo a, b, c leerve Oeveelcekeâ
Fmeer Øekeâej GM–HM = ab −
2ab Demeceeve mebKÙeeSB njelcekeâ ßesCeer ceW nQ, lees efvecveefueefKele
a+b ceW keâewve mee keâLeve mener nw?
=
ab 
a + b − 2 ab  (a) a5+c5>3b5 (b) a5+c5>2b5
a+b   (c) a5+c5>b5 (d) a5+c5>b5
(GIC) ØeJeòeâe hejer#ee, 2015
ab
( )
2
= a − b >0
a+b Ans. (b) : We have a,b,c are in H.P.
⇒ GM>HM ……..(ii) ∴ G>H
meceer. (i) leLee (ii) mes, ac > b
AM > GM > HM 1 1
341. Ùeefo a = b = c Deewj b =ac leye y=

x y z 2 a .c 2 > b
2
5 5
xz xz ⇒ a 2 .c 2 > b5 ................. (i)
(a) (b)
x+y 2( x − z) 2
 5
 5
xz 2xz ∵ a − c  > 0
2 2
(c) (d)  
2(z − x ) z+x
5 5
TGT 2011 ⇒ a 5 + c5 − 2a 2 .c 2 > 0
Ans : (d) a x = b y = c z = k 5 5
1 1 1 ⇒ a 5 + c5 > 2a 2 .c 2
⇒ a = k ,b = k ,c = k
x y z
leLee b =ac mes

2 ⇒ a 5 + c5 > 2b 5 {From (i)}
ALGEBRA 71 YCT
CLICK HERE -
344. If in an A.P. pth term is q and th qth term is p. henues efJekeâuhe mes– 9S22 = S3 (1 + 8S1 )
then which term will be zero? 2
Ùeefo efkeâmeer meceevlej ßesCeer keâe pJeeB heo q Deewj qJeeB heo  n(n + 1)(2n + 1) 
L.H.S. 9S22 = 9  
p nw, lees keâewve mee heo MetvÙe nesiee?  6 
(a) (p + 1) th term / (p + 1) JeeB
heo 9n 2 (n + 1) 2 (2n + 1)2 n 2 (n + 1) 2 (2n + 1) 2
= =
th
(b) (q + 1) term / (q + 1) JeeB heo 36 4
R.H.S.= S3 (1 + 8S1 )
(c) (p − q) th term / (p − q) JeeB heo
n 2 (n + 1)  n ( n + 1) 
2
(d) (q + p) th term / (q + p) JeeB heo = 1 + 8 

4  2 
2 2
Ans. (d) : Let a be the first term and d be the common = n (n + 1) 1 + 4n 2 + 4n  = n (n + 1) × 1 + ( 2n )2 + 2.2n.1
2 2
difference 4   4  
Then Tp= a+(p–1)d ⇒ a+(p–1) d= q ..... (i) n (n + 1) ( 2n + 1)
2 2 2
Tq= a+(q–1)d ⇒ a+(q–1) d= p ..... (ii) =

Solving (i) and (ii), we get 4
a = p+q–1 and d= –1 Dele: L.H.S.= R.H.S.
∴ Tp+q = (p+q–1)+(p+q–1)(–1) 347. Ùeefo p, q, r, s iegCeesòej ßesCeer ceW nes, leye
= (p+q–1)–(p+q–1) = 0 1 1 1
345. If a, 4, b are in AP and a, 2, b are in GP, then , 2 , 2 2 nesieW–
p +q q +r r +s
2 2 2
a, 1, b are in–/ Ùeefo a, 4, b AP ceW neW leLee a, 2, b
(a) A.P. (b) G.P.
GP ceW neW, leye a, 1, b neWies– (c) H.P. (d) FveceW mes keâesF& veneR
(a) AP (b) GP TGT 2013
(c) HP (d) GheÙeg&òeâ ceW mes keâesF& veneR
Ans : (b) Ùeefo p, q, r, s iegCeesòej ßesCeer ceW nQ, leye
q r s q 2 r 2 s2
Ans. (c) : Given that a, 4, b are in A.P. = = ⇒ 2 = 2 = 2
a+b p q r p q r
⇒ =4 ⇒ (a + b) = 8 ..... (i) meceeveg h eele ef v eÙece mes ,
2
and a, 2, b are in G.P. q 2 + r 2 r 2 + s2
=
⇒ 2 = ab p2 + q2 q 2 + r 2
⇒ ab = 4 ...... (ii) p2 + q2 q 2 + r 2
divide eqn (i) by eqn (ii), we get ⇒ 2 2 = 2 2
a+b 8 q +r r +s
= 1
ab 4 1
q2 + r2
= r +s
1 1 2 2
⇒ + =2 ⇒
b a 1 1
1 1 p2 + q 2 q 2 + r 2
⇒ + =2
a b 1 1 1
⇒ a, 1, b are in H.P. ⇒ 2 , , Yeer iegCeesòej ßesCeer ceW neWies~
p + q2 q 2 + r 2 r 2 + s2
346. Ùeefo ØeLece Øeeke=âeflekeâ mebKÙeeDeeW keâe ÙeesieHeâue S1 Gvekesâ 348. If y = x +x2 + x3 + ......∞, x is positive and less
Jeieex keâe ÙeesieHeâue S2 leLee Gvekesâ IeveeW keâe ÙeesieHeâue S3 than 1, then
nw~ leye S1, S2 leLee S3 ceW keâewve-mee mecyevOe nesiee– Ùeef o y = x +x2+ x3 + ......∞, peneB x Oeveelcekeâ Deewj 1
(a) 9S22 = S3 (1 + 8S1 ) (b) 9S22 = S3 (1 − 8S1 ) mes Úesše, lees
y 1
(c) 9S2 = S1 (1 − 5S3 )
2
(d) 9S2 = S1 (1 + 5S3 )
2
(a) x = (b) x =
1+ y 1+ y
TGT 2013
Ans : (a) ØeLece n Øeeke=âeflekeâ mebKÙeeDeeW keâe ÙeesieHeâue y
(c) x = (d) FveceW mes keâesF& veneR
n(n + 1) 1− y
S1 = TGT 2010
2
ØeLece n Øeeke=âeflekeâ mebKÙeeDeeW kesâ JeieeX keâe ÙeesieHeâue Ans : (a) y = x+x 2
+x 3
+.......+ ∞
n(n + 1)(2n + 1)
Ùen iegCeesòej ßesCeer (G.P.) kesâ Devevle heoeW keâe Ùeesieheâue nw~
S2 = x
6 ∴y = ⇒ y − yx = x
ØeLece n Øeeke=âeflekeâ mebKÙeeDeeW kesâ IeveeW keâe Ùeesie 1 − x
n 2 ( n + 1) y
2 2
 n(n + 1)  ⇒ x=
S3 =   = 1+ y
 2  4
ALGEBRA 72 YCT
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349. If ax = by = cz and a,b,c are in G.P. then x,y,z  log m 
are in/ Ùeefo ax = by = cz Deewj a,b,c iegCeesòej ßesCeer ceW ⇒ log n 2 = log ℓ m [ log ℓ n ] ∵ = log ℓ m 
nw, leye x,y,z nesieW  log ℓ 
log ℓ m
(a) A.P. (b) G.P. ⇒ log n 2
= log( ℓ n)
(c) H.P. (d) FveceW mes keâesF& veneR
⇒ n 2 = (ℓ n) log ℓ m
TGT 2010
Ans : (c) ceevee ax = by = cz =k 353. If a, b and c be respectively the p th, q th and r
th terms of a G.P., then aq–r br–p cp–q=
⇒ a = k1/ x , b = k1/ y , c = k1/ z Ùeefo a, b leLee c ›eâceMe: iegCeesòej ßesCeer kesâ pJes, qJes
∵ a,b,c iegCeesòej ßesCeer ceW nQ~
∴ b2 = ac
leLee rJeW heo nQ, leye aq-r br-p c p-q =
1 1 (a) 0 (b) 1
( ) ( )( )
+
2
k1/ y = k1/ x k1/ z ⇒ k 2 / y = k x z (c) –1 (d) FveceW mes keâesF& veneR
TGT 2010
2 x+z 2xz Ans : (b) ceevee iegCeesòej ßesCeer keâe ØeLece heo A leLee meeJe&vegheele R nw~
⇒ = ⇒y=
y xz x+z ØeMveevegmeej,
⇒ x, y, z njelcekeâ ßesCeer (H.P.) ceW nesieW~ PJeeB heo, AR p −1 = a ⇒ a q − r = A q − r R (p −1)(q − r)
350. If logx a, ax/2 and logb x are in G.P., then x = qJeeB heo, AR q −r = b ⇒ b r −p = A r −p R (q −1)(r −p)
Ùeefo logx a, ax/2 Deewj logb x iegCeesòej ßesCeer ceW nes leye x=
(a) loga(logb a) rJeeB heo, AR r −1 = c ⇒ c p−q = A p −q R (r −1)(p−q)
(b) –loga(loga b) ∴ a q −r .b r −p .cp−q = A p−q + r −p +q −r R 0 = A 0 R 0 = 1
(c) loga(loge a) – loga(loge b) 354. Ùeefo a, b, c, A.P. ceW nwb, b, c, d. G.P. ces nQ leLee c, d,
(d) loga(loge b) = loga(loge a)
TGT 2010 e, H.P. ceW nw, leye a, c, e neWies–
(a) A.P. (b) G.P.
Ans : (a) ∵ log x a,a ,log b x → G.P. ceW nQ
x/2
(c) H.P. (d) FveceW mes keâesF& veneR~
( )
2
⇒ a x/2
= log x log b
a
x TGT 2009
Ans : (b)
⇒ a x = log b x log x a ⇒ a x = log b a a+c
⇒ x = log a (log b a) Ùeefo a, b, c, A.P. ceW nQ, leye b= ⇒ a + c = 2b ..(i)
2
351. The mth term of an A.P. is n and its nth terms b, c, d, G.P. ceW nw leye c = bd ⇒ c = bd ..(ii)
2
is m. Its rth term is/ efkeâmeer meceevlej ßesCeer keâe mJeeB 2ec 2ec
heo n Deewj nJeeB heo m nw, leye rJeeB heo keäÙee nes leLee c, d, e, H.P. ceW nw leye d = ⇒d = ..(iii)
c+e c+e
(a) m + n – r (b) m – n + r meceer. (i) leLee (iii) mes b Je d keâe ceeve meceer. (ii) ceW jKeves hej~
(c) m + n + r (d) m – n – r
 a + c   2ec 
TGT 2010 c2 =  ×   ⇒ c (c + e) = ce(a + c)
2
Ans. (a) ceevee meceevlej ßesCeer keâe ØeLece heo a leLee meeJe&Devlej d nw  2  c+e
ØeMveevegmeej, ⇒ c 2
+ ec = ae + ce ⇒ c 2 = ae ⇒ c = ae
mJeeB heo Tm = a+(m-1)d=n ⇒ a+(m-1)d=n....... (i) Fmemes Ùen mhe° neslee nw efkeâ a, c, e iegCeesòej ßesCeer (G.P.) ceW nQ~
nJeeB heo Tn = a+(n-1)d=m ⇒ a+(n-1)d=m....... (ii)
355. 13, 23, 33, 43 .......(n–1)3, n3 keâe Ùeesieheâue nw–
meceer. (i) leLee meceer. (ii) nue keâjves hej, 2
a = n + m -1 leLee d = -1  n(n + 1)  n(n + 1)
(a)   (b)
∴ rJeeB heo Tr = a +(r-1) d  2  2
=n+m-1-r+1 2
 n +1 
=m+n-r (c)   (d) FveceW mes keâesF& veneR
 2 
352. If logl x, logm x and logn x are in A.P., then TGT 2009
value of n2 is (where x ≠ 1)
Ùeefo logl x, logmx Deewj logn x meceevlej ßesCeer ceW neW, Ans : (a) ØeLece n Øeeke= â ef lekeâ meb K ÙeeDeeW keâe Ùees i eheâue
leye n2 keâe ceeve nesiee: n(n + 1)
1 + 2 + 3+.......+n =
2
(a) (mn)loge l (b) (ln)logl m
ØeLece n Øeeke=âeflekeâ mebKÙeeDeeW kesâ JeieeX keâe Ùeesieheâue
(c) (nm)logm n (d) FveceW mes keâesF& veneR n(n + 1) (2n + 1)
TGT 2010 12 + 22 + 32+.......+n2 =
6
Ans : (b) Ùeefo log ℓ x ,log m x,log n x → A.P. ceW nes leLee ØeLece n Øeeke=âeflekeâ mebKÙeeDeeW kesâ IeveeW keâe Ùeesieheâue
leye, 2logmx= loglx + lognx 2
 n(n + 1) 
log m(log ℓn) 13 + 23 +...... n3 =  
⇒ 2 log n =  2 
log ℓ
ALGEBRA 73 YCT
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356. leerve meceevlej ßesÌ{erÙeeW kesâ n heoeW keâe Ùeesieheâue S1, S2 Ans : (d) a, b, c meceevlej ßesCeer ceW nw~
leLee S3 nw~ meYeer ßesÌ{er keâe ØeLece 1 leLee meeJe&Devlej a+c
›eâceMe: 1, 2 leLee 3 nw, leye ∴ = b ⇒ a + c = 2b leLee a + b + c = 3/ 2
2
(a) S1 + S3 = 2S2 (b) S1 + S3 = S2 3 1
(c) S1 + S2 = 2S3 (d) S2 + S3 = S1 ∴ 2b + b = ⇒ b =
TGT 2009 2 2
Ans : (a) meceevlej ßesÌ{er kesâ n heoeW keâe Ùeesieheâue 1
∴ a + c = 2 × ⇒ a + c = 1.....(i)
n 2
Sn = [ 2a + (n − 1)d ] Deye, a2, b2, c2 iegCeesòej ßesCeer ceW nw~
2
1
n n n
S1 = [ 2 × 1+ (n − 1).1] = [ 2 + n − 1] = [ n + 1] ∴ b 2 = a 2c 2 ⇒ b 2 = ac ⇒ ac = ± .....(ii)
2 2 2 4
n n n meceer. (i) leLee meceer. (ii) mes,
S2 = [ 2 × 1+ (n − 1).2] = [ 2 + 2n − 2] = [ 2n ]
2 2 2 met$e, ( a − c )2 = a 2 + c2 − 2ac
n n n
S3 = [ 2 ×1+ (n −1).3] = [ 2 + 3n − 3] = [3n −1] = ( a + c ) − 4ac = 12 − 4 × = 0
2 1
2 2 2 4
n n
S1 + S3 = [ n + 1] + [3n − 1] a –c = 0 ......(iii)
2 2 meceer. (i) leLee meceer. (iii) keâes peesÌ[ves hej
n n n
= [ n + 1+ 3n − 1] = [ 4n ] = 2. [ 2n ] = 2S2 1
2 2 2 2a = 1 ⇒ a =
S1 + S3 = 2S2 2
357. Ùeefo efkeâmeer iegCeesòej ßesCeer kesâ ØeLece leerve heoeW keâe Ùeesie and b = 1
leLee ØeLece Ú: heoeW keâe ÙeesieHeâue 125: 152 kesâ Devegheele 2
ceW nw leye meeJe&vegheele keäÙee nesiee? Given but a ≠ b
(a) 1/5 (b) 2/5 (c) 3/5 (d) 4/5
TGT 2005
∴ ac = −
1
4
( )
∵ equ n from (ii)
Ans : (c) ceevee iegCeesòej ßesCeer keâe ØeLece heo a leLee meeJe&vegheele r nw 1
⇒ c=−
S3 125 4a
ØeMveevegmeej, =
S6 152 a−
1
4a
= 1 ⇒ 4a2–4a–1=0 ( )
equ n from (i)
a
(r3 − 1 ) 3 a= ±
1 1
r −1 = 125 r − 1 125 2 2
⇒ 6 =
a
( r6 −1 ) 152 r − 1 152
359. The sum of the first n natural munbers is
r −1 1
⇒ 3
6
r − 1 152
= ⇒
( r 3
)(
− 1 r )
3
+ 1
=
152 5
times the sum of their squares, then the
value of n is / Ùeefo ØeLece n Øeeke=âeflekeâ mebKÙeeDeeW keâe
r − 1 125 ( )
r3 − 1 125
ÙeesieHeâue ØeLece n Øeke=âeflekeâ mebKÙeeDeeW kesâ JeieeX kesâ
152 1
⇒ r3 = −1 ÙeesieHeâue keâe iegvee kesâ yejeyej nes leye
125 5
152 − 125 27
⇒ r3 = = (a) 5 (b) 6
125 125 (c) 7 (d) 8
r = 3/ 5 TGT 2003
Dele: meeJe&vegheele r = 3 / 5 nesiee~ n ( n + 1)
358. Suppose a, b, c are in A.P. and a2,b2,c2 are in Ans : (c) ØeLece n Øeeke=âeflekeâ mebKÙeeDeeW keâe ÙeesieHeâue =
3 2
G.P. If a < b <c and a+b+c = then the value ØeLece n Øeeke=âeflekeâ mebKÙeeDeeW kesâ JeieeX keâe ÙeesieHeâue
2
of a is / ceevee a, b, c meceevlej ßesÌ{er ceW leLee a2,b2,c2 n ( n + 1)( 2n + 1)
=
3 6
iegCeesòej ßesCeer ceW nw~ Ùeefo a < b <c Deewj a+b+c =
2 ØeMveevegmeej,
leye a keâe ceeve nesiee– n ( n + 1) 1 n ( n + 1)( 2n + 1)
1 1 = ×
(a) (b) 2 5 6
2 2 2 3 15 = 2n+1
1 1 1 1 14
(c) − (d) − n= =7
2 3 2 2 2
TGT 2004 n=7
ALGEBRA 74 YCT
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3. Permutation and UP TGT 2000, 2001, 2005
Ans. (a) : Let the number of polygon's sides is n
Combination Then, we have
n
C2 − n = 44
360. How many words can be formed with the
letters of the word 'POSTMAN', if every word n ( n − 1)
begins with T and ends with M? ⇒ − n = 44
2
Meyo 'POSTMAN' kesâ De#ejeW mes Ssmes efkeâleves Meyo yeve ⇒ n 2 − n − 2n = 88
mekeâles nQ pees T mes DeejcYe neskeâj M hej meceehle neW? ⇒ n 2 − 3n − 88 = 0
(a) 60 (b) 120
⇒ ( n − 11)( n + 8 ) = 0
(c) 360 (d) 720
UP TGT 2021 ⇒ n = 11, –8
Ans. (b) : T leLee M keâe mLeeve veneR yeouesiee POSAN kesâ efueS Hence, number of sides of the polygon is 11.
›eâceÛeÙe 5! = 5×4×3×2 364. How many different 9 digit numbers can be
= 120 formed from the number 445577888 by
rearranging its digits so that the odd digits
361. If nPr = 720. nCr, then the value of r is
occupy even positions? /Ùeefo mebKÙee 445577888
Ùeefo nPr = 720. nCr, lees r keâe ceeve nw
(a) 6 (b) 5
kesâ DebkeâeW keâes Fme Øekeâej hegve: JÙeJeefmLele efkeâÙee peeS efkeâ
(c) 4 (d) 7 efJe<ece Debkeâ mece mLeeveeW hej jnW, leye 9 DebkeâeW keâer
UPPSC Ashram Paddhati 2021 efkeâleveer efJeefYeVe mebKÙeeSB yeveeÙeer pee mekeâleer nw ?
UP PGT 2011, 2013 (a) 6 (b) 10
Ans. (a) : nPr = 720. nCr, (c) 30 (d) 60
n! n! UKPSC Lecturer (Mains) 2020
= 720 ⋅
( n – r )! r!( n – r )! Ans. (d) : In such an arrangement, as described, of 9
digits there are 4 even positions and 5 odd positions and
We get r! = 720 = 6! hence, number of ways to arrange odd digits at even
⇒ r=6 4!
362. Consider integers 1 to 300. How many of these positions = = 6 & number of ways to arrange even
2!2!
integers are divisible neither by 3, nor by 5, nor
5!
by 7? digits at odd positions = = 10 .
hetCe& mebKÙeeDeeW 1 mes 300 ceW mes efkeâleveer mebKÙeeÙeW Ssmeer 2!3!
nw pees ve lees 3 mes, ve 5 mes Deewj ve ner 7 mes efJeYeeefpele Thus number of such digits = 10 × 6 = 60
nesleer nw ? 365. The number of ways of selection of a cricket
team of eleven from 17 players in which only 5
(a) 138 (b) 160
players can bowl, if each cricket team of 11
(c) 202 (d) 140 must include exactly 4 bowlers, is:
17 efKeueeefÌ[ÙeeW, efpemeceW kesâJeue 5 efKeueeÌ[er iebsoyeepeer
 n n keâj mekeâles nQ, ceW mes 11 efKeueeef[
Ì ÙeeW keâer ef›eâkesâš šerce,
Ans. (a) : Let   denote the largest integer in .
r r efpemeceW "erkeâ 4 ieWoyeepe nes, kesâ ÛeÙeve kesâ lejerkeâeW keâer
Using principle of inclusion & exclusion we have mebKÙee nw:
number of integers which are divisible neither by 3, nor
by 5, nor by 7 is (a) 3960 (b) 4950
(c) 3000 (d) 4060
  300   300   300  
n ( 0 ) = 300 −   +
  +
  
 3   5   7  Ans. (a) : Total number of ways = 12 C7 + 5C4 = 3960
  300   300   300    300 
+  + + −  
366. How many numbers can be formed taking only
  15   55   21    105  3 digits together out of the digits : 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
= 300 − (100 + 60 + 42 ) + ( 20 + 14 + 8 ) − ( 2 ) and 6?/ DebkeâeW 1,2,3,4,5 SJeb 6 ceW mes cee$e 3 DebkeâeW
= 138 keâes Skeâ meeLe ueskeâj efkeâleveer mebKÙeeSb yeveeF& pee mekeâleer nw?
363. A polygon has 44 diagonals, then the number of (a) 96
its sides are: (b) 120
Skeâ yengYegpe ceW 44 efJekeâCe& nQ, leye FmeceW YegpeeDeeW keâer (c) 111
mebKÙee nw: (d) None of these /FveceW mes keâesF& veneR
(a) 11 UKPSC Lecturer (Mains) 2020
(b) 7 Ans. (b) : Number of ways to select 3 digits from
(c) 8 1,2,3,4,5,6 is 6 C3 = 20 . So, number of thusly formed
(d) None of these/FveceW mes keâesF& veneR numbers = 3!× 20 = 120
ALGEBRA 75 YCT
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367. The number of integers greater than 6000 that 371. If n = mC2, then nC2 =
can be formed using the digits 3,5,6,7 and 8 Ùeefo n = mC2, lees nC2 =
without repetition is :/ Debkeâes 3,5,6,7 SbJe 8, kesâ (a) m+1C4 (b) m–1C4
GheÙeesie mes efveefce&le 6000 mes yeÌ[s hetCeeËkeâeW keâer mebKÙee (c) m+2C4 (d) 3(m+1C4)
efvecve ceW mes nesieer, Ùeefo Debkeâes keâer hegvejeJe=efòe ve nes: Haryana PGT 2020
(a) 216 (b) 192 Ans. (d) :
(c) 120 (d) 72 m ( m − 1)
m!
Haryana PGT 2019 n = m C2 = =
Ans. (b) : The number of 4 digit integers greater than ( m − 2 ) ! 2! 2
6000 formed using the digits 3,5,6,7 and 8 without n! n ( n − 1)
representation is = 3×4×3×2 = 72. Now n
C2 = =
The number of 5 digit integers greater than 6000 formed ( n − 2 ) ! 2! 2
using the digits 3,5,6,7 and 8 without repetition is 5! = 120 m ( m − 1)  m ( m − 1) 
Hence, total number of integers greater than 6000 that  − 1
can be formed using the digits 3,5,6,7 and 8 without 2  2  m ( m − 1) ( m − 2 )( m + 1)
= =
repetition is = 120+72 = 192. 2 4 2
368. If all the words (with or without meaning)
=
( m + 1)( m )( m − 1)( m − 2 )( m − 3 )!
having five letters, formed using the letters of 3
the word SMALL and arranged as in 1.2.3.4 ( m − 3 ) !
dictionary; then the position of the word small n n!
is :/Meyo SMALL kesâ De#ejeW keâe ØeÙeesie keâjkesâ, heeBÛe 3 ( m + 1) ! ∵ Cr =
= r!( n − r )1
De#ejeW Jeeues meYeer MeyoeW (DeLe&hegCe& DeLeJee DeLe&nerve) 4!( m − 3)!
keâes MeyokeâesMe kesâ ›eâceevegmeej jKeves hej Meyo SMALL here n = m + 1, r = 4
keâe mLeeve nw: = 3 ( C4 )
m +1
(a) 46th /46JeeB (b) 59th / 59JeeB 372. Five children take part in a tournament. Each
(c) 52th/52JeeB (d) 58th/ 58JeeB one has to play every other one. How many
Haryana PGT 2019 games must they play?/5 yeeuekeâ Skeâ štvee&ceWš ces
Ans. (d) : Arrangement of five letter words formed Yeeie uesles nw~ ØelÙeskeâ keâes DevÙe ØelÙeskeâ kesâ meeLe Kesuevee
using the letters of the word SMALL as in dictionary is nw~ GvnW efkeâleves Kesue Kesueves ÛeeefnS?
as follows : all the words starting with A, L, M, SA, SL
respectively and then the word SMALL comes. Now, (a) 10 (b) 15
number of words having five letters, formed using the (c) 17 (d) 20
letters of the word SMALL starting with A, L, M, SA, Haryana PGT 2018
4! 4! 3! Ans. (a) : Total number of games played if each one has
SL are = 12 , 4! =24, = 12 , = 3 , 3! = 6 to play every other one is
2! 2! 2!
respectively. Total number of thusly formed words is 12 = 5C2 = 10
+ 24 + 12 + 3 + 6 = 57 373. The straight line l1, l2, l3 are parallel and lie in
Hence, SMALL is at 58th position. the same plane. A total number of m points are
369. The number of diagonals of a polygon having taken on l1, n points on l2, k points on l3. The
12 sides is: maximum number of triangles formed with
12 YegpeeDeeW Jeeues yengYegpe kesâ efJekeâCeeW& keâer mebKÙee nw: vertices at these points are:
(a) 48 (b) 54 mejue jsKeeSB l1, l2, l3 meceevlej nw leLee Skeâ ner leue hej
(c) 64 (d) 66 efmLele nQ~ jsKee l1 hej kegâue m efyevog nQ, l2 hej n efyevog,
Haryana TGT 2020 l3 hej k efyevog efueS ieS nQ~ Fve efyevogDeeW hej Meer<eeW& Jeeues
Ans. (b) : Number of diagonals of a polygon having 12 ef$eYegpeebs keâer DeefOekeâlece mebKÙee nw:
sides is (a) m C3 + n C3 + k C3
12 12 × 11
C2 − 12 = − 12 = 66 − 12 = 54 (b) m + n + k C3
2
370. Total number of chords joining 21 points on (c) m + n + k C3 −m C3 −n C3k C3
the circle will be: (d) m + n + k C3 + m C3 + n C3 + k C3
Skeâ Je=òe ceW efmLej 21 efyevogDeeW mes yeveer peerJeeDeeW keâer Haryana PGT 2018
mebKÙee nesieer: Ans. (c) : To form a triangle, 3 non-collinear points
(a) 200 (b) 210 must be chosen in the plane. Hence, total number of
(c) 240 (d) 300 triangles formed is given by
UK SSSC LT 2020 m+n +k
C3 − m C3 − n C3 − k C3
Ans. (b) : Number of chords joining 21 points on the
374. 20 persons were invited for a party. What is the
21!
circle = 21 C2 = = 210 number of ways in which they and the host can
19!2! be seated at a circular table such that two
ALGEBRA 76 YCT
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particular persons be seated on either side of 9! 9! 9! 9!
the host ?/ 20 JÙeefòeâÙeeW keâes Skeâ oeJele nsleg Deeceefv$ele = 5× , =
4! 5 × 4! 4! 4!
efkeâÙee ieÙee Lee~ Jes meYeer Deewj cespeyeeve Skeâ Je=òeekeâej
cespe ceW efkeâleves lejerkeâeW mes yew" mekeâles nQ, peyeefkeâ oes Dele: 9 P5 = 9 P5
efJeMes<e JÙeefkeäle cespeyeeve kesâ Deieue-yeieue yew"W ? 377. Three dice are thrown randomly. The
(a) 20! (b) 19! probability of coming 3 in at least one die is
(c) 2(18!) (d) (18!) leerve heeBmes ÙeÂÛÚÙee GÚeues peeles nQ~ efkeâmeer Yeer Skeâ heeBmes
UKPSC GIC 2018 ceW 3 Deeves keâer ØeeefÙekeâlee nw
Ans. (c) : Total number of persons including host to be 180 91
seated at circular table = 21 (a) (b)
216 216
Now if two particular persons are to be seated on either
side of the host then number of ways for all of them to 5 125
(c) (d)
be seated on a circular table with host 216 216
2! (19–1)! = 2(18!) UP TGT-2016 (08-03-2019)
( 2! is the arrangement of two particular persons to be Ans : (b) leerve heeBmes keâes hesâkeâves hej leerve ve Deeves keâer ØeeefÙekeâlee
seated on either side of the host) 3
5
375. Mohan is father of 3 children with atleast one = 
boy. The probability that he has 2 boys and 1 6
girl is 125
leerve Deeves keâer ØeeefÙekeâlee = 1 −
ceesnve kesâ leerve yeÛÛes nQ efpemeceW keâce mes keâce 1 ueÌ[keâe nw~ 216
Gmekesâ 2 ueÌ[kesâ SJeb 1 ueÌ[keâer nesves keâer ØeeefÙekeâlee nw = 1−
125 91
=
1 1 216 216
(a) (b)
2 3 378. In how many ways the latter of the word
1 2 BALLOON be arranged so that two L do not
(c) (d) come together?/ BALLOON Meyo kesâ De#ejeW keâes
4 3
UP TGT-2016 (08-03-2019) ef keâleves lejerkesâ mes JÙeJeefmLele efkeâÙee pee mekeâlee nw, leeefkeâ
Ans. (b) : leerve yeÛÛeeW keâes JÙeJeefmLele keâjves keâe lejerkeâe oes L Skeâ meeLe ve DeeÙeW?
ØeMveevegmeej, (BBB), (BBG), (G,G,B) (a) 1260 (b) 360
(c) 900 (d) 1060
leye n(S) = 3, n(E) = 1
UP TGT-2016 (08-03-2019)
n(E) 1 Ans. (c) : Meyo BALLOON keâes JÙeJeefmLele keâjves keâe lejerkeâe
ØeeefÙekeâlee = =
n(S) 3 kegâue De#ej = 7, efpemeceW 2L, 2O nw~
376. If 9P5 + 5.9P4 = 10Pr , then the value r is 7!
Ùeefo 9P5 + 5.9P4 = 10Pr , lees r keâe ceeve nw leye = 1260
2!× 2!
(a) 2 (b) 3 L Skeâ meeLe efueÙee peeÙes leye kegâue De#ej = 6
(c) 5 (d) 7 6!
UP TGT-2016 (08-03-2019) efueKeves keâe lejerkeâe = = 360
2!
Ans. (c) : 9P5 + 5.9P4 = 10Pr L peye Skeâ meeLe ve ueeÙes leye JÙeJeefmLele keâjves keâe lejerkeâe
n!
met$e, n
Pr = mes, = 1260–360
( n − r )! = 900
9! 9! 10 × 9! 379. Two girls and four boys are to be seated in a
+ 5× =
( 9 − 5 )! ( 9 − 4 )! (10 − r )! row in such a way that the girls do NOT sit
together. In how many different ways can it be
9! 9! 10 × 9! done?
+ 5× =
4! 5! (10 − r )! (a) 480 (b) 240
9! 9! 10 × 9! (c) 360 (d) 720
+ 5× = NVS PGT 10-06-2019
4! 5 × 4! (10 − r )!
Ans : (a) 4 boys can be sit in a raw in = 4P4 ways
 9!  10 × 9! = 4! ways
2  =
 4!  (10 − r )! = 24 ways
Now in the 5 gaps 2 girls can be sit in
9! 5 × 9!
= efJekeâuhe mes r = 5 jKeves hej 5!
4! (10 − r )! = 5 P2 ways = = 20ways
3!
9! 9! Hence the numbers of ways in which two girls cannot
= 5×
4! 5! sit together = 20 × 24 = 480 ways.
ALGEBRA 77 YCT
CLICK HERE -
380. Ùeefo leerve hesefšÙeeW mes efpeveceW 3 ueeue Deewj 1 njer, 2 = 210 + 600 = 810
ueeue Deewj 2 njer, 1 ueeue Deewj 3 njer ieWoW nQ So, number of ways if two particular women refuse to
ÙeeÂefÛÚkeâ ™he mes Skeâ ieWo efvekeâeueer peeS lees 2 ueeue sit together = 8610 – 810 = 7800
Deewj 1 njer ieWo efvekeâeues peeves keâer ØeeefÙekeâlee Ùen nesieer: 383. The number of committees of five persons
including a chairperson can be selected from
(a) 1/32 (b) 13/32 12 persons, is:/ 12 JÙeefòeâÙeeW kesâ Skeâ mecetn mes 5
(c) 3/16 (d) 1/4
NVS PGT 10-06-2019
JÙeefòeâÙeeW keâer Skeâ DeOÙe#e meefnle meefceefle ie"ve keâjveer nw~
Fve meefceefleÙeeW keâer mebKÙee nw:
Ans : (d) leerveeW hesefšÙeeW ceW kegâue iesoeW keâer mebKÙee = 6 + 6 =12
(a) 330 (b) 462
2ueeue leLee 1 njer ieWo keâer ØeeefÙekeâlee (c) 792 (d) 3960
2 1 3 1 KVS PGT 23-12-2018
= + = =
12 12 13 4 Ans : (d) Total number of persons = 12
381. A candidate is required to answer 7 questions A chairperson can be selected in = 12 ways
out of 12 questions which are divided into two The number of ways of selecting other 4 memebers
sections, each containing 6 questions. He is not = 11C4=330
allowed to attempt more than 5 questions from So, number of ways of selecting 5 members in the
each group. In how many ways, he can attempt committee = 330 × 12 = 3960
the paper?/ Skeâ hejer#eeLeea keâes 12 ØeMveeW ceW mes 7 384. If n +1
Cr +1 : n Cr : n −1Cr −1 = 11 : 6 : 3, then (nr) is
ØeMveeW keâe Gòej osvee nw ØeMve he$e ceW oes KeC[ nw leLee n +1
equal to:/ Ùeefo Cr +1 : n Cr : n −1Cr −1 = 11 : 6 : 3,
ØelÙeskeâ KeC[ ceW 6 ØeMve nw~ hejer#eeLeea keâes ØelÙeskeâ KeC[
mes 5 mes DeefOekeâ ØeMve veneR keâjves nQ~ ØeMve he$e keâes kegâue lees (nr) keâe ceeve nesiee:
(a) 20 (b) 30
efkeâleves lejerkeâeW mes nue efkeâÙee pee mekeâlee nw? (c) 40 (d) 50
(a) 180 (b) 600 KVS PGT 23-12-2018
(c) 792 (d) 780 n +1
KVS PGT 23-12-2018 Ans : (d) Given that C r +1 : n C r : n −1Cr −1 = 11: 6 : 3,
n +1
Ans : (d) Number of questions required to answer =7 let C r +1 = 11x, n C r = 6x & n −1C r −1 = 3x
out of 12 and which is divided into two sections, each n +1
containing 6 questions and candidate is not allowed to C r +1 11
Now, n
=
attempt more than 5questions from each group. Cr 6
So, total number of ways he can attempt the questions ⇒ 6n –11r = 5 ......... (i)
paper = 6 C5 . 6C 2 + 6C 4 . 6C3 + 6C3 . 6 C 4 + 6 C 2 . 6 C5 n
Cr
= 6×15+15×20+20×15+15×6 and n −1
=2
= 90+300+300+90 = 780 Cr −1
⇒ n = 2r ............. (ii)
382. A committee of 6 is to be chosen from 10 men Solving (i) and (ii), we get
and 7 women so as to have at least 3 men and 2
n = 10, r= 5
women. In how many different ways can this
be done if two particular women refuse to be in Therefore nr = 10×5 = 50,
the same committee?/10 heg®<eeW leLee 7 ceefnueeDeeW ceW ⇒ nr = 50
mes Skeâ meefceefle efpemekesâ 6 meomÙe neW, keâe ie"ve Fme 385. There are 15 points in a plane such that no
three of them are collinear. The number of
Øekeâej keâjvee nw efkeâ meefceefle ceW keâce mes keâce 3 heg®<e leLee triangles formed by joining them is
2 ceefnueeÙeW neW~ Ssmeer meefceefle keâe ie"ve efkeâleveer Øekeâej mes Skeâ meceleue ceW 15 efyevog Fme Øekeâej nw efkeâ keâesF& Yeer leerve
efkeâÙee pee mekeâlee nw peyeefkeâ oes efJeMes<e-ceefnueeÙeW Skeâ ner efyevog Skeâ jsKeerÙe veneR nw~ Fvekeâes efceueeves hej yeveves Jeeues
meefceefle keâer meomÙe nesves mes Fvkeâej keâjleer nw? ef$eYegpeeW keâer mebKÙee nw
(a) 9376 (b) 8610 (a) 455 (b) 2730
(c) 7800 (d) 7200 (c) 355 (d) 454
KVS PGT 23-12-2018 UP PGT-2016 (02-02-2019)
Ans : (c) Number of men = 10 and no of women = 7 Ans : (a) There are 15 points in a plane the triangle
and number of members in the committee = 6 formed by joining the three point
So, number of ways at least 3 men and 2 women in the So that No of triangle = 15C3
committee = 10C3 × 7 C3 + 10C 4 × 7 C 2 15! 15 × 14 ×13
= =
= 120 × 35 + 210 × 21 3!.12! 3× 2
= 4200 + 4410 = 8610 = 455
and number ofways 2 particular women always there 386. How many cards must be picked from a
10 10 5 standard pack of 52 cards to surely get 2 cards
= C 4 + C3 × C1 of the same suit? (Club, Diamond, Heart and
= 210 +120 × 5 Spade are the Suits)
ALGEBRA 78 YCT
CLICK HERE -
(a) 4 (b) 2 Ans. (a) : Let M → represents mathematics
(c) 5 (d) 3 and P represents physics
DSSSB 23 SEP 2018 (9 AM-11 AM) Then n (M) = 12, n(P) = ?, n (M∩P) = 4
Ans : (c) Total numbers of cards in a standard pack= 52 and n (M∪P) = 20
cards. ∴ n(M ∪ P) = n(M) + n(P) − n(M ∩ P)
In 52 cards, club, Diamond, Heard and spade suit are 20 = 12 + n(P) − 4
13 cards each.
th
By the 5 card you will have 2 of the same suit if any n(P) = 20 − 8 = 12
suit. Number of teachers who teaches physics only = 12
If it has to be the suit of spades then worst case 13 390. In a town of 840 persons, 450 persons read
cards of each hearts, diamonds and clubs = 39 draws Hindi, 300 read English and 200 read both. Then
So 40th draw is Ist spade 41st is 2nd spade. the number of persons who read neither is–
387. The remainder when the sum of Skeâ keâmyes ceW 840 JÙeefòeâ nQ~ GveceW 450 JÙeefòeâ efnvoer
0!+ 1!+ 2!+ ... + 99!+ 100!, divided by 12 is– heÌ{ mekeâles nQ 300 Deb«espeer heÌ{les nQ Deewj 200 oesveeW heÌ{les
peye 0!+ 1!+ 2!+ ... + 99!+ 100!, kesâ peesÌ[ keâes 12 mes nQ~ Ssmes ceW oesveeW vee heÌ{vesJeeueeW keâer mebKÙee nw~
Yeeie efoÙee peelee nw, leye Mes<e yeÛelee nw (a) 210 (b) 180
(c) 260 (d) 290
(a) 6 (b) 5
(c) 11 (d) 10
Ans. (d) : Let H represents hindi and E represents English
DSSSB TGT/PGT (SECTION-B) 28 DEC 2014
and total number of person = 840
KVS TGT 2007
persons who read Hindi = n(H) = 450
Ans. (d) : Given sum is persons who read English = n(E) = 300
0!+ 1!+ 2!+ ... + 99!+ 100!, persons who read both = n(H∩E) = 200
All factorials except 0!, 1!, 2!, 3! has product of 4 & 3 let n(H∪E) represents persons who read.
in its factor so, they are completely divisible by 12, so, either english or hindi
we concur only on the sum then n(H∪E) = n(H) + P (E) – n(H∩E)
of 0! + 1! + 2! + 3! = 450 + 300 – 200 = 550
and sum = 1 + 1 + 2 + 6 Hence the number of persons who read neither
= 10 = 840 – 550 = 290
Which when divided by 12 leaves
remainder as 10. 391. The value of 10 C1 +10 C2 +10 C3 + ... +10 C9 is–
10
388. If there are 12 persons in a party and if each of C1 +10 C2 +10 C3 + ... +10 C9 keâe cetuÙe nw–
them shake hands with each other, then (a) 210 (b) 211
10
number of hand shakes in party are– (c) 2 – 2 (d) 210–1
Ùeefo Skeâ peuemes ceW 12 JÙeefòeâ nQ Deewj Ùeefo GveceW nj SECTION B (TGT & PGT) TIER-I 31.11.2014
JÙeefòeâ Deeheme ceW neLe efceueelee nQ, lees peuemes ceW efkeâleves Ans. (c) : 10C1 + 10C2 + 10C3 + ... + 10C9
yeej neLe efceueeÙes ieÙes? Adding and subtracting 10C0 and 10C10 (∵ 10C0=10C10)
(a) 66 (b) 48 10C0 + 10C1 + 10C 2 + ... + 10C10 − (10C0 + 10C10 )
(c) 72 (d) 132
= 210 − (1 + 1) = 210 − 2
Ans. (a) : Since there 12 persons in the party. 392. Everybody in a room shakes hands with
Number of hands in the party everybody else. The total number of
12
= C2 handshakes is 66. The total number of persons
in the room is–/ Skeâ keâcejs ceW nj Skeâ Deeoceer nj Skeâ
12 × 11
= = 66 ot mejs Deeoceer mes neLe efceueelee nw~ neLe efceueeves keâer kegâue
2 mebKÙee nw 66 lees Gme keâcejs ceW kegâue Deeoceer Les–
389. In a school there are 20 teachers who teach (a) 11 (b) 12
mathematics or physics. Of these, 12 teach (c) 13 (d) 14
mathematics and 4 teach both physics and SECTION B PGT TIER-I 31.11.2014
mathematics How many teach only physics? UP PGT 2000
Skeâ mketâue ceW 20 efMe#ekeâ nQ pees ieefCele Ùee Yeeweflekeâ Ans. (b) : Let total number of persons in the room is n.
heÌ{eles nQ~ FveceW mes 12 ieefCele heÌ{eles nQ Deewj 4 Yeeweflekeâer Then total number of hand shakes is = nC2
Deewj ieefCele oesveeW heÌ{eles nQ~ efkeâleves kesâJeue Yeeweflekeâer n
C2 66
heÌ{eles nQ? n(n − 1) n 12
(a) 12 (b) 8 66 (n 1) (12 1)
2 2 2
(c) 16
n 12
Hence total numbers of persons in the room is 12.
ALGEBRA 79 YCT
CLICK HERE -
393. The total number of 9 digit numbers which = 210 − 1
have all different digits is–
9 Deueie-Deueie DebkeâeW keâer kegâue mebKÙeeSb nQ– We know that, n C1 + n C2 + ......... + n C n = 2n − 1
(a) 10! (b) 9! = 1024 − 1 = 1023
(c) 9 × 9! (d) 10 × 10! 396. How many diagonals can be drawn in a
SECTION B PGT TIER-I 31.11.2014 polygon of n sides?/ n yeepegDeeW kesâ yengYegpe ceW efkeâleves
TGT 2001 efJekeâCe& KeerÛeW pee mekeâles nw?
Ans. (c) : Total numbers of digits is 10 i.e.
0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 n ( n − 1) n ( n + 1)
(a) (b)
2 2
9 9 876 5 43 2 n ( n − 3) n ( n + 3)
(c) (d)
First place can be filled in 9 ways because first place 2 2
can not be filled by 0 (zero) and remaining places can JDD-75-PGT TIER II-X-15 28.06.2015
be filled by 9,8,7,6,5,4,3 and 2 ways respectively so, Ans. (c) : Total number of diagonals can be drawn in a
total number of 9 digit numbers Polygon
= 9 × (9 × 8 × 7 × 8 × 5 × 4 × 3 × 2) = 9 × 9! = n C2 − n
394. The sum nCr + n Cr −1 is equal to– n!
= −n
n n
Cr + Cr −1 Ùen peesÌ[ Fmekesâ yejeyej nw– 2!( n − 2 ) !
(a) n +1C r (b) n C r +1 n ( n − 1)( n − 2 ) !

= −n
2 ( n − 2 )!
(c) n +1Cr +1
(d) None of these/Ghejesòeâ ceW mes keâesF& veneR n2 − n
= −n
SECTION B (TGT & PGT) TIER-I 31.11.2014 2
Ans. (a) : Cr + n C r −1 = n +1 C r
n n 2 − n − 2n n 2 − 3n
(Pascal's Rule) = =
OR 2 2
n ( n − 3)
n n! n! =
Cr + n Cr −1 = + 2
(n − r)!r! (n − r + 1)!(r − 1)!
n! 1 1 397. lf the number of diagonals of a 'n' sided
= + polygon is equal to twice of its sides, then the
(n − r)!(r − 1)! r n − r + 1 value of n is equal to –
n! n +1 Ùeefo n yeepegDeeW kesâ yengYegpe kesâ efJekeâCe& Gmekesâ yeepegDeeW mes
=
(n − r)!(r − 1)! r(n − r + 1) ogiegves kesâ yejeyej nw, lees 'n' keâe cetuÙe Fmekesâ yejeyej nw–
(n + 1)n! (a) 7 (b) 10
= (c) 5 (d) FveceW mes keâesF& veneR
(n − r + 1)(n − r)!r(r − 1)!
JDD-75-PGT TIER II-X-15 28.06.2015
(n + 1)! Ans. (a) : Given that polygon has n sides.
=
(n + 1 − r)!r! Number of diagonals
Hence n
C r + n C r −1 = n +1Cr = n C2 − n
n ( n − 3)
395. There are 10 lamps in a hall . Each of them can =
be switched on independently. The number of 2
ways in which the hall can be illuminated is– But it is given that numbers of diagonals = 2 × its sides
Skeâ neue ceW 10 oerhe nw~ nj oerhe Deueie-Deueie mes n ( n − 3)
peueeÙee pee mekeâlee nw~ Gme ne@ue keâes efkeâleves Øekeâej mes 2.n
2
Øeoerefhle efkeâÙee pee mekeâlee nw? ⇒ n − 3n = 4n
2
(a) 10 2 (b) 210 ⇒ n 2 − 7n = 0

(c) 1023 ⇒ n ( n − 7) = 0
(d) none of these/FveceW mes keâesF& veneR ⇒ n = 7 but n ≠ 0
JDD-75-PGT TIER II-X-15 28.06.2015
Ans. (c) : The hall can be illuminated at least one bulb So, n = 7
is switched on. Therefor number of sides=7
So, Total number of ways in which hall can be 398. If 2n +1 Pn −1 : 2n −1 Pn = 3 : 5, then n is equal to
illuminated
Ùeefo 2n +1 Pn −1 : 2n −1Pn = 3 : 5, lees n yejeyej nw
=10 C1 +10 C2 +10 C3 + ............... +10 C10
ALGEBRA 80 YCT
CLICK HERE -
(a) 2 (b) 3 Ans. (a) : We know that
(c) 4 (d) 5 n
Pr = nCr r! ; 0 < r ≤ n
UP PGT-2016 (02-02-2019) ∴ n
Pr = 720 ⇒ 720 = 120 r!
Ans : (c) 2n +1 Pn −1 : 2n −1Pn = 3 : 5 ⇒ r! = 6
⇒ r! = 3! ⇒ r = 3
( 2n + 1)! : ( 2n − 1)! = 3 : 5 402. Given that, number of points on a circle is n.
( 2n + 1 − n + 1)! ( 2n − 1 − n )! The number of triangles joining these points is
84, then n is equal to–/ Skeâ Je=òe hej n mebKÙee kesâ
( 2n + 1)! × ( n − 1)! = 3
efyevog efoÙes ieÙes nQ~ Fve efyevogDeeW keâes peesÌ[ves Jeeues 84
( n + 2 )! ( 2n − 1)! 5 ef$ekeâesCe nQ, lees n Fmekesâ yejeyej nw–
( 2n + 1) 2n(2n − 1)! × ( n − 1)! = 3 (a) 7 (b) 8
( n + 2 )( n + 1) n ( n − 1)! ( 2n − 1)! 5 (c) 9 (d) FveceW mes keâesF& veneR
JDD-75-PGT TIER II-X-15 28.06.2015
2n(2n + 1) 3
= Ans. (c) : Since the point are on the circle .
n ( n + 1)( n + 2 ) 5
∴ number of triangles = n C3
efJekeâuhe mes
But n C3 = 84
n = 4 jKeves hej
8×9 3 n!
= = ⇒ = 84
4×5× 6 5 3!× ( n − 3 ) !
3 3 ⇒ n ( n − 1)( n − 2 ) = 9 × 8 × 7
= Dele: n = 4
5 5 Therefore n = 9
399. If 15
C3r =15 Cr +3 , then 'r' is equal to: 403. In a class of 60 students, 25 students play
cricket and 20 students play tennis and 10
Ùeefo 15 C3r =15 Cr +3 lees 'r' yejeyej nw: students play both the games then the numer of
(a) 5 (b) 4 students who play neither is–/ Ùeefo 60 efJeÅeeefLe&ÙeeW
(c) 3 (d) 2 keâer keâ#ee ceW 25 efJeÅeeLeea ef›eâkesâš, 20 efJeÅeeLeea šsefveme
Haryana TGT 2019 Deewj 10 efJeÅeeLeea oesveeW Kesue Kesueles nQ, lees keâesF& Yeer
Ans. (c) : We have Kesue ve KesuevesJeeueeW keâer mebKÙee nw–
n
Cr = n Cn–r (a) 45 (b) 0
15 15 (c) 25 (d) 35
So, if C3r = Cr+3 then we must have either 3r = r+3 or JDD-75-PGT TIER II-X-15 28.06.2015
3r+r+3 = 15. Now if 3r = r+3 then r = 3/2 which is not Ans. (c) :
possible and if 3r+r+3 = 15 we get r = 3. Let A represents the students who play cricket
400. If nC8 = nC6, then the value of nC2is and B represents the students who play tennis and
Ùeefo nC8 = nC6lees nC2 keâe ceeve nw (A∩B) represent the stundents who play both circket
(a) 81 (b) 86 and tennis.
(c) 91 (d) 96 ( A ∪ B ) students who play either cricket or tennis
UKPSC GIC 2018 Then
Ans. (c) : If nC8 = nC6 n(A) =25, n(B) = 20, n(A∩B)=10
n! n! n ( A ∪ B ) = 25 + 20 – 10
Then =
( n − 8 )! 8! ( n − 6 )! 6! n ( A ∪ B ) = 35
⇒ (n – 6) (n – 7) = 56 Then the number of students who play neither
⇒ n2 – 13n – 14 = 0 = total number of students – who play either
⇒ n2 – 14n + n –14 = 0 = 60 – 35 = 25
n−3
⇒ (n – 14)(n + 1) = 0 404. Ùeefo C6 : C3 = 33 : 4 nes leye n =
n
⇒ n = 14 and n = – 1(impossible) (a) 10 (b) 11

14! (c) 12 (d) 9
And thus nC2 = 14C2 = = 13 × 7 = 91 TGT 2001
12!2!
401. If nPr = 720 and nCr =120, then the value of r is Ans : (b) Ùeefo n C6 :n −3 C3 = 33 : 4
Ùeefo nPr = 720 Deewj nCr =120, lees r keâe ceeve nw : n
C6 33 n! (n − 6)! 33
n −3
= ⇒ × 3! =
(a) 3 (b) 4 C3 4 6!(n − 6)! (n − 3)! 4
(c) 5 (d) 7 n(n − 1)(n − 2)(n − 3)! × 3! 33
UKPSC GIC 2018 ⇒ =
6 × 5 × 4 × 3! (n − 3)! 4
TGT 2013
ALGEBRA 81 YCT
CLICK HERE -
⇒ n(n − 1)(n − 2) = 33 × 30 n!
⇒ n(n − 1)(n − 2) = 11(11 − 1)(11 − 2) 84 r !( n − r )! 2
= =
⇒ n = 11 126 n! 3
405. "SCHOLAR" Meyo kesâ De#ejes mes efkeâleves efYeVe Meyo ( n − r − 1)!( r + 1)!
yeveeÙes pee mekeâles nQ, peyeefkeâ ØelÙeskeâ Meyo ceW henuee ( n − r − 1)!( r + 1)! 2
⇒ =
De#ej S Deewj Deefvlece De#ej R nes~ r !( n − r ) ! 3
(a) 520 (b) 120 r +1 2
⇒ =
(c) 180 (d) 60 n−r 3
TGT 1999 3 + 3r = 2n – 2r
Ans : (b) De#ej S Deewj R keâer efmLeefle efveefMÛele keâjves kesâ yeeo Mes<e 2n – 5r + 3 = 0 ……. (5)
5 De#ejeW keâes JÙeJeefmLele keâjves kesâ {bie = p5 = 5! = 120
5 meceer k eâjCe (4) Deewj (5) keâes nue keâjves hej–
n = 9, r = 3
406. A survey shows that 63% Indians like coffee 408. A polygon has 170 diagonals. How many sides
whereas 76% like tea. If x% of the Indians like will it have?/ Skeâ yengYegpe ceW 170 efJekeâCe& nQ lees Fme
both coffee and tea, then yengYegpe keâer efkeâleveer YegpeeSB nQ?
Skeâ meJes&#eCe ceW efoKee efkeâ 63% YeejleerÙeeW keâes keâe@heâer (a) 12 (b) 17 (c) 20 (d) 2
hemebo nw peyeefkeâ 76% keâes ÛeeÙe hemebo nw~ Ùeefo x% PGT 2010
YeejleerÙe oesveeW keâe@heâer Deewj ÛeeÙe hemebo keâjles nQ lees Ans : (c) n C2 − n = 170 met$e mes
(a) x= 39 (b) x = 63
n ( n − 3)
(c) 39≤x≤63 (d) FveceW mes keâesF& veneR = 170
2
PGT 2010
⇒ n2 – 3n – 340 = 0
Ans : (c) ceevee A→keâe@heâer B→ÛeeÙe ⇒ n = 20
n( A ∪ B ) = n( A) + n( B) − n( A ∩ B) 409. How many words can be formed by the word
lees n( A ∩ B ) = n( A) + n( B) − n( A ∪ B) VOWELS if word starts from E?
= 63+73–n(A∪B) ef keâleves Ssmes Meyo yeveeÙes pee mekeâles nw ‘‘VOWELS’’
= 139 –n(A∪B) Meyo mes Ùeefo meejs Meyo Meg® nesles nes E mes
uesefkeâve n(A∩B) ≤100 (a) 12 (b) 5
(c) 120 (d) 240
⇒ n(A∩B)≥ 139–100 = 39
PGT 2009
Deye A∩B≤A Deewj A∩B≤B Ans : (c) Fixing E at first place
lees n(A∩B) ≤n(A) Deewj n(A∩B) ≤(B)
⇒ n(A∩B)≤63
∴ 39≤x≤63 E5 4 321
then 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, & 6th can be choosen by 5, 4,
407. If n C r −1 = 36, nC r = 84 and n C r +1 = 126 then 3, 2 and 1ways respectively
Hence total number of words
Ùeefo C r −1 = 36, C r = 84 and C r +1 = 126 lees
n n n
= 1×5×4×3×2×1 =5! = 120
(a) n= 8, r = 4 (b) n= 9, r = 3
410. The number of ways in which 5 male and 2
(c) n=1, r =5 (d) FveceW mes keâesF& veneR female members of a committee can be seated
PGT 2010 around tables so that the two females are not
Ans : (b) ØeMveevegmeej, seated together is?
n! 5 heg®<e Deewj 2 Œeer mes Skeâ meefceefle Skeâ cespe kesâ Ûeejes
= 36 ……(1) lejheâ yew"eveer nw~ Ùen efkeâleveer efJeefOeÙeeW mes efkeâÙee pee
( r − 1)!( n − r + 1)!
mekeâlee nw peyeefkeâ keâesF& oes Œeer Skeâ meeLe ve yew"s nes
n!
= 84 …… (2) (a) 480 (b) 600
r !( n − r )! (c) 720 (d) 840
n! PGT 2009/TGT 2011
= 126 ……. (3)
( n − r − 1)!( r + 1)! Ans : (a) n JÙeefòeâÙeeW keâes Skeâ Je=òe keâer heefjefOe hej yew"eves keâe
lejerkeâe = (n – 1)!
Deye meceerkeâjCe (1) keâes (2) mes Yeeie osves hej –
Dele: (5 – 1)! = 4!
36 r
= leLee oes ceefnueeDeeW keâes yew"ves kesâ kegâue mLeeve 5
84 n − r + 1
Dele: yew"ves keâe lejerkeâe = 5 P2
⇒ 3n –10r + 3 = 0 …….(4)
efheâj meceerkeâjCe (2) keâes (3) mes Yeeie osves hej – kegâue yew"ves keâe {bie = 4! × 5 P2 = 24 × 20 = 480
ALGEBRA 82 YCT
CLICK HERE -
411. The chances of throwing 6 with 4, 3 or 2 dice (a) 48 (b) 96
respectively are in the ratio of (c) 32 (d) 16
Ûeej, leerve Deewj oes heemeeW mes 6 heWâkeâves keâer mebYeeJevee PGT 2005
›eâceMe: Fme Devegheele ceW nesieer Ans : (b) Total number of the word that can be formed
(a) 1 : 6 : 18 (b) 1 : 3 : 9 out of the letters a,b,c,d,e,f taken three
(c) 2 : 3 : 4 (d) 1 : 2 : 3 together,
PGT 2005 = 6 P3
Ans : (b) The chances of throwing 6 with 4, 3, or 2 No. of vowel = 2
dice respectively with the ratio is
∴ Words without vowel = 4 P3
2 4 23 2 2
: : = 1: 3 : 9 ∴ Required words = 6 P3 − 4 P3 = 96
6 4 63 6 2
n n
P 415. Number of triangles formed by joining 12
412. The value of ∑ r is points, 7 to which lie on a straight line is
r =1 r ! (a) 220 (b) 185
n n
Pr (c) 792 (d) None of the above
∑r =1 r !
keâe ceeve nesiee PGT 2004/ TGT 1999
n n Ans : (b) The number of way of selecting three points
(a) 2 (b) 2 –1
(c) 2n–1 (d) 2n+1 out of 12 points is 12C3. Out of 12, 7 are collinear
7
PGT 2005 points and can be selected in C3 ways.
n n n Hence number of triangles formed
P n!
Ans : (b) ∑ r = ∑ = 12C3 − 7 C3
r =1 r ! r =1 r !( n − r )!
12 × 11× 10 7 × 6 × 5
n
= − = 220 –35 = 185
= ∑ Cr n
3 × 2 ×1 3× 2
r =1
416. If the letters of the word 'DANGER' be
= n C1 + n C 2 + n C3 + ...... n C n permuted in all possible ways and the words
= 2n − 1 formed by arranged as in a dictionary, then the
rank of the word 'GANDER" is/ Ùeefo Meyo
{ ∵ C0 + C1 + C2 + .... Cn = 2
n n n n
} n
'DANGER' kesâ De#ejeW kesâ meYeer mebYeJe lejerkeâeW kesâ

413. Let Tn denote the number of triangles which
can be formed joining the vertices of a regular ›eâceÛeÙeeW keâes MeyokeâesMe kesâ Devegmeej JÙeJeefmLele efkeâÙee
polygon of n sides. If Tn+1–Tn = 21, then n peeS lees Meyo 'GANDER"keâer keâesefš nw:
equals/ceevee Tn ef$eYegpeeW keâer mebKÙee nw~ pees efkeâmeer (a) 372 (b) 373
efveÙeefcele yengYegpe n Yegpee kesâ keâesCeefyeboeW keâes peesÌ[ves mes (c) 393 (d) 593
yeves nes, Ùeefo Tn+1–Tn = 21 nes lees n yejeyej nesiee Rajasthan TGT 2016
(a) 5 (b) 7 Ans : (b) Given word is DANGER
(c) 6 (d) 4 Word starting from A → 5!
PGT 2005 Word starting from D → 5!
Ans : (b) The number of triangle that can be formed by Word starting from E → 5!
using the vertices of a regular polygons Word starting from GAD → 3!
= n C3 Word starting from GAN → 3!
i.e. Tn = n C3 Word starting from GANDER → 1
Now Tn +1 − Tn = 21 Rank = 120+120+120+6+6+1
⇒ n+1 n
C3 – C3= 21 Rank = 373
⇒ n
C 2 + C3 − C3 = 21
n n
417. Ùeefo x P3 + x Cx − 2 = 14x lees x yejeyej nw :
n +1
Passcal rule, C r = C r −1 + C r n n
If x P3 + x Cx − 2 = 14x , then x is equal to

1
then, n ( n − 1) = 21 (a) 5 (b) 10 (c) 8 (d) 6
2 Rajasthan TGT 2015
⇒ n = −6 or 7
As n is a positive integer, n = 7 Ans. (a) : x P3 + x C x − 2 = 14x
414. The total number of words which can be ⇒ x! + x!
= 14x
formed out of the letters, a, b, c, d, e, f taken (x − 3)! 2!(x − 2)!
three together, each word containing at least
one vowel, is/ a, b, c, d, e, f keâe GheÙeesie keâj leerve
De#ejeW Jeeues efkeâleves Meyo yeveeÙes pee mekeâles nQ keâer ØelÙeskeâ x(x − 1)(x − 2)(x − 3)! x(x − 1)(x − 2)!
14x
Meyo ceW keâce mes keâce Skeâ mJej nes nesiee (x − 3)! 2(x − 2)!
ALGEBRA 83 YCT
CLICK HERE -
(x − 1) Similarly when we fixed 2, 3, and 4 a ones place 6 way
⇒ (x − 1)(x − 2) + = 14 can be obtained.
2 Similarly tens, hundred and thousand place can be filled
 1 in 6 ways.
⇒ (x − 1)  x − 2 +  = 14
 2 sum at ones place = 1 × 6 + 2 × 6 + 3 × 6 + 4 × 6
 3 = 6 × 10 = 60
⇒ (x − 1)  x −  = 14 Total sum = 60 × 1000 + 60 × 100 + 60 × 10 + 60 × 1
 2
= 60 × 1111 = 66660
⇒ (x − 1)(2x − 3) = 28
420. In low many ways can a committee of 4 be
⇒ 2x 2 − 5x + 3 − 28 = 0 made out of 5 men and 3 women containing
⇒ 2x 2 − 5x − 25 = 0 atleast one women?/ 5 heg®<eeW Deewj 3 ceefnueeDeeW ceW
mes 4 keâer Skeâ meefceefle efkeâleves Øekeâej mes yeveeF& pee mekeâleer
⇒ 2x 2 − 10x + 5x − 25 = 0
nw, peyeefkeâ meefceefle ceW keâce mes keâce Skeâ ceefnuee nes–
⇒ 2x(x − 5) + 5(x − 5) = 0
(a) 65 (b) 70
(c) 75 (d) 60
⇒ (x − 5) + (2x + 5) = 0 Rajasthan TGT 2011
5 Ans : (a) Number of ways in which committee form
⇒ x = 5 or x = −
2 = 5 C3 × 3 C1 + 5 C2 × 3 C2 + 5 C1 × 3 C3
But x can not be negative = 10 × 3 + 10 × 3 + 5 × 1
x=5
= 30 + 30 + 5 = 65 ways.
418. What is the total number of ways in which a
five digit number divisible by 3 can be formed 421. The number of words which can be formed
using the digits 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 without using letters of the word ‘ARRANGE’ so that
repetition? vowels always occupy even place is/
efyevee DebkeâeW keâer hegvejeJe=efòe kesâ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 DebkeâeW keâe ‘ARRANGE’ Meyo kesâ De#ejeW mes kegâue efkeâleves Meyo
GheÙeesie keâjles ngÙes 3 mes efJeYeepÙe heeBÛe DebkeâeW keâer yeve mekeâles nQ peyeefkeâ mJej meowJe mece mLeeveeW hej DeeJeW?
mebKÙeeÙeW efkeâleves Øekeâej mes yeveeF& pee mekeâleer nw– (a) 144 (b) 156
(c) 72 (d) 36
(a) 216 (b) 240
Rajasthan TGT 2011
(c) 576 (d) 625
Ans : (d) The Given word is ARRANGE.
Rajasthan TGT 2013
Total no. of letters = 7
Ans : (a) sum of the numbers- in which total vowels = 3
0 + 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 = 15 And total consonants = 4
which is divisible by 3. In when 2A and 2R
But we have to select only 5 digits, So, we can select 1,
2, 3, 4, 5, 0 and their sum is divisible by 3. Hence
number of ways = 5! = 120
If we take 0 as the first digit then the number would be 3!
No. of ways to fill even places = =3
5 digited. 2!
So, total number of ways = No. of ways without zero at 4!
first digit using 5 digit + total combination – And no. of ways to fill odd places = = 12
2!
combination with 0 as the first digit (combination of 4)
Total no. of words = 3 × 12 = 36.
= 120 + (5! – 4!)
= 120 + (120 – 24) 422. The number of possible outcomes, when a coin
= 120 + 96 = 216 is tossed 6 times is–/ Skeâ efmekeäkesâ keâes 6 yeej GÚeueves
419. The sum of all 4-digit numbers formed with the hej Øeehle meYeer mecYeJe heefjCeeceeW keâer mebKÙee nw–
digit 1, 2, 3, 4 without repetition, is-/ DebkeâeW 1, 2, (a) 36 (b) 32 (c) 12 (d) 64
3, 4 mes yeveves Jeeueer 4 DebkeâeW Jeeueer meYeer mebKÙeeDeeW keâe KVS TGT DEC 2017
Ùeesie, peyeefkeâ DebkeâeW keâer hegvejeJe=efòe veneR nes, nw– Ans. (d) : The coin is tossed in possible outcomes had
or tail then six time
(a) 6666 (b) 66660 So, that 26 = 64
(c) 26664 (d) 266640
n n
Rajasthan TGT 2013 423. If C12 = C8,then n is equal to–
Ans : (b) digit are 1, 2, 3, 4 and repetition is not alowed Ùeefo C12 = nC8 nw, lees n yejeyej nw–
n
A B C D (a) 20 (b) 12 (c) 6 (d) 30

1 → fixed KVS TGT DEC 2017
n n n n
when digit 1 is fixed at one's place then other 3 can be Ans. (a) : C12 = C8 (∴ c r = c n-r)
filled in 3 × 2 × 1 = 6 ways n = 12 + 8 ⇒ n = 20
ALGEBRA 84 YCT
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424. Melejbpe kesâ yees[& ceW DeeÙeleeW keâer mebKÙee nesieer–
n  1 1   1 1  
(a) 144 (b) 1296 ⇒  n + n  +  n + n  + ........
2  c0 cn   c1 c n −1  
n
TGT 2011
∑
n 1 1
⇒ = na n
Ans : (b) Melejbpe kesâ yees[& ceW #eweflepe ueeFveeW keâer mebKÙee =9 2 r =0
n
cr 2
leLee Melejbpe kesâ yees[& ceW TOJee&Oej ueeFveeW keâer mebKÙee = 9 428. In how many ways can the letters of the word
∴Melejbpe kesâ yees[& ceW DeeÙeleeW keâer mebKÙee = 9C2 × 9C2 'MATHEMATICS' be arranged so that vowels
always come together?/ "MATHEMATICS"
9! 9! 'Meyo kesâ De#ejeW mes efkeâleves efYeVe-efYeVe Meyo yeveeÙes pee
= ×
2!( 9 − 2 )! 2!( 9 − 2 )! mekeâles nQ ? peyeefkeâ meYeer mJej Skeâ meeLe jnW~
=9×4×9×4 =1296 (a) 10080 (b) 4989600
425. The probability of getting 12 in the single (c) 120960 (d) FveceW mes keâesF& veneR
throw with 3 dice is/ leerve heemeeW keâes Skeâ yeej heWâkeâves TGT 2010
ceW 12 Deeves keâer ØeeefÙekeâlee nw Ans : (c) efoÙee ieÙee Meyo MATHEMATICS
5 23 mJej JeCe& – AEAI
(a) (b)
54 216 JÙebpeve JeCe& – MTHMTCS
1 25 mJejeW keâes Skeâ meeLe uesves hej yevee Meyo–
(c) (d) MTHMTCS+(AEAI)
9 216
(GIC) ØeJeòeâe hejer#ee, 2015 FveceW M–2 yeej leLee leLee T–2 yeej SJeb DevÙe 1 yeej DeeÙes nQ~
Ans. (b) : 12 can be obtained in 23 ways ⇒ n(E)=23 keg â ue JeCe& =8
Total number of sample points = 216 8!
Dele: yeves MeyoeW keâer mebKÙee = = 10080
n(s) = 216 ( )( 2!)
2!
Probability =
23 mJej JeCeeX keâer JÙeJemLee ceW A-2 yeej leLee DevÙe Skeâ yeej nw~ Dele:
216 4!
426. If 10Cr= 10Cr+4, then value of r is/Ùeefo 10Cr=
mJejeW keâer JÙeJemLee = = 12
2!
10
Cr+4, leye r keâe ceeve nw Dele: kegâue JÙeJemLee efpemeceW mJej meowJe Skeâ meeLe jns~
(a) 3 (b) 2 (c) 5 (d) 4 = 10080×12 = 120960
429. If n is even and value of n Cr maximum then
Ans. (a) : C r = C r + 4
10 10
value of r is / Ùeefo n mece nes Deewj n Cr keâe ceeve
⇒ r+r+4=10 DeefOekeâlece nes, leye r keâe ceeve nes?
⇒ 2r+4 =10 r = 3 n n +1
n n
(a) (b)
2 2
∑ ∑
1 r
427. Ùeefo an = n
, leye n
keâe ceeve nw– n −1
r = 0 Cr r = 0 Cr (c) (d) None of these/FveceW mes keâesF& veneR
n 2
(a) (n-1)an (b) an TGT 2010
na n
(c) (d) FveceW mes keâesF& veneR Ans : (a)
2 (x + a) n = n C0 x n + n C1x n −1.a + n C2 x n −2a 2 + ......... + n C n a n
TGT 2011
Ans : (c)
ceW Ùeefo n = mece nes leye (x+a)n ceW heoeW keâer mebKÙee efJe<ece nesieer
n
n
n − 2 n −1 Deewj + 1 JeeB heo keâe iegCeebkeâ cenòece nesiee~ DeLee&led n mece nesves hej
∑
r 1 2 n
n
= n + n + .......... n + + 2
r =0 c r c1 c2 cn −2 n c n −1 n cn n
n
Cr ceW r = nesiee~
since 1+n–1 = 2 + n–2 = –2 = n .......... n c = n c 2
r n −r
 1 430. The value of n

Pr equal to/ n Pr keâe ceeve yejeyej nw:
1 1 1 
n  n + n + n + ........ n  (a) n −1
Pr + r. n −1Pr −1 (b) n. n −1Pr + n −1Pr −1
 c1 c2 c3 c n 
 1   1 (c) n  n −1 Pr + n −1Pr −1  (d) n −1
Pr + n −1Pr −1
1 1   
= n  n + n + ...... .......  n − n  TGT 2010
 c0 c1   c r c0 
Ans : (a) efJekeâuhe mes,
n 1 1  (n − 1)! (n − 1)!
⇒  + + ..... n–1
Pr + r. n–1Pr–1 = + r.
2  n c0 n c1  (n − r − 1)! (n − r)!
ALGEBRA 85 YCT
CLICK HERE -
(n − 1)!  r  434. 13 ef›eâkesâš efKeueeefÌ[ÙeeW ceW mes Ûeej ieWoyeepe nw~ efkeâleves
= 1+ lejerkesâ mes 11 efKeueeefÌ[ÙeeW keâe mecetn yeveeÙee pee mekeâlee nw
(n − r − 1)!  n − r 

n.(n − 1)! efpemeceW keâce mes keâce 2 ieWoyeepe DeJeMÙe neW~
= (a) 55
(n − r)(n − r − 1)!
(b) 72
n! (c) 78
= = n Pr
(n − r)! (d) None of these/FveceW mes keâesF& veneR
431. If nPr = nPr+1 and nCr = nCr–1, then (n, r) are TGT 2009
Ùeefo nPr = nPr+1 Deewj nCr = nCr–1, leye (n, r) nw : Ans : (c) kegâue efKeueeefÌ[ÙeeW keâer mebKÙee = 13 nw~ efpemeceW 4 ieWoyeepe
(a) 2,3 (b) 3,2 leLee 9 DevÙe efKeueeÌ[er nw~
(c) 4,5 (d) 5,4 ∴ 11 ceW mes, 2 ieWoyeepe uesves hej, DevÙe efKeueeefÌ[ÙeeW keâer mebKÙee = 9
TGT 2010 ∴ mecetn yeveeves keâer kegâue efJeefOe = 4C2.9C9 = 6 × 1 = 6
n
Ans : (b) Pr = n Pr +1 ∴ 11 ceW mes 3 ieWoyeepe uesves hej, 8 DevÙe efKeueeÌ[er kesâ efueS peeves
⇒
n!
=
n!
⇒ n − r =1 .....(i)
hej kegâue efJeefOe = 4C3.9C8 = 4 × 9 = 36
(n − r)! (n − r − 1)! Fmeer Øekeâej, 11 ceW mes 4 ieWoyeepe Deewj 7 DevÙe efKeueeÌ[er uesves hej,
leLee n Cr = n Cr −1 kegâue efJeefOe = 4C4.9C7 = 1× = 36
72
n! n! 2
⇒ = ⇒ 2r − 1 = n .....(ii) Dele: 11 efKeueeefÌ[ÙeeW keâes Skeâ meeLe keâjves leLee GmeceW keâce mes keâce 2
r!(n − r)! (r − 1)!(n − r + 1)
meceer (i) leLee (ii) mes, r = 2, n = 3 ieWoyeepe jKeves keâer kegâue efJeefOeÙeeB = 6 + 36 + 36 = 78
⇒ (n,r) = (3,2) 435. Skeâ De<šYegpe kesâ keâesCeerÙe efyevog (angular point) mes
432. Meyo LEADER mes efkeâleves MeyoeW keâe mecetn yeveeÙee pee efkeâleves ef$eYegpe yeveeÙee pee mekeâles nw peyeefkeâ De<šYegpe keâer
mekeâlee nw– Yegpee ef$eYegpe keâer Yegpee kesâ yejeyej vee nes:
(a) 72 (b) 144 (a) 56 (b) 24
(c) 360 (d) 720 (c) 16 (d) FveceW mes keâesF& veneR
TGT 2009 TGT 2005
Ans : (c) efoÙes ieÙes Meyo LEADER ceW kegâue De#ejeW keâer mebKÙee = Ans : (d) nce peeveles nQ,
6 efpemeceW E, 2 yeej DeeÙee nw~ efkeâmeer yengYegpe efpemeceW n Yegpee nes, kesâ efJekeâCeeX keâer mebKÙee = nC2–n nw
∴ 6 De#ejeW ceW ›eâceÛeÙeeW keâer mebKÙee peyeefkeâ E keâer hegvejeJe=efòe 2 yeej efkeâmeer yengYegpe efpemeceW n Yegpee nes, kesâ ef$eYegpeeW keâer mebKÙee = nC3 nesieer
ngÙeer nw~ efkeâmeer yengYegpe efpemeceW n Yegpee nes, kesâ ef$eYegpeeW keâer mebKÙee efpemeceW
6! 6 × 5× 4 × 3× 2 ×1 yengYegpe keâer Skeâ Yeer Yegpee meefcceefuele ve nes = nC3–n
= = = 30 ×12 = 360
2! 2 ×1 ∴ De<šYegpe kesâ keâesCeerÙe efyevog mes yeves ef$eYegpe keâer mebKÙee efpemeceW
433. Ùeefo keâevehegj mes PeeBmeer kesâ efueS kegâue 7 š^sve peeves kesâ ef$eYegpe keâer keâesF& Yegpee De<š Yegpe keâer Yegpee kesâ yejeyej ve nes = 8C3–8
efueS leLee 7 š^sve Deeves kesâ efueS GheueyOe nw~ leye yeleeFS 8!
keâesF& JÙeefkeäle pees PeeBmeer mes keâevehegj Deevee Ûeenlee nw, Jen = 3!× (8 − 3)! − 8
efkeâleves Øekeâej mes Dee leLee pee mekeâlee nw peyeefkeâ Jen efpeme
8 × 7 × 6 × 5!
š^sve mes Deelee nw, peeves kesâ efueS Gmekeâe ØeÙeesie ve keâjW~ = −8
(a) 49 (b) 42 (c) 36 (d) 14 3 × 2 × 1× 5!
TGT 2009 = 56 − 8 = 48
Ans : (b) ceevee š^sves T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6 and T7 nQ 436. The lowest common multiple of n Pr and n Cr is
n
Pr leLee n Cr keâe vÙetvelece GYeÙeefve<" DeheJelÙe&
(lowest Comman Multiple) keäÙee nesiee–
n n
(a) Pr (b) Cr
n −1 n −1
(c) Pr (d) Cr
TGT 2004
∵ keâevehegj mes PeeBmeer kesâ efueS kegâue 7 š^sve peeves leLee Jener meele š^sve n! n!
Ans : (a) n Pr = leLee n
Cr =
Deeves kesâ efueS Fmlesceeue keâer pee mekeâleer nw~ ( n − r )! r!( n − r )!
Ùeefo Skeâ Deeoceer keâevehegj mes PeeBmeer š^sve T1 mes peeÙe lees Jen kegâue n! n!
LCM = ,
= 6 š^sve ceW mes efkeâmeer Skeâ mes Jeeheme Dee mekeâlee nw~ ( n − r )! r!( n − r )!
Fmeer Øekeâej Ùeefo Jen š^sve T2 mes peeÙe lees Mes<e š^sve T1, T3, T4, T5, DebMe keâe ue.me. n!
T6, T7, mes Jeeheme Dee mekeâlee nw~ = = = nPr
Dele: Deeves leLee peeves keâer kegâue efJeefOeÙeeB = 7 × 6 = 42
nj keâe ce.me. ( )
n − r !
ALGEBRA 86 YCT
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n
4. Binomial Theorem 439. ∑

r=0
3r n C r is equal to
n
2 3 –n
n
437. The coefficient of x in the expansion of (1 – 2x ∑
r=0
3r n C r yejeyej nw–
+ 3x – 4x + .......)
2 3 –n n (a) 2n (b) 3n
(1 – 2x + 3x – 4x + .........) kesâ efJemleej ceW x keâe
(c) 4n (d) 1
iegCeebkeâ nw–
UP PGT 2021
n+1 2n! Ans. (c) : 4n
(a) (–1) n (b)
( n!)
2
n
2n! ∑
r =0
3r n C r = n C0 + n C1 3 + n C 2 32 + n C3 33 + .... + n C n 3n
(c)
( n + 1)!( n − 1)! n
= (1+3) ( Bionomial theorem)
n
(d) None of the above/GheÙeg&keäle ceW mes keâesF& veneR =4
UP PGT 2021 440. The term independent of x in the expansion of
6
2n!  1 
Ans. (b) :  2x +  is
( n!)
2  3x 
6
(1 – 2x + 3x2 – 4x3 + .........)
–n  1 
 2x +  kesâ efJemleej ceW x mes mJelev$e heo nw
( –2 )( –3) 2 ( –2 )( –3)( –4 ) 3  3x 
–n
= (1 + (–2)x + x + x + .... ) (a) 160/9 (b) 80/9
2! 3!
(c) 160/27 (d) 80/3
= ((1 + x ) )–2 – n
= (1 + x )
2n
6
UP TGT 2021
So, the coefficient of xn in the expansion of (1+x)2n  1 
Ans. (c) :  2x + 
2n!  3x 
=
( n!)
2 r
 1 
Tr+1 = 6 C r ( 2x )
6–r
 
9  3x 
 x3 2  1 1
438. In the expansion of  – 2  the 4th term = 6 Cr 26–r x 6–r r r
 4 x  3 x
from the end is – Ùeefo heo x mes mJeleb$e nes lees
9
 x3 2  x 6–2r = x 0 ⇒ 6 – 2r = 0
 – 2  kesâ Øemeej ceW Deble mes ÛeewLee heo nw–
 4 x  ⇒ 2r = 6
48 84 ⇒r=3
(a) (b) 1
x3 x3 ∴ x mes mJeleb$e heo 6 C3 ( 2 )6–3 3
3
64 72
(c) 3 (d) 3 1 6! 8
x x = 6 C 3 23 3 = ×
3 3! 3! 27
UP PGT 2021
6 × 5 × 4 × 3! 8 20 × 8 160
Ans. (b) : 84/x3 = × = =
th n
Since r term from the end in the expansion of (a+b) is 6 × 3! 27 27 27
th n
(n – r + 2) term from the beginning. Therefore 4th
441. The value of ∑ 5r .n Cr is
term from the end is 9 – 4 + 2 i.e. 7th term from the r=0
 x3 2  n
beginning in the expansion of  – 2  , which is
 4 x 
∑
r=0
5r .n Cr keâe ceeve nw
given by (a) 5n (b) 6n

n
3
 x 3   −2 
6 (c) 7 (d) 8n
9
T 7 = C6    2  UPPSC Ashram Paddhati 2021
 4  x  Ans. (b) :
 x 9   64  84 n
( a + b ) = ∑ n Cr a n –r b r
9 n
= C6    12  = 3 ∵
 64   x  x r =0
ALGEBRA 87 YCT
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Let a = 1 and b = 5 12–3r = 3, i.e x= 3
n Thus, the coefficient of x 3 is
(1 + 5) = ∑ n Cr (1)
n n–r
∴ 5r
C3 ( −3) ( 2 ) = −1485 128
12 3 −9
r =0
n
6 n = ∑ n C r 5r 444. if n ≥ k, then the value of
k
r =0 C k + k+1C k + k+2 Ck +...+ n Ck is:
442. The coefficient of x4 in the expansion of
12
Ùeefo n ≥ k leye k Ck + k+1Ck + k+2 Ck +...+ n Ck keâe ceeve
x 3 
 – 3  is nw:
3 x  n+2 n+2
12
(a) Ck+2
Ck+1 (b)
x 3 
 – 3 
kesâ Øemeej ceW x keâe iegCeebkeâ nw
4
(c) n+1
Ck+1 (d) n+1
Ck
3 x 
66 66
(a) 8 (b) 10 Ans. (c) : Writing
3 3 k
Ck + k +1Ck + k + 2 Ck + ... + n −1Ck + n Ck as
66 66
(c) – 9 (d) – 10 k +1
Ck +1 + k +1Ck + k + 2 Ck + ... + n −1C k + n Ck
3 3
UPPSC Ashram Paddhati 2021 and using Pascal's identity
Ans. (a) : The general term Tr+1 in the bionomial n
Ck = n −1Ck + n −1Ck −1 repeatedly we get
12
x 3  k +2
Ck +1 + k + 2 Ck + ... + n −1Ck + n Ck
expansion of  – 3  is given as
3 x  = k + 3 Ck +1 + k + 3 Ck + ... + n −1Ck + n Ck
12 – r r
 x   – 3 and so on. Thus we get
Tr +1 = 12 C r    3 
  
3 x  k
Ck + k +1Ck + ... + n −1Ck = n +1Ck +1
= ( –1) C r 32r –12 x12–4r
r 12
445. If n-1C + n-1C > n C , then 3 4 3
We equate 12 – 4r = 4 then we get the value of r
corresponding to required coefficient
Ùeefo C3 + C4 > C3 , leye
n-1 n-1 n
∵ 12 – 4r = 4 (a) n>7
(b) n=7
⇒ r=2
(c) n<7
For r =2 we find coefficient of x4 as ( – 1) C 2 32×2–12 .
2 12
(d) None of these /FveceW mes keâesF& veneR
12 × 11 1 66 UKPSC Lecturer (Mains) 2020
= × 8= 8
2 3 3 Ans. (a) : Given n-1C3 + n-1C4 > n C3 .
443. The coefficient of x3 in the expansion of So,
 x 3 
 −  , is:
12
( n − 1)( n − 2 )( n − 3) + ( n − 1)( n − 2 )( n − 3)( n − 4 )
 2 x 2  6 24
 x 3 
12 n ( n − 1)( n − 2 )
 −  kesâ Øemeej ceW x3 keâe iegCeebkeâ nw: >
 2 x 2  6
(a) 1485/128 (b) -1485/128 n − 3
+
( n − 3)( n − 4 ) > n
⇒
(c) –1485/256 (d) 495/128 6 24 6
UKPSC Lecturer (Mains) 2020 ⇒ 4n − 12 + n 2 − 3n − 4n + 12 − 12 > 0
Ans. (b) : general term, i.e ( r + 1) contain x 3
th
⇒ n 2 − 7n > 0
⇒ n (n − 7) > 0
We have the general term, ( r + 1) term
th
12 − r r
and because n > 0, we must have only n > 7
 x   −3 
Tr +1 = C r    2 
12
446. The term independent of x in the expansion of
2 x  10
 x +1 x –1 
 x 2/3 – x1/3 + 1 x – x1/2  is :
12 −r –
r1
= 12 C r x12–r–2r ( −3 )  
2 10
 x +1 x –1 
( −3 ) ( 2 )  x 2/3 – x1/3 + 1 x – x1/2  kesâ Øemeej ceW x mes mJelev$e
12 −3r r −12 + r –
= Cr x
12
Now for this to contain x 3 , we observe that heo nw :

ALGEBRA 88 YCT
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(a) 4 (b) 120 (a) n
Cr x n −r .a r (b) n
C r x r .a r
(c) 210 (d) 310
(c) n
Cn −r x n −r .a r (d) n
Cn −r x r .a n −r
Haryana PGT 2019
Haryana TGT 2019
Ans. (c) : We have
PGT 2002
10
 x +1 x −1  Ans. (a) : Binomial theorem states that
 x 2 / 3 − x1/ 3 + 1 − x − x1/ 2  (x + a)n = nC0xn + nC1 xn–1 a + ... + nCr xn–r ar + ... + nCn an
Hence, the general term in the expansion is nCr xn–r ar
( ) ( )( )
10
 ( x + 1) x1/ 3 + 1 x1/ 2 + 1 x1/ 2 − 1 
=  449. The coefficient of x2 in the expansion of (20x2 –
−
( )(
 x 2 / 3 − x1/ 3 + 1 x1/ 3 + 1
 ) ( )
x1/ 2 x1/ 2 − 1 

9x + 1)–1 is:
 1
10  Here x < 
= 
( ) (
 x + 1 x1/ 3 + 1
) −

1 +
1 
 
(20x 2
– 9x +
5
1)–1 kesâ efJemleej ceW x2 keâe iegCeebkeâ nw:
 1/ 2  
 ( ) x 1/ 3 3
+1  x 
  1
 ÙeneB x < 
10  5
 1 
=  x1/ 3 − 1/ 2  (a) –20 (b) 20
 x  (c) 61 (d) 60
10
 1/ 3 1  Haryana PGT 2020
Now general term in the expansion of  x − 1/ 2  is 2 –1
 x  Ans. (c) : (20x – 9x + 1)
 1 
10− r ⇒ (20x2 – 5x – 4x + 1)–1
1/3 r  −
given by Cr(x )  x1/ 2 
10
⇒ (1 – 4x)–1 (1 – 5x)–1
⇒ (1 + 4x + 42x2 + 43x3 + ....) (1 + 5x + 52x2 + 53x3) ....)
r / 3−
(10− r ) 10 − r Now the coefficient of x2 is (52 + (4 × 5) + 42) = 61
⇒ 10 C r ( x ) 2 ( −1)
x10 + 1
which is independent of x if 450. If x2 – 5x + 1 = 0, then =
x5
r 10 − r
− =0 x10 + 1
3 2 Ùeefo x2 – 5x + 1 = 0, then =
x5
⇒ 5r – 30 = 0
(a) 2424 (b) 3232
⇒ r=6 (c) 2525 (d) 2323
Thus coefficient of term independent of x is Haryana PGT 2020
10 × 9 × 8 × 7
C6 ( –1) = Ans. (c) : Given
4
10
= 210
4 × 3 × 2 ×1 1
2n
x2 – 5x + 1 = 0 ⇒ x + = 5
x
( ) ∑
n
447. If 1 + 2x + x 2 = ar xr , then ar = 3
 1 1  1
 x +  = x + 3 + 3 x + 
3
r =0 Now
2n  x  x  x
( ) ∑
2 n
Ùeefo 1 + 2x + x = ar x , lees ar = r
⇒ x 3 + 3 = 110
1
r =0 x
2n n n 5
(a) Cr (b) Cr . Cr +1  1   1   1   1
and  x +  =  x 5 + 5  + 5  x 3 + 3  + 10  x + 
 x  x   x   x
( )
2
(c) n Cr (d) 2n Cr +1 (By binomial theorem)
Haryana TGT 2020 which gives
2n x10 + 1 1
= x 5 + 5 = ( 5 ) − 5 (110 ) − 10 ( 5 )
5
Ans. (a) : (1+2x+x ) = (x+1) = 2 n

∑2n
r =0
arx r
x 5
= 2525
x
Hence by Binomial Theorem, we have

451. In the expansion of (1 + x)50, the sum of the
2n
∑ 2n coefficients of odd powers of x is:

(x+1)2n = Cr x r
(1 + x)50 kesâ Øemeej ceW x keâer efJe<ece IeeleeW kesâ iegCeebkeâes
r =0
which gives ar = 2nCr
keâe Ùeesieheâue nw:
(a) 0 (b) 1
448. General term in the expansion of (x+a)n is: (c) 249 (d) 251
(x+a)n kesâ Øemeej ceW JÙeehekeâ heo nw : Haryana PGT 2018
ALGEBRA 89 YCT
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Ans. (c) : Binomial theorem states that. r
15−r  −2 
(1 + x)50 = 50 C0 +50 C1x + ..... +50 C49 x 49 +50 C50 x50 Tr +1 = 15C r ( 3x )  2
x 
Which gives that
leye x15−r −2r = x 0
50
C0 +50 C1 + ..... +50 C49 +50 C50 = 250 15–3r= 0 , r=5
and 50 C0 −50 C1 + ..... −50 C49 +50 C50 = 0 Tr +1 = 5 + 1 = 6
So, we have x mes mJeleb$e heo 6th nw~
n
50
C0 +50 C2 + ..... +50 C48 +50 C50 = 50C1 +50 C3 + ...50 C47 +50 C49 455. Ùeefo (1+x) =
n
∑C x
r =0
r
r
,
⇒ 2 ( 50
C1 + C3 + ... + C47 + C49 = 2
50 50 50
) 50
 C  C  C   C 
leye  1 + 1  1 + 2  1 + 3  ....  1 + n  =
⇒ 50
C1 + C3 + ... + C47 + C49 = 249
50 50 50
 C C 0  C 1C  2   n −1 
Thus, the sum of coefficient of odd powers of x is 249.
( n + 1)
n −1
n n −1
452. The value of (7C0 + 7C1) + (7C1 + 7C2)+....+ (7C6 + (a) (b)
7
C7) is ( n − 1)! ( n − 1)!
(7C0 + 7C1) + (7C1 + 7C2)+....+ (7C6 + 7C7) keâe ceeve
( n + 1) ( n + 1)
n n +1
nw : (c)
n!
(d)
n!
(a) 27–1 (b) 28–1 TGT 2009
8
(c) 2 –2 (d) 28
Ans : (c)
UKPSC GIC 2018
DSSSB TGT (Section B) 28.12.2014  C1  C 2  C3   Cn 
1 + 1 + 1 +  ....  1 + 
Ans. (c) : Binomial theorem describes  C 0  C1  C 2   C n −1 
(a + b)7 = 7C0 a7 + 7C1a6 b +......+ 7C6 ab6 +7C7b7
 n C  n C  n C   n
C 
If a = b = 1 then we have = 1+ n 1 1+ n 2 1+ n 3  ....1+ n n 
27 = 7C0 + 7C1 +.....+7C6 + 7C7 ––––(i)  C0   C1  C2   C n −1 
and 27 – 2 = 7C1 + 7C2 +.....+7C5 + 7C6 ––––(ii)  1+ n  n + 1   n + 1   1 + n  1 + n 
on adding we have = (1+ n )    ... =   .......
 2  3   n   1  2 
28–2 = (7C0 + 7C1)+(7C1+7C2)+.....+ (7C6+7C7)
453. In the expansion of (1 + x)43, the co-efficients of  n C1 n! 0!( n − 0 ) 
∵ n = × 
(2r + 1)th and (r + 2)th terms are equal , then  C 0 1!( n − 1)! n! 
the value of r is
1× n! n × ( n − 1)
(1 + x)43,kesâ efJemleej ceW (2r + 1) JeeB Deewj (r + 2) JeeB = =
heo kesâ iegCeebkeâ yejeyej nQ, lees r keâe ceeve nw : 1× ( n − 1)! ( n − 1)
(a) 16 (b) 15 =n
(c) 13 (d) 14
(1 + n ) (1 + n )
n n
UKPSC GIC 2018 = =

1.2.3...n n!
Ans. (d) : In the expansion of (1+x)43 we have
T2r+1 = nC2r x2r & Tr+2 = nCr+1xr+1 ; n = 43 456. If in the expansion of (1 + x) , the coeffecients 20
n
If C2r = nCr+1 for n = 43 of rth and (r + 4)th terms are equal, then the
Then either 2r = r +1 or 2r + r + 1 = n = 43 value of r is ?
Which gives either r =1 or r = 14 (a) 7 (b) 8
15
 2  (c) 9 (d) 10
454. In the expansion of  3x − 2  which term is
 x  PGT 2004
free from x? Ans : (c) Tr = 20Cr −1 (1) 20−r ( x) r −1
15
 2  Tr + 4 = 20Cr +3 (1) 20−r −3 x r +3
 3x − 2  kesâ efJemleej ceW keâewve mee heo x mes mJeleb$e nw?
 x 
iegCeebkeâ yejeyej nw 20
Cr −1 = 20 Cr +3
(a) 4th /ÛeewLee (b) 5th /heeBÛeJee
(c) 6th /Ú"e (d) 7th /meeleJeeB 20! 20!
=
UP TGT-2016 (08-03-2019) (r −1)!(20 − r + 1)! (r + 3)!(20 − r − 3)!
15 (r + 3)!(20 − r − 3)! = (r − 1)!(20 − r + 1)!
 2 
Ans : (c)  3x − 2 
 x  nue keâjves hej = r = 9
ALGEBRA 90 YCT
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457. The coefficient of t24 in the expansion of (1 +
T5+1 = 10C5 x 4
t2)12 (1 + t12) (1 + t24) is
10!
(a) 12
C6 + 3 (b) 12 C6 10
C5 =
5!5!
(c) 12
C6 + 1 (d) 12 C6 + 2 460. The binomial expansion of (1+x)–1 is valid only when
PGT 2004 (1+x)–1 keâe efÉheo efJemleej kesâJeue leYeer ceevÙe nesiee, peye
Ans : (d) (1+t2)12 (1 + t 24 )(1 + t12 ) (a) –1≤ x ≤1 (b) x ≤ 1
12 2 12 4 12 6 12 8 12 10 12 12 12 14 (c) –1< x <1 (d) x ≥ 1
[1 + c1t + c2t + c3t + c4t + c5t + c6t + c7t
+12 c8t16 +12 c9 t18 +12 c10t 20 +12 c11t 22 +12 c12 t 24 ] –1
Ans. (c) : Binomial expansion of (1+x) is valid only
[1 + t12 + t 24 + t 36 ] when −1 < x < 1
= [1 +12 c1t 2 +12 c2t 4 +12 c3t 6 +12 c4t8 +12 c5t10 +12 c6t12
461. Ùeefo (1 + x)n = c0 + c1x + ... + cn xn leye
+12 C7 t14 +12 c8t16 +12 c9t18 +12 c10t 20 +12 c11t 22 +12 c12t 24 ] c0 + 2c1 + 3c 2 + ... + (n + 1)cn keâe ceeve nw–
= [t 24 + t 24 +12 C6t 24 ] + .....
If (1 + x)n = c0 + c1 x + ... + cn xn
∴ Cofficient of t is 24
then the value of
⇒ 12
C6 + 2 c0 + 2c1 + 3c 2 + ... + (n + 1)cn is equal to–
458. Find the coefficient of x in the expansion of
(a) n 2n (b) n 2n −1
(1+x )10 (c) n 2n + n 2n −1 (d) 2n + n 2n −1
(1− x )3 Rajasthan TGT 2015
(a) 120 (b) 119 Ans. (d) (1 + x)n = C0 + C1x + .........C n x n ...........(1)
(c) 111 (d) None of these
C0 + 2C1 + 3C2 + ........(n + 1)Cn = ?
PGT 2003
By equation (1)
(1 + x)10 −3
Ans : (d) = (1 + x) (1 − x)
10
(1 + x)n = C0 + C1x + ........(n + 1)Cn
(1 − x)3
= [1 +10 C x +10 C x 2 +10 C x3 + ....... +10 C x10 ][1 + 3 x + 6 x 2 + .....]
multiply x both side
1 2 3 10
= [1 + 3 x + 10 x + ......] x(1 + x) n = C0 x + C1x 2 + ........C n x n +1

lees x keâe iegCeebkeâ nw 13 differential w.r.t. x
459. The greatest coefficient in the expansion of (1+x)10is nx(1 + x)n −1 + (1 + x)n
(a)
10!
(b)
10! = C0 + 2C1x + ........(n + 1)C n x n
5!6! 2!8! Put x = 1
(c)
10!
5!5!
(d)
10!
5!4!
( )
n 2n −1 + 2n = C0 + 2C1 + 3C2 ........(n + 1)Cn
PGT 2003 2n + n2n −1

r
nc x (1 + x )
50
Tr +1 r n − r +1 462. kesâ Øemeej ceW x kesâ efJe<ece IeeleeW kesâ iegCeebkeâeW
Ans : (c) = r −a = x
Tr nc x r keâe Ùeesie nw :
r −1
(a) 0 (b) 249 (c) 250 (d) 251
Tr +1 TGT 2001
Deye cenòece iegCeebkeâ kesâ efueS >1
Tr Ans : (b) efÉheo ØecesÙe mes,
∵ (1 + x ) = C0 + C1 x + C 2 x 2 + C3 x 3 + .... + C50 x 50 ....(i)
50
10 − r + 1
>1
r meceer. (i) ceW x = – 1 jKeves hej,
10 − r + 1 > r (1 − 1)
50
= C0 − C1 + C2 − C3 + .... + C50 ...... (ii)
11 > 2r meceer. (i) ceW x = 1 jKeves hej,
11
(1 + 1)
50
r< = 5.5 = C0 + C1 + C2 + C3 + .... + C50 ...... (iii)
2
lees r = 5 cenòece iegCeebkeâ efceuesiee meceer. (iii) mes meceer. (ii) keâes Ieševes hej,
ALGEBRA 91 YCT
CLICK HERE -
2 (C1 + C3 + C5 + .... + C 49 ) = 250 Ans : (c) given expansion is (1 + x) (1 – x)n
C1 + C3 + C5 + ........ = 249 Re-writing it (1 − x) n + x(1 − x) n
Dele: x kesâ efJe<ece IeeleeW kesâ iegCeebkeâeW ÙeesieHeâue · 249 nesiee~ coefficient of xn in the expansion of (1 + x)(1 − x) n
= coeff. of x2, in (1 + x)n + Coeff. of xn-1 in (1 – x)n
n −1 n
= (−1) n n c n + ( −1)
( )
2007 c n −1
(1 − x )
2008
1 + x + x2 is given by:
= (−1) n .1 − ( −1) n .n
(a) 0 (b) –1 (c) 1 (d) 3
NVS PGT 10-06-2019 = (−1)n [1 − n ]
(1 + x + x ) 2 2007 466. Which of the following is the greatest?

Ans : (a) We have (1 − x )
2008
efvecve ceW, keâewve mee DeefOekeâlece nw?
= (1 − x )(1 + x )
31
2007
(a) C 02 − 31C12 + 31C 22 − ...... − 31C31
2
32
C 02 − 32 C12 + 32 C 22 + ...... + 32 C32
2
( ) ( )
2007 2007 (b)
= 1 − x3 − x 1 − x3
32
2009 3r+2
(c) C 02 + 32 C12 + 32 C 22 + ...... + 32 C32
2
We find that x is of the form x where as 34
(1–x3)2007 contains terms of the form x3r and x(1–x3)2007 (d) C 02 − 34 C12 + 34 C 22 + ...... + 34 C34
2
contains terms of the form x3r+1, So there is no term KVS PGT 23-12-2018
containing x2009 in the given expansion. Ans : (d) Formula
Hence coefficient of x2009 is 0. n Cr = n C n −r
464. The value of the expression 31
26 (a) C 02 − 31C12 + 31C 22 − ...... − 31C31
2
C 4 + 31C4 + 30C 4 + 29C 4 + 28 C4 + 27 C 4 + 26C 5
31
equals:/ JÙebpekeâ then C02 − 31C12 + 31C 22 − ...... − 31C31
2
=0
32
26
C 4 + 31C4 + 30C 4 + 29C 4 + 28 C4 + 27 C 4 + 26C 5 (b) C 02 − 32 C12 + 32 C 22 + ...... + 32 C31
2
+ 32 C32
2
keâe ceeve nw: = 2  32 C02 + 32

C22 + 32C32 + 32 C24 + 32C52  + 32C62
32 32
(a) C3 (b) C4 (c) 32
C 02 + 32 C12 + 32 C 22 + ...... + 32 C32
2
32 31
(c) C5 (d) C5 = 2  32 C02 + 32
C12 + 32 C22 + 32C32 + 32C24 + 32 C52  + 32 C62
KVS PGT 23-12-2018 34
(d) C 02 − 34 C12 + 34 C 22 + ...... + 34 C34
2
Ans : (c) given
= 26 C 4 + 31C 4 + 30 C 4 + 29 C 4 + 28 C 4 + 27 C 4 + 26 C 4 = 34 C 02 − 34 C12 + 34 C 22 + ...... + 34 C33
2
+ 34 C34
2
using n
C r + n C r −1 = n +1C r The given expression = 2  34 C02 + 34
C22 + 34 C32 + 34 C24 + 34 C52 + 34 C62  + 34C72
becomes. So that greatest value of option (d)
( 26 26
) ( 26
= C5 + C 4 + C 4 + C 4 + C 4 + C 4 + C 4 )
467. If the coefficient of rth, (r+1)th and (r+2)th terms
27 29 30 31
in the expansion of (1+x)14 are in A.P., then the
( )
= 27 C5 + 27 C4 + 28C4 + 29C4 + 30 C4 + 31C4 value of r is:
Ùeefo (1+x)14 kesâ Øemeej ceW rth, (r+1)th leLee (r+2)th heoeW
( )
= 28 C5 + 28C4 + 29C4 + 30 C4 + 31C4 kesâ iegCeebkeâ meceevlej ßesÌ{er ceW nes, lees keâe ceeve nesiee:
(a) 5 or 8 (b) 5 or 9
= 29 C5 + 29 C 4 + 30 C 4 + 31C 4 (c) 4 or 9 (d) 6 or 7
= 30 C5 + 30 C 4 + 31C 4 KVS PGT 23-12-2018
Ans : (b) Let the coefficients of rth, (r+1)th and (r+2)th
= 31C 5 + 31C 4 = 32 C 5 14
term is the expansion of (1+x) are
465. The coefficient of xn in the expansion of 14
C r −1 , 14 C r and 14 C r +1 respectively.
(1 + x )(1 − x ) is:
n
then 2. 14 C = 14 C + 14 C r r −1 r +1
(1 + x )(1 − x ) n
kesâ Øemeej ceW xn keâe iegCeebkeâ nw: 14
Cr −1 14
Cr +1
⇒ 14
+ 14
=2
n −1
(a) (n–1) (b) ( −1) n Cr Cr
r 14 − r  n Cr n − r +1
(c) ( −1)n (1 − n ) (d) ( −1)n −1 (1 − n )2 ⇒ + =2 ∵ n = 
14 − r + 1 r + 1  Cr −1 r 
KVS PGT 23-12-2018
ALGEBRA 92 YCT
CLICK HERE -
r ( r + 1) + (14 − r )(14 − r ) = 2(14 − r + 1)(r + 1) Ans : (c) expansion of ( 2x − y + 3z )
20
⇒ r 2 − 14r + 45 = 0 if ( a + b + c........m )n in expansion of number of

⇒ (r–5) (r–9) = 0 m + n −1
term = C m −1
⇒ r = 5 or 9
Where n = power
468. If the sum of the coefficients of powers of 'x' in m = total term
(a x )
48 So that
2 3
the expansion of − 8ax 2 + 16 is zero,
Number of term = 20+3−1C3−1
then 'a' is equal to
= 22 C 2
( )
48
2 3 2
Ùeefo a x − 8ax + 16 kesâ Øemeej ceW 'x' keâer IeeleeW kesâ
22 × 21× 20! 22 × 21
= = = 11× 21 = 231
iegCeekeâeW keâe Ùeesie MetvÙe nes, lees 'a' yejeyej nw ( 22 − 2!) 2! 2
(a) –2 (b) –1 21
(c) 2 (d) 4  13 1

471. In the expansion of  5 + 2  , the sum of all
7
UP PGT-2016 (02-02-2019)  
( )
2 3 2 48 rational terms is:
Ans : (d) expansion of a x − 8ax + 16
(a) 78125 (b) 78117
Sum of the coefficients of power of x is zero (c) 78133 (d) 78149
then x = 1 DSSSB 23 SEP 2018 (9 AM-11 AM)
48
= a 2 (1) − 8 (1) a + 16
3 2 21
 1 1

  Ans : (c) Expansion of  5 3 + 2 7 
48  
=  a 2 − 8a + 16  We know that
48 expansion of
= ( a − 4 )  = (a − 4)
2 96
  (x + a)
n
= n c 0 x n a 0 + n c1x n −1a + n c 2 x n − 2a 2 + n c 3 x n −3a 3
but a –4 = 0
......... n c r x n − r a r ....... n c 0a r
a=4 1 1
469. The coefficient of the middle term in the Comparing we get n = 21, x = 53 , a = 27
( )
8 then.
expansion of 1 + 3x + 3x 2 + x 3 in powers of x 21 21 0 21−1 21− 2
 13 1
  1   1  21  1   1  21  1 
 5 + 2 7  = C0  5 3   2 7  + C1  5 3   2 7  + C2  53 
21
( )
8
is/ 1 + 3x + 3x 2 + x 3 kesâ x keâer IeeleeW ceW efJemleej kesâ            
2 21− 21 21
 71   1  1
ceOÙe heo keâe iegCeebkeâ nw 21
 2  ......... C 21  5 3   27 
12 12      
(a) C6 (b) C8 20 1 19 2
(c) 24
C8 (d) 24
C12 = 57 + 21.5 3 .2 7 + 210.5 3 .2 7 ..............
UP PGT-2016 (02-02-2019) Solving we get
Sum of the rational terms = 78133.
( )
8
Ans : (d) 1 + 3x + 3x 2 + x 3 472. The total number of terms in the expansion of
( x + 1) 3 8 (x + a)51 − (x − a)51 after simplification is–
= ( x + 1)
24
 
the middle term of expantion of (x+a)n
mejueerkeâjCe kesâ yeeo (x + a)51 − (x − a)51 kesâ efJemleejCe
= n Cn / 2
ceW kegâue heoeW keâer mebKÙee nesieer
102 (a)
then the given expention of middle term = 24 C12 25 (b)
470. Number of terms in the expansion of 26 (c)
None of these/Ghejesòeâ ceW mes keâesF& veneR
(d)
( 2x − y + 3z )20 is
( 2x − y + 3z )20 kesâ Øemeej ceW heoeW keâer mebKÙee nw Ans. (c) : since
(a) 228 (b) 230 (x + a) 51 – (x – a) 51
(c) 231 (d) 236 = 2 {sum of terms at even places}
51 50 1 51 3 51 0 51
UP PGT-2016 (02-02-2019) = 2 [ C1 x a + C3 a +...+ C51 x . a ]
ALGEBRA 93 YCT
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Total number of terms from a1 to a51 Ans : (d) Given that– (1+2x+x2)20
exponent of 'a' forms an AP ∵ 1+2x+x2= (1+x)2
51 − 1
so, total number of terms = +1 ⇒ (1+2x+x2)20 = [(1+x)2]20 = (1+x)40
2 Hence number of terms = n+1 = 40+1 = 41
= 25 + 1 = 26terms 476. The coefficient of x4 in the expansion of
n +1 n +1 n +1
473. The sum of c1 + c 2 + .... + c n + 1 is equal to x 3 
10
n +1
c1 + n +1
c 2 + .... + n +1
c n + 1 keâe peesÌ[ Fmekesâ yejeyej nw  2 − 2  is
 x 
(a) 2n +1 x 3  4
10
n +1  2 − 2  kesâ Øemeej ceW x keâe iegCeebkeâ nw

(b) 2 −1  x 
(c) 2 n 405 504
(a) (b)
(d) FveceW mes keâesF& veneR 256 259
JDD-75-PGT TIER II-X-15 28.06.2015 450
(c) (d) None of these
Ans. (b) : We know that, 263
∵ n C1 + n C2 + ............... + n Cn = 2n − 1 PGT 2011
th
n +1
Ans : (a) Let T be the r term is the expansion of
C1 + n +1 C2 + .......... + n +1 Cn +1 = 2n +1 − 1
r
they, 10
x 3 
 
n  2 − 2  then
474. lf the coefficients of x 7 and x in  2 + 
8 x  x 
 3
x
10− r
 3 
r
are equal, then n is equal to– Tr +1 = 10C r    − 2 

n
2  x 
 x 10− r
 2 + 3  ceW Ùeefo x Deewj x kesâ iegCeebkeâ Skeâ meceeve
7 8
1
  = 10Cr   ( −3)r x10−3r
2
nw, lees n Fmekesâ yejej nw–
For coeff. of x ⇒ 10–3r= 4
4
⇒ r=2
(a) 56 (b) 55 10− 2
(d) FveceW mes keâesF& veneR 1 405
(c) 45 ∴ coeff. of x 4 = 10C2   ( −3)2 =
JDD-75-PGT TIER II-X-15 28.06.2015   2 256
TGT 2011 477. If 20Cr+1 = 20Cr–1 then the value of r is:
 x
n Ùeefo 20Cr+1 = 20Cr–1 leye r keâe ceeve nw
Ans. (b) : General term in the expansion of  2 +  (a) 10 (b) 11
 3
(c) 12 (d) 19
xr n−r PGT 2011
is Tr+1= n C r .2
3r Ans : (a) Given that 20Cr+1 = 20Cr–1
7
For coeiff. of x ,put r = 7 ⇒ (r+1)+(r–1) = 20
And for coeiff. of x8, put r = 8 and then ⇒ 2r = 20
equating the coeifficients , we get
⇒ r = 10
1 1
n
C7 7 .2n − 7 = n C8 8 .2n −8 1 2 1 3 1
( x −1) + 3 ( x −1) − 4 ( x −1) + .....
4
3 3 x −1−
478. e 2 is equal to
n! n! 1
⇒ = . 1 2 1 3 1
x −1− ( x −1 ) + ( x −1 ) − ( x −1 ) + .....
7!( n − 7 ) ! 8!( n − 8 ) ! 6
4
e 2 3 4 keâe ceeve nw
1 1 (a) log (x–1) (b) logx
⇒ = ⇒ n − 7 = 48
n − 7 8× 6 (c) x (d) None of these
⇒ n = 48 + 7 PGT 2011
⇒ n = 55 Ans : (c)
1 2 1 3 1
The number of terms in the expansion of Since ( x − 1) − 2 ( x − 1) + 3 ( x − 1) − 4 ( x − 1) + .....
4
475.
(1+2x+x2)20 is:
= log 1 + ( x − 1)  = log x
(1+2x+x2)20 kesâ Øemeej ceW heoeW keâer mebKÙee nw:
1 2 1 3 1
x −1− ( x −1) + ( x −1) − ( x −1) +.....
4
(a) 20 (b) 21
(c) 40 (d) 41
∴ e 2 3 4 = e log x
PGT 2011 =x
ALGEBRA 94 YCT
CLICK HERE -
479. Ùeefo (1 + x )
n
= C 0 + C1 x + C 2 x 2 + ....... + C n x n Ans : (b) We have (1+x2)5 (1+x)4
C 0 C1 C 2 C = ( 5 C0 + 5C1 x 2 + 5C2 x 4 + ........)
nes, lees + + + ......... + n keâe ceeve nesiee
2 3 4 n+2 ( 4
C0 + 4C1 x + 4C2 x 2 + 4C3 x 3 + 4C4 x 4 )
2n + 1 2n + 1 Hence coefficient of
(a) (b)
n ( n + 1) ( n + 1)( n + 2 ) x 5 = 5C2 x 4 4C1 x + 4C3 x 5C1 x 5 = 60
(c)
n.2 n+1 + 1
(d)
( n − 1).2n 481. The sum of coefficients of the polynomial (1+x–
( n+1)( n + 2 ) n ( n + 1) 3x2)15 is
PGT 2013 Fme (1+x–3x2)15 yengheo kesâ iegCeebkeâeW keâe Ùeesie keäÙee nw
n (a) –1
Ans : (c) (1 + x ) = C0 + C1 x + C2 x 2 + ......... + Cn x n
(b) 1
meceerkeâjCe kesâ oesveeW lejheâ x keâe iegCee keâerefpeS efheâj meceekeâueve keâerefpeS 0 mes (c) 0
1 kesâ yeerÛe ceW (d) None of these/FveceW mes keâesF& Yeer veneR
∫( )
1 1 PGT 2010
∫ x (1 + x ) dx = C0 x + C1 x 2 + C2 x3 + ..........Cn x n+1 dx
n
0 0 Ans : (a) yengheo (1+x–3x2)15 kesâ iegCeebkeâes keâe Ùeesie
1 C C C C = [1+1–3(1)2]15 (x = 1 jKeves hej)
∫ x (1 + x ) dx = 0 + 1 + 2 + ............. + n
n
15
0 2 3 4 n+2 = [1+1–3]
1 = (-1)15
∫
Deye x (1 + x ) dx keâes nue keâjW
n
0 = –1
ceevee 1+x = t 482. Sum of all the coefficients of expansion (x+1)n
dx = dt Deewj peye x = 0 lees t =1 is :
(a) n(n+1)2n-2 (b) n(2n+1)2n-2
x =1 lees t = 2
(c) 0 (d) 2n
2
∫
⇒ t ( t − 1) dt
n PGT 2002
1
Ans : (d) We know that the expansion of (x+1)n is:
∫( )
2
⇒ t n+1 − t n dt (1+x)n= C0+C1x+C2x2+.......+Crxr+.....+Cnxn
1 Putting x=1 then
2 (1+1)n= C0+C1+C3+C3+.......+Cn
 t n+ 2 t n +1 
 −  ⇒ C0+C1+C2+.......+Cn=2n
 n + 2 ( n + 1)  483. The number of permutations of n distinct
1
things taken r together, in which 3 particular
2n+ 2 2n+1  1 1  things must occur, is:
= − − − 
n + 2 n + 1  n + 2 n + 1 (a) nP
 2 ( n + 1) − ( n + 2 )   n + 1 − ( n + 2 )  (b) n-3Pr-3
=2 n + 1
 −  (c) n-3Pn rr!
 ( n + 2 )( n + 1)   ( n + 2 )( n + 1)  (d) None of these
  
2n + 2 − n − 2  n + 1 − n − 2   PGT 2002
= 2n+1  −  ef Jeef YeVe Jemleg DeeW ceW mes Jemleg DeeW keâes Skeâ yeej ceW ueskeâj
 ( n + 2 )( n + 1)   ( n + 2 )( n + 1) 
Ans : (b) n r
yeveeÙes ieÙes ›eâceÛeÙeeW keâer mebKÙee efpemeceW mes 3 efJeMes<e Jemleg ØelÙeskeâ yeej ueer
2 n +1.n 1 peeleer nw~
= +
( n + 2 )( n + 1) ( n + 2 )( n + 1) = n–3Pr–3
=
( )
n 2 n+1 + 1
=
n 2n +1 + 1
484. Number
( a + b + c ) is
of
25
terms in the expansion of
( n + 1)( n + 2 ) ( n + 1)( n + 2 )
( a + b + c ) kesâ efJemleej ceW heoeW keâer mebKÙee nw:
25

(1+x2)5(1+x)4 is (a) 351 (b) 325
x5 keâe iegCeebkeâ Fme (1+x2)5(1+x)4 DevegmejCe ceW nQ? (c) 625 (d) 338
(a) 30 Rajasthan TGT 2016
(b) 60 Ans : (a) Number of terms in the expantion of
(c) 40 (a+b+c)25 is
(d) None of these/FveceW mes keâesF& veneR We know that
(x + y + z ........)n expantion of total term
PGT 2010
ALGEBRA 95 YCT
CLICK HERE -
= m + n–1C m–1 Ans. (d) : No. of terms in the expansion of (x+a)2n is
2n+1 Which is odd.
Here, m= 3 , n= 25
2n + 1 + 1
⇒ m+ n −1C m−1 = 3+ 25−1C 3−1 = 27 C 2 Middle term = = n +1]
2
27 × 26
= = 27 × 13 = 351 Tn +1 = 2n
Cn x n .a n
2
487.
The number of terms in the expansion of (2x +
n 2
485. (1 + px) ,n,p ∈ N kesâ Øemeej ceW x Deewj x kesâ iegCeebkeâ 3y – 4z)15,is-
›eâceMe: 8 Deewj 24 nQ, leye (2x + 3y – 4z)15 kesâ efJemleej ceW heoeW keâer mebKÙeeÙeW nQ–
(a) 16 (b) 45
In the expansion of (1 + px)n ,n,p ∈ N the (c) 120 (d) 136
coefficients of x and x2 are 8 and 24 Rajasthan TGT 2013
respectively, then Ans : (d) Total number of terms in the expansion of
(a) n = 3, p = 2 (x1 + x2 + ..........xm)n is = m+ n −1 C m−1
(b) n = 4, p = 2 Here m = 3, n = 15
(c) n = 4, p = 3 ∴ total number of terms = 3 +15 −1
C3−1
(d) n = 5, p = 3 17 ×16
= 17
C2 =
= 136
Rajasthan TGT 2015 2
488. The 5th term from the end in the expansion of
Ans. (b) : n C1P = 8, np = 8............(1)
( )
3n
x- 1 in increasing power of x, is (n is a
n 2
C2 P = 24 x
positive integer)-
n(n − 1)(n − 2) 2
( )
3n
p = 24 x kesâ yeÌ{leer ngF& Ieele ceW x - 1 (n Skeâ Oeveelcekeâ
2!(n − 2) x
hetCeeËkeâ nw ) kesâ efJemleej ceW Deefvlece mes 5JeeB heo nw–
n(n − 1)p2 = 48
(a) 3n C5 x 3n −10
64
n(n − 1) = 48 [From(1)] (b) −3n C5 x 3n −10
2
n
(c) 3n C 4 x 3n −8
 n −1 
  64 = 48 (d) ( −1) 3n C3n − 4 x 8−3n
3n
 n 
1 48 Rajasthan TGT 2013
1− =
n 64 Ans : (c) 5th term from end will (3n – 5 + 2)
= (3n – 3)th term
48 1
1− = 3n − ( 3n − 4 )
64 n 1
T3n – 4 + 1 = 3n C3n − 4 x 3n − 4  
64 − 48 1 x
= 3n 3n − 4 −4
64 n = C3n − 4 x x
16 1 = 3n
C3n −4 x 3n −8
⇒ = ⇒ n=4
64 n ∵ n C r = n C n −r ⇒ 3n C3n −4 = 3n C 4
Putting value of n in (1) = 3n
C 4 x 3n −8
np = 8
4p = 8 489. (x+a)n kesâ Øemeej ceW P efJe<ece heoeW keâe Ùeesie leLee Q mece
p = 2 Hence n = 4, p = 2 heoeW keâe Ùeesie nw~ leye (x+a)2n –(x–a)2n keâe ceeve keäÙee
nesiee:
486. (x + a)2n ; n ∈ n kesâ Øemeej ceW ceOÙe heo nw/The (a) P +Q (b) P – Q
middle term in the expansion of (x + a) ; is 2n (c) PQ (d) 4PQ
TGT 2013
(a) 2n Cn x n +1a n +1 (b) 2n Cn x n a n +1 Ans : (d) efÉheo ØecesÙe kesâ Øemeej mes,
2n n +1 n −1 2n n n (x + a) n = n co x n + nc1x n −1a + nc 2 x n − 2 a 2
(c) Cn x a (d) Cn x a
Rajasthan TGT 2015 + ...... + ncn .a n .
ALGEBRA 96 YCT
CLICK HERE -
(x − a) n = n co x n − nc1x n −1a + nc 2 x n − 2a 2 ∴ ( x1/ 2 − y1/ 2 ) kesâ Øemeej ceW 16JeeB heo DeLee&led
17
Deewj
+ ...... − nc n a n . 17 −15 15
 1  1
T15+1 = C15  x 2 
17
. − y 2 
( ) − ( (x − a) )
2 2
Deye, (x + a) 2n − (x − a) 2n = (x + a) n n
   
= {(x + a) + (x − a) }{(x + a) − (x − a) } 17! 22 −17 ×16 × 15! 152
15
n n n n
= x .( −1) y 2 = xy = –136 xy15/2
15!× 2! 15!× 2
{∵ a − b = (a + b)(a − b)}
2 2
9
 3x 2 1 
={nc xn + nc xn−1a + nc xn−2a2 +.... + nc xn − nc xn−1a 492.  −  kesâ Øemeej ceW, x mes mJeleb$e heo nw–
0 1 2 0 1  2 3x 
+ c x a +......}.{ c x + c x a + c x −2a2
n n −2 2 n n n n−1 n n
1 3
3
2 0 1 2 (a) 9
C3 . (b) 9
C3 .  
n n n n− 1 n n−2 2 63 2
....... − c x + c x a − c x a +.....}
0 1 2 (c) 9
C3 (d) FveceW mes keâesF& veneR
n
= 2{ c x + c x n n n − 2 a + c x n −4a 4 + .....}
2 n
0 2 4 TGT 2009
n n
2{ c x a + c x−1 n n −3 a + c5 x n −5a 5 + .....}
3 n Ans : (a)
1 3 ceevee r + 1 JeeB heo x mes mJeleb$e heo nw~
= 2P × 2Q = 4PQ leye Tr +1 = n C r .x n − r .a r
∵ Q = n c x n + n c x n −2a 2 + n c x n −4a 4 + .... r 9− r
 0 2 4   3x 2   1 
 . − 
9
Tr+1 = Cr .
 mece heoesW keâe ÙeesieHeâue 
 2   3x 
 
n
 Deewj P = c x n − 1a+ c x n n − 3 3
a .......  r 9− r
 1 3   3  1
 = efJe<ece heoesW keâe ÙeesieHeâue  = 9 Cr .  . −  .x 2r x −9+ r
 2  3
Dele: (x + a)2n − (x − a)2n = 4PQ 3  1
r 9− r
=C r .   −  .x 3r −9
9
10  2  3
 1
490. The middle term of  x −  is Ùeefo (r + 1) JeeB heo x mes mJeleb$e heo nesiee Ùeefo x keâe Ieele 0 nes,
 x
3r – 9 = 0 ⇒ 3r = 9 ⇒ r = 3
10
 1 3 6
Dele: x mes mJeleb$e heo keâe iegCeebkeâ = 9 C3 .   1

3
 x − x  kesâ Øemeej ceW ceOÙe heo nw : . − 
  2  3
(a) 252 (b) –252
33 1 9 1 1
(c) 253 (d) –253 = 9 C3 × 6 = c3 . = 9 c3 . 3
( 2 × 3)
3 3
2 3 6
TGT 2010
n  493. (1+x)2n+2 kesâ Øemeej ceW cenòece heo keâe iegCeebkeâ nw :
Ans : (b) (x+a)n kesâ Øemeej ceW Ùeefo n mece nes leye  + 1 JeeB
2 
(a)
( 2n ) ! (b)
( 2n + 2 ) !
heo ceOÙe heo neslee nw~ ( n!) 2 {( n + 1)!}
2
10
 1  10  ( 2n ) !
∴ x −  kesâ Øemeej ceW  + 1 = 6 JeeB heo ceOÙe nesiee~ (c)
( 2n + 2 ) ! (d)
 x  2  n !( n + 1)! n !( n − 1)!
5
 1 TGT 2005
∴ 6JeeB heo T5+1 = 10 C5 (x)5  − 
 x Ans : (b)
= − C5 = -252
10
(1 + x )2n + 2 kesâ Øemeej keâe cenòece heo Øemeej keâe ceOÙe heo nesiee ~
2 n+ 2
∴ (1 + x )
17
 1 1
 kesâ Øemeej keâe ceOÙe heo DeLee&le n+2 JeeB heo
491.  x 2 − y 2  keâe 16JeeB heo nw–
  T( n +1)+1 JeeB heo · 2n + 2 C n +1
(a) 136 xy15/2 (b) 136 xy15/2
=
( 2n + 2 )!
(c) –136 xy 15/2
(d) FveceW mes keâesF& veneR
TGT 2009
( n + 1)!( 2n + 2 − n − 1)!
Ans : (c) =
( 2n + 2 )! = ( 2n + 2 )!
∵( x + a ) kesâ Øemeej ceW (r+1) JeeB heo, Tr+1 = n C r x n − r .a r
n ( n + 1)!( n + 1)! {( n + 1)!}2
ALGEBRA 97 YCT
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1 ex
5. Exponential and f (0) = and f ' ( x ) = 0 +
( )
2
2 1 + ex
Logarithmic Series
1
⇒ f ' (0) =
494. If N = n!(n! = 1.2. ...n) where n > 2 is a 4
natural number then the value of
f '' ( x ) =
(1 + e )
x 2 x
(
e − 2 1 + ex )(e ) ⇒ f '' ( 0) = 0
x
 1 1 1 
 +
 log 2 N log 3 N
+ .... +  is equal to–
logn N  (1 + e )
x 4
Ùeefo N = n!(n! = 1.2. ...n) peneB n > 2 Ùen 1

similarly f ''' ( 0 ) =
and so on by Maclaurin's theorem
mJeeYeeefJekeâ mebKÙee nw, lees 8
x2 x3
 1 1 1  f ( x ) = f ( 0 ) + xf ' ( 0 ) + f '' ( 0 ) + f ''' ( 0 ) + ...
 + + .... +  Fmekesâ 2! 3!
 log 2 N log 3 N logn N 
1 1 1 3
yejeyej nw– = + x − x + ........
2 4 48
(a) 1 (b) 0
497. x –3x keâe (x–2) kesâ IeeleeW kesâ Øemeej ceW leermeje heo nw?
4 3
(c) n! (d) FveceW mes keâesF& veneR
(a) 12(x–2)2 (b) 5 (x–3)2
JDD-75-PGT TIER II-X-15 28.06.2015 2
(c) 6(x–2) (d) 5(x–2)3
UPTGT 2005
PGT 2013
Ans. (a) : Given that N = n!
Ans : (c) ceevee, f (x) = x4 – 3x3
1 1 1 1
Let + + . + ... + f (2+x–2) = f(2)+(x–2)f'(2)+(x–2)2f"(2)+.....
log 2 N log3 N log 4 N log n N f'(x)=4x3–9x2
= log N 2 + log N 3 + log N 4 + ... + log N n f"(x)=12x2–18x
f"(2)=48–36=12
= log N (2.3.4........n)
( x − 2 ) f "(2)
2
= log N n! (∵1.2.3.4................n = n!) leermeje heo =

2!
= log N N = 1 (∵ n! = N) = 6 (x–2)2
495. log tan1° + log tan 2° + ... log tan 89° is equal to– 498. ßesCeer keâe ÙeesieHeâue nw :
log tan1° + log tan 2° + ... log tan 89° Fmekesâ yejeyej log 4 2 − log8 2 + log16 2 + .........
nw– (a) e2 (b) e2+1
(c) loge3-2 (d) 1-loge2
(a) 1 (b) 0
n n TGT 2001
(c) tan 1 (d) tan 89
JDD-75-PGT TIER II-X-15 28.06.2015 Ans : (d) nce peeveles nw, log 2 m = log m 1
n n
Ans. (b) : Since 2
log tan 1º + log tan 2º + log tan 3º + …+log tan89º efoÙee nw, log 4 2 − log8 2 + log16 2 + .....
= log (tan 1º. tan 2º …..tan 45º…….tan 89º) 1 1 1
= log (tan 45º) = log (1) = 0 = log 2 2 − log 2 2 + log 2 2 + ......
2 3 4
ex 1 1 1 1
496. Expansion of by Maclaurin's theorem is : = − + − + ...... .....(i) {∵ log e e = 1}
1 + ex 2 3 4 5
ex x 2 x3 x 4
cewkeäueesefjve ØecesÙe mes keâe Øemeej nw Øemeej, log(1 + x) = x − + − .........
1 + ex 2 3 4
1 1 1 x=1 jKeves hej
(a) + x − x 2 + ........
2 4 48 1 1 1
log(1 + 1) = 1 −
+ − .........
1 1 1 2 3 4
(b) + x − 2 + ........
3 4 x 1 1 1 1
1 1 2 1 2 ⇒ − + − ............ = 1 − log e 2 meceer0 (i) mes
(c) + x + x + ........ 2 3 4 5
2 4 36
(d) None of these x2 x3
499. Sequence logx, log ,log 2 ,...... is
PGT 2011 y y
x x
e 1+ e −1 1 x2 x3
Ans : (a) Let f ( x ) = x
= x
= 1− , Deveg›eâce logx, log ,log 2 ,...... nw
1+ e 1+ e 1 + ex y y
ALGEBRA 98 YCT
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(a) a G.P./Skeâ G.P. 501. The 7th and 21st terms of an arithmetic
(b) an A.P./Skeâ A.P. progression are 6 and – 22 respectively, 26th
term of A.P. is equal to:
(c) a H.P./Skeâ H.P. Skeâ meceevlej ßesCeer kesâ 7JeW Deewj 21JeW heo ›eâceMe: 6 Deewj
(d) both G.P. and H.P./G.P. Deewj H.P. oesveeW –22 nQ~ Fme ßesCeer keâe 26JeeB heo yejeyej nw :
UP TGT 2021 (a) –32 (b) –34
Ans. (b) : oer ieF& Deveg›eâce nw– (c) –30 (d) –36
x 2
x 3 Haryana TGT 2019
log x,log ,log 2 ,......... Ans. (a) : Let the first term and common difference of
y y
the arithmetic progression be a and d respectively. Then
Ùee log x, log x – log y, log x – log y , ......
2 3 2
a + 6d = 6
Ùee log x, 2log x – log y, 3log x– 2log y, .... and a + 20d = –22
A.P. kesâ efueS meJeeËlej d = T2 – T1 = T3–T2 = ..... which gives d = –2
d = (2log x – log y)–log x = (3 log x – 2log y)–(2log x – and hence th a = 18
log y) =..... Therefore, 26 term of A.P. is given by
⇒ d = log x – log y = log x – log y = .... a + 25d = 18 + 25(–2) = –32
Dele: oer ieF& Deveg›eâce Skeâ A.P. nw efpemekeâe ØeLece heo a = log x 502. If a,b,c are in G.P., then log a , logb , nlogc are
n n n
SJeb meJeeËlej d = log x – log y nw~ in /Ùeefo a,b,c iegCeesòej ßesCeer ceW nQ, lees log a , log bn,
log cn nQ
500. Two sequences <xn> and <yn> are defined by
(a) Geometric progression/ iegCeesòej ßesCeer ceW
  5n+1 

xn = loge  n−1  (b) Arithmetic Progression/ meceevlej ßesCeer ceW
  3  (c) Harmonic Progression/ njelcekeâ ßesCeer ceW
  5 
n (d) None of these/ GheÙe&gòeâ ceW mes keâesF& veneR
and yn = log e   respectively. UKPSC GIC 2018
  3 
Ans. (b) : If a, b, c are in G. P. then
Then b2 = ac ⇒ b2n = ancn
  5 n+1 
Taking logarithm on both sides we have
oes Deveg›eâceeW <xn> SJeb <yn> keâes xn = loge  n−1  log b2n = log (ancn)
  3 
 
or log b2n = log an + log cn
n
leLee
  5 
yn = log e   kesâ Éeje ›eâceMe: heefjYeeef<ele
⇒ 2 log bn = log an + log cn
  3  log a n + log cn
efkeâÙee peelee nw~ leye ⇒ log bn = ; Arithmetic mean.
2
n n n
(a) <xn>is A.P. and <yn>is G.P./ <xn>is me.ßes. SJeb So, log a , log b & log c are in arithmetic progression.
<yn> ieg.ßes. nw~ 12 .22 22 .32 32 .42
(b) both <xn > and <yn>are G.P./oesveeW <xn > SJeb
503. The sum of the series + + + ... is
1! 2! 3!
<yn> ieg.ßes. nw~ 12 .22 22 .32 32.42
(c) both <xn> and <yn> are A.P./oesveeW <xn> SJeb + + + ..... keâe Ùeesieheâue nw
1! 2! 3!
<yn> me.ßes. nw~ (a) 27e (b) 24e
(d) <xn> is G.P. and <yn>is A.P./ <xn> ieg.ßes. SJeb (c) 28e (d) FveceW mes keâesF& veneR
<yn> me.ßes. nw~ PGT 2010
UKPSC Lecturer (Mains) 2020 2 2
12 23 34 2 2 2 2
Ans. (a) : Ans : (a) + + + ..........

1! 2! 3!
5   
n 2 ( n + 1) n ( n + 1 + 2n )
n+1 3 4
5 5 2 2 2
< x n > = < log e  n −1  > = log e 52 ,log e ,log e 2 ,....
 3   3 3  T n = =
n! n!
is an AP with first term log e 52 and common difference n4 n3 n2
= + 2× +
5 n! n! n!
log e  
 
3 = 15e + 2×5e + 2e
=15e + 10e + 2e = 27e
  5 
n
 5   5   
2
< y n > =<  log e    > = log e ,  log e    ,.. DeLeJee,

  3   3   3    n 2 ( n + 1)
2
n ( n + 1)
2
Tn = =
5
is a GP with first term log e , and common ratio n! ( n − 1)!
3
5 n ( n + 1 + 2n )
2
n 3 + 2n 2 + n
log e   Tn = ⇒
3 ( n − 1)! ( n − 1)!
ALGEBRA 99 YCT
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( n − 1) ( n 2 + 3n + 4 ) + 4 n 2 + 3n + 4 4 f"(x) = ex cos x –ex sin x – ex sin x–ex cos x
Tn = ⇒ + f "( x) = −2e x sin x f"(0) = 0
( n − 1)! ( n − 2 )! ( n − 1)!
f "'( x) = −2e x sin x − 2e x cos x f "'(0) = −2
=
( n − 2 )( n + 5 ) + 14 + 4 met$e mes
( n − 2 )! ( n − 1)!
x2 x3
( n + 5 ) + 14 + 4 f ( x) = f (0) + xf (0) + f "(0) + f "'(0) + ......
= 2! 3!
( n − 3)! ( n − 2 )! ( n − 1)! 2x 3 x4
1+ x − − 22 + ........
=
( n − 3) + 8 + 14 + 4 3! 4!
( n − 3)! ( n − 2 )! ( n − 1)! 506. The value of the series
1 8 14 4 1  1 1  1  1 1  1  1 1  
+ + +  2  2 + 3  − 4  2 + 2  + 6  3 + 3  − ... is
( n − 4 )! ( n − 3)! ( n − 2 )! ( n − 1)!    2 3  2 3  
1 1 1 1 1 1 
ßesCeer   +  −  2 + 2  +  3 + 3  − ...
= e + 8e + 14e + 4e = 27e 1 1 1
504. The sum of the series 2 2 3  4  2 3  6  2 3  
1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5
x + x + x + x + ........ is (where |x| <1) keâe ceeve nesiee?
2 3 4 5 (a) log e 2 (b) log e 3
Deveg›eâce keâe Ùeesieheâue efvecve ceW keäÙee nesiee?
(c) log e 2 (d) log e 3
1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5
x + x + x + x + ........ (peye |x|<1) PGT 2009
2 3 4 5
x 1  1 1  1  1 1  1  1 1  
(a) + log (1 + x ) Ans : (c)   +  −  2 + 2  +  3 + 3  − ...
1+ x 2 2 3 4 2 3  6 2 3  
x 1  1  1  1  1  1  
(b) + log (1 − x )    −  2  +  3  − ... +
1− x  2  2  4  2  6  2  
x
(c) − + log (1 + x ) 1  1  1  1  1 1  
1+ x   −  2  + 6  3  + ...
(d) None of these / FveceW mes keâesF& veneR 2 3 4 3  3  
PGT 2010 1  1  1 
= log 1 +  + log 1 +  
1 2 3 4 2  2  3 
Ans : (b) x 2 + x 3 + x 4 + x5 + .....
2 3 4 5 1 3 4
=  log + log 
 1  1  1  1 2 2 3
= 1 −  x 2 + 1 −  x 3 + 1 −  x 4 + 1 −  x5 + .....
 2  3  4  5 1   3 4 
= log ×  = log e 2
2   2 3  
2 3 4 5
x x x x
= x 2 − + x 3 − + x 4 − + x 5 − + .....
2 3 4 5
3 5
 x 2 x3 x 4 x5  m−n 1 m−n 1 m−n
= ( x 2 + x3 + x 4 + x5 .....∞ ) +  – x − − − − + .....  + x 507. + + + .... + ∞ =
 2 3 4 5  m + n 3  m + n  5  m + n 
x2 x m n
= + log (1 − x ) + x = + log (1 − x ) (a) log e   (b) log e  
1− x 1− x  
n m
505. Expansion by Maclaurin's theorem of ex cos x will  m−n  1 m
be/ ex cos x keâe cewkeâueesefjve ØecesÙe Éeje efJemleej nesiee (c) log e   (d) log e  
 m+n 2 n
2 x 3 22 x 4 22 x 5 PGT 2009
(a) −1 − x + + + + ....
3! 4! 5!  1− x 
2 x3 22 x 4 22 x 5 Ans : (d) log e   = log e (1 − x) − log e (1 + x)
(b) 1 + x − − − + ....  1+ x 
3! 4! 5!    
x 2 x3 x 4 x 2 x3 x 4
2 x3 22 x 4 22 x 5 =  − x − − − ...∞  −  x − + − + ...
   
(c) −1 − x − − − + ....  2 3 4   2 3 4 
3! 4! 5!
x3 x5
2 x 3 22 x 4 22 x 5 = −2 x − 2 − 2 ...
(d) 1 + x + + + + .... 3 5
3! 4! 5!
PGT 2010  1− x   x3 x5 
x 0 log e   = − 2  x + + + ...
Ans : (b) f(x) = e cos x f(0) = e cos 0 = 1  1+ x   3 5 
f'(x) = excos x–ex sin x f'(0) = 1
ALGEBRA 100 YCT
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1  1− x  x3 x5 2n
= ∑ ( −1) 8r 3 − 1 − 12r 2 + 6r 
r
− log e   = x + + + ...
2  1+ x  3 5 r =1
lees
m−n 1 m−n  1 m−n 
+ +
3
+ ...∞
5
We get solving = 2n 2 16n 2 − 3 ( )
m + n 3  m + n  5  m + n  511. If |x|<1, the sum of the infinite series
  m−n 1!+ 1 2 2!+ 1 3 3!+ 1 4
 1−   x+ x + x + x + .... is
−1 m + n   2! 3! 4!
= log e  
2   m−n  Ùeefo |x|<1 lees Deveble ßesCeer keâe Ùeesie
 1+  m + n   1!+ 1 2 2!+ 1 3 3!+ 1 4
   x+ x + x + x + .... nesiee
−1  m + n − ( m − n)  2! 3! 4!
= log e  
2  m+n+m−n  (a) e x − log e (1 − x ) (b) e x + log e (1 − x ) − 1
−1  2n  1 m (c) e x − log e (1 − x ) − 1 (d) e x + log e (1 − x )
= log e   = log e  
2  2m  2 n PGT 2005
508. Sum of the series 13 + 23 + 33 +…n3 is Ans : (c) If |x|<1 then the sum of the infinite series
ßesCeer 13 + 23 + 33 +…n3 keâe Ùeesie nesiee 1!+ 1 2 2!+ 1 3 3!+ 1 4
2 x+ x + x + x + ...
 n(n + 1)  n(n + 1)(n + 2) 2! 3! 4!
(a)   (b)
 2  2 x 2 x3 x2 1 1
= x+ + + ..... + x3 + x 4 + ...
n2 (n + 1) 2! 3! 2 3 4
2 = e x − 1 − log(1 − x)
PGT 2009 512. If A, B, C are sets, which of the following is
n(n + 1) 
2
correct?/ Ùeefo A, B, C leerve mecegÛÛeÙe nes lees
Ans : (a) met$e mes sum = 
2   efvecveefueefKele ceW keâewve mee mener nesiee
509. The value of 3.6 + 6.9 + 9.12 +….3n. (3n + 3) is (a) A∪(B∩C) = (A∪B) ∩ C
3.6 + 6.9 + 9.12 +….3n. (3n + 3) keâe ceeve nw (b) A∩(B∪C) = (A∩B) ∪ C
(a) 3n(n + 1)(n + 2) (b) 3n(n + 1) (c) A∩(B∩C) = (A∩B) ∩ C
(c) 3n(n + 2) (d) FveceW mes keâesF& veneR (d) A~(B∪C) = (A~B) ∪ C
PGT 2009 PGT 2005
Ans : (c) If A,B,C are three sets then.
Ans : (a) Tn = 3n.(3n + 3) = 9n 2 + 9n
A ∩ (B ∩ C)= (A ∩ B) ∩ C
Sn = ΣTn = 9Σn 2 + 9Σn Let x∈ A ∩ (B ∩ C) ⇒ x∈A and x∈(B∩C)
n(n + 1)(2n + 1) 9n(n + 1) ⇒ x∈A and x∈B and x∈C
= 9. +
6 2 ⇒ (x∈A and x∈B) and x∈C
n(n + 1) n(n + 1) ⇒ x∈ (A∩B) and x∈C
= [3(2n + 1) + 9] = [6n + 12]
2 2 ⇒ x∈ (A∩B)∩C
6 ⇒ A∩(B∩C) ⊆ (A∩B)∩C ....... (i)
= n(n + 1)(n + 2) = 3n(n + 1)(n + 2)
2 Similarly, (A∩B)∩C ⊆ A∩(B∩C) ........ (ii)
2n
A∩(B∩C) = (A∩B)∩C
510. The sum of series ∑ ( −1) ( 2r − 1) is
r 3
r =1
513. Sum to infinity of the series
2n 1 2 1 2
( −1) ( 2r − 1) keâe Ùeesie nesiee + 2 + 3 + 4 + .... + ∞ is:
∑
r 3
r =1
7 7 7 7
(a) 2n 2 (16n 2 + 3 ) (b) 2n 2 (16n 2 − 3)
1 2 1 2
Deveble lekeâ ßesCeer + 2 + 3 + 4 + .... + ∞ keâe Ùeesie nw
7 7 7 7
(c) 2n (16n 2 − 3) (d) 2n (16n 2 + 3 ) 3 1
(a) (b)
PGT 2005 16 5
Ans : (b) Given that 1 1
2n 2n (c) (d)
∑ ( −1) ( 2r − 1) = ∑ ( −1) ( 2r − 1) 24 16
r 3 r 3
r =1 r =1 PGT 2005
2n
1 2 1 2
= ∑ ( −1) 8r 3 − 1 − 3 × 2r ( 2r − 1) 
r
Ans : (a) + 2 + 3 + 4 + .... + ∞
r =1 7 7 7 7
ALGEBRA 101 YCT

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1 1 1   2 2 2  Putting 3x-4 in place of x,
=  + 3 + 5 + .... + ∞  +  2 + 4 + 6 + .... + ∞ 
7 7 7  7 7 7  e3x −4 = e3x .e −4
1 2  ( 3x )2 + ( 3x )3 + .....  e−4
2 7 2 9 3 = 1 + 3x +
= 7 + 7 = + = =  2! 3! 
1 1  
1 − 2 1 − 2 48 48 48 16
7 7 9
⇒ Coefficient of x2 is = e −4
514. If (1+2x+3x2)10= a0+a1x+a2x2+……+a20x20 then 2
a1 is equal to/ Ùeefo (1+2x+3x2)10= 517. Find the value
a0+a1x+a2x +……+a20x lees a1 yejeyej nw
2 20
1+ 3 1+ 3+ 5 1+ 3+ 5+ 7
(a) 10 (b) 20 1+ + + + ...
2! 3! 4!
(c) 210 (d) 4
(a) e (b) e2
PGT 2005
(c) 2e (d) None
Ans : (b) [1 + 2x + 3x2]10 = [(1 + 2x + x2) + 2x2]10
= [(1 + x)2 + (2x)2]10 PGT 2003
The cofficient of x in (1 + 2x + 3x2)10 is the cofficent of Ans : (c) ceevee ßesCeer keâe nJeeB heo Tn nw
the x in [(1 + x)2 + (2x)2]10 in the expention [(1+x)2 +
1 + 3 + 5 + ....... + n heoesW lekeâ n2
(2x)2]10 all the term contain x2 except the first term. Tn = = = 2e
The first term is [(1+x)2]10 = (1 + x)20 n! n!
and the cofficent of x = 20 OR
515. The sum of the series will be n2 n× n n
= =
1 1 1 1 n! n ( n − 1)! ( n − 1)!
1 + − + − + ......∞ :
3 5 7 9 n −1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 = + = +
ßesCeer 1 + − + − + ......∞ keâe Ùeesie nesiee– ( n − 1)! ( n − 1)! ( n − 2 )! ( n − 1)!
3 5 7 9
π π n = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 jKeves hej
(a) (b) 1 1
4 2 T1 = + =0 +1
π π ( −1)! 0!
(c) (d)
2 2 2 1 1 1
T2 = + =1 +
PGT 2005 o ! 1! 1!
Ans : (*) we know that oer ieF& ßesCeer keâe Ùeesieheâue = T1 + T2 + T3+........
x3 x5 x7  1 1   1 1 
tan −1 x = x − + − + .......... =  0 + 1 + + + .......  + 1 + + + ....... 
3 5 7  1! 2!   1! 2! 
x = 1 jKeves hej–
= e + e = 2e
1 1 1
1 − + − + ........ = tan −1 (1) 518. Find the value of
3 5 7
π 1 + 3 1 + 3 + 3 2 1 + 3 + 3 2 + 33
= 1+ + + + ...
4 2! 3! 4!
1 1 1 1  1 1 1 1  1 1
∴ 1 + − + − + ........ = − 1 − + − + ........  e(e − 1) e
3 5 7 9  3 5 7 9  (a) (b)
2 2
π
=− 1 2 1 2
4 (c) e ( e −1) (d) e ( e −2)
516. The coefficient of x2 in the expansion of e3x–4 is: 2 2
e3x–4 kesâ Øemeej ceW x2 keâe iegCeebkeâ nw – PGT 2003
3e −2 9e 4 1+3+3 +3 +........+3
2 3 n −1
(a) (b) Ans : (c) Tn = n!
2 2
1+3 3 −1  1+ 3  3 −3 
 n −1   n 
9e−2 9e−4
(c) (d) −
=  3 −1 
 3 1  2  3  1 n 
2 2 = =
PGT 2005 n! n! 2  n! 
Ans : (d) We know that
1  3n −1 
x 2 x3 S = ΣT = Σ   1 2
ex = 1 + x + + + ...... n n 2  n !  = 2 e(e − 1)
2! 3!
ALGEBRA 102 YCT
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519. Which of the following statement is true? π
(a) tan–14 (b)
1 ex −1 1 1 ex − 1 4
(a) 0 < log < (b) 0 < log <x
x x x x x 1
(c) 4 tan −1   (d) sin −1 4π
x x 4
1 e −1 1 e −1
(c) 0 < log < 1 (d) 1 < log <2 Jharkhand TGT 2017
x x x x Ans : (c) we know that
PGT 2003
1 1 x7
ex − 1 0 tan −1 x = x − x 3 + x 5 − + ..........
Ans : (d) ÛetBefkeâ lim = e =1 nw~ 3 5 7
x →0 x given equation is
x 1
1 e −1 put x =
∴ 1 < log <2 4
x x
1 1   1 
1 1 1  1 1  1− + − .........∞ = 4  tan    –1
520. −  2  +  3  + ........∞ = (3.42 ) ( 5.44 )   4 

n 2n  3n 
4 4 4 1
(a) log(n+1) (b) log(n+1)–log n = − 3
+ 5
......... = 4 tan –1  
(c) log(1+n)–log (n–1) (d) None of these 4 3(4) 5(4) 4
PGT 2002  1 1 1  1
= 4 − 3
+ 5
.........  = 4 tan −1  
Ans : (b)  4 3(4) 5(4)   4
1 1 1  1 1   1 524. If 2log(x+1)–log(x2–1) = log2. then x equals–
− + + ........∞ = log  1 + 
n 2  n 2  3  n 3   n Ùeefo 2log(x+1)–log(x2–1) = log2 nw, lees x nw–
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 3
 n +1 
= log   KVS TGT DEC 2017
 n  Ans. (d) : 2log (x + 1) – log (x2 – 1) = log 2
= log (n+1)–log n log (x + 1)2 – log (x2 – 1) = log 2
1 1 (x + 1)(x + 1)
521. If y = − x3 − x6 − x9 ........∞ the value of x3 is: log = log 2
2 3 (x + 1)(x − 1)
(a) 1 − e y (b) 1 + e y x + 1 = 2x − 2
(c) 1 + 2e y
(d) 1 − e2y x=3
PGT 2000 1
525. kesâ Øemeej ceW xn keâe iegCeebkeâ nesiee–
1 6 1 9
Ans : (a) Ùeefo y = − x − x − x + ......∞ then
3 (1 − x )( 3 − x )
2 3
put x3 =m, 3n +1 − 1 3n +1 − 1
(a) (b)
1 1 2.3n +1 3n +1
y = −m − m 2 − m3 + ......∞ +
2 3  3 −1 
n 1
(c) 2  n +1  (d) FveceW mes keâesF& vener
y = log (1 − m ) ⇒ y = log(1 − x ) 3  3 
 
⇒ 1 − x3 = ey TGT 2011
1 − −
= (1 − x ) ( 3 − x )
1 1
⇒ x3 = 1 − ey Ans : (a)
ax (1 − x )( 3 − x )
522. If Z=e sin by, where 'a' and 'b' are real
(a – x)n kesâ Øemeej mes,
constnats, then Zxy =/ Ùeefo Z=eax sin by peneB 'a' −1
Deewj 'b' JeemleefJekeâ DeÛeuejeefMe nQ, leye Zxy = (
= 1 + x + x 2 + x 3 + ........ + x n  1 −  )
1 x 
3 3 
(a) beax cos by (b) aeax sin by
ax
(c) abe cos by (d) abeax sin by  2 3
x 
n
= (1 + x + x 2 + x 3 + ........ + x n ) 1 +   +   + ...   ∴
1 x x
Jharkhand TGT 2017 3   3   3   3  
Ans : (c) by partial differentiation 1 1 1 1
Zx = aeax sin by xn keâe iegCeebkeâ = + 2 + 3 + ....... n +1
3 3 3 3
Zxy = abeax cos by 1 1 
1 1 ∴ Sn =
(
a 1 − rn ) ⇒S =
1−
3  3n +1  3n +1 − 1 1
= n +1 ×
523. The sum 1 − + − .........∞ = 1− r
n
( 3.4 ) ( 5.44 )
1 3 2
2
1−
3
1 1 3n +1 − 1
Ùeesie 1 − + − .........∞ = Sn =
( ) ( 4)
3.4 2
5.4 2.3n +1
ALGEBRA 103 YCT

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sin z Ans : (d) ßesCeer keâe nJeeB heo
526. tan −1 (x + h) = tan −1 x + (h sin z)
4
n3 n2 n2 −1+1
sin 2z sin 3z Tn = = =
− (h sin z)2 + (h sin z) + .... n! ( n − 1)! ( n − 1)!
2 3
holds, when :
=
( n − 1) +
2
1
tan −1 (x + h) = tan −1 x + (h sin z)
sin z
( n − 1)! ( n − 1)!
4
sin 2z sin 3z =
( n − 1)( n + 1) + 1
− (h sin z)2 + .... peyeefkeâ :
2
+ (h sin z)
3 ( n − 1)! ( n − 1)!
(a) z = tan −1 x (b) z = cot −1 x
Tn =
( n + 1) + 1
(c) z = cos −1 x (d) FveceW mes keâesF& veneR ( n − 2 )! ( n − 1)!
UP PCS (Pre) 1996 n +3−2 1 n−2 3 1
= + = + +
Ans. (b) : ( n − 2 )! ( n − 1)! ( n − 2 )! ( n − 2 )! ( n − 1)!
sin z sin 2z
tan −1 (x + h) = tan −1 x + (h sin z) − (h sin z)2 1 3 1
4 2 Tn = + +
sin 3z
( n − 3)! ( n − 2 )! ( n − 1)!
+ (h sin z) + ........ .....(i) n = 1, 2, 3, 4, ………jKeves hej
3
we of taylor's theorem 1 3 1
T1 = + + = 0 + 0 +1
h 2 ( ) ( )
− 2 ! −1 ! 0!
f (x + h) = f (x) + hf ′ (x) + f ′′ (x) + ..............(ii)
2 1 3 1 1
T2 = + + = 0+3+
we have ( −1)! 0! 1! 1!
f (x + h) = tan −1 (x + h)..............(iii) 1 3 1 3 1
T3 = + + = 1+ +
−1 0! 1! 2! 1! 2!
f ′ (x) = tan (x)....................(iv)
1 3 1
1 T4 = + +
f ′ (x) = ....................(v) 1! 2! 3!
1+ x2
1 1 1
−2x T5 = + +
f ′′ (x) = 2! 3! 4!
(1 + x 2 )2
----------------------
−2(1 + x 2 ) + 2x.2(1 + x 2 ).2x 2(3x 2 − 1) Dele: oer ieÙeer ßesCeer keâe Ùeesieheâue =T1+T2+T3+T4+T5+…
f '''(x) = =
(1 + x 2 )4 (1 + x 2 )3  1 1   1 1 
= 0 + 0 + 1 + + + .... + 3  0 + 1 + + + ...
given that z = cot–1x ⇒ x = cot z  1! 2!   1! 2! 
so we have 1 + x 2 = 1 + cot 2 z = cosec 2 z  1 1 
+ 1 + + + ....
1  1! 2! 
f ′ (x) = 2
= sin 2 z
1+ x = e + 3e + e = 5e
f ′′ (x) = − sin 2z.sin 2 z 1 1 1
528. Sum of + + .....+ ∞ is
1.2.3 3.4.5 5.6.7
f ′′′ (x) = 2 sin 3z.sin 3 z
1 1 1
tan −1 (x + h) = tan −1 x + h sin z.sin z − h 2 (sin 2 z) sin 2z + + .....+ ∞ keâe Ùeesieheâue nw :
1.2.3 3.4.5 5.6.7
h3 1 1
+ .sin 3 z.sin 3z + ...............From(1) (a) log e 2 − (b) log e 2 +
3 2 2
(c) log e 2 (d) FveceW mes keâesF& veneR
then, z = cot −1 x
TGT 2010
23 3 3 4 3
527. ßesCeer 1 + + + + ...... keâe Ùeesieheâue nw– 1 1 1
2! 3! 4! Ans : (a) + + + .......... + ∞
1.2.3 3.4.5 5.6.7
(a) 5e–1 (b) 5e–3
(d) FveceW mes keâesF& veneR 1
(c) 4e ceW nJeeB heo Tn =
TGT 2011 (2n − 1)(2n )(2n + 1)
ALGEBRA 104 YCT

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1 1 1 2 4 6
Ùee Tn = − + Ans : (b) + + + ............
2(2n − 1) (2n ) 2(2n + 1) 3! 5! 7!
(DeebefMekeâ efYeVe mes) 2n 2n + 1 − 1
ceW nJeeB heo Tn = =
1 1 1 1 (2n + 1)! (2n + 1)!
= − − +
2(2n − 1) 2(2n) 2(2n) 2(2n + 1) (2n + 1) 1
= −
(2n + 1)! (2n + 1)!
1 1 1  1 1 1 
=  − −  −  1 1
2  (2n − 1) 2n  2  2n (2n + 1)  Tn = −
(2n)! (2n + 1)!
n = 1,2,3,4------------ ∞ jKeves hej
∴ n = 1, 2,3, 4................ jKeves hej
1 1 1  1  1 1 
T1 = − − − 1 1 1 1 1 1
2 1 2  2  2 3  T1 = − ' T2 = − , T3 = − ..........
2! 3! 4! 5! 6! 7!
1 1 1  1 1 1  ∴ Sn = T1 + T2 + T3 + T4 + .........
T2 = − − −
2  3 4  2  4 5  1 1 1 1 1 1
= − + − + − + ......... = e −1
1 1 1  1 1 1  2! 3! 4! 5! 6! 7!
T3 = − − −
2  5 6  2  6 7   a−b  1 a−b  1 a−b 
2 3
------------------------------------- 531.  a  + 2  a  + 3  a  + .....keâe ceeve nw

     
------------------------------------
(a) loge a – loge b (b) loge b – loge a
------------------------------------
(c) loge a ± loge b (d) FveceW mes keâesF& veneR
meYeer heoeW keâes peesÌ[ves hej
TGT 2010
Sn = T1 + T2 + T3+ T4+..........+ ∞
1 1 1  1  1 1  1  1 1  1  1 1 
x 2 x3 x 4
=  − −  − +  − −  − +−−−− Ans.(a) ∵ log (1 − x)= −x − − − − − − − − −∞
2 1 2  2  2 3  2  3 4  2  4 5  2 3 4
1 x 2 x3 x4
= loge 2 − ⇒ − [ log(1 − x)] = x + + + +−−−−∞
2 2 3 4
2 3
1 1 1
− + ........∞ is a−b 1a−b 1 a−b
529. The sum of ∴ +   +   + − − − − − − +∞
2 3 4  a  2 a  3 a 
1 1 1
− + ........+∞ Ùeesieheâue nw~   a − b 
= − log 1 −  
2 3 4   a 
(a) e–2 (b) e–1
b
−
1 1 = − log   = − log e b − log e a  = log e a − log e b
(c) e 2
(d) e 2
a 
TGT 2010 3 5 7 9
1 532. 1+ + + + + ...... + ∞ keâe Ùeesieheâue nw–
Ans : (b) ßesCeer keâe nJeeB heo Tn = 1 2 3 4
(n + 1)! (a) 3e (b) 2e
We know that– (c) e (d) FveceW mes keâesF& veneR
x2 x3 x 4 TGT 2009
e− x = 1 − x + − + + ................... + ∞ Ans : (a) efoÙee nw –
2! 3! 4!
x=1 jKeves hej– 3 5 7 9
1+ + + + + ...... + ∞
1 1 1 1! 2! 3! 4!
e −1 = 1 − 1 + − + + ................... + ∞ 3 5 7 9
2! 3! 4! ⇒1+ + + + + .............. + ∞ keâe
1 1 1 1! 2! 3! 4!
e −1 = − + + ................... + ∞ 2n +1
2! 3! 4! nJeeB heo Tn =
2 4 6 n!
530. + + + .....is 2n 1 2 1
3! 5! 7! Tn = + ⇒ Tn = +
2 4 6 n! n! ( n − 1)! n!
+ + + ........keâe ceeve nw
3! 5! 7! 2 1
On putting the value of = = 2e and = = e
(a) e
–2
(b) e–1 ( n − 1)! n!
(c) e (d) e2 Tn = 2e + e = 3e
TGT 2010
ALGEBRA 105 YCT
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Ans. (b) : Symmetric
6. Sets, Relations and Let (a,b)∈R; a,b∈A. Then (b,a)∈R–1and because R =R–1
we must have (b,a)∈R. Thus for every (a,b)∈R we must
Functions have (b,a)∈R for all a, b∈A.
Hence, R is symmetric.
533. The set of points in the interval [2, 4] and in 536. Let a and b belong to set S, Let R be an
interval (1, 2) are equivalence relation on S. Then aRb if and only if
Deblejeue SJeb Deblejeue kesâ efyevogDeeW kesâ mecegÛÛeÙe nesles nQ a SbJe b mecegÛÛeÙe S ceW nw~ R keâe S mes leguÙelee mebyebOe nw~
(a) Finite /heefjefcele leye aRb Ùeefo kesâJeue Ùeefo ,
(b) Cardinally equivalent/keâeef[&veue ™he mes mecekeâ#e (a) [a]R ≠ [b]R (b) [a]R ⊆ [b]R
(c) Cardinally unequivalent (c) [a]R ⊂ [b]R (d) [a]R = [b]R
keâeef[&veue ™he mes Demecekeâ#e UP Higher Asst. Prof. 2021
(d) None of the above/Ghejesòeâ ces mes keâesF& veneR Ans. (d) : [a]R = [b]R
UPPSC GDC 2021 Proposition- An equivalence relation on a set S
determines a partition of S.
Ans. (b) : Both the interval [2, 4] and (1, 2) are Given an equivalence relation, one defines a partition
uncountable having cardinality 'Continuum' therefore this way : The subset that contains a is the set of all
they are cardinally equivalent. elements b such that aRb. This subset is called the
534. Let a relation R be defined on the set of non- equivalence class of a.
zero rational number Q* by aRb. If a = , then
1 Denote it by [a]R = {b ∈ s a R b } .
b Claim- The subset of S that are equivalence classes
this relation R over Q* is partition S.
ceevee DeMetvÙe heefjcesÙe mebKÙeeDeeW kesâ mecegÛÛe Q* hej Skeâ Proof- The reflexive axiom tells us that a is in its
mecyevOe R, aRb Éeje heefjYeeef<ele nw~ equivalence class. Therefore the class [a]R is non empty,
1 and since a can be any element, the union of the
Ùeefo a = , leye Q* hej Ùen mebyebOe R – equivalence classes is the whole set S.
b If [a]R and [b]R have an element in common, say d. If x
(a) reflexive, but not symmetric and transitive is in [b]R then bRx. Since d is in both sets, aRd and bRd,
mJeleguÙe nw, efkeâvleg meceefcele Deewj meb›eâecekeâ veneR nw and the symmetry property tells us that dRb. So we have
(b) symmetric, but not reflexive and transitive aRd, dRb, and bRx. Two applications of transitivity show
meceefcele nw, efkeâvleg mJeleguÙe Deewj meb›eâecekeâ veneR nw~ that aRx. and therefore that x is in [a]R showing that
(c) transitive, but not reflexive and symmetric [b]R ⊂ [a]R.
meb›eâecekeâ nw, efkeâvleg mJeleguÙe Deewj meceefcele veneR nw Similarly ; it can be shown that [a]R ⊂ [b]R.
Hence, we get that [a]R = [b]R.
(d) reflexive and transitive, but not symmetric
537. Let a relation r be defined over the set of non-
mJeleguÙe Deewj meb›eâecekeâ nw, efkeâvleg meceefcele veneR nw 2
UPPSC GIC 2021 zero real numbers R* by arb if a = , then
b
Ans. (b) : symmetric, but not reflexive and transitive over R* this relation r is
Reflexive - For every non-zero rational number a ≠ 1 ceevee DeMetvÙe JeemleefJekeâ mebKÙeeDeeW kesâ mecegÛÛeÙe R* hej
we have a ≠ 1/a Skeâ mecyevOe r Fme Øekeâej heefjYeeef<ele nw efkeâ arb Ùeefo a
Symmetric - If aRb; a,b∈Q* then we have
2
a = 1/b = leye R* hej Ùen mecyevOe r
⇒ ab =1 b
(a) reflexive, but not symmetric and transitive
⇒ b = 1/a
mJeleguÙe nw, efkeâvleg meceefcele Deewj meb›eâecekeâ veneR nw~
⇒ bRa ; a, b∈Q* (b) symmetric, but not reflexive and transitive
Transitive - If aRb and bRc ; a,b,c ∈Q* then we have meceefcele nw, efkeâvleg mJeleguÙe Deewj meb›eâecekeâ veneR nw~
a = 1/b and b = 1/c which implies a = c. (c) transitive, but not reflexive and symmetric
535. Let R be a relation on a set A such that R = R-1, meb›eâecekeâ nw, efkeâvleg mJeleguÙe Deewj meceefcele veneR nw~
then R is- (d) reflexive and transitive, but not symmetric
mecegÛÛeÙe A hej Skeâ mebyebOe R Fme Øekeâej nw, efkeâ R = mJeleguÙe Deewj meb›eâecekeâ nw, efkeâvleg meceefcele veneR nw~
R-1 lees nw– UPPSC Ashram Paddhati 2021
(a) Reflexive/mJeleguÙe 2
Ans. (b) : Given arb if a = , a, b ∈ R*
(b) Symmetric/meceefcele b
(c) Transitive/meb›eâecekeâ 2
(i) since 1 ≠ , 1 ∈R*
(d) None of these/GheÙeg&òeâ ceW mes keâesF& veneR 1
UPPSC GIC 2021 ∴ r is not reflexive.
ALGEBRA 106 YCT
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(ii) Let arb a, b ∈R* I: Ùeefo B, Skeâ DeieCeveerÙe mecegÛÛeÙe A keâe ieCeveerÙe
2 GhemecegÛÛeÙe nes, lees A – B ieCeveerÙe nesiee~
⇒ a=
b II: ieCeveerÙe mecegÛÛeÙeeW keâe ØelÙeskeâ ieCeveerÙe mebIe
2 ieCeveerÙe neslee nw~
⇒ b =
(a) Only I/kesâJeue I
a
⇒ bra (b) Only II/kesâJeue II
∴ r is symmetric. (c) Both I and II/I SJeb II oesveeW
(iii) Let arb and brc a, b, c ∈ R* (d) Neither I nor II/ve lees I ve ner II
UPPSC GDC 2021
2 2
⇒ a= and b = Ans. (b) : I: If B is countable subset of an uncountable
b c set A then A–B must be uncountable because if not then
2 A = (A – B) ∪ B gives A is countable being union of
⇒ a= two countable set (A – B) and B which is not possible
2
c as A is uncountable set.
⇒ a=c
II: If An is a countable set for each n∈N then ∪ A n is
∞
∴ r is not transitive. n =1
countable i.e. countable union of countable sets is
538. If X = (1, 2, 3, 4) then the relation R = {(1, 1),
countable.
(2, 2), (3, 3), (4, 4), (3, 2), (2, 3), (2, 1), (1, 2)}
defined on X is – 541. If α is increasing on interval [a,b] then-
Ùeefo X = (1, 2, 3, 4) lees X hej heefjYeeef<ele mecyevOe R Ùeefo α Devlejeue [a,b] hej JeOe&ceeve nes, lees-
= {(1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (4, 4), (3, 2), (2, 3), (2, 1), (a) α need not be in BV[a,b]
(1, 2)} nw– DeeJeMÙekeâ veneR efkeâ α, BV[a,b] ceW nes
(a) reflexive symmetric and transitive (b) α ∈BV[a, b]and Vab ( α ) = α(b) – α(a)
mJeleguÙe, meceefcele leLee meb›eâecekeâ α ∈ BV[a, b] leLee Vab ( α ) = α(b) – α(a)
(b) reflexive, symmetric but not transitive (c) α ∈BV[a, b]and Vab (α ) = α(a) – α (b)
mJeleguÙe, meceefcele hejvleg meb›eâecekeâ veneR
α ∈BV[a, b] leLee Vab (α ) = α (a) – α (b)
(c) Symmetric, transitive but not reflexive
meceefcele, meb›eâecekeâ hejvleg mJeleguÙe veneR (d) None of the above/GheÙeg&òeâ ceW mes keâesF& veneR
UPPSC Polytechnic Lecturer 2021 (I)
(d) reflexive, transitive but not symmetric
mJeleguÙe, meb›eâecekeâ hejvleg meceefcele veneR  πx 
Ans. (a) : Consider f(x)=tan   on[–1,1]
UP PGT 2021  2 
Ans. (b) : reflexive, symmetric but not transitive 542. Which of the following functions is not a
R is reflexive as (1,1), (2,2), (3,3) and (4,4) all belong to function of bounded variation?/ efvecveefueefKele
R. heâueveeW ceW mes keâewve mee heâueve heefjyeæ efJeÛejCe veneR nw?
R is symmetric as (3, 2) and (2, 3) both belong to R. (a) f (x) = x 2 + x, x ∈ [–1,1]
R is non–transitive as (3, 2) & (2, 1) belong to R but (3,
 πx 
1) does not belong to R. (b) f (x) = tan   , x ∈ [–1,1]
539. In a group of 300 people, 150 speak Hindi and  2 
200 can speak English. How many can speak  x
(c) f (x) = sin   , x ∈ [–1,1]
both Hindi and English?/ 300 ueesieeW kesâ mecetn ceW 2
150 efnvoer leLee 200 Deb«espeer yeesue mekeâles nQ~ efkeâleves (d) None of the above/GheÙeg&òeâ ceW mes keâesF& veneR
ueesie oesveeW efnvoer Deewj Deb«espeer yeesue mekeâles nQ? UPPSC Polytechnic Lecturer 2021 (I)
(a) 40 (b) 50 Ans. (b) : Definition: A function f:[a,b]→R is said to
(c) 60 (d) 85 be of bounded variation if there exists M>0 such that
for every partition P:a = x0<x1< ... < xn = b of [a,b]
UP TGT 2021 n
Ans. (b) : n(H ∪ E) = n(E) + n(H) − n(H ∩ E) variation of over P : V ( f , P ) = ∑ f ( x i ) – f ( x i–1 ) ≤ M
i =1
300 = 150 + 200 – n(H ∩ E)
and V(f ) = sup V(f , P) is called the total variation of f.
300 = 350 – n(H ∩ E)
n(H ∩ E) = 350 – 300 = 50  πx 
Clearly f (x) = tan   ; x ∈ [–1,1] is not a function of
540. Which of the following statement is/are true?  2 
I: If B is countable subset of an uncountable bounded variation because tan  πx  → ∞ as x → 1 and
 
set A, then A – B is countable.  2 
II: Every countable union of countable sets is  πx 
countable. tan   → – ∞ as x → –1
efvecveefueefKele keâLeveeW ceW keâewve-mee/mes keâLeve melÙe nw/nQ?  2 
ALGEBRA 107 YCT

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x (a) one-one and onto/Skewâkeâer SJeb DeeÛÚeokeâ
Now because sin   ∈ [–1,1]as x ∈ [ – π, π] (b) many to one and onto/yengSkeâ SJeb DeeÛÚeokeâ
2
(c) one-one and into/Skewâkeâer SJeb DeveeÛÚeokeâ
 1 
and x 2 + x ∈  – , 2  as x ∈ [ –1,1] (d) many to one and into/yengSkeâ SJeb DeveeÛÚeokeâ
 4 
UP PGT 2021
Ans. (a) : one-one and onto
are functions of bounded variation.
 x + 1; x is odd
543. If A and B are two sets such that n(A) = 4, n(B) f : N → N defined by f(x) = 
= 3 then maximum of n(A ∩ B) is –  x –1; x is even
Ùeefo A leLee B oes mecegÛÛeÙe Fme Øekeâej nQ efkeâ n(A) = suppose f(x1) = f(x2) if x1 is odd and x2 is even then we
4, n(B) = 3 lees n(A ∩ B) keâe cenòece ceeve nw– will have x1 + 1 = x2 – 1 i.e. x2 – x1 = 2 which is
impossible. Similarly, x1 being even and x2 being odd is
(a) 0 (b) 1
also not possible.
(c) 4 (d) 3
Suppose both x1 and x2 are odd then f(x1) = f(x2)
UP PGT 2021 ⇒ x1 + 1 = x2 + 1
Ans. (d) : 3 ⇒ x1 = x2. Similarly in the case of x1 and x2 being
For two sets A and B; maximum (n(A∩B)) even, we get x1 = x2
= min{n(A), n(B)} Thus, f is one-one
= min {4, 3} = 3 Now, any odd number 2r+1 in the co-domain N is the
544. The composite mapping fog(x) of the maps f : R image of 2r+2 in domain N & any even number 2r in co-
→ R, f(x) = sinx; g : R → R, g(x) = x2, is– domain N is the image of 2r–1 in domain N. Thus f is onto.
Heâueve f : R → R, f(x) = sinx; g : R → R, g(x) = 547. Let R be the set of real numbers, if
x2, mes heefjYeeef<ele nw, lees HeâueveeW keâe mebÙeespeve fog(x) f : R → R is given by f (x) = x2 + 2 and
nw– g :R → R is given by g (x) =
x
, then the
(a) sin x + x 2
(b) (sin x) 2
x −1
2 2 value of (gof) (x) is –
(c) sin x (d) x sin x
UP PGT 2021 ceevee R JeemleefJekeâ mebKÙeeDeeW keâe mecegÛÛeÙe nw, Ùeefo
LT 2018 f : R → R, f(x) = x2 + 2 mes efoÙee peeÙes Deewj
Ans. (c) : sin x2 x
g :R → R, g(x) = , mes efoÙee peeÙes, lees (gof)
f : R → R defined by f(x) = sin x x −1
g : R → R defined by g(x) = x 2
(x) keâe ceeve nesiee~
∴ fog : R → R is well defined and is given by fog(x) = x2 + 2 x2 + 2
f(g(x)) = f (x2)= sin x2 (a) 2 (b)
545. If f(x) = ax + b Deewj f(f(f(x))) = 8x + 21 and if a,
x +1 ( x − 1)
b are real numbers then a + b is equal to– x +1
2
x2 + 2
(c) 2 (d)
Ùeefo f(x) = ax + b Deewj f(f(f(x))) = 8x + 21 Deewj x +2 ( x + 1)
2
Ùeefo a, b JeemleefJekeâ mebKÙeeSb nes, lees a + b yejeyej nw– UPPSC GIC 2021
(a) 2 (b) 3
x +2
2
(c) 5 (d) 7 Ans. (a) : 2
x +1
UP PGT 2021 gof : R→R is defined by
Ans. (c) : 5
f(x) = ax + b
g(f(x)) =
( x 2 + 2) = x 2 + 2
so, f(f(f(x))) = a (a(ax+b)+b) + b
3 2
= a x + a b + ab + b
( x 2 + 2) − 1 x + 1
2
and a3x + a2b + ab + b = 8x + 21 548. A binary operation on a non-empty set G is a

On comparing the coefficients, we have mapping-
a3x = 8x ⇒ a = 2 efkeâmeer Deefjòeâ mecegÛÛe G hej Skeâ efÉOeejer meef›eâÙee keâe
so, 4b + 2b + b = 21 ⇒ b = 3 Skeâ ØeefleefÛe$eCe nw-
∴a+b=2+3=5 (a) from G to G/ G mes G hej
546. If N is the set of natural numbers then the (b) from G × G to G/ G×G mes G hej
mapping f : N → N defined by (c) from R × G to G/ G mes G hej
 x + 1 if x is odd (d) from R × G to R,
f (x) =  ,is where R is the set of real numbers.
 x –1 if x is even pene@ R JeemleefJekeâ keâe mecegÛÛeÙe nw~
Ùeefo N Øeeke=âle mebKÙeeDeeW keâe mecegÛÛeÙe nw, lees UPPSC GIC 2021
ØeefleefÛe$eCe f : N → N, nw pees efkeâ heefjYeeef<ele nw UPPSC Ashram Paddhati 2021
ALGEBRA 108 YCT
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Ans. (b) : from G × G to G 551. Which of the following is an open set?
A binary operation * on a non-empty set G is a mapping efvecveefueefKele ceW mes keâewve-mee efJeJe=òe mecegÛÛeÙe nw?
from G × G to G i.e *: G × G → G.  1 1 
(a) S = 1, , ,......
4x + 5  2 3 
549. If f(x) = , x ≠ 6, then f −1 ( x ) is equal to −
x−6 (b) N
4x + 5 (c) Z
Ùeefo = , x ≠ 6, lees f −1 ( x ) keâe ceeve nw– (d) S = {x ∈ R :1 < x < 3}
x−6
5x + 6 5x + 6 UP TGT 2021
(a) , x ≠ −4 (b) ,x ≠ 4 Ans. (d) : A Set O ⊆ R is open if for all points a ∈ O
x+4 x−4
there exists an ε-neighborhood Vε (a)⊆O. Consider the
6x + 5 6x + 5
(c) ,x ≠ 4 (d) , x ≠ −4 open interval (1, 3) = {x∈R : 1< x<3}, let x ∈(1, 3) be
x−4 x+4 arbitrary and if we take ε = min {x–1, 3–x}, then it
UPPSC GIC 2021 follows that Vε(x) ⊆ (1, 3).
6x + 5
Ans. (c) :
x−4
;x ≠ 4  1 1
( )
552. If f  x +  = x 3 + 3 , then f 3 is equal to
 x x
4x + 5
( )
Ùeefo f  x +  = x 3 + 3 , lees f 3 yejeyej nw
Let f = A→ B be function defined as f(x) = ; 1 1
x −6
4x + 5  x x
x≠6, where, B = {y : y = for some x ∈ A}. (a) 0 (b) 1
x −6
Consider an arbitrary element y of B. By the definition (c) 3 (d) 3 3
4x + 5 UP TGT 2021
of B, y = ; x ≠ 6 for some x in the domain A.
x −6  1 1
Ans. (a) : f  x +  = x 3 + 3
6y + 5  x x
This shows that x = . Define g: B →A by
y−4 3
ceevee x + = y Dele:  x +  = y3
1 1
6y + 5  x
g(y)= ; y ≠4. Now , gοf(x) =g(f(x)) = x
y−4 1 1  1 
 6y + 5  y3 = x 3 + 3 + 3x.  x + 
 4x + 5  x x x
g  = x and fοg(y) = f(g(y))=f   = y.
 x −6   y−4  1
y3 = x 3 + 3 + 3y
This shows that gοf = IA and fοg = IB, which implies x
that f is invertible and g is the inverse of f . 1
x + 3 = (y3 − 3y)
3
550. If R be the set of real numbers, which of the x

following is one- one? f (y) = y3 − 3y
Ùeefo R JeemleefJekeâ mebKÙeeDeeW keâe mecegÛÛeÙe nes, lees
Dele: f ( 3 ) = ( 3 ) − 3 3
3
efvecveefueefKele heâueveeW ceW mes keâewve Skewâkeâ nw?

(a)f : R→ R, f (x) = sin x = 3 3 −3 3 = 0
(b)g : R →R, g (x) = cos x 553. Two finite sets have m and n elements
(c)h : R→R, h (x) = ex respectively. The number of subsets of the first
(d)f1 : R → R, f1 (x) = a, where 'a' is a constant/ set is greater than the number of the subsets of
f1 : R → R, f1 (x) = a peneB, a Skeâ efveÙeleebkeâ nw~ the second by 56. Then the value of m2 + n2 is
UPPSC GIC 2021 equal to/oes heefjefcele mecegÛÛeÙeeW ceW ›eâceMe: m leLee n
Ans. (c) : h: R → R, h(x) = e x DeJeÙeJe nQ~ ØeLece mecegÛÛeÙe kesâ GhemecegÛÛeÙeeW keâer mebKÙee
(a) f : R→ R, f(x) = sinx is not one-one because sine ot mejs mecegÛÛeÙe kesâ GhemecegÛÛeÙeeW keâer mebKÙee mes 56
function is periodic with period 2π i.e. sin (2nπ + θ) Deef Oekeâ nw, lees m2 + n2 keâe ceeve nw
= sin θ ; ∀θ∈ R. (a) 40
(b) g: R → R, g (x)=cosx is not one-one because cosine (b) 38
function is periodic with period 2π i.e. cos(2nπ + θ) (c) 42
= cos θ ; ∀θ∈ R (d) None of the above/GheÙeg&òeâ ceW mes keâesF& veneR
(c) h : R → R , h(x) = e is one-one because h (x) =
x ' Section B PGT TIER-I 31.11.2014
ex>0, ∀θ∈ R which implies h(x) = ex is an UP PCS (Pre) 2006
increasing function. UP TGT 2021, 2003
(d) f1 : R → R, f1(x) = a is not one-one as f1 is constant Ans. (d) : ceevee mecegÛÛeÙe A ceW m DeJeÙeJe nQ leLee mecegÛÛeÙe B ceW
∀ x∈ R n DeJeÙeJe nQ~
ALGEBRA 109 YCT

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Dele: mecegÛÛeÙe A ceW GhemecegÛÛeÙeeW keâer mebKÙee = 2m (c) both one-one and onto/Skewâkeâ Deewj DeeÛÚeokeâ oesveeW
mecegÛÛeÙe B ceW GhemecegÛÛeÙeeW keâer mebKÙee = 2n (d) neither one-one nor onto/ve lees Skewâkeâ Deewj ve ner
ØeMve mes 2m − 2n = 56 DeeÛÚeokeâ
 2m 
2n  n − 1 = 56 Ans. (d) : Given f : R → R defined by
 2 
f(x) = cos x ∀ x ∈ R
2 ( 2 − 1) = 56 = 8 × 7
n m −n
π  3π 
Since cos   = cos   = 0
2n ( 2m −n − 1) = 23 × 7 2  2 
2 n = 23 ⇒ n = 3 ⇒ f(x) = cos x is not one-one.
m −n
2 −1 = 7 ⇒ 2 m− n
=8 Since – 1 ≤ cos x ≤ 1 so Range of
m −n f(x) = cos x is [– 1, 1]
2 =2 ⇒m−n =3
3
Therefore f(x) = cos x is not onto.
m−3= 3
557. If f : R→R is defined by f(x) = 8x3 and g : R→R
m=6
is defined by g(x) = x1/3, then the value of (gof)
m + n = 6 + 3 = 45
2 2 2 2
(x) is
554. For any two sets A and B, A– (A – B) equals Ùeefo f : R→R Fme Øekeâej heefjYeeef<ele nw efkeâ f(x) = 8x3
efkeâvneR oes mecegÛÛeÙe A Deewj B kesâ efueS A– (A – B) Deewj g : R→R Fme Øekeâej heefjYeeef<ele nw efkeâ g(x) = x1/3
yejeyej nw lees (gof) (x) keâe ceeve nw~
(a) A – B (b) B
(a) 8x (b) 2x
(c) A ∪ B (d) A ∩ B
(c) – 2x (d) 4x
UP TGT 2021
Ans. (d) : A– (A – B) ceW Jes meYeer DeJeÙeJe neWies pees A kesâ
Ans. (b) : Given f : R → R and g : R → R as
DeJeÙeJe nw leLee A – B kesâ DeJeÙeJe veneR nw~ 1
Dele: Ùes DeJeÙeJe A∩B kesâ DeJeÙeJe neWies~ f(x) = 8x3 and g(x) = x 3
∴ A – (A – B) = A∩B then (gof) (x) = g (f(x))
1
= g (8x3) = (8x3) 3
= 2x
558. What is the representation of an open disk
D(x,y) of radius r centered at origin in R2?
(a) D ={(x,y)| x2+y2 < r2 }
(b) D ={(x,y)| x2+y2 > r2 }
(c) D ={(x,y)| x2+y2 = r2 }
555. If f(x) = tan–1x and g(x) = sinx, then (gof) (x) is (d) D ={(x,y)| x2+y2< r }
equal to DSSSB TGT 04-09-2021 Shift-I (Male)
Ùeefo f(x) = tan x Deewj g(x) = sinx lees (gof) (x)
–1 Ans. (a) :
yejeyej nw { }
D = ( x, y ) : x 2 + y 2 < r 2 represents an open disk of
x radius r and centered as origin in iR2.
(a) x 1 – x 2 (b)
1+ x 2
1+ x2
(c) (d) 1
x
UP TGT 2021
Ans. (b) : f(x) = tan–1x, g(x) = sinx
gof(x) = g(f(x)) = g(tan–1x)
= sin(tan–1x) ( )
559. If f(x) = loge x + 1 + x 2 , then f–1(x) is equal
x x to:
= sin sin–1 =
1+ x 2
1+ x 2
( )
Ùeefo f(x) = loge x + 1 + x 2 , lees f–1(x) yejeyej nw:
556. The function f : R→R defined by f(x) = cosx ∀
x∈R is e x − e− x e x + e− x
(a) (b)
f(x) = cosx ∀ x∈R ôeje heefjYeeef<ele Heâueve f : R→R 2 2
−x
nw e −e
x
e + e− x
x
(c) x (d)
(a) one-one, but not onto/Skewâkeâ, efkeâvleg DeeÛÚeokeâ veneR e + e− x e x − e− x
(b) onto, but not one-one/DeeÛÚeokeâ, efkeâvleg Skewâkeâ veneR Haryana PGT 2020
ALGEBRA 110 YCT
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Ans. (a) : Consider the function f: R+ → R defined by 562. Which of the following functions is surjective?
(
f ( x ) = log e x + 1 + x 2
) ; ∀x ← R + efvecveefueefKele heâueveeW ceW mes keâewve mee DeeÛÚeoer nw?
(a) f : R → R defined by f (x) = x2
Now let y be an arbitrary element of R. By the f (x) = x2 Éeje heefjYeeef<ele f : R → R
definition of function (b) f : R+ → R defined by f (x) = x2
( )
y = log e x + 1 + x 2 for some x ∈ R + f (x) = x2 Éeje heefjYeeef<ele f : R+ → R
(c) f : R+ → R defined by f (x) = x2
This shows that ey = x + 1 + x 2 f (x) = x2 Éeje heefjYeeef<ele f : R+ → R
or (ey – x)2 = 1 + x2 (d) f : R+ → R defined by f (x) = x
or e2y + x2 – 2xey = 1 + x2 f (x) = x Éeje heefjYeeef<ele f : R+ → R
e 2y − 1 UKPSC Lecturer (Mains) 2020
or x=
2e y Ans. (c) : We have that for every real number x, x 2 ≥ 0.
e 2y − 1 Hence f : R → R + defined by f ( x ) = x 2 is surjective.
Define g : R → R+ by g(y) =
2e y
+ 563. If functions f : R → R and g : R → R are
Now, gof (x) = IR and fog(x) = IR, which implies that f defined as
is invertible and g is the inverse of f.
7 x 2 + x − 8, x ≤ 1
e 2x − 1 e x − e − x 
So, f −1 ( x ) = g ( x ) = = f ( x ) = 4 x + 5, 1 < x ≤ 7
2e x 2 
560. A relation R = {(1, 1), (1, 2) (2, 1)} is defined on 8 x + 3, x > 7
the set A = {1, 2, 3}, then relation R is | x |, x < −3
mecegÛÛeÙe A = {1, 2, 3}, hej mecyevOe R = {(1, 1), (1, 
and g( x ) = 0 , − 3 ≤ x < 2 then
2) (2, 1)} heefjYeef<ele nw, lees mecyevOe R nw :  2
 x + 4, x ≥ 2
(a) Reflexive/ mJeleguÙe
Ùeefo heâueve f : R → R leLee g : R → R Fme Øekeâej
(b) Reflexive and transitive/ mJeleguÙe Deewj meb›eâecekeâ
heefjYeeef<ele nw efkeâ
(c) Equivalence relation /meceleguÙelee mecyevOe
7 x 2 + x − 8, x ≤ 1
(d) Symmetric/meceefcele 
UKPSC GIC 2018 f ( x ) = 4 x + 5, 1 < x ≤ 7

Ans. (d) : R = {(1, 1), (1, 2), (2, 1)} is defined on A 8 x + 3, x > 7
={1, 2, 3}
R is not reflexive because (2, 2) & (3, 3) do not belong | x |, x < −3
to R leLee g( x ) = 0 , − 3 ≤ x < 2 leye
 2
R is symmetric because (1, 2) & (2, 1) both belong to R.
 x + 4, x ≥ 2
R is not transitive because (a) (fog) (–3) = 8 (b) (fog) (9) = 683
(2, 1) ∈ R and (1, 2) ∈R but (2, 2) ∉R (c) (gof) (9) = – 8 (d) (gof) (6) = 427
561. Let f(x) be defined by f(x + y) = f(x) +f(y) for all UKPSC Lecturer (Mains) 2020
Ans. (b) : (a) f ( g ( −3) ) = f ( 0 ) = −8
real numbers x and y, then f(x) is:
ceevee heâueve f(x), x Deewj y keâer meYeer JeemleefJekeâ
mebKÙeeDeeW kesâ efueS f(x + y) = f(x) + f(y) mes heefjYeeef<ele (b) f ( g ( 9 ) ) = f ( 85 ) = 8 ( 85) + 7 = 683
nw~ lees f(x) nw : (c) g ( f ( 0 ) ) = g ( −8) = 8
(a) an odd function/Skeâ efJe<ece heâueve
(b) an even function/Skeâ mece heâueve (d) g ( f ( 6 ) ) = g ( 29 ) = 845
(c) an even or an odd function
564. If f(x) = cos [π 2 ] x + cos[ −π 2 ]x, where [x]
Skeâ mece Ùee Skeâ efJe<ece heâueve stands for the greatest integer function, then
(d) None of these/FveceW mes keâesF& veneR π
UKPSC Lecturer (Mains) 2020 f   =
2
Ans. (a) : We have f ( x + y ) = f ( x ) + f ( y ) ∀x, y ∈ R Ùeefo f(x) = cos [π 2 ] x + cos[ −π 2 ]xpeneB [x] cenòece
which gives f ( x ) = f ( x ) + f ( 0 ) and thus f ( 0 ) = 0 .  
hetCeeËkeâ heâueve keâe Øeleerkeâ nw, lees f  π  =
Now f ( x − x ) = f ( x ) + f ( − x ) ⇒ f ( x ) + f ( − x ) = 0 2
(a) –1 (b) 1
which gives f ( − x ) = −f ( x ) . ∀x ∈ R
(c) 0 (d) 2
Hence f is an odd function. UKPSC Lecturer (Mains) 2020
ALGEBRA 111 YCT
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Ans. (a) : Given f ( x ) = cos  π2  ⋅ x + cos  −π2  ⋅ x 568. The range of the function

So, f ( x ) = cos9x + cos10x  2
 x , when x < 0
π π f ( x ) =  x, when 0 ≤ x ≤1
Thus, f   = cos9   + cos10 ( π 2 ) = –1 
2 2  1
565. The total number of functions  , when x > 1
 2
f : (1,2 ..…., m} → {1,2, ….,n} is here m ≠ n): defined for real numbers is :
is (here m ≠ n) JeemleefJekeâ mebKÙeeDeeW kesâ efueS heefjYeeef<ele heâueve
meYeer heâueveeW f : (1,2 ..…., m} → {1,2, ….,n} keâer

kegâue mebKÙee nesleer nw (ÙeneB m ≠ n)  2
 x , peye x < 0
(a) m(m–1). . . . . .. (m – n + 1)
(b) n(n–1). . . . . .. (n –m + 1) f ( x ) =  x, peye 0 ≤ x ≤1 keâe heefjmej nw:

(c) mn  1
(d) nm  , peye x > 1
 2
UKPSC Lecturer (Mains) 2020 (a) ( – ∞ , ∞ ) (b) [0,1]
Ans. (d) : The total number of functions (c) (– ∞ ,0) (d) [0, ∞ )
f : {1, 2,......, m} → {1,2,.....,n} ; m ≠ n. UKPSC Lecturer (Mains) 2020
is n.n.......n ( m − times ) = n m because for each element Ans. (d) : Because lim f ( x ) = lim x 2 = ∞
x →−∞ x →−∞
of domain {1, 2,.....m} we have n elements to which it
we have that range of f ( x ) is [ 0, ∞ )
can be mapped under the function f.
566. Let the function f and g be defined by f(x) = 2x 569. The maximum number of equivalence relations
+ 1 and g(x) = x2 – 2 then the composite on the set A = {1,2,3} is :
function (gof) (x) is given by: meceg ÛÛeÙe A = {1,2,3} hej leguÙelee mecyevOeeW keâer
ceevee heâueve f leLee g efvecveefueefKele Øekeâej mes heefjYeeef<ele DeefOekeâlece mebKÙee nw :
nw: (a) 1 (b) 2
f(x) = 2x + 1 leLee g(x) = x – 2 2 (c) 9 (d) 5
leye mebÙegòeâ heâueve (gof) (x) efoÙee peelee nw : UKPSC Lecturer (Mains) 2020
2
(a) 4x + 4x– 1 2
(b) x + 2x– 1 Ans. (d) : Number of ways to partition the set {1,2,3}
2
(c) 4x – 3 2
(d) 2x – 3 into mutually disjoint sets is number of equivalence
UKPSC Lecturer (Mains) 2020 classes of {1,2,3} because each such partition defines
an equivalence relation on {1,2,3}. Now there is 5 ways
Ans. (a) : The composition gof : R → R is defined by
(1 + 1 + 1, 1 + 2, 2 + 1) to partition the set {1,2,3} into
gof ( x ) = g ( f ( x ) ) = ( 2x + 1) − 2 = 4x 2 + 4x − 1
2
mutually disjoint sets, and hence, we must have 5
equivalence classes.
567. If A = {1,2,3} and R= {(1,2),(2,3),(1,3)} is a Given A = {1,2,3}
relation on A, then R is :
Ùeefo A = {1,2,3} leLee R= {(1,2),(2,3),(1,3)} A hej Equivalence relations of A.
Skeâ mecyevOe nw, lees R nw: R1 = {(1,1)( 2, 2 ) , ( 3,3)} ,
(a) neither reflexive nor transitive R 2 = {(1,1) , ( 2,2 ) , ( 3,3) , (1, 2 ) , ( 2,1)}
ve lees mJeleguÙe Deewj ve ner mekeâce&keâ
(b) neither symmetric nor transitive R 3 = {(1,1) , ( 2, 2 ) , ( 3,3) , (1,3) , ( 3,1)} ,
ve meceefcele Deewj ve ner mekeâce&keâ R 4 = {(1,1) , ( 2, 2 ) , ( 3,3) , ( 2,3) , ( 3,2 )}
(c) transitive/mekeâce&keâ
(d) an equivalence relation/Skeâ leguÙelee mecyevOe R 5 = {(1, 2 ) , ( 2, 2 ) , ( 3,3 ) , (1,3 ) , (1, 2 ) , ( 2,3 )( 3,1) , ( 2,1) , ( 3, 2 )}
570. The function f : R → R defined by f(x) = 6x+ 6|x|
Ans. (c) : Given is:
A = {1, 2,3} and relation R = {(1,2 ) , ( 2,3) , (1,3)} f(x) = 6x+ 6|x| mes heefjYeeef<ele heâueve f : R → R nw :
R is not reflexive because none of (1,1), (2,2) and (3,3) (a) one-one into/Skewâkeâ Deble#esheer
belongs to R, R is not symmetric because (1,2), (2,3), (b) one-one onto/Skewâkeâ DeeÛÚeokeâ
and (1,3) belong to R but none of (2,1), (3,2) and (3,1)
belongs to R. (c) many-one onto/yengSkeâ DeeÛÚeokeâ
R is transitive because for (1,2) and (2,3) in R we have (d) many-one into/yengSkeâ Deble#esheer
(1,3) in R as well. UKPSC Lecturer (Mains) 2020
ALGEBRA 112 YCT
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Ans. (d) : Given f : R → R defined by f ( x ) = 6 x + 6 573. If X, Y, Z are any three sets such that
x
X ⊆ Y ⊆ Z, then
6x + 6x = 26x ; x ≥ 0
We have f ( x )  x Z – (Y – X) =
 6 + 6 −x
; x< 0 Ùeef o X, Y, Z keâesF& leerve mecegÛÛeÙe Fme Øekeâej nw efkeâ
 2.6 log e 6
x
; x≥0 X ⊆ Y ⊆ Z, leye Z– (Y – X) =
So, f ' ( x ) =  x −x (a) X ∪ (Z − Y) (b) X − (Z ∪ Y)
6 log e 6 − 6 log e 6 ; x < 0
(c) X ∪ (Y − Z) (d) X − (Z − Y)
which clearly shows that f ' ( x ) < 0 when x < 0 and
f ' ( x ) ≥ 0 when x ≥ 0. Which implies that f ( x ) is Ans. (a) : From the venn diagram, clearly
decreasing when x < 0 and f ( x ) is increasing when Z − (Y − X) = X ∪ ( Z − Y)
x ≥0.
Thus, f ( x ) is many-one function.
f ( x ) > 0 i.e. 6x + 6x + 6 > 0 ∀x ∈ R and
x
Now,
f (0) = 2 .
Hence, f ( x ) ∈ [ 2, ∞ ) . So f ( x ) is into.
574. A relation R is defined on the set of positive
571. Let A,B,C be subsets of the universal set v. If integers as xRy if 2x + y ≤ 5. The relation R is:
n(v) = 692, n(B) = 230, n(C) = 370,
Oeveelcekeâ hetCeeËkeâeW kesâ mecegÛÛeÙe hej Skeâ mebyebOe R, xRy
n(B ∩ C) = 90 and n(A ∩ B'∩ C') = 10 , then
Ùeefo 2x + y ≤ 5 Éeje heefjYeeef<ele nw~ mebyebOe R nw:
n(A' ∩ B '∩ C ') is equal to:
(a) reflexive/mJeleguÙe
ceevee A,B,C mece°erÙe mecegÛÛeÙe v kesâ GhemecegÛÛeÙe nw~
(b) transitive/meb›eâecekeâ
Ùeefo n(v) = 692, n(B) = 230, n(C) = 370,
n(B ∩ C) = 90 leLee n(A ∩ B '∩ C ') = 10 nes, lees (c) symmetric/meceefcele
n(A' ∩ B '∩ C ') yejeyej nw: (d) None of these/FveceW mes keâesF& veneR
(a) 172 (b) 272 UKPSC Lecturer (Mains) 2020
(c) 362 (d) 350 Ans. (d) : R is reflexive if 2x + x ≤ 5 ; ∀x ∈ Z+ which
UKPSC Lecturer (Mains) 2020 is not the case always because above holds iff x ≤ 5 3
Ans. (a) : We have, hence R is not reflexive.
n(A '∩ B'∩ C ') = n ((B'∩ C ') ∩ A ') Now (1,3) ∈ R because 2 (1) + 3 ≤ 5 but
= n ((B'∩ C')) − n ((B'∩ C') ∩ A) ( 3,1) ∉ R because 2 ( 3) + 1 = 7 > 5 Hence, R is not
= n (B ∪ C) '− n (A ∩ B'∩ C') symmetric.
Again take (2,1), (1,3) in R but (2,3) ∉ R. Hence, R is
= n (ν) − n (B ∪ C) − n (A ∩ B'∩ C ')
not transitive.
= n (ν) − n (B) − n (C) + n (B ∩ C) − n (A ∩ B'∩ C ')  1 1
575. If A n = 1 + , 3 −  for all natural numbers n,
= 692 − 230 − 370 + 90 − 10  n n 
= 172 ∪
then n ∈ An is, where N is the set of natural
572. Let A = {(x, y, z) : x, y, z are positive integers N
and x + y + z = 12}. Then the number of numbers.
elements in A is: meYeer Øeeke=âle mebKÙeeDeeW n kesâ efueS, Ùeefo
ceevee A = {(x, y, z) : x, y, z OevehetCeeËkeâ nw Deewj x + y  1 1 ∪
+ z = 12} leye A kesâ DeJeÙeJeeW keâer mebKÙee nw: A n = 1 + , 3 −  nes, lees n ∈ An nw, peneB N

 n n 
 N
(a) 122 (b) 78
(c) 55 (d) 36 Øeeke=âle mebKÙeeDeeW keâe mecegÛÛeÙe nw~
UKPSC Lecturer (Mains) 2020 (a) [1,3] (b) (1,3]
Ans. (c) : Let n,r be given positive integers and r ≥ n . (c) [1,3) (d) (1,3)
The number of solutions ( x1 , x 2 ,..., x n ) of the equation UKPSC Lecturer (Mains) 2020
∪
x1 + x 2 + ....... + x n = r in positive integers is r −1Cn −1 . Ans. (d) : n ∈ N An = A1 ∪ A 2 ∪ ... ∪ A n
Hence, number of solution
3 5  1 1
( x, y, z ) ; x>0, y > 0, z > 0 of the equation = [2, 2] ∪  ,  ∪ ... ∪ 1 + , 3 –
 2 2   n n 
12−1
x + y + z = 12 is C3−1 = 11
C2 = 55 = (1,3)
ALGEBRA 113 YCT
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576. Range of the function Ans. (b) : Subsets of {0,1, 2,3} containing element 1
f ( x ) = x 3 + 3x 2 + 10 x + 2sin x , for all x ∈ R is: are
meYeer x ∈ R kesâ efueS, heâueve {1} ,{0,1} , {1, 2} , {1,3} ,{0,1, 2} ,{0,1,3} ,{1,2,3} ,{0,1,2,3}
f ( x ) = x 3 + 3x 2 + 10 x + 2sin x keâe heefjmej nw : So, there are 8 subsets of {0,1, 2,3} containing element 1.
(a) (0, 2) (b) (−∞, ∞)
580. Let A and B be two sets defined as follows:
(c) (−∞, 0) (d) (0, ∞) A = {(x, y) ∈ R2 : 4x2 + 9y2 - 24x- 54y + 81 ≤ 0 }
UKPSC Lecturer (Mains) 2020 B = {(x, y) ∈ R2 : | x -3| < 1 and |y - 3| < 1 }
Ans. (b) : We have The is A ∩ B equal to:
x →∞ x →∞
(
lim f ( x ) = lim x 3 + 3x 2 + 10x + 2sin x = ∞ ) ceeve ueerefpeS mecegÛÛeÙe A Deewj B efvecveJeled heefjYeeef<ele
nw:
x →−∞ x →−∞
(
& lim f ( x ) = lim x 3 + 3x 2 + 10x + 2sin x = −∞ ) A = {(x, y) ∈ R2 : 4x2 + 9y2 - 24x- 54y + 81 ≤ 0 }
So, range of f ( x ) is ( – ∞, ∞ ) B = {(x, y) ∈ R2 : | x -3| < 1 and |y - 3| < 1 }
577. A market research group conducted a survey leye A ∩ B yejeyej nw ;
of 1000 consumers and reported that 720 (a) B
consumers liked product A and 450 liked (b) A
product B. The number of consumers that have (c) φ
liked both products is: /Skeâ yeepeej DevegmebOeeve mecetn (d) None of these/FveceW mes keâesF& veneR
keâes 1000 GheYeesòeâeDeeW keâe meJex#eCe mebÛeeefuele efkeâÙee UKPSC Lecturer (Mains) 2020
Deewj metÛevee oer efkeâ 720 GheYeesòeâe Glheeo A keâes Deewj Ans. (b) :
450, Glheeo B keâes hemevo keâjles nQ~ Gve GheYeesòeâeDeeW A = { 4x 2 + 9y 2 − 24x − 54y + 81 ≤ 0 ; ( x,y ) ∈ R 2 }
keâer mebKÙee pees oesveeW GlheeoeW keâes hemevo keâjles nQ, nQ:
⇒ 4 ( x 2 − 6x + 9 − 9 ) + 9 ( y 2 − 6y + 9 ) ≤ 0
(a) 150 (b) 170
⇒ 4 ( x − 3) + 9 ( y − 3) ≤ 36
2 2
(c) 160 (d) 180
Ans. (b) : Let A be the set of consumers who liked ⇒ ( x − 3) + ( y − 3) ≤ 1
2 2
product A and B be set of consumers who liked product 9 2

B. Then, ( A ∪ B ) is the set of consumers who liked at is an ellipse with semi-major and semi-minor axes 3/2
least one of products A and B and ( A ∩ B ) is the set of and 1/ 2 respectively and its centre at (3,3).
consumers who liked both the products. Now, we have Region described by set B x − 3 < 1 and y–3 < 1
n ( A ∪ B) = n ( A ) + n ( B) − n ( A ∩ B) is x ∈ ( 2,4 ) and y ∈ ( 2,4 ) which is the rectangle PQRS
⇒ 1000 = 720 + 450 − n ( A ∩ B ) contained in A.
⇒ n ( A ∩ B ) = 170
578. The domain of the real valued function
f ( x ) = 2− | x | + 1+ | x | is:
JeemleefJekeâ ceeve heâueve f ( x ) = 2− | x | + 1+ | x |
keâe Øeevle nw :
(a) [2,6] (b) [ − 2,6]
(c) [8,12] (d) [ − 2,2] Clearly B⊆A and hence A ∩ B = B
UKPSC Lecturer (Mains) 2020  x2 +1 
–1  
Ans. (d) : Given f ( x ) = 2− | x | + 1+ | x | is well 581. Range of f(x) = sin  x2 + 2  is:
defined if 2 − x ≥ 0 and 1+ x ≥ 0  x2 +1 
⇒ x ∈ [ −2,2] f(x) = sin  x2 + 2  keâe hejeme nw:
–1 
 
π π
(a)  0,  (b)  0, 
579. The number of subsets of the set A = {0,1,2,3},
containing element 1 is :  2  6
mecegÛÛeÙe A = {0,1,2,3} kesâ Gve GhemecegÛÛeÙeeW, efpevekeâe π π
Skeâ DeJeÙeJe 1 nw, lees mebKÙee nw: (c)  , 
6 2
(a) 2 (b) 8
(d) None of these / FveceW mes keâesF& veneR
(c) 16 (d) 24
UKPSC Lecturer (Mains) 2020 Haryana PGT 2019
ALGEBRA 114 YCT

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 x 2 +1  Ans. (b) : Explicit function - When a relationship
Ans. (c) : Given f(x) = sin –1  2  between x and y is expressed in a way that it is easy to
 x +2 solve for y and write y = f(x), we say that y is given as
x 2 +1 1 1  an explicit function of x.
Now we have that 2 =1– 2 has range  ,1
x +2 x +2 2  585. Discover the number of possible relations in an
anti-symmetric relation with 19 elements.
 x 2
+1   π π 
Thus, sin –1  2  has range =  ,  (a) 1.9×3 64 (b) 2.02×1087
 x +2 6 2  (c) 13.5×932 (d) 19.34×791
582. Let R is relation defined in set {1,2,3,4} such DSSSB TGT 04-09-2021 Shift-I (Male)
that R = {(1,1), (1,2) (2,2) (4,4) (1,3) (3,3) (3,2)}, Ans. (b) : Number of anti - symmetric relations on the
then: set of n elements is given by 2n 3n(n – 1)/2
ceevee mecegÛÛeÙe {1,2,3,4} ceW mecyevOe R Fme Øekeâej Now, if n = 19, number of anti - symmetric relations =
heefjYeeef<ele nw efkeâ R = {(1,1), (1,2) (2,2) (4,4) (1,3) 219 3171 = 2.02 ×1087
(3,3) (3,2)}, leye: 586. The range of the function 16 − x 2 is:
(a) R is reflexive and symmetric.
R mJeleguÙe leLee meceefcele nw~ heâueve 16 − x 2 keâe heefjmej nw:
(b) R is reflexive and transitive. (a) [–4, 4] (b) [0, 4]
R mJeleguÙe leLee meb›eâecekeâ nw~ (c) [–4, 0] (d) [4, –4]
(c) R is symmetric and transitive. UK SSSC LT 2020
R meceefcele leLee meb›eâecekeâ nw~ Ans. (b) : The function 16 − x 2 is well defined if
(d) R is symmetric./ R meceefcele nw~ 16 − x 2 ≥ 0
Haryana PGT 2019 ⇒ x ∈ [-4, 4]
Ans. (b) : The defined relation R on the set {1,2,3,4} is
reflexive because (1,1), (2,2), (3,3), (4,4) are in Now, given f(x) = 16 − x 2 is maximum 4 at x=0 and
R and transitive because for (1,3), (3,2) in R we have f(x) is minimum 0 at x=± 4.
(1,2) in R as well. Hence range of f(x) = 16 − x 2 is [0, 4]
R is not symmetric because for (1,2), (1,3), (3,2) in R
587. The domain of the function
none of (3,1), (2,3),(2,1) is in R .
 5x - x 
2
583. In an examination 80% students passed in f ( x ) = log10   is:
English and 85% students passed in  4 
mathmatics. If 73% students passed in both
these subjects, then what percent of students  5x - x 2 
failed in both the subjects? Heâueve f ( x ) = log10   keâe Øeeble nw:
 4 
Skeâ hejer#ee ceW, 80% efJeÅeeLeea Deb«espeer ceW GòeerCe& ngS
(a) [0, 5] (b) [1, 4]
Deewj 85% efJeÅeeLeea ieefCele ceW GòeerCe& ngS~ Ùeefo 73% (c) [1, 2] (d) [0, 1]
efJeÅeeLeea oesveeW efJe<eÙeeW ceW GòeerCe& ngS, lees efkeâleves ØeefleMele Haryana PGT 2020
efJeÅeeLeea oesveeW efJe<eÙeeW ceW DevegòeerCe& ngS? Ans. (b) :
(a) 20% (b) 8%
(c) 15% (d) 27%  5x − x 2 
Given function f(x) = log10  
Haryana TGT 2019  4 
Ans. (b) : Let E be the percent of students who passed  5x − x 2 
English examination and M be the percent of student So, log10  ≥0
who passed Mathematics examination. Then Ec and Mc  4 
denote the percent of students who failed in English and 5x − x 2
Mathematics examination respectively. ⇒ ≥0
Now, we have 4
P (E∪M) = P (E) + P (M) – P (E∩M) ⇒ 5x – x2 ≥ 4
= 80+85–73 ⇒ x2 – 5x + 4 ≤ 0
= 92% ⇒ (x – 1) (x – 4) ≤ 0
and hence percent of students who failed in both the ⇒ x ∈ [1, 4]
subjects is given by
P (Ec∩Mc) = P(E∪M)c = 8% 588. Let A = {(x, y) y = e x , x ∈ R}, B =
584. If y is in terms of variable x as y = f (x) then y is
known as {( x, y ) y = x, x ∈ R}, then:
(a) identity function (b) explicit function Ùeefo Let A = {(x, y) y = e x , x ∈ R}, B =
(c) implicit function (d) linear function
DSSSB TGT 04-09-2021 Shift-I (Male) {( x, y ) y = x, x ∈ R}, lees:
ALGEBRA 115 YCT

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(a) B ⊂ A (b) A ⊂ B 591. Let f ( x ) = ( x + 1) - 1, ( x ≥ -1) , then the set
2
(c) A ∩ B = φ (d) A ∪ B = A
Haryana PGT 2020 S = {x : f ( x ) = f -1 ( x )} is:
Ans. (c) : Define a function f : R → R by f(x) = ex – x, ceeve ueerefpeS f ( x ) = ( x + 1) - 1, ( x ≥ -1) , lees
2
∀ x∈R
mecegÛÛeÙe S = {x : f ( x ) = f -1 ( x )} nw:
Claim - F(x) ≠ 0 ∀ x ∈ R
(a) Empty
Proof -
(b) {0, – 1}
Case I- if x ≤ 0 then f(x) = e – x > 0 (strictly positive)
x
(c) {0, 1, – 1}
Case II- if x > 0 then f'(x) = ex – 1 > 0 which implies
that f(x) = ex – x is strictly increasing for every x > 0  −3 + i 3 −3 − i 3 
(d) 0, −1 , 
Thus, f(x) = e – x ≠ 0
x
∀ x∈R 
 2 2 
which implies that e ≠ x : ∀ x∈R
x
Haryana PGT 2018
Hence, A = {(x, y) : y = ex, x ∈ R} and B = {(x, y) : y = Ans. (d) :
x, x ∈ R} have empty intersection i.e. A ∩ B = φ  −3 + 1 3 −3 − 1 3 
589. If f : R → R, where R is set of real numbers, 0, −1, , 
such that f(x) = ex, then f is:  2 2 
Ùeefo f : R → R, peneB R JeemleefJekeâ mebKÙeeDeeW keâe Let. f (x) = ( x + 1)2 − 1, x ≥ −1
mecegÛÛeÙe nw, Fme Øekeâej nw efkeâ f(x) = ex, lees f :
(a) surjective only/kesâJeue DeeÛÚeokeâ nw (
Now if f(x) = f −1 ( x ) then f (f (x)) = f f −1 ( x ) = x )
(b) injective only/kesâJeue Skewâkeâer nw which implies
(c) bijective/Skewâkeâer-DeeÛÚeokeâ nw 
( ) 
2
 ( x + 1) − 1 + 1 − 1 = x
2
(d) neither surjective nor injective/ve lees Skewâkeâer nw  

Deewj ve ner DeeÛÚeokeâ nw ⇒ ( x + 1) − 1 = x
4
Haryana PGT 2020

⇒ ( x + 1) − ( x + 1) = 0
4
Ans. (b) : f : R → R, given f(x) = ex
Let x, y ∈ R then for one-one
f (x) = f(y)
(
⇒ ( x + 1) ( x + 1) − 1 = 0
3
)
⇒
⇒
ex = ey
x=y
(
⇒ ( x + 1)( x ) x 2 + 3x + 3 = 0 )
Hence f is one-one ⇒ either x = 0 or x = −1 or x 2 + 3x + 3 = 0
for onto co-domain = range −3 ± i 3
But have we know that range of ex is (0, ∞) = r+ ⇒ either x = 0 or x − 1or x =
2
∴ f is not onto.
 −3 + i 3 −3 − i 3 
590. If log 0.3 ( x - 1) < log 0.09 ( x - 1 ) , then x lies in the ⇒ x ∈ 0, −1, , 
interval:  2 2 
Ùeefo log 0.3 ( x - 1) < log 0.09 ( x - 1) , lees x efkeâme 592. Let f(x) = x and g(x) = |x| for all x ∈ R, then the
Devlejeue ceW efmLele nw? function φ(x) satisfying
2
φ ( x ) - f ( x ) 2 ] + [φ ( x ) - g ( x )  = 0 is:
(a) ( −2, −1) (b) ( −1, −1)  
(c) (1, 2 ) (d) ( 2, ∞ ) ceeve ueerefpeS f(x) = x leLee g(x) = |x| ØelÙeskeâ x ∈ R,
2
Haryana PGT 2018 lees φ ( x ) - f ( x ) ] + [φ ( x ) - g ( x )  = 0 keâes mebleg°
2
Ans. (d) : Given

log 0.3 ( x − 1) < log 0.09 ( x − 1) keâjves Jeeuee heâueve φ(x) =
(a) φ(x) = x + | x |, x ∈ R
Here x – 1 > 0 ⇒ x > 1
So, now if log0.3 (x – 1) < log0.09 (x – 1) (b) φ(x) = x, x ∈ R
⇒ log 0.3 ( x − 1) < log 0.3 2 ( x − 1) (c) φ(x) = − x, x ∈ ( −∞, 0 )
( )
1 (d) φ(x) = x, x ∈ ( 0, ∞ )
⇒ log 0.3 ( x − 1) < log 0.3 ( x − 1) Haryana PGT 2018
2
⇒ log 0.3 ( x − 1) < 0 Ans. (d) : Given f(x) = x; x ∈R,
 x x ≥ 0∈R
⇒ x–1>1 and g (x) = |x| = 
⇒x>2  − x x < 0 ∈ R.
Now, we have x > 1 and x > 2 so x ∈ (2, ∞) Now if x ≥ 0 we have f (x) = g (x) = x and hence,
ALGEBRA 116 YCT

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φ ( x ) − f ( x )  + φ ( x ) − g ( x ) 
2 2
φ ( x ) − f ( x )  + φ ( x ) − f ( x )  = 0
2 2
=
2 φ ( x ) − f ( x )  = 0
2
⇒
⇒ φ ( x ) = f ( x ) = x; ∀x ≥ 0 ∈ R (d) {(x, y) : 2x + 5y > 7 } is a convex set
Now if x < 0 we have f (x) = x and g (x) = – x then
φ ( x ) − f ( x )  + φ ( x ) − g ( x ) 
2 2
φ ( x ) − x  + φ ( x ) + x  = 0 gives

2 2
=
⇒ 2  φ2 ( x ) + x 2  = 0
Which is impossible because φ2 (x) and x2 both are 595. Let A and B be two sets such that n(A) = 20,
strictly positive. n(A∪B) = 42 and n(A∩B) = 4, then the value of
593. If 0 < a < 1 and x > y, then n(B) is
Ùeefo 0 < a < 1 leLee x > y, lees ceevee A Deewj B oes mecegÛÛeÙe Fme Øekeâej nQ efkeâ n(A) =
(a) Logax > Logay (b) Logax < Logay 20, n(A∪B) = 42 Deewj n(A∩B) = 4, lees n(B) keâe
(c) Logax = Logay (d) None of these ceeve nw:
UKPSC GIC 2018 (a) 16 (b) 20
Ans. (b) : By definition of logarithm is a function from (c) 26 (d) 30
positive real numbers to all real numbers i.e. UKPSC GIC 2018
loga: R+ → R described by Ans. (c) : we have
x → loga x = p if ap = x n(A∪B)= n(A) + n(B) – n(A∩B)
∴ n(B) = n(A∪B)+ n(A∩B) –n(A)
y → loga y = q if a = y q
= 42 + 4 –20
Now if 0 < a < 1 and x> y then we must have that p < q. = 26
And hence we get that
596. If A and B are two given sets, then A∩(A∩B)C
loga x < loga y
is:
594. which of the following is not a convex set ? Ùeefo A Deewj B oes efoÙes ieÙes mecegÛÛeÙe neW, lees
efvecveefueefKele ceW mes keâewve mee Gòeue mecegÛÛeÙe veneR nw ? A∩(A∩B)C keâe ceeve nw:
2 2
(a) {(x, y) : x + y > 4 } (a) A (b) B
(b) {(x, y) : 2x + 5y < 7} (c) A∩BC (d) AC∩B
(c) {(x, y) : x + y ≤ 4 }
2 2
UKPSC GIC 2018
(d) {(x, y) : 2x + 5y > 7} Ans. (c) : A∩(A∩B) C
UKPSC GIC 2018 ⇒ A∩(AC∪BC) (De Morgan's Law)

Ans. (a) : Definition:- A set S is said to be a convex set ⇒ (A∩AC) ∪(A∩BC) (Distributive Law)
if for any two chosen points in S the line segment ⇒ φ ∪ (A∩BC)
joining these two points also lies entirely in S. ⇒ (A∩BC)
(a){(x, y) : x2 + y2 > 4} is not a convex set
597. The value of the parameter α, for which the
function f(x) = 1+αx, α ≠ 0 is the inverse of
itself, is
ØeeÛeue α keâe ceeve, efpemekesâ efueS heâueve f(x) = 1+αx,
α ≠ 0 mJebÙe keâe Øeefleueesce nes peelee nw, nQ :
(a) –2 (b) –1
(b) {(x, y) : 2x + 5y < 7 } is a convex set
(c) 2 (d) 1
UKPSC GIC 2018
Ans. (b) : Let f: A→B be a function defined as f(x) =
1+αx ; α ≠ 0.
Consider an arbitrary element y of B by the definition of
f(x) ; y= 1 + αx for some x in the domain A. This shows
y −1 x −1
that x = . Define f–1 : B →A by f–1(x) =
α α
x −1
Now; f(x) = f (x) if 1+ αx =
–1
(c){(x, y) : x2 + y2 ≤ 4 } is a convex set α
ALGEBRA 117 YCT

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⇒ α2 x + α = x – 1 (c) Both open and closed set
⇒ α2 = 1 and α = –1 efJeJe=le leLee mebJe=le mecegÛÛeÙe oesveeW
⇒ α = –1. (d) None of these /FveceW mes keâesF& veneR
cos 2 x UP TGT-2016 (08-03-2019)
598. If f (x) = , then the value of Ans : (b) B-A is the set of elements which are only in
1 + sin x2
B and not in A i.e. B-A = {x ∈ B and x ∉ A}

π π cos 2 x
f   − 3f '   is/Ùeefo f (x) = , lees If B is a closed set then B contains all of its limit points.
4 4 1 + sin 2 x It A is an open set then B-A still contains all of its limit
π π points and therefore B–A is closed set.
f   − 3f '   keâe ceeve nw
4 4 600. In a class of 25 students. 12 have taken
(a) 0 (b) 1 mathematics, 8 have taken mathematics and
(c) 3 (d) 4 computer science. The number of students who
have taken computer science but NOT
UP. PCS (Pre)1994
mathematics is:
UP TGT-2016 (08-03-2019)
(a) 8 (b) 13 (c) 4 (d) 17
cos2 x NVS PGT 10-06-2019
Ans. (c) f (x) =
1 + sin 2 x Ans : (b) Let M represent students taken mathematics
and C represent students taken computer science.
π 1
cos 2   then n(M)= 12, n(M∩C) = 8 and n (M∪C) = 25
π  4 2 2 1
f = = = = ∵ n(M∪C) = n(M)+n(C) – n(M∩C)
 4  1 + sin 2  π  1 + 1 2 × 3 3
  25 = 12+n(C) –8
4 2
n (C) = 21
π 1 So, number of students who have taken computer
f = ....... (i)
4 3 science but not mathematics
= n(C)–n(M∩C)
cos2 x
Deye, f (x) = = 21–8 = 13
1 + sin 2 x 601. In a group of 70 persons, 37 like coffee, 52 line
(
f '( x ) =
)
1 + sin 2 x ( − sin 2x ) − cos 2 x ( sin 2x ) tea and each person likes at least one of the two
drinks. How many like coffee but NOT tea?
( )
2
1 + sin 2 x (a) 16 (b) 13 (c) 17 (d) 18
NVS PGT 10-06-2019
=
( )
− sin 2x 1 + sin 2 x + cos 2 x Ans : (d) Let C represents persons who like coffee & T
( )
2 represents persons who like tea.
1 + sin 2 x then n(C) = 37, n(T) = 52
− sin 2x (1 + 1) −2sin 2x total persons = n(C ∪ T) = 70
f '( x ) = = persons who likes both = n(C∩T) = x
( ) ( )
2 2
1 + sin 2 x 1 + sin 2 x then
n(C∪T) = n(C) +n(T)–n(C∩T)
 π
−2 × sin  2 ×  70 = 37+52–x
π  4 −2 −2 × 4 x = 89–70 = 19
f '  = = =
4  2  π 
2
 1 
2
9 So, number of persons who likes coffee but not tea
1 + sin  4   1 +  = n(C)–n(C ∩T) = 37–19 = 18
    2
602. Let A= {a, b, c, d} and B = {1,2, 3, 4,5,6}. Then
 π  −8
f '  = the number of one-to-one function from A to B is:
4 9 (a) 360 (b) 24
 π  −8 (c) 120 (d) 180
3f '   = .......... (ii) NVS PGT 10-06-2019
4 3
meceerkeâjCe (i) leLee (ii) mes- Ans : (a) Given that A={a,b,c,d} and B={1,2,3,4,5,6}.
i.e., n(A) = 4 & n(B) = 6
π π 1 8 9 then number of one to one function = 6P4
f   − 3f '   = + = = 3
4 4 3 3 3 6!
= = 6×5× 4×3
599. If A is an open set and B is a closed set, then 2!
B – A is/ Ùeefo A efJeJe=le mecegÛÛeÙe leLee mebJe=le mecegÛÛeÙe = 360
nw, lees B – A nw 603. If gcd(a,b) = 1, then for any c,:
(a) Open set /efJeJe=le mecegÛÛeÙe (a) gcd (ac, b)= gcd (a, c)
(b) Closed set /mebJe=òe mecegÛÛeÙe (b) gcd (ac, b) = gcd (a, b/c)
ALGEBRA 118 YCT
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(c) gcd (ac, b) = gcd (c, b) [x] greatest integer
(d) gcd (ac, b) = c gcd (a, b) 0 < [x]<1
NVS PGT 10-06-2019 f(x) > 0
Ans : (c) If gcd (a,b)=1 then for any C then the function is not all option hold.
gcd (ac, b) = gcd (c, b)
4x
π 607. If f (x) = then f (x) + f (1 − x) is equal to–
604. If f (x) = cos x − sin x then f '   is equal to: 4x + 2
3
4x
π
Ùeefo f (x) = cos x − sin x nw, lees f '   yejeyej nw: Ùeefo f (x) =
4x + 2
lees f (x) + f (1 − x) yejeyej nesiee–
3
(a) 0 (b) –1 (c) 1 (d) 4
 3 +1 − 3 +1 (GIC) ØeJeòeâe hejer#ee, 2015
(a) −   (b)
 2  2
4x 41− x
Ans. (c) : f ( x ) = & f ( 1 − x ) =
3 −1 3 +1 4x + 2 41−x + 2
(c) (d)
2 2 4 x
41− x
KVS PGT 23-12-2018 Therefore f ( x ) + f (1 − x ) = +
4x + 2 41−x + 2
Ans : (d) Given that f (x) =| cos x − sin x |
4x 4x ( 41− x )
 π = +
4x + 2 4 x ( 41− x + 2 )
 + ( cos x − sin x ) , 0 ≤ x ≤ 4
f (x) = 
4x
 − cos x + sin x, π < x < π
4
= x +
 4 4 + 2 4 + 2.4 x
  π 4 x
2 4x + 2
= + = =1
− sin x − cos x x ∈  0, 4  4x + 2 2 + 4 x 4x + 2
  
f '(x) = 
 sin x + cos x x ∈  π , π  ax − a − x
   608. The inverse of the function f (x) = x is–
 4  a + a−x
π π π 3 +1
∴ f '   = sin   + cos   = + = ax − a − x
3 1
 
3   3  
3 2 2 2 Heâueve f (x) = keâe Øeefleueesce nw–
ax + a−x
1 1+ x 1 1− x
605. heâueve f (x) = keâe domain (#es$e) nesiee : (a) log (b) log a
x 1− x 2 1+ x
(a) Je=efæMeerue (b) ÜemeMeerue
1− x 1 1+ x
(c) efveÙele (d) metÛevee DeheÙee&hle nw~ (c) log a (d) log a
1+ x 2 1− x
TGT 1999
1
Ans : (b) heâueve f ( x ) = Ans. (d) : The given function is
x
x = 0 keâes ÚesÌ[keâj meYeer hej heefjYeeef<ele nw DeLee&led heâueve keâe #es$e a x − a −x
f (x) = x
(−∞, ∞) − {0} nw~ a + a −x
−1 a 2x − 1
f '(x) = 2 ⇒
dy
<0 x≠0 ⇒ f (x) =
x dx a 2x + 1
Ghejesòeâ mes mhe<š nw efkeâ heâueve ÜemeMeerue heâueve nw~ DeLee&led heâueve put y = f(x) ⇒ x= f–1(y)
Deheves #es$e (domain) cebs ÜemeMeerue (decreaing) heâueve nw~ a 2x − 1
⇒ y = 2x
a +1
4 − x2 1+ y
606. The domain of the function f (x) = ⇒ a =
2x
[ x] + 2 ' 1− y
where [x] represent the greatest integer taking log on base a, we get
function, is 1+ y
2x log a a = log a
(a) (–∞,–1)∪[–1,2] (b) (–∞,–2)∪[0,2] 1− y
(c) (–∞,–2)∪[–1,2] (d) None of the above 1+ y
UP PCS (Pre) 2006 2x = log a ( ∵ log m m = 1)
1− y
4 − x2 1 1+ y
Ans : (d) f ( x ) = x = log a
[x] + 2 2 1− y
ALGEBRA 119 YCT

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1+ y  Ans : (d) A ⊆ B keâe DeLe& neslee nw, A kesâ ØelÙeskeâ DeJeÙeJe B ceW nQ~
1
f −1 ( y ) = log a   (∵ f ( y) = x )
−1
2  1− y 
1 1+ x 
or f −1 ( x ) = log a  
2  1− x 
609. Ùeefo mecegÛÛeÙe  1 1 1 

 1, , , ....... , .....  keâss cenòece efvecve A–B keâe DeLe& neslee nw, A kesâ Jes DeJeÙeJe pees B ceW ve nes
 2 3 n  efoÙee nw A ⊆ B
heefjyebOe leLee efvecvelece Gheefj heefjyebOe ›eâceMe: λ Deewj µ Dele: A − B = φ
nw, leye λ + µ keâe ceeve nw: efJekeâuhe (d) mener nw~
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) ∞ (d) 2 2x + 5
UP PCS (Pre) 1998 613. If f(x) = x 2 + x + 5 , then f [f(-1)] is equal to
Ans. (b) : λ = greatest lower bound
2x + 5
 1 1 1 Ùeefo f(x) = 2 leye, f [f(-1)] yejeyej nw–
1, , ,........  = 0 x +x+5
 2 3 n
149 155 155 147
 1 1 1 (a) (b) (c) (d)
µ = least upper bound 1, , ,........  = 1 155 147 149 155
 2 3 n TGT 2004
⇒ λ+µ=0+1 ⇒ λ +µ =1 2x + 5
Ans : (c) Ùeefo f(x) = 2
610. If set X = {1,2,3}, then the relation R = {( 1,1), x + x+5
(2,2), (3,3), (1,2), (2,1)} on set X is– 2 × ( −1) + 5 3
Ùeefo mecegÛÛeÙe X = {1,2,3} nes, lees mecegÛÛeÙe X hej ∴ x = −1, f ( −1) = =
mebyebOe R = {( 1,1), (2,2), (3,3), (1,2), (2,1)} nw– ( −1) + ( −1) + 5 5
2
(a) only reflexive/kesâJeue mJeleguÙe ∴ f f ( −1)  = 2f ( −1) + 5 / {f ( −1)} + f ( −1) + 5

2
(b) only symmetric/kesâJeue meceefcele

3
(c) an equivalence relation/Skeâ leguÙelee mebyebOe 2× + 5
5 155
(d) only transitive/kesâJeue meb›eâecekeâ = =
9 3
(GIC) ØeJeòeâe hejer#ee, 2015 + + 5 149
25 5
Ans. (c) : Given that set x={1,2,3} and retation R is
given by R= {1,1), (2,2), (3,3), (1,2), (2,1)} 614. The domain of the function f(x) = log10 log0.1 x is
then clearly R is Reflexive Heâueve f(x) = log10 log 0.1 x keâe #es$e (Domain) nw–
for symmetric (1,2) ∈ R ⇒ (2,1) ∈ R so R is symmetric
1   1
For transitive : (a)  , ∞  (b)  0, 
(1,1) ∈R and , (1,2) ∈R ⇒ (1,2) ∈R  10   10 
thus for all (a,b) ∈R, and (b,c) ∈R ⇒(a,c) ∈R  1  1 
Hence R is transitive (c)  −∞,  (d)  − , ∞ 
 10   10 
∴ The given relation is an equivalence relation. TGT 2004
611. Let f(x+y) = f(x) + f(y), x, y ∈ R and f(1) = k, Ans : (a) For domain of f(x) : log log x > 0
10 0.1
then f(n) is equal to–
ceeve ueerefpeS efkeâ f(x+y) = f(x) + f(y), x, y ∈ R leLee ⇒ log 0.1 x > 10
0
f(1) = k, leye f(n) keâe ceeve yejeyej nesiee– ⇒ log 0.1 x > 1 ⇒ x > 0.1
n
(a) nk (b) k 1  1 
(c) (2k) n (d) (k)2n ⇒x> ⇒ x ∈ ,∞
10  10 
∴Domain of f(x) is =  , ∞ 
Ans. (a) : We have 1
f ( x + y ) = f ( x ) + f ( y ) : x, y ∈ R  10 
615. Let S be a set of two elements. The number of
and f (1) = k different binary compositions that can be
Now f(n) = f(1+1+…+1) = f(1) +…f(1) (n times) defined is :/ceevee S oes DeJeÙeJeeW Jeeuee mecegÛÛeÙe nw~
⇒ f(n) = nk efJeefYeVe Øekeâej kesâ efkeâleves number of binary
612. If A ⊆ B, then/ Ùeefo A ⊆ B leye, compositions, S ceW heefjYeeef<ele nes mekeâles nw–
(a) A – B = A (b) A – B = B (a) 16 (b) 8
(c) A ∪B = A (d) A – B = φ (c) 4 (d) 2
TGT 2004 TGT 2004
ALGEBRA 120 YCT
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Ans : (a) x DeJeÙeJeeW Jeeues mecegÛÛeÙe ceW efÉDeeOeejer mebef›eâÙee keâer (a) N (b) Z
mebKÙee = (xx)2 (c) Q (d) R
∴ 2 DeJeÙeJeeW Jeeues mecegÛÛeÙe S ceW efÉDeeOeejer meef›eâÙeeDeeW keâer mebKÙee TGT 2010
Ans : (a) A set {xn} is said to be bounded below if there
( )
2
= 22 = 24 = 16 exists a real number M1 such that M1 ≤ x n M1 ∈ N
616. Let A = {a, b, c}; B = {a, b}; C = {b}; D = {a, c} the set of all natural number
then : For example ∵{x n } = {1, 2,3, 4,.....} is bounded below
ceevee A = {a, b, c}; B = {a, b}; C = {b}; D = {a, c} as there exists a number1 Which is less than each term
leye, of the set.
(a) A – D = B – C (b) B = D 620. Let f : [0, 1]→[0,1] be defined by
(c) D ⊆ A – C (d) D ⊄ A x, if x is rational
TGT 2004 f (x) = then (fof )(x) is–
1-x, if x is irrational
Ans : (c) A–D = {a,b,c} –{a,c} = {b}
B–C = {a,b} –{b} = {a} ceeefveS efkeâ f : [0, 1]→[0,1] efpemes heefjYeeef<ele efkeâÙee
∴A − D ≠ B − C Ùeefo x heefjcesÙe nw
x,
hegve: B ≠ D ∵ B = {a, b} Deewj D = {a, c} ieÙee nw f (x) = leye (fof )(x) nw
1-x, Ùeefo x DeheefjcesÙe nw
∵ A − C = {a,b,c} − {b} = {a,c} ⊆ {a,c} (a) Constant/efmLej (b) 1+x
∴D ⊆ A − C uesefkeâve {a, c} ⊂ {a, b, c} ⇒ D ⊂ A (c) x
617. In a class of 25 students, 12 students have taken (d) None of these/Ghejesòeâ ceW mes keâesF& veneR
Mathematics; 8 have taken Mathematics but SECTION B PGT TIER-I 31.11.2014
not Economics. The number of students who Ans. (c) : let f : [0,1] → [0,1]
have taken both Mathematics and Economics f(x) = x when x is rational and
are (assuming each student have taken at least f(x) = 1-x when x is irrational
one subject):/ 25 yeÛÛeeW keâer Skeâ keâ#ee ceW 12 yeÛÛes i) when x is rational
ieefCele, 8 ieefCele uesefkeâve DeLe&MeeŒe kesâ veneR nw~ leye ∴ (f of)(x) = f{f (x)}
yeÛÛeeW keâer Jen mebKÙee keäÙee nesieer pees ieefCele Deewj = f (x) (∵ f (x) = x)
DeLe&MeeŒe oesveebs efueS nQ–
(a) 12 (b) 4 (c) 20 (d) 13 =x
ii) when x is irrational
TGT 2004
∴ (f of)(x) = f{f (x)}
Ans : (b) kegâue yeÛÛeeW keâer mebKÙee · 25
kesâJeue ieefCele kesâ yeÛÛeeW keâer mebKÙee · 12 = f (1 − x) (∵ f (x) = 1 − x)
Jesve DeejsKe mes = 1 − (1 − x)
=x
Hence for either x is rational or irrational
(fof )(x) = x
kegâue · 25 kesâJeue ieefCele · 8, leLee kesâJeue DeLe&MeeŒe ·13 621. Let f : R → R be defined by
leLee oesveeW efJe<eÙe uesves JeeueeW keâer mebKÙee · 4 2x if x>3
618. "Every bounded infinite subset of R has at f (x) = x2 if 1 < x ≤ 3 then
least one limit point." This result is known as 3x if x≤1
(a) Dedekind-Cantor theorem
(b) Cantor theorem f ( −1) + f (2) + f (4) is–
(c) Bolzano-Weierstrass theorem ceeefveS efkeâ f : R → R leye, heefjYeeef<ele efkeâÙee ieÙee nw
(d) Bolzano theorem
TGT 2010 2x Ùeefo x>3
2
Ans : (c) "Every bounded infinite subset of R has at f (x) = x Ùeefo 1 < x ≤ 3
least one limit point." This theorem is known as 3x Ùeefo x≤1
Bolzano-Weierstrass theorem.
619. Which of the following sets is bounded below leye f ( −1) + f (2) + f (4) nw
but not bounded above? (a) 14 (b) 5
efvecveefueefKele ceW mes keâewve mee mecegÛÛeÙe bounded (c) 8 (d) 9
below nw uesefkeâve bounded above veneR ? SECTION B PGT TIER-I 31.11.2014
ALGEBRA 121 YCT
CLICK HERE -
Ans. (d) : Given that f: R→R is defind by (c) May be even or odd/mece Ùee efJe<ece nes mekeâlee nw
2x if x>3 (d) Nothing can be said/DeefveefMÛele
f (x) = x 2 if 1 < x ≤ 3
Ans. (b) : Let f(x) is an even function then
3x if x ≤1 f ( − x) = f (x)
for f (–1) Differentiating it w.r.t. x, we get
−1 < 1 f (x) 3x −f ′( − x) = f ′ (x)
f ( −1) = 3( −1) = −3 f ′( x) f ′(x)
for f (2) f ′(x) is an odd function.
1< 2 ≤ 3 f (x) x2
625. If the mapping f and g are given by
f (2) = (2)2 = 4 f = {(1, 2), (3, 5), (4, 1)}
for f (4) g = {(2, 3), (5, 1), (1, 3)} then gof is
4 > 3 f (x) 2x Ùeefo ØeefleefÛe$eCe f leLee g efvecveJele efoÙes ieÙes nQ
f (4) = 2 × 4 = 8 f = {(1, 2), (3, 5), (4, 1)}
g = {(2, 3), (5, 1), (1, 3)} lees gof nw
So, f ( −1) + f (2) + f (4) = −3 + 4 + 8 = 9
(a) {(2, 5), (5, 2), (1, 5)}
622. Let f : R →R be defined by f(x) = x2 + 1 Then (b) {(1, 2), (3, 5), (4, 1)}
pre-image of 17 is– (c) {(1, 3), (3, 1), (4, 3)}
ceeefveS efkeâ f : R →R heefjYeeef<ele efkeâÙee ieÙee nw (d) {(2, 3), (5, 1), (1, 3)}
f(x) = x2 + 1 leye, 17 hetJe&-OeejCee nw– UP TGT-2016 (08-03-2019)
(a) {4, –4} (b) {3, –3} Ans. (c) : f = {(1, 2), (3, 5), (4, 1)}
(c) {2, –2} g = {(2, 3), (5, 1), (1, 3)}
(d) None of these/Ghejesòeâ ceW keâesF& veneR then gof = {(1, 3), (3, 1), (4, 3)}
626. efvecveefueefKele heâueve ceW keâewve mee heâueve mece heâueve
Ans. (a) : Here we have to find pre-image of 17
(Even function) nw :
f (x) 17 is the image
ax +1 a x −1
so, put f(x) = 17 in the given equation and solve it for x, (a) f ( x ) = x (b) f ( x ) = x x
and then the obtained values of x will give pre-image. a −1 a +1
so, x 2 + 1 = 17 x
a −a − x
(c) f ( x ) = x (d) f ( x ) = sin x
a + a− x
x 4, 4
So, pre-images of 17 are the elements of the set {4,–4} TGT 2005
623. If f (x) = sin 2 (x) + 3 cos x − 5, then f (x) is– Ans : (b) keâesF& heâueve f (x) mece heâueve leye keânueelee nw peye
Ùeefo f (x) = sin 2 (x) + 3 cos x − 5, nw, lees f (x) nw– f ( − x ) = f ( x ) , ∀x
(a) An even function/meceheâueve ax −1
(b) An odd function/efJe<ece heâueve ∴heâueve f ( x ) = x. x
a +1
(c) Monotonic/Skeâmegje
x kesâ mLeeve hej -x jKeves hej
1
DSSSB TGT (SECTION-B) 28 DEC 2014 −1
a−x −1 x
Ans. (a) : Given that f ( − x ) = ( −x ). −x = ( −x ). a
a +1 1
+1
f (x) = sin 2 (x) + 3cos x − 5,
ax
2
Then f ( − x) = [ sin( − x)] + 3cos( − x) − 5 1− ax a x −1 a x −1
= − x . ⇒ ( − x ) × ( −1 ) = x.
2
= [ − sin x ] + 3cos x − 5 1+ ax ax +1 ax +1
= sin 2 x + 3cos x − 5 f (−x) = f ( x)
= f (x)
x x
Hence we get f(–x) = f(x) 627. The function f(x) = + + 1 is :
therefore f(x) is an even function. ex - 1 2
624. If f(x) is an even function, then f '(x) is– x x
heâueve f(x) = x + + 1 nw:
Ùeefo f(x) Ùen mece heâueve nw, lees f '(x) Ùen nw– e -1 2
(a) An even function/mece heâueve (a) an odd function/Skeâ efJe<ece heâueve
(b) An odd function/efJe<ece heâueve (b) an even function/Skeâ mece heâueve
ALGEBRA 122 YCT

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(c) neither an odd nor an even function 2
Put 2cos x = t
ve efJe<ece leLee ve ner mece heâueve 2
(d) a periodic function/Skeâ DeeJeleea heâueve ⇒ − t =1
t
UP PCS (Pre) 2002 ⇒ 2
t +t–2=0
x x ⇒ t + 2t – t –2 = 0
Ans. (c) : f (x) = x + +1
e −1 2 ⇒ (t–1) (t+2) = 0
x = − x jKeves hej ⇒ t = 1 or t = –2
−x x ⇒ 2cos
2
x
= 1 or 2cos
2
x
= −2 (not possible)
f (− x) = − x − +1
e −1 2 cos 2 x
So, 2 =1
− xe x x
f (− x) = − +1 ⇒ cos x = 0
2
1 − ex 2
⇒ cos x = 0
f (− x) ≠ f (x)
π
ve lees efJe<ece leLee ve ner mece heâueve nw~ ⇒ x = ( 2k + 1) ,k ∈ I
2
1
628. The range of function f(x) = , ( x ∈ R ) is: ⇒  1
x =  k +  π,k ∈ I
4 − sin 2x
 2
1
heâueve f (x) = , ( x ∈ R ) keâe heefjmej nw:
630. In a survey of 55 students, it is found that 30
4 − sin 2x students read newspaper A, 20 read newspaper
1 1 B and 7 read both the newspapers. The
(a) [1, 2] (b)  , 
3 2 number of students who read none of the
newspapers is:/ 55 efJeÅeeefLe&ÙeeW kesâ meJex#eCe ceW heeÙee
1 1
(c)  ,  (d) [2, 3] ieÙee efkeâ 30 efJeÅeeLeea meceeÛeej he$e A, 20 efJeÅeeLeea
5 3
KVS PGT 23-12-2018 meceeÛeej he$e B leLee 7 efJeÅeeLeea oesveeW meceeÛeej he$e A
1
leLee B heÌ{les nQ~ Gve efJeÅeeefLe&ÙeeW keâer mebKÙee pees keâesF& Yeer
Ans : (c) Given f (x) = , x ∈ R meceeÛeej he$e venerb heÌ{les, nw:
4 − sin 2 x
(a) 7 (b) 12 (c) 13 (d) 23
Since –1 ≤ sin2x ≤ 1
KVS PGT 23-12-2018
⇒ 1 ≥ − sin 2 x ≥ −1 Ans : (b) Total number of students = 55
⇒ −1 ≤ − sin 2 x ≤ 1 then n(A) = 30
⇒ −1 + 4 ≤ 4 − sin 2 x ≤ 1 + 4 n (B) = 20
⇒ 3 ≤ 4 − sin 2 x ≤ 5 n (A ∩ B) = 7
then number of students who read both the news papers i.e.,
1 1 1
⇒ ≤ ≤ n(A∪B) = n(A)+n(B)–n(A∩B)
5 4 − sin x 32
= 30+20–7 = 43
⇒
1
≤ f (x) ≤
1 ∴ Nunber of students who read now of the news papers
5 3 = 55–43 = 12
1 1 631. The number of real roots of the equation
So, range of f(x) is  , 
5 3 log ( x 2 − 2x )
2 2 = x − 2 are:/meceerkeâjCe
629. The values of x satisfying 2sin
2
x
− 2cos
2
x
= 1 are: (
log x 2 − 2x
2 2
) = x − 2 kesâ JeemleefJekeâ cetueeW keâer mebKÙee nw:
2 2
meceerkeâjCe 2 sin x
−2
cos x
=1 keâes mebleg° keâjves Jeeues x (a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 3
kesâ ceeve nQ: KVS PGT 23-12-2018
(a) kπ, k ∈ I (b) ( 2k + 1) π, k ∈ I Ans : (a) Given equation is 2
(
log 2 x 2 − 2x ) = x−2
 1
(c)  k +  π, k ∈ I (d)
 1
 2k +  π, k ∈ I
⇒ x2–2x = x–2 (∵ a log a x
=x )
 2  2
⇒ 2
x –3x+2 = 0
KVS PGT 23-12-2018
⇒ x2–2x–x+2 = 0
Ans : (c) Given that
2 2
⇒ x(x–2) –1 (x–2) = 0
2sin x
− 2cos x
=1 ⇒ (x–1) (x–2) =0
⇒ 21−cos x 2
−2 cos 2 x
=1 ⇒ x = 1, or 2
2 cos 2 x But at x=1, 2 eqn 2 2
(
log x 2 − 2x 2 )
= x − 2 does not satisfy
⇒ 2
−2 =1
2cos x So, number of real roots is zero.
ALGEBRA 123 YCT

CLICK HERE -
632. If A and B are subsets of the set of integers x
such that A = { x : −4 ≤ x ≤ 10} and Ans : (b) Let y =
x − 5x + 9
2
B = { x : −3 < x < 9} , then A ∩ B equals: ⇒ yx 2 − 5xy + 9y − x = 0

Ùeefo A leLee B hetCeeËkeâ mecegÛÛeÙe kesâ GhemecegÛÛeÙe Fme ⇒ yx 2 − ( 5y + 1) x + 9y = 0
Øekeâej nw efkeâ A = {x : −4 ≤ x ≤ 10} Deewj Which is quadratic in x, for x to be real
B = { x : −3 < x < 9} lees A ∩ B yejeyej nw: b 2 − 4ac ≥ 0
(a) A (b) A–B ( 5y + 1)2 − 4.y.9y ≥ 0
(c) B–A (d) B
KVS PGT 23-12-2018 ⇒ −11y2 + 10y + 1 ≥ 0
Ans : (d) Given A = {x : −4 ≤ x ≤ 10} ⇒ 11y 2 − 10y − 1 ≤ 0
⇒ A = {−4, −3, −2, −1,0,1,2.......,10} (11y + 1)( y − 1) ≤ 0
and B = {x : −3 < x < 9}
⇒ B = {−2, −1,0,1, 2.......,8}
Cuarly B ⊂ A  1 
⇒ y ∈  − ,1
So, A ∩ B = B  11 
635. A class has 175 Students. The number of
1 students studying one or more of the subjects in
633. The domain of the function f (x) = is: this class is as below: Mathematics 100, Physics
| x | −x
70, Chemistry 46, Mathematics and Physics 30,
1 Mathematics and Chemistry 28, Physics and
heâueve f (x) = keâe Øeevle (domain) nw:
| x | −x Chemistry 23, Mathematics, Physics and
Chemistry 18. The number of students enrolled
(a) (0, ∞) (b) (–∞, 0) in Mathematics alone is:
(c) (–∞, ∞) (d) (–∞,∞)–{0} Skeâ keâ#ee ceW 175 efJeÅeeLeea nQ~ Fme keâ#ee ceW Skeâ Ùee Skeâ
KVS PGT 23-12-2018
mes DeefOekeâ efJe<eÙe heÌ{ves Jeeues efJeÅeeefLe&ÙeeW keâer mebKÙee
1
Ans : (b) Given f (x) = efvecveefueefKele nw: ieefCele 100, efheâefpekeäme (Yeeweflekeâer)
| x | −x 70, jmeeÙeve MeeŒe 46, ieefCele Deewj Yeeweflekeâer 30, ieefCele
for domain: Deewj jmeeÙeve MeeŒe 28, Yeeweflekeâer Deewj jmeeÙeve MeeŒe
|x|–x > 0 23, ieefCele, Yeeweflekeâer Deewj jmeeÙeve MeeŒe 18~ kesâJeue
⇒ |x| > x
ieefCele ceW oeefKeue nesves Jeeues efJeÅeeefLe&ÙeeW keâer mebKÙee nw:
(a) 13 (b) 35
(c) 60 (d) 32
KVS PGT 23-12-2018
Ans : (c) Let M represents Mathematics, P represents
Physics and C represents Chemistry in the venn-diagram.
from the graph we see that |x| > x is the interval (–∞, 0)
So, Domain of f(x) is (–∞, 0) The number of students who study Mathematics only is
the shaded region.
x So, Number of students studying Mathematics only= 60
634. If x is real, then the values of are:
2
x − 5x + 9 or = n(M) –n (M∩P) –n (M∩C)+n(M∩P∩C)=60
x
Ùeefo x Skeâ JeemleefJekeâ mebKÙee nes, lees 2 kesâ 636. If A and B are two sets containing 2 elements
x − 5x + 9 and 4 elements respectively, then number of
ceeve neWies: subsets of A×B having 3 or more elements is:
 1   1  Ùeef o oes mecegÛÛeÙeeW A leLee B ceW ›eâceMe: 2 leLee 4
(a)  −1, − 11  (b)  − ,1
 11 
DeJeÙeJe nQ lees A×B kesâ Gve Ghe mecegÛeÛeeW keâer mebKÙee
ef peveceW 3 Ùee Gmemes DeefOekeâ DeJeÙeJe nQ, nw:
1   1 
(c) 11 ,1 (d)  − ,0  (a) 211 (b) 219
 11  (c) 220 (d) 256
KVS PGT 23-12-2018 KVS PGT 23-12-2018
ALGEBRA 124 YCT
CLICK HERE -
Ans : (b) Given that n(A)=2, n(B)=4
then n(A×B)= 2×4 = 8
{
Ans : (a) A = 4n − 3n − 1, n ∈ N }
Then number of subsets of (A×B) hearing 3 or more n = 1, 2, 3, ..........
A = {0, 9, 54, ..........}
elements = C3 + C4 + C5 + C6 + C7 + C8
8 8 8 8 8 8
B = {9(n-1), n∈N}
= 56+70+56+28+8+1 = 219 n = 1, 2, 3 ........
637. tan–1 x > cot–1x is true for B = {0, 9, 18, 27 ..........}
tan–1 x > cot–1x melÙe nw then A⊆B
(a) x=1/ x=1kesâ efueS 641. If f(x) is a periodic function and α is a positive
(b) x>1/x>1 kesâ efueS real number such that f(x+2α)+f(x)=0 for all x
(c) x<1/x<1kesâ efueS ∈ R, then the period of f(x) is.
(d) All values of x/x kesâ meYeer ceeveeW kesâ efueS (a) α (b) 2α
α
UP PGT-2016 (02-02-2019) (c) 4α (d)
Ans : (b) –1
tan x> cot x –1 2
1 DSSSB 23 SEP 2018 (9 AM-11 AM)
tan −1 x > Ans : (c) f(x+2 α )+ f(x) = 0 ........... (i)
tan −1 x
f (x+2 α ) = –f(x) , α is +ve number
( )
2
tan −1 x > 1 x → x+2α putting in eqn (i)
then always is x > 1 f(x+2α+2α) +f(x+2α)=0
f(x+4α)–f(x) = 0
638. Domain of the function f (x) = 2x − 5x is f(x+4α) = f(x)
Rule f(x+T) = f(x), T is periodic
heâueve f (x) = 2x − 5x keâe Øeeble nw
comparing we get T = 4α
(a) x < 0 (b) x ≤ 0
(c) x > 0 (d) x ≥ 0 642. The composite mapping fog of the maps
UP PGT-2016 (02-02-2019) f : R → R,f (x) = sin x , g : R → R,g(x) = x 2 is
ØeefleefÛe$eeW f : R → R,f(x) = sinx , g : R → R,g(x) = x2
Ans : (b) f (x) = 2 x − 5x
kesâ mebÙegòeâ ØeefleefÛe$eCe fog keâe ceeve nw
2 x − 5x ≥ 0
(a) sin x + x 2 (b) sin ( x 2 )
2 x ≥ 5x
sin x
(c) ( sin x )
2
1 1 (d)
≤ .......... (i) x2
2 x 5x
LT 2018
equn (i) is satisfied so that value of x
Ans : (b) f : R → R,f (x) = sin x
x≤0
f : R → R,g(x) = x 2
639. Number of all onto functions from the set
{1,2,3,4,5} to itself is/ mecegÛÛeÙe {1,2,3,4,5} mes mJeÙeb fog = sin(x 2 )
lekeâ kesâ mecemle DeeÛÚeokeâ heâueveeW keâer mebKÙee nw fog = sin(x 2 )
(a) 25 (b) 25–1 (c) 5 (d) 4
643. Let R be a relation on a set A and Let IA denote
UP PGT-2016 (02-02-2019) the identity relation on A. Then R is
Ans : (c) Number of onto function f : {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} → antisymmetric, if and only if
{1, 2, 3, 4, 5} is 51. Because such a function is ceeve ueerefpeS efkeâ efkeâmeer mecegÛÛeÙe A hej R Skeâ mebyebOe
necessarily one-one. nw leLee ceeve ueerefpeS efkeâ I , A hej lelmecekeâ mebyebOe keâes
A
oMee&lee nw~ leye R Øeeflemeceefcele nw, Ùeefo Deewj kesâJeue Ùeefo
{
640. If A = 4 − 3n − 1,n ∈ N
n
} and
(a) R=R–1 (b) R∪R–1⊆IA
B = {9 ( n − 1) ,n ∈ N} then which of the (c) R∩R–1⊆IA (d) None of the above
LT 2018
following is true?/ Ùeefo A = {4n − 3n − 1,n ∈ N} Ans : (a) R Øeeflemeceefcele nw Ùeefo Deewj kesâJeue Ùeefo
leLee B = {9 ( n − 1) ,n ∈ N} lees efvecveefueefKele ceW mes R = R–1
keâewve mee keâLeve melÙe nw? 644. If the function f: R→R is defined by f(x) =x2+x
then the function f is/ Ùeefo heâueve f: R→R , f(x)
(a) A ⊆ B (b) B ⊆ A
=x2+x mes heefjYeeef<ele nw, lees heâueve f nw
(c) A ∪B = A
(d) None of the above /Ghejesòeâ ceW mes keâesF& veneR (a) one-one but not onto /Skewâkeâer hej DeeÛÚeokeâ veneR
UP PGT-2016 (02-02-2019) (b) onto but not one-one /DeeÛÚeokeâ hej Skewâkeâer veneR
ALGEBRA 125 YCT

CLICK HERE -
(c) both one-one and onto/Skewâkeâer SJeb DeeÛÚeokeâ oesveeW 1
(d) neither one-one nor onto/ve lees Skewâkeâer, ve ner DeeÛÚeokeâ X = (x, y) y = , x ≠ 0 , Deewj
x
LT 2018
Y = {(x, y) y = − x} Ùen oes mecegÛÛeÙe nQ, lees–
Ans : (d) f: R→R , f(x) =x +x 2
f '(x) = 2x+1 (a) X ∩ Y = X (b) X ∩ Y = Y

ÙeneB x kesâ JeemleefJekeâ ceeveeW kesâ efueS oes Øeefleefyecye neWies Dele: Ùen (c) X ∩ Y = φ (d) X ∪ Y = X
Skewâkeâer veneR nesiee~ Deewj codomain ≠ Range nw lees DeeÛÚeokeâ Yeer DSSSB TGT (SECTION-B) 28 DEC 2014
veneR nesiee~ DSSSB PGT (SECTION-B) 28 DEC 2014
Ans. (c)
log 2 ( x + 3 )
645. The domain of the function f ( x ) = is: Given that
x 2 + 3x + 2 1
log 2 ( x + 3 ) X = (x, y) y = , x ≠ 0 ,
heâueve f ( x ) = keâe Øeevle nw : x
x 2 + 3x + 2 Then for x = 1, 2, 3, .........
(a) R – {–1,–2} (b) (–2, ∞)
X = {(1,1), (2,1/ 2), (3,1/ 3),.........}
(c) R–{–1,–2,–3} (d) (–3,∞)–{–1,–2}
LT 2018 & Y = {(x, y) : y = − x}
log ( x + 3) Then Y = {(1, −1), (2, −2), (3, −3)...........}
Ans : (d) f ( x ) = 2 2
x + 3x + 2 Clearly second coordinate of the ordered pairs of X & Y
log 2 ( x + 3) are different.
So, their intersection is empty
x +3> 0
Hence
x > −3
X∩Y = φ
x ∈ (−3, ∞)
Deye x 2 + 3x + 2 = x 2 + 2x + x + 2 648. If g = {(1,1),(2, 3),(3, 5),(4, 7)} is a function
= x ( x + 2 ) + 1( x + 2 ) described by g(x) = ax + b, then what values
= ( x + 2 )( x + 1) should be assigned to a and b ?
Ùeefo heâueve g = {(1, 1), ( 2 , 3 ), ( 3 , 5 ), ( 4 , 7 ) } keâes
x ∈ {−1, −2}
g(x) = ax + b mes JeefCe&le efkeâÙee peelee nw, lees a Deewj b
domain of f(x) = (–3, ∞)–{–1, –2}
keâe keäÙee cetuÙe efveÙele keâjvee nesiee?
646. Given that the set Z of integers forms a group
under the binary operation *, defined by a*b= (a) 1, 1 (b) 1, –2
a+b+1; a, b∈Z The inverse of –2 in the group is (c) 2, –1 (d) –2, –1
efoÙee ieÙee nw efkeâ hetCeeËkeâ mebKÙeeDeeW keâe mecegÛÛeÙe Z, DSSSB TGT (SECTION-B) 28 DEC 2014
efÉ-DeeOeejer mebef›eâÙee *, pees a*b=a+b+1; a, b∈Z Ans. (c) Given that g = {(1,1),(2,3), (3,5), (4, 7)} and the
Éeje heefjYeeef<ele nw, kesâ meehes#e Skeâ mecetn yeveelee nw~ Fme function is described by
mecetn ceW –2 keâe Øeefleueesce nw g(x) = ax + b (x, y) ∈ (1, 1)
(a) 2 (b) 4 (c) –2 (d) 0 y = ax + b (g(x) = y)
LT 2018/ TGT 2011 a b 1...................(i)
Ans : (d) a*b=a+b+1; a, b∈Z y = ax + b (x, y) ∈ (2, 3)
For identity element e we have 2a b 3...............(ii)
aoe = a
a+e+1 = a From (i) & (ii), we get
e = –1 a = 2, b = −1
For inverse element of a ∈ Z we have
649. If a and b are positive integers such that
aoa–1= e
a+a–1+1=–1 a 2 − b 2 is a prime number, then a 2 − b 2 is
a–1= –2–a equal to–/ Ùeefo a Deewj b Ùen mece hetCee&keâ nw, Fme lejn
(–2)–1 = –2+2 = 0 keâer a2 − b 2 DeYeepÙe mebKÙee nw, lees a2 − b 2 keâe cetuÙe
647. Let x and y be real numbers and
Fmekesâ yejeyej nw–
1
X = (x, y) y = , x ≠ 0 , Y = {(x, y) y = − x} (a) a – b (b) a + b
x (c) ab (d) 1
be two sets then– DSSSB TGT (SECTION-B) 28 DEC 2014
ceeve ueerefpeS efkeâ x Deewj y JeemleefJekeâ mebKÙeeSB nQ DSSSB PGT (SECTION-B) 28 DEC 2014
ALGEBRA 126 YCT
CLICK HERE -
Ans. (b) If a and b are positive integers such that x+1
2 2
653. If f (x) = (x ≠ 1) is a real function, then
a − b is a prime number then– x −1
a2–b2 = a + b x+1
f (f (f (2))) is equal to–/Ùeefo f(x) = (x ≠ 1) Ùen
For example : let a = 3, b = 2 x−1
then a2 – b2 = 32 – 22 = 9 – 4 = 5 ⇒ ( 3 + 2)= a+b JeemleefJekeâ heâueve nw, lees f (f (f (2))) Fmekesâ yejeyej nw–
again a = 4, b = 3 (a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4
a2 – b2 = 42 – 32 = 16 – 9 = 7 ⇒ ( 4 + 3)= a+b DSSSB TGT (SECTION-B) 28 DEC 2014
650. If A = {a,b,c} , B = {b,c,d} and C = {a,d,c} Ans. (c) Given that
x +1
then (A − B) × (B ∩ C) is equal to – f (x) = (x ≠ 1)
x −1
Ùeefo A = {a,b,c} ,B = {b,c,d} Deewj C = {a,d,c} nQ, 2 +1
f (2) = =3
lees (A − B) × (B ∩ C) Fmekesâ yejeyej nw 2 −1
(a) {(a,c), (a,d), (b,d)} 3 +1
(b) {(c,a), (d,a)} again f(3) = =2
3 −1
(c) {(a,b), (c,d)} 2 +1
(d) {(a,c), (a,d)} again f(2) = = 3 ⇒ f (f(f (2))) = 3
2 −1
654. If a, b and c ∈ N which one of the following is
Ans. (d) not true?/ Ùeefo a, b Deewj c ∈ N nw, lees efvecve ceW mes
Sets are A = {a, b, c} , B = {b, c, d} & C = {a, d, c} keäÙee mener veneR nw?
then A − B = {a } & B ∩ C = {c, d} (a) a and a a
b c b+c
therefore (A − B) × (B ∩ C) = {a } × {c, d}
(b) a a and a
= {(a, c), (a, d)} b+c b c
(c) a and b a
651. If f : X → X is defined by f (x) = x , then– b c c
a a a
Ùeefo f : X → X keâes f (x) = x , mes heefjYeeef<ele efkeâÙee (d)
b
and
c 3b + 2c
peelee nw, lees DSSSB TGT (SECTION-B) 28 DEC 2014
1 Ans. (b) if a, b and c∈N
(a) f −1 (x) =
x then i) a and a a
b c b+c
−1
(b) f (x) = − x ii) a and b a
b c c
−1 1 a a a
(c) f (x) = iii) and
x b c 3b + 2c
But, a a and a does not hold.
(d) The function f −1 (x) does not exist b+c b c
DSSSB TGT (SECTION-B) 28 DEC 2014 655. The number of elements in the set
JDD-75-PGT TIER-II-X 28.06.2015
Ans. (d) Absolute value function |x| is not bijective and
{
S = (a,b) 2a2 + 3b 2 = 35 : a, b are integers} is–
hence not invertible.
652. For any two sets A and B, the value of the set
{
S = (a,b) 2a2 + 3b 2 = 35 : hetCee&keâ } nQ, mecegÛÛeÙe
ceW IeškeâeW keâer mebKÙee nw–
A ∩ (A ∪ B)c is–/ A Deewj B efkeâmeer oes mecegÛÛeÙeeW kesâ
(a) 8 (b) 4 (c) 2 (d) 12
efueS, mecegÛÛeÙe A ∩ (A ∪ B)c keâe cetuÙe nw– DSSSB TGT (SECTION-B) 28 DEC 2014
(a) Ac
(c) φ
(b) Bc
(d) B
{
Ans. (a) Let S = (a, b) : 2a 2 + 3b 2 = 35 where a,b are }
integers then
S = {( −2, −3), ( −2,3), (2, −3), (2,3), ( −4, −1), ( −4,1),
Ans. (c) By De-morgan's low
(4, −1), (4,1)}
(A ∪ B)c = A c ∩ Bc
Hence number of elements in S in 8.
∴ A ∩ (A ∪ B)c = A ∩ (A c ∩ Bc ) 656. Let R = {(x, y) x + 2y = 8} be a relation on N,
= (A ∩ A c ) ∩ (A ∩ Bc ) then domain of R is–/ R = {(x, y) x + 2y = 8} keâes
= φ ∩ (A ∩ Bc ) = φ N hej mecyevOe jKeves oerefpeS~ Ssmes ceW R keâe Øeevle nw–
ALGEBRA 127 YCT
CLICK HERE -
(a) {1, 2,3} (b) {1, 2,3, 4,5, 6} ∵ −1 ≤ cos x ≤ +1
(c) {1,3,5} (d) {2, 4,6} 1 cos x 1
3 ≥ 2 − cos x ≥ 1
Ans. (d) Given relation is 1 1 1
R = {(x, y) : x + 2y = 8} 3 2 − cos x 1
Which is defined on N. 1
f (x) 1
So, R = {(2,3), (4, 2), (6,1)} 3
Hence the domain of R is = {2, 4, 6} 1
Hence Range ≡ ,1
657. The value of x satisfying 3x = 4 (mod5) is– 3
3x=4(mod5) keâe meceeOeeve keâjves kesâ efueS x keâe cetuÙe nw 660. Let F1 be the set of parallelograms, F2 the set of
(a) 3 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 5 rectangles, F3 the set of rhombuses, F4 the set of
SECTION B PGT TIER-I 31.11.2014 squares and F5 the set of trapeziums in a plane.
Ans. (a) Given that Then F1 may be equal to–/ceeve ueerefpeS efkeâ Skeâ
3x ≡ 4(mod 5) meceleue hej F1 meceevlej ÛelegYeg&peeW keâe mecegÛÛeÙe nw, F2
by trial and error method, put x = 3 DeeÙeleeW keâe mecegÛÛeÙe nw, F3 meceÛelegYeg&peeW keâe mecegÛÛeÙe
in
5
we get =
5
= =1
5 nw, F4 JeieeX keâe mecegÛÛeÙe nw Deewj F5 meceuecyeeW keâe
3x − 4 3×3− 4 5 mecegÛÛeÙe nw~ Ssmes ceW F1 Fmekesâ yejeyej nes mekeâlee nw–
So, that x = 3 (a) F2 ∩ F3 (b) F3 ∩ F4
658. The domain of the function f : R→R defined by (c) F ∩ F (d) F ∪ F ∪ F ∪ F
2 5 2 3 4 1
f (x) = x2 − 3x + 2 is– SECTION B PGT TIER-I 31.11.2014
heâueve f : R→R pees heefjYeeef<ele efkeâÙee ieÙee nw Ans. (d) Since all rectangles, rhombus and squares are
special types of parallelograms
f (x) = x2 − 3x + 2 Gmekeâe Øeevle nw–
then F2 ∪ F3 ∪ F4 ∪ F1
(a) ( −∞, ∞) (b) (1, 2)
661. Let n(A) = m and n(B) = n. Then the total
(c) ( −∞,1] ∪ [2, ∞ ) (d) Ghejesòeâ ceW keâesF& veneR number of non-empty relations that can be
SECTION B PGT TIER-I 31.11.2014 defined from A to B is–/ceeve ueerefpeS efkeâ n(A) = m
Ans. (c) Given function is f (x) = x 2 − 3x + 2 Deewj n(B) = n nQ Ssmes ceW A mes B lekeâ De-efjòeâ mebyebOeeW
For domain x2 – 3x + 2 ≥ 0 keâer Fleveer mebKÙee heefjYeeef<ele keâer pee mekeâleer nw–
(x – 1) ( x – 2) ≥ 0 (a) mn (b) nm –1
Critical point x=1, 2 (c) mn – 1 (d) 2mn – 1
Ans. (d) Given that n(A) = m and n(B) = n
we know a relation R is a subset of A×B
and total number of elements in A×B is m.n.
x ∈ ( −∞,1] ∪ [2, ∞) then total numbers of subset of A×B=2mn
in which one is empty relation
659. Let f : R → R be the function defined by so total number of non-empty
1 relation = 2mn–1.
f (x) = for all x ∈ R, Then the range
2 − cos x n
of f is–/ ceeefveS efkeâ f : R →R heâueve keâes heefjYeeef<ele 662. If x − 1 is divisible by x − k, then the least
positive integral value of k is–
1
efkeâÙee ieÙee nw f (x) = meYeer kesâ efueS Ùeefo xn − 1 keâes x − k, mes Yeeie efoÙee pee mekeâlee nw, lees
2 − cos x
x ∈ R, Ssmes ceW f keâe heefjmej (jsvpe) nw– k keâe vÙetvelece Oeveelcekeâ hetCe&meebefKÙekeâ cetuÙe nw–
1 (a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4
(a) [ −1,1] (b) ,1 SECTION B PGT TIER-I 31.11.2014
3
Ans. (a) if xn –1 is divisible by x – k then
(c) ( −∞, ∞) (d) R/{0} x = k is a solution of xn – 1 = 0
SECTION B PGT TIER-I 31.11.2014 ⇒ kn – 1= 0
TGT KVS 2017 ⇒ kn = 1
Ans. (b) Given function is f (x) =
1 ⇒ k= 1
2 − cos x least positive integral value of k is 1.
ALGEBRA 128 YCT

CLICK HERE -
663. If f = {(–1, –5), (1, –1), (3, 3)} is a function Ans. (a) Number of subsets of a finite set having
described by f(x) = ax + b, then the values of a n-elements = 2n
and b are–/ Ùeefo f(x) = ax + b ves yeveeÙee ngDee 667. Choose the correct set of function which are
= {(–1, –5), (1, –1), (3, 3)} heâueve nw, lees a Deewj b linearly dependent./ SkeâIeeleer hejeefßele heâuevees keâs
keâe cetuÙe nw– mener mesš keâe ÛeÙeve keâerefpeS–
(a) –3, –1 (b) 2, –3 (c) 0, 2 (d) 2, 3
(a) {sin x,sin 2 x, cos 2 x} (b) {cos x,sin x, tan x}
Ans. (b) Given that (c) {cos2x,sin2 x,cos2 x} (d) {cos 2x,sin x,cos x}
f = {( −1, −5), (1, −1), (3,3)} is a function JDD-75-PGT TIER II-X-15 28.06.2015
described by f (x) = ax + b Ans. (c) we say that vector v1, v 2, v3 are linearly
then f ( −1) = a( −1) + b = −5 independent if
a b 5...............(i) a1 v1 + a 2 v 2 + a 3 v3 = 0 where a1, a 2 , a 3 are
f (1) = a.(1) + b = −1 scalars.
Let v1 = cos 2x, v 2 = sin 2 x, v 3 = cos 2 x
a b 1.................(ii)
solving (i) and (ii), we get − cos 2x − sin 2 x + cos 2 x = − cos 2x + cos 2x = 0
a = 2 & b = −3 Where a1 = −1, a 2 = −1, a 3 = 1
Hence cos 2x,sin 2 x, and cos 2 x are linearly independent.
664. Let A = {x ∈ R x 2 > x + 6} and B = {x ∈R x > 3}
Which of the following is true? {
668. The supremum of the set A = P ∈ Q : P2 < 2 in }
ceeve ueerefpeS efkeâ, A = {x ∈ R x 2 > x + 6} Deewj {
Q is/ A = P ∈ Q : P 2 < 2 } mesš keâe Q ceW hejcecetuÙe nw
B = {x ∈ R x > 3} nw~ efvecve ceW keäÙee meÛe nw? (a) 2 2 (b)
(a) A ⊆ B (b) B ⊆ A (c) exists, but not 2 (d) does not exist
(c) A = B (d) A ∩ B = φ JDD-75-PGT TIER II-X-15 28.06.2015
SECTION B PGT TIER-I 31.11.2014 Ans. (d) The supremum of the set A = {P ∈ Q : P 2 < 2}
Ans. (b) Given that in Q does not exist although the set is bounded above by
A = { x∈ R : x2 > x + 6} any real number greater or equal to 2 .
Let x2 > x + 6
669. lf x + 3 ≥ 10, then –/Ùeefo x + 3 ≥ 10, nw, lees–
⇒ x2 – x – 6 > 0
⇒ (x –3)( x + 2) > 0 (a) x ∈ ( −13, 7 ) (b) x ∈ [ −13, 7 ]
⇒ x ∈ (–∞, –2) ∪ (3, ∞) ⇒ A ≡ (– ∞, –2) ∪ (3, ∞)....(i) (c) x ∈ ( −∞, −13][ 7, ∞ ) (d) FveceW mes keâesF& veneR
and B = { x ∈ R : x > 3 }
JDD-75-PGT TIER II-X-15 28.06.2015
Hence B ≡ (3, ∞) .......................(ii)
Hence from (i) and (ii), we get Ans. (c) ∵ x + 3 ≥ 10
B⊆A ⇒ ( x + 3) ≥ 10 and ( x + 3) ≤ −10
665. The function f(x) = [x], where [.] denotes the ⇒x≥7 and x ≤ −13
greatest integer function, is continuous at– ⇒ x ∈ [7, ∞) and x ∈ ( −∞, −13]
heâueve f(x) = [x], peneB [.] cenòece hetCeeËkeâ heâueve metefÛele Hence combined solution is
keâjlee nw, Jen Fme hej efvejblej jnlee nw x ∈ ( −∞ − 13] ∪ [ 7, ∞ )
(a) 4 (b) –2 (c) 1 (d) 1.5
{
SECTION B PGT TIER-I 31.11.2014 670. Let A = X ∈ ℝ : X − 5X + 6 < 0 The infimum
2
}
Ans. (d) Since f (x) = [x], greatest integer function is and supremum of A are–
continuous at fractional point and discontinuous at
integral paint {
ceeve ueerefpeS efkeâ A = X ∈ ℝ : X 2 − 5X + 6 < 0 }
so, f(x) = [x] is nw, lees hejcevÙetvelece cetuÙe Deewj hejcecetuÙe nw–
continuous at x = 1.5 (a) 1 and 2 (b) 2 and 3
666. Number of subsets of a finite set with n (c) 2 and 5 (d) none of these
elements are–/ n IeškeâeW Jeeues heefjefcele mecegÛÛeÙe kesâ JDD-75-PGT TIER II-X-15 28.06.2015
DemecegÛÛeÙeeW keâer mebKÙee nw Ans. (b) Given that A = {X ∈ R : X 2 − 5X + 6 < 0}
n
(a) 2 (b) n!
(c) n2 (d) nn ⇒ A = {X ∈ ( 2,3)}
SECTION B PGT TIER-I 31.11.2014 Then by the defenition of infimum and
SECTION B TGT TIER-I 31.11.2014 Supremum.
ALGEBRA 129 YCT
CLICK HERE -
Infimum = 2 Ans. (c) The set of all the subset of natural numbers is
And Supremum =3 uncountable.
i.e., Inf A=2 As, an uncountable set is an infinite set that contains too
& Sup A=3 many elements to be countable. The uncountability of a
set is closely related to its cardinal number, a set is
 x+2  uncountable if its cardinal number is larger than that of
671. lf A =  x ∈ R : < 4  , then–
 x −1  the set of natural numbers.
x+2 674. lf the set A and B are defined by
Ùeefo A =  x ∈ R : 
< 4  , nw, lees–
 x − 1  {
A = ( x, y ) : y = e x , x ∈ R and }
(a) x ∈ ( −∞,1) ∪ ( 2, ∞ ) B = {( x, y ) : y = x, x ∈ R} then –
(b) x ∈ ( −∞, ∞ ) Ùeefo Deewj mesšeW keâes Fme Øekeâej heefjYeeef<ele efkeâÙee peelee
(c) x ∈ ( −∞, 2 ) ∪ ( 2, ∞ ) nw A = {( x, y ) : y = e x , x ∈ R} Deewj
(d) none of these/FveceW mes keâesF& veneR B = {( x, y ) : y = x, x ∈ R } lees–
JDD-75-PGT TIER II-X-15 28.06.2015 (a) A ⊆ B (b) B ⊆ A
x+2 (c) A ∪ B = A (d) A ∩ B = φ
Ans. (a) let A = x ∈ R : <4
x −1 JDD-75-PGT TIER II-X-15 28.06.2015
x+2 Ans. (d) Given that
For,
x −1
<4 A = {( x, y ) : y = e x , x ∈ R} and
x + 2 − 4x + 4 B = {( x, y ) : y = x, x ∈ R }
⇒ <0
x −1 Then clearly A ∩ B = φ because there is no
−3x + 6
⇒ <0 Element common to A and B.
( x − 1) 675. Every non empty set of real number which is
3x − 6 x−2 bounded below has–
⇒ >0⇒ >0 JeemleefJekeâ mebKÙee keâe ØelÙeskeâ Deefjòeâ mesš pees veerÛes yebOee
( )
x − 1 x −1
neslee nw, Gmekeâe neslee nw–
So , x ∈ ( −∞,1) ∪ ( 2, ∞ )
(a) a supremum/hejcecetuÙe
672. The limit points of the following subset of (b) an infimum/hejcevÙetvelece cetuÙe
 n 1  (c) neither infimum nor supremum
R 1 + ( −1) :∈ N  is –
 n  vee lees hejcecetuÙe vee ner hejcevÙetvelece cetuÙe
 n 1 
R 1 + ( −1) :∈ N  is Fme Ghemesš keâe meercee efyevog nw JDD-75-PGT TIER II-X-15 28.06.2015
 n 
Ans. (b) By the theorem (Infimum property of R)
(a) 0 (b) 1 Every non-empty set of real numbers that
(c) infinitely many points (d) none of these is bounded below has an infimum in R.
JDD-75-PGT TIER II-X-15 28.06.2015 676. If x and y are real number with x>0 then there
n 1 exists a positive integer such that nx is–
Ans. (b) The subset 1 + ( −1) : n ∈ N ∈ R
n Ùeef o x Deewj y Ùen JeemleefJekeâ mebKÙeeSB nQ peneB x>0 nw,
Has limit point 1. lees JeneB Skeâ Oeveelcekeâ hetCeeËkeâ n GheefmLele jnlee nw
efpemeceW nx neslee nw–
673. Which of the following is uncountable set ? (a) < y (b) > y
efvecve ceW mes keâewve-mee mesš DemebKÙesÙe nw?
(c) = y (d) FveceW mes keâesF& veneR
(a) The set of all algebraic numbers
JDD-75-PGT TIER II-X-15 28.06.2015
yeerpeieefCeleerÙe mebKÙeeDeeW keâe mesš
Ans. (b) If x and y are real number with x>0, then
(b) The set of all rational numbers There exist a positine integer n such that
heefjcesÙe mebKÙeeDeeW keâe mesš
nx > y
(c) The set of all subsets of natural numbers
mJeeYeeefJekeâ mebKÙeeDeeW kesâ meYeer GhemesšeW keâe mesš 677. The union of any collection of open set–
(d) Every subset of a countable set Kegues mesšeW keâe mebÙeespeve neslee nw–
ieCeveerÙe mesšeW keâe ØelÙeskeâ Ghemesš (a) closed only/kesâJeue yebo
JDD-75-PGT TIER II-X-15 28.06.2015 (b) both open and closed/Keguee Deewj yebo oesveeW
ALGEBRA 130 YCT

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(c) open only/kesâJeue Keguee = 1+a(1+bc)
(d) neither open nor closed/vee lees Keguee Ùee yebo = 1+a+abc…….(i)
JDD-75-PGT TIER II-X-15 28.06.2015 Again
(a*b) * c = (1+ab) * c
Ans. (c) The union of any collection of open set is open.
= 1+ (1+bc) c
For let A be any collection of open
= 1+ c +abc……..(ii)
Set and S = ∪ {A : A ∈ A} . From (i) and (ii), we find
If x ο ∈ S ,Then x ο ∈ A ο for some a * (b*c) ≠ (a *b)*c
A ο ∈ A and since A ο is open, it contain Hence * is not associative.
Therefore the given binary operation is
some ε − neighborhood of x 0 .
Commutative but not associative.
Since A ο ⊂ S then ε − neighborhood is in S, 680. Which of the following is the empty set?
which is consequently a neighborhood of x 0 . efvecve ceW mes keâewve-mee efjòeâ mesš nw?
Thus S is are neighborhood of each of its points and (a) {x x is a real number and x2–1 = 0}
therefore oepn.
{x x Ùen JeemleefJekeâ mebKÙee nw Deewj x2–1 = 0}
678. The total number of injective functions from a
set having m elements to a set having n (b) {x x is a real number and x2+1 = 0}
elements where m>n, is equal to –
{x x Ùen JeemleefJekeâ mebKÙee nw Deewj x2+1 = 0}
m IeškeâJeeues mesš mes n IeškeâJeeues mesš (peneB m>n)
keâes Fleveer mebKÙee ceW Devle:#esheer heâueve nesles nw– (c) {x x is a real number and x2–9 = 0}
n! {x x Ùen JeemleefJekeâ mebKÙee nw Deewj x2–9 = 0}
(a) 0 (b)
( n − m )! (d) {x x is a real number and x2 = x +2}
(c)
m!
(d) FveceW mes keâesF& veneR {x x Ùen JeemleefJekeâ mebKÙee nw Deewj x2 = x +2}
( m − n )! JDD-75-PGT TIER II-X-15 28.06.2015
JDD-75-PGT TIER II-X-15 28.06.2015 Ans. (b) Let A ={ x : x is a real number and x2+1=0}
Ans. (a) Let A and B are two sets having m and Then A = empty set
n elements respectivety where m>n ∵ x2 + 1 = 0
Then number of one-one function=0 has no real soluaion in R i.e., there is no real
(∵ m > n ) value of x which x2 ≠ – 1
For one-one function n ( A ) ≤ n ( B ) . 681. lf f ( x ) = sin x + cos x, g ( x ) = x 2 − 1
then g ( f ( x ) ) is invertible in the domain–
679. For any two real number, an operation defined
by a*b=1+ab is– Ùeefo f ( x ) = sin x + cos x, g ( x ) = x 2 − 1 nw, leye Fme
efkeâmeer Yeer oes JeemleefJekeâ mebKÙeeDeeW kesâ efueS a*b=1+ab #es$e ceW JÙegl›eâceer neslee nw–
mes heefjYeeef<ele keâer ieF& mebbef›eâÙee * nw–  π  −π π 
(a) neither commutative nor associative (a) 0,  (b)  , 
 2  4 4
vee lees mebÛeÙeer nw Ùee menÛejer nw
 −π π 
(b) commutative but not associative (c)  ,  (d) [ 0, π]
mebÛeÙeer nw uesefkeâve menÛeejer veneR  2 2
(c) both commutative and associative JDD-75-PGT TIER II-X-15 28.06.2015
mebÛeÙeer Deewj menÛeejer oesveeW nw Ans. (b) Let f(x) = sin x + cos x, g(x) = x2 – 1
(d) associative but not commutative Then g f(x) = (sinx + cosx)2–1
menÛeejer nw uesefkeâve mebÛeÙeer veneR = sin2x + cos2x + sin 2x – 1
= 1 + sin 2x – 1
JDD-75-PGT TIER II-X-15 28.06.2015
Ans. (b) The given binary operation is dined g ( f ( x )) = sin 2x
as a * b = 1+ ab where a,b∈R
π π
(i) for commutativity Which is invertible in the domain − ,
a * b = 1 + ab 4 4
and b * a = 1 + ba (ab = ba ∀ a,∈R) x g (h ( x) )
⇒a*b =b*a 682. lf g ( x ) = 1 − x and h ( x ) = the is–
Hence * is commutative
x −1 h (g (x))
(ii) for associativity x g (h ( x) )
Let a,b,c ∈R then Ùeefo g(x)=1–x Deewj h(x)= nw, lees nw–
x −1 h (g (x))
a*(b*c) = a * (1+bc)
ALGEBRA 131 YCT
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h (x) −1 Ans. (a) Given, f(x) = 2x + sin x
(a) (b)
g (x) x ⇒ f ′(x) = 2 + cos x
g (x) since − 1 ≤ cos x ≤ 1

x
(c) (d) ⇒ −1 + 2 ≤ 2 + cos x ≤ 1 + 2
h (x) (1 − x )2 1 ≤ f ′(x) ≤ 3
JDD-75-PGT TIER II-X-15 28.06.2015 f ′(x) > 0 always, so f(x) is one-one.
x Also f(x) = 2x + sin x is onto
Ans. (a) Given, g(x) = 1–x and h(x) =
x −1 since lim 2x + sin x = +∞
x x −1 − x 1 1 1 x →∞
g ( h(x) ) = 1 − = =− = = And lim 2x + sin x = −∞
x −1 x −1 x − 1 1 − x g(x) x →−∞
1− x 1 − x x −1 1 co-density = Range
and h(g(x)) = = = = so that f (x) is on to
1 − x − 1 −x x h(x)
Hence f(x) = 2x + sin x is bejective
g(h(x)) 1 h(x) h(x)
∴ = × = 685. ln the set A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} , a relation R is
h(g(x)) g(x) 1 g(x)
defined by R = {( X, Y ) : X, Y ∈ A and X < Y} ,
g(h(x)) h(x)
⇒ = Then R is-/ A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} , mesš ceW R keâe mecyevOe
h(g(x)) g(x)
R = {( X, Y ) : X, Y ∈ A Deewj X < Y} , mes heefjYeeef<ele
683. A function f(x) is linear and has a value of 29 at
x= –2 and 39 at x=3, Then value of f(x)atx = 5 is efkeâÙee peelee nw, lees R nw–
f(x) heâueve jsKeerÙe nw Deewj Gmekeâe cetuÙe x= –2 hej 29 (a) reflexive/efvepeJeeÛekeâ (b) symmetric/meceefcele
Deewj x= 3, hej 39 nw~ Ssmes ceW f(x) keâe cetuÙe x= 5hej nw– (c) transitive/mekeâce&keâ
(a) 59 (b) 45 (d) none of these/FveceW mes keâesF& veneR
(c) 43 (d) 35 JDD-75-PGT TIER II-X-15 28.06.2015
JDD-75-PGT TIER II-X-15 28.06.2015 Ans. (c) Given, A = {1, 2,3, 4,5} then relation R
is defined by R = {(x, y) : x, y ∈ a & x < y}
Ans. (c) Since the function f(x) is linear
So, let f(x) = ax + b
then
∴ f (−2) = a(−2) + b = 29
R = {(1, 2), (1,3), (1, 4), (1,5), (2,3), (2, 4), (2,5),
⇒ −2a + b = 29 ...........(i)
(3, 4), (3,5), (4,5)}
And f(x) = ax+b f (3) = 3a + b = 39
Reflexivity : clearly (x,x) ∉R so R is not refeixive
⇒ 3a + b = 39 ........(ii) Symmery : (x,y)∈R but (y,x) ∉R. Hence R is not
a= 2 and b = 33 symmetric
Solving (i) and (ii), we get Transitivity : (x, y) ∈ R and (y, z) ∈ R ⇒ (x, z) ∈ R
f (x) = 2x + 33 Hence R is transictive
∴ f (5) = 2 × 5 + 33 686. Let A = {p, q, r, s} B= {1, 2, 3}. Then which of
f (5) = 43 the following relations from A to B is not a
function?/ ceeefveS efkeâ A = {p,q,r,s} B = {1, 2, 3} nw~
684. Let function f : R → R be defined efvecve ceW mes keâewve-mee A mes B lekeâ keâe mebyebOe veneR nw?
by f ( x ) = 2x + sin x for all x ∈ R, Then f is– (a) R1 = {(p,1), (q, 2), (r,1), (s, 2)}
ceeefveS efkeâ heâueve f : R → R keâes f ( x ) = 2x + sin x (b) R 2 = {(p,1), (q,1), (r,1), (s,1)}
for all x ∈ R, mes heefjYeeef<ele efkeâÙee peelee nw, lees nw– (c) R 3 = {(p,1),(q,1), (p, 2), (s,3)}
(a) bijective/yeeF&peskeäšerJe (d) R 4 = {(p, 2), (q,3), (r, 2),(s, 2)}
(b) one-one but not onto JDD-75-PGT TIER II-X-15 28.06.2015
Skeâ-Skeâ uesefkeâve meeefòeJekeâ veneR Ans. (c) Let R 3 = {(p,1), (q, 2), (p, 2), (s,3)}
(c) onto but not one-one A relation R is said to be a function if no two first
meeefòJekeâ uesefkeâve Skeâ-Skeâ veneR cooredinate of ordered pair are same.
(d) neither one-one nor onto Here p is related to two elements of R3 i.e., p is
vee lees meeefòJekeâ vee ner Skeâ-Skeâ related to 1 and 2
JDD-75-PGT TIER II-X-15 28.06.2015 Hence R3 is not a function
ALGEBRA 132 YCT

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687. The domain of the function f(x)= (2 − 2x − x2 ) is (c) 248 (d) 240
TGT 1999
Heâueve f ( x ) = (2 − 2x − x 2 ) keâe #es$e nw : Ans : (b) efkeâmeer n DeJeÙeJe JeeueW mecegÛÛeÙe ceW mJeleguÙe mecyevOeeW keâer
n 2 −n
(a) –1– 3 ≤ x≤ –1+ 3 (b) − 3 ≤ x ≤ 3 mebKÙee = 2
(c) –2 ≤ x ≤ 2 (d) –2+ 3 ≤ x ≤ – 3 ∴ 8 DeJeÙeJe Jeeues mecegÛÛeÙe ceW mJeleguÙe mecyevOeebs keâer mebKÙee
TGT 2003 = 282 −8 = 264−8 = 256
Ans : (a) For domain of f : 692. Ùeefo f Deewj g oes Heâueve Fme Øekeâej nw f(x) = 3x +1 Deewj
2 − 2x − x 2 ≥ 0 f {g(x)} = x –2, leye g(x) keâe ceeve nesiee–
x 2 + 2x − 2 ≤ 0 x −3
(a) (b) (x + 3)
−2 ± 4 + 4 × 2 −2 ± 2 3 3
⇒x= ≤0⇒ = −1 ± 3 ≤ 0
2 2 x +3
(c) (3x − 1) (d)
∴ x = −1 − 3, − 1 + 3 3
TGT 1999
−1 − 3 ≤ x ≤ −1 + 3 Ans : (a) ceevee g(x) = y leye
f (x) = 3x + 1
∴ f {g(x)} = f (y) = 3y + 1
x −3
688. The domain of the function f (x) =
1
is ⇒ x –2 = 3y +1 ⇒ 3y = x–3 ⇒ y =
3
x −x
x −3
1 ∴ g(x) =
Heâueve f (x) = keâe #es$e (domain) nw : 3
x −x 693. leerve mecegÛÛeÙeeW A, B leLee C kesâ efueS melÙe keâLeve nw~
(a) (–∞, 0) (b) (∞, 0] (a) A ∪ B = A ∪ C ⇒ B = C
(c) (–∞, –1) (d) (–∞,∞) (b) A ∩ B = A ∩ C ⇒ B = C
TGT 2003 A A
(c) = ⇒B=C
Ans : (a) For domain : B C
1 (d) A ∪ B = A ∪ C leLee A ∩ B = A ∩ C ⇒ B = C
≥0⇒ x −x >0⇒ x > x
x −x PGT 2013
Ans : (d) If A ∪ B = A ∪ C and A ∩ B = A ∩ C
∴ domain = (−∞,0)
⇒ B=C
689. Ùeefo ∪ = {1, 2, 3,4,5,6} leLee A = {1, 3,6} ,
694. Ùeefo R JeemleefJekeâ mebKÙeeDeeW keâe mecegÛÛeÙe nw Deewj f :
B = {5,6} leye ( A ∩ B ) ' nesiee : 1
(a) {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} (b) {2, 4} R → R heâueve nw pees ef k eâ f ( )= −
x 3 x 3 3
Éeje ( )
(c) {6} (d) {2, 4, 5} heefjYeeef<ele nw, lees (f of) (x) yejeyej nesiee?
TGT 2001
(a) x1/3 (b) x3
Ans : (a) Ùeefo ∪ = {1, 2,3, 4,5, 6} (c) x (d) (3–x3)
{ } { } {}
leye A ∩ B = 1,3, 6 ∩ 5, 6 = 6 PGT 2013
1
∴ ( A ∩ B ) ' = ∪ − {A ∩ B}   1 
3 3
⇒ {1,2,3, 4,5,6} − {6} = {1, 2,3, 4,5} (

Ans : (c) fof ( x ) = 3 −  3 − x3 ) 3 


  
 
 
690. Ùeefo A = {1, 2, 3, 4}, B = {1, 3, 5, 8} Deewj 1
C = {3, 4, 5} leye A ∪ {B ∩ C} keâe ceeve nw :
(a) {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} (b) {1, 3, 5}
{
= 3 – 3 + x3 3 }
1
(c) {1, 2, 4, 5} (d) {1, 3, 4, 5}
TGT 2001
= ( )
x3 3 =x
Ans : (a) ∵ B ∩ C = {1,3,5,8} ∩ {3, 4,5} 695. Ùeefo A, B, C leerve mecegÛÛeÙe nw lees A×(BUC) yejeyej
= {3, 5} nesiee?
∴ A ∪ ( B ∩ C ) = {1, 2,3, 4} ∪ {3,5} = {1, 2,3, 4,5} (a) ( A ∪ B)×( A ∩ C ) (b) ( A ∩ B)×( A ∩ C )
691. Skeâ mecegÛÛeÙe efpemeceW 8 DeJeÙeJe nQ GmeceW mJeleguÙe mecyevOe (c) ( A× B) ∪ ( A× C ) (d) ( A× B) ∩ ( A× C )
(Reflexive relation) keâer mebKÙee efkeâleveer nesieer? PGT 2013
(a) 2 64
(b) 2 56 Ans : (c) A × ( B ∪ C ) = ( A × B ) ∪ ( A × C )
ALGEBRA 133 YCT

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696. mecegÛÛeÙe { x ← z : x 2 − x < 115} keâes efvecve mecegÛÛeÙe 699. ceevee JeemleefJekeâ mebKÙeeDeeW kesâ mecegÛÛeÙe R, aRb Ùeefo
1
Éeje Yeer oMee&Ùee pee mekeâlee nw: Deewj kesâJeue Ùeefo a − b ≥ Éeje heefjYeeef<ele keâesF&
2
(a) { x ← z : −11 < x ≤ 10} mecyevOe nw lees mecyevOe R nw
(b) { x ← z : −10 ≤ x ≤ 10} (a) Skeâ leguÙelee mecyevOe
(c) { x ← z : −10 ≤ x ≤ 11} (b) meceefcele hejvleg mJeleguÙe Deewj meb›eâecekeâ veneR
(c) mJeleguÙe Deewj meceefcele hejvleg meb›eâecekeâ veneR
(d) { x ← z : −11 ≤ x ≤ 11} (d) meceefcele Deewj meb›eâecekeâ hejvleg mJeleguÙe veneR
PGT 2013 PGT 2013
{
Ans : (c) A x ← z : x − x < 1152
} nw, lees x = –10 mes x = Ans : (d) mJeleguÙe kesâ efueS
11 lekeâ kesâ ceeve Fme mecegÛÛeÙe kesâ DeJeÙeJe neWies Dele: Fmes Fme Øekeâej 1
a Ra ⇒ a − a ≥
Yeer oMee&Ùee pee mekeâlee nw A{ x ← z : −10 ≤ x ≤ 11} 2
1
697. Ùeefo Q0 meYeer DeMetvÙe–heefjcesÙe mebKÙeeDeeW keâe mecegÛÛeÙe nw 0 ≥ pees ieuele nw FmeefueS mecyevOe mJeleguÙe veneR nw
2
leLee *meef›eâÙee heefjYeeef<ele nw a * b =
ab
peneB ab meceefcele kesâ efueS
3 1
5 a Rb ⇒ a − b ≥
meeceevÙe iegCeveheâue nw lees mecetn (Q0,*) ceW keâe Øeefleueesce nw 2
7 1
45 5 ⇒ b−a ≥
(a) (b) 2
7 63 ⇒b Ra
63 7 FmeefueS mecyevOe meceefcele nw~
(c) (d)
5 45 meb›eâecekeâ kesâ efueS
PGT 2013
1
ab a Rb ⇒ a − b ≥
Ans : (c) a * b = 2
3 1
Identity opretion Deewj b Rc ⇒ b − c ≥
a* e = a 2
1
then,
ae
= a, e = 3 leye a−c ≥
3 2
invers opretion FmeefueS mecyevOe meb›eâecekeâ nesiee~ Dele: mecyevOe meceefcele Deewj
a*a-1 = e meb›eâecekeâ hejvleg mJeleguÙe veneR nw~
aa −1 9 700. Let A, B and C be three sets then(A–B)∪(A–C)
= 3, aa −1 = 9 , a −1 =
3 a is equal to/ Ùeefo A, B Deewj C keâesF& leerve mecegÛÛeÙe nQ
where a =
5 lees (A–B)∪(A–C) yejeyej nw–
7 (a) A∩(B∩C) (b) A∪(B–C)
9 63 (c) A∩(B–C) (d) A–(B∩C)
then, a = × 7 , a −1 =
−1
5 5 PGT 2010
698. ceevee R meYeer JeemleefJekeâ mebKÙeeDeeW keâe mecegÛÛeÙe nw~ leye Ans : (d) x ∈ A − ( B ∩ C ) ⇔ x ∈ A Deewj x ∉ ( B ∩ C )
f:R→R Skeâ ØeefleefÛe$eCe veneR nesiee, Ùeefo Jen ⇔ x ∈ A Deewj ( x ∉ B Ùee x ∉ C )
efvecveefueefKele Éeje heefjYeeef<ele nes: ⇔ ( x ∈ A Deewj x ∉ B ) Ùee
(a) f (x) = log x (b) f (x) = e x ( x ∈ A Deewj x ∉ C )
(c) f (x) = Sin x (d) f (x)=x 2
⇔ x ∈ ( A − B) Ùee x ∈ ( A − C )
PGT 2013 ⇔ x ∈ ( A − B) ∪ ( A − C )
Ans : (a) ØeefleefÛe$eCe keâer heefjYee<ee kesâ Devegmeej [escesve (R) keâe
∴ A − ( B ∩ C ) = ( A − B) ∪ ( A − C )
ØelÙeskeâ DeJeÙeJe keâes[escesve (R) kesâ efkeâmeer ve efkeâmeer DeJeÙeJe mes
mecyeefvOele nesvee DeeJeMÙekeâ nw~ 701. A relation R in the set of natural numbers defined
by aRb, if a and b are Co-prime, then R is
Dele: [escesve mes $e+Ceelcekeâ mebKÙeeÙeW f (x) = log x kesâ Éeje keâes[escesve Skeâ mecyevOe R Øeeke=âle mebKÙeeDeeW kesâ mecegÛÛeÙeeW ceW heefjYeeef<ele
kesâ efkeâmeer Yeer DeJeÙeJe mes mecyeefvOele veneR nesieer~ Dele: nw aRb, Ùeefo a Deewj b men DeYeepÙe nw leye R nw
f (x) = log x (a) reflexicve and symmetric/ mJeleguÙe Deewj meceefcele
Skeâ ØeefleefÛe$eCe veneR nw~ (b) transitive and symmetric/ meb›eâecekeâ Deewj meceefcele
ALGEBRA 134 YCT
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(c) reflexive and transitive/mJeleguÙe Deewj meb›eâecekeâ 704. Root(s) of the equation 9x2–18|x|+5=0
(d) an equivalence relation/Skeâ leguÙelee mecyevOe belonging to the domain of function
PGT 2010 ( )
f ( x ) = log x 2 − x − 2 is (are)–
Ans : (d) men DeYeepÙe kesâ efueS meceerkeâjCe 9x2–18|x|+5=0 kesâ Jes cetue yeleeDeeW pees efkeâ
Reflexive : aRa ( )
heâueve f ( x ) = log x 2 − x − 2 keâe Yeer Øeevle nw–
ceevee a = 2 then 2R2 5 1 5 1
symmetric : aRb ↔ bRa (a) − , − (b) ,
3 3 3 3
ceevee a = 2, b = 3 5 1
2R 3 ↔ 3R 2
(c) − (d) −
3 3
Transitive : aRb and aRc ⇒ aRc PGT 2010
ceevee a = 2, b = 3 c = 5 Ans : (c) 9x2 –18|x|+5=0
2R 3 & 3 R 5 ⇒ 2 R 5 x>0
Therefore it is equivalence relation. 9x2–18x+5=0
702. Let R be a relation of the set of natural (3x–5) (3x–1)= 0
numbers N be defined by 1 5
x= ,
{( x,y ) : x,y ∈ N, 2x + y = 41} then R is 3 3
x< 0
Ùeefo Skeâ mecyevOe Øeeke=âeflekeâ mebKÙeeDeeW kesâ mecegÛÛeÙeeW ceW 9x2+18x+5= 0
heefjYeeef<ele efkeâÙee peeÙes 9x2+15x+3x+5 = 0
{( x,y ) : x,y ∈ N, 2x + y = 41} lees R nw 3x(3x+5)+1(3x+5)
(3x+5) (3x+1)=0
(a) reflexive /mJeleguÙe
−1 −5
(b) symmetric/ meceefcele x= ,
3 3
(c) transitive/ meb›eâecekeâ
(d) None of these/ FveceW mes keâesF& veneR ( )
f ( x ) = log x 2 − x − 2 keâe Øeevle nw
PGT 2010 x2–x–2 >0
x2–2x+x–2>0
Ans : (d) R nw
x(x–2)+1(x–2) >0
R={(1,39), (2,37), (3,35), (4,33), (5,31), (6,29), (x+1) (x–2) > 0
(7,27), (8,25), (9,23), (10,21), (11,19),
(12,17), (13,15)}, x> 2 x < −1
Ûetbefkeâ (1, 39)∈R uesefkeâve (39,1)∉R FmeefueS R meceefcele veneR nw~ oesveeW ceW meeceevÙele: cetue nQ x = −5 ÛetBefkeâ Ùes oesveeW x<–1 kesâ efveÙece
efve:mebosn R mJeleguÙe veneR nw~ 3
Deye (15,11) ∈R and (11, 19) ∈R ⇒ (15, 19) ∉ R keâes ceeve jns nQ~
∴ R meb›eâecekeâ veneR nw~ 705. If the set A has p elements and set B has q
elements, then the number of elements in A×B is
703. If A={x:f(x)=0} and B={x:g(x)=0}, then A∩B Ùeefo mecegÛÛeÙe A ceW DeJeÙeJe p nw, Deewj mecegÛÛeÙe B ceW
will be the set of roots of equation
DeJeÙeJe q nw leye A×B ceW DeJeÙeJeeW keâer mebKÙee nesieer~
Ùeefo A={x:f(x)=0} Deewj B={x:g(x)=0} lees mecegÛÛeÙe
(a) p+q (b) p+q+1 (c) pq (d) p2q2
A∩B efkeâme meceerkeâjCe keâe cetue nw PGT 2010
(a)  f ( x )  +  g ( x )  = 0
2 2
Ans : (c) The Cartesian product A × B
= {(a, b) : a ∈ A, b ∈ B}
f ( x) has pq elements.
(b)
g ( x) 706. If f : R→R and g : R→R are two mappings
g ( x) defined as f(x) = x2 and g(x) = x2+2, then
(c) Ùeefo f : R→R leLee g : R→R oes ØeefleefÛe$eCe nQ pees
f ( x)
f(x) = x2 SJeb g(x) = x2+2 mes heefjYeeef<ele nw lees
(d) None of these/ FveceW mes keâesF& veneR
(a) fog≠ gof (b) fog = gof
PGT 2010
(c) fog is one mapping/ fog Skewâkeâer ØeefleefÛe$eCe nw
Ans : (a) Let α ε A ∩ B then (d) None of these/ FveceW mes keâesF& veneR
α ε A ∩ B ⇒ α ε A and α ε B PGT 2010
2 2 4 2
⇒ f (α) = 0 and g (α) = 0 Ans : (a) fog=f(g(x))= (x +2) = x +4x +4
⇒ [f (α)]2 + [g (α)]2 = 0 gof = g(f(x)) = x4+2
⇒ α is root of [f (x)]2 + [g (x)]2 = 0 ⇒ fog ≠ gof
ALGEBRA 135 YCT

CLICK HERE -
707. Let A, B, C be three sets, then (A – B) ∩(A – C) Deewj b Rc ⇒| b |=| c |
is equal to/ Ùeefo A, B, C keâesF& leerve mecegÛÛeÙe nw lees lees a Rc ⇒| a |=| c | Yeer melÙe nw FmeefueS mecyevOe meb›eâecekeâ nw
(A – B) ∩ (A – C) yejeyej nesiee leye a Rc ⇒| a |=| b | Skeâ leguÙelee mecyevOe nw
(a) A ∪ ( B ∪ C ) (b) A ∩ ( B − C ) 710. Which of the following determinants is equal to
(c) A ∪ ( B − C ) (d) A − ( B ∪ C ) efvecveefueefKele ceW mes keâewve mee meejefCekeâ kesâ yejeyej nw
PGT 2009 a h g
Ans : (d) Let x ∈ A − ( B ∪ C ) h b f ?
⇒ x ∈ A Deewj x ∉ ( B ∪ C ) g f c
⇒ x ∈ A Deewj (x ∉ B Deewj x ∉ c) g f c h g a
⇒ x ∈ (A – B) Deewj x ∈ ( A − C ) (a) a h g (b) b f h
⇒ x ∈ ( A − B) ∩ ( A − C ) a g h f c g
∴ A − ( B ∪ C ) ⊆ ( A − B ) ∩ ( A − C ) …..(i) a g h a h g
Fmeer lejn mes x ∈ ( A − B) ∩ ( A − C ) (c) h f b (d) g f c
g c f h b f
⇒ x ∈ ( A − B) Deewj x ∈ ( A − C )
PGT 2005
⇒ (x ∈ A Deewj x ∉ B) Deewj (x ∈ A Deewj x ∉ C) Ans : (b)
⇒ x ∈ A Deewj x ∉ (B ∪ C) a h g h a g
⇒ x ∈ A – (B ∪ C) interchange C1 and C2 
h b f =−b h f  
∴ ( A − B) ∩ ( A − C ) ⊆ A − ( B ∪ C ) ……(ii)  to each other 
g f c f g c
meceerkeâjCeeW (i) Deewj (ii) mes
h g a interchangeC and C 
( A − B) ∩ ( A − C ) = A − ( B ∪ C )  2 3
=b f h  
708. In a city, 20% of the population travel by car, f c g
 to each other 
50% travel by bus and 10% travel by both car
and bus. Then persons travelling by car or bus is 711. A relation R is defined on the set of positive
efkeâmeer Menj keâes 20% pevemebKÙee keâej mes Ùee$ee keâjleer nw, integers N by a R b if ab = ba. Then R is
50% yeme mes Ùee$ee keâjleer nw Deewj 10% pevemebKÙee yeme ceeve ueerefpeS N Oeve hetCeeËkeâeW keâe mecegÛÛeÙe nw~ Ùeefo keâesF&
Deewj keâej oesvees mes Ùee$ee keâjleer nw lees efkeâleveer pevemebKÙee mecyevOe R, N × N hej Fme Øekeâej heefjYeeef<ele nw efkeâ
keâej Ùee yeme mes Ùee$ee keâjleer nw a R b Ùeefo ab = ba lees R nw~
(a) 80% (b) 40% (c) 60% (d) 70% (a) reflexive and symmetric, but not transitive
PGT 2009 mJeleguÙe Deewj meceefcele uesefkeâve meb›eâecekeâ veneR
Ans : (c) Let A represent car and B represent bus then (b) not symmetric /meceefcele veneR
n(A)= 20%, n(B) = 50% and n(A∩B)= 10% By the (c) not reflexive/ mJeleguÙe veneR
formula (d) an equivalence relation /Skeâ leguÙelee mecyevOe
A → keâej B → yeme PGT 2005
n(A ∪ B) = n(A) + n(B) − n(A ∩ B) Ans : (d) A relation R is defined on the set of positive
= 20 + 50 − 10 = 60% integer N by
Hence the number of persons travelling by car or bus aRb if ab=ba
is = 60% Reflexive :- Let any number (Positive) 2∈N such that
2 2
709. Following are the relations in a set of real 2R2 if 2 = 2 (correct)
numbers. What of them is equivalence relation? ∴R is reflexive relation.

efvecveefueefKele mebyebOe nw JeemleefJekeâ mebKÙeeDeeW kesâ mecegÛÛeÙeeW Symmetric : Let a=24 and2 b=4∈N such that
2R4 ⇒ 2 =4 .......... (i)
hej, FveceW mes keâewve mee mebyebOe Skeâ leguÙelee mecyevOe nw?
and 4R2 ⇒ 42= 24 .......... (ii)
(a) aRb ⇔| a |=| b | (b) aRb ⇔| a |≥| b | From (i) and (ii), we have 4R2 = 2R4
(c) aRb ⇔ a − b ≥ 0 (d) aRb ⇔ a − b ≤ 0 ∴ R is symmetric relation.
PGT 2009 Transitivity: Let a=2, b=4 and c = 2 ∈ N such that 2R4
Ans. (a) a Ra ⇔| a |=| b | pees melÙe nw FmeefueS mecyevOe mJeleguÙe nw ⇒ 24=42 and 4R2 ⇒ 42= 24
⇒ 24=24
a Ra ⇔| a |=| a |
Therefore the relation R is reflexive, symmetric and
⇒ | b |=| a | ⇔ a Ra pees melÙe nw FmeefueS mecyevOe meceefcele nw transitive.
R
a b ⇒ | a |=| b | Hence the relation R is an equivalence relation.
ALGEBRA 136 YCT

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x+2 Ans : (a) Equation ax2+bx+c=0
712. If f ( x ) = , x ≠ 3 then f −1 ( x ) is equal to
x−3 k +1 k+2
Roots of the form and
x+2 k k +1
Ùeefo f ( x ) = , x ≠ 3 lees f −1 ( x ) yejeyej nesiee k +1 k + 2 c
x−3 then, . =
x −1 3x + 2 k k +1 a
(a) (b) k+2 c
3x + 2 x −1 ⇒ =
x −3 x−2 k a
(c) (d) 2 c 2a
x+2 x+3 ⇒ 1+ = ⇒k=
PGT 2005 k a c−a
x+2 2a
Ans : (b) If f (x) = ,x ≠ 3 +1
k +1 k +1 c - a c+a
x −3 One roots is ⇒ = = put it in the
Let f(x) = y k k 2a 2a
⇒ x = f–1(y) c-a
given equation, we get
x+2
∴ y= 2
x−3 c+a   c+a 
a  + b +c = 0
xy –3y = x+2  2a   2a 
xy–x=3y+2
3y + 2
( c + a )2 + 2b ( c + a ) + 4ac = 0
x= ⇒ a 2 + c2 + 2ac + 2ab + 2bc + 4ac + b 2 − b2 = 0
y −1
⇒ f −1 ( y ) =
3y + 2
⇒ f −1 ( x ) =
3x + 2 ⇒ (a 2
)
+ b 2 + c 2 + 2ab + 2bc + 2ca - b 2 + 4ac = 0
y −1 x −1
⇒ ( a + b + c )2 = b 2 - 4ac
a b
713. If the equation + = 1 has two roots 715. Range of the function
x−a x−b
equal in magnitude and opposite in sign, then f (x) = 1/ ( 2 − sin 3x ) , −∞ < x < ∞ is
the value of a + b is/ Ùeefo meceerkeâjCe heâueve f(x) = 1/ ( 2 − sin3x) , −∞ < x < ∞ keâe heefjmej nw-
a b
+ = 1 kesâ oes cetue pees heefjceeCe ceW yejeyej 1 1  1 
x−a x−b (a)  ,  (b)  ,1
uesefkeâve efJehejerle efÛevn kesâ nes lees a+b keâe ceeve nesiee  3 2  3 
(a) 0 (b) 1  1
(c) 1,  (d) None of these
(c) –1 (d) None of these/FveceW mes keâesF& veneR  3
PGT 2005 PGT 2005
1
Ans : (a) Given that the equation
a
+
b
=1 Ans : (b) f (x) = ; −∞ < x < ∞
x -a x -b 2 − sin 3x
⇒ a(x − b) + b(x − a) = (x − a)(x − b) ∵ –1≤ sin x ≤1 ⇒ –1≤ sin 3x ≤1
⇒ ax + bx − 2ab = x 2 − (a + b)x + ab ⇒ 1≥–sin3x ≥–1

⇒ 2+1≥ 2–sin3x ≥ –1+2
x 2 − 2(a + b)x + 3ab = 0 ⇒ 1≤2–sin3x ≤3
Given that roots is equal in magnitude and opposite in 1 1 1
sign. Let α and –α be the roots then ⇒ ≥ ≥
1 2 − sin 3x 3
2(a + b) 1 
α + ( -α ) = ∴ Range of function =  ,1
1 3 
⇒a+b=0
716. If a , b , c , d are positive real number such that
714. If the roots of the equation ax2+bx+c=0 are of a + b + c + d = 2, then M = (a + b) (c + d)
k +1 k +2 satisfies the following relation
the form and then the value of
k k +1 (a) 0 ≤ M ≤ 1 (b) 1 ≤ M ≤ 2
(a+b+c)2 is/ Ùeefo meceerkeâjCe ax2 + bx + c = 0 kesâ cetue (c) 2 ≤ M ≤ 3 (d) 3 ≤ M ≤ 4
k +1 k +2 PGT 2004
Deewj kesâ ™he ceW neW lees (a+b+c)2 keâe ceeve nesiee
k k +1 Ans : (a) ceevee a + b = x Deewj c + d = y
(a) b2–4ac (b) b2–2ac ∴ x + y = 2 Deewj xy = M
(c) 2b2–ac (d) Σa2 ( x − y )2 = ( x + y )2 − 4 xy = 4 − 4M
PGT 2005
ALGEBRA 137 YCT
CLICK HERE -
x - y = 2 1− M Ans : (d) Since y = x – x2
dy
⇒ x = y + 2 1− M y = 2 (1 - M) ≥ 0 ∴ = 1 − 2x
dx
ÛetBefkeâ a, b, c, d meye Oeveelcekeâ JeemleefJekeâ mebKÙeeSb nw FmeefueS M
dy
Yeer Oeveelcekeâ nesiee Deewj 1 mes yeÌ[e vener nes mekeâlee again =0
dx
717. If G is the additive group of residue classes modulo ⇒ 1–2x =0
10, then the order of the residu class [3] is? 1
(a) 8 (b) 10 (c) 6 (d) 4 ⇒ x=
2
PGT 2004
again differentiating
Ans : (b) ÙeneB z10 = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9} leye z10 d2 y
keâe keâesefš nw 10 = −2 ( − ve )
dx 2
718. Which of the following is false? 2
1 1 1
(a) The intersection of two equivalence relations a ∵ y = −  =
set is an equivalence resation to the set 2 2 4
oes leguÙelee mecyevOeeW keâe efkeâmeer mecegÛÛeÙe hej meJe&efve‰ Yeer at x=0, y=0 and at x =
1
,y =
1
& interval will be
Skeâ leguÙelee mecyevOe neslee nw Gmeer mecegÛÛeÙe hej 2 4
(b) The inverse of an equivalence relation is an closed.
equivalence relation/ efkeâmeer leguÙelee mecyevOe keâe  1
Hence interval will be 0,  .
Øeefleueesce Yeer Skeâ leguÙelee mecyevOe neslee nw  4
(c) The union of two equivalence relation on a set 721. If a finite set S has n elements, then the total
is not necessarily an equivalence number of binary operations which are
oes leguÙelee mecyevOeeW efkeâmeer mecegÛÛeÙe hej keâe meefcceueve pe®jer possible over it will be?
2
vener keâer Jen ncesMee Skeâ leguÙelee mecyevOe nes (a) n n (b) n n
3
(d) The reflexive relation on a set is necessarily the (c) n n (d) 2n
indemnity relation on the set PGT 2004
mJeleguÙe mecyevOe efkeâmeer mecegÛÛeÙe hej ncesMee lelmecekeâ Ans : (b) If S is a finite set having n elements the total
mecyevOe neslee nw~ number of binary operations which are possible over it
PGT 2004 are n n2 .
Ans : (c) Union of two equivalence relations need not
1
be an equivalence relation. 722. If g(x)= x2 + x–2 and (gof )(x) = 2x2 − 5x + 2, then
719. If E = {1, 2, 3, 4} and F = {1, 2}, then the total 2
f(x) is equal to
number of onto functions from E to F is? (a) 2x - 3 (b) 2x + 3
(a) 14 (b) 16 (c) 9 (d) 4 (c) 2x2 + 3x + 1 (d) 2x2 - 3x - 1
PGT 2004 PGT 2004
Ans : (a) kegâue mebKÙee DeeÛÚeokeâ heâueve kesâ neWies 1
Ans : (a) g(x)= x + x –2 Deewj (gof )(x) = 2x −5x +2
2 2
2n − 2 = 24 − 2 = 16 − 2 = 14 2
720. Image of the open interval (0, 1) under the lees g(f(x)) = 4x2 - 10x + 4
continuous mapping y = x - x2 is ( f ( x ))2 + f ( x) − 2 = 4 x 2 − 10 x + 4
 1  1 ( f ( x) + 2)( f ( x) −1) = 4x2 − 8x − 2x + 4
(a) open interval  0,  /Keguee Devlejeue  0, 
 4  4 ( f ( x) + 2)( f ( x) −1) = 4x( x − 2) − 2( x − 2) = (4x - 2) (x - 2)
 1 ( f ( x ) + 2)( f ( x) − 1) = (2 x − 1)(2 x − 4)
(b) semi open interval 0, 
 4 f ( x) + 2 = 2 x − 1
 1 f ( x) = 2 x − 3
DeOe& Keguee Devlejeue 0, 
 4 723. Range of the function
 1 x2 + x + 2
(c) semi-closed interval  0,  f ( x) = 2 , − ∞ < x < ∞ is?
 4 x + x +1
DeOe& yevo Devlejeue  0,   1

1
(a) (1,∞) (b) 1, 
 4  2
 1  1  7  7
(d) closed interval 0,  /yevo Devlejeue 0,  (c) 1,  (d) 1, 
 4   4   5   3
PGT 2004 PGT 2004
ALGEBRA 138 YCT
CLICK HERE -
x2 + x + 2 Ans : (a) Skeâ heefjefcele mecetn kesâ ØelÙeskeâ DeJeÙeJe keâe metÛekeâebkeâ Yeer
Ans : (d) Let, y = heefjefcele nesiee ~
x2 + x + 1
⇒ x (y–1) + x(y–1) + (y–2) = 0
2
728. A,B,C are subsets of a universal set S then
since x is real D > 0 ( A − C ) ∪ (B − C) =
(y–1)2 – 4 (y–1) (y–2) > 0
⇒ (y–1) (7 – 3y) > 0 (a) ( A ∪ B) − C (b) ( A ∪ C) − B
7
⇒ 3(y–1)  − y  > 0
 (c) ( A ∩ B) ∪ C (d) None of these
3  PGT 2003
 7  Ans : (a) From Diagram
⇒ 3(y–1)  y −  < 0
 3 (A–C) ∪ (B–C)
= (A∪B) –C
 7
∴ y ∈ 1, 
 3
724. If f ' (x) = g(x) and g' (x) = -f(x) for all values of
x, and f(2) = 4 = f' (2), then f2 (16) + g2(16) is
equal to
(a) 16 (b) 32 729. ( A − B ) ∪ ( B − A) is equal to
(c) 64 (d) 128
PGT 2004 (a) ( A ∪ B ) (b) ( A ∩ B )
Ans : (b) Let f'(x)=g(x) and g'(x)= –f(x) (c) ( A ∪ B ) − ( A ∩ B ) (d) None of these
and f(2) = 4= f '(2). PGT 2003
⇒ f 2(16)+g2(16)= 16+16 = 32
Ans : (c) From Diagram
725. The number of real solutions of the equation (A–B) ∪(B–A)
π
tan-1 x ( x + 1) + sin −1 x 2 + x + 1 = is = (A∪B)–(A∩B)
2
(a) two /oes (b) one /Skeâ
(c) zero /MetvÙe (d) infinite /Debvele
PGT 2004
π 730. Let F : R→R be defined by f(x)= 3x–4. Then
Ans : (a) tan−1( x( x +1) + sin−1( x2 + x + 1) = f–1(x) is:
2
kesâ JeemleefJekeâ Gòej leye nesies Ùeefo (a)
( x + 4) (b)
x
x( x + 1) ≥ 0 x2 + x + 1 ≥ 0 3 3−4
(c) 3x+4 (d) None of these
uesefkeâve ÛetBefkeâ sin-1 keâe heâueve nw FmeefueS PGT 2002
x2 + x + 1 ≤ 1 (−1 ≤ sin −1 x ≤ 1) Ans : (a) Let F:R →R be defined by
⇒ x2 + x = 0 f(x)= 3x–4
x (x + 1) = 0 Putting y = f(x) then
x = 0, -1 y+4
y= 3x–4 ⇒ x =
3
726. If solution of the equation 7 cos x + 5 sin x = 2k y+4
+ 1 is possible, then the number of integral ⇒ f −1 ( y ) =
values of k is 3
x+4
(a) 4 (b) 8 (c) 10 (d) 12 ⇒ f (x) =
−1
PGT 2004 3
Ans : (b) 731. If a<b, then the solution of the inequation
2k + 1 x2+(a+b) x+ab < 0 is given by:
−1 ≤ ≤1 (∵ − 1≤ cos ( x − α ) ≤ 1) (a) a<xb (d) x<–b or x>–a
⇒ − 74 ≤ 2k +1≤ 74 PGT 2002
∴ k = – 4, –3, –2, –1, 0, 1, 2, 3 Ans : (b) Given that
i.e 8 value which will satisfy the above inequility.
727. Index of every element of a finit group is
(a) finite (b) Infinite
x2+(a+b) x+ab<0
(c) Zero (d) One
PGT 2003 ⇒ x2+ax+bx+ab<0
ALGEBRA 139 YCT

CLICK HERE -
⇒ x(x+a)+b(x+a)<0 Ans : (b) efoÙee nw :
⇒ ( x + a ) ( x + b) < 0 Z={0, ±1, ±2, ±3, .........}
↓ ↓ A= {x∈z; x is divisible by 2}
x =−a x =−b = {0,±2, ±4, ±6, ±8.......}
∴−b < x < −a B = {x∈z ; x is divisible by 4}
732. Let A and B be two sets having 5 common = {0,±4, ±8, ±12, ±18 .......}
elements. Then number of elements common to C = { x∈z; x is divisible by 6}
A ×B and B×A is : = {0, ±6, ±12, ±18, ±24, ...........}
(a) 25 (b) 52 ∴ A∩B∩C = {x∈z; x is divisible by 12}
(c) 0 (d) None of these = {0, ±12, ±24, ........}
PGT 2000
735. If f(x)= cos2x+sec2x, its value always will be:
Ans : (b) Ùeefo A Deewj B oes Ssmes mecegÛÛeÙe nQ efpemeceW 5 DeJeÙeJe (a) f(x)<1 (b) f(x)=1
GYeÙeefve‰ neW leye (c) 2>f(x)>1 (d) f(x)≥2
A∩ B = 5 PGT 2000
∴ mecegÛÛeÙe A×B Deewj B×A DeJeÙeJeeW keâer mebKÙee =5×5=52 nesieer~ Ans : (d) Ùeefo f(x) = cos2x+sec2x
733. Let f : R → R be a function defined by We know that
x−m A.M≥G.N.
f (x) = , where m≠n. Then:
x−n cos 2 x + sec2 x 1
(a) f is one - one into (b) f is one-one on to ∴ ≥ cos 2 x ×
2 cos 2 x
(c) f is many -one into (d) f is many- one on to
PGT 2000 ⇒ cos x +sec x ≥ 2 ⇒ f (x) ≥ 2
2 2
Ans : (a) ceevee f: R→ R Skeâ heâueve nw leLee 736. If a<0 and b≥0 then :
x−m (a) ab≤0 (b) ab≥0
f (x) = , where m ≠ n (c) ab> 0 (d) None of these
x −n
x − m x2 − m PGT 2000
leye f (x1 ) = f (x 2 ) ⇒ 1 = Ans : (a) a<0 and b≥o then
x1 − n x2 − n
ab≤0
⇒ x1x2–x1n–x2m+mn= x1x2–mx1–nx2+mn
since a<0 denoted as negative number and b≥0 denoted
⇒ m(x1–x2) = n(x1–x2) as positive number then the product of ab is also a
⇒ (m–n)(x1–x2)= 0 negative number.
⇒ x1–x2 = 0 {∵ m ≠ n} 737. The number of rational numbers existing
⇒ x1 = x 2 between two unequal rational numbers is:
(a) 10 (b) 1
⇒ f is one.one (c) 0 (d) Infinite
−1
Putting f(x) = y ⇒ x = f (y) PGT 2000
x−m Ans : (d) There are infinite rational number existing
y= between two unequal rational number i.e.
x−n
5 8
⇒ xy–yn–x+m= 0 If and are two unequal rational number then
⇒ x(y–1)= yn–m 7 9
yn − m 5  6 11  8
⇒ x= for y = 1, x∉R ,  , ,........∞  ,
y −1 7  7 14  9
Dele: heâueve f(x) on to veneR nw~ 738. Let f, g : R → R be given by (f(x) = 2x–3 and
∴ f(x) is one-one into function g(x)=x2+5, then g{f (2)} is equal to:
(a) 2 (b) 6 (c) –2 (d) 0
734. If Z denotes the set of integers and A, B, C are PGT 2000
its subset given by :
Ans : (b) Let f; g: R→R be a function given by
A= {x∈z:x is divisible by 2}
f(x)= 2x–3 and g(x) = x2+5
B= {x∈z:x is divisible by 4} Then g{f(2)}= g(4–3)
C= {x∈z:x is divisible by 6} = g(1)
Then A ∩B∩C is : = 12+5= 6
(a) {x∈z:x is divisible by 4}
(b) {x∈z:x is divisible by 12} 739. If A={2,6}, B={10,9} and C={1,9} then the value
(c) {x∈z:x is divisible by 24} of A×(B∪C) is :
(d) None of these (a) {(2,1) (2,9), (2,10), (6,1, (6,9), (8,6), (6, 10)}
PGT 2000/ PCS 1998 (b) {(2,0), (2,1), (6,0)}
ALGEBRA 140 YCT

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(c) {(3,4), (3,1)} (c) bijective /Skewâkeâer DeeÛÚeokeâ
(d) {(3,1), (3,4)} (d) Neither surjective nor injective
PGT 2000 ve lees DeeÛÚeokeâ, ve ner Skewâkeâer
Ans : (a) Ùeefo A={2,6}, B={10,9} Deewj C= {1,9} Rajasthan TGT 2016
leye ( B ∪ C ) = {1,9,10} Ans : (b) Given f : R→ R is defined by f(x) = ex
∴ A× (B∪C) ={2,6}×{1,9,10}
= {(2,1), (2,9), (2,10), (6,1), (6,9), (6,10)}
740. If A={1} and B={1,2,3} then (A×B) is:
(a) {(1,1), (1,2), (1,3)}
(b) {(1,2), (3,1), (2,1)} f (x1 ) = f (x 2 ) ⇒ e x1 = e x 2 ⇒ x1 = x 2
(c) {(2,1), (1,1), (3,1)} ∴ f (x1 ) = f (x 2 ) ⇒ x1 = x 2 Hence f is injective
(d) None of these
745. The number of ordered pairs of integers (x, y)
PGT 2000 satisfying the equation x2+6x+y2 = 4 is
Ans : (a) Ùeefo A={1} Deewj B={1,2,3} meceerkeâjCe x2+6x+y2 = 4 keâes mevleg° keâjves Jeeues
leye A×B= {(1,1),(1,2), (1,3)} hetCeeËkeâeW kesâ ›eâefcele ÙegiceeW (x, y) keâer mebKÙee nw
741. If x={a,b,c,d} and y={4,5,6,7} the x∪y is: (a) 8 (b) 6 (c) 4 (d) 2
(a) {a,b,c,3,7} (b) {a,b,4,5} Rajasthan TGT 2016
(c) {a,b,c,d, 4,5,6,7} (d) None of these Ans : (d) Given that x2+y2+6x = 4
PGT 2000 x2+6x+y2=4
Ans : (c) Ùeefo x={a,b,c,d} Deewj y={4,5,6,7} x2+6x+9+y2 = 4+9
∴ x∪y = φ (since element of x and y belongs to (x+3)2+y2 = 4+9
different family) (x+3)2+y2= 4+9 By comparing we get
742. The intersection of two convex sets is y =±3
oes DeJecegKe mecegÛÛeeW keâe meJe&efve‰: & (x+3)2 = 4 ⇒ x+3= ±2
(a) always a convex set/meowJe DeJecegKe mecegÛÛeÙe neslee nw ⇒ x= ±2–3
(b) not always a convex set ⇒ x = –1, –5
meowJe DeJecegKe mecegÛÛeÙe veneR neslee nw Hence ordered pairs are (3,–1) (3,–5), (–3,–1) (–3,–5)
when (x+3)2=9, y2=4
(c) not a convex set /DeJecegKe mecegÛÛeÙe veneR neslee nw x+3=± 3, y = ±2
(d) null set /efjòeâ mecegÛÛeÙe neslee nw x = ±3–3
Rajasthan TGT 2016 x= 0,–6 y = –2,+2
Ans : (a) The intersection of two convex set is always a ordered pairs are (0,–2) (0,2), (–6,–2) (–6,2)
convex set as Hence total number of ordered pair are 8
746. If A={a,b,c} and relations R1, R2: A→A are
R1= {(a,b), (b,c), (c,a), (a,a), (b,b), (c,c)} and
R2= {(a,b), (b,c), (c,a), (a,a)}, then
The inter section dark region shows a convex set Ùeefo A={a,b,c} SJeb mecyevOe R1, R2: A→A,
743. If A= {1,2,3,4,5}, then the number of subsets of R1= {(a,b), (b,c), (c,a), (a,a), (b,b), (c,c)} leLee
A which contain element 2 but not 4, is R2= {(a,b), (b,c), (c,a), (a,a)} leye
Ùeefo A= {1,2,3,4,5} lees A kesâ GhemecegÛÛeÙeeW keâer mebKÙee (a) R1 is equivalence relation but R2 is not
efpeveceW DeJeÙeJe 2 nw hejvleg 4 veneR nw, nesieer R1 leguÙekeâlee mecyevOe nw hejvleg R2 veneR nw
(a) 2 (b) 4 (c) 6 (d) 8 (b) R1 is transitive but R2 in not
Rajasthan TGT 2016 R1 meb›eâecekeâ mecyevOe nw hejvleg R2 veneR nw
Ans : (d) Given that A = {1,2,3,4,5} (c) R1 and R2 both are equivalence
Subsets of A which contains 1 but not 4 R1 SJeb R2 oesveeW leguÙelee mecyevOe nQ
{2}, {2,1}, {2,3}, {2,5}, {2,1,3}, {2,1,5}, {2,3,5} and (d) None of these /FveceW mes keâesF& veneR
{2,1,3,5} Rajasthan TGT 2016
Hence total number of subset = 8
Ans : (d) Given Set A = {a,b,c}
744. If R be the set of real numbers and f:R→R is and R = {(a,b), (b,c), (c,a), (a,a), (b,b), (c,c)}
1
defined by f(x)=ex, then f is and R2= {(a,b), (b,c), (c,a), (a,a)}
Ùeefo JeemleefJekeâ mebKÙeeDeeW keâe mecegÛÛeÙe nw Deewj heâueve Consider R1
f:R→R, f(x)=ex Éeje heefjYeeef<ele nw, lees f nw i) Reflexive a R a , b R b & c R c
(a) surjective only /kesâJeue DeeÛÚeokeâ
ii) For symmetry a R b ⇒ b R a ∀ a, b ∈ A
(b) injective only /kesâJeue Skewâkeâer
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iii) For transitivity : a R b &b R c ⇒ aRc
749. Ùeefo A 10 mes Úesšer Øeeke=âle mebKÙeeDeeW keâe mecegÛÛeÙe nw
Hence R1 is reflexive Deewj B, 9 mes Úesšer DeYeepÙe mebKÙeeDeeW keâe mecegÛÛeÙe nw,
Consider R2 leye A mes B hej heefjYeeef<ele mebyebOeeW keâer mebKÙee nw/If A
i) For reflexivity a R a but b R b & c R c is the set of natural numbers less than 10 and B
ii) For symmetry city a R b but b R c isthe set of prime numbers less than 9, then the
number of relations defined from A to B is–
iii) For transitivity : a R b & b R c ⇒ aRc (a) 216 (b) 28
Hence option (4) is correct (c) 2 7
(d) 29–1
x Rajasthan TGT 2015
747. Ùeefo A = x ∈ 0 ≤ x ≤ 10 , Ans. (*) A is the set of natural number less then 10
2
B = {x x Skeâ DebkeâerÙe DeYeepÙe mebKÙee nw } Deewj i.e., A = {1, 2,3, 4,5, 6, 7,8,9} n(A) 9
and B is the set of prime numbers less than 9
 x 
C =  x ∈ N, x ≤ 12  leye A ∩ (B ∪ C) yejeyej nw i.e., B = {2,3,5, 7} n(B) 4
 3 
then n(A × B) = 9 × 4 = 36
 x 
If A =  x ∈ 0 ≤ x ≤ 10, ≤ x ≤ 10  , and a relation R is subset of (A × B) and number
 2 
B = {x x is prime number of one digit} and of subset in A × B = 236 none of the given options.
 x  750. Ùeefo heâueve f : R → R, f (x) = x2 kesâ ™he ceW

C = x ∈ N, x ≤ 12 then A ∩ (B ∪ C) is equal to heefjYeeef<ele nw, leye heâueve f nw:
 3 
(a) {2,6} (b) {3,6} If function f : R → R, defined as f (x) = x2
(c) {2,6,12} (d) {3,6,12}
then function f is
Rajasthan TGT 2015
(a) Skewâkeâer hej DeeÛÚeokeâ veneR/one-one but not onto
Ans. (a)
(b) DeeÛÚeokeâ hej Skewâkeâer veneR/onto but not one-one
x
Given that A = x : ∈ o ≤ x ≤ 10 (c) Skewâkeâer SJeb DeeÛÚeokeâ/one-one and onto
2
(d) vee lees Skewâkeâer, vee ner DeeÛÚeokeâ
A = {0, 2, 4, 6,8,10} neither one-one nor onto
B = {x : x is prime number of one digit Rajasthan TGT 2015
B = {2,3,5, 7} Ans. (d) function is f : R → R and f (x) → x 2
x for one – one :
and C = x : ∈ N, x ≤ 12 f (x1 ) = f (x 2 ) ⇒ x1 = x 2
3
C = {3, 6,9,12} let f (x1 ) = x12 and f (x 2 ) = x 22
∴ B ∪ C = {2,3,5, 6, 7,9,12} f (x1 ) f (x 2 )
⇒ A ∩ (B ∪ C) = {2, 6} x12 = x 2 2
⇒ x1 = ± x 2
748. hetCee&keâeW kesâ mecegÛÛeÙe ceW Skeâ mebyebOe R heefjYeeef<ele nw pene@
aRb Ùeefo Deewj kesâJeue Ùeefo a2 Deewj b2 hejmhej DeYeepÙe ⇒ x1 = x 2 and x1 = − x 2 ⇒ x1 + x 2 = 0
veneR nQ~ lees mebyebOe R efkeâme iegCeOece& keâes mebleg° veneR keâjlee nw? finally x1 ≠ x 2
A relation R is defined on set of integers where i.e., f (x1 ) = f (x 2 ) ⇒ x1 ≠ x 2
aRb is and only if a2 and b2 not prime to each
other, then relation R does not satisfy the Hence f is not one-one
property– for onto
(a) mJeleguÙelee/Reflexive let ƒ(x) = y
(b) meceefcelelee/Symmetric ⇒y = x2
(c) meb›eâecekeâlee/Transitive ⇒x = ± y
(d) FveceW mes keâesF& veneR/None of these ⇒ – ve numbers in the codomain does not have
Rajasthan TGT 2015 image in the domain.
Ans. (d) Reflexive : if a, b ∈ I then aRb is Reflexive. Hence f is neither one – one nor onto.
Symmetric : If a, b ∈ I then R is symmetric
751. Ùeefo O(a) = m, O(b) = n, peneB a Deewj b Deeyesueer
as a = 2, b = 6
R3 ⇒ 22 & 62 are not prime to each other mecetn G kesâ DeJeÙeJe nQ, lees
⇒ 6 & 2 are not prime to each other
2 2 If O(a) = m, O(b) = n, where a anb b are elements of
Transitive : 2R3 & 3R5⇒ 2R5 hence transitive an abelian group G, then
ALGEBRA 142 YCT

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(a) O(ab) = m then xRy and yRz ⇒ x – y + 2 & y – z + 2
(b) O(ab) = mn adding we get x − y + 2 + y −z+ 2
(c) O(ab) = mn x–z+2 2
(d) O(a,b) = ue.me.he. {m, n} ⇒ x Rz
Rajasthan TGT 2015 Hence R is not transitive.
Ans. (d) Given that G is an abelian group and a, b ∈ G. 3x + 2 3
755. If f(x) = ,x ≠ then
and O(a) = m and O(b) = n then 5x - 3 5
O(ab) = l.c.m(m, n). Ùeefo f(x) =
3x + 2 3
,x ≠ lees
752. efvecve ceW mes keâewve mee Skeâ mener nw? 5x - 3 5
1
Which one of the following is correct? (a) f (x) = − , f ( x ) (b) (fof) (x) = –x
−1
(a) JeueÙe ceW Ùeefo ab = 0 ⇒ Ùee a = 0 Ùee b = 0 19

In a ring if ab = 0 ⇒ either a = 0 or b = 0 (c) f (x) = − f ( x )
−1
(d) f −1 (x) = f ( x )
(b) ØelÙeskeâ heefjefcele JeueÙe Skeâ hetCee&keâerÙe Øeevle Skeâ #es$e neslee nw~ Rajasthan TGT 2013
Every finite ring is an intergral domain, 3x + 2 3
Ans : (d) Given that f(x) = ,x ≠
(c) ØelÙeskeâ heefjefcele hetCee&keâerÙe Øeevle Skeâ #es$e neslee nw~ 5x - 3 5
Every finite integral domain is a field. put y = f(x) ⇒ x = f –1 (y)
(d) Øeeke=âle mebKÙeeDeeW keâe mecegÛÛeÙe ØeÛeefuele Ùeesie Deewj iegCee 3x + 2
⇒y=
kesâ meehes#e Skeâ JeueÙe neslee nw~ 5x - 3
The set of natural is a ring with respect to the ⇒ 5xy – 3y = 3x + 2
usual addition and multiplication. ⇒ 5xy – 3x = 3y + 2
Rajasthan TGT 2015 ⇒ x(5y –3) = 3y + 2
Ans. (c) Every finite integral domain is a field. 3y + 2
753. efvecve ceW mes keâewve mee Skeâ hetCeeËkeâerÙe Øeevle veneR nw? ⇒x=
5y - 3
Which of the following is not an integral domain? 3y + 2
(a) (N, +.) (b) (C, +.) ⇒ f–1(y) =
5y - 3
(c) (Q, +.) (d) (R, +.)
3x + 2 3x + 2
Rajasthan TGT 2015 or f–1(x) = =
5x - 3 5x − 3
Ans. (a) (N, +.) is not an integral domain. because
Additive identity O does not exist Additive inverse –a ⇒ f −1 (x) = f (x)
of element does not exists. 756. If A and B are two sets, then A-(A-B) is equal
to/ Ùeefo A Deewj B oes mecegÛÛeÙe neW, lees A-(A-B)
754. For a real numbers 'x' and 'y' if xRy ⇔ x–y+ 2
is an irrational number, then the relation R is- yejeyej nw–
JeemleefJekeâ mebKÙeeDeeW 'x' leLee 'y' kesâ efueS Ùeefo xRy ⇔ (a) A ∪ B (b) A ∩ B
(c) A (d) B
x–y+ 2 Skeâ DeheefjcesÙe mebKÙee nw, lees mecyevOe R nw–
Rajasthan TGT 2011
(a) only reflexive/kesâJeue mJeleguÙe
Ans : (b) let A = {a, b, c} and B = {c, d, e}
(b) only symmetric/kesâJeue meceefcele
(c) only transitive/kesâJeue meb›eâecekeâ then A − B = {a, b} A ∩ B = {c}
(d) equivalent/leguÙelee and A − (A − B) = c = A ∩ B
Rajasthan TGT 2013 ⇒ A − (A − B) = A ∩ B
Ans : (a) Given relation R is defined as xRy ⇔ x – y +
2 is an irrational number where x, y ∈ R 757. The relation R={(1,1),(2,2)(3,3) defined on set
A={1,2,3} is/ mecegÛÛeÙe A={1,2,3} hej heefjYeeef<ele
(i) For reflexiv– xRx ⇒ x - x + 2 = 2 whichis an
irrational number. Hence R is reflexive.
meb yebOe R={(1,1),(2,2)(3,3) nw
(a) Reflexive and sysmmetric but not transitive
(ii) For symmetric– Let xRy ⇒ x – y + 2
mJeleguÙe Deewj meceefcele hejvleg meb›eâecekeâ veneR
⇒ –y + x + 2 (b) Reflexive and transitive but not sysmmetric
⇒ (–y) – (–x) + 2 mJeleguÙe Deewj meb›eâecekeâ hejveleg meceefcele veneR
⇒ yRx (c) An equivalence relation/ Skeâ leguÙelee mebyebOe
Hence R isnot symmetric. (d) Only reflexive/kesâJeue mJeleguÙe
(iii) For transitive– Let x, y, z ∈ R Rajasthan TGT 2011
ALGEBRA 143 YCT
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Ans : (c) i. Since 1,2,3 ∈ A and (1,1), (2,2), (3,3) ∈ R (x 2 − x1 ) − (x 22 − x 2 ) = 0
ie for each a ∈ A, (a,a) ∈ R. So R is reflex. 1
ii. we observe that (1,1) ∈ R ⇒ (1,1) ∈ R ie, for each (x 2 − x 22 ) − x1 + x 2 = 0
a ∈ R, (a,a) ∈ R ⇒ (a,a) ∈ R thus R is symmctric. 1
2
iii. And we observe that (1,1) ∈ R and (1,1) ∈ R (x − x 22 ) − (x1 − x 2 ) = 0
1
⇒ (1,1) ∈ R ie, for each (a,a) ∈ R and (a,a)
∈ R ⇒ (a,a) ∈ R thus R is Transitive. (x1 − x 2 )(x1 + x 2 − 1) = 0
Hence the relation is R is an equivalence relation. ⇒ x1 = x 2 or x1 = 1 − x 2
758. Let R be a relation on the set N of natural Hence f is not one-one
numbers defined by R={(x,y):x+2y=8}. Then For onto Let f (x) =y
domain of R is/ ceevee R={(x,y):x+2y=8}, Øeeke=âle
⇒ x2 − x − y = 0
mebKÙeeDeeW kesâ mecegÛÛeÙe N hej heefjYeeef<ele Skeâ mebyebOe nQ~
lees R keâe Øeevle nw– −b ± b 2 − 4ac 1 ± 1 + 4y
x= =
(a) {2,4,8} (b) {2,4,6,8} 2a 2
(c) {2,4,6} (d) {1,2,3,4} For y < 0, x is not real hence it is not onto and
Rajasthan TGT 2011 hence we conclude that f is neither one-one nor onto.
Ans : (c) Relation R is defined as R {(x, y) : x + 2y = 8} 761. If –5x+20<–15, then/ Ùeefo –5x+20<–15 nw, lees
Domain = {x : x, y ∈ N and satisfying x+y+y=8} (a) x ∈ (7, ∞) (b) x ∈[7, ∞)
For x=2,4,6, y is a natural number. (c) x ∈ ( −∞, 7] (d) x ∈[ −7, 7]
Hence domain of R in {2,4,6} KVS TGT DEC 2017
759. The domain of the function Ans. (a) –5x + 20 < – 15
5x – 20 > 15
 5x − x2 
f (x) = loge   is/ heâueve 5x > 35
 4  x>7
 
Then x ∈(7,∞)
 5x − x2  762. Each prime number has.
f (x) = loge   keâe Øeevle nw–
 4  ØelÙeskeâ DeYeepÙe mebKÙee keâe
 
(a) [1,4] (b) [8,5] (a) no factor/keâesF& iegCeveKeb[ veneR neslee nw~
(c) [8,5] (d) [1,5] (b) only one factor/kesâJeue Skeâ iegCeveKebC[ neslee nw~
Rajasthan TGT 2011/ PGT 2010 (c) only two factors/kesâJeue oes iegCeveKebC[ nesles nw~
5x − x 2 (d) more than two factotrs
Ans : (a) For domain of f (x) = ≥1 oes mes DeefOekeâ iegCeveKeb[ nesles nw~
4
⇒ 5x − x ≥ 4 2 KVS TGT DEC 2017
Ans. (c ) The prime number (7, 11, 13, ..... are the only
⇒ (x − 1)(x − 4) ≤ 0
two factor one and itself
example (1) 13 = 1×13
(2) 7 = 1×7
x ∈ [1, 4] 763. In a class of 50 students, 20 play cricket, 15
760. Let R be the set of real number. Then a play hockey and 5 students play both the
function f : R→R defined by f(x)= x –x∀x∈R 2 games. The number of students who play
is/ ceevee R JeemleefJekeâ mebKÙeeDeeW keâe mecegÛÛeÙe nw~ lees neither of the two games is–/ 50 efJeÅeeefLe&ÙeeW keâer
heâueve f : R → R peneb f(x) = x – x∀x∈R nw
2 Skeâ keâ#ee ceW, 20 ef›eâkesâš Kesueles nQ, 15 ne@keâer Kesueles nQ
One-one/Skewâkeâer
(a) leLee 5 efJeÅeeLeea oesveeW Kesue Kesueles nw~ Smes efJeÅeeefLe&ÙeeW
Onto/DeeÛÚeokeâ
(b) keâer mebKÙee pees oesveeW ceW mes keâesF& Yeer Kesue veneR Kesueles nw
One-one and onto/Skewâkeâer Deewj DeeÛÚeokeâ
(c) (a) 0 (b) 20 (c) 30 (d) 10
KVS TGT DEC 2017
Naither one-one nor onto/ve Skewâkeâer ve DeeÛÚeokeâ
(d)
Ans. (b) Total Student 50.
Rajasthan TGT 2011
Ans : (d) Function f : R → R defined by
f (x) = x 2 − x∀x ∈ R
For one-one f (x1 ) = f (x 2 ) ⇒ x1 = x 2
the number of student play neither of the two
x 2 − x1 = x 22 − x 2 game = 50 – 30 = 20.
1
ALGEBRA 144 YCT

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764. If X = {8n–7n–1/n∈N} and Y = {49n – 49/n∈N}, 768. If xn–1 is divisible by x–k, then the least
then–/ Ùeefo X = {8n–7n–1/n∈N} leLee Y= {49n – positive intergral value of k is–/ Ùeefo xn–1, x–k,
49/n∈N}, nw, lees– mes YeepÙe nw, lees k keâe vÙetvelece Oeve hetCee&keâerÙe ceeve nw:
(a) X ⊂ Y (b) Y ⊂ X (a) 4 (b) 3
(c) X = Y (d) X ∩Y = φ (c) 1 (d) 2
KVS TGT DEC 2017 KVS TGT DEC 2017
PGT 2005 Ans. (c) xn–1 is divisible by x – k
Ans. (a) X = {8n–7n–1/n∈N} x – k factor of function xn–1
Y = {49n – 49/n∈N} So, that x = k is satisfy
Let n = 1, 2, 3 ........................ xn–1 = 0
X = {0, 49, 490....................} kn =1
Y = {0, 49, 98 .....................} k only number one
then, X ⊂ Y k=1
765. Two finite sets have m and n elements/ The 769. The domain of the function f defined by f(x)
number of subsets of the first set is 112 more 1
than that of the second set. The values of m and = 4−x + is equal to–
2
n are, respectively– x +1
oes heefjefcele mecegÛÛeÙe ceW m leLee n DeJeÙeJe nQ~ henues 1
mecegÛÛeÙe kesâ GhemecegÛÛeÙeeW keâer mebKÙee otmejs mecegÛÛeÙe kesâ f (x) = 4 − x + Éeje heefjYeeef<ele heâueve keâe
2
x +1
GhemecegÛÛeÙeeW keâer mebKÙee mes 112 DeefOekeâ nw~ m leLee n
Øeevle nw–
kesâ ›eâceMe: ceeve nw–
(a) ( −∞, −1) ∪ (1, 4] (b) ( −∞, −1] ∪ (1, 4]
(a) 4,7 (b) 5,8 (c) 7,4 (d) 8,5
KVS TGT DEC 2017 (c) ( −∞, −1) ∪ [1, 4] (d) ( −∞, −1) ∪ [1, 4)
Ans. (c) From the condition KVS TGT DEC 2017
2m = 2n + 112 .................(i) 1
equation (i) of m, n value is option (c) satisfy Ans. (a) f(x) = 4 − x +
then m =7, n = 4 x2 + 1
766. If A and B are two sets and A denotes the the domain is (–∞, –1) ∪ (1, 4]
complement of A, the A ∩ (A ∪ B)′ is equal to– 770. For all n ∈ N, 3(52n + 1 ) + 23n +1 is divisible by–
A leLee B oes mecegÛÛeÙe nQ leLee A′ mecegÛÛeÙe A kesâ hetjkeâ
keâes Fbefiele keâjlee nw, lees A ∩ (A ∪ B)′ yejeyej nw– meYeer n ∈ N, kesâ efueS 3(52n + 1 ) + 23n +1 efpememes YeepÙe
(a) A (b) B nw, Jen nw–
(c) φ (d) A ∪ B (a) 19 (b) 17
KVS TGT DEC 2017 (c) 23 (d) 25
Ans. (c) Let U = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 } KVS TGT DEC 2017
A = { 1, 2, 3}, B = {3,5} Ans. (b) n ∈ N, 3(52 n +1 ) + 23n +1
then, A∪B = { 1, 2, 3, 5 }
n = (1,2,3.........................9)
(A∪B)′ ={6}
So, that A∩(A∪B)′ = φ n = 1 ⇒ 3 × 125 + 16 = 391 is divisible
by 17
767. Let f(x) = 1 + x 2 then
771. Heâueve f (x) = 1 − 1 − 1 − x 2 keâe #es$e keäÙee nesiee:
ceevee f(x) = 1 + x 2 nw, lees–
(a) f(xy) = f(x).f(y) (b) f(xy) = f(x)+f(y) (a) {x / x < 1} (b) {x / x > −1}
(c) f(xy) ≥ f(x).f(y) (d) f(xy) ≤ f(x).f(y) (c) [ 0,1] (d) [ −1,1]
KVS TGT DEC 2017
TGT 2013
Ans. (d) f (x) = 1 + x 2
Ans : (d) Heâueve f (x) = 1 − 1 − 1 − x 2
2
f (y) = 1 + y
#es$e kesâ efueS 1 − x 2 ≥ 0
f (xy) = 1 + x 2 y2 1 ≥ x2
f (x).f (y) = ( 1 + x2 )( 1 + y2 ) ⇒
⇒
x2 ≤ 1 ⇒ x2 −1 ≤ 0 ⇒
x ≤ 1 Deewj x ≥ −1
(x − 1) (x + 1) ≤ 0
then f (xy) ≤ f (x).f (y) ∴ −1 ≤ x ≤ 1 ⇒ x ∈ [ −1,1]
ALGEBRA 145 YCT

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 1 + x2  x−3
772. heâueve f ( x ) = cos ( sinx ) + sin-1   Ùeefo f ( x ) = nw, lees f f {f ( x )}
x+1
 2x  (a) –x (b) x
heefjYeeef<ele nw, Ùeefo (c) –4x (d) 4x
(a) x ∈ {−1,1} (b) x ∈ [ −1,1] UP PCS (Pre) 1998
x −3
(c) x ∈ R (d) x ∈ [ −1,1] Ans. (b) If f ( x ) = then f f {f ( x )}
x +1
TGT 2011
 x −3 
−1  1 + x 
2
  x − 3     x +1 − 3  x − 3 − 3x − 3 
Ans : (c) heâueve f ( x ) = cos ( sin x ) + sin   = f  
f  = f  x −3  = f  
 2x  +  x − 3 + x +1 
    x 1   +1 
 x +1 
For d1 :– ∵ cos ( sin x ) ⇒ cos ( sin x ) ≥ 0 ⇒ x ∈ R
 x −3
∴ d1 = R −2   − 6 −2x + 6 − 6x − 6
 −2x − 6   x +1 
 1+ x  2
1+ x 2 = f  2x − 2  = =
For d2 :– sin −1   ⇒ −1 ≤ ≤1    x −3 2x − 6 − 2x − 2
 2x  2x 2 −2
   x +1 
⇒ −2x ≤ 1 + x ≤ 2x 2 − 8x
= =x
If 1 + x 2 ≤ 2x ⇒ 1 + x 2 − 2x ≤ 0 −8
775. If f : R → R is defined by f (x) = x2 + 1 then f–1
⇒ ( x − 1) ≤ 0 ⇒ x ∈ R
2
({10, 37}) equals:/ Ùeefo f : R → R heefjYeeef<ele nw
If −2x ≤ 1 + x 2 ⇒ 1 + x 2 + 2x ≥ 0 f (x) = x2 + 1 Éeje, leye f–1 ({10, 37}) leguÙe nw:
⇒ ( x + 1) ≥ 0 ⇒∈ R
2 (a) {3, –3, 6, – 6} (b) {3, 6}
 3 
⇒ d2 = R (c)  − , −6  (d) {0}
 4 
Dele: heâueve f(x) keâe #es$e (mornoxn) UP PCS (Pre) 1998
= d1∩d2 = R Ans. (a) If f : R →R is defined by
Dele: x ∈ R f (x) = x2 + 1 f–1 (10, 37) = ?
2
y=x +1
773. The domain of definition of the function
x = y −1 when y = 10
x
f ( x ) = sin −1 log 2 is: x = ±3 when y = 37
3
x = ±6
x
heâueve f ( x ) = sin −1 log 2 keâe heefjYee<ee-Øeeble nw: f–1 (10, 37) = {3, –3, 6 –6}
3 776. Which of the following statements is false:
(a) (6, 12) (b) (3, 12) efvecve ØekeâLeveeW cebs mes keâewve-mee DemelÙe nw:
3  3  (a) In the set of odd integers 'addition' is not a
(c)  , 6  (d)  , 6 
 2   2  binary operation/efJe<ece hetCeeËkeâeW kesâ mecegÛÛeÙe cebs
UP PCS (Pre) 1998 ‘Ùeesie’ Skeâ efÉDeeOeejer mebef›eâÙee veneR nw
x (b) In the set of intergers 'division' is not a binary
Ans. (d) f ( x ) = sin −1 log 2 operation/hetCeeËkeâeW kesâ mecegÛÛeÙe cebs ‘efJeYeepeve’ Skeâ
3
efÉDeeOeejer mebef›eâÙee veneR nw
we know that the Domain of sin–1 x is [–1 to +1]
(c) In the set of integers, the operation 'o' defined
x
∴ −1 ≤ log 2 ≤ 1 1
3 by aob = ab is a binary operation
4
x
2−1 ≤ ≤ 21 1
3 hetCeeËkeâeW kesâ mecegÛÛeÙe cebs aob = ab Éeje heefjYeeef<ele
4
1 x mebef›eâÙee 'o' Skeâ efÉDeeOeejer mebef›eâÙee nw~
≤ ≤2
2 3 (d) In the set of non-zero rational numbers
3 'division' is a binary operation
≤x≤6
2 MetvÙeslej heefjcesÙe mebKÙeeDeW kesâ mecegÛÛeÙe cebs ‘efJeYeepeve’ Skeâ
3  efÉDeeOeejer mebef›eâÙee nw
the domain are =  ,6  UP PCS (Pre) 1998
2 
Ans. (c) In the set of integers, the operation 'o' defined
x−3
774. If f ( x ) = , then f f {f ( x )}  is: 1
by aob = ab is not a binary operation
x+1 4
ALGEBRA 146 YCT
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777. Which of the following sets forms a group Ans. (d) Let
under multiplication:/ efvecve mecegÛÛeÙeeW cebs mes keâewve- R = {[x] : x ∈ R,[x]is greatest intege r not greater than x} ⊂ R
mee ‘iegCeve’ kesâ meehes#e Skeâ «eghe yeveelee nw: f:R→R
(a) the set Z+ of positive integers f(x) = [x]
Oeveelcekeâ hetCeeËkeâeW keâe mecegÛÛeÙe Z+  1  1  1
Since f  2  = 2 , f  2  = 2 , f  2  = 2
(b) the set Z* of non-zero integers  3  4  5
MetvÙeslej hetCeeËkeâeW keâe mecegÛÛeÙe Z* Hence f is manyone since f ( R ) = R ⊂ R
(c) the set Z– of negative intergers
∴ f is not into
$e+Ceelcekeâ hetCeeËkeâeW keâe mecegÛÛeÙe Z– ∴ f is neihter one-one, nor onto.
(d) the set R+ of positive real numbersOeveelcekeâ
780. A set X has more than one element and for x, y
JeemleefJekeâ mebKÙeeDeeW keâe mecegÛÛeÙe R+ in X, x o y = y. Then :
UP PCS (Pre) 1998 meceg ÛÛeÙe X cebs Skeâ mes DeefOekeâ DeJeÙeJe nQ Deewj X kesâ
Ans. (d) The set R+ of positive real numbers. DeJeÙeJeeW x, y kesâ efueÙes x o y = y nw, lees:
778. If Z denotes the set of integers and A, B, C are (a) o is not a binary operation in X
its subsets given by: X cebs o efÉ-DeeOeejer mebef›eâÙee veneR nw
Ùeefo Z hetCeeËkeâeW kesâ mecegÛÛeÙe keâes efve™heefle keâjlee nw (b) o is a binary operation on G but it is not
leLee Fmekesâ Ghe mecegÛÛeÙe A, B, C efvecve Øekeâej mes efoÙes associative/X cebs o Skeâ efÉ-DeeOeejer mebef›eâÙee nw hej
ieÙes nQ: Ùen meenÛeÙe& efveÙece keâe heeueve veneR keâjleer nw
(c) o is an associative binary operation but (X, o)
A = {x ∈ Z : x is divisible by 2} has no identity element/X cebs o Skeâ efÉ-DeeOeejer
A = {x ∈ Z : x efJeYeepÙe nw 2 mes} meenÛeÙe& mebef›eâÙee nw hejvleg (X, o) cebs lelmecekeâ DeJeÙeJe
B = {x ∈ Z : x is divisible by 4} veneR nw
B = {x ∈ Z : x efJeYeepÙe nw 4 mes } (d) (X, o) is a group/(X, o) Skeâ mecetn nw
C = {x ∈ Z : x is divisible by 6} UP PCS (Pre) 1998
C = {x ∈ Z : x efJeYeepÙe nw 6 mes } Ans. (c) o is Binary as x, y ∈X
then the set A ∩ B ∩ C is: xoy ⇒ y∈X
o is associative as
lees mecegÛÛeÙe A ∩ B ∩ C nw: x, y, z ∈ X ⇒ (x o y) oz = yoz = z .......(i)
(a) {x ∈ Z : x is divisible by 4} and x o (y o z) = z ...........(ii)
(b) {x ∈ Z : x is divisible by 12} from eqn (i) and (ii)
(c) {x ∈ Z : x is divisible by 24} (xoy) oz = xo (yoz)
X has no identity, for if 1 is identiy then
(d) the empty set/efjòeâ mecegÛÛeÙe
1 o x = x ≠ xo 1 = 1
UP PCS (Pre) 1998/ PGT 2000
781. Consider the statements :
Ans. (b) The L.C.M. of, 2, 4, 6 = 12 the {x ∈ z : x is efvecveefueefKele keâLeveeW hej efJeÛeej keâerefpeS :
divisible by 12}
(A) The product of two rational numbers is
779. If R is the set of real numbers and f is the always rational number
relation {(x, [x]) x∈R}, where [x] denotes the oes heefjcesÙe mebKÙeeDeeW keâe iegCeveheâue meJe&oe Skeâ
greatest integer not greater than x, then: heefjcesÙe mebKÙee nw
Ùeefo R JeemleefJekeâ mebKÙeeDeeW keâe mecegÛÛeÙe nw Deewj f (B) The product of two irrational numbers is
mecyevOe {(x, [x]) x∈R} nw peneB [x] JÙeòeâ keâjlee nw Gme always an irrational number then
cenòece hetCeeËkeâ keâes pees x mes yeÌ[e veneR nw, lees: oes DeheefjcesÙe mebKÙeeDeeW keâe iegCeveheâue meJe&oe Skeâ
DeheefjcesÙe mebKÙee nw
(a) f is not a function on R/R hej f heâueve veneR nw
(a) Both A and B are correct
(b) f is a function from R to R which is one-one A leLee B oesveeW melÙe nw
but not onto/R mes R hej f Skeâ heâueve nw pees Skewâkeâer (b) A is incorrect and B is correct
nw hejvleg DeeÛÚeokeâ veneR nw A DemelÙe nw leLee B melÙe nw
(c) f is a function from R to R which is onto but (c) A is correct and B is incorrect
not one-one/R mes R hej f Skeâ heâueve nw pees A melÙe nw leLee B DemelÙe nw
DeeÛÚeokeâ nw hejvleg Skewâkeâer veneR nw (d) Both A and B are incorrect
(d) f is a function from R to R which is neither A leLee B oesveeW DemelÙe nw
one-one, nor onto/R mes R hej f Skeâ heâueve nw pees UP PCS (Pre) 1995
Ans. (c) (i) 2 × 3 = 6 heefjcesÙe
ve lees Skewâkeâer nw Deewj ve DeeÛÚeokeâ nw
UP PCS (Pre) 1998 (ii) ( 3 − 1)( 3 + 1) = 2 heefjcesÙe
ALGEBRA 147 YCT

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782. The set of natural numbers is not closed for the Ans. (c) x [x]
following operation: 0 0≤[x] <1
Øeeke=âeflekeâ mebKÙeeDeeW keâe mecegÛÛeÙe efvecve mebef›eâÙee kesâ 1 1≤ [x] <2
efueS mebJe=òe veneR nw: 2 2≤ [x] < 3
(a) addition/Ùeesie (b) multiplication/iegCeve oer ieF& mebKÙee keâe Skeâ hetCeeËkeâ ceeve nesvee ÛeeefnS~
(c) subtraction/Ieševee (d) squaring/Jeie& 786. If a < 0 and b ≥ 0 then :
(GIC) ØeJeòeâe hejer#ee, 2015 Ùeefo a < 0 leLee b ≥ 0 lees:
Ans. (c) The set of natural number is not closed w.r.t. (a) ab > 0 (b) ab ≤ 0
the subtraction operation. (c) ab ≥ 0 (d) FveceW mes keâesF& veneR
For If a, b, ∈ N then a–b not necessarily belongs to N. UP PCS (Pre) 1994
783. Let f , g : IR → IR be given by f (x) = 2x − 3 and Ans. (b) If a < 0 and b ≥ 0
g(x) = x2 + 5 then g(f (2)) is equal to– keäÙeeWefkeâ a (–ve) leLee b(+ve) Ùee MetvÙe kesâ yejeyej
heâueve f , g : IR → IR keâe ceeve ›eâceMe: f (x) = 2x − 3 then ab ≤ 0
2
leLee g(x) = x + 5 nw, lees g(f (2)) keâe ceeve nw: 787. If f(x) = tan x then the value of f (x) + f (–x) is
equal to–
(a) 6 (b) 9 Ùeefo f(x) = tan x lees f (x) + f (–x) keâe ceeve nw
(c) 25 (d) 36
(a) 2 tan x (b) –2 tan x
UP PCS (Pre) 1994
(c) ∞ (d) 0
Ans. (a) f (x) = 2x - 3
2
g (x) = x + 5 UP PCS (Pre) 1995
f (2) = 2 × 2 – 3 = 1 Ans. (d) f (x) = tan x
g{f(x)} = x2 + 5 f (x) + f ( − x) = tan x − tan x = 0
g{f (2) } = 12 + 5 = 6
788. For real numbers x and y, we have–
1 sin −1 x 1 JeemleefJekeâ mebKÙeeDeeW x leLee y kesâ efueÙes–
784. The function f (x) = + 2 + is
x x−2 (a) x < y ⇔ x < y
defined for :
1 −1 1 (b) x < y ⇔ x, x < y, y
heâueve f (x) = + 2sin x + heefjYeeef<ele nw :
x x−2 (c) x < y ⇔ x 2 < y 2
(a) –1≤ x ≤ 1 (b) 2 < x (d) x < y ⇔ x, y < y, x
(c) x = 0
(d) none of these/FveceW mes keâesF& veneR UP PCS (Pre) 1995
UP PCS (Pre) 1994 Ans. (c) real number x and y
−
then the
1 1 1
Ans. (d) f (x) = + 2sin x + x < y ⇔ x 2 < y2
x x−2
1 sin −1 x 1 1 1
Let. P(x) = , Q(x) = 2 , R(x) = 789. The intersection n ∈ N − , is–
x x−2 n n
Domain P(x) = R − {0} meJe&efve‰ n ∈ N − ,
1 1
–
1  n n
Domain Q(x) =  , 2  (a) φ (b) (–1,1)
2 
(c) [–1,1] (d) {0}
Domain R(x) = x − 2 > 0 ⇒ x > 2 ⇒ ( 2, ∞ )
UP PCS (Pre) 1995
Domain of f (x) = 1 1
Ans. (a) The intersection n ∈ N − , is φ
Dom ( P(x) ) ∩ Dom ( Q(x) ) ∩ Dom ( R(x)) = φ n n
785. For x in IR, let [x] denote the greatest integer x2
which is ultmost equal to x, then: 790. If f (x) = then f (sin θ) is equal to–
ceeve ueerefpeS efkeâ [x] meyemes yeÌ[e Ssmee hetCeeËkeâ nw efkeâ [x] 1 − x2
≤ x x, IR ceW nw, leye– x2
Ùeefo f (x) = lees f (sin θ) keâe ceeve nw–
(a) [x] < x ≤ [x] + 1 (b) [x] ≤ x ≤ [x] + 1 1 − x2
(c) [x] ≤ x < [x] +1 (d) [x] < x < [x] + 1 (a) cosec2θ (b) sec2θ
is completely true/hetCe& ™he mes mener nw (c) cot2θ (d) tan2θ
UP PCS (Pre) 1994 UP PCS (Pre) 1995
ALGEBRA 148 YCT
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794. Let x, y be any two elements of a group (G, o).
x2
Ans. (d) f (x) = lees Then (x o y)–1 equals:/ ceeve ueW efkeâ x, y efkeâmeer mecetn
2
1− x kesâ keâesF& DeJeÙeJe nQ~ leye (x o y)–1 yejeyej nw:
2 2
sin θ sin θ (a) x–1 o y–1 (b) x–1 o y
f (sin θ) = = = tan 2 θ (c) x o y (d) y–1 o x–1
1 − sin 2 θ cos 2 θ
UP PCS (Pre) 1999
f (sin θ) = tan 2 θ Ans. (d) peye x, y efkeâmeer mecetn kesâ DeJeÙeJe neW leye
791. If p is a prime number then 1+ | p − 1 divisible (xoy)–1=y –1 o x –1
795. Let be a group and a be an element of order 12
by p" This theorem is known as: in G. Then the order of a8 is:
‘Ùeefo p Skeâ DeYeepÙe mebKÙee nw lees 1+ | p − 1 , p kesâ ceeve uesW efkeâ G keâesF& mecetn nw Deewj a, G keâe 12 keâesefš
Éeje YeepÙe nw’ Fme ØecesÙe keâe veece nw: keâe keâesF& DeJeÙeJe nw~ leye a8 keâer keâesefš nw:
(a) Fermat's theorem/heâcee& keâe ØecesÙe (a) 3 (b) 4
(b) Wilsion's theorem/efJeumeve ØecesÙe (c) 12 (d) 24
UP PCS (Pre) 1999
(c) Euler's theorem/Dee@Ùeuej keâe ØecesÙe
Ans. (a) G a group a be an element of order 12
(d) Division Algorithm/ØeYeeie SueieesefjLce o(a) = 12 ⇒ a12 = e
o ( a8 ) = a8 × a8 × a8
UP PCS (Pre) 1995
Ans. (b) efJeumeve keâe ØecesÙe~
792. A function f is defined for all real x > 0 by Then o ( a 8 ) = 3
f (x2) = x3 . Then the value of f ′(4), is : 24
Note- 12, 8 of L.C.M is 24 then o(a8) = =3
Ùeefo meYeer JeemleefJekeâ x > 0 kesâ efueÙes heâueve f, 8
f (x2) = x3 (x2) = x3Éeje heefjYeeef<ele nes, leye f ′(4) 796. If G is the multiplicative group of non–zero
keâe ceeve nw: residue classes modulo 7, then the order of the
element residue class [4] of G is:
(a) 3 (b) 2 2 Ùeefo G, 7 kesâ meehes#e DeMetvÙe DeJeMes<e JeieeX keâe
(c) 6 (d) 8 iegCeveelcekeâ mecetn nes, lees G kesâ DeJeÙeJe DeJeMes<e Jeie&
UP PCS (Pre) 1996
[4] keâe keâesefš nesiee:
Ans. (a) The function
(a) 2 (b) 3
f (x 2 ) = x 3 (c) 4 (d) 6
2 2 UP PCS (Pre) 1999
f ′ (x ), 2x = 3x
Ans. (b) G is a Group a respect to mltiplicative
f ′ (22 ) = x
3
2
( 7* ) = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
1
2 3 Then,  4  = 4 then, o(4) = 3
f ′ (2 ) = .2 = 3
2 2
 4  = 2
f ′ (4) = 3
3
 4  = 1
793. Let f, g : ΓR → ΓR be given by f(x) = 2x – 3,
and g(x) = x2 + 5, then g (f(2)) is equal to: Note- this group is identity element is one.
heâueve f, g : ΓR → ΓR keâe ceeve ›eâceMe:f(x) = 2x – 3 797. The total number of subgroups of the group is:
mecetn Z11 kesâ GhemecetneW keâer kegâue mebKÙee nQ:
leLee g(x) = x2 + 5 nw, leye g(f(2)) keâe ceeve nw–
(a) 2 (b) 211–11
(a) 9 (b) 6 (c) 3 (d) 7
(c) 25 (d) FveceW mes keâesF& veneR UP PCS (Pre) 1999
UP PCS (Pre) 1996 Ans. (a) Set of the z z11 is a group
Ans : (b) heâueve f, g : ΓR → ΓR then the subgroup of z11 number of the co-prime. {1,11}
f(x) = 2x – 3, g(x) = x2 + 5 So that subgroup of number = 2
g(f(x)) = g(x –3) 798. Let X and Y be two sets such that X and Y have
= (2x - 3)2+5 n elements in common. The number of
= 4x2 + 9 – 12x + 5 elements common X×Y and Y×X is:
g(f(x)) = 4x2 – 12x + 14 ceeve ueW efkeâ X Deewj Y oes Ssmes mecegÛÛeÙe nQ efkeâ X SJeb
g(f(2)) = 4×4 – 12×2 + 14 Y ceW n DeJeÙeJe GYeÙeefve‰ nQ~ X×Y Deewj Y×X ceW
= 16 – 24 + 14 = 6 GYeÙeefve‰ DeJeÙeJeeW keâer mebKÙee nw:
ALGEBRA 149 YCT
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(a) n (b) n2 803. A relation in the set of natural numbers N is
(c) 2n (d) n3 defined as follows : a < b if a + x = b has a
UP PCS (Pre) 1999 solution in N. Then the relation < is:
Ans. (b) ceevee X = {1, 2}, Y={1, 2, 3} n = 2 Øeeke=âeflekeâ mebKÙeeDeeW kesâ mecegÛÛeÙe N cebs Skeâ mecyevOe
X×Y= {(1, 1)(1, 2)(1, 3)(2, 1)(2, 2)(2, 3)} efvecve Øekeâej mes heefjYeeef<ele nw: a < b Ùeefo a + x = b
Y× X = {(1, 1)(1, 2)(2, 1)(2, 2)(3, 1)(3, 2)} keâe Skeâ nue N cebs nw, lees mecyevOe < nw:
GYeÙeefve‰ DeJeÙeJe = {(1, 1)(1, 2)(2, 1)(2, 2) (a)reflexive/hejeJeleea
Dele: GYeÙeefve‰ DeJeÙeJe keâer mebKÙee = n2 (b)symmetric/meceefcele
799. The relation {(a, a), (a, b)} on the set {a, b, c} is: (c)transitive/meb›eâecekeâ
mecegÛÛeÙe {a, b, c} hej mecyevOe {(a, a), (a, b)} nw: (d)an equivalence relation/Skeâ leguÙelee mecyevOe
(a) reflexive and transitive/mJeleguÙe SJeb meb›eâecekeâ UP PCS (Pre) 2000
(b) reflexive and symmetric/mJeleguÙe SJeb meceefcele Ans. (c) a < b if a + x = b → N (not reflexive)
(c) transitive/meb›eâecekeâ symmetric 1+x=2
(d) reflexive/mJeleguÙe x=1
UP PCS (Pre) 1999 2+x=1
Ans. (c) The set S = {a, b, c} x = –1
⇒ Reflexive a R a ∨ a ∈ S Not symmetric
transtive (1, 2) (2, 3) ⇒ 1R3
then R = {( a,a ) , ( b, b ) , ( c,c )}
x = 1 ←N
⇒ Symmetric a R b ⇒ b R a ,a, b,∈ S 2+x=3
then R = {( a,a ) , ( b,a ) , ( a, b )} x = 1 ←N
1+x=3
⇒ trunsitive a R b , b R c ⇒ a R c ,a,c,∈ S x = 2 ←N
then R = {( a,a ) , ( a,a )} It is only transtive
804. The relation x ≤ y on the set Z of integrers is:
But relation R = {( a,a ) , ( a, b )} is transitive.
hetCeeËkeâeW kesâ mecegÛÛeÙe Z hej mecyevOe x ≤ y nw:
800. If < G , θ > be a group, then for a, b ∈ G, (a θ (a) reflexive and transitive but not symmetric
b)–1 is equal to:/ Ùeefo < G , θ > Skeâ mecetn nes lees a, Øeefle#esheer SJeb meb›eâecekeâ hejvleg meceefcele veneR
b, ∈ G kesâ efueS (a θ b)–1 yejeyej nw: (b) reflexive and symmetric but not transitive
(a) a–1 θ b (b) b–1 θ a Øeefle#esheer SJeb meceefcele hejvleg meb›eâecekeâ veneR
(c) a θ b
–1 –1
(d) b–1 θ a–1 (c) symmetric and transitive but not reflexive
UP PCS (Pre) 2000 meceefcele SJeb meb›eâecekeâ hejvleg Øeefle#esheer veneR
Ans. (d) peye < G , θ > Skeâ mecetn nw leLee a, b ∈ G (d) neither reflexive nor symmetric but transitive
lees (a θ b)–1 = b–1 θ a–1 ve lees Øeefle#esheer Deewj ve meceefcele hejvleg meb›eâecekeâ
801. The number of proper subsets of a set UP PCS (Pre) 2000
containing n elements is:/n DeJeÙeJe DebleefJe&° keâjves Ans. (a) x ≤ y
Jeeues Skeâ mecegÛÛeÙe kesâ GefÛele Ghe mecegÛÛeÙeeW keâer mebKÙee nw: Reflexive and transtive but not symmetric
(a) n (b) 2n
(c) 2 n–1
(d) 2n – 2 805. On the class of all sets define the relation '≤' by
UP PCS (Pre) 2000 A≤B if A∪B≤B. Then the relation '≤' is:
Ans. (d) n DeJeÙeJe Jeeues efkeâmeer mecegÛÛeÙe cebs GefÛele GhemegceÛÛeÙeeW meYeer mecegÛÛeÙeeW kesâ efvekeâeÙe hej mecyevOe '≤'A≤B Ùeefo
keâer mebKÙee = 2n – 2 A∪B≤B mes heefjYeeef<ele nw~ lees mecyevOe '≤' nw:
(a) reflexive and symmetric but not transitive.
802. If the complement of the set A be A', then mJeleguÙe SJeb meceefcele hejvleg meb›eâcekeâ veneR~
( A ∩ B ) ' is equal to:/ Ùeefo efkeâmeer mecegÛÛeÙe A keâe (b) symmetric and transitive but not reflexive
hetjkeâ mecegÛÛeÙe A' nes lees, ( A ∩ B ) ' yejeyej nw: meceefcele SJeb meb›eâcekeâ hejvleg mJeleguÙe veneR nw
(a) A ∪ B (b) A' ∪ B' (c) reflexive and transitive but not symmetric.
(c) A' ∩ B' (d) B'/A' mJeleguÙe SJeb meb›eâcekeâ hejvleg meceefcele veneR~
UP PCS (Pre) 2000 (d) an equivalence relation./leguÙekeâejer mecyevOe~
PGT 2003 UP PCS (Pre) 2001
Ans. (b) ef[ceesie&ve ØecesÙe mes- ( A ∩ B ) ' = A '∪ B ' Ans. (c) Reflexive and transitive but not symmetric
ALGEBRA 150 YCT
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806. The product of any two different irrational 809. Consider the following two statement for four
numbers is always: set A, B, C and D:
efkeâvneR oes efYeVe DeheefjcesÙe mebKÙeeDeeW keâe iegCeveheâue meowJe: I. A⊆B and C⊆D⇒A×C⊆B×D
(a) a rational number other than an integer. II. A×C⊆B×D ⇒A⊆B and C⊆D
Skeâ heefjcesÙe mebKÙee nw pees hetCeeËkeâ mes efYevve nw~ Ûeej mecegÛÛeÙeeW A, B, C leLee D kesâ efueÙes efvecveefueefKele
(b) a primer number./Skeâ DeYeepÙe mebKÙee nw~
oes ØekeâLeveeW hej efJeÛeej keâerefpeÙes:
(c) an irrational number/Skeâ DeheefjcesÙe mebKÙee
(d) none of these is true/FveceW mes keâesF& Yeer melÙe veneR nw I. A⊆B leLee C⊆D⇒A×C⊆B×D
UP PCS (Pre) 2001 II. A×C⊆B×D ⇒A⊆B leLee C⊆D
Ans. (c) ceevee oes efYeVe DeheefjcesÙe mebKÙeeSB 5, 2 nw~ (a) Both I and II are correct/ I leLee II oesveeW melÙe nQ
leye, 5 × 2 = 10 (b) I is correct but II is not correct
10 Skeâ DeheefjcesÙe mebKÙee nw~ I melÙe nw leLee II DemelÙe nw
(c) I is not correct but II is correct
807. If R1 = {(1, 1), (2, 2), (1, 2), (2, 1), (3, 3)}
and R2 = {(1, 1), (2, 2), (2, 3), (3, 2), (3, 3)} I DemelÙe nw leLee II melÙe nw
are two relations in the set S = (1, 2, 3), the (d) Both I and II are incorrect/I leLee II oesveeW DemelÙe nQ
incorrect statements is: UP PCS (Pre) 2002
Ùeefo mecegÛÛeÙe S = (1, 2, 3), ceW R1 = {(1, 1), (2, 2), Ans. (b) A⊆B leLee C⊆D⇒A×C⊆B×D melÙe nw
(1, 2), (2, 1), (3, 3)} leLee R2 = {(1, 1), (2, 2), (2, 3),
A×C⊆B×D ⇒A⊆B leLee C⊆D DemelÙe nw
(3, 2), (3, 3)} oes mecyevOe neW, lees DemelÙe ØekeâLeve nQ:
(a) R1 and R2 both are equivalent relations in S. 810. A finite set has:/Skeâ heefjefcele mecegÛÛeÙe jKelee nw:
R1leLee R2oesveeW S keâer leguÙelee mecyevOe nw~ (a) one limit/Skeâ meercee efyevog
(b) R1 ∩ R2 is an equivalent relation in (b) No limit point/keâesF& meercee efyevog veneR
R1 ∩ R2 S ceW leguÙelee mecyevOe nw~ (c) many limit points/yengle mes meercee efyevog
(c) R1∪ R2 is an equivalent relation in
(d) none of the above/Ghejesòeâ ceW mes keâesF& veneR
R1∪ R2 S ceW leguÙelee mecyevOe nw~
UP PCS (Pre) 2002
(d) R1−1 ∩ R 2−1 is an equivalent relations in S
Ans. (b) Skeâ heefjefcele mecegÛÛÙe keâesF& efyevog meercee veneR jKelee nw~
R1−1 ∩ R 2−1 S ceW leguÙelee mecyevOe nw
811. Define a relation R on the set of numbers as
UP PCS (Pre) 2002 xRy if y is a linear function of x, Then R is–
Ans. (c) S = {1, 2. 3} JeemleefJekeâ mebKÙeeDeeW kesâ mecegÛÛeÙe hej Skeâ mebyebOe Fme
R1 = {(1, 1) (2, 2) (1, 2) (2, 1) (3, 3)}
R2 = {(1, 1) (2, 2) (2, 3) (3, 2) (3, 3)} Øekeâej heeefjYeeef<ele keâerefpeS efkeâ xRy nw Ùeefo y, x keâe
R1∪R2= {(1, 1) (2, 2) (2, 3) (3, 2) (1, 2) (2, 1) (3, 3)} Skeâ jwefKekeâ heâueve nes~ lees R nw:
R1∪R2 ⇒ Reflexive (a) reflexive but not sysmmetric
R1∪R2 ⇒ Symmetric mJeleguÙe hejvleg meceefcele veneR
R1∪R2 ∉ ( 3,1) , then R1∪R2 ⇒ Not transitive (b) symmetric but not transitive
Hence, R1∪R2 is not equivalent relation. meceefcele hejvleg meb›eâecekeâ veneR
808. Total number of equivalence relations defined (c) reflexive and symmetric but not transitive
in the set S = {a, b, c} is:/ mecegÛÛeÙe S = {a, b, c} ceW mJeleguÙe leLee meceefcele hejvleg meb›eâecekeâ veneR
heefjYeeef<ele leguÙelee mecyevOeeW keâer kegâue mebKÙee nw: (d) an equivalence relation/Skeâ leguÙelee mebyebOe
(a) 5 (b) 3! UP PCS (Pre) 2003
(c) 23 (d) 33 Ans. (d) y, x keâe jwefKekeâ heâueve nw lees y=x
UP PCS (Pre) 2002
Ans. (a) By Pascal's triangle
meceefcele = xRy meceefcele Ùeefo yRx xRy
we 1 2 3 4 5 6 x = y meceefcele nw
1 1 >1 mJeleguÙe = mJeleguÙe nw Ùeefo (x, y) ∈ R xR x ∈ R
2 1 1 >2
3 1 3 1 >5 x = x, y = y Ùen mJeleguÙe nw
4 1 7 6 1 >15 meb›eâcekeâ = xRy, yRz xRz
5 1 15 25 10 1 > 52
x = y, y = z, lees x = z Dele: meb›eâcekeâ nw
6 1 31 90 65 1 > 203
ÙeneB n = 3 nQ Dele; leguÙelee mecyevOeer mebKÙee =5 nesieer~ Dele: Ùes mebyebOe leguÙelee mebyebOe nw~
ALGEBRA 151 YCT
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812. The relation R, defined by R = {(1,1), (1,3), Ans. (a) 1 + ab > 0
(3,1), (3,4)}, on the set A = {1,2,3,4} is– mJeleguÙe 1 + ab > 0 {aRb}
mecegÛÛeÙe A = {1,2,3,4} hej R = {(1,1), (1,3), (3,1), 1 + ab > 0 {a∀R}
(3,4)}, Éeje heeefjYeeef<ele mebyebOe R nw–
meceefcele (a, b) ∈ R ⇔ (b, a) ∈ R
(a) symmetric/meceefcele
1 + ab > 0 melÙe nw~
(b) transitive/meb›eâecekeâ meb›eâecekeâ (a, b) ∈ R, (b, c) ∈ R,ac ∈ R
(c) relexive/mJeleguÙe
1 + ab > 0,1 + bc > 0
(d) none of the above/GheÙeg&òeâ ceW mes keâesF& veneR uesefkeâve 1 + ac > 0 (DemelÙe)
UP PCS (Pre) 2003 Dele: Ùen mJeleguÙe meceefcele nw hejvleg meb›eâcekeâ veneR nw~
Ans. (d) A = {1,2,3,4} R = {(1,1), (1,3), (3,1), (3,4)},
816. If A = {1,2} and B = {a,b,c}, P(A)∩P(B) is–
(2,2) (3,3) (4,4) ∉ R Ùen mJeleguÙe vener nw~ Ùeefo A = {1,2} Deewj B = {a,b,c} nes lees P(A)∩P(B) nw
(3,4) ∈ R uesefkeâve (4,3) ∉ R Ùen meceefcele vener nw~ (a) a null set/Skeâ efjòeâ mecegÛÛeÙe
(1,3) (3,4) ∈ R uesefkeâve (1,4) ∉ R Ùen meb›eâcekeâ vener nw~ (b) a singletion/Skeâ Skeâue mecegÛÛeÙe
813. The number of reflexive relation on a set (c) a pair set/Skeâ Ùegice mecegÛÛeÙe
containing 4 elements is–/ 4 DeJeÙeJeeW kesâ Skeâ (d) none of the above/Ghejesòeâ ceW mes keâesF& veneR
mecegÛÛeÙe hej mJeleguÙe mebyebOeeW keâer mebKÙee nw : UP PCS (Pre) 2004
(a) 24 (b) 28 Ans. (a) A = {1, 2}, B = {a, b, c}
12
(c) 2 P(A) ∩ P(B) = ?
(d) none of the above/GheÙeg&òeâ cebs mes keâesF& veneR
P(A) = {{φ}{1}{2}{1, 2}}
UP PCS (Pre) 2003
Ans. (c) n element of any set P(B) = {{φ}{a}{b}{c}{a, b}{a,c}{b, c}{a, b, c}}
then, number of Reflexive relation 2n

2
−n P(A) ∩ P(B) = {{φ}} ⇒ Skeâue meccegÛÛeÙe
n=4 817. f:R→R, where R is the set of real numbers, is
2 =216 − 4 12 not mapping if it defined by–/ f:R→R, peneb R
814. If n(A ∩ B) = 4 and n(C ∩ D) = 3 then JeemleefJekeâ mebKÙeeDeeW keâe mecegÛÛeÙe nw, Skeâ ØeefleefÛe$eCe
veneR nesiee Ùeefo efvecveefueefKele Éeje heefjYeeef<ele nes–
n(A × C) ∩ (B × D) is equal to –
Ùeefo n(A ∩ B) = 4 leLee n(C ∩ D) = 3 nes, lees (a) f (x) = log x (b) f (x) = e x
n(A × C) ∩ (B × D) yejeyej nw– (c) f (x) = sin x (d) f (x) = x 2
(a) 12 (b) 43 UP PCS (Pre) 2004
(c) 3 4
Ans. (a) efJekeâuhe mes–
(d) none of the above/GheÙeg&òeâ ceW mes keâesF& veneR
UP PCS (Pre) 2003
Ans. (a) We know that,
n [ (A × C) ∩ (B × D) ] = n [ (A ∩ B) × (C ∩ D)]
4 3 12
815. Let a relation R be defined on the set of all real
numbers by aRb if and only if 1+ab>0. Then
the relation R is–/ ceevee R meYeer JeemleefJekeâ
mebKÙeeDeeW hej aRb Éeje heefjYeeef<ele Skeâ mebyebOe nw, Ùeefo
kesâJeue Ùeefo 1+ab>0 nw~ lees mebyebOe R nw–
(a) reflexive, symmetric but not transitive
mJeleguÙe, meceefcele, hejvleg meb›eâcekeâ veneR
(b) reflexive, transitive but not sysmmetric
mJeleguÙe, meb›eâecekeâ hejvleg meceefcele veneR
(c) symmetric, transitive but not reflexive
meceefcele,meb›eâecekeâ hejvleg mJeleguÙe veneR
(d) equivalence relation/leguÙelee mebyebOe
Dele: f (x) = log x hej ØeefleefÛe$eCe f : R → R kesâ efueS veneR nesiee~
UP PCS (Pre) 2004 & 2005
ALGEBRA 152 YCT
CLICK HERE -
818. In order to define an equivalence relation R on Ans : (c) Let A = {1,2}, B={2,3}, C={1,2,5}
a non-empty set A, which of the following is not then (B∪C) = {1,2,3,5}
required:
(a) reflexivity (b) symmetry A×(B∪C) = {(1,1), (1,2), (1,3), (1,5), (2,1), (2,2) ,(2,3),
(c) anti-symmetry (d) transitivity (2,5)
UP PCS (Pre) 2005 So that, A × B = {(1,2 ) , (1,3) , ( 2, 2 ) , ( 2,3)}
Ans. (c) The condition of equivaliancy the function is
always hold A × C = {(1,1) , (1, 2 ) , (1,5 ) , ( 2,1) , ( 2,2 ) , ( 2,5 )}
1- reflexive ( A × B ) ∪ ( A × C ) = {(1,1) , (1, 2 ) , (1,3) , (1,5 ) , ( 2,1) , ( 2, 2 ) , ( 2,3) , ( 2,5)}
2- symmetric
3- transitive Thus, A × ( B ∪ C ) = ( A × B ) ∪ ( A × C )
Anti symmetric is not requred. 824. The relation R is defined on the set A=
819. The number of non-empty subsets of the set {1,2,3,4,5} by R= {(x,y):|x2–y2|<16}, then
(1, 2, 3, 4) is: universal relation above.
(a) 14 (b) 15 (c) 16 (d) 17 (a) {(1,1)(2,1),(3,1),(4,1),(2,3)}
UP PCS (Pre) 2005
(b) {(2,2)(3,2),(4,2),(2,4)}
Ans. (b) No. of non-empty subsets = 2n–1 = 24–1= 16–
(c) {(3,3)(4,3),(5,4),(3,4)}
1= 15
(d) None of the above
820. If the sets A and B are such that A–B = A
UP PCS (Pre) 2006
then A∩B is
(a) universal set (b) null set Ans : (d) A= {1,2,3,4,5}
(c) A (d) B
UP PCS (Pre) 2005
{
R = ( x, y ) : x 2 − y 2 < 16 }
Ans. (d) A–B = A let A = {1,2,3} B= φ Universal relation is x≥ y
∴ A–B = {1,2,3}–φ = {1,2,3) = A Where x is domain
∴ B is null set. y is co-domain or image The relation is universal
821. If the sets, A, B and A∪B have 4, 7 and 9 {(1,1), (2,2), (3,3), (4,4), (5,5), (5,1), (5,2), (5,3), (5,4),
elements respectively, then the number of (4,2), (4,1), (4,3), (3,1), (3,2)}
elements in A∩B is: Option is not match
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) 1 825. The relation 'less than' in the set of natural
UP PCS (Pre) 2005 numbers is:
Ans. (a) Given n(A)= 4, n(B)= 7 n(A∪B)=9 (a) symmetric (b) transitive
∴ By the formula (c) reflexive (d) equivalence relation
n(A∪B) = n(A)+n(B)–n(A∩B) UP PCS (Pre) 2006
9= 4+7–n(A∩B) Ans : (b) Let x, y, z are three element
∴ n ( A ∩ B) = 2 (i) x R x ∀x ∈ R but x </ x
822. If S denotes the set of all rational numbers So, R is not feflexive
except 1 and '*' is defined on S as (ii) x R y & y R x , x, y ∈ R
a*b = a+b – ab
But x < y, y < x so, R is not symmetrix
then the solution of the equation 2*x*7=13
(a) 1 (b) 2 (iii) x R y , y R z & x R z , x, y, z ∈ R
(c) 3 (d) 7 but x < y, y < z then x < z
UP PCS (Pre) 2005 So, R is transitive
Ans. (c) The solution of the equation 2*x*7=13
(2+x–2x)*7=13 826. The relation {(1,1), (1,2)} on the set {1,2,3} is:
⇒ (2–x)*7=13 (a) transitive
⇒ 2–x+7–14+7x=13 (b) reflexive and transitive
⇒ 6x–5=13 (c) reflexive and symmetric
⇒ 6x=18 (d) reflexive
⇒ x =3 UP PCS (Pre) 2006
Ans : (a) Set A = {1,2,3}
823. If A, B, C are three sets then A×(B∪C) is equal R = {(1,1), (2,2), (3,3)} is S.R.T. Relation
1
to:
R2 = {(1,1), (2,2), (1,2),(2,1)} is Symmetric Relation
(a) (A∪B)×(A∪C) (b) (A∩B)×(A∩C)
R3= {(1,1), (1,2)}
(c) (A×B)∪(A×C) (d) (A×B)∩(A×C)
UP PCS (Pre) 2006 R3 is 1R1 and 1R2 ⇒ 1R2 so that transitive Relation.
ALGEBRA 153 YCT
CLICK HERE -
827. Which of the following is not an equivalence power set of set A = 22 = 4 {φ,{1},{−7},{1, −7}
relation on Z: power set of set B = 22 = 4 {φ,{2},{−7},{−2, −7}
(a) aRb if a+b is an even integer.
common element is intersection set A and B {–7}
(b) aRb if a–b is an even integer.
831. Number of equivalance relation defined in the
(c) aRb if a<b
sets S = {a, b, c, d) is
(d) aRb if a=b
(a) 42 (b) 42 – 1 (c) 4 (d) 5
UP PCS (Pre) 2006
UP PCS (Pre) 2007
Ans : (c) The any set Reflexive, symmetric and
transitive Relation is equivalence Relation. Ans : (b) mecegÛÛeÙe s = {a, b, c, d}
aRb is a+b is an even integer leguÙelee mecyevOe keâer mebKÙee = n2–1
So that aRb if a<b is not equivalence Relation. peneB n = mecegÛÛeÙe ceW DeJeÙeJeeW keâer mebKÙee
828. If W is the set of all straight lines in a plane Dele: leguÙelee mecyevOe = 42 – 1 = 15
and the relation R is defined by aRb if a is
832. Let an equivalence relation R defined in the set
perpendicular to be, a, b ∈ W, then. S = {1, 2, 3, 4} be given by R = {(1, 1), (1, 2), (2,
(a) R is reflexive (b) R is symmetric
1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (4, 4)}. Then the number of
(c) R is anti symmetric (d) R is transitive equivalence classes of S determined by R is:
UP PCS (Pre) 2006 (a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4
Ans : (b) aRb and bRa ∨ a, b∈ is st. line. UP PCS (Pre) 2008
a perpendicular to b. Ans. (c) R Skeâ leguÙelee mecyevOe nw lees
b perpendicular to a.
mecegÛÛeÙe S={1, 2, 3, 4}
R = {(1, 1), (1, 2), (2, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (4, 4)}
leguÙelee mecyevOe kesâ efueS mecyevOe keâes mJeleguÙe, meceefcele leLee meb›eâcekeâ
mecyevOe nesvee ÛeeefnS~
figure is a ⊥ b and b ⊥ a equivalence classes of S. , R determined is 3.
So that aRb is symmetric
833. The power set P(X) of a set X is a group under
829. Consider the following two statements for four the law of composition of:
non-empty sets A, B, C and D
(a) difference of sets '∼'
I. (A∩B) × (C∩D) = (A×D) ∩ (B×D)
(b) symmetric difference '∆'
II. (A ∪ B) × (C ∪D) = (A × C) ∪ (B × D)
(c) union '∪'
(a) both I and II are correct.
(b) I is correct, but II is not correct. (d) intersection '∩'
(c) II is correct, but I is not correct. UP PCS (Pre) 2008
(d) both I and II are incorrect. Ans. (d) Any set of element of n
UP PCS (Pre) 2007 Subset or power set of element = 2n
Ans : (b) (I) (A∩B) × (C∩D) = (A×D) ∩ (B×D) Set of x is a group.
(II) (A ∪ B) × (C ∪D) = (A × C) ∪ (B × D) The law of composition of power
Mele& efÉleerÙe ef[ ceesie&ve ØecesÙe keâe heeueve keâjlee nw~ Or A, B, C, D Set p(x) is intersection '∩'
keâesF& efYevve-2 DeJeÙeJeeW kesâ mecegÛÛeÙe nw 834. Which one in the following relation in the set of
real numbers is an equivalence relation?
lees (A ∪ B) × (C ∪D) = (A × C) ∪ (B × D) melÙe nw~
(a) a R b if a = b (b) a R b if a ≥ b
hejvleg Mele& (i) ceW
(A∩B) × (C∩D) = (A×D) ∩ (B×D) nesiee~ (c) a R b if a − b ≥ 0 (d) a R b if a − b ≤ 0
UP PCS (Pre) 2008
830. If A = {x : x + 6x – 7 =0 x ∈ IR} and B = {x : x
2 2
+ 9x + 14 = 0 x ∈ IR}, then the number of Ans. (a) R Skeâ JeemleefJekeâ mebKÙeeDeeW keâe mecegÛÛeÙe nw~
elements in the intersection set of power set of (i) aRa ∀ a ∈R. mJeleguÙe mecyevOe
A and power set of B is
(a) 2 (b) 1 (ii) aRb⇒bRa ∀ a, b ∈R. meceefcele mecyevOe
(c) 0 (d) none of these (iii) aRb, bRc⇒ aRc a, b,c ∈R.meb›eâecekeâ mecyevOe
UP PCS (Pre) 2007 hejvleg aRb Ùeefo a = b lees mecyevOe leguÙelee mecyevOe nw~
Ans : (b) A = {x : x2 + 6x – 7 =0 x ∈ IR}
835. If f(x+1)+f(x–1) = 2 f(x) and f(0) = 0, then for
x2 + 6x – 7 = 0
n∈ ΙN the value of (n) is
(x – 1) (x + 7) = 0, x ∈ {1, –7}
(a) n f(1) (b) (f(1))2
B = {x : x2 + 9x + 14 = 0 x ∈ IR}
x2 + 9x + 14 = 0 n
(c) n (d) f (1)
(x + 2) (x + 7) = 0, x ∈ {–2, –7} 2
element of set A and B is two element UP PCS (Pre) 2009
ALGEBRA 154 YCT
CLICK HERE -
Ans. (a) f (0)= 0 Ans. (a) f(x) = x–1
Now f(x1) = f(x2) ⇒ x1–1= x2–1
x=1, f(2)+f(0)= 2f(1) ⇒ f(2) = 2f(1)
x=2, f(3)+f(1)= 2 f(2) ⇒ f(3) = 3f(1) x1 = x2 (one-one)
So f(n) = nf(1) Now y= x–1 ⇒ x=y+1
836. The relation defined by "is perpendicular to" f(y+1) = y+1–1 = y (onto)
in the set of straight lines in a plane, is 1
(a) reflexive 842. If f (x) =
(b) transitive g(x) = f[f (x)] and h(x)=f[g(x)],
1 − x'
(c) symmetric (d) None of the above
then f(x). g(x). h(x) is equal to
UP PCS (Pre) 2009
(a) -1 (b) 0
(c) 1
Ans. (c) The relation defined by "is perpendicular to" in (d) 2
the set of straight lines in a plane is symmetric. UP PCS (Pre) 2009
837. A relation R on a set A is symmetric, if and 1 1 1
only if Ans. (a) f(x). g(x). h(x) = . .
1 − x 1 − f (x) 1 − g(x)
(a) R–1⊂R (b) R⊂ R–1
1 1 1
=
–1
(c) R= R (d) None of the above
. .
1− x 1−
UP PCS (Pre) 2009 1
1−
1
Ans. (c) A relation R on a set A is symmetric iff R=R–1 1− x 1 − f (x)
Note:–efkeâmeer mecegÛÛeÙe A hej keâesF& mecyevOe R meceefcele neslee nw Ùeefo
1 1 1 1 1x
=− . =− =− = −1
Deewj kesâJeue Ùeefo R=R–1 x 1− 1 x 1− 1− x x1
838. The number of symmetric relations on A set 1−
1 −x
with 5 elements is 1− x
(a) 25 (b) 210
843. For three sets A, B and C the correct statement is
15
(c) 2 (d) 225
(a) A∪B=A∪C⇒B=C
(b) A∩B=A∩C⇒B=C
UP PCS (Pre) 2009
Ans. (c) We knwo that, :– If n(A) = n (c) A∪B=A∪C and A∩B=A∩C ⇒B=C
n2 +n (d) A–B=A–C⇒B=C
Then, No. of symmetric relation = 2 2 UP PCS (Pre) 2009
n(A)=5 Ans. (c) A∪B=A∪C and A∩B=A∩C ⇒B=C
∴ number of symmetric relation 844. If R is a symmetric relation in a set, then the
n2 +n 25+5 30 incorrect statement is
= 2 2 = 2 2 = 2 2 = 215 (a) R∪R–1=R (b) R∩R–1=R–1
839. If X and Y be two non-empty sets then (c) RοR is symmetric (d) RοR–1=R
–1
X∩(Y∪X)' equals UP PCS (Pre) 2009

(a) X (b) Y Ans. (d) RoR −1 = R
(c) φ (d) (X∩Y)'
845. Let R = {(1, 2), (2, 3)} be a relation in a set S =
UP PCS (Pre) 2009
{1, 2, 3}. Then how many number of elements
Ans. (c) let ∪ = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10} of S×S are added to R make the enlarged
x = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} y = {3, 4, 5, 6} relation an equivalence relation in the set S?
y∪x = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
(y∪x)' = {7, 8, 9, 10} (a) 9 (b) 7
x ∩(y∪x)' = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}∩ {7, 8, 9, 10} (c) 4 (d) 3
=φ UP PCS (Pre) 2009
840. If A={(x,y):y = e', x∈R}and B={(x,y):y = x, Ans. (b) {(1,1), (2,2), (3,3), (2,1), (3,2), (3,1), (1,3)}
x∈R}, then 846. The number of reflexive relations on a set
(a) A⊂B (b) B⊂C containing 4 elements is
(c) A∩B=φ (d) A∪B=A (a) 24 (b) 28
12
UP PCS (Pre) 2009 (c) 2 (d) none of the above
Ans. (c) A and B are disjoint. UP PCS (Pre) 2009
−n
= 216−4 = 212
2
⇒ A∩B=φ Ans. (c) 2 n
(A & B have no common number) 2
847. If z − = 6, then the greatest value of z is
841. Let be the set of integers. Then the function f: z
ℤ → ℤ × ℤ defined by f(x)= (x-1, 1) ∀x ∈ ℤ is
(a) 36 (b) 11
(a) one-one onto (b) one-one into
(c) many one onto (d) many one onto (c) 3 − 11 (d) 3 + 11
ALGEBRA 155 YCT
CLICK HERE -
Ans. (d) z 2 − 2 = 6 z Ans. (a) Given that
y = 4 sin2θ–cos2θ
2
z −6 z −2 = 0 = 4 sin2θ–(1–2sin2θ)
y = 6sin2θ–1 ( ∵ −1 ≤ sin θ ≤ 1 )
6 ± 36 + 8
z = = 3 ± 11 ie 3 + 11 maximum ⇒ 0 ≤ sin θ ≤ 1
2
2
848. The relation S in the set R of real numbers ⇒ 0 × 6 ≤ 6sin 2 θ ≤ 1× 6
defined by S = {(a, b):a, b∈R and a≤b is 3
⇒ 0 ≤ 6sin 2 θ ≤ 6
JeemleefJekeâ mebKÙeeDeeW kesâ mecegÛÛeÙe R hej mecyevOe S, pees
⇒ 0 − 1 ≤ 6sin 2 θ − 1 ≤ 6 − 1
S = {(a, b):a, b∈R leLee a≤b3 is mes heefjYeeef<ele nw, nw
(a) reflexive/mJeleguÙe (b) symmetric/meceefcele ⇒ −1 ≤ 6sin 2 θ − 1 ≤ 5
(c) transitive/meb›eâecekeâ ⇒ −1 ≤ y ≤ 5 ⇒ y ∈ [ −1,5].
(d) None of the above/GheÙeg&òeâ ceW mes keâesF& veneR 852. If f (x) = x − 3 and g(x) = f (f (x)) for x > 10,
then g ′ (x)is − /Ùeefo x > 10 kesâ efueS f (x) = x − 3
Ans. (d) The relation R on ℝ is defined by
Deewj g(x) = f (f (x)) lees g ′ (x) nw
R = {( a, b ) : a ≤ b3 }
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 3 (d) –1
Particular Case (GIC) ØeJeòeâe hejer #ee, 2015
(i) we observe that (–2) ∈ ℝ is such that (–2) ≤(–2)3
Which is not true. So R is not reflexive. Ans. (b) Let f(x) = |x–3|
(ii) Since 1 ≤ ( 3 ) but 3 ≤/ 1
1/ 3 3 1/ 3 then g(x) = f {f ( x )}
( ) ( )
i.e., 1,31/ 3 ∈ ℝ but 31/ 3 ,1 ∈ ℝ So R is not symmetric = x −3 −3
(iii) ( 4,2 ) ∈ ℝ and ( 2,21/ 3 ) ∈ ℝ but ( 4,2 ) ∈ ℝ So R is

1/ 3 For x> 10
g(x) = +{(x–3)–3}
not transitive
⇒ g '( x ) = 1
849. Let a set A contains n elements and f:A→B be a
bijective map, then B contains 853. JeemleefJekeâ ceeve Heâueve (Real- valued function)
ceeve ueerefpeÙes mecegÛÛeÙe A ceW DeJeÙeJe nQ Deewj f:A→B
Skeâ Skewâkeâer SJeb DeeÛÚeokeâ ØeefleefÛe$eCe nw, lees B ceW f (x) = 9 − x 2 keâe hejeme keäÙee nesiee:
DeJeÙeJeeW keâer mebKÙee nw (a) [0,3] (b) [–3,3]
(a) less than n elements/n mes keâce (c) [–3,0] (d) [0,9]
(b) exactly n elements TGT 2013
(c) greater than n elements/n mes DeefOekeâ Ans : (a) Heâueve f (x) = 9 − x 2
(d) 2n elements/2n
(GIC) ØeJeòeâe hejer#ee, 2015 Ùee y = 9 − x 2 , x 2 + y 2 = 32
Ans. (b) If set A contains n elements and f: A→B is
bejective map, then cardinality of A=cardinality of B=n
∴ B has exactly n elements.
850. If f:X→Y and g :X→Yare one-one and onto
mappings, then the value of (gof)–1 is
Ùeefo f:X→Y leLee g :X→Y Skewâkeâer SJeb DeeÛÚeokeâ
ØeefleefÛe$eCe nw, lees (gof)–1 keâe ceeve keäÙee nesiee?
(a) f–1og (b) fog–1
(c) f og–1 –1
(d) g–1og–1 Ùen upper half circle keâes efve™efhele keâjlee nw~
(GIC) ØeJeòeâe hejer#ee, 2015 efpemeceW Heâueve keâe hejeme · Heâueve keâe y–De#e hej DeefOekeâlece Øemeej
Ans. (c) If f:x→y and g: x→ y are one-one and onto = [0,3]
functions then leLee Heâueve keâe #es$e = x– De#e hej Heâueve keâe DeefOekeâlece Øemeej =
( gof )
−1
= f −1og −1 [ –3,3]
854. Ùeefo P leLee Q oes mecegÛÛeÙe Fme Øekeâej neW efkeâ
851. If y = 4 sin2θ–cos2θ, then y lies in the interval
P ∪ Q = P leye P ∩ Q keäÙee nesiee?
Ùeefo y=4 sin2θ–cos2θ, lees y efkeâme Devlejeue ceW nesiee?
(a) [–1, 5] (b) (–1, 0) (a) P (b) Q
(c) (5, ∞) (d) (–1, –5) (c) φ (d) FveceW mes keâesF& veneR
(GIC) ØeJeòeâe hejer#ee, 2015 TGT 2013
ALGEBRA 156 YCT
CLICK HERE -
Ans : (b) Ùeefo P leLee Q oes mecegÛÛeÙe nes lees (b) P ∩ ( Q ∪ R ) = ( P ∩ Q ) ∩ ( P ∪ R )
P∪Q = P (c) P ∪ ( Q ∩ R ) = ( P ∪ Q ) ∩ ( P ∪ R )
⇒ Q⊆P
(d) P ∩ ( Q ∪ R ) = ( P ∩ Q ) ∩ ( P ∩ R ) b
leye P∩Q = Q
TGT 2013
Ùeefo P = {1, 2, 3, 4}
Q = {2, 3, 4} Ans : (c) Ùeefo P, Q leLee R leerve mecegÛÛeÙe nw leye
⇒ P ∩ Q = {2, 3, 4} ceevee x ∈ P ∪ ( Q ∩ R ) ⇒ x ∈ P Ùee x ∈ Q ∩ R
=Q ⇒ x ∈ P Ùee ( x ∈ Q Deewj x ∈ R )
855. Ùeefo P leLee Q oes mecegÛÛeÙe nw leye ⇒ ( x ∈ P Ùee x ∈ Q ) Deewj ( x ∈ P Ùee x ∈ R )
(P − Q) ∪ (Q − P) ∪ (P ∩ Q) keäÙee nesiee? ⇒ x ∈ P ∪ Q Deewj x ∈ P ∪ R
(a) P (b) Q ⇒ x ∈ ( P ∪ Q) ∩ ( P ∪ R )
(c) P ∩ Q (d) P ∪ Q
TGT 2013 ∵ x ∈ P ∪ (Q ∩ R ) ⇒ x ∈ ( P ∪ Q) ∩ (P ∪ R )
Ans : (d) ceevee P = {a, b,c,d} leLee Q = {b,c,d,e} P ∪ ( Q ∩ R ) ⊆ ( P ∪ Q ) ∩ ( P ∪ R ) ......(i)
∴ P − Q = {a, b,c, d} − {b, c, d, e} = {a} Fmeer Øekeâej ( P ∪ Q ) ∩ ( P ∪ R ) ⊆ P ∪ ( Q ∩ R ) ......(ii)
Q − P = {b,c,d,e} − {a,b,c,d} = {e} meceer0 (i) leLee meceer0 (ii) mes
P ∩ Q = {b,c,d} P ∪ (Q ∩ R ) = ( P ∪ Q) ∩ ( P ∪ R )
( P − Q ) ∪ ( Q − P ) = {a , e} 859. mecegÛÛeÙe {0} kesâ GhemecegÛÛeÙe nw–

⇒ ( P − Q) ∪ (Q − P) ∪ ( P ∩ Q) (a) φ (b) φ, {0}
= {a , b, c, d, e} (c) {0} (d) φ, {0} , {0, φ}
= ( P ∪ Q) TGT 2013
Ans : (b) {0} Skeâue
mecegÛÛeÙe nw~
Deewj P ∪ Q = {a,b,c,d} ∪ {b,c,d,e}
mecegÛÛeÙe {0} kesâ GhemecegÛÛeÙe φ, {0}
P ∪ Q = {a, b,c,d,e}
860. Skeâ efJeÅeeueÙe kesâ leerve SsLesuesefškeâ šerce mes, 21 efKeueeÌ[er
hegve: (P − Q) ∪ (Q − P) ∪ (P ∩ Q) = {a} ∪ {e} ∪ {b, c, d}
ef›eâkesâš šerce ceW, 26 efKeueeÌ[er ne@keâer ceW leLee 29
= {a, b,c,d,e} efKeueeÌ[er Hegâšyeeue šerce ceW Meeefceue nw~ GveceW mes 14
= P∪Q meomÙe ne@keâer Deewj ef›eâkesâš, 15 meomÙe ne@keâer Deewj
856. Ùeefo f : R→R Deewj g : R→R oes ØeefleefÛe$eCe Fme Hegâšyeeue ceW leLee 12 efKeueeÌ[er Hegâšyeeue Deewj ef›eâkesâš
Øekeâej nw efkeâ f(x) = 2x Deewj g(x) = x2 + 2 leye (f+g) leLee 8 efKeueeÌ[er leerveeW Kesuees keâes Kesue mekeâles nQ~ leerveeW
(2) keâe ceeve keäÙee nesiee? SsLesuesefškeâ ceW kegâue efkeâleves efKeueeÌ[er nQ?
(a) 8 (b) 10 (c) 12 (d) 24 (a) 76 (b) 49 (c) 43 (d) 41
TGT 2013 TGT 2013
Ans : (b) ∵ f(x) = 2x Deewj g(x) = x2 + 2 Ans : (c) ceevee nekeâer šerce keâes H mes, ef›eâkesâš keâes C leLee Hegâšyeeue
∴ (f+g) (2) = f(2) + g(2) keâes F efueKeves hej
= 2×2 + (22+ 2) ØeMveevegmeej,
= 4 + 4 + 2 = 10 n(H) = 26, n(C) = 21, n(F) = 29
857. Skeâ mecegÛÛeÙe efpemeceW n DeJeÙeJe nQ Gmekesâ GhemecegÛÛeÙeeW leLee n (H ∩ C) = 14, n (H ∩ F) = 15, n (F ∩ C) = 12
keâer mebKÙee– n (H ∩ C ∩ F) = 8
(a) n2 (b) 2n (c) n (d) n+1
TGT 2013
Ans : (b) eqkeâmeer Yeer mecegÛÛeÙe efpemeceW n DeJeÙeJe nw kesâ GhemecegÛÛeÙeeW
keâer mebKÙee = 2n nesleer nw~
For example– A = {1, 2} leye
met$e n ( A ∪ B ∪ C) = n ( A) + n ( B) + n ( C) − n ( A ∩ B) − n ( B ∩ C)
φ {1} ,{2} ,{1, 2} ⊆ A
−n ( C ∩ A ) + n ( A ∩ B ∩ C )
∴ GhemecegÛÛeÙeeW keâer mebKÙee = 22 = 4
∴ n ( H ∪ F ∪ C) = n ( H ) + n ( F) + n ( C ) − n ( H ∩ F)
858. Ùeefo P, Q, R leerve mecegÛÛeÙe nw, leye efvecveefueefKele ceW
keâewve mener nw −n ( F ∩ C ) − n ( F ∩ H ) + n ( H ∩ F ∩ C )
(a) P ∪ ( Q ∩ R ) = ( P ∪ Q ) ∩ ( P ∩ R ) = 26 + 21 + 29 – 14 – 15 – 12 + 8 = 84 – 41= 43
ALGEBRA 157 YCT

CLICK HERE -
861. If R be the set of all real numbers and let 864. The period of sin2θ is / sin2θ keâe DeeJele&keâeue nw :
f:R→R be defined by f(x)=x2. Then f is: (a) π2 (b) π (c) 2π (d) π/2
Ùeefo R JeemleefJekeâ mebKÙeeDeeW keâe mecegÛÛeÙe nw leLee TGT 2010
f:R→R peneB f(x)=x2 nw leye nw:
Ans : (b) ∵ sin θ keâe DeeJele&keâeue = 2π
(a) One-one and onto /Skewâkeâ SJeb DeeÛÚeoer
Given that- f ( θ ) = sin 2 θ
(b) One-one but hot onto/Skewâkeâ uesefkeâve DeeÛÚeoer veneR
(c) Onto but not one-one/DeeÛÚeoer uesefkeâve Skewâkeâ veneR Let period in T then there must
(d) Neither one-one nor onto /ve lees Skewâkeâ nw Deewj ve f ( X + T ) = f (x)
ner DeeÛÚeoer sin 2 ( θ + T ) = sin 2 θ
UP PCS (Pre) 1997
∴ T=π
Ans : (d) f(x)=x2
865. If f : R→R and g:R→R are two mappings,
( x1 ) = ( x 2 )
2 2
where f(x) = 2x and g(x) = x2 +2 then the value

x1 ≠ x 2 not one-one of (fog)(2) will be / Ùeefo f : R→R leLee g:R→R oes
for onto Range = codomain ØeefleefÛe$eCe nw peneB f(x) = 2x Deewj g(x) = x2 +2 leye
Range = (0,∞] (fog) (2) keâe ceeve nesiee :
codomain = R
(a) 4 (b) 6 (c) 12 (d) 10
Range ≠ codomain then not on to
TGT 2010
862. If X = { 2, 3} , Y = {3,4,5} , Z = {2,5} ,
Ans : (c ) f (x)=2x Deewj g(x) = x2+2
then which of the following is false? ∴ (fog)2 = f (g(2))
Ùeefo X = {2, 3} , Y = {3,4,5} , Z = {2,5} , leye efvecve
= f (2 2 + 2)
ceW mes ieuele nw :
= f (6) = 6 × 2 = 12
(a) X – Y ≠ φ (b) Y – Z ≠ φ
(c) Z – X ≠ φ (d) (X – Y)–Z ≠ φ 866. If A ∪ B = A ∪ C, A ∩ B = A ∩ C, then
TGT 2010 Ùeefo A ∪ B = A ∪ C, A ∩ B= A ∩ C,leye
Ans : (d) X–Y = {2,3}- {2,3,4}= {2} ≠ φ (a) B = C (b) A = B
Y–Z = {3,4,5}- {2,5}= {3,4} ≠ φ (c) A = C (d) FveceW mes keâesF& veneR
Z–X = {2,5}- {2,3}= {5} ≠ φ TGT 2010
(X–Y)–Z = {2}- {2,5} = φ Ùeefo A ∪ B = A ∪ C 
Ans : (a) Ùeefo ⇒ B=C
863. Let f : N→Y be a function defined as f (x) = leLee A ∩ B = A ∩ C
4x+3, where Y = {y : y = 4x+3 for some x∈N).
The inverse of f (x) is 867. The value of loge(0) is/ loge(0) keâe ceeve nw :
ceevee f : N→Y Skeâ heâueve nw pees efvecve Øekeâej (a) 0 (b) 1 (c) ∞ (d) –∞
heefjYeeef<ele nw f (x) = 4x+3, peneB Y = {y:y = 4x+3 TGT 2010
efkeâmeer x∈N leye f (x) keâe JÙegl›eâce (inverse) nw : Ans : (d)* loge(0) =–∞ ] (∵e > 1)
3y + 4 y+3 * loge(0)= ∞ (∵e < 1)
(a) g ( y ) = (b) g ( y ) = 4 +
3 4
* loge (1) = 0
y+3 y −3
(c) g ( y ) = (d) g ( y ) =
4 4 868. If x = (a,b), y = (c,d), then x – y is
TGT 2010
Ùeefo x = (a,b), y = (c,d), leye x – y nw :
Ans : (d) ∵ f : N → Y such that f(x) = 4x+3, where
y = {y : y = 4x + 3, ∀x ∈ N} (a) (a + c,b + d)
ceevee y =f (x) leye (b) (a + b,c + d)
y = 4x+3 ⇒ 4x = y-3 (c) (a + d, b + c)
y−3
⇒x= (d) None of these/FveceW mes keâesF& veneR
4 TGT 2010
y −3
( ) ( ) ( )
-1
⇒ f (y) = Ans : (c) ∵ x = a, b , y = c,d ⇒ − y = d, c
4
ceevee f(x) keâe JÙegl›eâce g(y) leye ∴ x − y = (a, b) + (d, c)
y−3
g ( y) =
4
(
= a + d, b + c )
ALGEBRA 158 YCT
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869. If A = {1,3,5,7} B={4,5,7,9} and C={1,3,4,9,11}, Deye,
then (A∪B) ∩C=/ ÙeefoA ={1,3,5,7}B={4,5,7,9} f (x) = 3x -4,
Deewj C={1,3,4,9,11}, y = f(x) ⇒ y = 3x–4 ⇒ y + 4 = 3x
leye (A∪B) ∩C= y+ 4
⇒x= , ∀ y ∈ R, x is real
(a) {1,3,4,7,9,11} (b) {3,4,9,11} 3
(c) {7} (d) FveceW mes keâesF& veneR ⇒ f is onto
TGT 2010 Dele: f Skew
â keâer DeeÛÚeokeâ ØeefleefÛe$eCe (one-one onto mapping) nw~
Ans : (d) A ∪ B = {1,3,5, 7} ∪ {4,5, 7,9,} 872. Ùeefo A = {x : x ≤ 5, x ∈ N} , B = {x :x ≤ 10} leLee
= {1,3, 4,5, 7,9} C = { x:2 < x < 6,x∈ N} leye A − ( B ∩ C ) keâe ceeve
∴ (A ∪ B) ∩ C = {1,3, 4,5,7,9,} ∩ {1,3,4,9,11} keäÙee nesiee–
(a) {1, 3} (b) {2, 3}
= {1,3, 4,9} (c) {1, 2} (d) {1, 4}
870. If f : R→R, g : R→R and h: R→R such that TGT 2009
f(x) =x2, g(x) = tan x, h (x) = loge x, then value Ans : (c) efoÙee nw–
of [ho(g o f)] (x) (where x = π / 2 ) is A = {x : x ≤ 5, x ∈ N} = {1, 2,3,4,5}
Ùeefo f : R→R, g : R→R Deewj h: R→R leerve heâueve B = {x :x ≤ 10, x ∈ N} = {1, 2,3, 4,5, 6, 7,8,9,10}
Fme Øekeâej nQ efkeâ
C = {x:2 < x < 6, x ∈ N} = {3, 4,5}
f(x) =x2, g(x) = tan x, h (x) = logex leye
[h o (g o f)] (x) peneB x = π / 2 keâe ceeve nw:
∴A–(B∩C) = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}– {3, 4, 5}
(a) 0 {∵B ∩ C = {3, 4,5}
(b) 1 = {1, 2}
(c) 2 873. Ùeefo A leLee B oes mecegÛÛeÙe nes lees efvecve ceW mes keäÙee
(d) None of these/FveceW mes keâesF& veneR mener nw–
TGT 2010 (a) A ⊆ B (b) A ∪B⊆ A∩ B
Ans : (d) Ùeefo f : R→R, g : R→R Deewj h: R→R leerve (c) A ∩ B ⊆ A Ùee φ (d) A∩B⊇B
heâueve nw Deewj f(x) =x2, g(x) = tan x, h (x) = loge x TGT 2009
leye Ans : (c) Ùeefo A leLee B oes mecegÛÛeÙe nQ leLee A Deewj B efkeâmeer
[ho (gof)] x = ho [go f(x)] Yeer Øekeâej mes Skeâ otmejs mes pegÌ[s veneR nw~ leye
= (hog).x 2 ⇒ h(g(x 2 ) = h(tan x 2 ) = log e tan x 2 A ⊂ B, A ∪ B ⊂ A ∩ B, A ∩ B ⊃ B mecYeJe veneR nw~
π uesefkeâve A ∩ B ⊆ A Ùee B Ùee φ kesâ yejeyej nes mekeâles nQ~
= log e tan   = log e ∞ = ∞
2 874. Ùeefo X = {2, 3}, Y = {3, 4, 5}, Z = {2, 5} leye
871. Ùeefo Heâueve f (x), f : Q→Q Fme Øekeâej heefjYeeef<ele nw efvecveefueefKele ceW mes keâewve ieuele nw–
efkeâ f (x) = 3x - 4, X∈Q peneB Q, heefjcesÙe mebKÙee keâe (a) X – Y ≠ φ (b) Y – Z ≠ φ
mecegÛÛeÙe nw, leye f nw– (c) Z – X ≠ φ (d) (X – Y) – Z ≠ φ
(a) many-one onto mapping TGT 2009
(yengSkeâ DeeÛÚeokeâ ØeefleefÛe$eCe) Ans : (d) Ùeefo X = {2, 3}, Y = {3, 4, 5}, Z = {2, 5} leye
(b) one-one into mapping X – Y = {2, 3} – {3, 4, 5} = {2} ≠ φ
(Skewâkeâer Devle:#esheer ØeefleefÛe$eCe) Y – Z = {3, 4, 5} – {2, 5} = {3, 4} ≠ φ
(c) one-one onto mapping Z – X = {2, 5} – {2, 3} = {5} ≠ φ
(Skewâkeâer DeeÛÚeokeâ ØeefleefÛe$eCe) (X–Y) – Z = {2} – {2, 5} = φ
(d) many-one into mapping Dele: efJekeâuhe (d) ieuele nw~ keäÙeeWefkeâ (X – Y) – Z = φ nw~
(yeng-Skeâ Deble:#esheer ØeefleefÛe$eCe) 875. ceevee R JeemleefJekeâ jsKee nw~ ceevee S Deewj T oes R×R
TGT 2009 meceleue kesâ GhemecegÛÛeÙe nQ Deewj efvecve Øekeâej heefjYeeef<ele nw
Ans : (c) efoÙee ieÙee Heâueve f : Q→Q Fme Øekeâej nw efkeâ, S = {( x, y ) :y = x + 1and 0 < x < 2}
f (x) = 3x–4 leye
Let (ceevee) f (x1) = f (x2) ⇒ 3x2 – 4 = 3x1–4 T = {( x, y ) :x − y isan integer}
⇒ 3x1 = 3x2 (a) S Deewj T oesveeW R ceW meceleguÙe mecyevOe veneR nw~
⇒ x1 = x2 (b) S Deewj T oesveeW R ceW meceleguÙe mecyevOe nw~
Dele: f (x) Skewâkeâer Ùee one-one mapping nw~ (c) S meceleguÙe nw R ceW uesefkeâve T veneR~
Alternative : f (x) = 3x –4 (d) T, R ceW meceleguÙe nw uesefkeâve S veneR~
∴ f ' (x) = 3 > 0 (one. one function) TGT 2009
ALGEBRA 159 YCT
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Ans : (d) efoÙee nw– R JeemleefJekeâ mebKÙeeSW keâe mecegÛÛeÙe nw leLee S
ceevee f  x +  = x 2 + 2 ; ( x ≠ 0 ) leye f (x) keâe ceeve
1 1
879.
Deewj T, R kesâ GhemecegÛÛeÙe nw pees efvecve Øekeâej heefjYeeef<ele nQ–  x x
{
S = ( x, y ) ; y = x +1Deewj 0 < x < 2 } nesiee:
(a) x2 (b) x2-1
DeLee&le ⇒ S = {(1,2 )} kesâJeue Skeâ DeJeÙeJe ner nesiee~ (c) x2-2 (d) FveceW mes keâesF& veneR
mhe° ™he mes Ùen ØeoefMe&le nes jne nw efkeâ S vee lees mJeleguÙe, vee TGT 2005
meceefcele Deewj vee ner meb›eâcekeâ nw~ Dele: S leguÙelee mecyevOe ØeoefMe&le  1 1
Ans : (c) Given f  x +  = x 2 + 2
veneR keâj jne nw~  x x
{ Note:- keâesF& Yeer mecyevOe leguÙelee mecyevOe ØeoefMe&le leye keâjleer nw  1
2
peye Jen mJeleguÙe (Reflexiv), meceefcele (symmetric) leLee =x+  −2

 x
meb›eâcekeâ (Transitive) nes~} 1
hegve: T = {(x, y) ; x – y Skeâ hetCeeËkeâ nw } ceevee x+ =t
x
DeLee&le T = {(1, 1), (2, 2) (2,1), (1, 2), (3, 3), (3, 1), (1, ⇒ f (t ) = t 2 − 2
3)…..} nw~ (peneB 1-1 = 2-2 = 3-3 = 0 Skeâ hetCeeËkeâ nw~)
t keâes x mes ØeeflemLeeefhele keâjves hej
GhemecegÛÛeÙe T keâes osKeves hej Jen mJeleguÙe, meceefcele leLee meb›eâcekeâ
leerveeW mecyevOeeW keâes jKelee nw~ DeLee&le T leguÙelee mecyevOe ØeoefMe&le keâj f ( x ) = x2 − 2
jne nw~ Dele: efJekeâuhe (d) mener nw~ 880. Skeâ mecegÛÛeÙe efpemeceW n DeJeÙeJe nes, kesâ GhemecegÛÛeÙeeW
876. ceevee f : R → R peneB f(x) = 2 x+1, x ∈ R leLee g : keâer mebKÙee nQ:
R → R peneB g(x) = x2 – 2, x ∈ R oes heâueve nQ, leye (a) n (b) 2n-1
(gof) (x) nesiee– (c) 2n (d) FveceW mes keâesF& veneR
2
(a) 4x + 4x – 1 2
(b) 4x + 4x + 1 TGT 2005
(c) 4x2 + 4x 2
(d) 2x + 1 Ans : (c) ef k eâmeer meceg Û ÛeÙe ef p emeceW DeJeÙeJeeW keâer mebK Ùee n nes Gmekesâ
TGT 2009 Ghemeceg Û ÛeÙeeW keâer meb K Ùee · 2 n
nes leer nw ~
Ans : (a) pewmes :- A={2,3,1} leye, A kesâ GhemeccegÛÛeÙe ›eâceMe:
Ùeefo f(x) = 2 x+1, x ∈ R leLee g(x) = x – 2, x ∈ R nw leye
2
φ , {2} ,{3} ,{1} , {2,3} ,{3,1} ,{2,1} ,{1,2,3}
(gof) (x) = g {f(x)} pees efkeâ mebKÙee ceW 23=8 nw~
= g {2x+1} = (2x+1)2 – 2
881. ceevee n(U)=700, n (A) =200, n (B) = 300,
= 4x2 + 1 + 4x – 2
= 4x2 + 4x – 1 n (A∩B) = 100leye n(A'∩B') efkeâmekesâ yejeyej nesiee :
(a) 400 (b) 600
877. 11n + 2 + 12 2n +1 efkeâme mebKÙee mes efJeYeepÙe nw, peneB n ∈ N–
(a) 23 (b) 131
TGT 2005
(c) 133 (d) 141
Ans : (c) nce peeveles nQ efkeâ
TGT 2009
Ans : (a) ∵ n ∈ N, n ( A '∩ B ') = n ( A ∪ B ) '
∴ n = 1 jKeves hej, = n (∪) − n ( A ∪ B )
11n + 2 +122n +1 = 111+ 2 +122×1+1 = n ( ∪ ) − {n ( A ) + n ( B ) − n ( A ∩ B )}
= 113 + 123 = (11+12) (112 + 122 – 11×12)
= 700 − {200 + 300 − 100}
= 23 (112 + 122 – 11 × 12 )
Ghejeskeäle mes mhe<š nw efkeâ, 11n + 2 +122n +1 mebKÙee 23 mes efJeYeepÙe nw~ = 700 − 400 = 300
878. Ùeefo X leLee Y oes mecegÛÛeÙe nQ, leye X ∩ ( Y ∪ X ) ' 882. oes mecegÛÛeÙe A leLee B nes leye A-(A-B)=
(a) B (b) A-B
yejeyej nw: (c) A∩B (d) FveceW mes keâesF& veneR
(a) X (b) Y
TGT 2005
(c) φ (d) FveceW mes keâesF& veneR
Ans : (c) A − ( A − B ) = A − ( A ∩ B ')
TGT 2005
Ans : (c) X ∩ ( Y ∪ X ) ' = X ∩ ( X '∩ Y ') {∵ A − B = A ∩ B '}
= ( A − A) ∪ ( A − B ')
{∵ ( A ∪ B) ' = A '∩ B'}
= φ ∪ ( A − B ')
= ( X ∩ X ') ∩ Y ' {∵ X ∩ X ' = φ }
'
= φ∩ Y' = φ = A − B ' = A ∩ ( B ') = A ∩ B
ALGEBRA 160 YCT

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883. Skeâ mecyevOe R Øeeke=âeflekeâ mebKÙeeDeeW kesâ mecegÛÛeÙe ceW Fme ∴ ( A − B ) = φ Deewj {B − A} = {b}
Øekeâej heefjYeeef<ele nes efkeâ {( a, b ) : a = 2b} leye R-1 ( A − B ) ∪ ( B − A ) = {b} ∪ φ = {b} ∈ P(X)
keäÙee nesiee : Dele: A keâe JÙegl›eâce = P(X)–A nesiee~
(a) {( 2,1) , ( 4, 2 ) , ( 6,3) .......} 886. If f : Z→ Z (set of integers) be defined by f(x)=
x2+ x–2, then f{f(–2)} is
(b) {(1, 2, ) , ( 2, 4 ) ..........} ceevee f : Z→ Z (hetCeeËkeâeW keâe mecegÛÛeÙe) efvecve Øekeâej
(c) R-1 heefjYeeef<ele veneR nw~ heefjYeeef<ele nw f(x)= x2+ x–2 leye f{f(–2)} keâe ceeve nw:
(d) FveceW mes keâesF& veneR (a) –2 (b) –1
TGT 2005 (c) 1 (d) 2
Ans : (a) efoÙee ieÙee mecyevOe TGT 2004
R = {( a, b ) : a = 2b ∀a, b ∈ N} Ans : (a) efoÙee nw f : Z → Z such that
f (x) = x 2 + x − 2
Ùee ∴ R = {(1,2 ) , ( 2, 4 ) , ( 3,6 ) .......} ∴ f (−2) = (−2) 2 − 2 − 2 = 4 − 4 = 0
R −1 = {( 2,1) , ( 4,2 ) , ( 6,3) .......} nesiee~ ∴ f {f (−2)} = f (0) = 0 + 0 − 2 = −2
1 887. If f(x) = a.e2x+ b.ex satisfied the condition f (0) =
884. ceevee f : R → R,f ( x ) = leye f nesiee : 1, f' (loge2) = 20, then a, b equal to
x
(a) one -one into (b) many- one onto Ùeefo f(x) = a.e2x+ b.ex efvecve Mele& keâes mevleg<š
(c) one-one onto (d) FveceW mes keâesF& veneR keâjlee nes leLee f(0) = 1, f' (loge2) = 20 leye a Deewj
TGT 2005 b yejeyej nw–
Ans : (a) efoÙee f : R → R Fme Øekeâej nes efkeâ (a) a = –2, b =3
1 (b) a = 1, b =1
f ( x) = (c) a = 3, b =–2
x (d) a = –1, b = –2
1
ceevee f ( x ) = y leye y = ⇒ xy = 1 TGT 2004
x Ans : (c) f(x) = a.e2x+ b.ex
dy dy y ∴ f (0) = a.e2.0 + b.e0 ⇒ 1 = a + b.....(i)
∴x + y = 0 ⇒ =− <0 (meowJe $e+Ceelcekeâ)
dx dx x hegve: f '(x) = 2ae 2x + b.e x
Dele: heâueve f (x), one-one (Skewâkeâer) heâueve nesiee uesefkeâve xy=1
keâe «eeheâ hetjs y De#e hej veneR hewâuee nw DeLee&le heâueve onto veneR into ∴ f '(log e 2) = 2ae
2log e 2
(
+ beloge 2 )
∵ elog e = 1
1 20 = 2a.4 + b.2 ⇒ 8a + 2b = 20
nesiee~ Dele: efoÙee keâe heâueve f ( x ) = , one-one leLee into 4a + b = 10.....(ii)
x
heâueve nesiee~ meceer. (i) leLee meceer. (ii) mes,
885. Let X be a non-empty set and P(X) be the 4a + 1–a = 10 ⇒ a=3 Deewj b = –2
power set of X, A binary composition * on
P(X), is defined as A * B = ( A − B ) ∪ ( B − A ) 888. If 2 − 2 − = 4 then the value of n is equal to
n n 1 n
foar all A, B ∈ P(X) .The inverse of A is Ùeefo 2n − 2n −1 = 4 nw, lees nn keâe cetuÙe Fmekesâ yejeyej nw
ceevee X Skeâ Deefjòeâ mecegÛÛeÙe nw Deewj P(X), X keâe (a) 8 (b) 9
Ieele meceggÛÛeÙe nw~ Skeâ efÉDeeOeejer mebef›eâÙee *(binary (c) 27
operation) P(X) cebs efvecve Øekeâej heefjYeeef<ele nw– (d) None of these/FveceW mes keâesF& veneR
DSSB TGT (SECTION-B) 28 DEC 2014
A * B = ( A − B ) ∪ ( B − A ) for all A, B ∈ P(X)
Ans. (c)
leye A keâe JÙegl›eâce keäÙee nesiee–
2n 1
(a) φ (b) A' 2 n − 2n −1 = 4 2n 4 2n 1 4
(c) P(X) - A (d) A 2 2
TGT 2004 1
2n 4
Ans : (c) ceevee X = {a, b, c,} leye 2
φ,{a} ,{b} ,{c} ,{a, b} , {a,c} ,{b,c} ,{a,b,c} 2n −1 2 2
X kesâ GhemecegÛÛeÙe neWies~ n 1 2
∴ P(X) = {{a} ,{b} , {c} , {a, b} ,{b,c} ,{a,c} ,{a, b,c} , φ} n 3
ceevee A = {a} ∈ P(X)and B = {a, b} ∈ P(X) ∴ n n = 33 = 27
ALGEBRA 161 YCT

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893. Let Q be the field of rational numbers. Then
7. Modern Algebra over Q, 2 + 3 is algebraic of degree
ceeve ueerefpeS Q heefjcesÙe mebKÙeeDeeW keâe #es$e nw~ leye
889. The order of sylow 3-subgroup of a group of
order 12 is 2 + 3 , Q Ieele keâe yeerpeieefCeleerÙe nw
12 keâesefš Jeeues mecetn kesâ meeruees 3-GhemecetneW keâer keâesefš nw (a) 2 (b) 3
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) 6
(c) 2 or 4/2 Ùee 4 (d) 4 UPPSC GDC 2021
( )
2
UPPSC GDC 2021 Ans. (c) : ∵ 2 + 3 = 2 + 3 + 2 6 = 5 + 2 6
Ans. (b) : Let G be group of order 12 i.e. O(G) = 12 =
22.3. and
∵ 3/O(G) and 32 does not divide O(G)
( ) ( )
4 2
2 + 3 = 5 + 2 6 = 25 + 24 + 20 6 = 49 + 20 6
⇒ order of sylow 3-subgroup is 3.
( ) ( )
4
890. Let p be a prime number, then f (x) = xp – 1∈ Q ⇒ 2 + 3 = 50 + 20 6 − 1 = 10 5 + 2 6 −1
[x] has splitting field Q (α), if
( )
ceeve ueerefpeS p Skeâ DeYeepÙe mebKÙee nw, lees f (x) = xp – ⇒ 2 + 3 4 −10 5 + 2 6 + 1 = 0
1∈ Q [x] keâe efJeIešve #es$e Q (α), nesiee, Ùeefo
( )
( ) ( )
4 2
(a) α = 1 and α p = 1 / α = 1 Deewj α p = 1 ⇒ 2 + 3 − 10 2 + 3 + 1 = 0
(b) α ≠ 1 and α p = 1 / α ≠ 1 Deewj α p = 1 ⇒ 2 + 3 Satisfies a polynomial
(c) α ≠ 1 and α p ≠ 1 / α ≠ 1 Deewj α p ≠ 1 x4 – 10x2 + 1 = 0 over Q which is of
(d) None of the above/Ghejesòeâ ceW mes keâesF& veneR degree 4. It is also a minimal polynomial for ( 2+ 3 )
UPPSC GDC 2021
(
Ans. (b) : f(x) = xp – 1 ∈Q [x] has splitting field Q(α), Therefore 2 + 3 is algebric of degree 4. )
if α ≠ 1 and αp = 1 894. For all a, b in Boolean algebra, the value of
891. If all vertices are of degree at least 3, then the (a + b) a' b' is
largest number of vertices in a graph with 35
edges is yet efueÙeve yeerpeieefCele ceW meYeer a, b kesâ efueÙes, (a + b) a'
Ùeefo meYeer Meer<e& keâce mes keâce 2 Ieele kesâ nes, lees 35 b' keâe ceeve nw
efkeâveejeW Jeeues «eeheâ ceW Meer<eeW keâer DeefOekeâlece mebKÙee nesieer (a) a (b) 1
(a) 25 (b) 23 (c) a + b (d) 0
(c) 21 (d) 27 UPPSC GDC 2021
UPPSC GDC 2021 Ans. (d) :
Ans. (b) : We have a b a ' b ' a + b a ' b ' ( a + b ) a 'b '
2 (number of edges) = sum of degree of vertex
0 0 1 1 0 1 0
and because each vertex of graph is of at least degree 2
with 35 edges we get 1 0 0 1 1 0 0
2 (35) = sum of degree of vertex 0 1 1 0 1 0 0
≥ 3 + 3 + ..... + 3 = 3n
1 1 0 0 1 0 0
which gives n ≤ 23
892. If two bounded lattices A and B are ⇒ (a + b) a'b' = 0
complemented, then which of the following is 895. The dimension of Lie group SL (n, C) is
complemented? ueer-mecetn SL (n, C) keâer efJecee nw
Ùeefo oes heefjyeæ peeueer A Deewj B hetjkeâ nw, leye (a) n2 (b) n2 – 1
efvecveefueefKele ceW mes keâewve hetjkeâ nw? (c) 2 (n – 1)2
(d) 2n2
(a) A – B (b) A + B UPPSC GDC 2021
(c) A × B
Ans. (c) : SL (n, C) = {A ∈ GL (n, C) | |A| = 1}
(d) All of the above/Ghejesòeâ meYeer
Since |A| = 1 condition gives one constraint on a
UPPSC GDC 2021
complex number so there are 2(n2 –1) arbitrary entry
Ans. (c) : For two bounded complemented lattices (A,
∴ dim (SL(n, C)) = 2 (n2 –1)
∧A, ∨A) and (B, ∧B, ∨B), A×B, in which binary
operations ∨ (join) and ∧ (meet) are defined as 896. If p is a prime number, then any group of
(a1, b1) ∨ (a2, b2) = (a1∨A a2, b1 ∨B b2) order 2p has a normal subgroup of order
and (a , b ) ∧ (a , b ) = (a ∧ a b ∧ b )
1 1 2 2 1 A 2, 1 B 2
Ùeefo p Skeâ DeYeepÙe mebKÙee nw, lees ›eâce 2p kesâ efkeâmeer
is complemented. mecetn kesâ efueS ›eâce keâe Skeâ ØemeeceevÙe Ghemecetn nesiee
ALGEBRA 162 YCT
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(a) p – 1 (b) p (c) If a=12, then b is multiple of 15
1 Ùeefo a=12 lees iegCekeâ b,15 nesiee
(c) p +1 (d) ( p + 1)
2 (d) If a=10, then b is multiple of 15
UPPSC GDC 2021 Ùeefo a=10 lees b,15 iegCekeâ nesiee
UPPSC Polytechnic Lecturer 2021(II) UPPSC Polytechnic Lecturer 2021 (I)
Ans. (b) : Given order of group G is 2p, p is a prime Ans. (c) : If for x=a+b we have 4x=3 (mod15) then
number, and it has a subgroup of order p whose index is 154(a+b)–3 or 154a+4b–3
2 and any subgroup of index 2 is normal subgroup of G. which is true only when a=12 and b is multiple of 15
Therefore, G has a normal subgroup of order p. among the given options.
901. Let ( L, ≤ ) be a lattice and a,b ∈ Landa ≤ b ,
897. The number of regions contained in a
connected planar graph having 6 vertices and 7
edges is-6 Meer<eeX leLee 7 keâesjeW Jeeues mecyevOe meceleueer then which of the following option is not
«eeheâ ceW meceeefnle #es$eeW keâer mebKÙee nw- true?/ceeve efueÙee efkeâ ( L, ≤ ) Skeâ uewefšme nw leLee a,b
(a) 6 (b) 4 ∈ L Deewj a ≤ b nw, lees efvecveefueefKele ceW mes keâewve mee
(c) 11 (d) 3 efJekeâuhe mener veneR nw?
UPPSC Polytechnic Lecturer 2021 (I) (a) a ∨ b = b (b) a ∧ b = a
Ans. (d) : Euler's formula: Let G=(V,E) be a connected (c) a ∨ b = a (d) ( a ∨ b ) ∧ a = a
planar graph, elements of V are vertices and those of E
edges, let F be the set of faces of a planar drawing of G. UPPSC Polytechnic Lecturer 2021 (I)
Then V – E + F = 2 . Ans. (c) : For the lattice ( L, ≤ ) and a,b ∈ L with a ≤ b
Thus, F = E + 2 – V which gives for given graph that we have meet and join denoted ∧ and ∨ respectively
defined by
F = 7 + 2 – 6 = 3.
a ∧ b = inf{a, b} = a & a ∨ b = sup{a, b} = b
898. A simple graph with 10 vertices and 5
902. Let N be the set of natural numbers, then
components can not have more than-/10 Meer<eeX
which of the following is monoid?/ceevee Øeeke=âeflekeâ
Deewj 5 IeškeâeW Jeeues Skeâ meeOeejCe «eeheâ ceW mes DeefOekeâ mebKÙeeDeeW keâe mecegÛÛeÙe nw, lees efvecveefueefKele ceW mes keâewve
veneR nes mekeâles nQ- mee Skeâ ceesvee@Ùe[ nw?
(a) 2 edges/2 efkeâveejs (b) 5 edges/5 efkeâveejs
(a) ( N,*) , where a * b = a b∀a, b ∈ N /
(c) 10 edges/10 efkeâveejs (d) 15 edges/15 efkeâveejs
UPPSC Polytechnic Lecturer 2021 (I) ( N,*) , peneB a * b = a b∀a, b ∈ N
Ans. (d) : The maximum number of edges in G= (V,E) (b) ( N,*) , where a * b = HCF(a, b)∀ a, b ∈ N
is
( N,*) , peneB a * b = HCF(a, b)∀ a, b ∈ N
1
2
( V – K + 1)( V – K ) (c) ( N,*) , where a * b = LCM ( a, b ) ∀ a, b ∈ N
which gives the maximum number of edges for a graph ( N,*) , peneB a * b = LCM ( a, b ) ∀ a, b ∈ N
with 10 vertices and 5 components to be equal to 15.
(d) None of the above/GheheÙeg&òeâ ceW mes keâesF& veneR
899. The maximum number of edges in a simple
graph with 9 vertices is-/9 Meer<eeX kesâ meeLe Skeâ UPPSC Polytechnic Lecturer 2021 (I)
meeOeejCe «eeheâ ceW keâesjeW keâer DeefOekeâlece mebKÙee nw- Ans. (c) : A monoid is a a set X together with an
associative binary operation *: X → X with an identity
(a) 9 (b) 8
element e ∈ X ;that is to say that for any x,y,z ∈X, we
(c) 36 (d) 45
have closure : x+y∈X, associativity : x*(y*z)=(x*y)*z
and identity : there exists e ∈X such
Ans. (c) :The maximum number of edges in a simple that e * x = x = x * e .
9 ( 9 – 1)
graph with 9 vertics is 9 C 2 = = 36 ( N,*) , where a * b = a b ∀a, b ∈ N is not associative as
2
(2 *3) * 4 = 84 ≠ 2 * (3* 4) = 281
900. If x=a+b satisfies the congruence relation
4x ≡ 3 ( mod15 ) , then which of the following is and there is no identity element e in N which satisfies
a*e=a=e*a ∀a ∈ N
true?/Ùeefo x=a+b Skeâ™helee mebyebOe 4x ≡ 3 ( mod15 ) For N,* , where a * b = HCF(a, b)∀ a, b ∈ N we have
( )
keâes mebleg° keâjlee nw, lees efvecveefueefKele ceW keâewve melÙe nw? (a*b)*c = (HCF (a, b))*c = HCF (HCF (a, b), c)
(a) If a=4, then b is multiple of 12 = HCF (a, b, c) = HCF (a, HCF (b, c))
Ùeefo a=4 lees x b, 12 iegCekeâ nesiee = HCF (a, b, c) =a*(b*c)
(b) If a=4, then b is multiple of 15 which shows the associativity of (N,*) but there is no
Ùeefo a=4 lees b,15 iegCekeâ nesiee identity element e in N which satisfies
ALGEBRA 163 YCT
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a*e=a=e*a ∀a ∈ N (c) any graph with four vertices and twelve
For ( N,*) , where a * b = LCM(a, b)∀ a, b ∈ N we have edges/keâesF& «eeheâ efpemekeâs Ûeej Meer<e& leLee 12 keâesjW nw
(d) any graph in which every vertex is either a
(a*b)*c = (LCM (a, b))*c = LCM (LCM (a, b), c) pendant or a cut vertex/keâesF& «eeheâ efpemekeâe ØelÙeskeâ
= LCM (a, b, c) = LCM (a, LCM (b, c)) Meer<e& Ùee lees heW[svš nes Ùee keâš Meer<e& nes
= LCM (a, b, c) =a*(b*c) UPPSC Polytechnic Lecturer 2021 (I)
which shows the associativity of (N,*) but there is an Ans. (d) :Any graph in which every vertex is either a
identity element 1 in N which satisfies pendant or a cut is a tree and tree is a planar graph.
a*1=a=1*a ∀a ∈ N
907. ( p → q ) ∧ ( p → r ) is logically equivalent
903. If G is bipartite simple graph with ν -vertices
and e-edges, then which of the following to/leeefke&âkeâ ™he mes mecekeâ#e nw-
condition holds?/Ùeefo G keâesF& efÉYeeie «eeheâ nw efpemeceW (a) p ∨ ( q ∧ r ) (b) p ∧ ( q ∨ r )
Meer<eeX keâer leLee keâesjeW keâer mebKÙee ν nw, lees efvecveefueefKele (c) p → ( q ∨ r ) (d) p → ( q ∧ r )
ceW mes keâewve-meer Mele& mener nw? UPPSC Polytechnic Lecturer 2021 (I)
ν2 ν2 Ans. (c) : ( p → q ) ∧ ( p → r ) ↔ p → (q ∧ r)
(a) e < (b) e ≤
4 4 908. Which of the following option is
ν2 ν2 true?/efvecveefueefKele ceW mes keâewve mee efJekeâuhe mener nw?
(c) e = (d) e ≥
4 4 (a) K3,3 is non-planar/K3,3 meceleueerÙe veneR nw
UPPSC Polytechnic Lecturer 2021 (I) (b) K4 is non-planar/K4 meceleueerÙe veneR nw
Ans. (b) : A graph G = (V,E), elements of V are (c) K5 is planar/ K5 meceleueerÙe nw
vertices and those of E edges, is called biparfile if V (d) K3,3 is planar/ K3,3 meceleueerÙe nw
admits a partition into 2 classes such that every edge has UPPSC Polytechnic Lecturer 2021 (I)
its ends in different classes; vertices in the same Ans. (a) : A graph is called planar if
partition class must not be adjacent.
(i) V ⊆ R 2 ; elements of V is called vertices
So if in bipartile graph with ν vertices partitoned into
(ii) Every edge is an arc between two vertices
two classes of size i and ( ν – i ) ,0 ≤ i ≤ ν, then (iii)Different edges have different set of end points
maximum number of edges is i ( ν –i). (iv) The interior of an edge contains no vertex and no
ν point of any other edge.
Now f(i)=i( ν –i), 0 ≤ i ≤ ν is maximized by i = which Euler's formula: For a connected planar graph
2 G=(V,E), Let F be the set of faces of a planar drawing
ν2 of G. Then
given that is the maximum number of edges.
4 V – E + F =2
904. The number of distinct trees on 4 vertices is-4 and if V ≥ 2, then E ≤ 3 V – 6 .
Meer<eeX hej efJeve šêrpe (trees) keâer mebKÙee nQ- Now for K5; K5 has 5 vertices and 10 edges, thus K5 does
(a) 12 (b) 4 not satisfy Euler's formula and hence K5 is not planner.
(c) 16 (d) 20
Ans. (c) : There are exactly nn–2 labeled tree on n-
vertices. So, the number of distinct trees on 4 vertices is
42=16
905. The number of solution of linear congruence
103 ≡ 57 (mod211) is/are-/Skeâ Ieele meceMes<e
Now if for a planar graph G= (V, E), E ≥ g and no
meceerkeâjCe kesâ nue keâer mebKÙee nw/nQ-
cycle of length < g, every face has at least g edges on it
(a) 3 (b) 1
and thus g F ≥ 2 E and so by Euler's formula
(c) 4 (d) 2
UPPSC Polytechnic Lecturer 2021 (I) E≥
g–2
g
( V – 2)
Ans. (b) : Given linear congruence
103=57 (mod 211) Now in case of K3,3 which has 6 vertices and 9 edges,
Now gcd (103,211) = 1 so, the given linear congrence we observe that K3,3 is bipartite and hence has no cycles
has one solution. of length 3 so, for g=4 we get that k3,3 does not satisfy
Euler's formula and hence is non-planar.
906. Which of the following is a planar
graph?/efvecveefueefKele ceW mes keâewve Skeâ meceleueer «eeheâ
nw?
(a) K10
K3,3
(b) K5,3
ALGEBRA 164 YCT
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909. If p and q are two statements, the p ⇔ q can be G
expressed in Boolean algebra as-/Ùeefo p Deewj q ⇒ is cyclic group
Z G)
(
oes keâLeve nw, lees keâes yetefueÙeve SupesyeÇe ceW efkeâme Øekeâej ⇒ G is abelian group
JÙeòeâ keâj mekeâles nQ? which is not possible.
Therefore only possibility for O ( Z ( G ) ) is p
(a) xy+x'y' (b) x'y+xy'
(c) x'y'+yy' (d) xx'+xy
UPPSC Polytechnic Lecturer 2021 (I) ⇒ O ( Z ( G )) = p
Ans. (a) : The biconditional statement p if and only if q, So, number of elements in the centre of G is p.
denoted p ⇔ q, true when both p and q have same truth 912. Which statement is true?
value and false otherwise is expressed by xy+x'y' in keâewve-mee keâLeve melÙe nw?
boolean algebra, and equivalence which is the negation
of XOR, denoted XNOR, returns true if the inputs are (a) Every field is an integral domain.
either both true or both false. ØelÙeskeâ #es$e Skeâ hetCeeËkeâ Øeevle nw~
910. The radius and diameter of the following tree (b) Every intergral domain is a field.
respectively are-/efvecveefueefKele šêr (tree) keâer ef$epÙee ØelÙes keâ hetCeeËkeâ Øeevle Skeâ #es$e nw~
SJeb JÙeeme ›eâceMe: nQ- (c) Every ring is an integral domain.
ØelÙeskeâ JeueÙe Skeâ hetCeeËkeâ #es$e nw~
UPPSC Polytechnic Lecturer 2021(II)
Rajasthan TGT 2011
(a) 2,3 (b) 2,4 Ans. (a) : Every field is an integral domain.
(c) 3,5 (d) 3,6 Let ( R, +,.) be a field
UPPSC Polytechnic Lecturer 2021 (I) Let a, b ∈ R such that
Ans. (a) : For a graph G=(V,E), eccentricity of v ∈ V is ab = 0 .....(i)
the maximum of the distance to any vertex in the graph.
The diameter of a graph is the maximum of the For R to be integral domain we have to show that either
eccentricity of any vertex in the graph. The radius of a a = 0 or b = 0
graph is the minimum eccentricity among all vertices in ∵ a ∈ R and a ≠ 0 ⇒ a −1 exist (as R is a field)
the graph. From (i) we have
Hence, the radius and diameter of given tree are 2 and 3 a −1 ( ab ) = a −1 ( 0 ) = 0
respectively. ⇒ b=0
911. If 'p' is a prime number and 'G' is a non- Similarly when b ≠ 0 ⇒a=0
abelian group of order p , then the number of
3
Therefore we have
elements in the centre of 'G' is –
ab = 0 ⇒ a = 0 or b=0
Ùeefo p Skeâ ™Ì{ mebKÙee nw Deewj G keâesefš p3 keâe Skeâ
⇒ R is an integral domain.
iewj-Deeyesueer mecetn nw, lees G kesâ kesâvõ ceW DeJeÙeJeeW keâer
mebKÙee nesieer – 913. Subfields of field 'F' with 8 elements are -
(a) p – 1 (b) p
Dee" DeJeÙeJe Jeeues #es$e 'F' kesâ Ghe#es$e nQ –
(c) p + 1 (d) p 2 (a) {0, 1, 2} and F/{0, 1, 2} Deewj F
UPPSC Polytechnic Lecturer 2021(II) (b) {0, 1} and F/{0, 1} Deewj F
Ans. (b) : Given G is a non abelian p - group of order (c) {0, 1} and {0}/{0, 1} Deewj {0}
( ) ( )
p i.e. O G = p . Let Z G be the centre of group G
3 3
then the centre of G t be non trivial i.e. O ( Z ( G ) ) > 1 or UPPSC Polytechnic Lecturer 2021(II)
z ( G ) ≠ {e} Ans. (b) : Given F be a field of order 8.
Then F = F − {0} have 7 elements and ( F* ,.) is a group
*
Now O ( Z ( G ) ) may be of the order p, p2or p3 since by

which is of prime order so it has only two subgroups of
Lagrange’s theorem O ( Z ( G ) ) / O ( G ) order 1 and 7. Hence, F has only two subfields of order
Case I : If O ( Z (G )) = p 3
⇒ G = Z(G ) 2 and 8 i.e. {0,1} and F
⇒ G is abelian. 914. The relation of Conjugacy in a group is -
which is not possible. efkeâmeer mecetn ceW mebÙegeficelee (Conjugacy) keâe mecyebOe nw-
Case II : If O ( Z ( G ) ) = p2 (a) reflexive and symmetric but not transitive
 G  O(G ) p3 mJeleguÙe Deewj meceefcele nw efkeâvleg meb›eâecekeâ veneR nw~
Then, O  = = 2 =p
 Z (G )  O ( Z (G )) p
(b) reflexive and transitive but not symmetric
mJeleguÙe Deewj meb›eâecekeâ nw efkeâvleg meceefcele veneR nw
ALGEBRA 165 YCT
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(c) symmetric and transitive but not reflexive Ans. (c) : Given, polynomial x 2 + 4 can be written as
meceefcele Deewj meb›eâecekeâ nw efkeâvleg mJeleguÙe veneR nw
x 2 + 4 = x 2 + 4x 2 + 4 − 4x 2 = ( x 2 + 2 ) − 4x 2
2
(d) reflexive, symmetric and transitive

mJeleguÙe, meceefcele Deewj meb›eâecekeâ nw = ( x 2 + 2 − 2x )( x 2 + 2 + 2x )
UPPSC Polytechnic Lecturer 2021(II) Showing that ( x 2 + 2x + 2 ) and ( x 2 − 2x + 2 ) are two
Ans. (d) : The relation of conjugacy in a group is an irreducible factors of x 2 + 4 by using Eisenstein’s
equivalence relation i.e. reflexive, symmetric and criterion and these factors have roots ±1, ±i
transitive. So, the splitting field of this polynomial is Q(i) and
Proof: Let G be a group and a, b ∈ G, we now define a extension of degree 2 over the field Q of rational
relation ~ on G defined as a ~ b if and only if there exist numbers.
c∈G 916. Let 'H' be a subgroup of 'G' and 'N' be a
such that a = cbc−1.....(i) normal subgroup of G, then H∩N is -
ceevee efkeâ H, G keâe Skeâ Ghemecetn nw Deewj N, G keâe
We now show that ~ is an equivalence relation.
Reflexive: Since ∃ e ∈ G s.t.
ØemeeceevÙe Ghemecetn nw, lees H∩N nw -
(a) Simple group/meeceevÙe mecetn
a = eae −1 va ∈G
⇒ ~ is reflexive
(b) Normal subgroup/ØemeeceevÙe Ghemecetn
Symmetric: Let a ~ b a, b ∈ G (c) Abelian subgroup/DeeyesefueÙeve Ghemecetn
Then ∃ c ∈ G such that (d) None of these/FveceW mes keâesF& veneR
a = cbc −1 JDD-75-PGT TIER II-X-15 28.06.2015
⇒ c −1ac = c −1cbc −1c such that Ans. (b) : If H be a subgroup of G and N be a normal
c−1a ( c−1 ) = b
−1
⇒ subgroup of G then H ∩ N is a normal subgroup of H.
Proof: To show that H ∩ N is a normal subgroup H we
⇒ ∃ c −1 ∈ G
must show that
b = c−1a ( c−1 )
−1
rsr –1 ∈ H ∩ N V r ∈ H & s ∈ H ∩ N
⇒ ~ is symmetric. i.e. we show that
Transitive: Let a ~ b and b ~ c a, b, c ∈ G
rsr −1 ∈ H and rsr −1 ∈ N V r ∈ H & s ∈ H ∩ N
then ∃ c1 and c2 ∈G s.t. ∵r ∈H ⇒ r ∈G
−1
a = c1bc 1 and b = c2cc2 −1 and s ∈ H ∩ N ⇒ s ∈ H & s ∈ N
⇒ a = c1c2 c c2 −1c1−1 ⇒ rsr −1 ∈ N (∵ N is normal in G )
⇒ a = c1c2c(c1c2 )–1
Also r ∈ H ⇒ r −1 ∈ H (∵ H is subgroup of G )
And s ∈ H
Let c1c 2 = d ∈ G
⇒ rsr −1 ∈ H (By Closure property)
⇒ a = dcd −1 −1
i.e. rsr ∈ H and rsr −1 ∈ N
⇒ ∃d ∈ G s.t a = dcd −1
⇒ rsr −1 ∈ H ∩ N V r ∈ H and s ∈ H ∩ N
⇒ ~ is transitive.
Hence conjugacy relation in a group is reflexive, ⇒ H ∩ N is a normal subgroup of H.
symmetric and transitive.
917. In the field ( R, ⊕, ⊙ ) , where R is the set of
915. The splitting field of the polynomial x2+4 over real numbers and a ⊕ b = a + b – 1; a ⊙ b =
the field 'Q' of rational numbers is - a+b-ab ∀ a, b ∈ R, the multiplicative inverse of
heefjcesÙe mebKÙeeDeeW kesâ #es$e Q hej yengheo x2+4 keâe 5 is -
efJeIešve #es$e – Skeâ #es$e ( R, ⊕, ⊙ ) , peneB R, JeemleefJekeâ mebKÙeeDeeW
( ) ( ) nw
(a) Q i 3 / Q i 3 (b) Q ( 2 ) / Q ( 2 ) nw keâe mecegÛÛeÙe nw leLee a ⊕ b = a + b – 1; a ⊙ b =
a+b-ab ∀ a, b ∈ R, 5 keâe iegCeve Øeefleueesce nw –
(c) Q ( i ) / Q ( i ) nw (d) Q ( 3 ) / Q ( 3 ) nw
5
Where Q (i) is the smallest subfield of C (a) 1 (b)
4
containing Q and i = −1. /peneB Q (i), Q Deewj i = 5 4
(c) − (d)
−1. keâes meceeefnle keâjles ngS C keâe ueIegòece Ghe#es$e nw~ 4 5
UPPSC Polytechnic Lecturer 2021(II) UPPSC Polytechnic Lecturer 2021(II)
ALGEBRA 166 YCT
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Ans. (b) : (c) not normal/ØemeeceevÙe veneR
Given ( R, ⊕, ⊙ ) be field. (d) not cyclic/Ûe›eâerÙe veneR
And a ⊕ b = a + b −1 UPPSC Polytechnic Lecturer 2021(II)
a ⊙ b = a + b − ab, V a, b ∈ R UP PGT 2016
Let e be multiplicative identity then Ans. (a) : Definition:- A subgroup H of a group G is
a ⊙e = e⊙a = a Va ∈R said to be normal subgroup if ghg −1 ∈ H , ∀ g ∈ G,
⇒ a + e − ae = a h ∈ H. Let H be a subgroup of G, where G is a cyclic
⇒ e (1 − a ) = 0 group.
⇒ e=0 Consider ghg −1 = ( gh ) g −1
Let α be inverse of 5 w.r.t. ⊙ then
(since G is cyclic group hence it is a abelian.)
5⊙α = α ⊙5 = e = 0
⇒ 5 + α − 5α = 0 = ( hg ) g −1
⇒ α (1 − 5 ) = −5 = h ( gg −1 )
5 = h(e) ; e is the identity of G
⇒ α=
4 = h ∈ H ∀, h ∈ H, g ∈ G
918. Degree of Q ( )
3, 5 over Q is ⇒ H is a normal subgroup of G.
( ) keâer keâesefš Q hej nw-

921. If 'G' is a cyclic group of order 30, then total
Q 3, 5 number of subgroups of G is –
(a) 2 (b) 6 Ùeefo G, 30 keâesefš keâe Skeâ Ûe›eâerÙe mecetn nw, lees G kesâ
(c) 4 (d) 5 kegâue GhemecetneW keâer mebKÙee nw –
UPPSC Polytechnic Lecturer 2021(II) (a) 6 (b) 7
Ans. (c) : Consider (c) 9 (d) 8
Q ( 3, 5 ) : Q  = Q ( 3 ) ( 5 ) : Q ( 3 )  Q ( 3 ) : Q  UPPSC Polytechnic Lecturer 2021(II)
UP PGT 2016
=  M ( 5 ) : M   Q ( 3 ) : Q  Ans. (d) : Given G is a cyclic group of order 30,
( where M = Q ( 3 )) therefore its all subgroup are cyclic and total number of
subgroup of G is φ ( 30 ) , where φ is Euler’s phi
= deg ( x 2 − 5) × deg ( x 2 − 3) function which gives the number of integers less than
= 2.2 = 4 30 and co-prime to 30.
⇒ Degree of Q ( 3, 5 ) over Q is 4. Now, φ ( 30 ) = φ ( 2 × 3 × 5) = φ ( 2 ) φ ( 3) φ ( 5)
= 1.2.4
919. Which group is not solvable?
=8
keâewve–mee mecetn nueveerÙe veneR nw?
(a) symmetric group of degree 3 922. Let 'S' be the set of all 2 × 2 matrices of the
3 Ieele keâe meceefcele mecetn  a 0
form   where a, b are integers. Let 'R'
(b) symmetric group of degree 4 b 0 
4 Ieele keâe meceefcele mecetn be the ring of 2 × 2 matrices with elements as
(c) abelian group of order 4 integers. Then -
4 keâesefš keâe Deeyesueer mecetn  a 0
(d) symmetric group of degree 5 ceevee   Øekeâej kesâ meYeer 2 × 2 DeeJÙetneW keâe
5 Ieele keâe meceefcele mecetn b 0 
UPPSC Polytechnic Lecturer 2021(II) mecegÛÛeÙe S nw, peneB a, b hetCeeËkeâ nQ~ ceevee hetCeeËkeâ
Ans. (d) : Symmetric group of degree 5, S5 is not DeJeÙeJeeW kesâ meeLe 2 × 2 DeeJÙetneW keâe JeueÙe R nw~ leye
solvable as if S5 is solvable then its all the subgroups –
are also solvable therefore A5 , the subgroup of all even (a) S is a left ideal of R/S, R keâer Skeâ Jeece iegCepeeJeueer
permutation is also solvable which is not possible as A5
is a simple group and a simple group is solvable if any
nw
only if it is abelian group but A5 is not abelian. (b) S is a right ideal of R/S, R keâer Skeâ oeÙeeR
920. Every subgroup of a cyclic group is - iegCepeeJeueer nw
Skeâ Ûe›eâerÙe mecetn keâe ØelÙeskeâ Ghemecetn neslee nw – (c) S is a left as well as a right ideal of R/S, R keâer
(a) normal/ØemeeceevÙe Jeece iegCepeeJeueer nw Deewj oeÙeeR iegCepeeJeueer Yeer nw
(b) normal only when the order of subgroup is a (d) S is neither a left nor a right ideal of R/S, R keâer
prime number/ØemeeceevÙe kesâJeue peye Ghemecetn keâer ve lees Jeece iegCepeeJeueer nw Deewj vee ner oeÙeeR iegCepeeJeueer
keâesefš DeYeepÙe mebKÙee nes UPPSC Polytechnic Lecturer 2021(II)
ALGEBRA 167 YCT
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Ans. (a) : Given, Ans. (a) : Both A and B are true.
 a 0  (i) Suppose G is cyclic and φ : G→H is an
S=    ; where a and b are integers  and isomorphism. Let G is generated by a∈ G. Let b ∈H
 b 0 
then there exists some x ∈G such that b = φ (x); as φ
R be the ring of 2 × 2 matrices with elements as is surjective. Further since G is cyclic, we have x =
integers. an for some n. Then we have
Claim : S is left ideal of R. b = φ (x) = φ (an) = (φ (a))n
 a1 0  a 2 0 Since b ∈H is arbitrary element of H, we see that
Consider   and  b 0  ∈ S
 1
b 0   2  H = < φ (a)>. Thus H is cyclic as well.
where a1, a2, b1, b2∈Z (The set of integers) (ii) Let G be a cycle group with a generator g ∈ G. Then
let a and b be arbitrary elements in G. Then there
 a1 0   a 2 0   a1 – a 2 0 
Then   –  =  ∈S exists n m ∈ Z such that a = gn and b = gm.
 b1 0   b 2 0   b1 – b 2 0  ⇒ ab = gn gm = gn+m = gm gn = ba.
As a1 − a 2 & b1 − b 2 ∈ Z Thus G is abelian.
 1a 0   x y  925. Let G be a cyclic group of order 6. Then, the
Let b 0 ∈ S and   ∈R number of elements g ∈ G, such that G = <g> is
 1  z w ceeve ueerefpeS G, Skeâ keâesefš 6 keâe Ûe›eâerÙe mecetn nw~ lees
where, a1 , b1 , x, y, z, w ∈ Z g ∈ G kesâ DeJeÙeJeeW keâer mebKÙee, efpememes efkeâ G = <g>
 x y   a1 0   a1x + b1 y 0  nw , nw
 z w   b 0  = a z + b w 0  ∈ S
  1   1 1  (a) 2 (b) 3
As a1x + b1 y and a1z + b1w ∈ Z (c) 4 (d) 5
which shows that S is a left ideal of R. UP PGT 2021
Ans. (a) : 2
923. If H is a p - sylow subgroup of G and x∈G,
O(G) = 6
then x–1Hx is also a -
– Number of elements g ∈ G such that g generates G i.e.
Ùeefo H, G keâe p – efmeuees Ghemecetn nw SJeb x∈G, leye x <g> = G = number of integers smaller than 6 and
1
Hx Yeer nw Skeâ – relative prime to 6 = n({1,5}) = 2
(a) p - sylow subgroup of G/G keâe p – efmeuees Ghemecetn 926. Let 'a' be an element of a group and O(a) = 30,
(b) not p - sylow subgroup of G/G keâe p – efmeuees O(a18) is equal to –
Ghemecetn veneR ceeve ueerefpeS 'a' Skeâ mecetn keâe DeJeÙeJe nw Deewj O(a) =
(c) both (a) and (b)/(a) SJeb (b) oesveeW 30, O(a18) yejeyej nw–
(a) 2 (b) 5
(c) 6 (d) 10
UP PGT 2021
Ans. (a) : Given, UPPSC GIC 2015
H be a p − sylow subgroup of G and for x ∈ G x −1Hx UP TGT 2004
is also a subgroup of G. Ans. (b) : 5
Define f: H → x −1Hx , h ∈ H O(a)
Then this f is an isomorphism. ∵ O(ar) =
g.c.d(r,O(a))
⇒ x −1Hx is also a p – sylow subgroup of G for x ∈ G O(a)
∴ O(a18) =
924. Statement A : Every isomorphic image of a g.c.d (18, O(a))
cyclic group is cyclic.
Statement B : Every cyclic group is abelian. 30
Then = (∵ O(a) = 30)
g.c.d(18,30)
keâLeve A : ØelÙeskeâ Ûe›eâerÙe mecetn keâe leguÙekeâejer Øeefleefyecye Yeer
30
Ûe›eâerÙe mecetn nw~ = =5
6
keâLeve B : ØelÙeskeâ Ûe›eâerÙe mecetn Deeyesueer nw~
def
leye 927. Let (Z, o), where a o b = a + b + 1, a, b ∈ Z, is
(a) Both A and B are true/oesveeW A leLee B melÙe nw a commutative group. Let a–1 be inverse of a,
(b) Both A and B are false/oesveeW A leLee B ieuele nQ then a–1 is equal to –
ceevee (Z, o) Skeâ ›eâce efJeefvecesÙe mecetn nw, efpemeceW a, b ∈
(c) A is true only/kesâJeue A melÙe nw def
(d) B is true only/kesâJeue B melÙe nw Z, a o b = a + b + 1 mes heefjYeeef<ele nw~ ceevee a keâe
UP PGT 2021, 2016 JÙegl›eâce a–1 nw, lees a–1 keâe ceeve nw–
ALGEBRA 168 YCT
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(a) –a + 1 (b) –a –1 3
⇒ x + 2x – 3 =
–1
(c) –a –2 (d) –a + 2
2
UP PGT 2021, 2016 3
UPPCS (Pre) 2006 ⇒ x + 2x = 2 + 3
–1
Ans. (c) : –a –2 9
In (Z, o) there is an identity element such that ⇒ 2x–1 = – x
2
aoe=a+e+1=a (by definition)
9 – 2x
⇒x =
–1
Which gives e = –1
Now, a o a–1 = a + a–1 + 1 = e = –1 (by definition) gives 4
a–1 = –a–2 931. A non commutative group has at least
928. If H and K are subgroups of a group G such Skeâ mecetn pees efkeâ ›eâce efJeefvecesÙeer veneR nw, ceW keâce mes
that O(H) = 3 and O(K) = 5, then what will be keâce nesles nQ–
O(H∩K) ? (a) 2 elements/2 DeJeÙeJe (b) 3 elements/3 DeJeÙeJe
Ùeefo H Deewj K Skeâ mecetn G kesâ Ghemecetn Fme Øekeâej nw (c) 5 elements/5 DeJeÙeJe (d) 6 elements/6 DeJeÙeJe
efkeâ O(H) = 3 Deewj O(K) = 5 lees O(H∩K) keäÙee UP PGT 2021
nesiee? LT 2018
(a) 1 (b) 3 UPPSC GIC 2015
(c) 5 (d) 15 UPPCS (Pre) 2003
UP PGT 2021, 2016 Ans. (d) : 6 elements
Ans. (a) : 1 If order of the group is 1 then group is clearly
Now, H∩K is a subgroup of H and K both. commutative. If order of the group is 2, 3 & 5 then
By Lagrange's theorem, O(H∩K) must divide O(H) and group is commutative because of being a group of
O(K) as well, & gcd (3, 5) = 1 prime order.
∴ O (H∩K) = 1 If order of the group is 4 then there is an element of
order 4, hence cyclic group thus commutative or except
929. In the group (Z, +), the subgroup generated by
identity all elements of order 2 this group is isomorphic
2 and 7 is – to Klein four group (K4) and hence commutative.
(Z, +) mecetn ceW, 2 leLee 7 mes peefvele Ghemecetn nw–
If order of the group is 6 then S3 = 6 is non-
(a) 9Z (b) 14Z
commutative group.
(c) Z (d) 5Z
Thus, a non-commutative group has at least 6 elements.
UP PGT 2021
932. Let G be a group of order 30 and let A, B be
Ans. (c) : Z normal subgroups of orders 2 and 5
In the group (Z, +), the subgroup generated by 2 and 7
 G 
is [{2, 7}] = gcd (2, 7) =1 respectively. Then O   is –
⇒ 1Z = Z  AB 
G Skeâ mecetn efpemekeâe ›eâce 30 nw leLee A, B ›eâceMe:
930. If (G, *) is a group and x * y = x + 2y – 3 ∀ x, y
∈ G, then inverse of x in the group is ›eâce 2 leLee 5 kesâ veece&ue Ghemecetn nw, lees O   nw–
G
Ùeefo (G, *) Skeâ mecetn nw Deewj x * y = x + 2y – 3 ∀  AB 
x, y ∈ G, lees x keâe mecetn ceW JÙegl›eâce nw– (a) 2 (b) 3
2x + 9 9 – 2x (c) 5 (d) 10
(a) (b) UP PGT 2021
4 4
Ans. (b) : 3
x–3 x+2
(c) (d) If A and B are two finite subgroups of a finite group G
4 4 then
UP PGT 2021 O ( A ) O ( B)
(9 – 2x) O(AB) =
O ( A ∩ B)
Ans. (b) :
4 Now, because A ∩ B is subgroup of A and B both,
Let e be the identity element of (G, *) Lagrange's theorem states that we must have
∴ x*e = x + 2e –3 = x, ∀ x ∈ G (by definition) O ( A ∩ B) O ( A ) & O ( A ∩ B) O ( B)
3
⇒e= Which gives us O (A∩B) = 1 as gcd (2, 5) = 1
2 Hence, O(AB) = O(A) O(B) = 10
–1
Now, if x is the inverse of x in (G, *) then we must  G  O ( G ) 30
have So, O  = = =3
–1
x * x–1 = x + 2 x – 3 = e  AB  O ( AB ) 10
ALGEBRA 169 YCT

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933. The relation of isomorphism in the set of all Ans. (b) : 3
Let G = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} be the set of non - zero residue
groups is-
meYeer mecetneW kesâ mecegÛÛeÙe ceW mece™helee keâe mecyevOe-
(a) Symmetric and transitive, but not reflexive classes modulo 7 then G is a group under the operation
meceefcele SJeb meb›eâecekeâ nw, efkeâvleg mJeleguÙe veneR of multiplication of residue classes modulo 7.
(b) Reflexive and transitive, but not symmetric We observe the following
( 3)
1
mJeleguÙe SJeb meb›eâecekeâ nw, efkeâvleg meceefcele venerb~ =3
(c) Reflexive and symmetric, but not transitive
(3)
2
mJeleguÙe SJeb meceefcele nw, efkeâvleg meb›eâecekeâ veneR =9=2
( 3) = ( 3 ) .3 = 2.3 = 6
3 2
(d) Reflexive, symmetric and transitive
meb›eâecekeâ, meceefcele SJeb meb›eâecekeâ nw
( 3) = ( 3 ) .3 = 6.3 = 18 = 4
4 3
UPPSC GIC 2021
(3) = ( 3 ) .3 = 4.3 = 12 = 5
5 4
Ans. (d) : Reflexive, symmetric and transitive
Two group G and G' are said to be isomorphic if there
( 3) = ( 3 ) .3 = 5.3 = 15 = 1
6 5
exists an isomorphism φ from G to G'

Reflexive: There exists an isomorphism φ : G→G from Thus every element of G is some integral power of 3 .
a group G to itself. Such an isomorphism is called an Hence G is a cyclic group generated by 3
automorphism. Hence the relation of isomorphism in 936. The alternating group A3 on 3 symbols 1,2,3 is-
the set of all groups is reflexive. The identify map is an
3 ØeleerkeâeW 1, 2, 3 hej ØelÙeeJeleea mecetn A3 nw-
automorphism.
Symmetric: If φ: G→G' is an isomorphism, the inverse (a) {I, (1 2)} (b) {I, (1 3)}
map φ–1: G'→G is also an isomorphism. (c) {I, (2 3)} (d) {I, (1 2 3), (1 3 2)}
Proof: The inverse of a bijective map is bijective. Since UPPSC GIC 2021
φ is a homomorphism then ∀ x,y∈G, UPPSC Ashram Paddhati 2021
φ(φ–1(x). φ–1(y)) = φ (φ–1(x)) Ans. (d) : { I , (123),(132)}
⇒ φ (φ–1(y)) = xy = φ(φ–1(xy)) Let S3 denote the symmetric group of 3 symbols {1, 2,
3}
⇒ φ(φ–1(x). φ–1(y)) = φ (φ–1(xy))
Then S3 = { I,(12), (23), (31),(123),(132)}
⇒ φ–1(xy) =φ–1(x) .φ–1(y)
Definition: A permutation that can be expressed as
Transitive: If φ : G → G' is an isomorphism and ψ: product of even number of 2-cycles is called an even
G'→G " is an isomorphism then ψοφ: G → Gís also an permutation.
isomorphism. The set of even permutations in Sn forms a subgroup of
934. In the group {a, a2, a3, a4, a5, a6 = e} the order of Sn, denoted by An and is called the alternating group of
a5 is- degree n.
Now, (123) = (13) (12) ∈ An
mecetn {a, a2, a3, a4, a5, a6 = e} ceW a5 keâer keâesefš nw-
(a) 5 (b) 6 (132) = (12) (13) ∈ An
(c) 2 (d) 3 ∴ An = { I, (123), (132)}.
UPPSC GIC 2021 937. Let Z be the additive group of integers and E
Ans. (b) : 6 the additive subgroup of even integers with
In a finite group (G,ο) of order n, let a∈G and O(a) = n . zero, then the number of distinct cosets of E in
n Z is-
Then O(ar) = ; (n,r)= gcd of n and r. ceevee Z hetCeeËkeâeW keâes Ùeesieelcekeâ mecetn Deewj E MetvÙe
( n, r )
meefnle mece hetCeeËkeâeW keâe Ùeesieelcekeâ Ghemecetn nw, leye Z ceW
6
∴ O(a5) = = 6. E kesâ efYeVe-efYeVe keâesmecegÛÛeÙeeW keâer mebKÙee nw-
( 6,5) (a) 2 (b) 3
935. For the multiplicative group of residue classes (c) 1 (d) ∞
UPPSC GIC 2021
{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, ( mod 7 )} , generating element is-
DeJeefMe° JeieeX kesâ iegCeveelcekeâ mecetn Ans. (a) : 2
{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, ( mod 7 )} kesâ efueS, Skeâ pevekeâ There are two distinct cosets of the additive subgroup of
DeJeÙeJe nw- even integers (2Z, +) of group of integers (Z, +)
described by
(a) 2 (b) 3 0+2Z = {2x ; x∈ Z} = 2Z
(c) 4 (d) 6 1+ 2Z = {2x+1 ; x∈ Z}
UPPSC GIC 2021 namely the set of even numbers and the set of odd
UPPSC Ashram Paddhati 2021 numbers respectively.
ALGEBRA 170 YCT
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938. Let R+ be the multiplicative group of positive
Ans. (a) : ∵ <–i> = {1, –1, i, –i} = G
real numbers and R be the additive group of
real numbers, then the mapping f : R+ → R ∴ O(–i) = O(G) = 4
given by f(x) = logx ∀ x∈R+ is- Note– The Set G = {1, –1, i, –i} of 4, 4th roots of unity
ceevee R+ Oeveelcekeâ JeemleefJekeâ mebKÙeeDeeW keâe iegCeveelcekeâis an abelian multiplicative group of order 4.
mecetn Deewj R JeemleefJekeâ mebKÙeeDeeW keâe Ùeesieelcekeâ mecetn 941. The multiplicative group {1, –1, i, –i} is a cyclic
nw~ leye f(x) = logx ∀ x ∈ R+ Éeje efoÙee ieÙee group, its generators are/ iegCeve mecetn {1, –1, i,
ØeefleefÛe$eCe f : R+ → R – –i} Skeâ Ûe›eâerÙe mecetn nw, Fmekesâ pevekeâ nQ
(a) One - one and onto, but not homomorphism (a) 1 and i/1 leLee i (b) 1 and –1/1 leLee –1
Skewâkeâ SJeb DeeÛÚeokeâ nw, efkeâvleg meceekeâeefjlee veneR (c) i and –i/i leLee –i (d) only i/kesâJeue i
(b) One-one and homomorhism, but not onto UP TGT 2021
Skewâkeâ SJeb meceekeâeefjlee nw, efkeâvleg DeeÛÚeokeâ veneR Ans. (c) : ieg Ceve mecet n {1, –1, i, –i} kes â pevekeâ i leLee –i nQ
(c) Onto and homomorphism, but not one-one keäÙ eeW e f k eâ = {1, –1, i, –i} = <–i>
DeeÛÚeokeâ SJeb meceekeâeefjlee nw, efkeâvleg Skewâkeâ veneR 942. Suppose that H, K are cyclic groups of order
(d) One-one, onto and homomorphism m, n respectively. Then H×K will be cyclic if
Skewâkeâ, DeeÛÚeokeâ SJeb meceekeâeefjlee nw ceeve ueerefpeS efkeâ H, K ›eâceMe: m, n keâesefš kesâ Ûe›eâerÙe
UPPSC GIC 2021 mecetn nw ~ leye H×K Ûe›eâerÙe nesiee, Ùeefo
UPPSC Ashram Paddhati 2021 (a) m, n are even integers./ m, n mece hetCeeËkeâ nes ~
Ans. (d) : one-one, onto and homomorphism. (b) m, n are odd integers / m, n efJe<ece hetCeeËkeâ nes
Given f : (R + ,.) → (R, + ) defined by (c) m, n are odd prime numbers
f(x) = log x, ∀x∈(R+,.) m, n efJe<ece DeYeepÙe mebKÙeeSb nQ~
Let log x1 = log x2; x1, x2∈(R+,.) (d) m, n are relatively prime numbers. / m, n
x 
Deehesef#ekeâ DeYeepÙe mebKÙeeSb nw
⇒ log  1  = 0 UP Higher Asst. Prof. 2021
 x2  Ans. (d) : m, n are relatively prime numbers
x Proposition : Let H and K be finite cyclic groups of
⇒ 1 =1
x2 order m and n respectively. Then H×K is cyclic if and
only if m and n are relatively prime.
⇒ x1 = x2
Hence f is one - one. Proof- Assume H×K is cyclic. Because H = m and
Now let y ∈ (R, +) then there exists K = n , so H × K = mn .
x = e y ∈ (R + ,.) = (0, ∞ ) such that log x = log (ey) = y. Suppose gcd(m,n) = d and (h, k) is a generator of H×K.
Hence f is onto. Since (h, k)mn/d = ((hm) n/d,(kn)m/d) = (eH,eK), we have
Let x1 , x 2 ∈ (R + ,.) , then mn
mn = (h,k) ≤
log(x1.x 2 ) = log x1 + log x 2 ; ∀x1 , x 2 ∈ (R + ,.) d
Thus, d = 1i.e. m & n relatively prime numbers.
⇒ f(x1. x2) = f(x1) + f(x2)
943. If G is an abelian group and the action of G on
Hence f is homomorphism.
itself by conjugation is the trivial action g.a = a
939. The number of generators of a cyclic group of for all g, a∈G then for each a∈G the conjugacy
order 10 is class of a is, /Ùeefo G Skeâ Deeyesueer mecetn nes Deewj
Skeâ 10 keâesefš Jeeues Ûe›eâerÙe mecetn kesâ pevekeâeW keâer mebÙegiceer Éeje G keâe mJeÙeb hej ef›eâÙee meYeer g, a∈G kesâ
mebKÙee nw
efueS legÛÚ ef›eâÙee g.a = a nes, leye ØelÙeskeâ a∈G kesâ
(a) 2 (b) 3
(c) 4 (d) 5
efueS a keâe mebÙegicelee Jeie& nesiee -
UP TGT 2021 (a) {a}
(b) {G}
Ans. (c) : Skeâ 10 keâesefš Jeeues Ûe›eâerÙe mecetn G kesâ pevekeâeW keâer (c) a{G}
mebKÙee · 10 mes Úesšs leLee 10 kesâ meehes#e DeYeepÙe hetCeeËkeâes keâer (d) None of these / FveceW mes keâesF& veneR
mebKÙee · n ({1, 3, 7, 9}) = 4 UP Higher Asst. Prof. 2021
940. The order of the element (–i) of the Ans. (a) : {a}
multiplicative group G = {1, –1, i, –i} is For an element a of a group G its conjugacy class is the
iegCeve mecetn G = {1, –1, i, –i} kesâ DeJeÙeJe (–i) keâe ›eâce set of elements conjugate to it
nw {gag–1 : g∈G}
(a) 4 (b) 3 If G is abelian then every element is in its own
conjugacy class :
(c) 2 (d) 1
UP TGT 2021 g.a = gag–1= a for all g ∈ G
ALGEBRA 171 YCT

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944. Suppose there exist 5 groups of order p2q = 12 Ans. (b) : is irreducible over F
then/ ceeve ueerefpeS efkeâ (p2q = 12) keâesefš kesâ 5 mecetn A polynomial of degree 2 or 3 over a field F is reducible
DeefmlelJe ceW nw lees, if and only if it has a root in F.
(a) One of which is non-abelian. Now field of integers modulo 11 = Z11
GveceW mes Skeâ Deve-Deeyesueer nw~ ={0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10}
(b) Two of which are non-abelian. and p(x) = x2 + x + 4 (mod 11)
GveceW mes oes Deve-Deeyesueer nQ~ Observe that P(0) = 0 + 0 + 4 (mod11) = 4
(c) Three of which are non-abelian. P(1) = 1 + 1 + 4 (mod 11) = 6
P(2) = 4 + 2 + 4 (mod 11) = 10
GveceW mes leerve Deve-Deeyesueer nwb~
P(3) = 9 + 3 + 4 (mod 11) = 5
(d) All five are non-abelian.
P(4) = 16 + 4 + 4 (mod 11) = 2
meYeer heeBÛeeW Deve-Deeyesueer nwb~ P(5) = 25 + 5 + 4 (mod 11) = 1
UP Higher Asst. Prof. 2021 P(6) = 36 + 6 + 4 (mod 11) = 2
Ans. (c) : Three of which are non-abelian. P(7) = 49 + 7 + 4 (mod 11) = 5
Structure Theorem for finite abelian groups dictates that P(8) = 64 + 8 + 4 (mod 11) = 10
any abelian group of order 12 can be written as a P(9) = 81 + 9 + 4 (mod 11) = 6
product of cyclic groups.
P(10) = 100 + 10 + 4 (mod 11) = 4
So, any abelian group of order 12 can be written as
Hence the polynomial x2 + x + 4 is irreducible in ℤ11
ℤ12 , ℤ 2 × ℤ 6 , ℤ 4 × ℤ 3 , ℤ 2 × ℤ 2 × ℤ 3 ,
since it has no root in ℤ11 .
Clearly ℤ 2 × ℤ 3 ≅ ℤ 6 ⇒ ℤ 2 × ℤ 2 × ℤ 3 ≅ ℤ 2 × ℤ 6
and ℤ12 ≅ ℤ 4 × ℤ 3 947. Every Homomorphic of a group is isomorphic
to
Hence, there are only two isomorphism classes a groups
of order 12 which are abelian. mecet n kesâ ØelÙeskeâ meceenejer, leguÙekeâejer nesles nw -
Note : The examiner should have specified that groups (a) cyclic group/Ûe›eâerÙe mecetn kesâ
of order 12 upto isomorphism class. (b) quotient group/efJeYeeie mecetn kesâ
945. Let the sets of rationals and reals numbers be (c) normal subgroup/ØemeeceevÙe Ghemecetn kesâ
denoted by Q and R respectively. (d) none of these/FveceW mes keâesF& vener
Choose the correct answer .
ceeve efueefpeS efkeâ heefjcesÙe Deewj JeemleefJekeâ mebKÙeeDeeW kesâ
UPPSC GIC 2015
mecegÛÛeÙeeW keâes ›eâceMe: Q leLee R Éeje oMee&Ùee ieÙee nw~ UP PGT 2010
mener Gòej keâes ÛegefveS - Ans. (b) : quotient group
(a) Q is both a subring and an ideal of R
Theorem- Let φ: G → G' be a surjective group
Q nesiee R keâe GheJeueÙe leLee iegCepeeJeueer oesveeW~
homomorphism with kernal K.
(b) Q is a subring but not an ideal of R
G
Q nesiee R keâe GheJeueÙe hejvleg iegCepeeJeueer veneR~ The quotient group G = is isomorphic to the image
(c) Q is an ideal but not a subring of R K
G'.
Q nesieer R keâer iegCepeeJeueer hejvleg GheJeueÙe veneR~
To be precise, let σ : G → G be the canonical map.
(d) Q is neither a subring nor an ideal of R
Q ve lees R keâe GheJeueÙe Deewj ve ner iegCepeeJeueer nw~ There is a unique isomorphism Ψ : G →G' such that
UP Higher Asst. Prof. 2021 φ = Ψo σ
Ans. (b) : Q is a subring but not an ideal of R
The set of rational numbers under the usual addition and
multiplication of real numbers is a commutative ring
with unit element. Hence, Q is a subring of R. Q is not
an ideal of R because for any rational number r and real
number 2 neither r 2 nor 2 r belongs to Q. where σ(g) = Kg.
946. Let F be a field of integers modulo 11, then the 948. If G is a finite group and O(G) = pn, where p is
polynomial x2 + x + 4/ ceevee efkeâ ceeheebkeâ 11 kesâ prime number and n is positive integers, then
hetCeeËkeâeW keâe #es$e F nw, leye yengheo x2 + x + 4 Ùeefo G Skeâ heefjefcele mecetn nw leLee O(G) = pn peneB p
(a) is reducible over F/ F hej Keb[veerÙe nw~ DeYeepÙe mebKÙee nws leLee n Oeveelcekeâ hetCeeËkeâ nw leye,
(b) is irreducible over F/ F hej DeKeb[veerÙe nw~ (a) Z(G) ≠{e}
(c) has prime factor over F (b) Z(G) = {e}
F hej DeYeepÙe iegCeve Keb[ jKelee nw~ (c) Z(G) = G
(d) None of these /FveceW mes keâesF& veneR (d) None of these / FveceW mes keâesF& vener
UP Higher Asst. Prof. 2021 UP Higher Asst. Prof. 2021
ALGEBRA 172 YCT
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Ans. (a) : Z(G) ≠ {e} g p−1 ≡ 1mod p
Groups whose orders are positive powers of a prime p
⇒ p g p−1 − 1
are called p-groups.
Theorem- The center of a p-group is not the trivial  p −1  p−1 
group. ⇒ p  g 2 − 1 g 2 + 1
  
949. If the prime p ≥ 7, then how many consecutive   
quadratic residues (mod p ) will be p −1 p −1
Ùeefo DeYeepÙe p ≥ 7 leye (mod p ) ceW efkeâleves ›eâefcekeâ Now if pg 2 − 1 then we have g 2 ≡ 1 (mod p) which
efÉIeeleerÙe DeJeMes<e nesieW ?
(a) Two/oes contradicts that g is primitive root modulo p.
(b) Three/leerve Hence we must have,
p −1 p −1
(c) Four/Ûeej
pg 2 +1 ⇒g 2 ≡ −1 (mod p).
For an odd prime p and an integer g relative prime to p
Ans. (a) : Two p −1
g
Definition- The Legendre Symbol we have   ≡ g 2 ≡ −1( mod p )
a p
  g
p where   denotes the Legendre symbol.
is assigned the value of 1 if a is a quadratic residue of p. p
Otherwise, it is assigned the value of –1. Note : An educated guess can be made that the
Proposition- For any prime p > 5 there exists integer 1
g
 a   a +1  examiner had intended to ask the "  = "
≤ a ≤ p –1 for which   =   = 1. p
p  p 
951. If p is prime , then (a + b)p ≡
That is there are consecutive quadratic residues of p.
Ùeefo DeYeepÙe nw, leye (a + b)p ≡
Proof - Since x2 ≡ 1, x2 ≡ 4 and x2 ≡ 9 have solution for
all p > 5 then consider x2 ≡ 2, x2 ≡ 5, x2 ≡ 10. (a) ap + bp (mod p) (b) ap + bp (mod N)
p p
Now for p > 5; gcd(2,p) = 1, gcd(5,p) = 1 so gcd(10,p) (c) a – b (mod p) (d) ap – bp (mod N)
= 1 and because if p is an odd prime and gcd (ab, p) = 1 UP Higher Asst. Prof. 2021
then at least one of a, b or ab is a quadratic residue of p. Ans. (a) : ap + bp (mod p)
We have at least one of 2, 5 or 10 must be a quadratic Now if p is a prime , then
residue of p. p
Ci ≡ 0 (mod p) for 1≤ i ≤ p–1
2 Thus by binomial theorem we have
If   = 1, then 1 and 2 are consecutive residues.
p (a+b)p ≡ p C 0a p + p C1a p −1b + .... + p C p −1ab p−1 + p C p b p
5 ≡ ap + bp (mod p)
If   = 1, then 4 and 5 are consecutive residues.
p 952. A positive integer which has more divisors than
any smaller positive integer is called
 10 
If   = 1, then 9 and 10 are consecutive residues. Skeâ Oeveelcekeâ hetCe& mebKÙee efpemekesâ efJeYeepekeâeW keâer mebKÙee
p efkeâmeer DevÙe Úesšer Oeveelcekeâ hetCe& mebKÙee keâer Dehes#ee
Thus, the above showed that at least one pair of DeefOekeâ nesles nQ, keânueeleer nw-
consecutive residues for p > 5.
(a) Highly Composite Number/GÛÛe YeepÙe mebKÙee
950. If p is an odd prime and if g is a primitive root
(b) Ramanujan Composite Number
g jeceevegpeve YeepÙe mebKÙee
(mod p ), then   =
r (c) Harshad Composite Number /n<e&o YeepÙe mebKÙee
Ùeefo p Skeâ efJe<ece DeYeepÙe leLee Ùeefo g Skeâ hetJe&ie cetue (d) Hardy Composite Number/n[ea YeepÙe mebKÙee
g UP Higher Asst. Prof. 2021
(mod p )nes leye   =
r Ans. (a) : Highly Composite Number.
(a) –1 (b) 1 An integer n > 1 is termed highly composite if it has
(c) ± 1 more divisors than any preceding integer ; in other
(d) None of these/FveceW mes keâesF& veneR words, the divisor function τ satisfies τ(m) < τ(n) for all
UP Higher Asst. Prof. 2021 m < n. The first 10 highly composite numbers are
2,4,6,12,24,36,48,60,120 and 180.
Ans. (a) : –1
Note : There is a grammatical mistake in phrasing of
If g is primitive root modulo p then order of g modulo p the question. Question should ask 'than' instead of 'then'.
is φ(p) = p –1 i.e.
ALGEBRA 173 YCT
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953. If a positive integer on a given base is divisible 957. Consider the group G = {1,5,7,11,13,17} under
by the sum of its digits on the same base called multiplication modulo 18. The inverse of 5 is:
efoS ieS DeeeOeej hej Oeveelcekeâ hetCe& mebKÙee Ùeefo Debkeâes iegCeve cee@[Ÿetuees 18 kesâ Devleie&le mecetn G =
kesâ Ùeesie mes Gmeer DeeOeej hej YeepÙe nes lees mebKÙee {1,5,7,11,13,17} hej efJeÛeej keâerefpeS~ FmeceW 5 keâe
keânueeleer nw- JÙegl›eâce nw:
(a)A Ramanujan Number /jeceevegpeve mebKÙee (a) 17 (b) 13
(b)A Harshad Number/n<e&o mebKÙee (c) 7 (d) 11
(c)A Hardy Number /ne[ea mebKÙee UKPSC Lecturer (Mains) 2020
(d)None of these /FveceW mes keâesF& veneR Ans. (d) : 1 is the multiplicative identity of G. Observe
UP Higher Asst. Prof. 2021 that 5.11 =1 modulo 18. Hence, the inverse of 5 is 11
Ans. (b) : A Harshad Number modulo 18.
A base b Harshad number is a positive integer that is 958. Consider the following statements:
divisible by the sum of its base b digits. For example, in
I. Every subgroup of an abelian group is
the decimal number system, 1729 is a Harshad number
since 1+7+2+9 = 19, and 1729 = 19×91. normal subgroup.
II. The union of two normal subgroups is a
954. How many generators does a cyclic group of
order 8 have ? normal subgroup.
keâesefš 8 kesâ Ûe›eâerÙe mecetn kesâ efkeâleves pevekeâ nesles nw ? Which of the following options is correct?
(a) 2 (b) 3 efvecveefueefKele keâLeveeW hej efJeÛeej keâerefpeS:
(c) 4 (d) 6 1.Skeâ Deeyesueer mecetn keâe ØelÙeskeâ Ghemecetn ØemeeceevÙe
UPPSC GIC 2021 Ghemecetn neslee nw~
2.oes ØemeeceevÙe GhemecetneW keâe meefcceueve Skeâ ØemeeceevÙe
UP TGT 2021
Ans. (c) : For any finite cyclic group of order m there Ghemecetn neslee nw~
are φ(m) generators, where φ is Euler's Phi function is (a) Only I is true/kesâJeue I melÙe nw~
numbers of integers less then m and co-prime to m, (b) Only II is the/kesâJeue II melÙe nw~
there m = 8
(c) Both I and II are true/oesveeW I Je II melÙe nQ~
φ(8) = φ(23) = 23 – 22 = 4
(d) Neither I nor II is true /ve lees I ve ner II melÙe nQ~
955. In the group {a, a2, a3, a4, a5, a6 = e}, the order
of a5 is UKPSC Lecturer (Mains) 2020
mecetn {a, a2, a3, a4, a5, a6 = e} ceW a5 keâer keâesefš nw Ans. (a) : I. A group H ≤ G is normal subgroup if for
(a) 5 (b) 6 any g ∈ G, the set gH equals the set Hg. Equivalently,
(c) 2 (d) 3 H = gHg −1
Now, for a subgroup H of an abelian group G, any
Ans. (b) :
∵ < a > = {a, a2, a3, a4, a5, a6 = e} element x ∈ gHg −1 we have
showing that O(a) = 6 x = ghg −1 ; g ∈ G, h ∈ H
O (a) 6 ⇒x=h
Now O(a5) = = =6
g.c.d. ( O (a),5 ) 1 and therefore x ∈ H. Thus, H is a normal subgroup.
956. What is the solution of Boolean equation II. 3Z and 2Z are subgroups of (Z,+) but the union has
Y = A + B + AB ? elements 2 and 3. But 2 + 3 = 5 ∉ 3Z ∪ 2Z.
yetefueÙeve meceerkeâjCe Y = A + B + AB keâe nue keäÙee ( Z, + ) is cyclic, and hence abelian and hence all
nesiee? subgroups of ( Z, + ) are normal. But the union of these 2
(a) 1 (b) A.B subgroups is not a subgroup.
(c) A.B (d) A + B
959. The identity element of the group ({5, 15, 25,
UK SSSC LT 2020
35}, X40) is:
Ans. (b) : Given Boolean equation
mecetn ({5, 15, 25, 35}, X40) keâe lelmecekeâ DeJeÙeJe nw :
Y = A + B + AB
(a) 15 (b) 25
or Y = ( A.B ) + ( A + B ) (De Morgan's Law)
(c) 35 (d) 1
= ( A + ( A.B ) + B ) (Commutative Law) UKPSC Lecturer (Mains) 2020
=A+B (Absorption Law) Ans. (b) : The set ({5,15, 25,35} , x ) is a group under
40
= A.B (De Morgan's Law) multiplication module 40. Cayley table for the set
ALGEBRA 174 YCT
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x 40 5 15 25 35 (a) 4 (b) 3
(c) 2 (d) 1
5 25 35 5 15 UKPSC Lecturer (Mains) 2020
15 35 25 15 5 Ans. (c) : The group S3 of all permutations on {1,2,3} is
25 5 15 25 35
= {e, (12 ) , (13) , ( 23) , (123) , (132 )}
35 15 5 35 15
clearly tells us that 25 is the identity element of the in which two elements (123) & (132 ) are of order 3.
group. 964. In Ring of real quaternion, (1–1i–3j–2k)–1=......
960. The unity element of the ring ({0,2,4,6,8}, +10, (a) (1–2i–3j–2k) ÷18
X10) is :
(b) (1–2i–3j–2k) ÷6
JeueÙe ({0,2,4,6,8}, +10, X10) keâe lelmecekeâ DeJeÙeJe nw:
(c) (–1+2i+3j+2k) ÷18
(a) 2
(d) (1+2i+3j+2k) ÷18
(b) 4
(c) 6
(d) None of these/FveceW mes keâesF& veneR Ans. (d) : In ring of real quaternions
UKPSC Lecturer (Mains) 2020 conjugate of (1 − 2i − 3j − 2k )
(1 – 2i – 3j – 2k)-1 =
Ans. (c) : Let R = Z10 = {0, 2, 4,6,8} is a commutative norm of (1 − 2i − 3j − 2k )
ring.
=
(1 + 2i + 3j + 2k )
The ring has a multiplicative identity and because
6.0 = 0,6.2 = 2,6.4 = 4,6.6 = 6,6.8 = 8 , namely the
(1) + ( −2 )2 + ( −3)2 + ( −2 )2
2
element 6.
=
(1 + 2i + 3j + 2k )
961. The number of generators of a cyclic group of 18
order 12, is : 965. Let ∗ be a group action of G on X. For x∈X. let
keâesefš 12 kesâ Ûe›eâerÙe mecetn kesâ pevekeâeW keâer mebKÙee nw : Gx denote the subset {g∗x:g∈G} of X. Define
(a) 2 (b) 3 an equivalence relation ~ on X by setting x ~ y
(c) 4 (d) 5 iff Gx=Gy. The equivalence class of X is known
UKPSC Lecturer (Mains) 2020 as the_______
UKPSC GIC 2018 (a) space of orbits Ox
Ans. (c) : The number of generators of cyclic group of (b) orbit and stabilizer of x
order 12 = number of positive integers smaller than 12 (c) orbit Ox of x
and relative prime to 12 = n ({1,5,7,11} ) = 4 (d) disjoint union of X
962. If N is a set of natural numbers, '*' is an
operation such that Ans. (c) : Let g be a group which acts on X. Define a
a*b = a + b + ab ∀ a, b ∈ N, then identity relation ∼ on X as follows:
element for * is: x ∼ y if and only if g* x = y for some g∈G.
Ùeefo N Øeeke=âle mebKÙeeDeeW keâe Skeâ mecegÛÛeÙe nw, ‘*’ Skeâ The relation ∼ is reflexive, for e * x = x. It is
mebef›eâÙee Fme Øekeâej nw efkeâ a*b = a + b + ab ∀ a, symmetric, for g * x = y ⇒ g-1 * y = x. It is transitive,
for g * x = y and h * y = z ⇒ hg * x = z. Thus ∼ is an
b ∈ N, leye * kesâ efueS lelmecekeâ DeJeÙeJe nw:
equivalence relation.
(a) 1 The equivalence class of X modulo ∼ determined by x
is { y ∈ X x ∼ y} = {g * x g ∈ G}. This set is denoted
(b) 0
(c) 2
(d) Non-existent/DeefmlelJenerve G*x, and it is called the orbit of the action through x.
UKPSC Lecturer (Mains) 2020 966. Let Q be the field of rational number. Find the
Ans. (d) : An element e ∈ N is identity element for Galois group order of f (x) = x2 – 2 over Q.
defined binary operation * on N if (a) 2 (b) 3
a *e = a + e + ae = a = e *a; ∀a ∈ N (c) 4 (d) 1
which gives e = 0 and 0 ∉ N.
Ans. (a) : The polynomial f(x) = x2 – 2 has splitting
( 2 ) over Q because it has roots : 2, − 2, .
963. In the group S3 of all permutations on the set of
3 elements, the maximum number of field Q
Thus, the Galois group is Gal ( Q ( 2 ) / Q ) .

permutations y satisfying y3 = e (the identity
permutation) is :
leerve DeJeÙeJeeW kesâ mecegÛÛeÙe hej heefjYeeef<ele meYeer
›eâceÛeÙeeW kesâ mecetn S3 ceW, Ssmes ›eâceÛeÙeeW y keâer mebKÙee Now, let σ ∈ Gal ( Q ( 2 ) / Q ) . Then the automorphism
pees y3 = e (lelmecekeâ ›eâceÛeÙe) keâes mevleg° keâjles nQ, nQ: σ permutes the roots of the polynomial. The map
ALGEBRA 175 YCT
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2 → 2 is the identity automorphism I of Q ( 2)Ans. (c) : A group G is internal direct product of its
subgroups H and K if
and the other map 2 → − 2 gives non - identity (i) H and K are both normal subgroups.
( ( ) )
automorphism τ. Therefore Gal Q 2 / Q = {I, τ} is a (ii) H ∩ K = {e}
(iii) HK = G.
cyclic group of order 2. 971. If G be a group of order 57. Assume that G is
967. If G is a finite group of order 217. Find out the not a cyclic group. Then what is the number of
number of generators of the group G. elements in G of order 3 ?
(a) 180 (b) 188 (a) 32 (b) 85
(c) 181 (d) 182 (c) 38 (d) 36
DSSSB TGT 04-09-2021 Shift-I (Male) DSSSB TGT 04-09-2021 Shift-I (Male)
Ans. (a) : Given O (G) = 217. Number of generators of Ans. (c) : We have 57 = 3 × 19.
group G = φ (217) = φ(7) φ(31) = 6 × 30 = 180 So, by Sylow's Theorem, Sylow 3-subgroups and sylow
where φ(d) is Euler's Phi function. 19-subgroups of G exist.
968. Calculate the number of elements of order 7 in Clearly n19 = 1 ; where n19 = is the number of 19 -
Z (49)⊕Z (7). Sylow subgroups.
(a) 56 (b) 48 Now if n3 = 1 ; n3 is the number of 3 - Sylow subgroups,
then G is cyclic, so we must have n3 = 19.
(c) 49 (d) 51
DSSSB TGT 04-09-2021 Shift-I (Male) ∴ There are 19 × 3 – 19 = 38 elements of order 3.
972. A ring (R, +, ⋅ ) is said to be Boolean ring if
Ans. (b) : Let a ∈ ℤ 49 and b ∈ ℤ 7
∀α ∈ R : / Skeâ JeueÙe (R, +, ⋅ ) yetefueÙeve JeueÙe keâne
Then 7 = lcm (O (a), O (b)) and hence, possible ordered peelee nw, Ùeefo ∀α ∈ R :
pair (O(a), O(b)) are (1, 7), (7, 1), and (7, 7)
If O(a) = 7 and O(b) = 1 then 'a' can be any one of 7, 14, (a) a = e (b) a–1= a
2
21, 28, 35, 42 and then b = 0 (identity). So, 6 elements (c) a = a (d) a3 = a
of order 7. UK SSSC LT 2020
If O(a) = 7 and O(b) = 7 then 'a' can be any one of 7, 14, Ans. (c) : A ring (R, +, ⋅ ) is said to be boolean ring if
21, 28, 35, 42 and 'b' can be any one of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 a 2 = a; ∀a ∈ R
and hence 6 × 6 = 36 elements of orders 7. 973. The generators of a group G = {a, a2, a3, a4, a5,
If O(b) = 7 and O(a) = 1 then 6 elements of order 7 a6 = e} are:
Hence, there are 6 + 36 + 6 = 48 elements of order 7 in mecetn G = {a, a2, a3, a4, a5, a6 = e} kesâ pevekeâ nQ:
ℤ 49 ⊕ ℤ 7 . (a) a and a5 (b) a2 and a4
969. Let X be a set and G be a group. A group (c) a3 and a5 (d) a2 and a3
action of G on X is a map * : G ×X → X given UK SSSC LT 2020
by (g,x) → g ∗x such that 2 3 4 5 6
Ans. (a) : Given G = {a, a , a , a , a , a = e}
2 3 4 5 6
1) (gh) ∗x = g∗ (h ∗ x) for all g, h∈G and x Now < a > = {a, a , a , a , a , a = e} = G
2 2 4 6
∈X . < a > = {a , a , a = e}
2) e∗x = x for all x∈X < a3 > = {a3, a6 = e}
If this happens then we say that G acts on X < a4 > = {a4, a8, a12 = e}
and X is a < a5 > = {a, a2, a3, a4, a5, a6 = e} = G
(a) G- Bijection (b) G- isomorphism < a6 > = {e}
5
(c) G- set (d) G- homomorphism Hence, generators of G are a and a .
DSSSB TGT 04-09-2021 Shift-I (Male) 974. The order of the group S4 (Symmetric group)
Ans. (c) : is:
Let G be a group with identity e and x a set. A map meceef cele mecetn S4 keâer keâesefš nw:
* : G × X → X is called an action of G on X if (a) 12 (b) 16
(i) e*x = x for all x in X , and (c) 20 (d) 24
(ii) (gh) * x = g * (h * x) for all g, h in G and x in X UK SSSC LT 2020
We say the x is a G - set under the action *. Ans. (d) : Order of symmetric group S4 = 4! = 24
975. Let G be an infinite cyclic group, then:
970. Let G be a group we know that G is the ceevee G Skeâ Devevle Ûe›eâerÙe mecetn nw, lees:
internal direct product of two subgroups of H
and K. It is not true when : (a) G has infinitely many generators
(a) H ∩ K = {e} G kesâ Devevle pevekeâ nQ
(b) H and K are normal subgroups of G (b) G has one generator/G keâe Skeâ pevekeâ nw
(c) H ∪ K= G (c) G has two generators/G kesâ oes pevekeâ nQ
(d) HK= G (d) G has three generators/G kesâ leerve pevekeâ nQ
DSSSB TGT 04-09-2021 Shift-I (Male) Haryana PGT 2020
ALGEBRA 176 YCT
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Ans. (c) : G has two generators. (a) 1 (b) 2
Proposition- Let (G, O) be an infinite cyclic group (c) 3 (d) 4
generated by a. UKPSC GIC 2018
Then <am> = <an> if and only if m = ± n. In particular Ans. (d) : The elements in Z10 are {0, 1, 2, 3, ...... 9}
<am> = G if and only if m = ± 1. i.e an infinite cyclic Since 02 = 0(mod 10), we obtain 0 as an idempotent
group has only two generators. element in Z10.
Proof- Clearly, <am> = <a–m>. Suppose that <an> - Since 12 = 1 (mod 10), we obtain 1 as an idempotent
<am>. Then there exist r, s ∈ z such that am = (an)r and an element in Z10.
= (am)s. Since 52 = 5 (mod 10), we obtain 5 as an idempotent
Since a is of infinite order, m = nr and n = ms. This element in Z10.
shows that rs = 1, and so r = ± 1. Since 62 = 6 (mod 10), we obtain 6 as an idempotent
Hence, m ± n. element in Z10.
976. G = ({0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5}, +6) is a group. Order of 5 Therefore, 4 idempotent elements in Z10 i.e. 0, 1, 5 and 6.
is: /G = ({0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5}, +6) Skeâ mecetn nw~ DeJeÙeJe 980. Identity permutation is always an:
5 keâer keâesefš (order) nw: FkeâeF& ›eâceÛeÙe mecetn ncesMee neslee nw, Skeâ :
(a) 1 (b) 3 (a) odd permutation /efJe<ece ›eâceÛeÙe mecetn
(c) 5 (d) 6 (b) even permutation /mece ›eâceÛeÙe mecetn
Haryana PGT 2020 (c) cyclic permutation /Ûe›eâerÙe ›eâceÛeÙe mecetn
Ans. (d) : 1(5) = (5) , 2 (5) = (4), 3(5) = (3), 4 (5) = (2), (d) transposition /he#eeblejCe
5(5) = (1), 6 (5) = (0) KVS PGT 23-12-2018
Hence O(5) = 6 Ans : (b) Identity permutation is always an even
977. Euclid's division lemma states that for any permutation.
positive integers a and b, there exist unique 981. The largest integer n for which 35! is divisible
integers q and r such that a = bq + r; where r by 3n, is given by:
must satisfy: (a) 1 (b) 3 (c) 11 (d) 15
Ùetefkeäue[ Yeepekeâ ØecesefÙekeâe kesâ keâLeveevegmeej efkeâvneR Oeve NVS PGT 10-06-2019
hetCeeËkeâes a leLee b kesâ efueS Ssmes DeefÉleerÙe hetCeeËkeâ q leLee Ans : (d) Let EP(n) denote the exponent of p is n then
r efJeÅeceeve nw efkeâ a = bq + r peneB r mebleg° keâjlee nw:
n   n  n
(a) 1 < r < b (b) 0 < r ≤ b E P ( n!) =   +  2  + ..... +  S 
(c) 0 ≤ r < b (d) 0 < r < d p p  p 
Haryana PGT 2018 Where S is the largest positive integer such that
Haryana TGT 2019 p s ≤ n < p s +1
Ans. (c) : Euclid's division lemma states that for any Here n = 35 and p = 3
positive integers a and b, there exist unique integers q ∵ 33 < 35 < 34
and r satisfying
a = bq + r; 0≤r<b ∴ S =3
The integers q and r are called, respectively, the  35   35   35 
quotient and remainder in the division of a by b. So, E 3 ( 35!) =   +  2  +  3  = 11+3+1
 3  3  3 
978. If the polynomial x2 + x +1 is divided by (x – i) E 3 ( 35!) = 15
over the complex field, then the remainder is:
Ùeefo yengheo x2 + x +1 , (x – i) mes meefcceße #es$e hej 982. Which of the following ring is not an integral
efJeYeeefpele efkeâÙee peelee nw, lees Mes<eheâue nw: domain-
(a) 0 (b) i efvecve ceW mes keâewve-meer JeueÙe hetCeeËkeâer Øeevle veneR nw–
(c) -i (d) x + i (a) ( E, +, i ) where E is the set of even integers
Haryana PGT 2018 including zero./ ( E, +, i ) peneB E MetvÙe meefnle
Ans. (b) : By Remainder Theorem we have that
remainder is given by mecehetCeeËkeâeW keâe mecegÛÛeÙe nw~
P (i) = (i)2 + i + 1 (b) ( C, +, i ) where C is the set of complex
= –1 + i + 1 numbers./ ( C, +, i ) peneB C meefcceße mebKÙeeDeeW keâe
=i
mecegÛÛeÙe nw~
({a + b } )
979. In a ring R, an element x is said to be an
idempotent element if x2 = x. How many (c) 2, a, b∈I , +, i where I is the set of
({a + b )
idempotent elements are there in the ring Z10?
efkeâmeer JeueÙe R ceW, Ùeefo x2 = x nes lees DeJeÙeJe x Jeie&mece whole numbers./ }
2, a, b∈I , +, i peneB
keânueelee nw~ JeueÙe Z10 ceW efkeâleves Jeie&mece DeJeÙeJe nesbies? I hetCe& mebKÙeeDeeW keâe mecegÛÛeÙe nw~
ALGEBRA 177 YCT
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(d) ( Q, +, i ) where Q is set of rational numbers. Ans : (a) If cancellation law hold in finite ring R with
unity and ∀a, b ∈ R, (ab) 2 = a 2 b 2 then R is a field this
( Q, +, i ) peneB Q heefjcesÙe mebKÙeeDeeW keâe mecegÛÛeÙe nw~ standard statement.
Rajasthan TGT 2013
985. Ùeefo H mecetn G keâe Skeâ Ghemecetn nw Deewj a,b,∈ G, lees
Ans : (a) Given that E = {0, 2, 4, 6,8,10,.................} (a) Ha = Hb Ùeefo Deewj kesâJeue Ùeefo ab-1∈G
The all even integer with Zero is not an integral domain Ha = Hb iff ab-1∈G
because it does not contain multiplicative indentity. (b) Ha = Hb Ùeefo Deewj kesâJeue Ùeefo ab-1∈H
983. In the field ( R, ⊕, ⊙ ) where R is set of real Ha = Hb iff ab-1∈H
numbers and a ⊕ b = a + b –1, a ⊙ b = a + b – (c) aH = bH Ùeefo Deewj kesâJeue Ùeefo (ab)-1∈G
ab for all a, b ∈ R, then the additive inverse aH = bH iff (ab)-1∈G
and multiplication inverse of 5 are respectively- (d) aH = Hb Ùeefo Deewj kesâJeue Ùeefo ab-1∈H
aH = Hb iff ab-1∈H
(a) –4, 1 (b) –3, 5
(c) –4, 5 (d) –3, 1 Ans. (b) If Ha = Hb, then a belonging to Ha, is equal to
4 same elements H b∈Hb i.e., a = H b or ab–1 = H ∈H.
Rajasthan TGT 2013 conversely if ab∈H, then ab–1=H
Ans : (b) Given that ( R, ⊕, ⊙ ) is a field where R is the i.e., a = hi b
set of real numbers and a ⊕ b = a+b–1 and There fore Ha = Hb iff ab–1∈H
Whose frequency is more then if each item is increased
a ⊙ b = a+b–ab ∀a, b,∈ R
by any value then the mode is also incresed by that
for identity value. Hence mode will go up by 2.
a ⊕e = a 986. ceevee G Skeâ mecetn nw Deewj ceevee H mecetn G keâesF& Ghemecetn
a + e −1 = a nw~ Ùeefo N,G keâe keâesF& ØemeeceevÙe Ghemecetn nw, leye
⇒ e =1 Let G be a group and let H be any subgroup of G, If
let additive inverse is b then N be any normal subgroup of G, then
5⊕ b =1 HN H HN H
5 + b −1 = 1 (a) ≡ (b) ≡
N (H ∩ N) H (H ∩ N)
b+4=1
HN N HN (H ∩ N)
b= –3 (c) ≡ ≡
(d)
for multiplicative identty N (H ∩ N) N H
a⊙e = a Rajasthan TGT 2015
5 + e − 5e = 5 Ans. (a) G be a group and let H be any subgroup of G if
e=0 N be any Normal subgroup of G.
for multiplicative inverse b HN N
then ≡
5× b = 0 N (H ∩ N)
5 + b − 5b = 0 Hence N is a Normal be subgroup of G.
–4b= –5 987. Skeâ Deeyesueer mecetn keâe ØelÙeskeâ Ghemecetn neslee nw
5 Every subgroup of an abelian group is
b=
4 (a) Deve–Deeyesueer/Non-abelian(b) Ûe›eâerÙe/ Cyclic
Hence additive inverse is –3 and mulitiplicative inverse (c) ØemeeceevÙe/ Normal (d) men–mecegÛÛeÙe/Coset
is 5/4. Rajasthan TGT 2015
984. If cancellation laws hold in finite ring R with Ans. (c) Let G be an abelian group and H is a subgroup
unity and ∀a, b ∈ R, (ab)2 = a2b2, then R is- of G. H is also abelian. we have that ha = ah ⇒ a h a–
Skeâ FkeâeF& meefnle heefjefcele JeueÙe R ceW Ùeefo efvejmeve
1
∈H.
and hence H is a normal subgroup of G.
efveÙeceeW keâe heeueve neslee nw Deewj ∀a, b ∈ R, (ab)2 =
988. Ùeefo f mecetn (G, + ) mes mecetn (G, ×) ceW Skeâ mecetn
a2b2, leye R nw–
meceekeâeefjlee nw, lees a,b ∈ G kesâ efueÙes/ if be a group
(a) a field./Skeâ #es$e homomorphism from a group (G, + ) to a
(b) a division ring but not a field.
group (G, ×) , then for a,b ∈ G
Skeâ efJeYeepeve JeueÙe uesefkeâve Skeâ #es$e veneR
(a) f (a × b) = f (a) + f (b)
(c) an integral domain but not a field.
Skeâ hetCeeËkeâerÙe Øeevle uesefkeâve Skeâ #es$e veneR (b) f (a × b) = f (a) × f (b)
(d) a non-commutative ring without zero divisions. (c) f (a + b) = f (a) × f (b)
Skeâ MetvÙe Yeepekeâ jefnle De›eâceefJeefvecesÙe JeueÙe (d) f (a + b) = f (a) + f (b)
Rajasthan TGT 2013 Rajasthan TGT 2015
ALGEBRA 178 YCT
CLICK HERE -
Ans. (c) By the definition of homomorphism, let G and 993. If 14 = 172 (modx), then x can take the value–
G' be any two groups with binary operations 'O' and 'O' Ùeefo 14 = 172 (modx) nw, lees x Ùen cetuÙe ues mekeâlee nw
respectively. Then mapping f : G → G ′ said to be a (a) 38 (b) 54
homonorphism if for all a, b ∈ G, f (aob) = f (a)0′f (b) (c) 66 (d) 79
JDD-75-PGT TIER II-X-15 28.06.2015
there the two groups are (G1+) & (G1 × )
Here f : (G +) → (G × ) be a homomorphism Ans. (d) Let 14 = 172 ( mod x )
1 1
if ∀a, b ∈ G f (a + b) = f (a) × f (b) 14 − 172 = −158

= 2 × 79
989. Zn = {0, ±1, ±2, .........(n–1)} fails to be a group a ≡ r ( mod m ) ,
under multiplication modulo n because:
(a) There is no identity (a r ) q.m
(b) Closure hold but not associatively Hence possible value of x is 79
(c) There is no inverse for an elements of the set. 994. The least positive integer to which 79×101×125
(d) Closure property fails is congruent mod 11 is–/79×101×125 mes mebiele
PGT 2000 ceeheebkeâ 11 Jeeuee vÙetvelece Oeveelcekeâ hetCee&keâ nw
Ans : (c) mecegÛÛeÙe Zn={0,±1, ±2, ........±(n-1)} (a) 5 (b) 6 (c) 4 (d) 8
mecetn (Group) keâes hesâue keâj peelee nw~ (Under multiplication JDD-75-PGT TIER II-X-15 28.06.2015
modulo) keäÙeeWefkeâ Fme mecegÛÛeÙe ceW iegCeve (cee[ n) kesâ Devegmeej Ans. (d) 79 ≡ 2 ( mod11)
efkeâmeer DeJeÙeJe keâe JÙegl›eâce (Inverse) DeJeÙeJe veneR nw~ 101 ≡ 2 ( mod11)
990. In a group G if a =e for all a∈G. Then:
2
125 ≡ 4 ( mod11)
(a) The order of G is only 2
(b) G is not abelian Hence 79 × 101× 125 ≡ 5 ( mod11)
(c) G is abelian
995. If 7x = 13(mod 11) then the value of x is–
(d) None of these
Ùeefo 7x = 13(mod 11) nw, lees x keâe ceeve nw–
PGT 2000
(a) 3 (b) –2
Ans : (c) mecetn (Group) G ceW, a2 = e (c) 5 (d) FveceW mes keâesF& veneR
( )
⇒ a −1 a 2 = a −1 e ⇒ a = a −1 for all a∈G. JDD-75-PGT TIER II-X-15 28.06.2015
Ans. (c) let 7x ≡ 13 ( mod11)
⇒ G is an abelian group because indetity and inverse of
each element exists in set G. We know that, b ≡ a (mod m)
991. If (k, +......) is a division ring centuining a m
then,
element Then: b −a
(a) aq = a (b) aq = 1 11
(c) aq–1 = a (d) None of these So, that put x = 5 (option)
7x − 13
PGT 2000 11 11 1
Ans : (b) We have, A ring R with at least two element = = =
35 − 13 22 2
is called division ring or a skew field if it (i) has unity Hence 7x-13 divied 11 to x = 5
(ii) is such that each non zero element posses
996. In the additive group of integers the order of
multiplicative inverse
every element except zero is/hetCeeËkeâeW kesâ Ùeesie mecetn
if (k,+,.......) is a division ring then aq= 1
ceW MetvÙe kesâ Deefleefjòeâ meYeer DeJeÙeJeeW keâer keâesefš nesleer nw
992. The generators of the cyclic group {6n : n ∈ Z } are (a) finite /heefjefcele
(a) 1 and -1 / 1 Deewj -1 (b) infinite /Deheefjefcele
(b) 6 and -6 / 6 Deewj -6 (c) some times finite and some times infinite
1 1 keâYeer heefjefcele keâYeer Deheefjefcele
(c) 6 and / 6 Deewj (d) none of the above /Ghejesòeâ ceW mes keâesF& veneR
6 6
UP PGT-2016 (02-02-2019)
(d) None of the above / FveceW mes keâesF& veneR
Ans : (b) In the additive group of integers the order of
PGT 2004 every element except zero is infinite.
Ans : (c) The given set is x={6n:n∈Z} 997. All the units in the ring of Gaussian integers
By definition "an element 'a' is said to be generator if are–
a generates each element of the group." ieesefmeÙeve hetCee&keâ kesâ JeueÙe kesâ meYeer Skeâebkeâ nessles nQ–
1 (a) ±1
Therefore generators will be 6 and .
6 (b) ±i
ALGEBRA 179 YCT
CLICK HERE -
(c) ±1, ±i Ans : (a) Let the group
(d) none of these/FveceW mes keâesF& veneR G = {e, a, b, c} a≠ e
JDD-75-PGT TIER II-X-15 28.06.2015 e is identity element but a invens of b then.
Ans. (c) : The Gaussian integer Z [i] = {a+ib : a,b∈z} c–1= c
All the units in the ring of Gaussian integers are ±1, ±i. o(c) = 2
So that c2 = e
998. The following permutation as a product of OR = a2 = e
1 2 3 4 5 6 1002. Let a and be two positive integers. Then
disjoint cycles   is–
6 5 4 3 2 1 ged(a,b). lcm(a,b) equals:
 1 2 3 4 5 6  (a) ab (b) a–b
  efJemebOeer Ûe›eâ keâe iegCeveheâue (c) a/b (d) a+b
6 5 4 3 2 1 NVS PGT 10-06-2019
efvecve ›eâceÛeÙe nw– Ans : (a) If a and b are two numbers then
(a) (1 6 2 5) (3 4) (b) (1 2 4) (3 5 6)
ged(a,b) × ℓ.c.m.(a,b) = a × b
(c) (3 4 5) (1 2 3) (d) (1 5 6 2) (4 3)
JDD-75-PGT TIER II-X-15 28.06.2015 1003. If G is a cyclic group of order 30, then total
1 2 3 4 5 6 number of subgroups of G is
Ans. (a) : Let f =   Ùeef o G, 30 keâesefš keâe Skeâ Ûe›eâerÙe mecetn nw, lees G kesâ
6 5 4 3 2 1
kegâue GhemecetneW keâer mebKÙee nw
Then permutation as a product of disjoint
permutation is (a) 6 (b) 7
f = (1 6 2 5 )( 3 4 )
(c) 8 (d) 9
UP PGT-2016 (02-02-2019)
999. If 'P(n) = 49n + 16n + k is divisible by 64 for n ∈ Ans : (c) G is a cyclic group of order 30
N' is true , then the negative integral value of k then 30 = 2×3×5
is
= 21×31×51
Ùeefo n ∈ N kesâ efueS, 'P(n) = 49 + 16 +k, 64 mes
n n
= (1+1)×(1+1)×(1+1)
efJeYeeefpele neslee nw' melÙe nes lees k keâe $e+Ceelcekeâ hetCeeËkeâ = 2×2×2 = 8
ceeve nw : 30 in number of diviger is 8.
(a) –1 (b) –2 So that G(0)=30 then subgroup of G is 8.
(c) –3 (d) –4 1004. If every element of a group G is its own
UKPSC GIC 2018 inverse, then G is / Ùeefo Skeâ mecetn G ceW ØelÙeskeâ
Ans. (a) : If P(n) = 49n + 16n + k is divisible by 64 for DeJeÙeJe Deheves keâe JÙegl›eâce nes, lees G nw
any n ∈ N is true then 49n + 16n + k ≡ 0 (mod 64) ⇒ k =
– (49n+16n) (mod 64) which gives k = –1. (a) finite /heefjefcele
1000. The order of element 4 of the group ({0, 1, 2, (b) infinite /Deheefjefcele
3, 4}, +5) is (c) abelian /Deeyesueer
mecetn ({0, 1, 2, 3, 4}, +5) ceW DeJeÙeJe 4 keâer keâesefš nw: (d) non-abelian /Deve-DeeJesueer
(a) 2 (b) 4 UP PGT-2016 (02-02-2019)
(c) 4 (d) 5 UPPCS (Pre) 2006
UKPSC GIC 2018 Ans : (c) We have
Ans. (d) : Given Z5 = {0,1,2,3,4} g = g–1 ∀ g ∈ G
Now Then,
41 = 4 (mod 5)
gh = ( gh ) = h −1g −1 = hg∀h,g ∈ G
−1
42 = 4 + 4 = 8 = 3 (mod 5)
43 = 4 + 4 +4 = 12 = 2 (mod 5) i.e. G is an abelian group.
44 = 4 + 4 + 4 + 4 = 16 = 1 (mod 5)
45 = 4 + 4 + 4 + 4 + 4 = 20 = 0 (mod 5) 1005. In the group G = {{2,4,6,8} .10 } the identity
Hence element is
O(4) = 5
mecetn G = {{2,4,6,8} .10 } keâe lelmecekeâ DeJeÙeJe nw
1001. If G is a group of even order, then it has an
element a≠e, satisfying (a) 2 (b) 4
Ùeefo G Skeâ mece ›eâce keâe mecetn nw, lees FmeceW Skeâ (c) 6 (d) 8
UP PGT-2016 (02-02-2019)
DeJeÙeJe a≠e nesiee, pees mebleg° keâjsiee~
Ans : (c) The group G = {{2, 4, 6,8} .10 } is a group under
(a) a2=e (b) a3=e
5 7
(c) a =e (d) a =e multiplication modulo 10.
UP TGT-2016 (08-03-2019) Then we have
ALGEBRA 180 YCT
CLICK HERE -
10• 2 4 6 8 9/(6×2–3) ⇒ 9 /(12–3)
⇒ 9/9
2 4 8 2 6
9/(6×5–3) ⇒ 9/27
4 8 6 4 2 9/ (6×8–3) ⇒ 9/ 45
6 2 4 6 8 So option (d) is correct.
8 6 2 8 4 1010. The system of linear congruences :
Which clearly shows that 6 is the identity element of G. x ≡ 1 (mod 5)
x ≡ 3 (mod 3)
1006. If x, y are elements of a group G and O(y)=3,
x ≡ 2 (mod 7)
then O(xyx–1) is/ Ùeefo x, y Skeâ mecetn G kesâ DeJeÙeJe
(a) has a simultaneous solution, which is unique
nw Deewj O(y)=3, leye O(xyx–1) nw~ modulo 105.
(a) 1 (b) 2 (b) cannot be solved by Chinese Remainder
(c) 3 (d) 6 theorem.
UP PGT-2016 (02-02-2019) (c) has a simultaneous solution, which is not
Ans : (c) a group of G. unique modulo 105.
O(y)= 3 (d) has no simultaneous solution
then O(xyx–1) ∵ xx–1= I DSSSB 23 SEP 2018 (9 AM-11 AM)
Ans : (a) Given system of linear congruences are
= O(y) = 3 (given)
x= 1 (mod 5)
O(xyx–1) = O(y)
x = 3 (mod 3)
( )
O xyx −1 = 3 x = 2 (mod 7)
Since all the moduli are relatively prime, we know that
1007. If f : G → G' is a group isomorphism then by therem the system of simultaneous congruences has
which of the following is true? a unique solution modulo M= product of 5, 3, and 7
Ùeefo f : G → G' Skeâ mecetn leguÙekeâeefjlee nw, lees So the given system of linear congruences has a
efvecveefueefKele ceW mes keâewvemee mener nw? simultaneous solution, which is unique module
(a) O(a)<O(f(a)) 5×3×7 = 105
(b) O(a)=O(f(a)) 1011. Ùeefo a keâesF& hetCeeËkeâ nw Deewj a3≡x(mod 9), lees x keâe
(c) O(a)>O(f(a)) mebYeeefJele ceeve x keäÙee nesiee?
(d) None of the above /Ghejesòeâ ceW mes keâesF& veneR (a) 5, 6, 7 (b) 0, 1, 8
UP PGT-2016 (02-02-2019) (c) 2, 4, 6 (d) 3, 5, 7
Ans : (b) If f : G → G' is a group isomorphism DSSSB 23 SEP 2018 (9 AM-11 AM)
then O(a)=O(f(a)) Ans : (b) Given that a is any integer and
1008. Let n > 1 be fixed and a, b, c, d be arbitrary a3 ≡x (mod 9)
integers. If a≡b (mod n) and c≡d (mod n). then: ⇒ a3= 9K+x
(a) a+c ≡ b+d(mod n) and ac ≡ bd (mod n) Hence possible values of x is 0, 1, and 8
(b) a+c ≠ b+d(mod n) and ac ≠ bd (mod n) 1012. If p and q are distinct primes with ap ≡ a (mod
(c) a+c ≠ b+d(mod n) but ac ≡ bd (mod n) q) and aq ≡ a (mod p) then
(d) a+c ≡ b+d(mod n) but ac ≠ bd (mod n) (a) apq ≡ a (mod pq) (b) apq ≡ 1 (mod pq)
DSSSB 23 SEP 2018 (9 AM-11 AM) (c) a ≡ –a (mod pq)
pq
(d) apq ≡ 0 (mod pq)
Ans : (a) By theorem if DSSSB 23 SEP 2018 (9 AM-11 AM)
a ≡ b (mod n) and c ≡ d (mod n). then Ans : (a) If p and q are distinct primes with
i) ac ≡ bd (mod n) and a p ≡ a ( mod q ) and a q ≡ a ( mod p ) then
ii) a+c ≡ b+d (mod n) a pq ≡ a ( mod pq )
1009. Consider the linear congruences 6x≡3 (mod 9).
Then the incongruences solutions modulo 9 of 1013. Ùeefo 27! ≡ x(mod 29), lees x keâe ceeve nw:
this congruences are. (a) –1 (b) 0
(a) 0, 3,6 (b) 1, 4 7 (c) 27 (d) 1
(c) No solution (d) 2, 5, 8 DSSSB 23 SEP 2018 (9 AM-11 AM)
DSSSB 23 SEP 2018 (9 AM-11 AM) Ans : (d) Since we know that
Ans : (d) We know that for ∨ a, b, ∈ z (p − 2)! ≡ 1(mod p)
a≡ b (mod m) if m/(a–b)
In the question given that ∴ putting p = 29
6x ≡ 3 (mod 9) ⇒ (29–2) ! = 1 (mod 29)
⇒ 9/(6x–3) ........... (i) ⇒ 27! = 1 (mod 29) .............. (i)
putting x=2,5, 8 satisfies equestion (i) and given that
ALGEBRA 181 YCT

CLICK HERE -
27! = x (mod 29) ........... (ii) 1017. Every subgroup of an Abelian group is not
from (i) and (ii) we get Skeâ Deeyesueer mecetn keâe ØelÙeskeâ Ghemecetn veneR nw
x =1 (a) Cyclic /Ûe›eâerÙe
1014. The generator/generators of the cyclic group (b) Abelian /Deeyesueer
{a, a2, a3, a4 = e} is/are (c) Normal /ØemeeceevÙe
Ûe›eâerÙe mecetn {a, a2, a3, a4 = e} keâe/kesâ pevekeâ nw/nQ (d) None of the above /GheÙeg&òeâ ceW mes keâesF& veneR
(a) a4 (b) a2 LT 2018
4 2
(c) a , a (d) a, a3
Ans. (a) Every subgroup of an abelian group is not cyclic.
LT 2018
1018. If f(x) = cos |x| and g(x)=sin|x|, then
Ans : (d) Ûe›eâerÙe mecetn {a, a 2 , a 3 , a 4 = e} kesâ pevekeâ Gmekesâ Ùeefo f(x) = cos |x| Deewj g(x)=sin|x|, lees
DeYeepÙe mebKÙeeSb nesieer~ (a) both f and g are even functions
Dele: pevekeâ {a, a 3 } f Deewj g oesveeW mece heâueve nw
(b) both f and g are odd functions
1015. Let G be a group with identity element e. Let a,
b∈G be such that a5=e and aba–1=b2. Then o(b) f Deewj g oesveeW efJe<ece heâueve nQ
is/ ceeve ueerefpeS efkeâ meJe&meefcekeâe DeJeÙeJe element e kesâ (c) f is an even function and g is an odd function
meeLe G Skeâ mecetn nw~ ceeve ueerefpeS efkeâ a, b∈G Fme f Skeâ mece heâueve leLee g Skeâ efJe<ece heâueve nw
Øekeâej nw efkeâ a =e leLee aba =b leye o(b) nw
5 –1 2 (d) f is an odd function and g is an even function
(a) 17 (b) 23 (c) 29 (d) 31 f Skeâ efJe<ece heâueve leLee g Skeâ mece heâueve nw
LT 2018/ PGT 2010, 2005 LT 2018
Ans : (d) Let G be a group and let a and b be two Ans : (a) f ( x ) = cos x , g ( x ) = sin x
elements of G such that
f ( − x ) = cos − x = cos x
a5=e and b2 = aba–1
where e is the identity element. g ( − x ) = sin − x = sin x
Any number C is called the order of b if a5=e
Dele: f Deewj g oesveeW mece heâueve nw~
∴ b 2 = aba −1
1019. Let * be a binary operation defined on the set
( )( )
b 4 = aba −1 aba −1 = ab 2 a −1 of positive rational number Q+ by the rule a*b
ab
( ) = , ∀a,b ∈ Q + . Then the inverse of 4*6 is
k
b 2 = ab k a −1 ........... (i) 3
Now, b32 = ab16 a −1 from (i) (k = 16) ceeve ueerefpeS efkeâ * Skeâ efÉ-DeeOeejer mebef›eâÙee, Oeveelcekeâ
b32 = ab16 a −1 heefjcesÙe mebKÙeeDeeW kesâ mecegÛÛeÙe Q+ hej efveÙece a*b=
( )
= a 2 ab 2 a −1 a −2
ab
3
, ∀a,b∈Q+ Éeje heefjYeeef<ele nw~ leye 4*6 keâe Øeefleueesce nw
( )
= a 3 ab 2a −1 a −3
(a)
9
(b)
2
( )
= a 4 ab 2 a −1 a −3
8
3
3
3
( )
2 −1 −4 (c) (d)
= a ab a a
4
8 2
LT 2018
b32 = a 5a −5 ......... (ii)
ab
b32 = ebe (∴ a 5 = a −5 = e ) Ans : (a) a * b = , ∀a, b ∈ Q + leye 4* 6 keâe Øeefleueesce · ?
3
b32 = b aoe = a
ae
b32 b −1 = bb −1 =a
3
b =e
31
e=3
∴ order of b = o(b) = 31 aoa–1 = e
1016. A cyclic group having only one generator can aa −1
=3
have at most / kesâJeue Skeâ pevekeâ Jeeues Ûe›eâerÙe mecetn 3
kesâ DeefOekeâlece nes mekeâles nQ 9
a −1 =
(a) 1 element /1DeJeÙeJe (b) 2 elements/2DeJeÙeJe a
(c) 3 elements /3DeJeÙeJe (d) 4 elements/4DeJeÙeJe 4× 6
then, 4*6 = =8
LT 2018 3
Ans : (a) kesâJeue Skeâ pevekeâ Jeeues Ûe›eâerÙe mecetn kesâ DeefOekeâlece 1 9
(8) =
−1
DeJeÙeJe ner nes mekeâles nQ~ 8
ALGEBRA 182 YCT
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1020. If a and a where a,b,c ∈ N then (b) Non- zero elements can never be a group
(b + c) (b − c) under multiplication/ iegCeve ceW De-MetvÙe Ieškeâ keâe
Ùeefo a Deewj a peneB a,b,c ∈ N nw, lees mecetn keâYeer Yeer veneR nes mekeâlee
(b + c) (b − c)
(c) The equation x 2 = a, a ∈ R always has a
(a) a 2 ≡ b 2 (mod c 2 ) (b) c2 ≡ a 2 (mod b 2 )
solution/ x 2 = a, a ∈ R Fme meceerkeâjCe keâe keâYeer Yeer
(c) a 2 + c 2 = b 2 (d) b 2 ≡ c 2 (mod a 2 ) meeOeve jnlee nw
DSSSB TGT (SECTION-B) 28 DEC 2014 (d) For a, b, c ∈ R − {0} ,if ac = bc then a = b
Ans. (d) : Condition that
b = c (mod a) a, b, c ∈ R − {0} , kesâ efueS Ùeefo ac = bc nw, lees
a a = b neslee nw
=
b−c JDD-75-PGT TIER II-X-15 28.06.2015
Then option that (d) Ans. (d) : For a,b,c ∈ R − {0} , if ac = bc then
b 2 = c 2 (mod a 2 ) a=b
a 2 proof : from ac = bc we have
give that ac–bc = 0
b2 − c2 ⇒ c(a − b) = 0
a a
and Since c ≠ 0 (∵ a, b, c ∈ R − {0})
b−c b+c
1021. A group having no proper normal subgroup is– We must have
efpeme mecetn ceW ÙeesiÙe efveÙeefcele Ghemecetn veneR neslee nw Jen nw a−b =0
(a) Simple group/meeceevÙe mecetn ⇒ a=b
(b) Normal subgroup/efveÙeefcele Ghemecetn 1025. All the units in ring Z 8 of all integers modulo 8
(c) Abelian subgroup/DeyesefueÙeve Ghemecetn are–/ ceeheebkeâ 8 kesâ meYeer hetCee&keâ kesâ Z 8 JeueÙe kesâ meYeer
(d) None of these/FveceW mes keâesF& veneR Skeâkeâ nesles nQ–
JDD-75-PGT TIER II-X-15 28.06.2015 (a) 2, 4, 6 (b) 1, 3, 5, 7
Ans. (a) : A group G is simple if G is non-trivial and for (c) 0, 1 (d) FmeceW mes keâesF& veneR
any normal subgroup H of G, either H is tririval or H=G
So, a group having no proper normal subgroup is simple. JDD-75-PGT TIER II-X-15 28.06.2015
Ans. (b) : Since 1(1) = 3(3) = 5(5) = 7(7) = 1 (mod 8)
1022. Let G be group of order 17. The total numbers
of non-isomorphic subgroup of G is– So, the units are 1, 3, 5, 7
Heâpe& keâerefpeS efkeâ G Ùen ßesCeer 17 keâe mecetn nw~ G kesâ 1026. ln the multiplicative group {1,-1,i,–i} where
Demece™heer Ghemecetn keâer kegâue mebKÙee nw– i 2 = −1, the inverse of i 5 is–/ {1,-1,i,–i} iegCeve
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 17 mecetn ceW peneB i 2 = −1, nw, i 5 keâe Øeefleueesce nw–
JDD-75-PGT TIER II-X-15 28.06.2015 (a) 1 (b) i (c) -l (d) -i
Ans. (b) : As the order of the group G is 17 which is JDD-75-PGT TIER II-X-15 28.06.2015
prime. And since order of subgroup must divide the
order of the group. So, G has only two subgroup ie, Ans. (d) : The given multiplieative group is {1,–1,i,–i}
unity subgroup and the group G itself. with identity element 1.
Let inverse of i5 is a then
1023. Let G be a cyclic group of order 24 then total
number of group isomorphism of G onto itself is– i5 * a = 1 (identity element)
ceeve ueerefpeS efkeâ G Ùen ßesCeer 24 keâe Ûe›eâerÙe mecetn nw~ G kesâ 1 1
a 5 4
Deheves Deehe hej Fleveer mebKÙee ceW mecetn mece™helee nesieer– i i .i
(a) 7 (b) 8 (c) 17 (d) 24 1
JDD-75-PGT TIER II-X-15 28.06.2015 ⇒a= (∵ i 4 = 1)
i
Ans. (b) : Since G is cyclic group of order 24. i
Therefore number of group isomorphism\ ⇒a=
i2
φ(24) = 8
⇒ a = −i
1024. ln an integral domain R, which are the Hence inverse of i5 is –i
following holds?
R mece«e Øeevle ceW efvecve ceW mes keâewve ueeiet nesie? 1027. Let G be the set of all positive rational
numbers. lf * is a binary operation defined on
(a) Given any a, b ∈ R − {0} there is lways C ∈ R ab
G by a*b = ∀a,b ∈ G Then identity element
such that a.c = b / a, b ∈ R − {0} nes,lees Jeneb ncesMee 3
C ∈ R neslee nw a.c = b peye neslee nw of G is–/ ceeefveS efkeâ G Ùen meYeer Oeveelcekeâ heefjcesÙe
ALGEBRA 183 YCT

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mebKÙeeDeeW keâe mecegÛÛeÙe nw~ Ùeefo * yeeFvejer mebKÙee a*b (c) Ùeesieelcekeâ mecetn nw hej iegCeelcekeâ mecetn veneR nw
ab (d) ve lees Ùeesieelcekeâ mecetn nw Deewj ve ner iegCeelecekeâ mecetn nw
= ∀a, b ∈ G mes heefjYeeef<ele keâer peeleer nw, lees G PGT 2013
3
keâe leeoecÙe Ieškeâ nw– Ans : (c) meYeer hetCee&keâeW keâe mecegÛÛeÙe, Ùeesieelcekeâ mecetn nw hejvleg
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4 iegCeelcekeâ mecetn veneR nw~
JDD-75-PGT TIER II-X-15 28.06.2015 1034. An operation * is defined on the set of real
Ans. (c) : The binary operation * is defined in numbers by a*b=1+a+ab, then the operation *
is/ Skeâ mebef›eâÙee (*) keâes heefjYeeef<ele efkeâÙee ieÙee
ab
G by a * b = ∀a, b ∈ G JeemleefJekeâ mebKÙeeDeeW kesâ mecegÛÛeÙe hej a*b=1+a+ab lees
3
Let e be the identity element than
Ùen mebef›eâÙee (*) nw
By definition (a) commutative but not associative
ae ›eâce efJeefvecesÙe uesefkeâve meenÛeÙe& veneR nw
⇒ a *e = a a (b) associative but not commutative
3
meenÛeÙe& uesefkeâve ›eâce-efJeefvecesÙe veneR nw
⇒ e=3 (c) neither commutative nor associative
Hence the identity element is 3. ve ner ›eâce-efJeefvecesÙe nw Deewj meenÛeÙe& Yeer veneR nw
1028. mecetn Z11 kesâ Ghemecetn keâer kegâue mebKÙee nw: (d) both commutative and associative
(a) 2 (b) 211–11 oesveeW ›eâce-efJeefvecesÙe Deewj meenÛeÙe&
(c) 3 (d) 7 PGT 2010
PGT 2013 Ans : (c) a*b = 1+a+ab
Ans : (a) ÛetBefkeâ Ghemecetn keâer keâesefš mecetn keâer keâesefš keâes efJeYeeefpele b*a = 1+b+ba
keâjlee nw FmeefueS kegâue oes (Skeâ leLee mJeÙeb) ner Ghemecetn nes mekeâles nw~ lees a*b ≠ b*a FmeefueS ›eâce-efJeefvecesÙe veneR nw Deewj
1029. Skeâ mecetn ceW lelmecekeâ DeJeÙeJeeW keâer mebKÙee nesieer? (a*b) *c ≠ a*(b*c) lees Ùen meenÛeÙe& Yeer veneR nw~
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) Devevle 1035. Which of the following is incorrect?
PGT 2013 efvecveefueefKele ceW keâewve-mee DemelÙe nw?
Ans : (a) ØecesÙe mes efkeâmeer mecetn ceW lelmecekeâ Skeâ neslee nw~ (a) Every cyclic group is Abelian group
1030. Ùeefo a Deewj b efkeâmeer mecetn G kesâ oes DeJeÙeJe Fme Øekeâej ØelÙeskeâ Ûe›eâerÙe mecetn, ›eâceefJeefvecesÙe (DeyesefueÙeve) mecetn neslee nw
(b) Every Abelian group is cyclic group
nes efkeâ a 4 = e leLee bab-1 = a 2 nes, leye ØelÙeskeâ ›eâceefJeefvecesÙe mecetn, Ûe›eâerÙe mecetn neslee nw
(a) a = b (b) a = e (c) Subgroup of cyclic group is cyclic group
(c) b = e (d) FveceW mes keâesF& veneR Ûe›eâerÙe mecetn keâe Ghemecetn, Ûe›eâerÙe mecetn neslee nw
PGT 2013 (d) Every group of prime order is Abelian
Ans : (b) bab −1 = a 2 ØelÙeskeâ DeYeepÙe keâesefš keâe mecetn, ›eâceefJeefvecesÙe mecetn
neslee nw
( bab )
2
−1
=a =e
4
PGT 2010, 2009
bab −1.bab −1 = e Ans : (b)
ba 2b −1 = e ⇒ a2 = e ⇒ a = e (a) Let G be a group, and let a be any element of G.
Then, 〈a〉 is a subgroup of G. The subgroup 〈a〉 is
1031. ceeve ues efkeâ G keâesF& mecetn nw Deewj a, 12 keâesefš keâe keâesF& called the cyclic subgroup of G generated by a and
DeJeÙeJe nw~ leye a8 keâer keâesefš nesieer? denoted by {a n : n ∈ Z} . Since aiaj = ai+j = ajai,
(a) 3 (b) 4 (c) 12 (d) 24
every cyclic group is Abelian.
PGT 2013
(b) An abelian group doesn't have to be cyclic. Take,
( )
3
Ans : (a) a12 = e ⇒ a 24 = e2 = e ⇒ a8 =e for example, (Z/2Z) × (Z/2Z), which has the
elements {(0, 0), (1,0), (0,1), (1, 1)} with
1032. ceeve ueW efkeâ x, y efkeâmeer mecetn (G, 0) kesâ keâesF& DeJeÙeJe multiplication defined by (a, b) × (c, d) = (ac, bd),
nes leye (x o y)–1 yejeyej nesiee? where the products ac and bd are taken as they
would be in Z/2Z. That this group is abelian
(a) x–1o y–1 (b) x–1oy follows from the fact that Z/2Z is abelian but no
(c) xoy–1 (d) y–1ox–1 element generates the whole group, so it is not
PGT 2013 cyclic.
Ans : (d) (ØecesÙe mes) (x o y) = y ox –1 –1 –1
(c) Every subgroup of a cyclic group is cyclic.
1033. meYeer hetCee&keâeW keâe mecegÛÛeÙe (d) For a prime number p, every group of order p is
cyclic : each element in the group besides the
(a) oesveeW Ùeesieelcekeâ leLee iegCeelcekeâ mecetn nw identity has order p by Lagrange's theorem, so the
(b) iegCeelcekeâ nw hejvleg Ùeesieelcekeâ mecetn veneR nw group has a generator.
ALGEBRA 184 YCT

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1036. Which of the following structures is not group? 1040. Let H be a subgroup of a group G. In which of
efvecveefueefKele ceW mes keâewve-meer mebjÛevee mecetn veneR nw? the following H is not normal?
(a) ({1, ω, ω },.) 2
(b) ({1, −1},.) Ùeef o H Skeâ Ghemecetn nw efkeâmeer mecetn G keâe lees
(c) ({1, −1}, +) (d) ({1, −1, i, −i},.) ef v ecveef ueefKele ceW keâewve mee H ØemeeceevÙe Ghemecetn veneR nw?
PGT 2010 (a) {g∈G: gHg–1= H}≠G
Ans : (c) ({1, −1}, +) mebjÛevee mecetn veneR nw~ keäÙeeWefkeâ lelmecekeâ (b) Index of H in G is 2/G ceW H keâe metÛekeâebkeâ oes nw~
(c) Product of two right cosets of H is a right
DeJeÙeJe keâe DeefmlelJe ± mebef›eâÙee kesâ efueS DeefmlelJe ceW veneR nw~
coset /oes oeÙeW menmecegÛÛeÙe keâe iegCee Yeer Skeâ oeÙee
1037. From following sets, the group under the
indicated operations is/efvecveefueefKele ceW keâewve mee menmeceg ÛÛeÙe nw
mecegÛÛeÙe, mecetn nw Gmekesâ meeLe efoÙes ieÙes mebef›eâÙee kesâ meeLe: (d) Product of two left cosets of H is a left coset.
(a) G = {1, 3, 7, 9} ; X10
oes yeebÙes menmecegÛÛeÙe keâe iegCee Yeer Skeâ yeeÙeeb menmecegÛÛeÙe nw~
(b) G = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5} ; X6 PGT 2005
(c) G = Z; m o n = m –n for m, n ∈ Z Ans : (d) Let H be a subgroup of a group G. Then H is
(d) G = {A : A is 2 × 2 matrix over positive real normal
numbers} : matrix multiplication.
G = {A : A is 2 × 2 DeeJÙetn nw Oeveelcekeâ JeemleefJekeâ {
g∈G:gHg −1 = H = G }
mebKÙeeDeeW heo} :DeeJÙetn iegCe PGT 2009 ⇒ k is the index of H in G, we have m = n/k. Thus k is
Ans : (b) Only G = {0,1, 2,3,4,5} under ×6 possesses a divisior of n
∴ The index of every sub group of a finite group is a
all the poslutates of a group. Hence (G, ×6) is a group. divisor of the order of the group.
1038. The coset decomposition of multiplicative A subgroup H of a group G is a normal sub group of G iff
group G={1,–1,i,–i} with respect to its subgroup
⇒ (i) product of two right cosets of H is right cosets
H = {1, –1} is/iegCeelcekeâ mecetn G = {1, –1, i, –i} kesâ
(ii) product of two left cosets of H is a left cosets
Ghemecetn H = {1,–1} kesâ meehes#e menmecegÛÛeÙe efJeIešve nesiee
1041. Let φ be a homomorphism of a group G into
(a) {1, –1} and {i,–i } (b) {1, –1} and {1, –i}
(c) {1, –1} and {1, i } (d) {1, –1} and {–1, i } another group G' and e, e' be their identity
elements. Which of the following is not correct?
PGT 2009
Ans : (a) ÛetBefkeâ G = {1, −1, i, −i} kesâ oes Ghemecetn nw pees Fme
Ùeef o heâueve φ mecetn G mes otmejs mecetn G' ceW heefjYeeef<ele
mece™helee nw Deewj e, e' Gvekesâ lelmecekeâ nw lees
Øekeâej nw {1, –1} Deewj {i, –i}
efvecveefueefKele ceW keâewve mener veneR nw
1039. Which of the following is a group?
efvecveefueefKele ceW keâewve-mee mecetn nw (a) φ(x,y)=φ(x)φ(y) (b) φ(x)=φ(y) ⇒ x = y
(a) (Z, *) where a*b = ab ∀a, b∈Z (c) φ (e) = e' (d) φ(x–1)–1 = (φ(x))
(Z, *) peneB a*b = ab ∀a, b∈Z PGT 2005
(b) (Z, *) where a*b = a–b ∀a, b∈Z Ans : (b) Let φ be a homomorphism of a group G into
(Z, *) peneB a*b = a–b ∀a, b∈Z another group G' and e, e' be their identity
elements respectively then.
(c) (R, *) where a*b = ab ∀a, b∈R +
(i) φ (e)= e'
(R, *) peneB a*b = ab ∀a, b∈R +
( )
−1
(d) (Z, *) where a*b = ab ∀a, b∈Z (ii) φ x −1 = φ ( x )  for all [x∈G]
(Z, *) peneB a*b = ab ∀a, b∈Z
{ ( )}
−1
PGT 2005 (iii) φ x −1 = φ( x )

Ans : (c) (R , *). where a*b=ab, ab∈ R is a goup under (iv)
+ +
φ(x, y) = φ(x) * φ(y)
multiplication,
closure properties: let a, b ∈R then + But not φ(x) = φ(y) ⇒ x = y
a* b = ab, ∀a,b∈ R 1042. If in a group G, O(a) = m and O(b) = n where
Associative properties: Let a,b C ∈R+ then a, b ∈G, then which of the following statements
(a*b)*c = (ab)*c is correct?/ Ùeefo efkeâmeer mecetn G ceW O(a) = m Deewj
= (abc) = a*(bc) = a*(b*c) O(b) = n, peneB a, b ∈G lees efvecve ceW mes keâewve mee
⇒ (a*b)*c = a*(b*c) keâLeve mener nw~
Identity element: Let any element a∈R+ such that
a*e= e*a = ea=a, ∀a∈R (a) O(ab) = m (b) O(ab) = n
then e is called identity element. (c) O(ab)=mn (d) FveceW mes keâesF& veneR
Inverse element: Let any element b ∈R such that + PGT 2005
a*b= b*a = e, ∀ a∈ R +
Ans : (d) If in a group G, 0(a)=m and 0(b)=n a, b∈G,
Then b is called inverse element of a. then
Hence (R+,×) is a group under multiplication. m and n are least positive integers such that
(R, *) peneB a*b = ab ∀a, b∈R+ Skeâ mecetn nw~ a m = e, b m = e where e is identity.
ALGEBRA 185 YCT

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Let l = L.C.M. (m,n), then, l= mK1, l=nK2 1045. Let G be a group such that order of G is 13,
for some whole number K1 and K2 then G is/ Ùeefo G Skeâ mecetn nw peneb G keâer keâesefš
0<K1<m 0<K2<n 13, lees G nesiee–
Now, (ab)1 = a1b1
= amk, bmk2 (a) An abelian group/Skeâ DeyesefueÙeve mecetn
(b) A cyclie group/Skeâ Ûe›eâerÙe mecetn
( ) (b )
k1 k2
= am n
(c) Abelian and cyclic both/DeyesefueÙeve Deewj Ûe›eâerÙe oesveeW
= ( e ) 1 .( e ) 2 = e
K K
(d) Neither abelian nor cyclic/ve DeyesefueÙeve ve Ûe›eâerÙe
Let i < l and if i is order of ab, then Rajasthan TGT 2011
( ab )ℓ ' = a ℓ 'bℓ ' ≠e Ans : (c) Every group of prime order is cyclic group
and every cyclic group is an abelion group.
Because l'≠mK1', l'≠nk2'
For some natural numbers k1 k' such that 1046. If H is a subgroup of a group G then which one
0<K1' < m and 0<k2'<n of the following statements is incorrect/ Ùeefo H
Hence 0(ab) = l = L.C.M. efkeâmeer mecetn G keâe Skeâ Ghemecetn nes, lees efvecve keâLeveeW ceW
of m and n. mes DemelÙe keâLeve nw
1043. Which of the following statements is correct? (a) Ha = H if and only if a ∈ H
efvecveefueefKele ceW keâewve mee keâLeve mener nw
Ha = H Ùeefo Deewj kesâJeue a ∈ H
(a) Order of the subset of a group always divides
order of the group/ efkeâmeer mecetn keâer GhemecegÛÛeÙe efkeâ (b) Ha = Hb if and only if ba −1 ∈ H
keâesefš, mecetn keâer keâesefš keâes ncesMee Yeeie oslee nQ Ha = Hb Ùeefo Deewj kesâJeue Ùeefo ba −1 ∈ H
(b) Cyclic groups have no subgroups
(c) Order of H divides order of G
Ûe›eâerÙe mecetn kesâ heeme Ghemecetn veneR neslee nw
(c) Order of a coset always divides order of the H keâer keâesefš G kesâ keâesefš keâes efJeYeeefpele keâjleer nw
group/ efkeâmeer menmecegÛÛeÙeve keâer keâesefš, mecetn keâer keâesefš −1
(d) H =H
keâes ncesMee Yeeie oslee nw Rajasthan TGT 2011
(d) Order of an element of a group never divides Ans : (c) If H is a subgroup of G, then order of H
the order of the group/efkeâmeer mecetn keâe keâesF& DeJeÙeJe divides order of G.
keâer keâesefš keâYeer Yeer mecetn keâer keâesefš keâes Yeeie veneR oslee~ 1047. Let G=(Z,+) be the additive group of integers
PGT 2005
and let H=3Z={3x x ∈ Z} be a subgroup of G,
Ans : (c) The order of a subgroup of a finite group is
always divides the order of group" is called then order of the quotient group G/H is/ ceevee
Lagrange's Theorem. G=(Z,+) Ùeesie mebef›eâÙee kesâ efueS hetCee&keâeW keâe mecetn nw
Proof : Let H be any sub-group of order m of a finite
group G of order n. Let us consider the left Deewj ceevee H=3Z={3x x ∈ Z}, G keâe Skeâ Ghemecetn
coset decomposition of G relative to H. nw, lees efJeYeeie mecetn G/H keâer keâesefš nesieer–
We will first show that each coset aH consists of m (a) 2 (b) 3
different elements.
Let H={h1, h2, ......hm} (c) 4 (d) Infinite/Deveble
Then ah1, ah2, ....ahm, are the m member in aH, all Rajasthan TGT 2011
distinct. Since G is finite group, the number Ans : (b) Let G=(Z,+) be the additive group of integers
of distinct left cosets will also be finite say and let H=3Z={3x x ∈ Z} be a subgroup of G
K. hence the total number of element of all
cosets is Km i.e.
n = mK,
quotient group G/H= 0,1, 2 { }
This shows that m, the order of H, is a divisor of n, the so, order of quotient group G/H is 3
order of the group G. 1048. The set Z4 = {0,1, 2, 3}, under binary
1044. The identify element in the set Z of integers
under the binary operation * Defined by compositions addition and multiplication
a ∗ b = a + b + 1, ∀ab ∈ z is/ hetCee&keâeW kesâ mecegÛÛeÙe modulo 4 is/ mecegÛÛeÙe Z4 = {0,1, 2, 3}, Ùeesie Deewj
Z ceW efÉÛej mebef›eâÙee * kesâ efueS pene@ a*b=a+b+1, iegCeve cees[Ÿetuees 4 mebef›eâÙeeDeeW kesâ efueS nw–
∀ab ∈ z nw, lelmecekeâ DeJeÙeJe nesiee– (a) A field/Skeâ #es$e
(a) 0 (b) -1
(c) 1 (d) 2 (b) A division ring/Skeâ efJeYeepeve JeueÙe
Rajasthan TGT 2011
(c) A ring without zero divisor/MetvÙe Yeepekeâ jefnle JeueÙe
Ans : (b) Let the identity element is e then
a ∗e = a (d) A ring with zero divisor/MetvÙe Yeepekeâ meefnle JeueÙe
a + e +1 = a Rajasthan TGT 2011
⇒ e +1 = 0 ⇒ e = −1 Ans : (d) Z4 = {0,1, 2,3}
ALGEBRA 186 YCT

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1052. efkeâmeer heefjefcele Ûe›eâerÙe mecetn (keâesefš 28) ceW peefveleeW
(generator) keâer mebKÙee nesieer–
(a) 10 (b) 8
(c) 12 (d) 14
TGT 2011
Ans : (c) Suppose that the cyclic group G of order 28 is
generated by an element a then O(a)=28
G = {a,a 2 ,a 3 ,a 4 ,a 5 ,a 6 ,a 7 ,a 8 ,a 9 ,a10 ,a11 ,
a12 ,a13 ,a14 ,a15 ,a16 ,a17 ,a18 ,
a19 ,a 20 ,a 21 ,a 22 ,a 23 ,a 24 ,
So, Z4 = {0,1, 2,3} is a ring with zero divisor under a 25 ,a 26 ,a 27 ,a 28 = e}
binary compositions addition and multiplication modulo 4. Now from theorem, 27 an element am is also a
1049. Total number of ideals of the ring Z5 = {0,1,2, generator of G, if m is less than 28 and relatively prime
number to 28. Such number are, 27, 25, 23, 19, 17, 15,
3,4},+5, ×5 is/ JeueÙe Z5 ={0,1,2,3,4},+5, ×5 kesâ meYeer
13, 11, 9, 5, 3, 1,
iegCepeeJeefueÙeeW keâer mebKÙee nw ⇒ There are 12 generators of G.
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4
1053. If 250 is divided by 7, then remainder is
Rajasthan TGT 2011
Ùeefo 250 keâes 7 mes efJeYeeefpele efkeâÙee peeS, lees Mes<eheâue nw
Ans : (b) Z5 = {0,1, 2,3, 4}, +5 , ×5
(a) 2 (b) 4
(c) 6 (d) 3
Ans. (b) : Since 23 ≡ 1( mod 7 )
(2 )3 16
= 1( mod 7 )
( 2) .22 = 1.22 ( mod 7 )

48
= 4(mod 7)
∴ 250 ≡ 4 ( mod 7 )
So, the remainder is 4
{
1054. The set 5,15, 25, 35 under the binary }
Total no. of ideals of the ring =2 operation of multiplication of residue classes
1050. efkeâmeer mecetn (G, *) keâe GhemecegÛÛeÙe H Skeâ mecetn modulo 40 is–
nesiee, Ùeefo Deewj kesâJeue Ùeefo–
(a) a, b∈H ⇒a*b∈H (b) a∈H ⇒a–1∈H
{ }
mecegÛÛeÙe 5,15, 25, 35 ÉÙeermebef›eâÙee cee@[guees 40 kesâ meehes#e
(c) a, b∈H ⇒a*b–1∈H (d) H ceW FkeâeF& DeJeÙeJe nw DeJeMes<e JeieeX kesâ iegCeve kesâ meehes#e
TGT 2011 (a) not a group/«eghe vener nw
Ans : (c) A non empty subset H of a group (G,*) is said (b) a group with identity 5 / 5 lelmecekeâ Jeeuee «eghe nw
to be a subgroup of G if the composition if G induces a
composition in H and if H is a group for the induced (c) a group with identity 25 / 25 lelmecekeâ Jeeuee «eghe nw
composition. i.e. subset H is called subgroup of (G,*) if
(H,*) is also a group. (d) a group with indentity 35 / 35 lelmecekeâ Jeeuee «eghe nw
Let a, b ∈H ⇒ a*b ∈H –1
a,b ∈H UP PCS (Pre) 2003
1051. efkeâmeer mecetn ceW, DevegefÛele GhemecetneW (improper Ans. (c) :
subgroups) keâer mebKÙee nw– 5 15 25 35
(a) 2 (b) 3 5 25 35 5 15
(c) mecetn hej efveYe&j (d) 1 15 35 25 15 5
TGT 2011
25 5 15 25 35
Ans : (a) Two subgroups, G and {e} of the group G are
called improper (or trivial) subgroups of G. Any 35 15 5 35 25
subgroups other than these two subgroups is called a
proper (or non-trivial) subgroups. nce peeveles nQ efkeâ aoe = a
Dele: efkeâmeer mecetn ceW DevegefÛele GhemecetneW keâer mebKÙee 2 nw~ Dele: nce osKeles nQ efkeâ Ùen 25 leòemecekeâ/lelmecekeâ Jeeuee mecetn nw~
ALGEBRA 187 YCT
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1055. Which one of the following groups is non-
abellian:/efvecveefueefKele «egheeW ceW mes keâewve DeveeyesueerÙeve nw
iegCeve mecetn ({1, ω , ω } • ) , peneb ω FkeâeF& keâe Skeâ meefceße
2
(a) The additive group of integers Ievecetue nw, kesâ efueÙes ω 2 keâer keâesefš nw–
hetCee&keâeW keâe Ùeesieelcekeâ «eghe (a) 0 (b) 1
(b) The multiplicative group of non-zero rational (c) 2 (d) 3
numbers/MetvÙeslej heefjcesÙe mebKÙeeDeeW keâe iegCeveelcekeâ «eghe UP PCS (Pre) 2004
(c) Klein’s four group/keäueeFve-Ûeleg°Ùe «eghe Ans. (d) :
(d) Hamiltonian group/nwefceušesefveÙeueve iegÇhe
UP PCS (Pre) 2003
iegCeve mecetn ({1, ω, ω } •)
2
Ans. (d) : Hamiltonian group (H8) ⇒

(H8) {1,–1, i, j, k, –i, –J, –k}
ioi = joj = kok = –1
ioj = k, joi = –k
jok = i koj = –i
koi = j iok = –j
then (H8,0) is non abelian group
{
1056. In the group Z5 = 0,1, 2, 3, 4 of residue } (ω ) 2 1
= ω2
classes modulo 5, with respect to the operation (ω ) 2 2
=ω
(ω )
of addition of residue classes modulo 5, the 2 3
inverse of 2 is– =1
cee[dÙetuees 5 DeJeMes<e JeieeX kesâ Ùeesie kesâ mebef›eâÙee kesâ meehes#e
cee[dÙetue 5 DeJeMes<e JeieeX kesâ mecetn
( )
then ω2 = 3
Dele: mhe° nw efkeâ keâesefš 3 nw~
Z5 = { 0,1, 2, 3, 4} ceW 2 keâe Øeefleueesce nw–
1059. {1, -1, i, –i} forms a group with respect to the
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4 operation of–
UP PCS (Pre) 2004 {1, -1, i, –i} efvecveefueefKele mebef›eâÙee kesâ Debleie&le Skeâ mecetn
Ans. (c) : yeveelee nw–
(a) multiplication of complex numbers
+ 0 1 2 3 4 meefceße mebKÙeeDeeW kesâ iegCeve
0 0 1 2 3 4 (b) addition of complex numbers
1 1 2 3 4 0 meefceße mebKÙeeDeeW kesâ Ùeesie
2 2 3 4 0 1 (c) subtraction of complex numbers
3 3 4 0 1 2 meefceße mebKÙeeDeeW keâe Ieševee
4 4 0 1 2 3 (d) none of the above/Ghejesòeâ ceW mes keâesF& veneR
The inverse of 2 is 3 UP PCS (Pre) 2004, 2005
1057. Let H and K be two subgroups of a group G, Ans. (a) : {1, -1, i, –i}
then HK = {hk : h∈h, k∈K} is a subgroup of G
iff–/ Ùeefo H Deewj K mecetn G kesâ oes Ghemecetn neW lees
HK = {hk : h∈h, k∈K} kesâ G keâe Skeâ Ghemecetn nesves
kesâ efueÙes DeeJeMÙekeâ SJeb heÙee&hle Mele& nw–
(a)
HK = KH
(b)
HK = G
H∪K=G
(c) Dele: mhe° nw efkeâ meefceße mebKÙeeDeeW kesâ iegCeve keâe mecetn yeveelee nw~
none of the above/Ghejesòeâ ceW keâesF& veneR
(d) 1060. If S denotes the set of all rational numbers
UP PCS (Pre) 2004/ PGT 2013 except 1 and ‘*’ is defiend on S as:
Ans. (a) : Ùeefo H Deewj K , mecetn G kesâ nes Ghemecetn nes lees a*b = a + b – ab,
HK = {hk : h ∈ h, k ∈ k} keâe Skeâ GhemeccegÛÛeÙe nesiee Ùeefo– then the solution of the equation 2* x* 7 = 13
Ùeefo 1 kesâ Deefleefjòeâ meYeer heefjcesÙe mebKÙeeDeeW kesâ
HK = KH
mecegÛÛeÙe keâes S Éeje efve™efhele keâjW Deewj S hej ‘*’ Fme
1058. For the multiplicative group 1, ω , ω 2 • , ({ }) Øekeâej heefjYeeef<ele nw efkeâ a*b = a + b – ab, lees
meceerkeâjCe 2* x* 7 = 13
where ω is one of the complex roots of unity
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 7
the order of ω 2 is– UP PCS (Pre) 2004
ALGEBRA 188 YCT
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Ans. (c) : a*b = a + b – ab, 1064. The set A = {1,- 1,i,- i} is a group with usual
lees 2 * x * 7 = 13 multiplication as binary operation. In the
(2 + x − 2x) * 7 = 13 following which is a subgroup of A?
(2 − x) * 7 = 13 (a) {1, i} (b) {1, –1, i}
2 − x + 7 − (2 − x)7 = 13 (c) {1, i, –i} (d) {1, –1}
UP PCS (Pre) 2007
9 − x − 14 + 7x = 13
Ans : (d) {1, –1}show all possibile of implies clear,
6x = 18 inverse, identity associative.
x=3 1065. If a, b, c are elements of a group ( G, 0 ) , then
1061. The order of the element-i of the multiplicative
(a b c ) , is equal to
-1
group G = {1, –1, i, –i},
(a) 4 (b) 3 (c) 2 (d) 1 (a) a −1 b −1 c −1 (b) b −1 c −1 a −1
UPPSC GIC 2015
UP PCS (Pre) 2006, 2005 (c) c −1 a −1 b −1 (d) c −1 0 b −1 0 a −1
Ans. (a) : G = {1, –1, i, –i} UP PCS (Pre) 2007
Here identity element e=1 Ans : (d) (aoboc)-1= c−1 o b−1 o a −1 According Inverse rule.
(1)1 = 1 ⇒ o(1) = 1 Hence the order of the
(–1)2=1 ⇒ o(–1) = 2 element 1, –1, i, –i are1066. The set Z of all integers with addition operation is
(i)4 = 1 ⇒ o(i) = 4 1, 2, 4 and 4 respeetively (a) an abelian group (b) not an abelian gruop
(c) a semi- group (d) not a semi-group
(–i)4 = 1 ⇒ o(–i) = 4
UP PCS (Pre) 2008
1062. Let H be a subgroup of a group. (G,). Consider
the following statements: Ans. (a) : Set of integers Z with binary operation
(i) a,b ∈H⇒aob ∈ H addition is an abelian group.
(ii) a∈H⇒a–1 ∈ H Of these statements 1067. The set of all vectors with respect to vector
(a) both (i) and (ii) are correct addition is
(b) (i) is correct, but (ii) is incorrect (a) a semi- group (b) not an abelian gruop
(c) (ii) is correct, but (i) is incorrect (c) an abelian group (d) not a semi-group
(d) both (i) and (ii) are incorrect UP PCS (Pre) 2008
Ans. (c) : Set of all vectors with respect to vector
UP PCS (Pre) 2006
Ans : (a) (i) a,b ∈H⇒aob ∈ H addition is an abelian group.
(ii) a∈H⇒a–1 ∈ H 1068. If x and y are two positive rational numbers,
H be a sub group of a group (G,0) consider the then there exists a positive integer z such that
following statements is true. zy>x. This property is known, as
1063. Which one of the following is not aKlein's four (a) Density of rational numbers
group? (b) Archemedian property
(a) Multiplicative (modulo 8) group (c) Euclidem algorithm
{1, 3, 5, 7} (d) Division algorithm
UP PCS (Pre) 2008
(b) Multiplicative (modulo 40) group Ans. (b) : Archemedian property.
{5, 15, 25, 35} 1069. Which of the following sets with given
(c) Multiplicative group operation is not a group?
(a) The set of all integers with respect to addition.
 1 0   −1 0 1 0   −1 0  
  ,  ,  ,   (b) The set of all even integers with respect to addition.
  0 1   0 1  0 −1  0 1   (c) The set of all cube roots of unity with respect
(d) Multiplicative group to multiplication.
{1, − 1,i, − i} (d) The set of all odd integers with respect to addition.
Ans : (b) Klein's four group Ans. (d) : The set of all odd integers with respect to
(1) {1, 3, 5, 7} multiplicative group
addition is not a group, because closure property is not
satisfied.
 1 0   −1 0 1 0   −1 0   1070. Consider the following statements:
(2)   ,  ,  ,  
  0 1   0 1  0 −1  0 1   { }
I. G = 1, 3, 7, 9 ⊂ ℤ 10
multiplicative group is a group with respect to multiplication of
(3) {1, − 1,i, − i} multiplicative group residue classes modulo 10.
Not possible klein's groups II. ℤ 10 is a group with respect to
{5, 15, 25, 35} multiplication of residue classes modulo 10.
of these statements.
ALGEBRA 189 YCT
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(a) I is correct, and II is not correct (a) o(a m ) = o(a)
(b) II is correct, and I is not correct
(c) both I and II are correct (b) o(a m ) ≤ o(a)
(d) both I and II are not correct
UP PCS (Pre) 2008 (c) o(a m ) > o(a)
Ans. (a) : I is correct, and II is not correct (d) None of the above GheÙeg&òeâ ceW mes keâesF& veneR
1071. A real skew-symmetric matrix of odd order is (GIC) ØeJeòeâe hejer#ee, 2015
(a) invertible matrix Ans. (b) : If G is a finite group and o(a) dinotes the
(b) non-invertible matrix order of a∈G, then for any m∈z.
o(am ) ≤ o(a )
(c) Hermitian matrix
(d) orthogonal matrix
UP PCS (Pre) 2008 1076. With respect to multiplication of residue
Ans. (b) : A real skew symmetric matrix of odd order is classes modulo a prime p the set of non-zero
non invertible. matrix. residue classes modulo p forms a commutative
1072. (Zp,+, .) is a field if / (Zp,+, .) Skeâ #es$e nw, Ùeefo group of order–/ DeJeMes<e JeieeX kesâ iegCeve cee@[dÙegueeW
(a) is a positive integer/p keâe ceeve Oeveelcekeâ hetCeeËkeâ nw DeYeepÙe mebKÙee p kesâ meehes#e MetvÙeslej DeJeMes<e JeieeX
(b) p is even integer/ p mecehetCeeËkeâ nw cee[dÙeguees p Jeeuee mecegÛÛeÙe Skeâ ›eâceefJeefvecesÙe mecetn
(c) p is odd integer/ p efJe<ece hetCeeËkeâ nw yeveelee nw efpemekeâer keâesefš nw–
(d) p is a prime/ p DeYeepÙe nw (a) p (b) p 2
(GIC) ØeJeòeâe hejer#ee, 2015 (c) p + 1 (d) p – 1
Ans. (d) : (Zp,+, .) is a feild if. p is prime.
Ans. (d) : With respect to the multiplication of residue
1073. The set of all positive rational numbers G form classes modulo a prime p the set of non-zero residue
an Abelian group under the operation defined classes modulo p forms a commutative group of order
ab
by a * b = , ∀a,b ∈ G. Identify element of this (p–1).
2 1077. A homomorphism of a group into itself is called
group is a/an–/ efkeâmeer mecetn keâer mJeÙeb kesâ Thej meceekeâeefjlee
meYeer Oeveelcekeâ heefjcesÙe mebKÙeeDeeW keâe mecegÛÛeÙe G keânueeleer nw, Skeâ
ab
mebef›eâÙee * pees a * b = , ∀a,b ∈ G. mes heefjYeeef<ele nw, (a) isomorphism/leguÙekeâeefjlee
2 (b) monomorphism/Skewâkeâer meceekeâeefjlee
kesâ DeOeerve Skeâ DeeJesueer mecetn yeveelee nw~ Fme mecetn keâe
(c) epimorphism/DeeÛÚeokeâ meceekeâeefjlee
lelmecekeâ DeJeÙeJe keäÙee nesiee?
(d) endomorphism/Deblejekeâeefjlee
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 3
(GIC) ØeJeòeâe hejer#ee, 2015 (GIC) ØeJeòeâe hejer#ee, 2015
Ans. (c) : The binary opeation * is defined by Ans. (d) : A homomorphism of a group into itself is
called an endomorphism.
ab
a *b = ∨ a, b ∈ G 1078. Let (R, +, .) be a ring in which a2= a, ∀a∈R
2
let e be the idintity element then Then the incorrect statement for a, b∈R is–
a*e = a ceeve ueerefpeÙes efkeâ (R, +, .)Ssmeer JeueÙe nw efkeâ a2= a, ∀a∈R
ae leye a, b∈R kesâ efueÙes DemelÙe keâLeve nw–
⇒ =a ⇒ e=2 (a) a. b = 2 (b.a) (b) ab + ba =0
2
∴ identity element = 2 (c) a + a = 0 (d) a . b = b . a
1074. An infinite cyclic group has–
Skeâ Deveble Ûe›eâerÙe mecetn ceW Ans. (a) : Let (R,+, .) be a ring in which
(a) an element of order 2 a 2 = a ∨ a. ∈ R
2 keâesefš keâe Skeâ DeJeÙeJe neslee nw~ then a.b=2(b.a) does not hold.
(b) only one generator/kesâJeue Skeâ pevekeâ neslee nw~ 1079. A subgroup H of a group G is called a normal
subgroup if and only if–
(c) only two generators/kesâJeue oes pevekeâ nesles nw~
mecetn G keâe Ghemecetn H ØemeeceevÙe Ghemecetn keânueelee nw Ùeefo
(d) infinitely many generators/Deveble pevekeâ nesles nw~
Deewj kesâJeue Ùeefo–
(a) aH = Ha ∨ a ∈ H (b) aH = Ha ∨ a ∈ G
Ans. (c) An infinite cyclic group has only two generators. (c) aHa = H ∨ a ∈ G (d) aHa = H ∨ a ∈ H
1075. If G is a finite group and o(a) denotes the order (GIC) ØeJeòeâe hejer#ee, 2015
of a∈G, then for nay m∈Z./ Ùeefo G Skeâ heefjefcele Ans. (b) : A subgroup H of a group G is called a normal
mecetn nes leLee a∈G kesâ efueS a keâer keâesefš keâes o(a) Éeje subgroup if and only if
efueKee peeÙe, lees efkeâmeer Yeer m∈Z kesâ efueS– aH= Ha ∨ a∈G.
ALGEBRA 190 YCT
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1080. The number of elements in the cyclic subgroup (c) ba −1
of Z30 generated by 25 is–/ 25 mes peefvele Z30 kesâ (d) None of these/FveceW mes keâesF& veneR
Ûe›eâerÙe Ghemecetn ceW DeJeÙeJeeW keâer mebKÙee nw– TGT 2010
(a) 5 (b) 10 Ans : (d) Ùeefo axb = b, a, x, ∈G
(c) 6 (d) 15 −1
(GIC) ØeJeòeâe hejer#ee, 2015 leye b mes oesveeW lejheâ iegCee keâjves hej
(a x b) b-1 = (bb-1)
Ans. (c) : Since 25 + 25 = 20 (mod 30)
⇒ ax(bb −1 ) = I
20 + 25 = 15 (mod 30)
15 + 25 = 10 (mod 30) ⇒ ax = I ⇒ x = a −1
10 + 25 = 5 (mod 30) 1085. Ùeefo G, n ›eâce keâe mecetn nes leLee H, m ›eâce keâe
5 + 25 = 0 (mod 30)
Ghemecetn nes leye,
(a) n = m (b) n divides m
{
Subgroup generated by 25 = 25, 20,15,10, 5,0 } (c) m divides n (d) FveceW mes keâesF& veneR
∴ number of element is 6 TGT 2009
Ans : (c) By Lagrange's theorem
1081. The roots of the equation x 2 + 5 = 0 in the ring
The order of a subgroup of a finite group is divisor of
Z6 are–/JeueÙe Z6 ceW meceerkeâjCe x2 + 5= 0 kesâ cetue nw– the order of the group.
(a) 1,4 (b) 1,5 so order H divides order of G
(c) 2,4 i.e m divides n.
(d) Do not exist/DeefmlelJe veneR nw
1086. ØelÙeskeâ Ûe›eâerÙe mecetn neslee nw–
(a) mecetn
Ans. (d) : z 6 = {0,1, 2,3, 4,5} (b) Ghe-mecetn
x 2 + 5 = 0 ⇒ x 2 = −5 (c) DeJesefueÙeve mecetn (Abelian group)
x 2 = i2 5 (d) FveceW mes keâesF& veneR
x = ±i 5 TGT 2009
x = i 5 & −i 5 Ans : (c) Every cyclic group is an abelian.
Solution not exists. Proof – Let a be a generator of a cyclic group G and let
1082. How many generators does a cyclic group of ar, as∈G for any r, s∈Z then ar.as = as+r = as.ar
order n have?/efkeâmeer Ûe›eâerÙe mecetn (cyclic group) ceW Thus the operation is commutative and hence the cyclic
group G an obelian.
efkeâleves keâesefš kesâ peefve$e (order of generator) nesles nQ?
1087. In a group (G, o) if n is the order of an element
(a) n–1
(b) n a, where a∈G, and p is prime to 'n' then the
(c) m, where m is total number of relatively order of ap is.
prime number between 0 and n mecegÛÛeÙe (G,o) ceW DeJeÙeJe a keâe ›eâce n nw peneB a∈G
m (peneB m kegâue mebKÙee nw Ssmes mebKÙeeDeeW keâer 0 Deewj n leLee p,n DeYeepÙe nw leye ap keâe ›eâce keäÙee nesiee–
kesâ ceOÙe ceW pees hejmhej DeYeepÙe nes ) (a) np (b) np (c) p (d) n
(d) None of the above/ FveceW mes keâesF& veneR TGT 2004
TGT 2010 Ans : (d) Let m be the order of ap
Ans : (c) Let G be a cyclic group and a be any element Now, o(a) = n = an = e = (an)p =ep = e
of G. Let |a| = n. Then 〈a〉 = 〈aj〉 if and only if gcd (n, j)
( ) ( )
n
= 1 and |a| = | 〈aj〉| if and only if gcd (n, j) = 1. Therefore ⇒ ap = e ⇒ o ap ≤ n
the total number of generators of a cyclic of order n is ⇒m≤n
total number of positive integers relative prime to n.
Since p and n are relative prime, there exists integers x
1083. If H1 and H2 are two subgroups of a group G, and y such that
then H1 ∩ H2 is p(x) + n(y) = 1
Ùeefo H1 Deewj H2 G kesâ oes Ghemecetn nw leye H1 ∩ H2 nw~
∴ a = a1 = a px +ny = a px .a ny = a px (a n ) y
(a) cyclic groups of G (b) normal subgroup
( )
x
(c) subgroups of G (d) None of these = a px .e y = a px .e = a px = a p
TGT 2010
Ans : (c) If H1 and H2 are two subgroup of a group G m x
Now, a m = (a p ) x  = (a p ) mx = (a p )m  = e x = e
then H1 ∩ H2 is also a subgroup of G.    
1084. If axb = b,a,x, ∈G (group), then the value of x is ∴ o(a) ≤ m ⇒ n ≤ m
Ùeefo axb = b, a, x, ∈G (mecetn), leye x keâe ceeve : Finally m ≤ n and n ≤ m ⇒ m = n
–1
(a) a ba –1
(b) ab Hence order of ap is also n.
ALGEBRA 191 YCT

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1090. If a, b, c are in arithmetic progression then
8. Matrices and x +1 x + 2 x + a
Determinants the value of x + 2 x + 3 x + b is –
x +3 x +4 x+c
1 4 7 4 4 7 Ùeefo a, b, c meceevlej ßesCeer ceW nQ lees
1088. The sum of 2 5 8 and 5 5 8 will be – x +1 x + 2 x + a
3 6 9 7 6 9 x +2 x +3 x +b keâe ceeve nw–
1 4 7 4 4 7 x +3 x +4 x+c
2 5 8 + 5 5 8 keâe ceeve– (a) 0 (b) 1
3 6 9 7 6 9 (c) 2 (d) a b c
UP PGT 2021
5 8 14
PGT 2010
(a) Zero/MetvÙe (b) 7 10 16 Ans. (a) : 0
10 12 18 If a, b and c are in arithmetic progression then 2b = a+c
5 4 7 1 8 14 x +1 x + 2 x + a
(c) 7 5 8 (d) 2 10 16 Now; ∆ = x + 2 x + 3 x + b
10 6 9 3 12 18 x +3 x +4 x+c
UP PGT 2021 2x + 4 2x + 6 2x + a + c
5 4 7 ∆ = x +2 x +3 x+b (R1 → R1+R3)
Ans. (c) : 7 5 8 x +3 x+4 x+c
10 6 9 2 ( x + 2 ) 2 ( x + 3) 2 ( x + b )
1 4 7 4 4 7 1+ 4 4 7 ∆= ( x + 2 ) ( x + 3) ( x + b )
2 5 8 + 5 5 8 = 2+5 5 8 ( x + 3) ( x + 4) ( x + c)
3 6 9 7 6 9 3+7 6 9 x +2 x +3 x +b
(If some or all elements of a row or column of a ∆ = 2 x + 2 x + 3 x + b = 0
determinant are expressed as sum of two or more terms,
x +3 x +4 x +c
then the determinant can be expressed as sum of two or
more determinants) as R1 & R2 are identical
5 4 7  cos x sin x 0
= 7 5 8 1091. If A = f ( x ) =  − sin x cos x 0 then A–1 is–
10 6 9  0 0 1 
1089. If A is a singular matrix, then A. adj(A) is–  cos x sin x 0
Ùeefo A Skeâ DeJÙegl›eâceCeerÙe DeeJÙetn nes, lees A.adj(A) Ùeefo A = f ( x ) =  − sin x cos x 0 lees A–1 nw–
nw–  0 0 1 
(a) an identity matrix/Skeâ lelmecekeâ DeeJÙetn
(a) f (x) (b) –f (x)
(b) a null matrix/Skeâ MetvÙe DeeJÙetn
(c) f (–x) (d) –f (–x)
(c) a scalar matrix/Skeâ DeefoMe DeeJÙetn
UP PGT 2021
Ans. (c) : f(–x)
UP PGT 2021
 cos x sin x 0 
Given A = f(x) =  – sin x cos x 0 
Ans. (b) : a null matrix
If A be any given square matrix of order n, then
A (adj A) = (adj A) A = A I  0 0 1 
2 2
Where I is the identity matrix of order n. Now, det (A) = cos x + sin x = 1 ≠ 0 and hence A is
–1
Now; A is singular invertible and A exists.
⇒ A =0 cos x − sin x 0
∴ A (adj A) = A I gives us that A (adj A) is a null and (adj A) =  sin x cos x 0
matrix.  0 0 1 
ALGEBRA 192 YCT

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1 1094. The value of the determinant
So, A–1 = ( adjA )
det ( A ) 12 22 32 42
meejefCekeâ 22
3 2
42
52 keâe ceeve nw–
cos x – sin x 0  32 42 52 62
⇒ A –1 =  sin x cos x 0  42 52 62 72
 0 0 1  (a) 60 (b) 96
(c) 120
⇒ A –1 = f ( – x ) (d) None of the above/GheÙeg&keäle ceW mes keâesF& veneR
1092. If each element of a 3×3 matrix A is UP PGT 2021
multiplied by 3 then the determinant of the Ans. (d) : None of the above
newly formed matrix is –
Ùeefo Skeâ 3×3 DeeJÙetn A kesâ ØelÙeskeâ DeJeÙeJe keâes 3 mes iegCee 12 22 32 42
efkeâÙee ieÙee nw, lees veF& yeveer DeeJÙetn keâer meejefCekeâ nw– 2 2 32 4 2 5 2
∆= 2
(a) 3 A (b) 9 A 3 4 2 52 6 2
42 52 62 72
(A)
3
(c) (d) 27 A
12 22 32 42
UP PGT 2021  R4 → R4 – R3 
3 5 7  9 
Ans. (d) : 27 A ⇒∆= ; R3 → R3 – R2 
5 7 9 11 
a1 b1 c1  R2 → R2 – R1 
7 9 11 13
Let A = a 2 b2 c2
12 22 32 42
a3 b3 c3
3 5 7 9  R4 → R4 – R3 
3a1 3b1 3c1 ⇒∆= = 0;  
2 2 2 2  R3 → R3 – R2 
Now, A1 = 3a 2 3b 2 3c 2
2 2 2 2
3a 3 3b3 3c3 (∵ row 3 & row 4 are identical)
a1 b1 c1 1 1 1
3
= 3 a 2 b 2 c 2 = 27 A 1095. The value of the determinant x y z is
a 3 b 3 c3 x 3 y3 z 3
(∵ If each element of a row (or a column) of a 1 1 1
determinant is multiplied by a constant K, then its value
meejefCekeâ x y z keâe ceeve nw–
gets multiplied by K)
x 3 y3 z 3
1093. If B is a matrix such that B2 = B and A = I –
(a) (x – y) (y – z) (z – x) (x + y + z)
B, then which of the following is not correct?
(b) (x – y) (y – z) (z – x) (x + y – z)
Ùeefo B Skeâ DeeJÙetn Fme Øekeâej nw efkeâ B = B Deewj A =
2
(c) xyz (x + y + z)
I – B, lees efvecveefueefKele ceW keâewve mener veneR nw? (d) (xy + yz + zx) (x2 + y2 + z2)
(a) A2 = A (b) A2 = I UPPSC GIC 2021
(c) AB = 0 (d) BA = 0 Ans. (a) : (x–y) (y–z) (z–x)(x+y+z)
UP PGT 2021 1 1 1
2
Ans. (b) : A = I ∆= x y z
A = I – B, B2 = B
2
Now, A = (I–B) (I–B) x 3 y3 z 3
= I2–IB – BI + B2 0 0 1
=I–B–B+B  C1 → C1 − C2 
∆ = x-y y-z z  
= I – B + O, O is the zero matrix
x 3 − y3 y − z3
3
z3  C 2 → C 2 − C3 
=I–B
=A 0 0 1
and AB = (I – B) B ∆ = (x-y)(y-z) 1 1 z
= IB – B2
x + y + xy y + z + zy z3
2 2 2 2
=B–B
= O; zero matrix ∆ = (x–y)(y–z)(y2+ z2+zy–x2–y2–xy)
Similarly BA = (B) (I–B) = O, zero matrix ∆ = (x–y)(y–z)(z2–x2+y(z–x))
So, A2 ≠ I ∆ = (x–y)(y–z)(z–x)(x+y+z).
ALGEBRA 193 YCT

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1096. The value of the determinant 6 − 9  8 − 10
x+y z 1 Ùeefo 3A-2B =   Deewj 2A -B =  
6 − 3  8 − 2 
y + z x 1 is- lees A nw~
z+x y 1  −10 11 10 −11
x+y z 1 (a)   (b)  
 −10 1  10 − 1 
meejefCekeâ y + z x 1 keâe ceeve nw~  −10 11
z+x y 1 (c)  
 10 1 
(a) (x + y) (y + z) (z + x) (b) xyz (d) None of these/FveceW mes keâesF& veneR
(c) 1 (d) 0
UPPSC GIC 2021
UPPSC GIC 2021
UPPCS (Pre) 2002 Ans. (b) : Given 3A–2B = 6 −9  ––––(i)
 6 −3 
Ans. (d) : 0  
x+y z 1 8 −10 
and 2A–B =   –––(ii)
∆ = y+z x 1 8 −2 
z+x y 1 We have
x+ y+z z 1 16 −20   6 −9 
4A – 2B – 3A + 2B =  − 
⇒ ∆ = x + y + z x 1 (C1→ C1 + C2) 16 −4   6 −3
x+ y+z y 1 10 −11
or A =  
1 z 1 10 −1 
⇒ ∆ = (x + y + z) 1 x 1 =0, because C1 and C3 are
5 8 6 
1 y 1 1099. If a matrix 3 2 4  is expressed as A+B,
identical
1 7 9 
1097. If A is a square matrix of order n, then value
of adj (adj A) is- where A is symmetric and B is skew -
symmetric, then B is equal to -
Ùeefo A keâesF& Jeie& DeeJÙetn nw efpemekeâer keâesefš n nw, lees
adj (adj A) keâe ceeve nw~ 5 8 6 
(a) |A|n A Ùeefo DeeJÙetn 3 2 4  keâes A+B kesâ ™he ceW JÙeòeâ
(b) |A|n-1 A 1 7 9 
(c) |A|n-2 A efkeâÙee peeÙes, peneB A meceefcele Deewj B efJe<ece meceefcele nw,
(d) None of these/FveceW mes keâesF& veneR lees B keâe ceeve nw–
UPPSC GIC 2021
 5 11/ 2 7 / 2   0 5/ 2 5/ 2 
(a) 11/ 2 2 11/ 2  (b)  −5 / 2 0 −3 / 2 
n −2    
Ans. (c) : A A.
 7 / 2 11/ 2 9   −5 / 2 3 / 2 0 
Let A be any given square matrix of order n, A denote  0 −5 / 2 −5 / 2   5 11/ 2 7 / 2 
the determinant of A then (c) 5 / 2 0 3 / 2  (d) 11/ 2 2 11 
  
 7 / 2 9 
A(adjA) = (adjA)A = A I 5 / 2 −3 / 2 0  11
where I is the identity matrix of order n. UPPSC GIC 2021
Now, for a square matrix of order n, (adj A) we have
5 8 6 
Ans. (b) : Given P = 3 2 4 
adj A (adj (adj A)) = adjA I
n −1
n −1
⇒ AadjA(adj(adjA)) = A A I ; adjA = A 1 7 9 
n −1
⇒ A .I.(adj(adjA)) = A A I 5 3 1 
n −2 Then P = 8 2 7 
'
⇒adj(adjA) = A A
6 4 9 
6 − 9  Let A
1098. If 3A-2B =   and 2A -B =
6 − 3  10 11 7   5 11/ 2 7 / 2 
1  
8 − 10 = 1/ 2 ( P + P ' ) = 11 4 11 = 11/ 2 2 11/ 2 
8 − 2  then A is- 2
 7 11 18  7 / 2 11/ 2 9 
 
ALGEBRA 194 YCT
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 5 11/ 2 7 / 2  1 0 1   x   3 
 11/ 2  = A Ans. (c) : a 1 0   y  =  2
'
Now A = 11/ 2 2
 7 / 2 11/ 2 9   3 1 b   z  7 
Thus A = 1/2 (P + P') is a symmetric matrix. efvekeâeÙe keâe DeefÉleerÙe nue nesiee Ùeefo
Also let , B = 1/2 (P – P')
1 0 1
0 5 5  0 5/ 2 5/ 2 
A ≠0⇒ a 1 0 ≠0
=  −5 0 −3 =  −5 / 2 0 −3 / 2 
1   
2 3 1 b
 −5 3 0   −5 / 2 3/ 2 0 
1(b − 0) − 0 + (a − 3) ≠ 0
 0 −5 / 2 −5 / 2  a + b −3 ≠ 0
Then B' = 5 / 2 0 3/ 2  = – B efJekeâuhe (c) jKeves hej 1 + 1 − 3 ≠ 0
5 / 2 −3 / 2 0  ⇒ −1 ≠ 0
Thus B =1/2 (P – P') is a skew symmetric matrix. Dele: efJekeâuhe (c) melÙe nw~
Now A+B = 1102. If x1 and x2 are the roots of the equation
 5 11/ 2 7 / 2   0 5/ 2 5/ 2  1 4 20
11/ 2 2 11/ 2  +  −5 / 2 0 −3/ 2 
  1 –2 5 = 0 , then the value of x12 + x 22 is

 7 / 2 11/ 2 9   −5 / 2 3/ 2 0  1 2x 5x 2
5 8 6  1 4 20
 
= 3 2 4  = P Ùeefo x1 leLee x2 meceerkeâjCe 1 –2 5 = 0 kesâ cetue
1 7 9  1 2x 5x 2
1100. If A and B are two matrices such that AB = B neW, lees x12 + x 22 keâe ceeve nw
2 2
and BA = A, then A + B is equal to (a) 1 (b) 3
Ùeefo A leLee B oes DeeJÙetn Fme Øekeâej nQ efkeâ AB = B (c) 5 (d) 0
leLee BA = A, lees A2 + B2 yejeyej nw UP TGT 2021
(a) 2AB (b) 2BA 1 4 20
(c) A + B (d) AB Ans. (c) : 1 –2 5 = 0
UP TGT 2021
1 2x 5x 2
Ans. (c) : AB = B
BAB = B2 1 4 20
 R3 → R3 – R 2 
(BA)B = B2 0 –6 –15 = 0  
AB = B 2
2  R 2 → R 2 – R1 
0 2x + 2 5x – 5
B = B2
Fmeer Øekeâej –6 ( 5x 2 – 5 ) + 15 × 2 ( x + 1) = 0
BA = A –30x2 + 30 + 30x + 30 = 0
(AB)A = A2 –30x2 + 30x + 60 = 0
BA = A2 –30 (x2 – x – 2) = 0
A = A2 x1 + x2 = 1 x1 . x2 = –2
Dele: A2 + B2 = A + B x12 + x22 = (x1 + x2)2 – 2(x1 x2)
= (1)2 –2(–2) = 5
1101. The system of equations
x+z=3  1 –2  2 6
ax + y = 2 1103. If A =   and B =   then AB is
 –1 2  1 3
3x + y + bz = 7 equal to
has a unique solution if (a, b) is equal to
 1 –2  2 6
meceerkeâjCe efvekeâeÙe Ùeefo A =   leLee B =   lees AB keâe ceeve
x+z=3  –1 2  1 3
ax + y = 2 nw
3x + y + bz = 7 0 0
(a) 
keâe Skeâ DeefÉleerÙe nue nesiee Ùeefo (a, b) yejeyej nw
0 0 
(a) (1, 2) (b) (2, 1)
(c) (1, 1) (d) (–1, 4) 1 0
(b) 
UP TGT 2021 0 1 
ALGEBRA 195 YCT
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1 1 Ans. (c) : a2 + b2 + c2 + d2 = 1
(c)  
1 1  a − ic b − id 
If   is unitary then
(d) None of the above/GheÙeg&òeâ
ceW mes keâesF& veneR  − ( b + id ) a + ic 
UP TGT 2021   a − ic b − id  
det   =1
Ans. (a) : A = 
 1 –2 
B=
2 6  − ( b + id ) a + ic  
 ,   
 –1 2   1 3 ∴ (a – ic)(a + ic) + (b + id)(b – id) = 1
 1 –2   2 6  ⇒ a2 + c2 + b 2 + d 2 = 1
AB =    
 –1 2  1 3  1 2 
1106. The inverse of the matrix   is
 2 – 2 6 – 6  0 0  2 –1
= =  
 –2 + 2 –6 + 6   0 0  1 2 
DeeJÙetn   keâe Øeefleueesce nw
1104. If ω is an imaginary cube root of unity, then  2 –1
1 ω6 ω8 1 2  1 2 
6 3 7 (a)  5 5
(b)  5 5
value of ω ω ω is 2 –1  2 1 
ω8 ω7 1  5 5  5 5
1 –2   1 2 
Ùeefo ω FkeâeF& keâe Skeâ keâeuheefvekeâ Ievecetue nes, lees (c) 
5 5
(d) 
5 5
6 8 2 –1   –2 –1 
1 ω ω  5 5  5 5
ω 6 ω 3 ω 7 keâe ceeve nw~ UPPSC Ashram Paddhati 2021
ω8 ω7 1 1 2 
Ans. (a) : Let A =  
(a) 0 (b) 3  2 – 1
(c) 4 (d) 1 1 2
Now |A|= = –5≠0
UP TGT 2021 2 –1
1 ω6 ω8 ∴ A–1 exist.
Ans. (b) : ω 6
ω3
ω7
 – 1 – 2  – 1 – 2
T
Now adjoint A = =   = 
ω8 ω7 1 – 2 1  – 2 1 
1 2 
1 1 ω2 adjoint A – 1  – 1 – 2   5 5 
∴ A =
–1
= = 
= 1 1 ω {∵ ω
3
= 1} |A| 5  – 2 1   2 – 1
ω 2
ω 1  5 5 
1107. If A and B are symmetric matrices, which of
the following is a skew-symmetric matrix ?
= 1(1 − ω ) − 1(1 − ω ) + ω (ω − ω )
2 3 2 2
Ùeefo A Deewj B meceefcele DeeJÙetn nes, lees efvecveefueefKele ceW
= 1 − ω2 − 1(1 − 1) + ω3 − ω4 mes keâewve-mee efJe<ece-meceefcele DeeJÙetn nw?
= 1− ω +1− ω
2 4 (a) 5(A + B) (b) 3(A – B)
(c) AB + BA (d) AB – BA
= 2 − (ω2 + ω4 ) = 2 − (ω2 + ω)
= 2 − (−1) = 3 {∵ 1 + ω + ω2 = 0 mes} Ans. (d) : Given A and B are symmetric matrices
∴ AT = A and BT = B ...(i)
 a − ic b − id  where A T
= transpose of A
1105. The matrix   will be unitary and
 − ( b + id ) a + ic  BT = transpose of B
Consider (AB –BA)T = (AB)T – (BA)T
if and only if
= BTAT – ATBT
 a − ic b − id  = BA – AB (using (i))
DeJÙetn   Swefkeâkeâ nesieer Ùeefo kesâJeue
 − ( b + id ) a + ic 
= – (AB – BA)
showing that AB – BA is a skew symmetric matrix.
Ùeefo, 1108. If the matrix A ia invertible, then the value of
(a) a2– b2 + c2 – d2 = 1 |A–1| is
(b) –a + b – c + d = 1
2 2 2 2
Ùeefo DeeJÙetn A JÙegl›eâceCeerÙe nw, lees |A–1| keâe ceeve nesiee
2 2 2 2
(c) a + b + c + d = 1 (a) |A|
(d) a2 + b2 + c2 + d2 ≠ 1 1
(b)
UP Higher Asst. Prof. 2021 |A|
ALGEBRA 196 YCT
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(c) 1 Assume now that the result is true for n = k. This gives
(d) none of the above/GheÙeg&òeâ ceW mes keâesF& veneR 1 ka 
UPPSC Ashram Paddhati 2021 Ak =  
0 1 
Ans. (b) :
∵ A is invertible then there exist A–1 such that 1 ka  1 a 
Therefore A A = 
k
AA–1 = A–1A = I (identity matrix)  

 0 1  0 1 
⇒ |AA–1| = |A–1A| = 1
⇒ |A| |A–1| = |A–1| |A| = 1
1
⇒ A k +1 = 
( k + 1) a 

1 0 1 
⇒ |A–1| = Thus the formula is true for k+1 whenever it is true for
|A|
any k. Therefore, by the PMI, the result is true for all
1109. The value of the determinant positive integers n ∈ N
b+c a a 1111. If p(x), q(x) and r(x) be polynomials of
b c+a b is degree one, a1, a2, a3 be three numbers, then the
value of the determinant
c c a+b
p(a1 ) p(a 2 ) p(a 3 )
b+c a a q(a1 ) q(a 2 ) q(a 3 ) is
meejefCekeâ b c+a b keâe ceeve nw r(a1 ) r(a 2 ) r(a 3 )
c c
a+b Ùeefo p(x), q(x) Deewj r(x) Skeâ IeeleerÙe yengheo nw, a1,
(a) 2abc (b) abc a2, a3 leerve mebKÙeeÙeW nQ lees meejefCekeâ
(c) 4abc (d) 8abc
p(a1 ) p(a 2 ) p(a 3 )
KVS TGT Dec 2017 q(a1 ) q(a 2 ) q(a 3 ) keâe ceeve nw:
b+c a a r(a1 ) r(a 2 ) r(a 3 )
Ans. (c) : b c+a b R1 → R1 – R 2 – R 3 (a) 0 (b) –2
(c) 1 (d) 3
c c a+b UKPSC Lecturer (Mains) 2020
0 – 2c – 2b Ans. (a) : Let the polynomials of degree one p(x), q(x)
= b c+a b and r(x) be ax + b, cx + d and ex+f respectively then,
c c a+b p ( a1 ) p ( a 2 ) p ( a 3 ) aa1 + b aa 2 + b aa 3 + b
= 2c  b ( a + b ) – bc  – 2b  bc – c ( c + a )  q ( a1 ) q ( a 2 ) q ( a 3 ) = ca1 + d ca 2 + d ca 3 + d
r ( a1 ) r (a2 ) r (a3 ) ea1 + f ea 2 + f ea 3 + f
= 2  abc + b 2 c – bc 2 – b 2 c + bc 2 + abc 
a ( a1 − a 2 ) a ( a 2 − a 3 ) aa 3 + b
= 2 [ 2abc]
→ c ( a1 − a 2 ) c ( a 2 − a 3 ) ca 3 + d
C1 →C1 − C2
C2 →C2 − C3
= 4 abc
e ( a1 − a 2 ) e ( a 2 − a 3 ) ea 3 + f
1 a 
1110. If A =   , then A (where n ∈ N) is equal
n a a aa 3 + b
 0 1
  = ( a1 − a 2 )( a 2 − a 3 ) c c ca 3 + d = 0
to:
e e ea 3 + f
1 a 
Ùeefo A = 
 

, lees A (peneB n ∈ N) yejeyej nw :
n
1112. The value of the determinant
 0 1 (a − b) (b − c) (c − a)
1 na  1 an 2  (b − c) (c − a) (a − b) is:
(a)   (b)  
0 1  0 1  (c − a) (a − b) (b − c)
   
1 an   n na  (a − b) (b − c) (c − a)
(c)   (d)  
0 0  0 n  meejefCekeâ (b − c) (c − a) (a − b)
   
UKPSC Lecturer (Mains) 2020 (c − a) (a − b) (b − c)
 1 na  keâe ceeve nw:
Ans. (a) : Claim: A n =  
(a) (a–b) (b–c) (c–a)
0 1 
  (b) 3 abc
Proof: (using principle of mathematical induction) (c) 1
1 a  (d) None of these/FveceW mes keâesF& veneR
We have A =  
 0 1  UKPSC Lecturer (Mains) 2020
ALGEBRA 197 YCT
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Proof: (using principle of mathmatical induction)
(a − b) ( b − c) (c − a ) The formula for n = 2 reads A 2 = 2A − I which is true.
Ans. (d) : ( b − c ) ( c − a ) ( a − b ) →
R →R + R + R
1 1 2 3
Assume now that the result is true for n =k for some
(c − a ) (a − b) ( b − c) k > 2. This gives
A k = kA − ( k − 1) I.
0 0 0
( b − c) (c − a ) (a − b) = 0 Therefore A k +1 = kA 2 − ( k − 1) IA
(c − a ) (a − b) ( b − c) = k ( 2A − I ) − ( k − 1) IA.
1113. If A be a matrixof order 3 such that |A| = 4 = ( k + 1) A − kI.
| adj(B) | Thus, the formula is true for k +1 whenever it is true
and B = adj (A), C=2A, then is equal for any k > 2. Therefore, by the principle of
|C|
mathematical induction the formula is true for all
to :/Ùeefo A, keâesefš 3 keâe Skeâ DeeJÙetn Fme Øekeâej nw efkeâ positive integers n ≥ 2.
|A| = 4 leLee B = men KeC[pe (A), C=2A lees
cosθ –sinθ
| men Keb[ pe (B) | 1116. The matrices A=  and
keâe ceeve nw :  sinθ cosθ 
|C|  
(a) 8 (b) 6 x 0
(c) 4 (d) 1 B=  commute under multiplication, then
0 y
UKPSC Lecturer (Mains) 2020  
Ans. (a) : For a square matrixA of order n we have cosθ –sinθ x 0
DeeJÙetn A =   Deewj DeeJÙetn B = 
 0 y

 sinθ cosθ 
n –1
adjA = A .  
2 iegCeve kesâ Devleie&le ›eâce efJeefvecesÙe nQ lees
So, we have B = adjA = A = 16 and hence (a) x = y or θ = nπ, n is a integer
adjB = B = (16 ) = 256 .
2 2
x = y Ùee θ = nπ, n Skeâ hetCeeËkeâ mebKÙee nw~
Now, C = 2 A = ( 8 )( 4 ) = 32 gives
3 π
(b) x = y or θ = n , n is an integer
adjB 256 2
= =8 π
x = y Ùee θ = n , n Skeâ hetCeeËkeâ mebKÙee nw~
C 32 2
1114. If A and B are square matrices of order n (c) x sin θ = y cos θ / x sin θ = y cos θ
such that AB = A and BA=B, then (d) x cos θ = y sin θ / x cos θ = y sin θ
Ùeefo A SJeb B, n keâesefš kesâ Jeie& DeeJÙetn Fme Øekeâej nw UKPSC Lecturer (Mains) 2020
efkeâ AB = A leLee BA = B lees Ans. (a) : We have
(a) A2 = A, B2 ≠ B (b) A2 ≠ A, B2 = B
2 2
(d) A2 ≠ A, B2 ≠ B  x cos θ − ysin θ  xcosθ –xsinθ
(c) A = A, B = B AB =   & BA=  
UKPSC Lecturer (Mains) 2020  x sin θ y cos θ   xsinθ ycosθ 
Ans. (c) : We have AB = A If matrices A and B commute under multiplication then
⇒ A ( BA ) = A because BA=B we must have
⇒ ( AB)( A ) = A
 x cos θ − ysin θ  x cos θ −x sin θ
 x sin θ ycos θ  =  ysin θ ycos θ 
⇒A =A 2    
⇒ x sin θ = y sin θ
and similarly we have that B2 = B.
⇒ ( x − y ) sin θ = 0
1115. If A is a square matrixsuch that A2 = 2A–I,
where I is a unit matrix, then for all natural ⇒ x = y or sinθ= 0
numbers n ≥ 2, An is equal to: ⇒ x = y or θ= nπ; n is an integer.
Ùeefo A Skeâ Jeie& DeeJÙetn Fme Øekeâej nw efkeâ A = 2A-I
2
 cosθ sinθ 
peneB I Skeâ FkeâeF& DeeJÙetn nw, leye meYeer Øeeke=âle 1117. The matrix A =   is:

mebKÙeeDeeW n ≥ 2 kesâ efueÙes, A yejeyej nw :
n  –sinθ cosθ 
(a) nA–(n–1)I (b) nA–I  cosθ sinθ 
(c) 2n–1A–(n–1)I (d) 2n–1A–I
DeeJÙetn A =   nw:

 –sinθ cosθ
UKPSC Lecturer (Mains) 2020 (a) Involutory/DevleJe&ueerÙe
Ans. (a) : We have A 2 = 2A − I ; A is a square matrix, (b) Orthogonal/ueeefcyekeâ
I is the identity matrix. (c) Nilpotent/MetvÙebYeeJeer
Now; A 3 = 2A 2 − IA = 2 ( 2A − I ) − A = 3A − 2I (d) Idempotent/Jeie&meece
Claim: An= nA–(n–1)I UKPSC Lecturer (Mains) 2020
ALGEBRA 198 YCT

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Ans. (b) : We have det(A) = 3 − 16 = –13 ≠ 0 and
 cos θ sin θ  cos θ − sin θ   1 –2    1 −8 
A=  and so AT =   adjA = transpose of    =  
 − sin θ cos θ  sin θ cos θ    –8 3    −2 3 
 cos 2 + sin 2 θ − sin θ cos θ + cos θ sin θ  1 0  1 1  1 −8
⇒ AA T =  = So, A −1 = adj ( A ) = − 
2  
 − sin θ cos θ + sin θ cos θ sin θ + cos θ  0 1 
2 det ( A ) 13  −2 3 
Thus, A is an orthogonal matrix. 1120. If A be a non-singular square matrixof order
1118. If x, y, z are respectively, the pth, qth and rth 3×3 and |A| = 5, then the value of |adj A| is:
p x 1
Ùeefo A Skeâ 3×3 keâesefš keâe JÙegl›eâceCeerÙe DeeJÙetn nw
leLee |A| = 5 lees, |adj A| keâe ceeve nw :
terms of an A.P., then q y 1 =
(a) 125 (b) 15 (c) 45 (d) 25
r z 1 UKPSC Lecturer (Mains) 2020
Ùeefo x, y, z efkeâmeer meceevlej ßesCeer kesâ ›eâceMe: pJeW, qJeW Ans. (d) : We have adjA = A n −1 , n is the order of non-
p x 1 singular square matrix.
leLee rJeW heo nw lees q y 1 = So, adjA = A = ( 5 ) = 25
2 2
r z 1
1 1 1
(a) xyz   3 2
(b) 1 1121. If A = 1 2 −3 and A – 6A + 5A + 11 I =
 
(c) (p – x)(q – y)(r – z) 2 −1 3 

(d) None of these/FveceW mes keâesF& veneR 0, where I -1
is a 3×3 identity matrix, then A is
UKPSC Lecturer (Mains) 2020 equal to:
Ans. (d) : Let the first term and common difference of 1 1 1
the A.P. be 'a' and 'd' respectively. Then we have
Ùeef o A =

1 2 −3 leLee
 A3 – 6A2 + 5A + 11 I = 0
 
2 −1 3 
x = a + ( p − 1) d 
nw, peneB hej I, 3×3 keâer lelmecekeâ DeeJÙetn nw, lees A-1
y = a + ( q − 1) d yejeyej nw :
z = a + ( r − 1) d −3 4 5 −3 4 5
1   1  
p x 1 p−q x − y 0 (a) 9 −1 −4 (b)  0 −1 4
R1→R1 −R 2 11   11  
So, q y 1 →
R 2 →R 2 −R 3
q−r y−z 0 5 −3 −1 −5 3 0

r z 1 r z 1 −3 4 5 −3 4 5
1   1  
p − q (p − q)d 0 1 d 0 (c) 8 6 −2 (d)  6 −9 −4
11   11  
= q − r ( q − r ) d 0 = ( p − q )( q − r ) 1 d 0 = 0 2 0 −1  0 8 − 1

r z 1 r z 1 UKPSC Lecturer (Mains) 2020
because row 1 and row 2 are identical. Ans. (a) : We have A3 − 6A 2 + 5A + 11I = 0
 3 8 So, ( A 3 − 6A 2 + 5A + 11I ) A −1 = 0A −1
1119. The inverse of the matrix   is:
 2 1
  ⇒ A 2 − 6A + 5I + 11A −1 = 0
⇒ A −1 = ( −A 2 + 6A − 5I )
 3 8 1
DeeJÙetn   keâe JÙegl›eâce nw :
 11
 2 1 Now
1  1 −8 1 1 1  1 1 1   4 2 1 
(a) − 
13 −2 3  A 2 = 1 2 −3 1 2 −3 =  −3 8 −14 
1  1 −8  2 −1 3   2 −1 3   7 −3 14 
(b)

13 −2 3   Thus,
  –4 –2 –1   1 1 1  5 0 0  
1  1 −8 1   + 6  1 2 −3 − 0 5 0  
(c) − A −1
= 3 –8 14
13 −2 3  11       
 –7 3 –14 
 
 2 −1 3 
  0 0 5  
UKPSC Lecturer (Mains) 2020  −3 4 5 
=  9 −1 −4
1
 3 8 
Ans. (a) : We have A =   with 11
 2 1  5 −3 −1
ALGEBRA 199 YCT

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 1 sinθ 1  1 −1 −1 1 −1 −1

1122. If A =  –sinθ 1 sinθ  , where 0 ≤ (a) 0 1/ 2 −1 (b) 0 1/ 2 −1
 –1 –sinθ 1  −1 1 3 −1 1 2
θ≤2π, then: 1 −1 −1 1 −1 1
 1 sinθ 1  (c) 0 1/ 2 −1 (d) 0 1/ 2 −1

Ùeefo A =  –sinθ sinθ  peneB 0 ≤ θ≤2π, leye
1 1 1 2 −1 1 2
 –1 –sinθ 1  DSSSB TGT 04-09-2021 Shift-I (Male)
: 4 2 3
(a) det A = 0 (b) det A ∈ (2, ∞)  
Ans. (d) : Given A =  2 2 2  and det (A) = 2 ≠ 0
(c) det A ∈ (2, 4) (d) det A ∈ [2, 4]
Haryana PGT 2019  1 0 1 
Ans. (d) : thus A is invertible.
( ) (
det(A) = 1 + sin θ – sin θ ( – sin θ + sin θ ) + 1 + sin θ
2 2
) Now, adj A =
 2 0 −2   2 −2 −2 
(
= 2 1 + sin 2 θ ) transpose of  −2 1 2  =  0 1 −2 
Hence det A ∈ [2, 4], because sin θ ∈ [0, 1].
2
 −2 −2 4   −2 2 4 
2 3 
1123. If A =  –1
 such that A = kA, then k =  2 −2 −2 
 5 –2  −1 1 1  
A = (adjA) =  0 1 −2 
2 3  det(A) det(A)
Ùeefo A =   Fme Øekeâej nw efkeâ A = kA, lees k  −2 2 4 
–1
 5 –2 
1  1 −1 −1
(a) 19 (b)  0 1/ 2 −1
19  
1  −1 1 2 
(c) –19 (d) −
19 3 x − 5 = 0 , then x is equal
Haryana PGT 2019 1126. If determinant x 2
Ans. (b) : Given,
to
2 3 
A=  and det (A) = –4–15 = –19≠0 Ùeefo meejefCekeâ 3x x −2 5 = 0 , lees x keâe ceeve nesiee
 5 −2 
 − 2 − 3 (a) –6, –1 (b) –1, 6
Now adjA =  
 − 5 2  (c) 3, 2 (d) –2, 3
 −2 − 3  1 2 3  1 UK SSSC LT 2020
∴ A–1= 1 adjA = 1   =   = A
det A −19  −5 2  −19  5 −2  19 3 x −5
Ans. (b) : =0
1 x 2
∴ If A–1 = kA then k =
19 ⇒ 6 – x (x – 5) = 0
1124. Let A be a 5×5 matrix with real entries and x ⇒ 6 – x2 + 5x = 0
≠ 0. Then, the vectors x, Ax, A x, A x, A x, A x
2 3 4 5
⇒ x2 – 5x – 6 = 0
are. ⇒ x2 – 6x + x – 6 = 0
(a) linearly independent ⇒ (x – 6) (x + 1) = 0
(b) linearly dependent
⇒ x = 6, – 1
(c) linearly independent if and only if A is
symmetric  3 5 + 2i −3 
(d) linear dependence/independence cannot be 1127. If A =  5 − 2i 7 4i  , then iA is a:
determined from given data  −3 −4i 5 
Ans. (b) : There are six vectors x, Ax, A2x, A3x, A4x,  3 5 + 2i −3 
5
A x and hence, they are linearly dependent because dim
Ùeef o A =  5 − 2i 7 4i  leye iA nw, Skeâ:
 −3
 −4i 5 
(M5×5(R)) = 5
1125. Compute the inverse of the matrix A = (a) Hermitian Matrix/nefce&efMeÙeve DeeJÙetn
4 2 3 (b) Skew-Hermitian Matrix/eflejÚe nefce&efMeÙeve DeeJÙetn
2 2 2 (c) Symmetric Matrix/meceefcele DeeJÙetn
  (d) Skew Symmetric Matrix/eflejÚe meceefcele DeeJÙetn
 1 0 1 
UK SSSC LT 2020
ALGEBRA 200 YCT
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 3i −2 + 5i −3i  Ka1 Kb1 Kc1
Ans. (b) : iA = 2 + 5i 7i −4  Then KA = Ka 2 Kb 2 Kc 2
 Ka 3 Kb3 Kc3
 −3i 4 5i 
a1 b1 c1
 −3i −2 − 5i 3i  = K3 a 2 b2 c2 = K 3 | A |
iA =  2 − 5i −7i −4  a3 b3 c3
 3i 4 −5i  3 0 0
 −3i 2 − 5i 3i  
1131. If A =  0 3 0  , then A5 =

iA =  −2 − 5i −7i 4 
T
 0 0 3 
 3i −4 −5i 
3 0 0
∵ iA = − ( iA )
T
Ùeefo A = 0 3 0  , lees A5 =

∴ iA is Skew - Hermitian Matrix
1128. A square matrix A is said to be orthogonal if:  0 0 3 
Skeâ Jeie& DeeJÙetn mecekeâesCeerÙe DeeJÙetn keânueelee nw, Ùeefo (a) 243 A (b) 81 A
T T (c) 27 A (d) 9 A
(a) AA = A (b) AA = A
T 1 T Haryana PGT 2020
(c) AA = A (d) AA = 1
Ans. (b) : For any diagonal matrix A we have
UK SSSC LT 2020
Ans. (d) : A square matrix A is orthogonal matrix if A  a n 0 0 ... 
T
is invertible with inverse A , the transpose of A.  n 
 0 b 0 ... 
T
i.e. AA = I A n
=
 ... 0 c n 0 ... 
1129. If matrix A is both symmetric and skew  n
symmetric then, A will be:  ... ... ... ... r  m× m
Ùeefo DeeJÙetn A meceefcele leLee efJe<ece meceefcele oesveeW neW, ( 3)5 0 0  3 0 0
lees DeeJÙetn A nesiee:  
A =  0 ( 3) 0  = 34 0 3 0  = 81A
5
∴ 5
(a) Zero matrix/MetvÙe DeeJÙetn  5

 0 0 ( 3)  0 0 3
(b) Diagonal matrix/efJekeâCe& DeeJÙetn 
(c) Scalar matrix/DeefoMe DeeJÙetn 1+ x 0 0
(d) Upper triangular matrix/Gheefj ef$eYegpeerÙe DeeJÙetn
1132. If 0 1+ x 0 = 0, then x =
UK SSSC LT 2020
Ans. (a) : Let A = [aij]n×n , 1 ≤ i ≤ n, 1 ≤ j ≤ n 0 0 1+ x
be a symmetric matrix 1+ x 0 0
⇒ aij = aji ... (i)
Also A is skew symmetric matrix
Ùeefo 0 1 + x 0 = 0 lees x =
⇒ aij = –aji ... (ii) 0 0 1+ x
∴ from (i) and (ii), we have (a) 0, 1, 3 (b) 0, 1, –3
aij = aji = –(aij) (c) 0, –3 (d) 0, 3
⇒ aij = – aij Haryana PGT 2020
⇒2aij = 0 Ans. (c) :
⇒ aij = 0 1 ≤ i ≤ n, 1≤j≤n 1+ x 1 1
⇒ A = [0]n × n if 1 1+ x 1 =0
⇒ A is a zero matrix
1 1 1+ x
1130. If matrix A is of order of 3×3, then
determinant |KA| ⇒ (1 + x) (x2 + 2x) – 2x = 0
Ùeefo A, 3×3 keâesefš keâe DeeJÙetn nw, lees meejefCekeâ |KA| ⇒ x3 + x2 + 2x + 2x2 – 2x = 0
keâe ceeve nesiee: ⇒ x3 + 3x2 = 0
⇒ x2 (x + 3) = 0
(a) |KA| (b) K2 |A|
(c) K3 |A| (d) 3K |A| ⇒ x = 0, –3
UK SSSC LT 2020 1133. Let P be a 4 × 4 matrix whose determinant is
Ans. (c) : If each element of a row (or a column) of a 10. The determinant of the matrix –3P is:
determinant is multiplied by a constant K, then its value ceeve ueerefpeS P, 4 × 4 cewefš^keäme nw efpemekeâer meejefCekeâ keâe
gets multiplied by K. ceeve 10 nw, lees cewefš^keäme –3P keâer meejefCekeâ keâe ceeve nw:
a1 b1 c1 (a) 810 (b) 30
Let A = a2 b2 c2 (c) –810 (d) –108
a3 b3 c3 Haryana PGT 2018
ALGEBRA 201 YCT
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Ans. (a) : We know that if each element of a row (or a 1135. A pair of values of α and β for which the
column) of a determinant is multiplied by a constant k, matrix
then value of the determinant gets multiplied by k. α 1 2
If det (P) = 10, we have that det (–3P) = (–3)4det (P) =  
(81)(10) = 810. A =  0 2 β is invertible, is
1134. If ω is the cube root of unity, then the inverse  1 3 6 
1 1 1  α, β kesâ ceeveeW keâe Skeâ Ùegice efpemekesâ efueS DeeJÙetn
 2 α 1 2
of A = 1 ω ω  is:
 
A =  0 2 β JÙegl›eâceCeerÙe nw, nw:
1 ω 2
ω 
Ùeefo ω FkeâeF& keâe Ievecetue nw; lees  1 3 6 
1
1 1 1  (a) α = . β = 6 (b) α = 1, β = 4
 
A = 1 ω ω  keâe Øeefleueesce nw:
2 3
1
1 ω2 ω  (c) α = 1, β = 5 (d) α = , β = 4
3
1 1 1 1 1 1  UKPSC GIC 2018
1  1 2 α 1 2
(a) 1 ω 2
ω (b) 1 ω ω 
3 4  0 2 β is invertible if det (A) ≠ 0
1 ω ω  2
1 ω2
ω  Ans. (c) : A =  
 1 3 6 
1 1 1  1 1 1 
1  1 ω2 ω  α 1 2
(c) 1 ω2
ω (d)
2     
∴  0 2 β ≠ 0 ⇒ 12α – 3αβ + β – 4 ≠ 0
1 ω ω2  1 ω ω2 
Haryana PGT 2018  1 3 6 
Ans. (a) : 4−β
⇒α≠
1 1 1 12 − 3β
 ω2  ; ω is cube root of unity Thus , α = 1, β = 5 will produce on invertible matrix.
Given A = 1 ω
1 ω2 ω  1 4 -2 
1 7 -6  , B =
( ) ( ) (
Now det (A) = 1 ω2 − ω4 − 1 ω − ω2 + 1 ω2 − ω ) 1136. For matrices A =  
 0 -k k 
3 ( ω − ω) ≠ 0
2
 k -2k -10 
ω2 − ω ω2 − ω ω2 − ω -k k 4  , k ≠ 0
  
and adj A = ω2 − ω ω − 1 1 − ω2  -k k 3 
 ω2 − ω 1 − ω2 ω − 1  Which of the following is true ?

1 1 4 -2   k -2k -10 
So, inverse of A = A–1 = ( adjA ) DeeJÙetneW A = 1 7 -6 , B = -k k
  4  ,
det A
 ω2 − ω  0 -k k  -k k 3 
ω2 − ω ω2 − ω 
 2  k ≠ 0 kesâ efueS efvecveefueefKele ceW mes keâewve mee keâLeve melÙe
ω − ω ω2 − ω ω2 − ω 
nw ?
 ω2 − ω ω −1 1 − ω2 
1/3  2  (a) A–1 = –kB (b) A–1 = kB
ω − ω ω2 − ω ω2 − ω  (c) A = kB–1 (d) A = –kB–1
 ω2 − ω 1 − ω2 ω −1  UKPSC GIC 2018
 2  Ans. (d) : det(B) = k(3k – 4k) +2k(–3k + 4k) –10(–k2 +
ω − ω ω2 − ω ω2 − ω 
k2) = k2 ≠ 0
1 1 1
1  −k −4k 2k 
= 1 ω 2
ω   
3 Adj (B) =  −k −7k 6k 
1 ω ω2 
 0 k 2 −k 2 
ω −1 ω −1 1
because 2 = = = ω2 and − 1 −4 2 
ω − ω ω ( ω − 1) ω  k k k
1  − − 
1 − ω2
=
(1 − ω)(1 + ω) = − 1 − ω = −ω2 − 1 = ω ∴B = –1
det(B)
Adj(B) =
 k
1 7
k
6
k
ω −ω
2
ω ( ω − 1) ω ω  0 1 −1 
 
ALGEBRA 202 YCT
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1 4 −2  Ans. (a) : (A–I)3 + (A+I)3– 7A
  = A3 – I3 – 3AI(A–I) + A3 + I3 + 3AI(A + I) –7A
Now ; –kB–1 = 1 7 −6  = A = A – I – 3A2 +3A + A + I + 3A2 +3A –7A
0 −k k  = A – I – 3I +3A + A + I + 3I +3A –7A
1137. The value of the determinant = 8A –7A = A
1140. The diagonal elements of a skew-symmetric
1 1 1 1
matrix are
α β γ δ
is
efJe<ece-meceefcele DeeJÙetn kesâ efJekeâCe& DeJeÙeJe nesles nw:
β+ γ γ +δ δ+α α +β (a) 1 (b) –1
δ α β γ (c) 0 (d) i
UKPSC GIC 2018
1 1 1 1 Ans. (c) : A square matrix A = [aij] is skew–symmetric
α β γ δ matrix if AT = – A, that is aji = – aij . for all possible
meejefCekeâ keâe ceeve nw : values of i and j. Now if i = j we have aii = –aii
β+ γ γ +δ δ+α α +β
Therefore 2aii = 0 for all i's
δ α β γ
1141. In a matrix A = a ij  , if
(a) α + β + γ + δ (b) 1+ α + β + γ + δ 3×3
(c) 0 (d) αβγδ a11 = 2,a12 = 5,a13 = –2 and A11 = 5, A12 = 4, A13 =
UKPSC GIC 2018 4, then determinant A is
Ans. (c) : ∆ =
DeeJÙetn A = aij  3×3 , ceW, Ùeefo a11 = 2, a12 = 5, a13
1 1 1 1
α+β+ γ +δ α+β+ γ +δ α+β+ γ +δ α+β+ γ +δ = –2,leLee A11 =5 , A12 = 4, A13 = 4 lees meejefCekeâ A
β+ γ γ+δ δ+α α+β keâe ceeve nw
δ α β γ (a) –22 (b) 22
(c) 18 (d) –18
(R2→R2+R3+R4)
UKPSC GIC 2018
1 1 1 1 Ans. (b) : Determinant (∆)= sum of the product of
1 1 1 1 elements of any row(or column) with their
⇒ ∆ = (α+β+γ+δ) corresponding cofactor
β+ γ γ +δ δ+α α+β
∴ ∆ = a11A11+a12A12+a13A13
δ α β γ = 2.5 + 5.4 + (–2).4
⇒ ∆ = 0 (Because R1 and R2 are identical) = 22
3 1 1142. Which of the given statements is true?
1138. If A =   , the value of x and y, such that (a) Every square matrix is diagonalizable.
7 5 
2 (b) The product of diagonalizable matrices is
A = yA – xI, are respectively
also diagonalizable.
3 1 (c) The sum of diagonalizable matrices is also
Ùeefo A =   , Deewj Ùeefo A = yA – xI : lees x
2
 7 5  diagonalizable.
leLee y kesâ ceeve ›eâceMe: nQ (d) If A is a diagonalizable matrix, then AT is
diagonalizable.
(a) 6, 8 (b) 8, 6
(c) 6, 6 (d) 8, 8
UKPSC GIC 2018 Ans : (d) Let A is diagonalizable then there is an
invertible matrix B such that B–1AB = D with D diagonal.
 3 1   3 1  3 1 1 0  Taking transpose of it, we get
Ans. (d) :    7 5 = y  7 5 − x  0 1 
( )
7 5 t
       B−1AB = D t
16 8  3y − x y 
=
⇒ 
( ) ( )
t
 5y − x  ⇒ B t A t B −1 = D ∵ Dt = D
56 32  7y
⇒ y = 8 and hence 24–x = 16 ⇒ x = 8 Also since
1139. A is a square matrix such that A2 = I, then
( ) ( )
t t
B−1 .B t = DB− t = I t = I
(A–I)3 +(A + I)3– 7A:
Skeâ Jeie& DeeJÙetn A Fme Øekeâej mes nw efkeâ A2 = I, lees We know that
(A–I)3 +(A + I)3– 7A keâe ceeve nw: (B ) = (B )
−1 t t −1
(a) A (b) I–A

(c) I+A (d) 3A Thus if we sit P = ( B ) t −1
, We have
UKPSC GIC 2018
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P −1 A t P = D 43 1 6
and So, At is diagonalizable 1145. The value of the determinant 35 7 4 is
Since (A )t t
= A it also follows that if At is 17 3 2
diagonalizable so is A. 43 1 6
1143. Consider the subset : meejefCekeâ 35 7 4 keâe ceeve nw
S= {[3,1,–1], [2,2,–1], [–5,–2,2], [1,3,1]} of 3. If
A is the matrix having columns as vectors of set 17 3 2
S, then: (a) 0 (b) 56
(a) the set S is linearly independent and the (c) 756 (d) 964
matrix A has rank 2. LT 2018
(b) the set S is linearly dependent and the matrix
A has rank 2. 43 1 6
(c) the set S is linearly dependent and the matrix Ans : (a) 35 7 4 keâe ceeve
A has rank 3.
(d) the set S is linearly independent and the 17 3 2
matrix A has rank 3. = 43 (14–12)–1(70–68)+6(105–119)
DSSSB 23 SEP 2018 (9 AM-11 AM) = 86–2–84=0
Ans : (c) Let S= {[3,1,–1], [2,2,–1], [–5,–2,2], [1,3,1]} 1146. The characteristic roots of the matrix
 3 2 −5 1 5 4 
then, A =  1 2 −2 3
A=  are
1 2 
 −1 −1 2 1
5 4 
Let α, β, γ, δ ∈ R then DeeJÙetn A =   kesâ DeefYeuee#eefCekeâ cetue nQ
α 
1 2 
 3 2 −5 1    (a) 1, 6 (b) –1, 6
 1 2 −2 3   β  = 0 (c) –1, –6 (d) 1, –6
 γ
LT 2018
 −1 −1 2 1  δ 
  5 4 
{R2=R2+R3} Ans : (a) A =   kesâ DeeFiesve cetuÙe–
α  1 2 
 3 2 −5 1    veesš (1) efkeâmeer DeeJÙetn kesâ meejefCekeâ keâe ceeve Gmekesâ DeeFiesve ceeve
⇒  0 1 0 4  β  = 0 keâe iegCeveheâue neslee nw~
 γ
 −1 −1 2 1    (2) efkeâmeer Yeer DeeJÙetn keâe Trace Gmekesâ DeeFiesve ceeve kesâ Ùeesieheâue
δ kesâ yejeyej neslee nw~
α  A = 10 − 4 = 6
 3 2 −5 1   
  β
 
⇒ 0 1 0 4   γ  = 0
Trace = 5+2 =7
0 0 1 8   
Dele: DeeFiesv e ceeve = 1, 6
δ 1147. For square matrices A and B, which of the
Hence the system of equations is equivalent to following is true?/ Jeie& DeeJÙetn A SJbe B kesâ efueS
3α + 2β − 5γ + δ = 0 efvecve ceW mes keâewve mee melÙe nw
+β − 0 γ + 4δ = 0 (a) (AB)'=A'B' (b) (A+B)' = A'+B'
+γ + 8δ = 0 (c) (AB)–1=A–1B–1 (d) (A+B)–1=A–1+B–1
Hence the set S is L D and Rank of A = 3 LT 2018
1144. Let A be nonsingular diagonalizable matrix of Ans : (b) Jeie& DeeJÙetn A SJeb B kesâ efueS
order 3 with eigenvalues λ1, λ2, λ3. Then A-1
diagonalizable if. ( A + B ) ' = A '+ B' melÙe nw~
(a) λ1 = 1, λ 2 = 2, λ 3 = 0 1148. The characteristic roots of a Hermitian matrix are
(b) λ1 = 2, λ 2 = 0, λ 3 = 0 Skeâ nefce&šer DeeJÙetn kesâ DeefYeuee#eefCekeâ cetue nesles nQ
(c) λ1 = 0, λ 2 = 0, λ 3 = 0 (a) real /JeemleefJekeâ
(d) λ1 = 2, λ 2 = 1, λ 3 = 0 (b) purely imaginary /Megæle: keâeuheefvekeâ
DSSSB 23 SEP 2018 (9 AM-11 AM) (c) complex /meefcceße mebKÙeeSB
Ans : (d) If A be non-singular diagonalizable matirx of (d) none of the above /GheÙeg&òeâ ceW mes keâesF& veneR
order 3 with eigen values λ1, λ2, λ3. LT 2018
Then A–1 is diagonalizable if Ans : (a) efkeâmeer nceeaefšÙeve DeeJÙetn kesâ DeefYeuee#eefCekeâ cetue
λ1 = 2, λ 2 = 1, λ3 = 0 JeemleefJekeâ nesles nw~
ALGEBRA 204 YCT
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1149. Every square matrix can be expressed as and
ØelÙeskeâ Jeie& DeeJÙetn keâes JÙeòeâ efkeâÙee pee mekeâlee nw P 4 .P 2 = ( 2I − 3P )( I − P )
(a) a Hermitian matrix /Skeâ nefce&šer DeeJÙetn kesâ ™he ceW
P 6 = 2I2 − 3IP − 2PI + 3P 2
(b) a skew-symmetric matrix
Skeâ efJe<ece-meceefcele DeeJÙetn kesâ ™he ceW P 6 = 2I2 − 5IP + 3P 2
(c) sum of symmetric and skew-symmetric matrices P 6 = 2I − 5P + 3 ( I − P )
meceefcele leLee efJe<ece-meceefcele DeeJÙetneW kesâ Ùeesie kesâ ™he ceW P 6 = 2I − 5P + 3I − 3P
(d) None of the above /GheÙeg&òeâ ceW mes keâesF& veneR P 6 = 5I − 8P ....... (i)
LT 2018 and given eqn is
Ans : (c) ØelÙeskeâ Jeie& DeeJÙetn keâes meceefcele leLee efJe<ece meceefcele P n = 5I − 8P ......... (ii)
DeeJÙetneW kesâ Ùeesie kesâ ™he ceW efueÙee peelee nw~ Compair (i) and (ii)
1 1 P6 = Pn ⇒ n=6
A= ( A + A ') + ( A − A ')
2 2 1153. If A is a 3×3 non-singular matirx, then det (adj
1150. Every diagonal element of a skew-symmetric A) is equal to/ Ùeefo A Skeâ 3×3 JÙegl›eâceCeerÙe DeeJÙetn
matrix is/ efkeâmeer efJe<ece-meceefcele DeeJÙetn keâe ØelÙeskeâ nw , lees det (adj A) yejeyej nw
efJekeâCeeaÙe DeJeÙeJe neslee nw (a) 2 det A (b) 3 det A
(a) zero /MetvÙe (c) (det A)2 (d) (det A)3
LT 2018
(b) unity /FkeâeF&
Ans : (c) Ùeefo A Skeâ 3×3 JÙegl›eâceCeerÙe DeeJÙetn nw, lees
(c) non-zero /DeMetvÙe
det (adj A)=?
(d) purely imaginary /Megæle: keâeuheefvekeâ nce peeveles nQ efkeâ
LT 2018 n −1
adjA = A
Ans : (a) efkeâmeer efJe<ece-meceefcele DeeJÙetn keâe ØelÙeskeâ efJekeâCeeaÙe
3−1
DeJeÙeJe MetvÙe neslee nw~ adjA = A
1151. The eigenvalues of the matrix 2
adjA = A
a h g   a h g 
A =  0 b 0 
are/ DeeJÙetn A = 0 b 0  kesâ
  1 x x2
0 c c 
( 3 ) is
 0 c c 
1154. If f ( x) = x x2 1 then the value of f 3
DeefYeuee#eefCekeâ (DeeFiesve) ceeve nQ
(a) a, h, g (b) a, g, c x2 1 x
(c) a, h, c (d) a, b, c 1 x x2
LT 2018 Ùeefo f ( x) = x x2 1 lees f ( 3 3 ) keâe ceeve nw
a h g  x2 1 x
Ans : (d) A = 0 b 0  kesâ DeefYeuee#eefCekeâ ceeve– (a) –6 (b) 6 (c) 4 (d) –4
LT 2018
0 c c 
Ans : (d)
efkeâmeer Yeer DeeJÙetn keâe meejefCekeâ Gmekesâ DeefYeuee#eefCekeâ ceeveeW keâe
iegCeveheâue neslee nw Dele: - 1 x x2
a(bc–0)–h(0–0)+g(0–0) = abc f (x) = x 3
1 lees f
3 keâe ceeve–
x2 ( )
Dele: DeefYeuee#eefCekeâ cetue = a, b, c x2 1 x
1152. A square matrix P satisfies P2 = I – P. f ( x ) = 1( x 3 − 1) − x ( x 2 − x 2 ) + x 2 ( x − x 4 )
If Pn = 5I – 8P, then n is equal to
Skeâ Jeie& DeeJÙetn P, P2 = I – P keâes mebleg° keâjlee nw~ f ( x ) = x 3 − 1 + x 3 − x 6
Ùeefo Pn = 5I – 8P leye n yejeyej nw
( )
1 1 1
f 3 3 = ( 3) 3 − 1 + ( 3) 3 − ( 3) 3
×3 ×3 ×6
(a) 4 (b) 5 (c) 6 (d) 7
LT 2018 = 3–1+3–9 = –4
Ans : (c) Given that 1155. If A is a 2×2 matrix such that a=6, |A|=12, then
P2 = I − P trace (A–1) is/ Ùeefo A Skeâ 2×2 DeeJÙetn Fme Øekeâej nw
P 2 .P 2 = ( I − P )( I − P ) efkeâ DevegjsKe a=6, |A|=12, lees DevegjsKe (A–1) nw
1 1
P 4 = I 2 + P 2 − 2P {
I2 = I and I P = P (a) }2
(b)
3
4
P = I + I − P − 2IP {2
given, P = I − P (c) } 1
6
(d) 1
4
P = 2I − 3P LT 2018
ALGEBRA 205 YCT
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Ans : (a) DevegjsKeCe A = 6 Deewj |A| = 12 (a) Only I /kesâJeue I
(b) Only II /kesâJeue II
lees DevegjsKeCe ( A −1 ) = =
6 1
12 2 (c) Both I and II / I Deewj II oesveeW
(d) Neither I nor II /ve lees I, ve ner II
1156. Ùeefo ω F&keâeF& Ievecetue nes leye efvecve meejefCekeâ mes Øeehle LT 2018
meceer. kesâ cetue keäÙee nesies? Ans : (c) I Deewj II oesveeW mener keâLeve nw~
x+1 ω ω2
x + 2y + 3z = 1
ω 1 + ω2 1 =0 2x + y + 3z = 2
ω2 1 x+ω x + y + 2z = 3
(a) x = 1 (b) x = ω has
(c) x = ω2 (d) x = 0
meceerkeâjCe efvekeâeÙe
TGT 1999 x + 2y + 3z = 1
Ans : (d) 2x + y + 3z = 2
x +1 ω ω2 x + y + 2z = 3
∵ ω FkeâeF& Ievecetue nw 
  keâe
ω 1 + ω2 1 =0 ∴ω = 1
3
 (a) no solution /keâesF& nue veneR nw

ω 2
1 x+ω

leLee 1 + ω + ω = 0 
2 (b) unique solution/DeefÉleerÙe nue nw
R1 → R1 + R 2 + R 3 (c) infinite solution/Devevle nue nw
(d) None of the above/GheÙeg&òeâ ceW mes keâesF& veneR
x + 1 + ω + ω2 ω ω2 LT 2018
x +1+ ω + ω 2
x+ω 2
1 Ans : (a)
2
x + 2y + 3z = 1
x +1+ ω + ω 1 x+ω
2x + y + 3z = 2
x+0 ω ω2 x + y + 2z = 3
x + 0 x + ω2 1 =0 1 2 3
x+0 1 x+ω 2 1 3 = 1( 2 − 3) − 2 ( 4 − 3) + 3 ( 2 − 1)
R 2 → R 2 − R1 1 1 2
R 3 → R 3 − R1 = −1 − 2 + 3 = 0
Deye,
x ω ω2 1 2 1
2 1 2 = 1(3 − 2) − 2 ( 6 − 2 ) + (2 − 1)
2 2
0 x+ω −ω 1− ω =0
2
0 1− ω x +ω−ω 1 1 3
C1 kesâ meehes#e Øemeej keâjves hej = 1 − 8 + 1 = −6 ≠ 0
Dele: meceerkeâjCe efvekeâeÙe keâe keâesF& nue veneR nesiee~
{
⇒ x. (x + ω2 − ω)(x + ω − ω2 ) − (1 − ω)(1 − ω2 ) = 0 } 2 −1 4
{
⇒ x. (x + ω2 − ω)(x + ω − ω2 ) − (1 + 1 + ω2 )(1 + 1 + ω) = 0 } 1159. If 2A + 3B =
3 2 5
and
⇒ x = 0 leLee otmeje Øeehle cetue keâeuheefvekeâ nesiee~ 5 0 3

A + 2B = then B is equal to –
1 6 2
1157. Consider the following statements:
I. If A is skew-symmetric matrix, then A2 is 2 −1 4
Ùeefo 2A + 3B = Deewj
symmetric. 3 2 5
II. Trace of a skew-symmetric matrix of an 5 0 3
odd order is always zero. A + 2B = nw, lees B Fmekesâ yejeyej nw
1 6 2
Which of the above statements is/are true?
efvecveefueefKele keâLeveeW hej efJeÛeej keâerefpeS (a)
8 1 2
(b)
8 1 2
I. Ùeefo Skeâ efJe<ece-meceefcele DeeJÙetn nw, lees A2 meceefcele nesiee~ 1 10 1 −1 10 −1
II. Skeâ efJe<ece keâesefš Jeeues efJe<ece-meceefcele DeeJÙetn keâe 8 −1 2
(c) (d) FveceW mes keâesF& veneR
DevegjsKe meowJe MetvÙe neslee nw~ −1 10 −1
GheÙeg&òeâ keâLeveeW ceW mes keâewve-mee/mes melÙe nw/nQ? DSSSB TGT (SECTION-B) 28 DEC 2014
ALGEBRA 206 YCT
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Ans. (b) Ans. (d)
2 −1 4 1 2 x
Let 2A+3B =
3 2 5
...............(i) [ 2x 3]
−3 0 8
=0
5 0 3 x
& A+2B = [2x − 9 4x] =0
1 6 2 8
10 0 6 [2x 2 − 9x + 32x] = 0
2A 4B ....................(ii)
2 12 4 Comparing it we get
Subtracting equation (ii) from (i), we get
2x 2 + 23x = 0
10 0 6 2 −1 4
B= − x(2x 23) 0
2 12 4 3 2 5
−23
8 1 2 x 0 or x
B= 2
−1 10 −1
1 2 4
1 −3 2
1160. If A = and A − 4A + 10Ι = A, then K 1162. The matrix 3 0 6 has one eigen value
2 K
1 1 P
is equal to –
1 −3 equal to 3. The sum of the other two eigen
Ùeefo A = Deewj A 2 − 4A + 10Ι = A, nw, lees values is–
2 K
1 2 4
K Fmekesâ yejeyej nw
(a) 1 or 4 (b) 4 and not 1 3 0 6 cewefš^keäme keâe Skeâ DeeFiesve cetuÙe 3 kesâ
(c) –4 (d) 0 1 1 P
DSSSB TGT (SECTION-B) 28 DEC 2014 yejeyej nQ~ yeekeâer oes DeeFiesve cetuÙeeW keâe peesÌ[ nw~
Ans. (b) (a) p – 2 (b) p – 1
1 −3 (c) p (d) FveceW mes keâesF& veneR
Given that A =
2 k DSSSB TGT (SECTION-B) 28 DEC 2014
& A 2 − 4A + 10I = A Ans. (a) Let λ be the eigen value then condition
⇒ A 2 − 5A + 10I = 0...................(i) A − λI = 0 (∵ λ = eigen value)
1 −3 1 −3 −5 −3 − 3k 1− λ 2 4
A2 = =
2 k 2 k 2 + 2k −6 + k 2 3 −λ 6 =0
Hence from (i), we have 1 1 p−λ
−5 −3 − 3k 5 −15 10 0 0 0 expending w.r.t. R1, we get
− + =
2 + 2k −6 + k 2 10 5k 0 10 0 0 −λ 3 + λ 2 (1 + p) + λ ( − p + 16) + 18 = 0
Solving and comparing we get which is a cubic equation in λ ,
−3 − 3k + 15 = 0 k 4 Let λ1 , λ 2 , λ 3 are the roots of this equation
2 + 2k − 10 = 0 k 4 (1 + p)
2 So, λ1 + λ 2 + λ 3 = − ..............(i)
and k − 5k + 4 = 0 gives −1
(k − 1)(k − 4) = 0 k 1, 4 But given that one eigen value is 3 ie., λ1 = 3 then eqn
But common to all is k = 4 (i) beocmes
Hence K = 4, not 1 3 + λ 2 + λ3 = 1 + p
1 2 x
1161. If [ 2x 3 ] = 0, value of x is– 2 3 1 p 3 p 2
−3 0 8 Hence the sum of other two eigen values is = p – 2
x1 2 1163. If A is skew symmetric matrix, then A2 is a–
Ùeefo [ 2x 3 ] = 0, nw, lees x nw–
8−3 0 Ùeefo Ùen efJe<ece meceefcele cewefš^keäme nw, lees A2 nw–
23 13 (a) Null matrix/Deke=âle cewefš^keäme
(a) (b)
2 2 (b) Unitary matrix/Ssefkeâkeâ cewefš^keäme
−13 −23 (c) Skew symmetric/efJe<ece meceefcele
(c) (d)
2 2 (d) Symmertric/meceefcele
DSSSB TGT (SECTION-B) 28 DEC 2014 DSSSB TGT & PGT (SECTION-B) 28 DEC 2014
ALGEBRA 207 YCT
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Ans. (d) A square matrix A is said to be skew - symmetric 0 1 1
if A' = – A
let A' = – A A = 1 0 1
Squaring on both the sides, we get 1 1 0
(A' )2 =( – A)2 and hence
(A' )2 = A2
A 2 = A.A
⇒ (A2) ' =(A2)
Hence A2 is symmetric matrix 0 1 1 0 1 1
Note- All positive odd integral power of a skew- = 1 0 1 1 0 1
symmatric matrix are skew-symmatric and positive
even integral power skew-symmatric matrix are 1 1 0 1 1 0
n T T n
symmatric because (A ) = (A ) 2 1 1
1164. If A and B are matrices of same order, then 2
A = 1 2 1
(ABt –BAt) is a–/ Ùeefo A Deewj B meceeve ›eâce kesâ
cesefš^keäme nQ, lees (AB –BA ) nw–
t t 1 1 2
(a) skew symmetric matrix/efJe<ece meceefcele cesefš^keäme 1167. If A and B are invertible matrices, then which
(b) null matrix/Deke=âle cesefš^keäme of the following is not correct?/Ùeefo A Deewj B
(c) symmetric matrix/meceefcele cesefš^keäme efJeheÙe&mle cesefš^keäme nQ, lees efvecve ceW mes keäÙee meneR veneR nw?
(d) unit matrix/FkeâeF& cesefš^keäme (a) adjA = A A −1
SECTION B TGT & PGT TIER-I 31.11.2014
Ans. (a) Since A and B are matrices of same order (b) det(A) − 1 = [det(A)]−1
therefore (A t ) t = A and (Bt ) t = B (c) (AB) −1 = B −1A −1
So, (ABt − BA t ) t = (ABt ) t − (BA t ) t (d) (A + B) −1 = B−1 + A −1
= (Bt ) t A t − (A t ) t Bt (Re versal law.) SECTION B PGT TIER-I 31.11.2014
Ans. (d) If A and B are invertible matrices then
= BA t − ABt = −(ABt − BA t )
(A + B) −1 = B−1 + A −1 does not hold.
t t
Hence (AB − BA ) is a skew-symmetric matrix
1168. If A, B and C are angles of a triangle, then the
1165. If A and B are square matrices of the same −1 cos C cos B
order, then (A+B) (A–B) is–
Ùeefo A Deewj B meceeve ›eâce kesâ Jeie& DeeJÙetn nQ, lees determinant cos C −1 cos A is equal to–
(A+B) (A–B) Fmekesâ yejeyej nw– cos B cos A −1
(a) A2 – B2 (b) A2 – BA – AB – B2 Ùeefo A, B Deewj C Skeâ ef$ekeâesCe kesâ keâesCe nQ lees meejefCekeâ
(c) A – B + BA – AB (d) A2 –BA + B2 + AB
2 2
SECTION B PGT TIER-I 31.11.2014 −1 cos C cos B

Ans. (c) If A and B are square matrices of the same cos C −1 cos A Fmekesâ yejeyej nw–
order then cos B cos A −1
(A + B) (A – B) = AA – AB + BA – BB
(a) 1
= A2 – AB + BA – B2
(b) 0
= A2 – B2 + BA – AB
(c) –1
1 if i ≠ j (d) None of these/Ghejesòeâ ceW mes keâesF& veneR
1166. If matrix A = aij where aij =
3× 3 0 if i = j SECTION B PGT TIER-I 31.11.2014
then A2 is equal to – Ans. (b) A,B,C are angles of a triangle then
1 if i ≠ j A+B+C = 180 ⇒ C = 180–(A+B) & B= 180–(A+C)
Ùeefo A = aij cesefš^keäme ceW, aij = nw,
3× 3 0 if i = j −1 cos C cos B
lees A Fmekesâ yejeyej nesiee~
2
Hence cos C −1 cos A
(a) I (b) A cos B cos A −1
(c) 0
expanding w.r.t. R1, we get
(d) None of these/Ghejesòeâ ceW mes keâesF& veneR
{1– cos2A}– cos C { – cos C – cos A. cos B}
SECTION B PGT TIER-I 31.11.2014 + cos B { cos A cos C + cos B}
Ans. (d) Given that A = a ij = –sin2A + cos C {–cos (A+ B) + cos A. cos B}
3× 3
+cos B {cos A. cos C– cos (A+C)
1 if i ≠ j = –sin2A + cos C {sin A.sin B}+cos B
a ij =
0 if i = j {sinA.sin C}
2
then, = –sin A + sin A {sin B.cosC + cos B.sin C}
ALGEBRA 208 YCT

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= –sin2A + sin A {sin (B+C)} 1172. Let U be a 3×3 complex Hermitian matrix
= –sin2A + sin A . sin (180–A) which is unitary. Then the distinct eigen values
= –sin2A + sin A. sin A of U are–
= –sin2A + sin2A = 0 Ùen ceeefveS efkeâ U Skeâ 3×3 efceße nefce&efMeÙeve cewefš^keäme nw pees
1169. If A is a square matrix such that A 2 = Ι , then Skeâelcekeâ nw~ Ssmes ces U keâe efveefMÛele DeeÙeiesve cetuÙe nw–
(a) ± i (b) 1 ± i
(A − Ι )3 + (A + Ι )3 − 7A is–
1
(c) ± 1 (d) (1 ± i)
Ùeefo Skeâ Jeie& cesefš^keäme efpemeceW A 2 = Ι , nw, lees 2
(A − Ι )3 + (A + Ι )3 − 7A nw– JDD-75-PGT TIER II-X-15 28.06.2015
(a) A (b) Ι − A Ans. (c) Asquare manix U is called unitary if
(c) Ι + A (d) 3A U.U*=l.. which in same as U*=U-1
In other words, unitary matrix is in such
Ans. (a) Given that A is a square matrix such that that its columns are orthonormal.unitary
2
A = I then matrix is characterised by the property
(A–I)3 + (A + I)3 – 7A (Ux,Uy)=(x,y) ∀ (x,y)∈V…..(i)
= 2A3 + 6AI − 7A (∵ I2 = I)
Let λ be the eigen value,then
= 2A.A 2 + 6AI − 7A (A2 = I) Ax=λx , x≠ 0 (A is real diagonal matrix )
= 2A.I + 6AI − 7A
Using (i), we obtain
= 8A.I − 7A = 8A − 7A (∵AI = A)
=A (x, x) = (Ax, Ax) = λ.λ (x, x)
1 2 3 1 2 3 As (x,x) ≠ 0, we conclude that
1170. The rank of a matrix is–
2 4 7 2 4 7
3 6 10 3 6 10 λ λ= λ
2
=1
cesefš^keäme keâe heo nw 1
(a) 1 (b) 2 1173. The eigen values of 3×3 real matrix P are 1, –2,
(c) 3 3. Then–
(d) None of these/Ghejesòeâ ceW mes keâesF& veneR 3×3 JeemleefJekeâ cewefš^keäme P keâe JeemleefJekeâ DeeÙeiesve
SECTION B PGT TIER-I 31.11.2014 cetuÙe 1, –2, 3 nw, lees–
Ans. (b) Given matrix is
1
1 2 3 (a) P −1 = (5Ι + 2P − P 2 )
6
2 4 7 1
(b) P −1 = (5Ι − 2P + P 2 )
3 6 10 6
Applying R 2 → R 2 − 2R1 and R 3 → R 3 − 3R1 we get 1
(c) P −1 = (5Ι − 2P − P 2 )
1 2 3 1 2 3 6
1
0 0 1 Applying R 3 → R 3 − R 2 we get 0 0 1 (d) P −1 = (5Ι + 2P + P 2 )
6
0 0 1 0 0 0
JDD-75-PGT TIER II-X-15 28.06.2015
sSince number of non-zero rows in Echelon form is 2 Ans. (a) Since eigen values are 1,-2,3 ie.,λ=1,.,λ=–2, λ= 3
Hence rank of the given matrix is = 2 The characteristic equation of P is
ie., ρ(A) = 2 P3 – 2P 2 – 5P + 6 = 0 ………….(i)
For computing P–1 multiply (i) by P–1, we get
1171. The dimension of the vector space of all 3×3 P2 – 2P –5I + 6P–1 = 0
real matrices is–/meYeer 3×3 JeemleefJekeâ cesefš^keäme kesâ ⇒ 6P–1 = 5I + 2P – P2
meefoMe mLeeve keâe Ieele nw 1
(a) 3 (b) 9 ⇒ P −1 = 5Ι + 2P − P 2
6
(c) 6 (d) 4
SECTION B PGT TIER-I 31.11.2014 1174. Eigen values of a real symmetric matrix are
Ans. (b) The dimension of the vector space of all real always–/ JeemleefJekeâ meceefcele cewefš^keäme keâe DeeÙeiesve
matrices = 3×3 = 9 cetuÙe ncesMee neslee nw–
Since in the vector space M = Mr×s (a) positive/Oeveelcekeâ (b) negative/$e+Ceelcekeâ
of all r×s matnces (c) real/JeemleefJekeâ (d) complex/efceße
dim Mr,s = rs JDD-75-PGT TIER II-X-15 28.06.2015
ALGEBRA 209 YCT
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Ans. (c) ∵ Av = λv combined with A= A′ gives eigen values of A are 10 and 30 respectively,
then a2+b2 equals–
< Av, Av > = v*A* Av = v*A ′Av
 a −1 4 
= v*A 2 v (∵ A = A ') ceeve ueerefpeS efkeâ A = 0 b 7  cewefš^keäme JeemleefJekeâ
2 0 0 3 
= λ2 v
heÇefJeef<šJeeuee nw~ A keâs meYeer DeeÙeieve cetuÙees keâe peesÌ[
2 < Av, Av > Deewj iegCeveheâue ›eâceMe: 10 Deewj 30 nQ, lees a2+b2 Fmekesâ
and λ = ≥0
2
v yejeyej nw–
Since the quotient is non-negative real number by (a) 29 (b) 40
positive denominater, so λ must be real. (c) 58 (d) 65
JDD-75-PGT TIER II-X-15 28.06.2015
1175. If scalar λ is a characteristic root of the matrix
Ans. (a)
A then the matrix (A–λ) is–/Ùeefo cewefš^keäme A keâe
efJeefMe<š cetue λ mkeâsuej (DeefoMe) nw, lees cewefš^keäme (A–λ) nw a −1 4
(a) Non singular/Dehe=Lekeâ Give mainx A = 0 b 7 
(b) Diagonal/efJekeâCeer& 0 0 3
(c) Singular/he=Lekeâ Its characteristics polynomial is
(d) None of these/Fveces mes keâesF& venerb A − λΙ = 0
JDD-75-PGT TIER II-X-15 28.06.2015 a − λ −1 4
Ans. (c) A scalar λ is an eigen value of A if and only if 0 b−λ 7 =0
there is an eigen vector v ≠ 0 0 0 3−λ
such that Av = λv
( a − λ )( b − λ )( 3 − λ ) = 0
⇒ ( A − λΙ ) v = 0
which is cubic equation in λ
Where I is the identity matrix.
Let, λ1 , λ 2 and λ 3 be the eigen values
Scince v is non-zero, this means that the matrix
A − λΙ is singular (non-invertible) which means that its then, λ1 + λ 2 + λ 3 = 10
determinant is 0. a + b + 3 = 10
1176. The largest eigen value of the matrix– ⇒a+b =7
2 3 6 and a.b.3=30
 0 5 5  is − ⇒ ab = 10
  2
 0 0 4  So, a 2 + b 2 = ( a + b ) − 2.a.b
= 72 − 2.10
2 3 6
= 49 − 20
cewefš^keäme  0 5 5  keâe DeefOekeâlece cetuÙe nw–
⇒ a 2 + b 2 = 29
 0 0 4 
(a) 5 (b) 6 (c) 4 (d) 11 cos θ cot θ
1178. The value of is equal to–
JDD-75-PGT TIER II-X-15 28.06.2015 tan θ sec θ
Ans. (a) cos θ cot θ
2 3 6
keâe ceeve Fmekesâ yejeyej nw–
tan θ sec θ
Let the given manix is A =  0 5 5 
(a) 0 (b) tan 2 θ
 0 0 4  (c) 1 (d) 2
characteristics polynomial of A is JDD-75-PGT TIER II-X-15 28.06.2015
2−λ 3 6 cos θ cot θ
Ans. (a) let A =
A − λΙ = 0 5−λ 5 =0 tan θ sec θ
0 0 4−λ A = cos θ.sec θ − tan θ.cot θ
⇒ ( 2 − λ ) {( 5 − λ )( 4 − λ )} − 3{0} + 6 {0} = 0 = cos θ.
1
− tan θ.
1
cos θ tan θ
⇒ ( 2 − λ )( 5 − λ )( 4 − λ ) = 0 ⇒ λ = 2, 4,5
= 1−1
 a −1 4  A 0
 
1177. Let A =  0 b 7  be a matrix with real cos θ cot θ
 0 0 3  0
tan θ sec θ
entries, If the sum and the produce of all the
ALGEBRA 210 YCT
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2 The coefficient matrix A is
1179. If the matrix A is such that A =  −4  [1 9 5] 2 1 1 
 
 7  A =  0 1 −1
then the determinant of A is equal to– / cewefš^keâ A 1 1 0 
2 2 1 1
A = −4 [1 9 5] nw, lees A

det ( A ) = 0 1 −1
Ssmee nw efkeâ keâe efveOee&jkeâ nw
1 1 0
 7 
= 2 (1) − 1(1) + 1( −1)
(a) 0 (b) 1
(c) 5 = 2 −1−1 = 0
(d) none of these/FveceW mes keâesF& veneR ⇒ A is singular matrix.
JDD-75-PGT TIER II-X-15 28.06.2015 Hence the system of equations has infinite no. of solutions.
Ans. (a) Given matrix 4 − 3i i 
1181. For a given matrix 
  2  − i 4 + 3i 
A =  −4  [1 9 5] where i = −1 . The inverse of the matrix is–
 7   4 − 3i i 
 −i Fme cewefš^keäme ceW peneB i = −1 nw, lees
Multiplying row by column, we get  4 + 3i 
 2 18 10  cewefš^keäme keâe Øeefleueesce nw–

A =  −4 −36 −20   4 − 3i i   i 4 − 3i 
(a) 1   (b) 1 
 7 63 35  24  −i 4 + 3i  25  4 + 3i −i 
4 + 3i −i   4 + 3i −i 
1 9 5 (c) 1  (d) 1 
24  i

4 − 3i  25  i 4 − 3i 
∴ A = 2 × ( −4 ) × ( 7 ) 1 9 5
JDD-75-PGT TIER II-X-15 28.06.2015
1 9 5
4 − 3i
Ans. (c) Let the given matrix A = 
i 
Since all the rows of the determinant are
identical  −i 4 + 3i 
1 9 5 A = ( 4 − 3i )( 4 + 3i ) + i 2
∴1 9 5 =0 = 16 + 9 − 1 = 24
1 9 5 1
∴ A −1 = adj ( A )
⇒ A = 2 × ( −4 ) × ( 7 ) × 0 A
1  4 + 3i −i 
⇒ A =0 .A −1 = .
24  i 4 − 3i 
1180. Consider the following system of equations 1182. Given 2x–y+2z = 2, x – 2y + z = –4, x + y + λ z =
2x1 + x2 + x3 = 0 4, then the value of λ such that the given system
x2 – x3 = 0 of equations has no solution is–
x1 + x2 = 0 Ùeefo 2x–y+2z = 2, x – 2y + z = –4,
This system has– x + y + λ z = 4, efoÙee ieÙee nw, lees Ùeefo efoÙes ieÙes
efvecve heæefle kesâ meceerkeâjCe hej OÙeeve oerefpeS
meceerkeâjCeeW keâer heæefle keâe keâesF& meeOeve veneR nw,
2x1 + x2 + x3 = 0
x2 – x3 = 0 lees λ keâe cetuÙe nw–
x1 + x2 = 0 (a) 3
(b) –3
Fme heæefle keâe nw– (c) 0
(d) 1
JDD-75-PGT TIER II-X-15 28.06.2015
(a) unique solution/efJeMes<e meeOeve
Ans. (d) Given system of equation is
(b) no solution/keâesF& meeOeve veneR 2x − y + 2z = 2
(c) infinite number of solutions
x − 2y + z = −4
Deveble mebKÙee ceW meeOeve
x + y + λz = 4
JDD-75-PGT TIER II-X-15 28.06.2015 Since it has no solution
⇒ det (coefficient matrix) = 0
Ans. (c) Given system of equations are
2x1 + x 2 + x 3 = 0 2 −1 2
x2 − x3 = 0 1 −2 1 = 0
x1 + x 2 = 0 1 1 λ
ALGEBRA 211 YCT

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2(−2λ − 1) + 1(λ − 1) + 2(1 + 2) = 0  5 −3 1 
=  −6 4 −1
− 4λ − 2 + λ − 1 + 6 = 0 1
⇒ −3λ = −3 1
 4 −3 1 
⇒ λ =1 ∴ Top row of P is [5 −3 1] .
−1
α 2
1183. If A =  3
 and A = 125 then the value of 1185. If A = 1 4
 2 α  the eigen values of this matrix
b a
α is–
are –1 and 7, what are the values of a and b ?
α 2  3
Ùeefo A =   Deewj A = 125 nw, lees α keâe 1 4
 2 α Ùeefo A = cewefš^keäme keâe DeeÙeieve cetuÙe –1 Deewj
b a
cetuÙe nw–
7 nw, lees a Deewj b keâe cetuÙe keäÙee nw?
(a) ±1 (b) ±2
(a) a = 6, b = 4 (b) a = 4, b = 6
(c) ±3 (d) ±5
(c) a = 3, b = 5 (d) a = 5, b = 3
JDD-75-PGT TIER II-X-15 28.06.2015
JDD-75-PGT TIER II-X-15 28.06.2015
α 2 
Ans. (c) Given matrix A=  1 4
 2 α Ans. (d) Given matrix is A =  
b a 
By the product property of matrix, we have
Then the characteristic polynomial is
( )
det A k = ( detA )
k
A − λΙ = 0
∴ A3 = 125 1− λ 4
=0
b a −λ
3
⇒ A = 125
(1 − λ )( a − λ ) − 4b = 0
( ) = 125
3
⇒ α −4 2 a − λ − λa + λ 2 − 4b = 0
λ 2 − λ ( a + 1) + a − 4b = 0 − − − ( i )
⇒ ( α 2 − 4 ) = 53
3
Which is quadratic in λ therefore it has two eigen values.
Given that -1 and 7 are eigen values of the matrix A.
⇒ α2 − 4 = 5 ⇒ α2 = 9 Therefore it will satisfy its characteristic polynomial.
⇒ α = ±3 So, when λ =-1 equation (i) gives
1 0 −1
1 + ( a + 1) + a − 4b = 0
1184. If P =  2 1 −1 then the top row of P −1 is– 2a − 4b = −2 − − − − ( ii )
 
 2 3 2  And when λ=7 , equation (i) gives
1 0 −1 49 − 7 ( a + 1) + a − 4b = 0
Ùeefo P = 2 1 −1 nw, lees P −1 keâer Meer<e& hebefòeâ nesieer −6a − 4b = −42
2 3 2  ⇒ 6a + 4b = 42................ ( iii )
 1 Solving equation (ii) and (iii), weget
(a) [ 2 0 −1] (b)  2 −1 
 2  a = 5, b = 3
(c) [5 6 4] (d) [5 −3 1]
1 0   −1 1 
JDD-75-PGT TIER II-X-15 28.06.2015 1186. If A + B =   and A − 2B =   then
1 1   0 −1 
1 0 −1 A is equal to–
Ans. (d) Given that P = 2 1 −1 1 0   −1 1 
Ùeefo A + B =   Deewj A − 2B =  0 −1
2 3 2 1 1   
P = 1( 2 + 3) − 0 ( 4 + 2) − 1( 6 − 2) nw, lees A Fmekesâ yejeyej nw–
=1≠ 0 P −1exists 1/ 3 1/ 3 1 1
(a)   (b)  
5 −3 1  2 / 3 1/ 3   2 1
Adj ( P ) = −6 4 −1
 2 / 3 1/ 3
4 −3 1 (c)   (d) FmeceW mes keâesF& veneR
 2 / 3 1/ 3
1 JDD-75-PGT TIER II-X-15 28.06.2015
Therefore P −1 = adj ( P )
P UP PGT 2011
ALGEBRA 212 YCT

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Ans. (a) 1189. If 1,ω,ω 2 are cube roots of unity, then–
1 0  2 0
Given, A + B =   ⇒ 2A + 2B =  ........... ( i ) 1 ω2 ω 2n
1 1  2 2 
ω 2n 1 ωn has value–
 −1 1 
and A − 2B =   ................... ( ii ) ωn ω 2n 1
 0 −1
Adding matrix equation (i)& (ii) , we get Ùeefo Ùen FkeâeF& kesâ Ievecetue nQ, lees
1 1 ω2 ω 2n
3Α =  
1
 2 1
ω 2n 1 ω n keâe cetuÙe nw–
1 1 
⇒A=  3 3 ωn ω 2n 1
2 1 
 3 3 (a) 0 (b) ω
1187. The value of the determinant (c) ω2 (d) ω + ω2
43 44 45 JDD-75-PGT TIER II-X-15 28.06.2015
44 45 46 Ans. (a) ∵1, ω, ω 2 cube roots of unity
∴ 1 + ω + ω 2 = 0 and ω 3 = 1
45 46 46
is equal to–
1 ω2 ω 2n
43 44 45
Now, ω 2n 1 ωn
44 45 46
ωn ω 2n 1
45 46 46
Fme efveOee&jkeâ keâe cetuÙe Fmekesâ yejeyej nw
Applyiny C1 → C1 + C 2 + C3 , we get
(a) 0 (b) –1
1 + ω n + ω 2n ω n ω 2n 1 ω n ω 2n
(c) 1 (d) 2 n
JDD-75-PGT TIER II-X-15 28.06.2015 1 + ω + ω
2n
1 ω n = 1 + ω n + ω 2n 1 1 ωn ( )
n 2n 2n 2n
Ans. (c) Given determinant is 1+ ω + ω ω 1 1 ω 1
43 44 45 Applyiny R 2 → R 2 − R 1and R 3 → R 3 − R 1 ,we get
44 45 46 1 ωn ω 2n
45 46 46 (1 + ω n
+ ω 2n 0 ) 1 − ωn ω n − ω 2n
Applying R 2 → R 2 − R 1and R 3 → R 3 − R 1 0 ω 2n − ω n 1 − ω 2n
Expanding w.r.t,R1, we get Expanding w.r.t. C1 ,we get
43 44 45
1 1 1 = 43 (1 − 2) − 44 (1 − 2) + 45 ( 2 − 2) {
= (1 + ωn + ωn ) (1 − ω2n )(1 − ωn ) + ( ωn − ω2n )
2
}
){ 3 n 4 n
( )}
n
2 2 1 (
= 1 + ω n + ω 2n 1 − ω 2n − ω n + ω ( ) ( )
+ ω 2n + ω − 2 ω3
= –43 + 44 + 0 = 1
1188. If order of matrix A = 4×3, order of matrix
(
= 1+ ωn + ω2n 1 − ω n + 1 + ω n − 2 ) ( )
B = 4×5 and order of matrix C = 7×3, then the = (1 + ω + ω ) (1 + 1 − 2 )
n 2n
t t t
order of (A ×B) ×C is–
(
Ùeefo cewefš^keäme A keâe Ieele A = 4×3 nw, cewefš^keäme keâe B = 1 + ω + ω × ( 0) = 0
n 2n
)
Ieele B = 4×5 Deewj cewefš^keäme C keâe Ieele C = 7×3 nw, veesš– 1 + ω + ω = 0
n 2n
lees (At×B) t×Ct keâe Ieele nw– 1190. Suppose square matrix A is nilpotent then I+A is-
(a) 4 × 5 (b) 3 × 7 ceeefveS efkeâ A Jeie& cewefš^keäme efveueheesšWš, nw, lees I + A nw–
(c) 4 × 3 (d) 5 × 7 (a) invertible/JÙegl›eâceCeer
JDD-75-PGT TIER II-X-15 28.06.2015 (b) not invertible/DeJÙegl›eâceCeer
Ans. (d) Given that order of matrix A = 4 × 3 (c) non degenerate/DeefJeke=âle
order of matrix B = 4 × 5 (d) none of these/FveceW mes keâesF& veneR
order of matrix C = 7 × 3 JDD-75-PGT TIER II-X-15 28.06.2015
Then order of matrix A t = 3 × 4 Ans. (a) The square matrix A is nilpotent
order of matrix (At × B) = 3 × 5 So, there exist a non-negative integer
order of matrix (At × B)t = 5 × 3 K such that AK = 0
and order of matrix C t = 3 × 7 Now let
Therefore the order of matrix (At × B)t × Ct = 5 × 7 B=I–A+A2+….(–1)K–1A K–1…..(i)
ALGEBRA 213 YCT

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Clearly 219 117 345
(I+A)B = B+AB = B+A(1–A+A2+..)
= I – (–1)KAK {From (i)} Ans : (b) D = 19 9 34 R 1 → R 1 − 10R 2
Also B (I+A) = I 7 3 5
So, B is inverse of I +A 29 27 5
Hence I + A is invertible
= 19 9 34 (R 1 → R 1 − R 3 ,R 2 → R 2 − 3R 3 )
1191. The square matrix A is orthogonal, then
determinant of A is–/ Ùeefo Jeie& cewefš^keäme A 7 3 5
uecyekeâesCeerÙe nw, lees A keâe efveOee&jkeâ nw– 22 24 0
(a) ±1 (b) 0 = −2 0 19
(c) ±2 (d) FveceW mes keâesF& veneR 7 3 5
JDD-75-PGT TIER II-X-15 28.06.2015 11 12 0
Ans. (a) A square matrix A is said to be orthogonal = 2 −2 0 19 (R1 mes 2 GYeÙeefve‰ uesves hej)
if At.A= I
7 3 5
on taking determinant on both side, we get
11 4 0
A t .A = I
= 2 × 3 −2 0 19 (C2 mes 3 GYeÙeefve‰ uesves hej)
⇒ At A = 1 (∵ I = 1) 7 1 5
⇒ A A =1 (∵ A t
= A ) = 6 11× ( −19 ) − 4 ( −10 − 133) + 0  = 2178
3x − 2y + 3z = 8
2
⇒ A =1 1194. meceerkeâjCe 2x + y − z = 1 keâe nue nw~
⇒ A = ±1 4x − 3y + 2z = 4
(a) x = –1, y = 2, z = 3 (b) x = 1, y = 2, z = –3
1192. efvecve meejefCekeâ keâe ceeve nw :
(c) x = 1, y = 2, z = 3 (d) x = –1, y= –2, z =3
x +1 x + 2 x + 4 TGT 2001
x +3 x +5 x +8 Ans : (c) Fme Øekeâej kesâ ØeMveeW keâes nue keâjves kesâ efueS efoÙes ieÙes
x + 7 x + 10 x + 14 efJekeâuhe keâes efkeâmeer Skeâ meceerkeâjCe ceW jKekeâj osKeles nQ~ Ùeefo efJekeâuhe
(a) –2 2
(b) x +2 meceerkeâjCe keâes mevleg° keâjlee nw lees Jener meceerkeâjCe keâe nue nw~ Dele:
(c) 2 (d) FveceW mes keâeF& veneR efJekeâuhe mes, x = 1, y = 2, z = 3 jKeves hej,
TGT 2001 ⇒ 3×1–2×2+3×3=8
PGT 2011 ⇒ 3–4+9 = 8 ⇒ 8=8
x +1 x + 2 x + 4 8 1 3 6
⇒ C2 → C2 − C1 
Ans : (a) x + 3 x + 5 x + 8 1195. DeeJÙetn  0 3 2 2  keâe jQkeâ (Rank) nesiee:
C3 → C3 − C 2
x + 7 x + 10 x + 14  −8 −1 −3 4 
x +1 1 2 (a) 2 (b) 4 (c) 3 (d) 1
R3 → R3 − R2 TGT 2001
x+3 2 3
R → R 2 − R1 Ans : (c) ceevee
x+7 3 4 2
 8 1 3 6
x +1 1 2
M =  0 3 2 2 
2 1 1 C3 → C3 − C 2
 −8 −1 −3 4 
4 1 1
1
x +1 1 1 C1 → C1 ×
8
2 1 0 C3 kesâ meehes#e Øemeej keâjves hej  1 1 3 6
4 1 0 M =  0 3 2 2 
· 2×1-1×4= –2  −1 −1 −3 4 
219 117 345 R 3 → R 3 + R1
1193. meejefCekeâ 19 9 34 keâe ceeve nw : 1 1 3 6 
7 3 5 M = 0 3 2 2 
(a) 2179 (b) 2178 (c) 2188 (d) 2176 0 0 0 10 
TGT 2001
ALGEBRA 214 YCT
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R3 → R3 ×
1
& R2 → R2 ×
1 1+ x 0 −1 − x
10 3 1 = 7+x 6
1 1 3 6  2 5 3+ x
 2 2 
M = 0 1 C3 → C3 + C1
 3 3
0 0 0 1  1+ x 0 0
 
GheÙeg&òeâ Øeehle DeeJÙetn echolon form ceW nw Deewj DeeJÙetn ceW DeMetvÙe = 1 7+x 7
hebefòeâ keâer mebKÙee (non-zero rows) 3 nw~ 2 5 x+5
Dele: DeeJÙetn keâe jQkeâ ρ (A) = 3 R1 kesâ meehes#e Øemeej keâjves hej–
ceevee A = 
α β  ⇒ (1 + x ) {( 7 + x ) (x + 5) − 35}− 0 + 0 = 0
1196.  leye Adj (A) =
 γ δ
(1 + x ) {x 2 + 12x + 35 − 35} = 0
α −β  δ −γ 
(a) γ α  (b) γ (1 + x)(x 2 + 12x) = 0 ⇒ x = 0, −1, −12
   α 
1199. Ùeefo Skeâ n-Jeie& DeeJÙetn A keâe meejefCekeâ 3 nw Deewj
 δ −β  α β
(c)  −γ α  (d)  −γ DeeJÙetn A kesâ Adj keâe meejefCekeâ 243 nw~ leye n keâe ceeve
   δ 
nesiee~
TGT 2001
(a) 4 (b) 7
Ans : (c) DeeJÙetn A kesâ meniegCeveKeC[: (c) 5 (d) 6
A11 = δ, A12 = −γ TGT 1999
A 21 = −β A 22 = α Ans : (d) ∵ A = 3
 δ −γ  Deewj AdjA = 243
∴B =  
 −β α  nce peeveles nw efkeâ Ùeefo A, n×n Jeie& DeeJÙetn nes leye
 δ −β  n −1
∴ Adj(A) = B' =   AdjA = A
 −γ α 
1197. veerÛes efoÙes ieÙes meejefCekeâ keâe ceeve %eele keâerefpeS : ⇒ 243 = 3n −1
n-
35=3 1
1 2 3 ⇒ n-1 = 5
2 3 1 {∵ DeeOeej meceeve nesves hej Ieele Yeer meceeve nesleer nw }
3 1 2 ⇒ n=6
(a) 18 (b) -18 (c) 9 (d) -9
TGT 1999 1200.  cos α sin α 
Ùeefo A α =   leye efvecve ceW mes keâewve
Ans : (b)  − sin α cos α 
1 2 3 mener veneR nw?
= 1(6 − 1) − 2(4 − 3) + 3(2 − 9)
2 3 1 (a) A α A β = Aβ A α (b) A α Aβ = A α + Aβ
= 5 − 2 − 21 = −18
3 1 2 ( Aα )
n
(c) = Anα (d) (Aα)' = A α−1
1198. efvecve meejefCekeâ ceW x-keâe ceeve keäÙee nesiee : TGT 1999
3+x 5 2 Ans : (b)
1 7+x 6 =0  cos α sin α   cos β sin β 
Aα =   A β = − sin β cos β
2 5 3+x  − sin α cos α   
(a) x = 0,1,12 (b) x = 0,1,-12 ∵ Aα Aβ = AβAα
(c) x = 0,-1,-12 (d) x = 1,-1,-12
TGT 1999 Fmeer Øekeâej ( A α ) = A nα Deewj A 'α = A α
n −1
Ans : (c) uesefkeâve A α Aβ ≠ Aα + Aβ

3+ x 5 2 1201. The value of the determinant
= 1 7+x 6 x+2 x+3 x+5
2 5 3+ x x+4 x+6 x+9
R 1 → R1 − R 3 x + 8 x + 11 x + 15
ALGEBRA 215 YCT

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x+2 x+3 x+5 1204. The value of the determinant
meejefCekeâ x+4 x+6 x+9 keâe ceeve nw 2
sin x cos x 1 2
x + 8 x + 11 x + 15
cos 2 x sin 2 x 1 is
(a) 2 (b) –2 (c) 3 (d) x–1
PGT 2011 −10 12 2
x+2 x +3 x +5
sin 2 x cos 2 x 1
Ans : (b) x + 4 x + 6 x +9
x + 8 x + 11 x + 15 meejefCekeâ cos 2 x sin 2 x 1 keâe ceeve nw
C2 → C2–C1, C3→C3–C2 −10 12 2
x+2 1 2 (a) 0 (b) 12cos2x–10sin2x
⇒ x+4 2 3 (c) 12sin2x–10cos2x (d) 10sin2x
x +8 3 4 PGT 2011
C3→ C3–C2 sin 2 x cos 2 x 1
x+2 1 1
Ans : (a) cos 2 x sin 2 x 1 C2 → C2 + C1
⇒ x + 4 2 1 R 2 → R 2 − R1 , R 3 → R 3 − R1
−10 12 2
x +8 3 1
x+2 1 1 sin 2 x 1 1
⇒ 2 1 0 = 1{2 − 4} − 0 + 0 = −2 ⇒ 2
cos x 1 1 = 0 (∵ Two columns are identical)
4 1 0 −10 2 2
1 1 1
1202. The value of the diterminant 1 1 + x 1 is 1+a 1 1
1 1 1
1 1 1+ y 1205. If + + = 0 and 1 1+b 1 =λ.
a b c
1 1 1 1 1 1+ c
meejefCekeâ 1 1 + x 1 keâe ceeve nw Then the value of λ is
1 1 1+ y 1+a 1 1
1 1 1
(a) x+y (b) xy Ùeefo + + = 0 leLee 1 1+b 1 =λ
a b c
(c) x–y (d) 1+x+y 1 1 1+ c
PGT 2011
leye λ keâe ceeve nw
Ans : (b) C2→C2–C1, C3→C3–C1
(a) 0 (b) abc
1 0 0 (c) –abc (d) None of these
1 x 0 = y ( x − 0 ) − 0 + 0 = xy PGT 2011
1 0 y 1+ a 1 1
11 12 13 Ans : (b) ∵ 1 1 + b 1 =λ
1203. The value of the determinant 12 13 14 is 1 1 1+ c
13 14 15 R2 → R2–R1, R3→R3–R2
11 12 13 1+ a 1 1
meejefCekeâ 12 13 14 keâe ceeve nw −a b 0 =λ⇒
13 14 15 0 −b c
(a) 1 (b) 0 (c) –1 (d) 67 Expanding w.r.t. first column, we get
PGT 2011 (1+a) (bc)+a (c+b)= λ
abc+ab+bc+ca=λ
11 12 13
dividing by abc throughout, we get
Ans : (b) 12 13 14 C2 → C2 − C1 ,C3 → C3 − C2 1 1 1 λ
13 14 15 1+ + + =
c a b abc
11 1 1 λ  1 1 1 
1+ 0 = ∵ a + b + c = 0 
12 1 1 = 0 (∵ two columns are identical) abc  
13 1 1 ⇒ λ = abc
ALGEBRA 216 YCT

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1206. If ω is the cube root of unity then 3 1  3 1
2 1209. If A =   then A2=/ Ùeefo A =   leye A =
2
1 ω ω −1 2 −1 2
ω ω 2
1 = 8 −5  8 − 5 
(a)   (b)  
ω 2
1 ω  −5 3 5 3 
 8 −5   8 5
1 ω ω2 (c)   (d)  
 − 5 − 3  −5 3 
Ùeefo ω FkeâeF& keâe Ievecetue nw leye ω ω2 1 =
PGT 2011
2
ω 1 ω  3 1
Ans : (d) Given that A =  
(a) 1 (b) ω (c) ω 2
(d) 0
 −1 2 
PGT 2011
 3 1  3 1  9 −1 3 + 2 
1 ω ω2 ∴ A2 =   = 
 −1 2   −1 2  −3 − 2 −1 + 4
Ans : (d) ω ω2 1 C1 → C1 + C2 + C3  8 5
2 A2 =  
ω 1 ω  −5 3 
1 + ω + ω2 ω ω2 0 ω ω25 2 5 2 
1210. If A =   then A–1=/Ùeefo A =   leye A =
–1
⇒ 1+ ω + ω ω2 2
1 =0 ω 2
1 =0  3 1   3 1 
0 1 ω  1 − 2   − 1 2 
1 + ω + ω2 1 ω (a)   (b)  
 −3 −5   3 −5 
1 3   −1 −2  1 2
1207. If A =  2
 and A –KA–5I2=0. Then the (c)  (d) 
3 4  
 −3 −5  3 5 
1 3  PGT 2011
value of K is/ Ùeefo A =   Deewj A –KA–
2
3 4 1  1 −2  1  1 − 2
5I2=0 leye K keâe ceeve nw Ans : (b) A −1 =  −3 5  =  
A   5 − 6  −3 5 
(a) 3 (b) 5 (c) 7 (d) –7
PGT 2011  −1 2 
⇒ A −1 =  
1 3   3 −5
Ans : (b) Given that A =  
3 4  1211. If a matrix A is Such that 3A3+2A2+5A+I=0
1− λ 3 then A–1=/ Ùeefo Skeâ DeeJÙetn Fme Øekeâej nw efkeâ
⇒ A − λI = =0 3A3+2A2+5A+I=0 leye A–1=
3 4−λ
⇒ (1 − λ )( 4 − λ ) − 9 = 0 (by Caylay Hamilton theorem) (a) –(3A2+2A+5) (b) 3A2+2A+5
2
(c) 3A –2A+5 (d) None of these
⇒ 4–5λ+λ2–9 = 0 PGT 2011
⇒ λ2–5λ–5I=0 3 2
Ans : (a) Given that 3A +2A +5A+I = 0
Comparing it with A2–KA–5I2 =0, We get
Multiplying both sides by A–1⇒ that
K =5 3A2+2A+5I+A–1=0
a h g  x  A–1= –(3A2+2A+5I)
1208. The order of x y z  h b f   y  is
 
= –(3A2+2A+5) (∵ IB = BI = B)
 
 g f c   z 
 3 1
a h g  x  1212. If f(x)= x2–5x+7 and A =   then f(A)=
    keâer keâesefš nw~  −1 2 
x y z  h b f   y 
 g f c   z   3 1
Ùeefo f(x)= x2–5x+7 leLee A =   leye f(A)=
(a) 3×1 (b) 1×1 (c) 1×3 (d) 3×3  −1 2 
PGT 2011 1 1  1 0 
(a)   (b)  
a h g x  1 0  0 1 
Ans : (b) [ x y z ]1×3  h b f   y  = [ ]1×1 0 0 
 g f c   z  (c)   (d) None of these
3 ×3 3×1 0 0 
The order of the resultant matrix will be 1×1 PGT 2011
ALGEBRA 217 YCT
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 3 1 1 na  1 na 
Ans : (c) ∵ f(x)= x2–5x+7 and A =   (c)   (d)  
 −1 2  0 1  0 n 
 3 1  3 1  3 1 PGT 2013
∴ f (A) =  .  −5 +7
 −1 2   −1 2   −1 2 1 a  1 a 
Ans : (c) A2 =   =
 8 5 15 5  7 0   0 1   0 1
= − + 
 −5 3  −5 10   0 7  1×1 + a × 0 1× a + a × 1 1 2a 
  = 
0 0  0 × 1 + 1 × 0 0 × a + 1× 1   0 1 
f (A) =   1 na 
0 0 leye An =  
1213. Ùeefo a+b+c=0 nes, leye 0 1 
a−x c b  0 3 5 − 2i 
 
c b − x a = 0 keâe Skeâ nue nesiee : 1216. DeeJÙetn  −3 0 −9  nw Skeâ
b a c−x  −5 − 2i 9 0 
(a) MetvÙe (b) a+b–c (a) meceefcele DeeJÙetn (b) efJe<ece meceefcele DeeJÙetn
(c) a+b+c (d) –a+b+c (c) nefce&MeerÙeve DeeJÙetn (d) efJe<ece nefce&MeerÙeve DeeJÙetn
PGT 2013 PGT 2013
a−x c b 3 5 − 2i 
 0
Ans : (a) c b − x a = 0
Ans : (d) A =  −3 0 −9 
b a C−x
 −5 − 2i 9 0 
C1 → C1 + C2 + C3
 0 3 5 + 2i 
a+b+c− x c b 
a+b+c− x b− x a = 0 A =  −3 0 −9 
a+b+c− x a c− x 5 + 2i 9 0 
c 1 b  0 −3 −5 + 2i 
 9  = –A
( )
T T
(a+b+c–x) 1 b − x a = 0 A = A = 3 0
1 a c−x 5 + 2i −9 0 
⇒ x=a+b+c Skeâ nue nw ⇒ x = 0 Skeâ nue nesiee~ FmeefueS A Skeâ efJe<ece nefce&efMeÙeve DeeJÙetn nw~
1  1217. Ùeefo A Skeâ 3×3 DeeJÙetn nw efpemekeâer keâesefš 2 nw leLee Skeâ
1214. Ùeefo A=   leLee B=[2,3] oes DeeJÙetn nw lees (AB)–1 nesiee 3×3 DeeJÙetn nw efpemekeâer keâesefš 3 nw lees AB keâer keâesefš nw :
2 (a) 5 (b) 3 (c) 1 (d) 2
2 3 1 PGT 2013
(a) A=  (b)
4 6 8 Ans : (d) ( AB )3×3 keâer keâesefš 2 Ùee 2 mes keâce nesieer~
1 4
(c) A=  (d) DeefmlelJe veneR nQ 2 3 
2 0 1218. Ùeefo A =  , lees 19A–1 nw?
PGT 2013  5 −2 
 
1  1 × 2 1 × 3  2 3  1
A
Ans : (d) AB =   [ 2 3] = 
(a) (b) 2A
=  2
 2  2 × 2 2 × 3  4 6  (c) 3A (d) A
( AB )−1 =
1
× Adj ( AB ) PGT 2013, 2005
AB 2 3 
Ans : (d) DeeJÙetn A =   keâe meejefCekeâ
uesefkeâve AB =
2 3
= 12 − 12 = 0 5 −2 
4 6 2 3
−1 A= = −4 − 15 = −19
⇒ ( AB ) DeefmlelJe ceW veneR nw~ 5 −2
t
1 a  n  −2 −3  −2 −5
1215. Ùeefo DeeJÙetn A =   lees A keâe ceeve nesiee? Adj A =   = 
 0 1   −5 2   −3 2 
leye 19 A−1 = 19 × Adj A
1 na  1 a n  1
(a)   (b)   A
0 a  0 1 
ALGEBRA 218 YCT
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 1   −2 −3 1
R2 → − R2
= 19   
 −19   −5 2  3
1 2 −λ : −1 
2 3   
= =A  0 1 −  1 + 2λ  : 4 
 5 −2   
 3  3

1219. Ùeefo ω FkeâeF& keâe Skeâ meefcceße cetue nw lees meejefCekeâ  
 0 −7 4λ : 4 
1 1+ i + ω2 ω2 R3 → R3 + 7 R2
1− i −1 ω 2 − 1 keâe ceeve nesiee  
1 2 −λ : −1 
−i −i + ω − 1 −1  
  1 + 2λ  4 
(a) ω (b) i 0 1 −  :− 
(c) –1 (d) 0   3  3 
PGT 2013   2λ + 7  −16 
0 0 −  : 
Ans : (d) Ûetbefkeâ 1+ω+ω =02
  3  3 
− ( 2λ + 7 )
1 1+ i + ω2 ω2 DeefÉleerÙe nue kesâ efueS ≠0
3
leye 1- i -1 ω2 -1 −7
⇒λ ≠
-i -i + ω -1 -1 2
R1→R1+R3 1221. If the lines ax + 2y + 1 = 0, bx+3y+1=0 and
cx+4y+1=0 are concurrent, then a, b, c are in
1- i -1 ω2 -1 Ùeefo jsKeeÙeW ax + 2y + 1 = 0, bx+3y+1=0 Deewj
1- i -1 -ω - 2 cx+4y+1=0 meceJeleea nQ, lees a, b, c nQ
-i -i + ω -1 -1 (a) Arithmetic Progression/ meceevlej ßesCeer
R1→R1–R2 (b) Geometric progression/ iegCeesòej ßesCeer
(c) Harmonic Progression/ njelcekeâ ßesCeer
0 0 ω2 + ω +1
(d) None of the above/FveceW mes keâesF& vene
1- i -1 -ω - 2 = 0 PGT 2010
-i -i + ω -1 -1 a 2 1
1220. meceerkeâjCeeW 3 x − y + λ z = 1 Ans : (a) jsKeeÙeW meceJeleea nQ lees b 3 1 = 0
2x + y + z = 2 c 4 1
x + 2 y − λ z = −1
C1 kesâ meehes#e efJemleej keâjves hej–
keâe efvekeâeÙe DeefÉleerÙe nue jKelee nw Ùeefo ⇒ a(3–4) –b(2–4)+c(2–3)=0
−7 ⇒ a + c = 2b
(a) λ · keâesF& ceeve (b) λ=
2 Dele: a.b.c meceevlej ßesCeer ceW nQ~
−7 7 1222. If A is any matrix of order m×n such that AB
(c) λ ≠ (d) λ≠
2 2 and BA are both defined, then B is an–
PGT 2013 Ùeefo A keâesF& DeeJÙetn m×n keâesefš keâer nw leeefkeâ AB leLee
 3 −1 λ :1  BA oesveeW heefjYeeef<ele nes, lees B Skeâ–
Ans : (c)  2 1 1: 2  (a) m×n matrix / m×n DeeJÙetn
1 2 −λ : −1 (b) n×m matrix / n×m DeeJÙetn
(c) n×n matrix / n×n DeeJÙetn
R1 ⇔ R3
(d) m×m matrix / m×m DeeJÙetn
1 2 −λ : −1 PGT 2010
2 1 1: 2 
 Ans : (b) efoÙee nw A keâer keâesefš m×n nw ceevee efkeâ B keâer keâesefš
 3 −1 λ :1  n×p lees (AB)m×p Deewj BA leYeer heefjYeeef<ele nes mekeâlee nw peye
R2 → R2 − 2 R1 p= m nes Dele: B Skeâ n×m DeeJÙetn nw~
R3 → R3 − 3R1  4 x + 2
1223. If A =   is symmetric matrix then x =
1 2 − λ : −1  2x − 3 x +1
0 −3 1 + 2λ : 4   4 x + 2
  Ùeefo A =   Skeâ meceefcele DeeJÙetn nw lees x =
0 −7 4λ : 4  2x − 3 x +1
ALGEBRA 219 YCT

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(a) 3 (b) 5 (c) 2 (d) 4 Ans : (c)
PGT 2010 x 0 7
Ans : (b) meceefcele DeeJÙetn keâer heefjYee<ee mes
1 2 1 = 0 ⇒ x(6+1) +0(3–2) +7(–1–4)=0
At = A
2 −1 3
 4 2 x − 3  4 x + 2
 x + 2 x + 1  = 2 x − 3 x + 1  7x = 35 ⇒ x = 5
   
 −2 0  1 0 
⇒ x+2 = 2x–3 1227. If A =   and I =   then which of
x=5  0 −3  0 1 
the following is zero matrix?
1224. Which of the following is incorrect?
 −2 0  1 0 
keâewve-mee efJekeâuhe mener veneR nw? Ùeefo A =   Deewj I =   leye efvecve ceW
(a) A2–B2= (A+B)(A–B)  0 −3  0 1 
(b) (AT)T = A
keâewve MetvÙe DeeJÙetn nw?
(c) (AB)n = AnBn where A, B commutue (a) A2+5A+6I (b) A2–5A+6I
2
(c) A –5A–6I (d) A2+5A–6I
(d) (A–I) (I+A) = 0⇔A2=I PGT 2010
PGT 2010
−2 − λ 0
Ans : (a) A2 – B2 = (A + B) (A – B) Ans : (a) A − λI =
2
= A – AB + BA – B 2 0 −3 − λ
which is possible only when = +(2+ λ ) (3+ λ) = 6+5λ+λ2
AB = BA but it is not always true ∴ leye kewâueer – nwefceušve ØecesÙe mes A2+5A+6I = 0
therefore A2 – B2 = (A + B) (A – B) is incorrect. 1228. For what value of k the equations
1225. The values of λ and µ for which the system of 2x – 3y + 2z = a, 5x + 4y – 2z = –3 and
equations x + y + z = 6, x + 2y + 3z = 10 and x + x–13y + kz = 9 will not have a unique solution?
2y + λz = µ have no solution are K kesâ efkeâme ceeve kesâ efueS meceerkeâCe
λ Deewj µ keâe ceeve %eele keâefjÙes peyeefkeâ efvecveefueefKele 2x – 3y + 2z = a, 5x + 4y – 2z = –3 Deewj
meceerkeâjCeeW keâe keâesF& nue ve nes~ x – 13y + kz = 9 keâe Skeâebkeâer ceeve veneR nesiee
(a) 8 (b) 3 (c) 2 (d) 6
x+y+z = 6, x + 2y + 3z = 10 Deewj x + 2y + λz = µ PGT 2010
(a) λ=3, µ=10 (b) λ = 3, µ ≠10 Ans : (a) Ùeefo ∆ = 0 nes lees Unique solution veneR nesiee~
(c) λ≠3, µ= 10 (d) λ≠3, µ≠10
 2 −3 2 
PGT 2010
∆ =  5 4 −2  = 0
1 1 1: 6 
1 −13 k 
Ans : (c) [ A : B ] = 1 2 3 :10 
  ⇒ 2 ( 4k − 26 ) − 5 ( −3k + 26 ) +1( 6 − 8 ) = 0
1 2 λ : µ 
⇒ 23k = 184
efheâj R3→ R3 –R1 ⇒k=8
R2 → R2 –R1
1 1
1 1 1 :6  1229. If A= then the value of
0 1   0 1
 2 :4 
A+A2+A3+…+An–1 is equal to
0 1 λ − 1 : µ − 6 
1 1
 1 1 1 : 6 
Ùeef o A=  lees A+A +A +…+A keâe ceeve nesiee
2 3 n–1
0 1
0 1 2 : 4  R3 →R3 – R2
  n − 1  n − 1
0 0 λ − 3 : µ − 10  1 1
(a) n  2  (b) ( ) 
n − 1 2 
  
keâesF& nue veneR nw Fmekesâ efueS 0 1  1 0 
λ–3 ≠ 0 µ–10 = 0  n  n
1 1
λ≠3 µ = 10 (c) ( n − 1)  2 (d) ( n − 1)  2 
   
1226. For what value of x (x, 0, 7), (1, 2, 1) and (2,–1, 3) 0 1  1 0 
are linearly dependent?/x kesâ efkeâme ceeve kesâ efueS PGT 2010
(x, 0, 7), (1, 2, 1) Deewj (2,–1, 3) jwefKekeâ Deeefßele nQ~ Ans : (c)
(a) x=3 (b) x = 4 1 1
A= 
(c) x =5 (d) x = 6  0 1
PGT 2010
ALGEBRA 220 YCT
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1 1 1 1 1 2 1232. The equation
A2 =  =
1 0 1  0 1 
–2x + y + z = a
0 x – 2y + z = b
1 1 1 2  1 3 x + y – 2z = c
A3 =  =
0 1 0 1  0 1 have no solution unless
meceerkeâjCeeW
 n
1
FmeefueS A + A 2 + A3 + ....A n −1 = (n − 1)  2  –2x + y + z = a
  x – 2y + z = b
0 1  x + y – 2z = c
 3 1 keâe nue leye lekeâ mecYeJe veneR nw peye lekeâ
1230. If the matrix A =   then by Cayley –
 −1 2  (a) a+b+c=1
Hamilton theorem, the value of A2–5A+7I is (b) a + b + c = –1
 3 1 (c) a+b+c=0
Ùeefo DeeJÙetn A =   leye kewâueer-nwefceuešve ØecesÙe (d) None of these/FveceW mes keâesF& veneR
 −1 2 
PGT 2009
kesâ Éeje A2–5A+7I keâe ceeve nesiee
Ans : (d) The given equations are;
1 0 0 0 –2x+y+z= a
(a) 0 (b)
 1  0
 0  x–2y+z=b
1 1 0 1 x+y–2z= c
(c) 1 (d)
1 1 0 
The augmented matrix is:
 
 −2 1 1 : a 
PGT 2010
Ans : (b) ( A : B) =  1 −2 1 : b 
3−λ 1  1 1 −2 : c 
A − λI = =0
−1 2 − λ R3 → R1 + R2 + R3
= ( 3 − λ )( 2 − λ ) + 1 = 0  −2 1 1 : a 

(A : B) =  1 −2 1 : b 
= 6 − 5λ + λ + 1 = 0
2
= 7 − 5λ + λ 2 = 0  0 0 0 : a + b + c 
⇒ = λ 2 − 5λ + 7 = 0 ⇒ ρ (A)= 2 and ρ (A:B) = 3
Deye kewâueer nwefceuešve ØecesÙe kesâ Éeje A2+5A–7I= 0 s system equations has no solution only when
Fmekeâe celeueye MetvÙe DeeJÙetn Øeehle nesiee~ ρ(A) ≠ ρ(A : B)
3 2 4
1 ⇒ a+b+c ≠ 0
1231. If A = 1 2 −1 and A–1 = adj (A), then the
k 1233. The solution of the equations
0 1 1 3x + 5y – 7z = 13
value of k is 4x + y – 12z = 6
3 2 4 2x + 9y – 3z = 20
1 by Cramer's rule is
Ùeefo A = 1 2 −1 Deewj A = adj (A) lees k keâe
–1
k efvecve meceerkeâjCeeW keâes ›esâcej efveÙece Éeje nue keâerefpeS
0 1 1
3x + 5y – 7z = 13
ceeve nesiee
4x + y – 12z = 6
(a) 7 (b) –7 2x + 9y – 3z = 20
1 (a) x = 0, y = 1, z = 2 (b) x = 1, y = 2, z = 0
(c) (d) 11
7 (c) x = 2, y = 3, z = 1 (d) x = 3, y = 4, z = 2
PGT 2009 PGT 2009
n
1 Ans : (b) Given eq are
Ans : (d) A–1 = ( adjA ) 3x+5y–7z = 13
A
4x+y–12z= 6
Dele: k = A 2x+9y–3z= 20
3 2 4 3 5 −7
ÙeneB k = 1 2 −1 Let D = 4 1 −12 = 3(105) − 5(12) − 7(34)
0 1 1 2 9 −3
= 3 (2+1) – 2 (1–0) +4 (1–0) = 9 – 2 + 4 = 11 D = 315 − 60 − 238 = 17
ALGEBRA 221 YCT
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13 5 −7 1 1  0 0 
(c) 0 0  (d) 1 0 
Dx = 6 1 −12 = 17    
PGT 2005
20 9 −3
0 1
3 13 −7 Ans : (a) If A =  
1 0
Dy = 4 6 −12 = 34 0 1   0 1  1 0 
2 20 −3 Then A2 =    = =I
1 0  1 0  0 1 
3 5 13 1 0 
( )
50
= (I) = I = 
50
∴ A100 = A2 
& Dz = 4 1 6 = 0 0 1 
2 9 20 2 3 1
Then by cramer's rule 1236. If A =  7 1 5  is equal to B+C, where B is
 
D Dy D  1 9 8 
x = x ,y = ,z = z symmetric and C is skew symmetric, then B is
D D D
17 34 0 equal to
x = , y = ,z = 2 3 1
17 17 17 Ùeefo
⇒ x=1, y=2, z=0 A =  7 1 5  yejeyej nes B+C kesâ peneB B Skeâ
1234. If α, β are the roots of the equation 2x2+3x+5 =  1 9 8 
0, then the value of the determinants meceefcele leLee C Skeâ efJe<ece meceefcele DeeJÙetn nw, lees B
0 β β yejeyej nesiee
α 0 α is 2 5 1 2 3 1
(a) 5 1 7  (b) 3 1 5
β α 0  
Ùeefo α Deewj β cetue nw meceerkeâjCe 2x +3x+5 = 0 kesâ lees
2 1 7 8  1 5 8 
0 β β 0 −2 0  0 5 1
2 0 −2  5 7 1
meejefCekeâ α 0 α keâe ceeve nesiee (c)  (d) 
β α 0  0 2 0  1 1 8
3 15 PGT 2005
(a) − (b) − Ans : (a)
5 4
3 14  2 3 1
(c) (d)
5 5 If A = 7 1 5
PGT 2005 1 9 8
Ans : (b) If α and β are the roots of the equation
and A is equal to B+C, where B is symmetric and C is
2x2+3x+5 = 0 then
skew– symmetric matrix
−3 5 Now we know that the
α+β = and α.β =
2 2
0 β β
Symmetric matrix B = A + A T
1
2
( )
then α 0 α = 0 − β ( 0 − αβ ) + β α 2 ( ) and C = A − A T
1
( )
β α 0 2
= αβ2 + α 2β = αβ(α + β)  2 7 1
5  −3  15 ∴ A =  3 1 9
T
=  =− 1 5 8

2 2  4
0 1  2 3 1 2 7 1 
1  
1235. If A = 
1 0 
 then A100 is equal to 1
2
T
2
(
∴ B = A + A =  7 1 5 +  3 1 9   )

0 1   1 9 8   1 5 8  
Ùeefo A =   lees A yejeyej nesiee
100
1 0  2 5 1 
= 5 1 7 
1 0  0 1   
(a)   (b)   1 7 8 
0 1  1 0 
ALGEBRA 222 YCT

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−a 2 ab ac x ( x + 2 )( x + 4 ) − 8x = 0
1237. The value of the determinant ab − b x ( x + 2 )( x + 4 ) − 8 = 0
2
bc is
ac bc − c 2 x  x 2 + 2x + 4x + 8 − 8 = 0
−a 2 ab ac x  x 2 + 6x  = 0
meejefCekeâ ab − b bc keâe ceeve nw
2
x  x ( x + 6 )  = 0
ac bc − c 2
x = 0, x = 0, x + 6 = 0
(a) 0 (b) - (a2 + b2 + c2) x = 0, 0, −6
(c) 4 a2b2c2 (d) 2 (ab + bc + ca)
UP TGT-2016 (08-03-2019) 1239. If A =  coshx sinhx , then trace (A2) is equal to
−sinhx coshx
Ans. (c) :  
−a 2
ab ac  coshx sinhx 
Ùeefo A =  , lees DevegjsKe (A2) yejeyej nw
2  −sinhx coshx
ab −b bc
(a) 2 (b) –2
ac bc −c 2 (c) cosh2x (d) sinh2x
UP TGT-2016 (08-03-2019)
−a a a
 cos hx sin hx 
= abc b −b b Ans : (a) A =  
 − sin hx cosh x 
c c −c
 cos hx sin hx   cos hx sin hx 
R1 kesâ meehes#e Øemeej A2 =   
 − sin hx cosh x   − sin hx cosh x 
= abc  −a ( bc − bc ) − a ( − bc − bc ) + a ( bc + bc ) 
 cos h 2 x − sinh 2 x cos hx sin hx + cos hx sin hx 
A2 =  
= abc  0 − a ( −2bc ) + a ( 2bc )   − sin hx cos hx − cos hx sin hx − sin h 2 x + cosh 2 x 
= abc [ 2abc + 2abc ]  1 2sin hx cos hx 
A2 =  
= abc [ 4abc ]  −2sin hx cos hx 1 
= 4a 2 b 2c 2  1 sin h2x 
A2 = 
 − sin h2x 1 
x+2 2 2
Trace = Sum of principal daigonal
1238. If 2 x+2 2 = 0, then values of x
Trace = 1+1 = 2
2 2 x+2
 1 3+x 2 
satisfying this equation are 
1240. If A = 1 − x 2 y + 1 is a symmetric
x+2 2 2
 2 5−y 3 
Ùeefo 2 x + 2 2 = 0, lees Fme meceerkeâjCe keâes
matrix, then 3x+y is equal to
2 2 x+2
 1 3+x 2 
mebleg° keâjves Jeeues x kesâ ceeve nw Ùeefo A = 1 − x 2 y + 1 Skeâ meceefcele

(a) 0, –2, –6 (b) 0, –1, –2
 2 5−y 3 
(c) 0, 0, –2 (d) 0, 0, –6
UP TGT-2016 (08-03-2019) DeeJÙetn nes, lees 3x+y yejeyej nw
x+2 2 2 (a) –1 (b) 0
Ans : (d) 2 x+2 2 =0
UP TGT-2016 (08-03-2019)
2 2 x+2
 1 3 + x 2 
R1 kesâ meehes#e Øemeej 
Ans : (a) A = 1 − x 2 y + 1
 
= ( x + 2 ) ( x + 2 ) − 4 − 2 ( 2x + 4 − 4 ) + 2 ( 4 − 2x − 4 ) = 0
2
   2 5− y 3 
= ( x + 2 )  x 2 + 4 + 4x − 4  − 2 ( 2x ) + 2 ( −2x ) = 0 meceefcele nw leye A = A'
 1 3+ x 2   1 1− x 2 
( x + 2 ) ( x 2 + 4x ) − 4x − 4x = 0 1 − x 2 y + 1 = 3 + x 2 5 − y 

( x + 2 ) ( x 2 + 4x ) − 8x = 0  2 5− y 3   2 y +1 3 
ALGEBRA 223 YCT

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leye, 3+x = 1–x  2 0 0 1 2 3
2x = –2, x = –1    
1244. Let A =  0 2 0  and B =  0 1 3  be
leLee 5–y=y+1
0 0 2 0 0 2
2y = 4, y = 2    
lees 3x+y = 3(–1)+2 = –3+2 = –1 matrices. Then the determinant of AB equals:
Dele: 3x+y = –1 (a) 32 (b) 16 (c) 8 (d) 4
NVS PGT 10-06-2019
 1 −1 1 1
1241. If A =   and B =   then the value of AB is 2 0 0 1 2 3 
−1 1  1 1 Ans : (b) Let A =  0 2 0  and B = 0 1 3
 
 1 −1 1 1
Ùeefo A =   leLee B = 1 1 lees AB keâe ceeve nw  0 0 2 0 0 2
−1 1   
2 4 6
 1 −1 0 1 
(a)   (b) 1 0  ∴ AB =  0 2 6 
 − 1 1   
 0 0 4 
 −1 0  0 0  Now det (AB) = 2[8] = 16
(c)   (d)  
 0 −1 0 0  1 −1 1 4 2 2
UP TGT-2016 (08-03-2019) 1
1245. Let A = 2 1 −3 and B = −5 0 α .
 1 −1 1 1 10
Ans : (d) A =   , B = 1 1 1 1 1 1 −2 3
 −1 1   
If B is the inverse of A, then α is:
 1 −1 1 1
AB =    1 −1 1 4 2 2
 −1 1  1 1 ceevee A = 2 1 −3 leLee B = −5 0 α ~
1
 1 − 1 1 − 1  0 0 10
AB =   =  1 1 1 1 −2 3
 −1 + 1 −1 + 1  0 0  Ùeefo DeeJÙetn B, DeeJÙen A keâe JÙegl›eâce nw, lees α keâe
 0 −i  1 0  ceeve nesiee:
1242. If A =   and B =   are matrices,
 i 0   0 −1  (a) –2 (b) –1 (c) 2 (d) 5
then AB + BA is: KVS PGT 23-12-2018
(a) an invertible matrix (b) a unit matrix  1 −1 1   4 2 2
Ans:(d) Let A =  2 1 −3 and B =  −5 0 α 
(c) a null matrix (d) a diagonal matrix 1
NVS PGT 10-06-2019 10
1 1 1   1 −2 3 
 0 −i  1 0 
Ans : (c) Let A =   and B =   |A|= 1(4)+1(5)+1(1) = 10
i 0  0 −1 4 2 2
0 i   0 −i  −1 1 1
then AB =   and BA =   Now A = .adjA = −5 0 5
 i 0  −i 0  |A| 10
1 −2 3
 0 i   0 −i   0 0 
Now AB + BA =  +  =  Now comparing B and A' we get α = 5
 i 0   −i 0   0 0 
Which is a null matrix. 1246. If α, β ≠ 0 and f ( n ) = αn + βn , and
1 0 2 3 1 + f (1) 1 + f (2)
1243. If A =  5 1 x  is a singular matrix, then the 1 + f (1) 1 + f (2) 1 + f (3)
 
1 1 1 1 + f (2) 1 + f (3) 1 + f (4)
 
value of x is equal to:
= K (1 − α ) (1 − β ) ( α − β )2 then K is equal to:
2 2
(a) –11 (b) 11 (c) 9 (d) –9
NVS PGT 10-06-2019 Ùeefo α, β ≠ 0 leLee f ( n ) = αn + βn Deewj
1 0 2 3 1 + f (1) 1 + f (2)
Ans : (c) Since the matrix A =  5 1 x  is given by So,
  1 + f (1) 1 + f (2) 1 + f (3)
1 1 1 
|A|=0 1 + f (2) 1 + f (3) 1 + f (4)
= K (1 − α ) (1 − β ) ( α − β )2 lees K yejeyej nesiee:
2 2
1 0 2 
⇒  
5 1 x  = 0 (a) αβ (b)
1
1 1 1  αβ
⇒ 1(1 – x) + 2(5 – 1) = 0 (c) 1 (d) –1
⇒ 1–x+8=0 ⇒x=9 KVS PGT 23-12-2018
ALGEBRA 224 YCT
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Ans : (d) Given that α,β ≠ 0 and (a) 0 (b) <0 (c) 1 (d) >1
f(n) = αn+β n KVS PGT 23-12-2018
So, 1 + f (1) = 1 + α + β, 1 + f (2) = 1 + α 2 + β2 , a b c
3 3
1 + f (3) = 1 + α + β , and 1 + f (4) = 1 + α + β , 4 4 Ans : (b) Given ∆ = b c a
and given that. c a b
3 1 + f (1) 1 + f (2) ⇒ ∆ = 3abc − a − b − c3
3 3
( )(1 − β )(α − β)
2 2 2
1 + f (1) 1 + f (2) 1 + f (3) = K 1 − α Since a, b, c are positive and unequal
1 + f (2) 1 + f (3) 1 + f (4) So, = 3abc − a 3 − b3 − c3 < 0
Using taht above values this can be written as Hence ∆ < 0
3 1+ α + β 1 + α 2 + β2 1249. The inverse of a skew-symmetric of order 3
( ) Skeâ 3 keâesefš kesâ Øeefle-meceefcele DeeJÙetn keâe JÙegl›eâce
2
1 + α 2 + β2 1 + α3 + β3 = K (1 − α ) 1 − β) 2 (α − β
2
1+ α + β
1 + α 2 + β2 1 + α3 + β3 1 + α 4 + β4 (a) is a skew- symmetric matrix /Skeâ Øeefle-meceefcele
DeeJÙetn neslee nw
we geat Solving
(b) is a symmetric matrix /Skeâ meceefcele DeeJÙetn neslee
−(α − 1)2 (β − 1)2 (α − β)2 = K(1 − α )2 (1 − β)2 (α − β) 2 nw
then K = −1 (c) is a diagonal matrix /Skeâ efJekeâCe& DeeJÙetn neslee nw
x − 4 2x 2x (d) does not exist /keâe DeefmlelJe veneR neslee nw
UP PGT-2016 (02-02-2019)
1247. If 2x x − 4 2x = ( A + Bx )( x − A ) , then
2
Ans : (d) Let A is a skew-symmetric, odd order then
2x 2x x − 4 |A|=0
the ordered pair (A, B) is equal to: So that skew-symmetric is order 3 but invers does not
x − 4 2x 2x exist.
1250. The system of linear equations
Ùeefo 2x x − 4 2x = ( A + Bx )( x − A ) nes, 2
x1 + 2x2 + x 3 = 3
2x 2x x − 4
2x1 + 3x2 + x 3 = 3
lees ›eâefcele Ùegice (A, B) nesiee:
(a) (4,5) (b) (–4, –5) (c) (–4, 3) (d) (–4, 5) 3x1 + 5x 2 + 2x 3 = 1 has
KVS PGT 23-12-2018 jwefKekeâ meceerkeâjCeeW kesâ efvekeâeÙe
x − 4 2x 2x x1 + 2x2 + x 3 = 3
Ans : (d) Let A = 2x x − 4 2x 2x1 + 3x2 + x 3 = 3
3x1 + 5x 2 + 2x 3 = 1 keâe/kesâ nQ
2x 2x x − 4
R1 → R 2 − R1 ,R 2 → R 3 − R 2 (a) infinitely many solutions /Devevle nue
(b) exactly 3 solutions /"erkeâ "erkeâ 3 nue
x + 4 − ( x + 4) 0 (c) unique solution /DeefÉleerÙe nue
= 0 + ( x + 4) − ( x + 4) (d) no solution /keâesF& nue veneR
2x 2x ( x − 4) UP PGT-2016 (02-02-2019)
Ans : (d) the linear equation.
1 −1 0
x1 + 2x 2 + x 3 = 3 .......... (i)
= ( x + 4) 0
2
1 −1
2x1 + 3x 2 + x 3 = 3 .......... (ii)
2x 2x x − 4
3x + 5x + 2x = 1 ........... (iii)
= (5x–4) (x+4)2 1 2 3
But (5x–4) (x+4)2 = (A+Bx) (x–A)2 1 2 1 : 3

⇒ A = –4, B = 5 ⇒ ( A,B ) = ( −4,5 ) [ A : B ]  2 3 1 : 3
=
1248. If a, b, c are positive and unequal, then the  3 5 2 : 1
a b c R 3 → R1 + R 2 − R 3 , R 2 → R 2 − 2R1
value of ∆ = b c a is: 1 2 1:3 
c a b [ A : B] = 0 −1 −1 : − 3

Ùeefo a, b, c Oeveelcekeâ Je Demeceeve nQ, lees 0 0 0 : 5 
a b c ρ(A) = 2, ρ(A : B) = 3
∆ = b c a keâe ceeve nesiee: ρ(A) ≠ ρ(A : B)
c a b So that of equation is no solution.
ALGEBRA 225 YCT
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1251. If 5th term of a harmonic progression is 7 and Ans : (b) A and B are Symmetric matrices
7th term is 5, then 35th term is / Ùeefo njelcekeâ ßesÌ{er then AT = A, BT = B
keâe 5JeeB heo 7 leLee 7JeeB heo 5 nes, lees 35JeeB heo nw ( AB )T = AB
(a) 0 (b) 1
7 1 BT A T = AB
(c) (d) BA = AB
12 35
UP PGT-2016 (02-02-2019)  sin θ cos θ 
Ans : (b) 5th term of a harmonic progressin of 7 1254. The matrix A =  is
 − cos θ sin θ 
1
So that 5th term of A.P. is  sin θ cos θ 
7 DeeJÙetn A =   nw
1  − cos θ sin θ 
then a + 4d = ........ (i)
7 (a) Symmetric /meceefcele
1 (b) Skew-symmetric /Øeefle-meceefcele
Now 7th term of A.P. is
5 (c) Orthogonal /ueebefyekeâ
1 (d) Singular /DeJÙegl›eâceCeerÙe
then a + 6d = ............ (ii)
5 UP PGT-2016 (02-02-2019)
equn (ii) – (i)  sin θ cos θ 
1 1 1 Ans : (c) A= 
2d = − ⇒ d=  − cos θ sin θ 
5 7 35
1 4 1  sin θ − cos θ 
then a = − = A' =  
7 35 35 cos θ sin θ 
We know, tn=a+(n–1)d  − sin θ − cos θ 
1 1 −A =  
t 35 = + ( 34 ) ×  cos θ − sin θ 
35 35
35 A = sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ
t 35 = = 1, t 35 = 1
35 A = 1, A ≠0
then 35th term is a harmonic progressin of one A ' ≠ A, A ' ≠ −A
1252. If log3, log(3x–2) and log(3x+4) are in So the matrix A is orthogonal
arithmetical progression, then x is equal to
Ùeefo log3, log(3x–2) Deewj log(3x+4) meceeblej ßesÌ{er ceW 1255. The sum of two distinct root of the equation
nes, lees x yejeyej nw 6−x 3 3
(a) log34 (b) log23 3 6−x 3 = 0 is
(c) log38 (d) log83
3 3 6−x
UP PGT-2016 (02-02-2019)
x x
Ans : (c) log3, log(3 –2), log(3 +4) are in A.P. 6−x 3 3
then 2log (3x–2) = log 3 +log (3x+4) meceerkeâjCe 3 6 − x 3 = 0 kesâ oes efJeefYeVe
( ) ( )
2
x
log 3 − 2 = log 3 3 + 4  x  3 3 6−x
 
cetueeW keâe Ùeesieheâue nw
(3 ) ( )
x 2
−2 = 3 3x − 2 + 6 (a) 3 (b) 12 (c) 15 (d) 9
UP PGT-2016 (02-02-2019)
(3 − 2) = 3( 3 )
x 2 x
− 2 + 18
6−x 3 3
x
let 3 –2 = y Ans : (c) 3 6−x 3 =0
y2 = 3y+18
y2 – 3y – 18 = 0, (y – 6) (y + 3) = 0 3 3 6−x
y = 6, y = –3 (Not possible) C1 → C1 + C 2 + C3
then y=6
3x – 2 = 6 12 − x 3 3
3x = 8, log38 = x ⇒ 12 − x 6 − x 3 =0
1253. If A and B are symmetric matrices, then AB is 12 − x 3 6−x
symmetric matrix if and only if
Ùeefo A Deewj B meceefcele DeeJÙetn nw, lees DeeJÙetn AB 1 3 3
meceefcele nesiee Ùeefo Deewj kesâJeue Ùeefo ⇒ 12 − x 1 6 − x 3 =0
(a) AB = BA (b) AB = –BA 1 3 6−x
(c) AB–1=B–1A (d) Ghejesòeâ ceW keâesF& veneR R 1 → R1 − R 3 , R 2 → R 2 − R 3
UP PGT-2016 (02-02-2019)
ALGEBRA 226 YCT
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0 0 x −3 Ans : (c) A−1 = 
1 2

⇒ 12 − x 0 3 − x x −3 = 0 3 4 
−1
1 3 6−x  A −1  =A
Expend of R1  
−1 adj
(12 − x ) ( x − 3) − ( 3 − x ) = 0 A =  A −1  =
A −1
(12 − x )( x − 3)2 = 0
x = 12, x = 3, x = 3 1  4 −2 
A=− 
Som of two distinct roots 12+3 = 15 2  −3 1 
1256. If Q is non-singular matrix and P ia a square  1   4 −2 
matrix such that det(Q–1P2Q)=4 then det P is 2A = 2 ×  −   
equal to/ Ùeefo Q Skeâ JÙegl›eâceCeerÙe DeeJÙetn leLee P  2   −3 1 
Skeâ Jeie& DeeJÙetn Fme Øekeâej nw efkeâ det(Q–1P2Q)=4 lees  −4 2 
2A =  
det P yejeyej nw  3 −1
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 4 1259. A, B are two square matrices of same order 3
UP PGT-2016 (02-02-2019) and det A=2, det B= 3, then det (2AB) is equal to
Ans : (c) Q is non-singular matrix
A Deewj B oes Jeie& DeeJÙetn Skeâ meceeve keâesefš leerve kesâ
|Q| ≠ 0
P is square matrix det (Q–1P2Q)= 4 Deewj det A=2, det B= 3 lees det (2AB) yejeyej nesiee
∴ |AB| = |A||B|. (a) 96 (b) 48 (c) 24 (d) 12
|Q–1||P2||Q|= 4 PGT 2005
1 2  −1 1  Ans : (b) A, B are two square matrices of same order 3
P Q =4 ∵ A =  and det A=2, det B= 3 then.
Q  A 
det(2AB) = 23.detA.detB = 8×2×3 = 48
|P2| = 4
1260. The system of equations 2x+2y–3z –1=0,
|P| = ±2
then det P = 2 4x+4y+z–2=0, 6x+6y–z–3=0 has
meceerkeâjCe efvekeâeÙe 2x+2y–3z –1=0,
 1 −1 
1257. If A =  3
 , then A is equal to 4x+4y+z–2=0, 6x+6y–z–3=0 kesâ heeme nw
 − 1 1  (a) unique solution/ DeefÉleerÙe nue
 1 −1  no solution/ keâesF& nue veneR
Ùeefo A =   , lees A yejeyej nw
3 (b)
 −1 1  (c) infinite solution/ Devevle nue
(a) A (b) 4A (c) 3A (d) 2A (d) zero solution/ MetvÙe nue
UP PGT-2016 (02-02-2019)
PGT 2005
 1 −1
Ans : (b) A =  
Ans : (c) Given that the system of equations
 −1 1  2x+2y–3z –1=0
Sum of principal element = 2 4x+4y+z–2=0
|A|=0 6x+6y–z–3=0
cayley hamilton theorem. Which can be written in matrix form as:
A2 – (sum of p.e.) A + |A| = 0 (efÉIeele meceer. mes)
 2 2 − 3 : − 1
A2–2A+0 = 0  4 4 1 : −2 
2
A –2A= 0  
A2=2A ........................ (i)  6 6 −1 : −3
A3= 2A2 R2 → R2–2R1
A3 = 2(2A) [equn (i)]
R3 → R3–3R1
A3 = 4A
 2 2 −3 : −1
1 2
1258. If A −1 =   , then 2A is equal to =  0 0 7 : 0 
3 4  0 0 8 : 0 
1 2 
Ùeefo A −1 =   , lees 2A yejeyej nw ⇒ ρ(A:B) ≠ ρ(A)
3 4 
System of equation has infinite solution.
 4 −2 
(a) 
4 2
 (b)  −3 −1 1261. If the roots of the equation
 3 −1  
a1 − x b1 c1
 −4 2   −4 −2 
(c) (d) 3 1 a2 b2 − x c2 are 1, 2, 3 then the value
 3 −1
   
UP PGT-2016 (02-02-2019) a3 b3 c3 − x
ALGEBRA 227 YCT
CLICK HERE -
a1 b1 c1 ⇒ − λ 3 + 2λ 2 + λ − 2 = 0
of the determinants a2 b2 c2 is ∴ − A3 + 2A 2 + A − 2I = 0
a3 b3 c3 A 3 − 2A 2 − A + 2I = 0
a1 − x b1 c1 x+λ x x
Ùeefo meceerkeâjCe a2 b2 − x c2 kesâ cetue 1263. If D = x x+λ x , then D is equal to
a3 b3 c3 − x x x x+λ
a1 b1 c1 x+λ x x
1, 2, 3 nw lees meejefCekeâ keâe ceeve nesiee a2 b2 c2
Ùeefo D= x x+λ x , lees D yejeyej nesiee
x x x+λ
a3 b3 c3
(a) 11 (b) 6 (c) –6 (d) 0 (a) x3(x+λ) (b) x2(x+3λ)
PGT 2005 (c) λ2(3x+λ) (d) λ2(x+3λ)
PGT 2005
a1 − x b1 c1 Ans : (c)
Ans : (b) a2 b2 − x c2 =0 x+λ x x
a3 b3 c3 − x D= x x+λ x
Given that 1, 2, 3 are roots of equation then. x x x+λ
a1 b1 c1 x 0 0 C1→C1–C2, C2→C2–C3
a2 b2 c2 − 0 x 0 =0 λ 0 x
a3 b3 c3 0 0 x = −λ λ x
a1 b1 c1 1 0 0 0 −λ x + λ
⇒ a2 b2 c2 − 0 2 0 = 0 = λ {λ ( x + λ ) + λx} − 0 + x {λ 2 − 0}
a3 b3 c3 0 0 3
= λ 2 { x + λ + x} + λ 2 x = λ 2 ( 3x + λ )
a1 b1 c1
 3 −1 2 
∴ a2 b2 c 2 − 1× 2 × 3 = 0
1264. If A =  −6 2 −4 , then what is the rank of A?
a3 b3 c3
 −3 1 −2
a1 b1 c1
 3 −1 2 
⇒ a2 b2 c2 = 6
Ùeefo A =  −6 2 −4  , lees A keâer peeefle keäÙee nesieer
a3 b3 c3
 −3 1 −2 
1 0 1  1 0 1  (a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 3
1262. If A = 0 1 1  , then / Ùeefo A = 0 1 1  , lees
  PGT 2005
1 1 0  1 1 0   3 −1 2 
3 2
(a) A –2A –A+2I= 0 (b) A –2A2–A+2= 0
3 Ans : (b) If A =  −6 2 −4  ,
 
(c) A3+2A2–A+2I= 0 (d) A3+2A2–A+2= 0  −3 1 −2 
PGT 2005 R →R +2R , R →R +R
2 2 1 3 3 1
 1 0 1   3 −1 2 
Ans : (a) If A =  0 1 1  then the charactricties =  0 0 0 
1 1 0  0 0 0 
equation ∴ Rank (A)= number of non-zero rows = 1
1− λ 0 1
a h g 
A − λI = 0 1− λ 1 =0 1265. If A =  0 b 0  then the characteristic value of
 
1 1 −λ  0 c c 
⇒ (1 − λ )  −λ (1 − λ ) − 1 − 0 + 1 0 − (1 − λ )  = 0 adj A is
1 1 1
⇒ (1 − λ )  −λ + λ 2 − 1 − (1 − λ ) = 0 (a) ab, bc, ca (b) , ,
  a b c
(
⇒ (1 − λ ) λ 2 − λ − 2 = 0 ) (c)
1 1 1
, ,
ab bc ca
2 3 2
⇒ λ − λ − 2 − λ + λ + 2λ = 0 PGT 2004
ALGEBRA 228 YCT
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a h g  αβ + β γ + α γ = 0
  α β γ α+β+ γ β γ
Ans : (a) A =  0 b 0 
 0 c c  then, = β γ α c1 → c1 + c2 + c3 α+β+ γ γ α
a11 = bc, a12 = 0, a13 = 0 γ α β α+β+ γ α β
a21 = –(hc – gc), a22 = ac, a23 = ac
a31 = bg, a32 = 0, a33 = ab −a β
γ
 bc −(hc − gc) bg  = −a γ α
Adj A =  0 ac 0  −a α β
 0 ac ab  R1 → R1 + R2 + R3
Note- (1) efkeâmeer meejefCekeâ keâe DevegjsKeCe Gme meejefCekeâ kesâ −3a α + β + γ α + β +γ
DeeFieve ceeve kesâ Ùeesieheâue kesâ yejeyej neslee nw~ DeLee&led = −a γ α
DevegjsKeCe = bc + ac + ab..............(i)
(2) efkeâmeer meejefCekeâ keâe ceeve Gmekesâ DeeFieve ceeve kesâ −a α β
iegCeveheâue kesâ yejeyej neslee nQ~ DeLee&le −3a −a −a
AdjA = a 2 b 2 c 2 ............(ii) = −a γ α
meceer. (i) Je (ii) mes- −a α β
DeeFieve ceeve = ab, bc, ca
= −3a[γβ −α 2 ] + a[−aβ +αa] − a[−aα + aγ ]
1266. The system of equations x + y - 2z = a, x - 2y + z
= b, -2x + y + z = c is consistent, if = −3a[γβ − α 2 ] + a 2 [α − β ] − a 2 [γ − α ]
(a) a + b – c = 0
(b) a – b + c = 0 = −3aγβ + 3aα 2 + a2α + a2α − β a2 − γ a2
(c) a + b + c = 0 = −3aγβ + 3aα 2 + a 2 (2α − β − γ )
(d) None of the above/FveceW mes keâesF& veneR
PGT 2004 = 3a(α 2 − γβ ) + a 2 (3α + a)
 1 1 −2 : a  = a 3 + 3a 2α + 3aα 2 − 3aγβ
Ans : (c)  1 −2 1 : b  = a 3 + 3aα (−β − γ ) − 3a γβ
 −2 1 1 : c  = a 3 − 3a[αβ + αγ + γβ]
 1 1 −2 : a  = a3 (∵αβ+βγ+γα= 0)

=  1 −2 1 : b  R3 → R1 + R2 + R3
0 0 0 : a + b + c  1+a 1 1
equation is consistent if 1269. If 1 a +b 1 = 0, then a −1 + b−1 + c −1 is equal to
ρ ( A : B ) = ρ ( A) 1 1 1+c
∴ a+b+c=0 (a) 1 (b) -1
1267. Let A and B have 4 and 8 elements respectively. (c) abc (d) None of the above
Then what can be maximum and minimum PGT 2004
number of elements in A × B?
(a) 16 and 64 (b) 32 and 32 1+ a 1 1
(c) 32 and 64 (d) 64 and 64 Ans : (b) Given that 1 1+ b 1 =0
PGT 2004 1 1 1+ c
Ans : (b) kegâue DeJeÙeJeeW keâer mebKÙee A × B ceW nesieer 4 × 8 = 32
Expanding w.r.t. R1, we get
1268. If α, β , γ are the roots of the equation x3 + ax2 +
(1 + a ) [ (1 + b)(1 + c) − 1] − 1[1 + c − 1] + 1[1 − 1 − b ] = 0
α β γ
⇒ (1+a)(1+b+c+bc–1)–c–b=0
b = 0, then the value of β γ α will be
⇒ (1+a) (b+c+bc)–c–b=0
γ α β ⇒ b+c+bc+ab+ac+abc–c–b=0
(a) a3 – 3b (b) –a3 ⇒ ab+bc+ca = –abc
(c) a3 (d) None of the above dividing throughtout by abc, we get
PGT 2004
1 1 1
Ans : (c) x3 + ax 2 + b = 0 + + = −1
a b c
α + β + γ = -a
αβ γ = -b ⇒ a −1 + b −1 + c −1 = −1
ALGEBRA 229 YCT

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a b c 1
1270. If m n p =k, then the value of Ans : (b)
A−1 = AdjA.
A
x y z
2 1
6a 2b 2c A= = (10 − 3) = 7
3 5
3m n p will be T T
3x y z  A11 A12  +5 −3  5 −1
AdjA =   =   = 
k  A21 A22   −1 2  −3 2 
(a) (b) 2k (c) 3k (d) 6k
1  5 −1
6
PGT 2000 & 2004 A−1 =  
7 −3 2 
6a 2b 2c 3a b c
1273. Determine K so that the set S is linearly
Ans : (d) 3m n p = 2 3m n p
dependent in IR3 , S = {( 1, 2,1) , ( K , 3,1) , ( 2, K ,0 )}
3x y z 3x y z
(a) 2,–1 (b) 2,1
a b c (c) –2,–1 (d) –2,1
= 2×3 m n p = 6k PGT 2003
x y z Ans : (a) S kesâ jwefKekeâ DemJeleb$e nesves kesâ efueS
1 2 1
 i + j, i ≠ j
1271. If A =  aij  where aij =  2 then meejefCekeâ K 3 1 = 0 nw
2×2,
 i − 2j, i = j
A-1 is equal to 2 K 0
1  4 1 1  0 −3 3 1 K 1 K 3
(a)   (b)   ⇒1 −2 +1 =0
9  −1 2  9  −3 −1 K 0 2 0 2 K
1  0 3 ⇒ −K + 4 + K 2 − 6 = 0
(c)   (d) None of the above
9  3 1 ⇒ K2 − K −2 = 0
PGT 2004 K − 2K + K − 2 = 0
2
 i + j, i ≠ j K ( K − 2 ) + 1( K − 2 ) = 0
Ans : (c) ∵ a ij =  2
i − 2j, i = j ( K + 1)( K − 2) = 0
and since A = a ij  is 2×2 matrix K = −1, 2
2×2,
a11 a12 1274. What is the value of the determinant?

A= 2a a+b a+c a+d
b 21 b22 ( 2×2 )
b+a 2b b+c b+d
=?
−1 3 c+a c+b 2c c+d
⇒ A=
3 0 d+a d+b d+c 2d
∴ |A| = –9 (a) 1 (b) –1
(c) (a–b)(b–c)(c–d)(d–a) (d) None of these
1 1  0 −3
∴ A −1 = adjA =   PGT 2003
| A| −9  −3 −1
2a a+b a+c a+d
−110 3
A = Ans : (d) b + a 2b b+c b+d =
93 1
c + a c+b 2c c+d
2 1 d + a d+b d+c 2d
1272. If A =   then A is equal to
–1
R1 → R1 – R2
 3 5
R2 → R2 – R3
 5 1 1  5 −1  R3 → R3 – R4
(a)   (b)  
 −3 2  7  −3 2  a-b a-b a-b a-b
 5 −1   2 −1 b-c b-c b-c b-c
  =
(c)   (d)
 −3 −2   −3 5  c-d c-d c-d c-d
PGT 2003 d+a d+b d+c 2d
ALGEBRA 230 YCT

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1 1 1 1
( 2 3
= 1 + m + m + m (1− m )
3
)
= ( a − b )( b − c )( c − d )
1 1 1 1
1 m m2
1 1 1 1
−m(1 + m) 1+ m m(1 + m)
d+a d+b d+c 2d
−(1 + m) −m(1 + m) 1+ m
= (a – b) (b–c) (c–d) × 0 = 0 (∵ R1 = R2 = R3 ) m2
( )
1 m
Ùeefo efkeâmeer meejefCekeâ keâer oes hebefkeäleÙeeb (Ùee mlecYe) meceeve (equal) nes = 1 + m + m 2 + m3 (1− m )3 (1+ m ) 2 −m 1 m
lees meejefCekeâ keâe ceeve MetvÙe neslee nw~ −1 −m 1
1275. What is the value of the determinant?
1 m m2 m3
{ 2 3
} 2
= (1+ m ) + m (1+ m ) (1− m ) (1+ m ) − m
0 0
1
1 + m2
m
−1 −m 1
m3 1 m m2 R1 → R1 + R3
m2 m3 1 m ( )
= (1 + m) 1 + m 2 (1 − m ) (1 + m ) m 2 + 1 1 + m 2
3 2
( )( )
m m2 m3 1 = (1 − m )4 3
4 3
(a) (1–m ) (b) (1–m4)
2cosθ 1 0 0 ......0
(c) (1–m4)2 (d) None of these
1 2cosθ 1 0 ......0
PGT 2003
1276. 0 1 2cosθ 1 ......0 Will be equal to
1 m m2 m3 0 0 1 2cosθ ......0
0 0 0 0 ......0
m3 1 m m2
Ans : (a) sin nθ
m2 m3 1 m (a) 0 (b)
sin θ
m m2 m3 1 sin( n + 1)θ
C1 → C1 + C2 + C3 + C4 sin θ
PGT 2003
1 + m + m 2 + m3 m m2 m3
Ans : (a) By expanding the determinant we get value = 0
1 + m + m 2 + m3 1 m m2 1277. For what value of λ the equations x+y+z=1,
=
1 + m + m 2 + m3 m3 1 m x+2y+4z=λ, x+4y+10z=λ2 have a solution:
1+ m + m + m
2 3
m 2
m 3
1 (a) λ= 10 (b) λ= –10
(c) λ = 0 and λ=10 (d) λ = 1 and λ = 2
1 m m2 m3 PGT 2002
Ans : (d) Given that the system of equations
(
= 1+ m + m + m
2 3
) 11 1
m3
m
1
m2
m
x+y+z=1, x+2y+4z=λ, x+4y+10z=λ2
Then the augmented matrix [A : B] is:
1 1 1 : 1 
1 m2 m3 1 1 2 4 : λ 
 
1 m m2 m3 1 4 10 : λ 2 
( 2
= 1+ m + m + m
3
) 00 1− m
m3 − 1
m − m2
1− m
m 2 − m3
m − m2
R2→R2–R1, R3→R3–R1
1 1 1 : 1 
0 m −m 2 3
m −1 3
1− m  
 0 1 3 : λ −1 
R2 →R2–R1, R3 → R3 – R2, R4 → R4 – R3  2 
 0 3 9 : λ − 1
1− m m − m2 m 2 − m3 1 1 1 : 
( )
1
2
= 1+ m + m + m
3
m3 − 1 1− m m − m2 =  
 0 1 3 : λ − 1 
m 2 − m3 m3 − 1 1− m 0 0 0 : λ 2 − 3λ + 2 
 
R3 → R3 – 3R2
1− m m − m2 m 2 − m3
( ) m −m
2 3 For unique solution or have a solution,
= 1+ m + m + m 3
1 − m2 m − m3 ρ(A) = ρ(A : B)
m2 − 1 m3 − m 1 − m2 λ 2 − 3λ + 2 = 0
⇒ (λ–2) (λ–1)=0
R2 → R2 + R1
⇒ λ= 2, λ= 1
R3 → R3 + R2
ALGEBRA 231 YCT
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1278. The value of α for which the system of
equations x+y+z=1, x+2y+4z= α, x+4y+10z = λ2 a a2 1 1 a a2
is consistent, are given by: b b 2 1 + abc 1 b b 2 = 0
(a) 1, 2 (b) 1, –2
(c) –1, 3 (d) None of these c c2 1 1 c c2
PGT 2002
1 a a2
Ans : (d) Given that the system of equations is
x+y+z=1, x+2y+4z=α, x+4y+10z = λ2 ⇒ ( abc + 1) 1 b b 2 = 0 ⇒ abc + 1 = 0 ⇒ abc = −1
Then the augmented matrix A* is:
1 c c2
1 1 1 1 
  1280. The Parameter, on which the value of the
1 2 4 α 
 2 1 a a2
1 4 10 λ 
A system of linear equation is said to be consistent, if determinant cos(p − d)x cospx cos(p + d)x
ρ(A*)=ρ(A)=n ⇒ has unique solution. sin(p − d)x sinpx sin(p + d)x
and ρ(A*)=ρ(A)<n ⇒ has infinite solution
For above matrix does not depend upon, is :
(a) a (b) p (c) d (d) x
1 1 1 : 1  PGT 2002
 
1 2 4 : α  Ans : (b)
 2
1 4 10 : λ  1 a a2
R2→R2–R1 and R3→R3–R1 cos(p − d)x cos px cos(p + d)x
1 1 1 : 1 sin(p − d)x sin px sin(p + d)x
 
0 1 3 : α − 1  C1→aC1–C2, C2→aC2–C3
 2 
0 3 9 : λ − 1 0 0 a2
  a cos(p − d)x − cos px a cos px − cos(p + d)x cos(p + d)x
1 1 1 : 1 
  a sin(p − d)x − sin px a sin px − sin(p + d)x sin(p + d)x
0 1 3 : α − 1  = [acos(p-d)x-cospx] [a sinpx -sin(p+d) x]
 
2
0 1 3 : λ − 1  –[asin(p–d)x–sinpx] .[acospx-cos(p+d)x]
 3  Which is independent of p.
λ2 −1 1281. If A and B are 3×3 matrices and |A| ≠0, then
For unique solution, = 0 ⇒ λ = ±1 which of the following is true?
3
For infinite solution, λ=±1 and a = 1 (a) |AB| = 0 ⇒|B|=0 (b) |AB|=0 ⇒ |B|=0
(c) |A+A|=2|A| (d) None of these
a a2 1 + a3 PGT 2002
1279. If b b 2 1 + b 3 = 0 and the vectors A = (1, a, Ans : (a) Given that A and B are 3×3 matrices and
|A|≠0
c c2 1 + c 3
 1 2 4 
a2), B=(1,b,b2), C=(1,c,c2) are non coplanar,
then the product abc= Let A =  2 4 5  ⇒ |A| = 19+6–40 = –15≠0
(a) 1 (b) –1  3 1 6 
(c) 2 (d) 5 If |AB| = 0
PGT 2002 then |B| = 0
Ans : (b) Ùeefo
x y 
a a2 1 + a3 1282. If A =   then Adj (Adj A) is equal to:
z w 
b b 2 1 + b3 = 0
x y   w z
c c2 1 + c3 (a)   (b)  
z w − y x 
and the vectors A=(1,a,a ), B = (1,b,b2), C=(1,c,c2) are
2
 w −z 
1
non coplanar, then (c)   (d) None of these
xw − yz  − y x 
a a2 1 a a2 a3 PGT 2000
b b2 1 + b b2 b3 = 0  x y 
Ans : (a) Ùeefo A =  
c c2 1 c c2 c3  z w 
ALGEBRA 232 YCT
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 w −y 0 1 
adjA =   1286. If A =   , then the matrix A is
 −z x  1 0 
x y  0 1 
adj(adjA) =  =A
Ùeefo A =   lees cewefš^keäme A nw
z w 1 0 
(a) idempotent matrix /Jeie& mece cewefš^keäme
 1 −1 1 1 (b) nilpotent matrix /MetvÙeYeeJeer cewefš^keäme
1283. If A =   and B = 1 1 then the value of AB is:
−1 1    (c) involutory matrix /DebleJe&ueveer cewefš^keäme
(a) Zero (b) 3 (d) singular matrix /DeJÙegl›eâceCeerÙe cewefš^keäme
(c) 1 (d) None of these Rajasthan TGT 2016
PGT 2000 0 1   0 1  1 0 
 1 −1 1 1 Ans : (c) A 2 = A.A =    = 
Ans : (a) A =   Deewj B =   1 0   1 0   0 1 
 −1 1  1 1 A 2 = I Hence I is involutory matrix
leye,
x − 1 2 2 
 1 −1 1 1  1 − 1 1 − 1  0 0 
AB =   = = =0 1287. If Matrix A =  3 x −1 2  , then the

 −1 1  1 1  −1 + 1 −1 + 1 0 0   3 3 x − 1 
1284. Degeneracy in transportation problem occurs, number of real values of x satisfying the
if (Matrix m ×n) / heefjJenve mecemÙee ceW DeheYeü°lee d
equation | A |= 0 , is
GlheVe nesleer nw, Ùeefo (cewefš^keäme m ×n): dx
(a) empty cells<(m+n–1)/efjòeâ keâesef‰keâeSB<(m+n–1) x − 1 2 2 
Ùeef o cew e f š ^ k eäm e  2  leye x kesâ
(b) empty cells=(m+n+1)/efjòeâ keâesef‰keâeSB=(m+n+1) A= 3 x −1
(c) empty cells>(m+n–1)/efjòeâ keâesef‰keâeSB>(m+n–1)  3 3 x − 1 
(d) empty cells>(m+n+1)/efjòeâ keâesef‰keâeSB>(m+n+1) Jeemleef J ekeâ ceeveeW keâer meb K Ùee, pees meceerkeâjCe
Rajasthan TGT 2016 d
| A |= 0 keâes mevleg° keâjs, nesieer :
Ans : (c) Degeneracy in transportation problem occurs, dx
if (matrix m×n) (a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 3
Rajasthan TGT 2016
empty cells > (m + n − 1)
Ans : (c)
1285. If all the elements of a 3×3 matrix P are 1, then x −1 2 2 
P2–3P is Given matrix is A =  3 x − 1 2 
 
Ùeefo 3×3 DeeJÙetn P kesâ meYeer DeJeÙeJe 1 nQ, lees P2–3P nw  3 3 x − 1
(a) a null matrix /MetvÙe DeeJÙetn x −1 2 2
(b) an unit matrix /FkeâeF& DeeJÙetn A = 3 x −1 2
(c) a column matrix /mlecYe DeeJÙetn 3 3 x −1
(d) a diagonal matrix /efJekeâCe& DeeJÙetn
Rajasthan TGT 2016 { }
A = ( x − 1) ( x − 1) − 6 − 2{( 3x − 3) − ( 6 )} + 2{9 − 3x + 3}
2
= ( x − 1) − 6 ( x − 1) − 2 ( 3x − 9 ) + 2 (12 − 3x )
3
1 1 1
Ans : (a) Let P = 1 1 1 d
A = 3(x − 1) 2 − 6 − 6 − 6
1 1 1 dx
= 3(x − 1) 2 − 18
1 1 1 1 1 1 3 3 3
P 2 = 1 1 1 1 1 1 = 3 3 3
d
But A =0
dx
1 1 1 1 1 1 3 3 3 ⇒ 3(x − 1)2 − 18 = 0
3 3 3 1 1 1 ⇒ (x–1)2= 6
∴ P − 3P = 3
2
3 3 − 3 1 1 1 x2–2x+1–6=0
x2–2x–5=0
3 3 3 1 1 1
2 ± 4 + 20
0 0 0 x=
2
P 2 − 3P =  0 0 0 which is a null matrix
2 ± 24
 0 0 0 =
2
ALGEBRA 233 YCT
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2±2 6 3 −4   5 −8
= A 2 .A = A3 ⇒   
2 1 −1  2 −3
= 1± 6  7 −12  1 + 2.3 −4.3 
= =
Hence x has two real values as 1 + 6 and 1 − 6  3 −5   3 1 − 2.3
cos x − sin x 0 3 −4  7 −12 
A 4 = A.A3 =   
1288. Ùeefo f (x) = sin x cos x 0 leye f (x) f (y) yejeyej nw 1 −1  3 −5 
0 0 1  9 −16  1 + 2.4 −4.4 
= =
cos x − sin x 0  4 −7   4 1 − 2.4
If f (x) = sin x cos x 0 then f (x) f (y) is 1 + 2n −4n 
An = 
0 0 1  n 1 − 2n 
equal to  1 −1 1 
(a) f (x + y) (b) f (x − y)
1290. Ùeefo A =  2 −1 0  leye A −1 yejeyej nw
(c) f (x) + f (y) (d) f (x) − F(y)
 1 0 0 
Rajasthan TGT 2015
UPPCS 1995  1 −1 1
Ans. (a) : Given that If A =  2 −1 0  then A −1 is equal
cos x − sin x 0   1 0 0 
f (x) =  sin x cos x 0  (a) A (b) A 2
 0 0 1  1
(c) A3 (d) (A − 2l )
cos y − sin y 0  2
f (y) =  sin y cos y 0  Rajasthan TGT 2015
adj(A)
 0 0 1  Ans. (b) : = A −1
and hence A
cos(x + y) − sin(x + y) 0  1 −1 1
f (x). f (y) =  sin(x + y) cos(x + y) 0  A = 2 −1 0
 0 0 1  1 0 0
= f (x + y) 1 −1 1 1 −1 1 0 0 1
2
 3 −4  n A = 2 −1 0 2 −1 0 = 0 −1 2
1289. Ùeefo A =   , lees A yejeyej nw:
 1 − 1  1 0 0 1 0 0 1 −1 1
3 −4 
If A =  then An is equal to
1 −1 0 0 1 
adj(A) =  0 −1 2 ⇒ A −1 =
1
3 adj(A)
n
(−4)n  1 + 2n −4n  A
(a)   (b)  1 + n 1 − 2n   0 −1 1 
 1 (−1)4   
0 0 1
1 + 3n 1 − 4n  1 + 2n −4n 
(c)   (d)  = 1. 0 −1 2 ⇒ A −1 = A 2
 1+ n 1− n   n 1 − 2n 
0 −1 1
Rajasthan TGT 2015
Ans. (d) : Given that 1291. Ùeefo Oeveelcekeâ x, y, z mebKÙeeSb nQ, lees
3 −4  l log x y log x z
A= 
1 −1 log y x 1 log y z yejeyej nw
23 −4  3 −4 
∴A =    log z x log z y 1
1 −1 1 −1 If x, y, z are positive numbers, then is
9 − 4 −12 + 4 5 −8
= = l log x y log x z
3 − 1 −4 + 1 2 −3
log y x 1 log y z equal to
1 + .2.2 −4.2 
A2 =   log z x log z y 1
 1 + 1 1 − 2.2 
ALGEBRA 234 YCT
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(a) 0 (b) 3 1 2 3 :1 
(d) log e (x + y + z)
=  0 −3 −3 : 0 

(c) log e xyz
Rajasthan TGT 2015
UPPCS (PRE) 2003  0 0 −1: −1
Ans. (a) : ∵ P(A* ) = P(A) = 3.
l log x y log x z Hence the given system of equations has
log y x 1 log y z unique solution.
log z x log z y 1 1293. If A is square matrix of order n, then
adj ( adjA ) = / Ùeefo A, n ›eâce keâer Jeie& cewefš^keäme nes,
log x x log x y log x z
= log y x log y y log y z lees adj ( adjA ) =
( n −1) ( n −1)2
log z x log z y log z z (a) A (b) A
loge x log e y log e z ( n +1) ( n +1)2
(c) A (d) A
loge x loge x loge x
Rajasthan TGT 2013
loge x log e y log e z
= Ans : (b) If A is a square matrix of order n
log e y log e y log e y ( n −1)2
then adj ( adjA ) = A (Peroperties)
loge x log e y log e z
log e z log e z log e z 1294. If the matrices A= aij  ,B= bij  ,C= cij 
2×3 p×q 2×3
taking 1 , 1 , 1 common to R1 , R 2 and AB = C then (p, q) =
log e x log e y log e z
&R 3 respectively, we get Ùeefo cewefš^keäme A = aij  ,B = bij  ,C = cij 
2×3 p×q 2×3
log e x log e y loge z leLee AB = C lees (p, q) =

1
= log e x log e y loge z (a) (2, 3) (b) (3, 2)
log e x.log e y.log e z
log e x log e y loge z (c) (2, 2) (d) (3, 3)
=0 (∴ all the rows are same) Rajasthan TGT 2013
1292. meceerkeâjCe efvekeâeÙe x + 2y + 3z = 1; Ans : (d) If A = a ij  , B =  bij  , C = cij 
2×3 p×q 2× 3
2x + y + 3z = 2 Deewj 5x + 5y + 9z = 4 keâe
and AB = C then by the definition of multiplication of
The system of equations x + 2y + 3z = 1; matrices.
2x + y + 3z = 2 and 5x + 5y + 9z = 4 have p = 3 & q = 3, ie., (p, q) = (3, 3)
(a) keâesF& nue veneR nw/No solution
(b) DeefÉleerÙe nue nw/Unique solution 1295. If [.] denotes the greatest integer and – 1 ≤ x <
(c) Debvele nue nQ/Infinite solutions 0, 0 ≤ y < 1, 1 ≤ z < 2, then
(d) FveceW mes keâesF& veneR/None of these [ x] + 1 [ y ] [z]
Rajasthan TGT 2015 [ ] [ ]
x y + 1 [z] =
Ans. (b) : The given system of equations are : [ x] [y ] [z ] + 1
x + 2y + 3z = 1
2x + y + 3z = 2 Ùeefo DeefOekeâlece hetCeeËkeâ keâes oMee&lee nw leLee – 1 ≤ x <
5x + 5y + 9z = 4 0, 0 ≤ y < 1, 1 ≤ z < 2, lees
The augmented matrix is [ x] + 1 [ y ] [z ]
1 2 3 :1  [ ] [ ]
x y + 1 [z ] =
A = (A : B) =  2 1 3 : 2 
*
[ x] [y] [z] + 1
 5 5 9 : 4 
(a) [ x ] (b) [ y ]
R 2 → R 2 − 2R1 & R 3 → R 3 − 5R1
(c) [ z ] (d) [ z ] + 1
1 2 3 :1 
=  0 −3 −3 : 0 
 Rajasthan TGT 2013
 0 −5 −6 : −1 [ x ] = −1 0 0 1
Ans : (c) [ y ] = 0 , −1 1 1 = 1(0 + 1) = 1 = [ z ]
5
R3 → R3 −   R 2 [z] = 1 −1 0 2
3
ALGEBRA 235 YCT
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−1 rJeW heo neW, lees
 1 -tan θ   1 tan θ 
2  2
1296. If  = b 2 c 2 + c 2a 2 + a 2b 2 pbc + qca + rab bc + ca + ab
tan θ 1   -tan θ 1 
 2  2  pbc + qca + rab p2 + q2 + r 2 p+q+r
 a -b  bc + ca + ab p+q+r 3
b a  , then-/ Ùeefo yejeyej nw–
 
−1 (a) (abc)2 (b) (abc)
 1 -tan θ   1 tan θ  a -b (c) 1 (d) 0
 2  2
tan θ   
=  , lees Rajasthan TGT 2013
1 -tan θ 1 b a 
 2  2  Ans : (d)
(a) a = 1, b = 1 (b) a = 1, b = –1 2 2 2 2 2 2
(c) a = cos θ, b = sin θ (d) a = sin θ, b = cos θ b c + c a + a b pbc + qca + rab bc + ca + ab
Rajasthan TGT 2013 pbc + qca + rab p2 + q2 + r 2 p+q+r
Ans : (c)
−1
bc + ca + ab p+q+r 3
 θ  θ
 1 − tan   1 tan 
2 2 a −b  1 1 1 p q r 1 1 1
   =  2
+ 2 + 2 + + + +
a b c a b c
 tan θ 1   − tan
θ
1  b a  a b c
 2   2  2 2 2 p q r
a b c + + p2 + q 2 + r 2 p+q+r
 θ a b c
 1 tan 
Let A = 2 1 1 1
  + + p+q+r 3
 − tan θ / 2 1 
a b c
−1 1 θ Trick : According to question

then, A = adj(A) A = 1 + tan 2 Let P =1, q = 2, r = 3 and
A 2
1 1 1
θ a = , b = , c = , which is in H.P.
1 − tan 2 3 4
−1 1 2 put the value of a, b, c, p, q and r
Now, A =
θ θ 4 + 9 +16 2 + 6 + 12 2 + 3 + 4
1 + tan 2 tan 1
2 2 1 1 1
= . . 2 + 6 + 12 1+ 4 + 9 1+ 2 + 3
 θ  θ 4 9 16
 1 − tan   1 − tan  2 + 3 + 4 1+ 2 + 3 3
1 2 2
∴    29 20 9
θ θ θ
1 + tan 2  tan 1   tan 1  1
2  2   2  = 20 14 6
576
 a −b  9 6 3
= 
b a  1
multiplying we get
=
576
[ 29(42 − 36) − 20(60 − 54) + 9(120 − 126)]
 θ  1 1
2 θ  = [174 − 120 − 54] = 576 × 0 = 0
1 − tan 2  −2 tan 2    a −b  576
1
   =
θ b a    x -x  
1 + tan 2  2 tan θ 1 − tan 2 θ    1298. The set of matrices S =    , 0 ≠ x∈R 
2  2 2
   -x x  
comparing we get forms a group under multiplication operations
θ θ with identity element-
1 − tan 2 2 tan
  x -x  
a= 2 b= 2
DeeJÙetn mecegÛÛeÙe S =    , 0 ≠ x∈ R  DeeJÙetn
2 θ 2 θ
1 + tan 1 + tan   -x x  
2 2 iegCeve kesâ efueS mecetn yeveelee nw efpemekeâe lelmecekeâ
⇒ a = cos θ and b = sin θ
DeJeÙeJe nw–
1297. The pth, qth, rth terms of HP are a, b, c 0 1   1 −1
respectively then (a) 1 0  (b)  −1 1 
   
b 2c2 + c2a 2 + a 2b 2 pbc + qca + rab bc + ca + ab
 1 −1 
pbc + qca + rab p2 + q2 + r 2 p+q+r  −1 1  2 2
(c)  1 −1 (d) 
bc + ca + ab p+q+r 3   − 1 1 
 2 2 
equals to-/ a, b, c njelcekeâ ßesCeer kesâ ›eâceMe: pJeW, qJeW, Rajasthan TGT 2013
ALGEBRA 236 YCT
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  x − x   −2 7   4 −7 
Ans : (d) s =   (c)  1 −4  (d)  −1 2 
    
  − x x 
Rajasthan TGT 2011
 x −x 
Let A =   Ans : (a) Given matrix is
− x x  4 7 
 e −e  A=  ⇒ A = 8−7 =1
and E =   1 2 
 −e e   2 −7   2 −7 
then AE = A  −1 4   −1 4 
A −1 = i =  =  
ad A
 x − x   e −e   x − x 
 − x x   −e e  =  − x x  A A 1
    
 2 −7 
 ex + ex −ex − ex   x − x  A −1 =  
 −ex − ex ex + ex  =  − x x   −1 4 
   
1301. If a ≠ b ≠ c and determinant
 2ex −2ex   x − x 
 −2ex 2ex  =  − x x  a a3 1 + a3
   
2ex = x b b3 1 + b3 = 0 then/Ùeefo a ≠ b ≠ c Deewj meejefCekeâ
e = 1/2
c c3 1 + c3
 1/ 2 −1/ 2 
Identity =  
 −1/ 2 1/ 2  a a3 1 + a3
a 0  1 0  b b 3 1 + b 3 = 0 lees–
1299. If A =   and B =   are two matrices,
1 1  5 1  c c 3 1 + c3
then value of a for which A2=B is/ Ùeefo
(a) a + b + c = 0 (b) a + b = c
a 0  1 0 
A=  Deewj B =   oes cewefš^mespe nes, lees a (c) a + b = c (d) b + c = a
1 1  5 1  Rajasthan TGT 2011
keâe ceeve efpemekesâ efueS A2=B nw, nesiee– Ans : (a) Given that a ≠ b ≠ c and
(a) 1 (b) –1
(c) 4 a a3 1 + a3
(d) Does not exist/efJeÅeceeve veneR nw b b3 1 + b3
Rajasthan TGT 2011
c c3 1 + c3
Ans : (d) Given that
a 0 1 0  a a3 1 + a3 a a3 1 a a3 a3
A=  &B =  
1 1  5 1  let D = b b3 1 + b3 = b b3 1 + b b3 b3
 a 0  a 0
A 2 = A.A =    c c3 1 + c3 c c3 1 c c3 c3
 1 1  1 1 
By the porperties of determinant
a 2 + 0 0 + 0  a 2 0
= =  3
a a 1
 a + 1 0 + 1  a + 1 1 
But A2 = B = b b3 1 + 0
 a 2 0  1 0  c c3 1
⇒  = 
 a + 1 1  5 1  (two columns of 2nd det. Are same)
⇒ a 2 = 1 ⇒ a = ±1 1 a a3
a +1 = 5 ⇒ a = 4 =1 b b 3 c1 ↔ c 3 then c 3 ↔ c 2
4 7  1 c c3
1300. The inverse of the matrix   is
1 2  R 2 → R 2 − R1 & R 3 → R 3 − R1
4 7  1 a a3
cewefš^keäme   keâe Øeefleueesce nw–
1 2  = 0 b − a b3 − a 3
 2 −7   2 −1
(a)  −1 4  (b)  −7 4  0 c−a c3 − a 3
   
ALGEBRA 237 YCT

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Expanding along 1st colum, we get C1 = C 2 D = 3× 0 D=0
b−a 3
b −a 3
Note : efkeâmeer Yeer meeefjCekeâ kesâ oes mlecYe Ùee oes heefòeâÙeeB meceeve nesleer
=
c−a 3
c −a 3 nw lees Gme meeefjCekeâ keâe ceeve MetvÙe neslee nw~
But given that D = 0 b+c a a
⇒ (b − a)(c3 − a 3 ) − (c − a)(b3 − a 3 ) = 0 1304. The value of b c+a b is–
⇒ (b − a)(c3 − a 3 ) − (c − a)(b3 − a 3 ) = 0 c c a+b
⇒ (b − a)(c − a)(c2 + ac + a 2 ) b+c a a
b c+a b keâe ceeve nw
= (c − a)(b − a)(b 2 + ab + a 2 )
c c a+b
⇒ c2 + ac + a 2 = b 2 + ab + a 2 (a) abc (b) (a+b)(b+c)(c+a)
⇒ b 2 − c2 + ab − ac = 0 (c) 4 abc (d) (a+b+c)
⇒ (b − c)(b + c + a) = 0 KVS TGT DEC 2017
⇒ b = c or a + b + c = 0 b+c a a
1302. The system of equations x + y + z = 0, Ans. (c) : b c+a b
y + 2z = 0 and αx + z = 0 has more than one c c a+b
solutions, then the value of α is/ Ùeefo meceerkeâjCe a =1, b =2, c = 3 (ceevee)
efvekeâeÙe x + y + z = 0, y + 2z = 0 Deewj αx + z = 0 5 1 1
kesâ heeme Skeâ mes pÙeeoe nue nes, lees keâe ceeve nw–
2 4 2
(a) 1 (b) 0
(c) -1 (d) 1/2 3 3 3
Rajasthan TGT 2011 C 2 ⇒ C 2 − C3
Ans : (c) Given system of equation is
5 0 1
x + y + z = 0, y + 2z = 0, αx + z = 0
Has more then one solution ie., infinite solution = 2 2 2 = 5 ( 6 − 0 ) − 0 ( 6 − 6 ) + 1( 0 − 6 )
then 3 0 3
1 1 1 = 30 – 6
= 24
0 1 2 =0
Then option 4abc
α 0 1 4 × 1 × 2 × 3 = 24
1(1 − 0) − 1(−2α) + 1(−α) = 0 11 12 13
1 + 2α − α = 0 1305. 12 13 14 keâe ceeve nesiee–
α +1 = 0
α = −1 13 14 15
(a) 1 (b) 0 (c) –1 (d) 67
5 15 −25 TGT 2011
1303. If ∆ = 7 21 30 then 11 12 13
8 24 42 R 2 → R 2 − R1
Ans : (b) 12 13 14
R3 → R3 − R 2
5 15 −25 13 14 15
Ùeefo ∆ = 7 21 30 nw, lees 11 12 13
8 24 42 = 1 1 1 = 0 {∵ R2 & R3 meceeve nw~}
(a) ∆ = 0 (b) ∆ = 1 1 1 1
(c) ∆ = −1 (d) ∆ = 5
KVS TGT DEC 2017
1306. DeeJÙetn meceerkeâjCe AB = AC mes nce efve<keâ<e& efvekeâeue
mekeâles nQ efkeâ B = C Ùeefo
5 15 −25 (a) |A| =0 (b) |A| ≠ 0
Ans. (a) : D = 7 21 30 (c) A meceefcele nw (d) A Jeie& DeeJÙetn nw
8 24 42 TGT 2011
C2 for 3 is common Ans : (b) DeeJÙetn meceerkeâjCe
AB = AC
5 5 −25
oesveeW he#eeW ceW A −1 keâe iegCee keâjves hej
D = 3 7 7 30
A −1 ( AB ) = ( AC ) A −1
8 8 42
ALGEBRA 238 YCT

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( A A ) B = ( CA ) A
−1 −1 ∵ − 1 ≤ sin θ ≤ 1
⇒ 0 ≤ sin 2 θ ≤ 1
( A A ) B = C ( AA )
−1 −1
⇒ 1 ≤ 1 + sin 2 θ ≤ 2
IB = IC {∵ AA −1
= A −1A = I } (
⇒ 2 ≤ 2 1 + sin 2 θ ≤ 4 )
B=C Dele: ∆ Devlejeue [2, 4] kesâ yeerÛe efmLele nesiee~
DeLee&led DeeJÙetn meceerkeâjCe AB= AC mes B=C leYeer Øeehle nes mekeâlee xp + y x y
nw, peye DeeJÙetn A keâe JÙegl›eâce DeeJÙetn ( A −1 ) DeefmlelJe ceW neW~ 1309. meejefCekeâ yp + z y z = 0 Ùeefo
−1
DeLee&le A DeefmlelJe ceW leYeer neslee nw peye A ≠ 0 nes~ 0 xp + y yp + z
(a) x,y,z me.ßes. ceW nQ
1 1 3
(b) x,y,z ieg.ßes. ceW nQ
1307. Ùeefo DeeJÙetn A =  5 2 6  leye A2 nw– (c) x,y,z n.ßes. ceW nQ
-2 -1 -3 (d) xy,yz,zx me.ßes. ceW nQ
(a) efveueheesšsvš DeeJÙetn (b) DeeF&[scheesšsvš DeeJÙetn TGT 2011
(c) DeefoMe DeeJÙetn (d) FveceW mes keâesF& veneR xp + y x y
TGT 2011 Ans : (b)meejefCekeâ yp + z y z =0
1 1 3 0 xp + y yp + z
Ans : (d) A =  5 2 6  C1→ C1 –(PC2+ C3)
 −2 −1 −3
xp + y − xp − y x y
 1 1 3  1 1 3  yp + z − yp − z y z =0
∴ A 2 =  5 2 6   5 2 6 
 −2 −1 −3  −2 −1 −3
(
0 − xp + 2yp + z2
) xp + y yp + z
 1+ 5 − 6 1+ 2 − 3 3+6−9  0 x y
= 5 + 10 − 12 5 + 4 − 6 15 + 12 − 18
 ⇒ 0 y z =0
 −2 − 5 + 6 −2 − 2 + 3 −6 − 6 + 9  ( 2
− xp + 2yp + z ) xp + y yp + z
0 0 0 ⇒ C1 kesâ meehes#e Øemeej keâjves hej
=  3 3 9  ⇒ 0–0–(xp2+2yp+z) (xz–y2) = 0
 −1 −1 −3 ⇒ –(xp2+2yp+z)(xz–y2) = 0
≠ A or ≠ I or ≠ 0 ⇒ (xz–y2)(xp2+2yp+z)= 0
1 sinθ 1 ⇒ xz–y2=0 ⇒ y2 = xz
1308. Ùeefo ∆ = -sinθ 1 sinθ nes leye ∆ efkeâme ⇒ y = xz
-1 -sinθ 1 ⇒ x, y, z iegCeesòej ßesCeer ceW nesieW~
Devlejeue ceW nesiee? 1 2 3 4 
(a) [3, 4] (b) [2, 4]  2 −1 −4 3 
(c) [1, 4] (d) FveceW mes keâesF& veneR 1310. The rank of the matrix   is:
 3 1 −1 7 
TGT 2011  
Ans : (b)  4 3 2 11
1 sinθ 1 1 2 3 4 
 2 −1 −4 3 
∆ = −sinθ 1 sinθ DeeJÙetn   keâer keâesefš nw:
 3 1 −1 7 
−1 −sinθ 1  
C1→ C1 + C3  4 3 2 11
(a) 4 (b) 3 (c) 2 (d) 1
2 sinθ 1 UP PCS (Pre) 1998
=0 1 sinθ Ans. (c) :
- - -
0 −sinθ 1 1 2 3 4  R → R 2R
2 2 1
 2 −1 −4 3 
( 2
)
= 2 1 + sin θ − 0 + 0 
 3 1 −1 7 
 R 3 → R 3 3R 1
(
∆ = 2 1 + sin θ 2
) 
 4 3 2 11
 R 4 → R 4 4R 1
ALGEBRA 239 YCT

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1 2 3 4 2 1 1 1 
- -
(c)   (d)  
0 −5 −10 −5 R → R R 2 0 1 0 
=  2 3 2
0 −5 −10 −5 R 3 → R 4 R 3 UP PCS (Pre) 1998
  1 2 
0 −5 −10 −5 Ans. (a) : A =   , A + 4A – 5I = ?
2
1 2 3 4  4 −3
0 0 0 0  1 2   1 2 
= A.A = A 2 =   
0 0 0 0  4 −3  4 −3
   1× 1 + 2 × 4 1× 2 + 2 × (−3)   9 −4 
0 −5 −10 −5 A2 =  = 
 1
R 4 ceW  −  iegCee keâjves hej  4 ×1 + 4 × ( −3) 4 × 2 + ( −3) × (−3)   −8 17 
 5 1 2   4 8 
4A = 4   ⇒ 16 −12
1 2 3 4   4 − 3   
0 0 0 0
 9 −4   4 8   5 0  8 4 
=  A2 + 4A − 5I = 
0 0 0 0  + −  = 
  −8 17  16 −12 0 5 8 0 
0 1 2 1  1313. If –1, 0 and 1 are the elements of two matrices
Then the matrix Rank ( ρ ) ≤ 2 A and B of order 1×3 and of order 3×1
respectively, then AB equals:
1311. If w is a complex root of unity then the
Ùeef o ›eâceMe: 1×3 SJeb 3×1 keâesefš kesâ oes DeeJÙetneW A
 1 1 + i + w2 w2  Deewj B kesâ DeJeÙeJe –1, 0 SJeb 1 nw lees AB leguÙe nw:
 
determinant 1 − i −1 w2 − 1 is equal to: (a) [ 0 ] (b) [ 1 ]
  (c) [ 2 ] (d) [ 3 ]
−i −i + w − 1 −1 
  UP PCS (Pre) 1998
Ùeefo w FkeâeF& keâe Skeâ meefcceße cetue nw lees meejefCekeâ
 −1
 1 1 + i + w2 w2  Ans. (c) : A = [ −1 0 1]1×3 , B =  0 
 
1 − i −1 w 2 − 1 keâe ceeve nw:  1  3×1
 
−i −i + w − 1 −1  AB = [ −1× −1 + 0 × 0 + 1× 1] = [1 + 1] = [ 2]
 
(a) w (b) i (c) –1 (d) 0 1314. For square matrices A and B of the same order
UP PCS (Pre) 1998 the property which does not hold is:
Ans. (d) : w is the roots of unity Skeâ ner keâesefš kesâ Jeiee&keâej DeeJÙetneW A Deewj B kesâ efueÙes
 1 1+ i + w2 w2  pees iegCe melÙe veneR nw, Jen nw:
  (a) (A–1)–1 = A
1 − i −1 w 2 − 1 R1 ⇒ R1 + R 2 + R 3
  (b) (λA)–1 = λA–1, λ is a scalar/(λA)–1 = λA–1, λ
 − i −i + w − 1 − 1  keâesF& DeefoMe nw
B–1 A–1 = AB–1
(
 2 (1 − i ) w 2 + w − 1 2 w 2 − 1 

) 
(c)
 1− i −1 w 2 − 1  R1 ⇒ R1 − 2R 2
( )
(d) det A −1 =
1
det A
 
 −i −i + w − 1 −1  UP PCS (Pre) 1998
  Ans. (c) : B–1A–1 = AB–1 is wrong the correct statement
 0 0 0  is (AB)–1 = B–1A–1
  1 a 
1 − i −1 w 2 − 1 = 0 1315. If A =   , then An equals:
 −i −i + w − 1 −1  0 1 

1 a 
1 2  Ùeefo A =   , leye A yejeyej nw:
n
1312. If A =   , then A + 4A – 5I equals:/Ùeefo

2
 0 1 
 4 −3 
 1 na  1 a n 
1 2  (a)   (b)  
A=  lees A + 4A – 5I yejeyej nw:
2
0 n  0 1 
 4 − 3 
1 na  1 a n 
8 4  0 −4  (c)   (d)  
(a)   (b)  
8 0  8 8  0 1  0 n 
UP PCS (Pre) 1998 & 2001
ALGEBRA 240 YCT
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1 a  Ans. (b) :
Ans. (c) : if A =  n
 then A = ?
 0 1  ( a − x )2 ( b − x )2 ( c − x )2
given that A = 
1 a  ( a − y )2 (b − y)2 ( c − y )2

0 1  ( a − z )2 ( b − z )2 ( c − z )2
1 a  1 a  1 + 0 a + a  1 2a 
A2 =    =  =  ( a − x )2 ( b − x )2 ( c − x )2
0 1  0 1   0 + 0 0 + 1   0 1  ( x − y ) ( 2a − ( x + y ) ) ( x − y ) (2b − ( x + y )) ( x − y ) ( 2c − ( x + y ) )
1 2a  1 a  1 + 0 a + 2a  1 3a  ( y − z )( 2a − (z + y )) ( y − z ) ( 2b − ( z + y ) ) ( y − z ) ( 2c − ( z + y ) )
A3 =   = =  .....
 0 1  0 1  0 + 0 0 + 1  0 1  R 2 → R 2 − R1
R3 → R 3 − R 2
1 na 
A =n
 (a − x) 2
(b − x) 2
( c − x )2
0 1  ( x − y )( y − z ) ( 2a − ( x + y ) ) (2b − ( x + y )) ( 2c − ( x + y ) )
1 −1 ( 2a − (z + y )) ( 2b − ( z + y ) ) ( 2c − ( z + y ) )
1316. If A = then A3 is : ( a − b )( a + b − 2x ) ( b − c )( b + c − 2x ) ( c − x )2
−1 1
( x − y )( y − z ) 2(a − b) 2 ( b − c) ( 2c − ( x + y ) )
(a) A (b) 2A (c) 3A (d) 4A
UP PCS (Pre) 1994
2(a − b) 2 ( b − c) ( 2c − ( z + y ) )
Ans. (d) : ( a + b − 2x ) ( b + c − 2x ) ( c − x )2
1 −1 ( a − b )( x − y )( y − z )( b − c ) 2 2 ( 2c − ( x + y ) )
A=
−1 1
2 2 ( 2c − ( z + y ) )
( a − c ) ( b + c − 2x ) ( c − x )2
 1 −1  1 −1
2
A =   ( a − b )( x − y )( y − z )( b − c ) 0 2 ( 2c − ( x + y ) )
 −1 1   −1 1  0 2 ( 2c − ( z + y ) )
 1 + 1 −1 − 1  2 −2  after solving
A2 =   =  = 2 ( a − b )( b − c )( c − a )( x − y )( y − z )( z − x )
 −1 − 1 1 + 1   −2 2 
1318. The value of the determinant of the matrix
 2 −2   1 −1
A 2 .A = A3 =     cos θ 0 sin θ   cos θ 0 sin θ 
 −2 2   −1 1   0 1 0  is:/DeeJÙetn  0 1 0  kesâ
 
2 + 2 −2 − 2 4 −4  − sin θ 0 cos θ   − sin θ 0 cos θ
A3 =
−2 − 2 2 + 2 −4 4 meejefCekeâ keâe ceeve nw:
1 −1 (a) cos2 θ – sin2 θ (b) sin 2θ
3
A =4 (c) 1 (d) cos 2θ + sin 2θ
−1 1 UP PCS (Pre) 1998 & 2000
A3 = 4A  cos θ 0 sin θ 
Ans. (c) :  0 1 0 
( a − x )2 ( b − x )2 ( c − x )2
 − sin θ 0 cos θ 
1317. If ( a − y )2 (b − y)2 ( c − y )2 find the value of determinent.
( a − z )2 ( b − z )2 ( c − z )2 ∴ cos θ ( cos θ − 0 ) − 0 ( 0 + 0 ) + sin θ ( 0 + sin θ )
= 2 ( b − c )( c − a )( a − b ) λ ( x, y, z )
cos 2 θ + sin 2 θ = 1
then λ (x, y, z) equals:/ Ùeefo
1 1 −1 1
(a − x ) (b − x ) (c − x )
2 2 2
1319. Let the matrices be A = and B =
3 3 1 −1
( a − y ) (b − y)2 ( c − y )
2 2
which one of the following is true?

(a − z ) (b − z ) (c − z )
2 2 2
1 1 −1 1
= 2 ( b − c )( c − a )( a − b ) λ ( x, y,z )
ceevee efkeâ DeeJÙetn A = leLee B =
3 3 1 −1
leye λ (x, y, z) leguÙe nw: efvecve ceW mes keâewve mee melÙe nw?
(a) 2 (y – z) (z – x) (x – y) (a) A–1 exists/ A–1 efJeÅeceeve nw
(b) (y – z) (z – x) (x – y) (b) B–1 exists/ B–1 efJeÅeceeve nw
(c) (x + y + z) (yz + zx + xy) (c) AB = BA
(d) none of these/Fvecebs mes keâesF& veneR (d) none of these/FveceW mes keâesF& veneR
ALGEBRA 241 YCT
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Ans. (d) : 1 1 −1 1 0 0 0
A= B=
3 3 1 −1 1323. The matrix 1 0 0 is -
A =0 B =0 −2 0 0
−1 −1
ve lees A ve ner B Deewj ve ner AB = BA efJeÅeceeve nQ~ 0 0 0
1320. The equations x + y + z = 3, x + 2y + 3z = 4 DeeJÙetn 1 0 0 nw–
2x + 3y + 4z = 7 have the solution– −2 0 0
meceerkeâjCeeW x + y + z = 3, x + 2y + 3z = 4 (a) Lower triangular matrix/efvecve ef$eYegpeerÙe DeeJÙetn
2x + 3y + 4z = 7 kesâ nue nQ– (b) Upper triangular matrix/Gheefj ef$eYegpeerÙe DeeJÙetn
(a) x = 2, y = 1, z = 1 (c) Diagonal matrix/efJekeâCe& DeeJÙetn
(b) x = 1, y = 2, z = 1 (d) Column matrix/mlecYe DeeJÙetn
(c) x = 3, y = –1, z = 1 UP PCS (Pre) 1994
(d) x = 1, y = 0, z = 3
UP PCS (Pre) 1994 Ans. (a) :
Ans. (c) : x + y + z = 3 0 0 0
x + 2y + 3z = 4 1 0 0
2x + 3y + 4z = 7 −2 0 0
We check by option then Skeâ efvecve ef$eYegpeerÙe DeeJÙetn nQ~
x = 3, y = –1, z = 1 veesš- efvecve ef$eYegpeerÙe DeeJÙetn Jen DeeJÙetn nw efpemekesâ cegKÙe
veesš- Úe$e Fme Øekeâej kesâ ØeMveeW keâes nue keâjves kesâ efueS efJekeâuhe keâe efJekeâCe& kesâ Thej kesâ meYeer DeJeÙeJe MetvÙe nesles nw leLee efJekeâCe& kesâ veerÛes
ØeÙeesie keâjkesâ meceer. keâes mevleg° keâjeÙeW~ kegâÚ Ùee meYeer DeJeÙeJe DeMetvÙe nesles nQ~
1321. If A and B are square matrics of same order, 1324. The system of equations 4x + 6y = 5 ,
then which one of the following is true–
Ùeefo A Deewj B Skeâ ›eâce kesâ Jeie& DeeJÙetn nQ, lees efvecve ceW 6x + 9y = 7 has–
mes keâewve mee mener nw– meceerkeâjCe efvekeâeÙe 4x + 6y = 5 , 6x + 9y = 7 keâe–
(a) (AB) ′ = A ′B′ −1
(b) (AB) = A B −1 −1 (a) a unique solution/Skeâ DeefÉleerÙe nue nw
(b) no solution/keâesF& nue veneR nw
(c) (A −1 ) ′ = (A ′) −1 (d) B ′AB = BA ′ B (c) infinitely many solutions/Deveefievele nue nw
UP PCS (Pre) 1994 (d) none of these/FveceW mes keâesF& veneR
Ans. (c) : the true statement UP PCS (Pre) 1994
(A −1 ) ′ = (A ′) −1 4x + 6y = 5.................(i)
Ans. (b) :
2 3 1 1 2 −1 6x + 9y = 7................(ii)
1322. If A = ,and B =   then 2A–3B-
0 −1 5 0 −1 3  Dele:
1 2 −1 a1 b1 c1
lees 2A–3B nw • a = b = c meceerkeâjCe kesâ Devevle nue neWies~
2 3 1
Ùeefo A = leLee B =
0 −1 5 0 −1 3 2 2 2
a b
(a)
1 1 0
(b)
1 1 2 • 1 ≠ 1 meceerkeâjCe keâe DeefÉleerÙe nue nw~
0 −2 3 0 0 2 a 2 b 2
a b c
0 5 1 1 0 5 • 1 = 1 ≠ 1 meceerkeâjCe keâe keâesF& nue veneR nw~
(c) (d) a 2 b2 c2
1 1 0 0 1 1
4 6 5
UP PCS (Pre) 1994 = ≠
Ans. (d) : 6 9 7
2 2 5
2 3 1 4 6 2  = ≠ DeLee&le meceerkeâjCe keâe keâesF& nue veneR nw~
A= , 2A =   3 3 7
0 −1 5  0 −2 10 1325. if A and B are two non-singular matrices of the
1 2 −1  3 6 −3 same order then–/ Ùeefo A leLee B Skeâ ›eâce kesâ oes
B= , 3B =  
0 −1 3  0 −3 9  JÙeg l›eâceCeerÙe DeeJÙetn nw lees–
4 6 2 3 6 −3 (a) AB is singular/ AB DeJÙegl›eâceCeerÙe nw
2A − 3B = − (b) AB is non-singular/ AB JÙegl›eâceCeerÙe nw
0 −2 10 0 −3 9
(c) AB = BA (d) (AB)–1 =A–1 B–1
1 0 5
2A − 3B = UP PCS (Pre) 1995
0 1 1 Ans. (b) : A B JÙegl›eâceCeerÙe nesiee~
ALGEBRA 242 YCT

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1326. The velue of the determinant i 0 i i
(a) (b)
1 1 1 1 1 1 0 i 0 −i
a b c is–/meejefCekeâ a b c keâe ceeve nw −i 0 i i
2 2 2 2 2 2 (c) (d)
a b c a b c 0 i −i − i
(a) abc (b) (a – b)(b – c)(c – a) UP PCS (Pre) 1995
(c) a2b2c2 (d) (a – b)(b – c)(a – c) i 0
UP PCS (Pre) 1995 Ans. (c) : keâe JÙegl›eâce
0 −i
1 1 1
AA −1 = I we check the option
Ans. (b) : = a b c
i 0 i 0 i2 + 0 0 + 0 −1 0
a 2
b 2
c 2 (a) = = ≠I
0 −i 0 i 0 + 0 0 − i2 0 1
C1 → C1 − C2 , C2 → C2 − C3
i i i 0 i2 + 0 0 − i2 −1 1
0 0 1 (b) = = ≠I
0 −i 0 −i 0+0 0−i 2 0 1
= a−b b−c c
2 2 −i 0 i 0 −i 2 + 0 0 + 0 1 0
a2 − b b2 − c c2 (c) = = =I
0 i 0 −i 2 0 1
(
= (a − b)(b2 − c 2 ) − (b − c)(a 2 − b 2 ) ) 1 2 3
0+0 0−i
= (a − b)(b − c)(b + c) − (b − c) ( a − b )( a + b ) 1
1329. If A = 3 2 6 then A is–
= (a − b)(b − c)  b + c − ( a + b )  4 4 9
2
= (a − b)(b − c) [ b + c − a − b ] 1 2 3
1
= (a − b)(b − c) ( c − a ) Ùeefo A = 3 2 6 lees A nw–
2
cos α sin α 4 4 9
1327. If A (a) = then A( α ).A(β ) is
− sin α cos α 1 3
equal to– 2 1 2  1 3
  1
cos α sin α (a)  3 1 3  (b) 2 2
Ùeefo (a) = lees A( α).A(β ) 2  3 2 6
− sin α cos α  
yejeyej nw– 2 2 9  4 4 9
(a) A(α − β) (b) A(α + β)  2 
(c) A(α + 2β) (d) A(2α + β) 1 1 3 1 2 3

UP PCS (Pre) 1995, 2006 (c) 3 1 6 (d) 3 2 6
Rajsthan TGT 2015 9
4 2 9 2 2
cos α sin α 2
Ans. ( b ) : A(α ) =
− sin α cos α UP PCS (Pre) 1995
 cos β sin β  1 2 3
A(β) =   1
 − sin β cos β  Ans. (a) : A = 3 2 6 lees A = ?
 cos α cos β − sin α.sin β cos α sin β + sin α cos β 
2
A(α)A (β ) =  
4 4 9
− sin α cos β − sin β cos α − sin α sin β + cos α cos β
1 3
cos(α + β) sin(α + β) 2 1
1 2 3 2
A 1  
− sin(α + β) − cos(α + β) A 3
3 2 6 ⇒ = 1 3
2 2 2 
 cos(α + β) sin(α + β)  4 4 9 2
 
A(α + β) =   = A(α).A(β) 2 9
 − sin(α + β) cos(α + β)  
2
2 
i 0 0 1 1 0
1328. The inverse of matrix – 1330. If A = and B = then AB is–
0 −i 0 0 0 0
i 0 0 1 1 0
DeeJÙetn keâe JÙegl›eâce nw– Ùeefo A = leLee B = lees AB nw–
0 −i 0 0 0 0
ALGEBRA 243 YCT

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(a) Unit matrix/FkeâeF& DeeJÙetn 1 1 1 1
1 1
(b) Ans. (d) : A = 1 1 1 1
0 0 1 1 1 1
0 0 1 1 1 1
(c)
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
(d) Null matrix/MetvÙe DeeJÙetn A 2 = A.A =  .
UP PCS (Pre) 1995 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
   
0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Ans. (d) : A = B= lees AB nw–
0 0 0 0 4 4 4 4 1 1 1 1
4 4 4 4 1 1 1 1
0+0 0+0 0 0
AB = = A2 = ⇒ A2 = 4 
0+0 0+0 0 0 4 4 4 4 1 1 1 1
 
4 4 4 4 1 1 1 1
AB = 0 MetvÙe DeeJÙetn
2
1331. The value of the determinants is : A = 4A
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 8 0 0 
1 3 6 10 1 3 6 10  
/meejefCekeâ keâe ceeve nw: 1333. The Matrix 0 -5 0  is a
1 4 10 20 1 4 10 20 0 0 17 
1 5 15 35 1 5 15 35 8 0 0 
(a) 0 (b) 1 DeeJÙetn 0 -5 0  Skeâ
(c) 24 (d) FveceW mes keâesF& veneR 0 0 17 
UP PCS (Pre) 1995
(a) triangular matrix/ef$eYegpeer DeeJÙetn nw
1 2 3 4 (b) diagonal matrix/efJekeâCeeaÙe DeeJÙetn nw
R1 → R 2 − R1
1 3 6 10 (c) unit matrix/FkeâeF& DeeJÙetn nw
Ans. (b) : R 2 → R3 − R 2
1 4 10 20 (d) scalar matrix/DeefoMe DeeJÙetn nw
R3 → R 4 − R3 UP PCS (Pre) 1996
1 5 15 35
Ans : (b) Ùeefo efkeâmeer Jeie& DeeJÙetn ces cegKÙe efJekeâCe& keâs DeJeÙeJees keâes
0 1 3 6
ÚesÌ[keâj meYeer DeJeÙeJe MetvÙe nes, lees Gmes efJekeâCe& DeeJÙetn keânles nw~
0 1 4 10 R1 → R 2 − R1
8 0 0
0 1 5 15 R 2 → R 3 − R 2
0 -5 0 Skeâ (diagonal matrix) efJekeâCe& DeeJÙetn nw~
1 5 15 35
0 0 17
0 0 1 4
0 1 4 1 4 
0 0 1 5
10 1 5 1334. The determinant rank of the matrix  2 5  is:
0 1 5 20
1 5 20  3 6 
1 5 15 35
1 4 
1 4
⇒1 1[5 4] 1 1 1 DeeJÙetn  2 5  keâer meeefjCekeâ keâesefš nw–
1 5
 3 6 
1 1 1 1 (a) 1 (b) 2
1 1 1 1 UP PCS (Pre) 1996
1332. If matrix A = then A2 is equal to:
1 1 1 1
1 4
1 1 1 1 R → R 2 − R1
Ans : (b) A = 2 5 2
1 1 1 1 R3 → R3 − R2
3 6
1 1 1 1 1 4  1 4 
Ùeefo DeeJÙetn A = lees A2 yejeyej nw:
1 1 1 1 ρ (A) = 1 1  ⇒ ρ (A) = 1 1  R → R − R
  3 3 2
1 1 1 1 1 1   0 0 
(a) A (b) 2A (c) 3A (d) 4A ρ(A) = 2
UP PCS (Pre) 1995
ALGEBRA 244 YCT
CLICK HERE -
1335. If then the matrix A satisfies: 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1+ + + + 1+ + + + 1+ + + + 1+ + + +
 2 1 1 0 a b c d a b c d a b c d a b c d
Ùeefo A=   , I= 0 1 , leye DeeJÙetn mebleg° keâjlee nw 1 1 1 1
 3 4   b
1+
b b b
= abcd
(a) A2 – 5A + 6I = 0 (b) A2 – 6A – 5I = 0 1 1 1 1
1+
2
(c) A – 6A + 5I = 0 (d) FveceW mes keâesF& veneR c c c c
UP PCS (Pre) 1996 1 1 1 1
1+
d d d d
2 1 1 0  1 1 1 1
Ans : (c) A = ,I = D = abcd  1 + + + + 
3 4 0 1  a b c d
1137. The matrices A, B, C are such that the addition
2 1 2 1
and multiplication occuring in the statements
A 2 = A.A =  
3 4 3 4  given below are valid. The incorrect statement is:
4+3 2+4 7 6 DeeJÙetn A, B, C Fme Øekeâej kesâ nQ efkeâ efvecveefueefKele
A2 = = keâLeveeW ceW efoÙes ieÙes Ùeesie SJeb iegCeveheâue Øeehle efkeâÙes pee
6 +12 3 +16 18 19
mekeâles nQ~ DemelÙe keâLeve nw:
 2 1  12 6  (a) (A+B)+C = A+(B+C)(b) (AB)C =A(BC)
6A = 6   =  (c) A(B+C) = AB+AC (d) AB = AC⇒B=C
 3 4  18 24
mhe° nw efkeâ UP PCS (Pre) 1995 & 1999
A 2 - 6A + 5I = 0 Ans. (c) : Ùeefo (A, B, C) DeeJÙetn nes lees
(i) (A+B)+C = A+(B+C) melÙe nw
1 + a 1 1 1  (ii) (AB)C = A(BC) melÙe nw
 1 1 + b 1 1  (iii) A(B+C) = AB+BC DemelÙe nw
1336. If D =  (iv) AB=AC ⇒ B=C melÙe nw
 1 1 1+c 1 
  veesš- DeeJÙetn ceW ›eâce efJeefveceÙe efveÙece ueeiet veneR neslee nw~
 1 1 1 1 + d 1338. If A and B are square matrices of the same
then the value of the determinant |D| is: order such that A2 = I = B2
1 + a 1 1 1  I being the unit matrix, then:
 1 1+b 1 1  Ùeefo A Deewj B Skeâ ner keâesefš kesâ Ssmes Jeie& DeeJÙetn nQ efkeâ
Ùeefo D =  A2 = I = B2 peneB I FkeâeF& DeeJÙetn nw, leye:
 1 1 1+c 1 
  (a) AB = BA
 1 1 1 1 + d (b) (AB)2=1
lees meeefjCekeâ keâe ceeve |D| nw– (c) (AB)–1 =BA
(a) a b c d (d) none of (a), (b), (c) is true
UP PCS (Pre) 1999
 1 1 1 1
(b) a b c d 1 + + + +  Ans. (c) : keâLeve DemelÙe nw –
 a b c d
(AB)–1 =B–1A–1 ≠BA
(c) 1 + a + b + c + d
1 1 1 1 0 1 2 3 4 
(d) 1 + + + +  
a b c d 1339. The rank of the matrix 0 3 6 9 12  is
UP PCS (Pre) 1996 0 5 10 15 20 
Ans : (b)  
1+ a 1 1 1 R1 → R1 / a 0 1 2 3 4 
 
1 1+ b 1 1 R2 → R2 / b DeeJÙetn 0 3 6 9 12  keâer keâesefš nw:
0 5 10 15 20 
1 1 1+ c 1 R3 → R3 / c  
1 1 1 1+ d R4 → R4 / d (a) zero/MetvÙe (b) 1
(c) 2 (d) 3
1 1 1 1 UP PCS (Pre) 1999
1+
a a a a 0 1 2 3 4 
1
1+
1 1 1  
Ans. (b) : 0 3 6 9 12 
b b b b
= abcd 0 5 10 15 20 
1 1
1+
1 1  
c c c c nce osKeles nQ efkeâ ØelÙeskeâ menKeC[eW keâe ceeve 0 Dee jne nw
1 1 1 1 0 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 0 3 3 6 6 9 9 12
= = = = = = = =0
1+ 0 3 3 6 6 9 9 12 0 5 5 10 10 15 15 20
d d d d
R1 → R1 + R 2 + R 3 + R 4 Dele: Fmekeâer keâesefš 1 nesieer~
ALGEBRA 245 YCT

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1 0 0 Ans. (a) : Skeâ efJe<ece meceefcele DeeJÙetn kesâ efJekeâCe& kesâ DeJeÙeJe MetvÙe
1340. The determinant 2 a a is zero for: nesles nbw~ leLee upper and lower triangular kesâ DeJeÙeJe same
leLee opposit sign kesâ nesles nQ~
2 1 1
 0 1 2
1 0 0
Goe. A =  −1 0 3  then skew symmetric matrix.
meejefCekeâ 2 a a MetvÙe nw:
 −2 −3 0 
2 1 1
1343. The system of linear equations x+2y+3z = kx,
(a) every value of a/ a kesâ meYeer ceeveeW kesâ efueÙes 3x+y+2z = ky, 2x+3y+z = kz has a non–zero
(b) a = 1 only /kesâJeue a = 1 kesâ efueÙes solution when k equals:/ jwefKekeâ meceerkeâjCeeW
(c) a = 0 only/kesâJeue a = 0 kesâ efueÙes x+2y+3z = kx, 3x+y+2z = ky, 2x+3y+z = kz kesâ
(d) a = 0, 1 only/kesâJeue a = 0, 1 kesâ efueÙes efvekeâeÙe keâe Skeâ MetvÙe mes efYeVe nue nesiee peye k yejeyej nes:
UP PCS (Pre) 1999 (a) 2 (b) 4 (c) 6 (d) 8
Ans. (a) : UP PCS (Pre) 1999
1 0 0 Ans. (c) :
2 a a x (1 − k ) + 2y + 3z = 0
2 1 1 3x + (1 − k ) y + 2z = 0
1( a − a ) − 0 + 0 = 0 2x + 3y + z (1 − k ) = 0
Dele: a kesâ meYeer ceeveeW kesâ efueS meejefCekeâ keâe ceeve MetvÙe nesiee~ (1 − k ) 2 3
1 2 3 4 = 3 (1 − k ) 2 =0
1341. The value of the determinant 1 3 6 10 is: 2 3 (1 − k )
1 4 10 20
(6 − k ) 2 3
1 5 15 35
= (6 − k ) (1 − k ) 2 =0
1 2 3 4
(6 − k ) 3 (1 − k )
1 3 6 10
meejefCekeâ keâe ceeve nw: C1 → C1 + C2 + C3
1 4 10 20
1 2 3
1 5 15 35
(a) 0 (b) 1 ( 6 − k ) 1 (1 − k ) 2 =0
(c) 10 (d) 49 1 3 (1 − k )
UP PCS (Pre) 1999
 1 2 3 
Ans. (b) :  
1 2 3 4 ∵ 1 (1 − k ) 2 ≠ 0

1 3 6 10  1 3 (1 − k ) 
R1 → R 2 − R1 , R 2 → R 3 − R 2 , R 3 → R 4 − R 3
1 4 10 20 ⇒ 6−k = 0 ⇒ k = 6
1 5 15 35 1 0 1 2
0 1 3 6     2
1344. If A = 0 1 , B =  -2 3 , C =   are
1 3 6
1 3 1 1 
0 1 10 4
= 1 4 10 R 1 → R 2 − R 1 , R 2 → R 3 − R 2  2   
0 1 15 5 matrices, then the order of (5A–3B) C is:
1 5 15
1 5 15 35 1 0 1 2
     2  DeeJÙetn
0 1 4 Ùeefo A = 0 1  , B =  -2 3 , C = 1 
0 1 5 = 1(5 − 4) = 1 3  
1
 2   1 
1 5 15 neW leye (5A–3B) C keâer keâesefš nw:
1342. The diagonal elements of a skew-symmetric matrix (a) 5×1 (b) 2×1
are:/ Skeâ efJe<ece meceefcele DeeJÙetn kesâ efJekeâCe& DeJeÙeJe nQ: (c) 3×1
(a) zero elements/MetvÙe neWies (d) matrix does not exist/DeeJÙetn DeefmlelJe ceW veneR nw
(b) non-zero elements/MetvÙe veneR neWies UP PCS (Pre) 1999
(c) unit elements/FkeâeF& neWies 1 0   1 2
(d) zero and unit elements both/MetvÙe Deewj FkeâeF&     2
Ans. (c) : A =  0 1  , B =  -2 3  , C =  
DeJeÙeJe oesveeW neWies 1 
1 2   3 1
UP PCS (Pre) 1999    
ALGEBRA 246 YCT
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∴ DeeJÙetneW kesâ iegCeveheâue leLeer mecYeJe nesiee peye Gvekesâ henues 1 −1 1 2  1− 3 2 − 2   −2 0 
AB =  ⇒ =
DeeJÙetn keâer hebefòeâ otmejs DeeJÙetn kesâ mlecYe kesâ yejeyej nes Dele:  −1 1  3 
2  −1 + 3 −2 + 2   2 0 

5A keâer keâesefš =3×2, 3B keâer keâesefš =3×2, C keâer keâesefš =2×1 1 2  1 −1 1 − 2 −1 + 2   −1 1 
BA =  ⇒ =
(5A–3B) C keâer keâesefš = (3×2×2×1) = 3×1 keâer nesieer 3 2  −1 1  3 − 2 −3 + 2   1 −1

1 2 3 47 AB ≠ BA
1 3 6 10  1 −2 3 
1347. The rank of the matrix  −2 4 −1 is:
1345. The value of the determinant is
1 4 10 20
1 5 15 a  −1 2 7 
1 2 3 47  1 −2 3 
1 3 6 10 DeeJÙetn  −2 4 −1 keâer keâesefš nw:
1, if the value of a is:/ meejefCekeâ
1 4 10 20  −1 2 7 
1 5 15 a (a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4
keâe ceeve 1 nw, Ùeefo a keâe ceeve nw: UP PCS (Pre) 2000
(a) 1050 (b) 105 (c) 40 (d) 35  1 −2 3 
UP PCS (Pre) 2000 Ans. (b) : A =  −2 4 −1
 
Ans. (d) :  −1 2 7 
1 2 3 4
R 2 → R 2 − R1  1 −2 3 
1 3 6 10
=  −2 4 −1 R1+R 3 →R 3
=1 R3 → R3 − R 2 A   2R +R →R 2
1 4 10 20   1 2
R 4 → R 4 − R3  − 1 2 7
1 5 15 a
1 −2 3 
A =  0 0 5  2R 2 − R 3 → R 3
1 2 3 4
0 1 3 6
=1  0 0 10 
0 1 4 10
1 −2 3
0 1 5 a − 20
A = 0 0 5
1 3 6
0 0 0
11 4 10 = 1 Rank of matrix = number of non-zero rows
1 5 a − 20 ρ (A ) = 2
R 2 → R 2 − R1 , R 3 → R 3 − R 2 1348. If A and B are matrices of the same order, then
1 3 6 (A + B)2 = A2 + B2 + 2AB is possible if:/Ùeefo A
0 1 4 =1 leLee B meceeve ›eâce kesâ DeeJÙetn nQ lees (A + B)2 = A2 +
B2 + 2AB leYeer Deewj kesâJeue leYeer mecYeJe nw peyeefkeâ:
0 1 a − 30
(a) AB = I (b) BA = I
1(a–30–4) = 1 (c) AB = BA (d) Fvecebs mes keâesF& veneR
a–34 = 1 UP PCS (Pre) 2000
a = 35 Ans. (c) : Ùeefo A leLee B meceeve ›eâce kesâ DeeJÙetn nw lees (A +
 1 −1  1 2  B)2 = A2 + B2 + 2AB leYeer mecYeJe nw peye, AB = BA
1346. If A =   and B =  3 2  are two
 − 1 1    1 3 5 7
matrices, then: 1 4 9 16
1349. The value of the determinant is:
 1 −1 1 2 1 5 14 30
Ùeefo A =   leLee B = 3 2 oes DeeJÙet n nQ lees :
−1 1    1 6 20 50
(a) AB is non-singular/AB JÙegl›eâceCeerÙe nw 1 3 5 7
(b) BA is non-singular/BA JÙegl›eâceCeerÙe nw
(c) AB = BA (d) AB ≠ BA meejefCekeâ 1 4 9 16
keâe ceeve nw:
1 5 14 30
UP PCS (Pre) 2000
1 6 20 50
 1 −1 1 2  (a) zero/MetvÙe (b) 1
Ans. (d) : A =   leLee B =   (c) 5 (d) 70
 −1 1  3 2  UP PCS (Pre) 2001
ALGEBRA 247 YCT
CLICK HERE -
Ans. (b) :  cos θ sin θ  -cos θ sin θ 
(c)   (d)  
1 3 5 7 -sin θ cos θ   sin θ cos θ 
R 2 − R 1 → R1
1 4 9 16 UP PCS (Pre) 2001
R3 − R2 → R2
1 5 14 30  cos θ sin θ 
R 4 − R3 → R3 Ans. (a) : A =   keâe JÙegl›eâce
1 6 20 50  − sin θ cos θ 
0 1 4 9 adjA
A −1 =
0 1 5 14 A
=
0 1 6 20 A = cos 2 θ + sin 2 θ = 1
1 6 20 50 a11 = cos θ a12 = + sin θ
1 4 9 a 21 = − sin θ a 22 = cos θ
R 2 − R1 → R1
= 11 5 14  cos θ sin θ 
R3 − R2 → R2 A= 
1 6 20  − sin θ cos θ 
0 1 5  cos θ − sin θ 
adj (A) =  
= 0 1 6  sin θ cos θ 
1 6 20 adjA
= A −1 =
= 1 (6–5) = 1 A
0 1  cos θ − sin θ 
 -2 0 1    A −1 =  
1350. If A =   and B =  2 3   sin θ cos θ 
 1 2 3 1 -1
  0 1  1 
1352. If A =   and B =   then AB is equal to:
are two matrices then: 1 2   2
0 1  0 1  1 
 -2 0 1    Ùeefo A =   leLee B =  2 lees AB yejeyej nw:
Ùeefo A =   leLee B =  2 3   1 2   
 1 2 3  1 -1
  1  0 
(a)   (b)  
oes DeeJÙetn nQ lees: 4 5 
(a) AB exists but BA does not exist
5 2
AB keâe DeefmlelJe nw hejvleg BA keâe DeefmlelJe veneR nw (c)   (d)  
(b) BA exists but AB does not exist 2 5
BA keâe DeefmlelJe nw hejvleg AB keâe DeefmlelJe veneR nw UP PCS (Pre) 2001
(c) AB and BA exist and AB=BA 0 1  1 
AB leLee BA keâe DeefmlelJe nw leLee AB=BA Ans. (d) : A =   and B =  
 1 2  2
(d) AB and BA exist but AB≠BA
AB leLee BA keâe DeefmlelJe nw hejvleg AB≠BA  0 1  1 
AB =    
UP PCS (Pre) 2001 1 2  2 
0 1  0 + 2   2
 −2 0 1  AB =  = 
Ans. (d) : A =    1 + 4   5 
 , B = 2 3 
 1 2 3 2×3  1 −1 1353. If ω is a cube root of unity then the value of the
3× 2
AB keâe Yeer DeefmlelJe nw Deewj BA keâe Yeer DeefmlelJe nw  a bω cω2 
 
AB keâe ›eâce = 2 × 3 × 3 × 2 = 2 × 2 determinant:  aω bω2 c  is:
 2 
BA keâe ›eâce = 3 × 2 × 2 × 3 = 3 × 3 aω b cω 
Dele: AB ≠ BA Ùeefo ω FkeâeF& keâe Skeâ Ievecetue nw lees meejefCekeâ
 cos θ sin θ   a bω cω2 
1351. The inverse of the matrix   is:
-sin θ cos θ   
 aω bω2 c  keâe ceeve nw:
 cos θ sin θ   2 
DeeJÙetn   keâe JÙegl›eâce nw: aω b cω 
 -sin θ cos θ 
(a) a3+b3+c3–3abc (b) a3–b3–c3–3abc
cos θ -sin θ  cos θ sin θ  3 3 3
(c) a –b +c +3abc (d) FveceW mes keâesF& veneR
(a)   (b)  
 sin θ cos θ   sin θ -cos θ  UP PCS (Pre) 2001
ALGEBRA 248 YCT
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1356. If I3 is the identity matrix of order 3, then
 a bω cω2  [I3]–1 is equal to :/ Ùeefo I3 keâesefš 3 keâer lelmecekeâejer
 
Ans. (d) :  aω bω2 c  , R1 + R 2 + R 3 DeeJÙetn nes lees [I3]–1 yejeyej nw:
 2 b cω  (a) 0 (b) I3 (c) 2I3 (d) 3I3
 aω  UP PCS (Pre) 2002
 (
a 1 + ω + ω2
) b (1 + ω + ω ) c (1 + ω + ω )
2 2 Ans. (b) : lelmecekeâ DeeJÙetn Kego keâe JÙegl›eâce DeeJÙetn neslee nw~
  [I3]–1= I3
aω bω2 c
 
 cω   2 -1 3 
aω2 b
  1357. The trace A, where A =  3 4 5  is :
 0 0 0  4 5 6 
 
⇒  aω bω2 c  = 0 { ∵ 1+ω+ω2=0}  2 -1 3 
 2 b cω
aω  A keâe DevegjsKe, peneB efkeâ A =  3 4 5  is : nQ:
1 -3 2  4 5 6 
1354. The rank of the matrix -3 9 -6 is equal to: (a) 16 (b) 12
 
 2 -6 4  (c) 2 3 (d) GheÙeg&òeâ ceW mes keâesF& veneR
UP PCS (Pre) 2002
 1 -3 2 
Ans. (b) : efkeâmeer DeeJÙetn keâe DevegjsKeCe Gmekesâ cegKÙe efJekeâCe& kesâ
DeeJÙetn -3 9 -6  keâer keâesefš nw: DeJeÙeJeeW keâe Ùeesie neslee nw~
 2 -6 4  ∴ Trace = 2+4+6 = 12
(a) zero/MetvÙe (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 3
UP PCS (Pre) 2001 1 0 0 
Ans. (b) : 1358. If A =  0 1 0  , then A 2 is :
 1 −3 2  a b -1
   R 2 = 3R1 + R 2 
A =  −3 9 −6    1 0 0 
R = 2R1 − R 3 
 2 −6 4   3 Ùeefo A = 0 1 0  , leye A2 nw:
 1 −3 2  a b -1

A = 0 0 0   (a) Unit matrix /FkeâeF& DeeJÙetn (b) A
0 0 0  (c) Zero matrix/MetvÙe DeeJÙetn (d) –A
UP PCS (Pre) 2002
Rank = the number of non zero Rows = 1
1 0 0 
1 
1355. If A =   and are two matrices then (AB)–1 is: Ans. (a) : A = 0 1 0 
2  
a b −1
1
Ùeefo A=   leLee B =[2,3] oes DeeJÙetn nQ lees (AB)–1 nQ: 1 0 0  1 0 0  1 + 0 + 0 0 + 0 + 0 0 + 0 + 0 
2 A 2 =  0 1 0  0 1 0  = 0 + 0 + 0 0 + 1 + 0 0 + 0 + 0 
2 0  3 5  a b −1 a b −1  a + 0 − a 0 + b − b 0 + 0 + 1 
(a)   (b)  
0 1 0 1 1 0 0 
1 4 A =  0 1 0  ⇒FkeâeF& DeeJÙetn
2
(c)   (d) does not exist
 2 0  0 0 1 
UP PCS (Pre) 2001
1359. Let 3×3 real matrix A be of rank 2 and
1 
Ans. (d) : A =   leLee B = [ 2,3] 1 1 0 
2 B = 0 1 0  Then the rank of A.B :
1
AB = [2 3] 1 0 1 
2 ceeve ueerefpeÙes efkeâ 3×3 JeemleefJekeâ DeeJÙetn A keâer keâesefš
2 3 1 1 0 
AB =
4 6 nw leLee B = 0 1 0  nw~ lees A.B keâer keâesefš:
 
AB = 12 − 12 = 0 1 0 1 
(a) can not be obtained definitely unless A is
AB = 0 Ùen Skeâ JÙegl›eâceCeerÙe DeeJÙetn nw~ Dele: (AB) −1 keâe
given./peye lekeâ A ve efoÙee nes efveef§ele ™he mes veneR
DeefmlelJe veneR nw~ Øeehle efkeâÙee pee mekeâlee~
ALGEBRA 249 YCT
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(b) is equal to1/1kesâ yejeyej nw~ Ans. (c) : We know that,
(c) is equal to 2/2 kesâ yejeyej nw~ –kA = –k n A
(d) is equal to 3/3 kesâ yejeyej nw~ Given, A = ∆
UP PCS (Pre) 2002
Ans. (c) : Rank of A = 2 then, –5A = –5n ∆
1 1 0  1363. If 3×3 square matrix A is such that A5 = 0, then
B = 0 1 0  consider the following two statements:
1 0 1 
Ùeef o keâesF& 3×3 Jeie& DeeJÙetn A Fme Øekeâej nes efkeâ A5 =
and the rank of B = 3 0, lees efvecve ØekeâLeveeW hej efJeÛeej keâerefpeÙes~
∴ Rank of (AB) = minimum rank of A or B = 2 I: I3+A is invertible/ I3+A JÙegl›eâceCeerÙe nw~
1360. For two similar matrices A and B the incorrect II: I3-A is invertible/ I3-A JÙegl›eâceCeerÙe nw~
statement is:/oes mece™he DeeJÙetneW A Deewj B kesâ efueÙes Of these statements: /Fve ØekeâLeveeW ceW:
DemelÙe ØekeâLeve nw: (a) I is correct but II is not correct
(a) At = Bt (b) tr(A)=tr(B) I melÙe nw uesefkeâve II DemelÙe nw
(c) ρ(A) =ρ(B) (d) A = B (b) I is not correct But II is correct
I DemelÙe nw uesefkeâve II melÙe nw
UP PCS (Pre) 2002
(c) Both I and II are correct
Ans. (b) : oes mece™he DeeJÙetneW kesâ efueS pe™jer veneR nw efkeâ Gvekeâe
oesveeW I leLee II melÙe nwb
DevegjsKe yejeyej nes~ (d) Both I and II are incorrect
1361. The value of the determinant oesveeW I leLee II DemelÙe nwb
a a - c a - b  UP PCS (Pre) 2002
 b a + c b - a  is :
  Ans. (c) : I 3 +A JÙeg l›eâceCeer Ù e nw ~
 c c - a a + b  I3-A JÙegl›eâceCeerÙe nw~ Ùes oesvees keâLeve melÙe nQ~
a a - c a - b  1364. The value of the determinant
meejefCekeâ  b a + c b - a  keâe ceeve nw:  x + y z 1
 c c - a a + b   y + z x 1 is
 
(a) abc (b) 2abc  z + x y 1
(c) 4abc (d) 0
UP PCS (Pre) 2002  x + y z 1
Ans. (c) : ceevee, meejefCekeâ  y + z x 1 keâe ceeve nw:
a a - c a - b   z + x y 1
A =  b a + c b - a  (a) (x+y)(y+z)(z+x) (b) xyz
(c) 1 (d) 0
 c c - a a + b  UP PCS (Pre) 2002
Trick:–
 x + y z 1
ceevee a= 1, b = 2, c = 3
Ans. (d) :  y + z x 1 keâe ceeve
1 −2 −1
leye, A =  2 4 1   z + x y 1
 3 2 3   x + y z 1
R − R2
A = 1(12–2)+2(6–3)–1(4–12) = 10+6+8=24 =  y + z x 1 1
R2 − R3
efJekeâuhe mes,  z + x y 1
leye, 4abc  x − z z − x 0
=  y − x x − y 0 
4×1×2×3 = 24
Dele: meejefCekeâ keâe ceeve 4abc nw~
 z + x y 1 
1362. If A is a Squre matrix of order n and A = ∆ ,
= 1 ( x − y )( x − z ) − ( y − x )( z − x ) 
then the value of -5A is equal to:
Ùeefo A Skeâ n ›eâce keâe Jeie& DeeJÙetn nes leLee A = ∆ , =  x 2 − xz − xy + yz − yz + xy + xz − x 2  = 0
lees -5A keâe ceeve yejeyej nw: 1365. If the determinant of an n-square matrix A is 3
and determinant of Adjoint of A is 243, then n
(a) –5∆ (b) 5∆ is equal to:/ Ùeefo efkeâmeer n–Jeie& DeeJÙetn A keâe
2
(c) –(5) ∆
n
(d) ( −5 ) n
∆ meejefCekeâ 3 nw leLee Fmekesâ menKeC[pe DeeJÙetn keâe
UP PCS (Pre) 2002 meejefCekeâ 243 nw, lees n yejeyej nw:
ALGEBRA 250 YCT
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(a) 4 (b) 7 (c) 5 (d) 6 cos α − sin α
UP PCS (Pre) 2002 adj A α =
sin α cos α
Ans. (d) : We know that
1 1 cos α − sin α
adjA = A
n −1 A −1 = (adjA α ) =
α Aα 1 sin α cos α
3n −1 = 35
A −1 ≠ A α
n–1 = 5 α
n=6 1368. The inverse matrix of the matrix A exists if A is

a square matrix and:/ DeeJÙetn kesâ JÙegl›eâce keâe
1366. The value of the determinant
DeefmlelJe nw Ùeefo A Skeâ Jeie& DeeJÙetn nw leLee:
 log6 log8 log10  (a) A = 0 (b) A ≠ 0
 log9 log12 log15  is
  (c) adj A ≠ 0 (d) det A ≠ 0
log12 log16 log20  UP PCS (Pre) 2003
Ans. (d) : DeeJÙetn A kesâ JÙegl›eâce DeeJÙetn keâe DeefmlelJe nw Ùeefo A
 log6 log8 log10 
Skeâ Jeie& DeeJÙetn nes leLee A ≠ 0
meejefCekeâ  log9 log12 log15  keâe ceeve nw:
1369. Let a square matrix A be such that A, A2, A3
log12 log16 log20  are non-zero matrix but A4 is zero matrix. Then
(a) 0 (I – A) is:/ ceeve ueerefpeS efkeâ A Ssmee DeeJÙetn nw efkeâ A,
(b) log 12 A2, A3 MetvÙeslej DeeJÙetn nQ uesefkeâve A4 MetvÙe-DeeJÙetn nw~
(c) log 36 lees (I – A) nw:
(a) A + A 2 + A3 (b) I + A + A 2
UP PCS (Pre) 2002 2 3
(c) I + A + A (d) I + A + A 2 + A3
 log6 log8 log10  UP PCS (Pre) 2003
Ans. (a) :  log9 log12 log15 Ans. (d) : Given that
log12 log16 log20  A, A2, A3 ≠ 0
and A4 = 0
 log 3 + log 2 3log 2 log 2 + log 5 
Now ( I − A ) = I + A + A 2 + A 3 + A 4 + A 5 ..... + A r
−1

=  2log 3 2log 2 + log 3 log 3 + log 5  R1 → R 3 − R1
 2log 2 + log 3 4log 2 2log 2 + log 5 {∵ ( a − k ) −1
= 1 + k + k 2 + k 3 + .....k r + .....
 log 2 log 2 log 2  = I+A+A2+A3+0+0+0....+0

=  2 log 3 2 log 2 + log 3 log 3 + log 5  (I − A)
−1
= I + A + A 2 + A3
 2 log 2 + log 3 4log 2 2 log 2 + log 5
1 2 4
C 2 − C1 ⇒ C1 ,C3 − C 2 ⇒ C 2 1370. The rank of the matrix  2 4 7  is:

 0 0 log 2   3 6 10 
=  2log 2 − log 3 log 5 − 2log 2 log 3 + log 5  = 0

1 2 4 
DeeJÙetn  2 4 7  keâer peeefle nw:
 2 log 2 + log 3 log 5 − 2log 2 2log 2 + log 5  
 3 6 10 
cos α sin α
1367. If A α = which one of the (a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3
− sin α cos α (d) none of the above/GheÙeg&òeâ ceW mes keâesF& veneR
following is not true : UP PCS (Pre) 2003
cos α sin α Ans. (b) :
Ùeefo A α = lees efvecveefueefKele ceW mes
− sin α cos α 1 2 4
2 R → R 2 − R1
keâewve melÙe veneR nw–  4 7  2
R → R3 − R 2
(a) A α Aβ = Aβ A α (b) A α Aβ = A α+β  3 6 10  3
1 2 4
n
(c) (A α ) = A nα (d) A α = A α−1 1 R → R1 − R 2
 2 3  2
UP PCS (Pre) 2003 R → R 2 − R3
1 2 3  3
Ans. (d) : efJekeâuhe mes,
1 2 4 
cos α sin α 0 0 1 
Aα =  
− sin α cos α  0 0 0 
A α = cos 2 α + sin 2 α = 1 DeeJÙetn keâer jQkeâ = efyevee peerjes Jeeueer hebefòeâÙeeW keâer mebKÙee
a11 = cos α,a12 = + sin α, a 21 = − sin α, a 22 = cos α jwkeâ = 2
ALGEBRA 251 YCT
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1 2 3 Ans. (d) : (A + B).(A − B) + (A − B).(A + B)
1371. If A = 1 3 4 then AdjA is equal to:
A 2 + BA − AB − B2
1 4 3 + A 2 − BA + AB − B2 = 2A 2 − 2B2
1 2 3 1 −3 2
Ùeefo A= 1 3 4 lees AdjA yejeyej nw: 1374. If  2 λ 5  is a singular matrix, then value of

1 4 3  4 2 1 
(a) – 4 (b) 4 (c) – 2 (d) 2 1 −3 2
UP PCS (Pre) 2003 λ is–/ Ùeefo 2 λ 5  DeJÙegl›eâceCeerÙe DeeJÙetn nw, leye

1 2 3   4 2 1 
Ans. (b) : A = 1 3 4  λ keâe ceeve nw–
1 4 3  (a) 8 (b) 4
(c) –4 (d) –8
UP PCS (Pre) 2004
A = 1(9 − 16) − 2(3 − 4) + 3(4 − 3)
Ans. (d) : A is singular matrix is x
A = −7 + 2 + 3 = −2 then, A = 0
We know that,
n −1  1 −3 2 
A =  2 λ 5 
adjA = A
Let,
3−1
adjA = −2 =4  4 2 1 
adjA = 4 then, 1( 10) 3(2 20) 2(4 4 ) 0
10 54 8 8 0
3x − y + λx = 1, 2x + y + z = 2, x + 2y − λz = −1 7 λ = −56
Has unique solution if :/ meceerkeâjCeeW λ = −8
3x − y + λx = 1, 2x + y + z = 2, x + 2y − λz = −1  2 −1
 and, A –4A–αI then value of α is
2
1375. If A= 
keâe efvekeâeÙe DeefÉleerÙe nue jKelee nw Ùeefo :  −1 2 
7  2 −1
(a) λ = any value (b) λ = − Ùeefo A=  Deewj A2–4A–αI nw, lees α keâe ceeve nw
2 
− 1 2 
7 7
(c) λ ≠ − (d) λ ≠ 1
2 2 (a) − (b) -3
UP PCS (Pre) 2003 3
1
Ans. (c) : 3x - y + λx = 1, 2x + y + z = 2, x + 2y - λz = -1 (c) (d) 3
3
Ùeefo meceerkeâjCe efvekeâeÙe DeefÉleerÙe nue jKelee nw lees UP PCS (Pre) 2004
3 −1 λ  2 −1
2 1 1 ≠0 Ans. (b) : A=  
 −1 2 
1 2 −λ
A 2 4A I 0 .............(i)
3( −λ − 2) + 1( −2λ − 1) + λ (4 − 1) ≠ 0 nwueer kesâueercesvšue ØecesÙe mes
−3λ − 6 − 2λ − 1 + 3λ ≠ 0 A 2 – (DevegjsKeCe) A + A I = 0
−2λ ≠ 7
⇒ A = 4 −1 = 3
7
λ≠− A2 – 4A + 3I = 0.................(ii)
2
meceerkeâjCe (i) Deewj (ii) keâer leguevee keâjves hej
1373. If A and B are square matrices of the same
order, which of the following is true : α = –3
Ùeefo A Deewj B meceeve ›eâce kesâ Jeie& DeeJÙetn neW, lees
2 3 2 3
efvecveefueefKele ceW mes keâewve melÙe nw : 1376. If then 19A–1 is–/Ùeefo lees 19A–1 nw
2 2 2 5 −2 5 −2
(a) (A + B) = A + 2A.B + B
1
(b) (A + B).(A − B) = A 2 − B2 (a) A (b) 2A
2
(c) (A − B).(A + B) = A 2 − B2 (c) 3A (d) A
UP PCS (Pre) 2004
(d) (A + B).(A − B) + (A − B).(A + B)
2 3 
= 2A 2 − 2B2 Ans. (d) : Let, A =  
UP PCS (Pre) 2003  5 –2 
ALGEBRA 252 YCT

CLICK HERE -
then, A = −4 − 15 = –19 ≠ 0  −2 −1
 +C =0
We know that, 0 1
Adj ( A ) 2 1 
A −1 = C= 
A  0 −1
2 3  1380. Equations x + y + z = 6 , x + 2y + 3z = 10
adj ( A ) = −   = −A
 5 −2  x + 2y + λz = µ Have infinite number of solutions,
–A if:/ meceerkeâjCeeW x + y + z = 6 , x + 2y + 3z = 10
then, 19A –1 = × 19 x + 2y + λz = µ kesâ Devevle nue nw, Ùeefo
–19
19A–1 = A (a) λ = 3, µ ≠ 10
1377. If A and B are square matrices of order 3 such (b) λ ≠ 3, µ is any real number
that det A = -1 and det B = 3, then det (3AB) is
λ ≠ 3, µ keâesF& Yeer JeemleefJekeâ mebKÙee nw
equal to–/ Ùeefo A Deewj B, keâesefš 3 kesâ oes Jeie& DeeJÙetn
Fme Øekeâej kesâ neW, efkeâ det A = -1 Deewj det B = 3 lees (c) λ = 3, µ = 10
det (3AB) keâe ceeve nesiee– (d) none of the above/Ghejesòeâ ceW mes keâessF& veneR
UP PCS (Pre) 2004
(a) –9 (b) –81 (c) –27 (d) –243
UP PCS (Pre) 2004 & 2007 Ans. (c) : x + y + z = 6
Ans. (b) : det A = – 1. det B = 3 and n = 3 x + 2y + 3z = 10
3
Then det (3AB) = 3 det (A) det(B) x + 2y + λz = µ kesâ Deveble nue nw Ùeefo
= 27 (–1) (3) = –81 λ = 3 Deewj µ = 10 jKe efoÙee peeS lees oesveeW meYeer.
1378. If A and B are two square matrices such that mecheeleer nes peeSieW~ Dele: Deveble nue Øeehle neWies–
AB = A and BA = B, then :/ Ùeefo A Deewj B oes Jeie&
1381. For what value of λ, the equations
DeeJÙetn Fme Øekeâej nw efkeâ AB = A Deewj BA = B lees
λ x + y + z = 1 , x + λy + z = λ , x + y + λz = λ 3
(a) both A and B are idempotent
Do not have a solution :
A Deewj B oesveeW Jeie&mece nw
λ kesâ efkeâme ceeve kesâ efueÙes, meceerkeâjCe
(b) only A is idempotent/ kesâJeue A Jeie&mece nw
(c) only B is idempotent/ kesâJeue B Jeie&mece nw λ x + y + z = 1 , x + λy + z = λ , x + y + λz = λ 3
(d) neither A nor B is idempotent keâe keâesF& nue veneR neslee nw:
ve lees A Deewj ve ner B Jeie&mece nw (a) -2 (b) –1
UP PCS (Pre) 2004 (c) 0 (d) 1
Ans. (a) : Let A and B square Matrix such that square UP PCS (Pre) 2004
Matrix is same order, then– Ans. (c) : λx + y + z = 1
A2 = A and B2 = B x + λy + z = λ
So both A and B are idempotent.
x + y + λz = λ 3
1 2 2 3
1379. If A= ,B= and 4A–3B+C=0 then C=
3 4 4 5 λ 1 1 1
1 2 2 3 1 λ 1 = λ
Ùeefo A= ,B= Deewj 4A–3B+C=0 lees C= 1 1 λ
3 4 4 5 λ3
2 −1 2 1 Ùeefo λ = 0 jKesies lees efoÙes ieÙes DeeJÙetn keâe ceeve peerjes nes
(a) (b) peeSiee~ Fmekeâe keâesF& nue veneR nesiee~
0 1 0 −1
1382. The system of equations :
−2 1
(c) −2x + y + z = a, x − 2y + z = b , x + y − 2z = c
0 −1 is consistent if–
(d) None of above/Ghejesòeâ ceW mes keâesF& veneR meceerkeâjCe efvekeâeÙe
UP PCS (Pre) 2004 −2x + y + z = a, x − 2y + z = b , x + y − 2z = c
Ans. (b) : DeefJejesOeer nw, Ùeefo:
1 2 2 3 (a) a + b − c = 0 (b) a − b + c = 0
A= , B=
3 4 4 5 (c) a + b + c ≠ 0 (d) a + b + c = 0
4A – 3B + C = 0 UP PCS (Pre) 2004
4 8 6 9 Ans. (d) : −2x + y + z = a, …………….(i)
 − +C =0 x − 2y + z = b …………….(ii)
12 16  12 15
ALGEBRA 253 YCT
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x + y − 2z = c …………….(iii) 1+x=0 then the determent value is zero
Adding (i), (ii) and (iii) equation 1+x=0 x = −1
a+b+c=0
1383. The rule A2–B2=(A+B)(A–B) always holds for 1387. If ∆k = 2
k −1
2 3k −1 4 5k −1 ( then the
) ( )
two matrices A and B if: 2m − 1 3m − 1 5m − 1
(a) A, B are square matrices m
(b) AB = BA value of ∑ ∆ k is equal to:
(c) A, B are square matrices and AB=BA k =1
(d) A, B are of the same rank (a) 1 (b) 0
UP PCS (Pre) 2005 (c) –1 (d) None of the above
Ans. (b) : Ùeefo efkeâmeer DeeJÙetn ceW UP PCS (Pre) 2006
A − B = ( A − B )( A + B ) lees Jen DeeJÙetn ncesMee
2 2
k −1 2 ( 3 ) 4 ( 5k −1 )
k −1
Ans : (b) If ∆k = 2
AB= BA keâes mevleg° keâjsiee~ 2m − 1 3m − 1 5m − 1
1384. For 3×3 matrix A the incorrect statement is: m
2 then the value of ∑ ∆ k is equal to

(a) adjA = A k =1
(b) adj ( adj A ) = A A Using the property of determinates we have

m m m
(c) A.adj A = A I
∑∆ ∑
m 2 k −1
∑ 2 (3 ) ∑ 4 (5 )
k −1 k −1
k k =1 k =1 k =1
(d) adj (2A) = 4(adjA) k =1
UP PCS (Pre) 2005 2m − 1 3m − 1 5m − 1

m
Ans. (b) : adj ( adj A ) = A A Now ∑2
k =1
k −1
= 20 + 21 + 22 + 23.........2m −1
1385. If A is a real skew-symmetric matrix of order
3×3, then the matrix A is:  2m −1  m
= 11 + 21 + 2 2 + 23.........2 m −1 = 1.   2 −1
(a) orthogonal (b) Hermitian  2 − 1
(c) singular (d) non-singular m
UP PCS (Pre) 2005 ∑ 2 ( 3 ) = 2 3
k =1
k −1 0
+ 31 + 32 + 33.........3m −1 
Ans. (c) : Given, A is skew-symmetric matrix
then, A' = –A  3m − 1  m
= 2 1 + 31 + 32 + 33.........3m −1  = 2   3 −1
Now, order is 3 × 3 odd,  3 −1 
then, A = 0 m
Hence A is singular matrix. ∑ 4 (5 ) = 4 5

k =1
k −1 0
+ 51 + 52 + 53.........5m −1 
1386. One of the roots of the equation
= 4 1 + 51 + 52 + 53.........5m −1 
2−x 3 3
3 4−x 5 = 0 is  5m − 1 
= 4  = 5 −1
m
3 5 4−x  5 −1 
(a) 2 (b) –2 m
2m − 1 3m − 1 5m − 1
(c) –1 (d) 1 ∑ ∆k = =0
UP PCS (Pre) 2006 k =1 2 m
− 1 3m
− 1 5 m
− 1
1388. If A and B are 5×5 matrices such that rank
2−x 3 3
(A)=5, rank (B)=3, then the rank of AB is:
Ans : (c) 3 4−x 5 =0 (a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 5 (d) 5
3 5 4−x UP PCS (Pre) 2006
2−x 3 3 Ans : (b) rank (A) = 5 rank (B) = 3
0 −x −1 1 + x = 0 Property → rank of (AB) ≤ min [rank (A). rank (B)]
R 2 →R 2 − R 3 by property we written as ρ(AB)=3
3 5 4−x
2−x 0 3 1389. If A is a square matrix of order n and λ is a
scalar, then adj (λ, A) is equal to:
0 −2x − 2 1 + x = 0
C2 ⇒C2 −C3 (a) λn–1 adj A (b) λnAdj A
3 1+ x 4−x (c) λAdj A (d) |λ|n–1 AdjA
take (1+x) common from C2 UP PCS (Pre) 2006
2−x 0 3 Ans : (a) Adj ( λA ) = λ ( AdjA )
n −1
(1 + x ) 0 −2 1 + x = 0 where λ is any scalar

3 1 4−x we written as by property of matrix.
ALGEBRA 254 YCT

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1 2 3 Ans : (a)
1390. The rank of the matrix  2 
3 4  is λ 1 1:1
 3 4 5  1 λ 1: λ
(a) 3 (b) 3 or 1 (c) 1 (d) 2 1 1 λ : λ2
UP PCS (Pre) 2006 λ 1 1
1 2 3 Now 1 λ 1
Ans : (d) Let A = 2 3 4 |A| = 0
1 1 λ
3 4 5 3×3
( C1 → C1 + C2 + C3 )
2 3
A1 = ≠0 λ+2 1 1
3 4 ( 2×2)
λ+2 λ 1 =0
Rank, ρ (A) = 2
λ+2 1 λ
1391. For a real skew symmetric matrix A of odd
order, the determinant |A| is: 1 1 1
(a) equal to one (b) equal to zero (λ + 2) 1 λ 1 = 0
(c) equal to –1 (d) equal to 2
UP PCS (Pre) 2006 1 1 λ
Ans : (b) A real skew symmetric matrix A of odd order ( λ + 2 ) ( λ 2 − 1) − 1( λ − 1) + 1(1 − λ ) = 0
the determinet |A|=0
i 0  0 -1 0 -i 
( λ + 2 ) λ 2 − 1 − λ + 1 + 1 − λ  = 0
1392. If A =   , B = 1 0  and C =  i 0  , ( λ + 2 ) λ 2 − 2λ + 1 = 0
0 -i     
then A3 + B3 + C3 – AB – BC – CA is
( λ + 2 )( λ − 1) = 0
2
(a) A + B + C (b) 0
( λ − 1) ≠ 0
2
(c) I2 (d) –A –B –C
UP PCS (Pre) 2007
Dele: λ + 2 = 0, λ = −2
Ans : (b)
1395. The following two statements are given for a
i 0 0 −1 0 −i square matrix A such that A5 = 0
A= ,B = ,C =
0 −i 1 0 i 0 (I) I + A is invertible
3 3 3
A + B + C − AB − BC − CA (II) I – A is invertible
3 3 3 Of these statements
 i 0  0 −1 0 −i   i 0   0 −1 (a) (I) is correct but not (II)
=  +  +  −   
 0 −i  1 0  1 0  0 −i  1 0  (b) (II) is correct but not (I)
(c) both (I) and (II) are correct
 0 −1 0 −i  0 −i   i 0  (d) none of (I) and (II) is correct
−  −  
1 0   i 0  1 0  0 −i  UP PCS (Pre) 2007
i 0 i 0 Ans : (b) A matrix is square matrix then,
= − =0 I – A is invertible
0 −i 0 −i
1396. The value of the determinant–
1393. If the rank of a 5 × 5 matrics A is 3, then the
rank of Adj A is -1 x -x
(a) 1 (b) 0 (c) 3 (d) 2 y 1 -y
UP PCS (Pre) 2007 z -z -1
Ans : (c) ceevee DeeJÙetn A keâe ›eâce 5 × 5 keâe nw~ (a) x (b) 1
leye [ A ]5× 5 jQkeâ (Øeevle) ρ(A) ≤ 5 (c) xz (d) 1 + xy + yx + zx
Dele: Adj(A) keâe DeeJÙetn 3 × 3 Dee@[&j UP PCS (Pre) 2007
Ans : (d)
leye Øeevle (Rank) = ρ (A) ≤ 3
-1 x -x
1394. The system of linear equations
y 1 -y
λx + y + z = 1
x + λy + z = λ z -z -1
x + y + λz = λ 2 R1 kesâ meehes#e Øemeej
does not a solution if λ is equal to– = −1(−1 − zy) − x(− y + zy) − x(− yz − z)
(a) –2 (b) –1 (c) 0 (d) 1
= 1 + yz + xy + xz
UP PCS (Pre) 2007
ALGEBRA 255 YCT
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1397. The rank of the matrix– 1 2 4 1 2 4
3 −1 2 (a) − (b)
8 3 2 8 3 2
−6 2 4 is − 1 2 3 1 2 3
−3 1 −2 (c) (d) −
8 4 2 8 4 2
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 3 UP PCS (Pre) 2007
UP PCS (Pre) 2007
 2 −3
Ans. (c) : Ans. (d) :ceevee A =  , A −1 = ?
3 −1 2  −4 2 
 R 2 → R 2 + 2R 1  A = −8
Given, −6 2 4  
 R 3 → R 3 + R1  nce peeveles nw,
−3 1 −2
3 −1 2 adjA
A −1 =
A
=0 0 8
0 0 0 2 3
leye, adjA =
Two non zero rows hence rank is 2. 4 2
6 8 5 1 2 3
Dele: A −1 =
1398. If A = 4 2 3 is the sum of a symmetric matrix −8 4 2
9 7 1 0 1 2 7 8 9 
1401. If A =   and B =   then
B and a skew-symmetric matrix C, then B is– 3 5 4 3 2 1
6 6 7 0 2 −2 (a) AB does not exist. (b) AB is a 2×2 matrix
(a) 4 2 3 (b) −2 0 −2 (c) AB is a 3×3 matrix (d) AB is a 3×2 matrix
UP PCS (Pre) 2008
9 7 1 2 2 0
Ans. (a) :
6 −6 7 0 2 −2 0 1 2  7 8 9
(c) −6 2 −5 (d) 2 0 −2 A= , B =  
3 5 4  3 2 1
7 −5 1 −2 −2 0 oes DeeJÙetn kesâ iegCeveheâue kesâ efueS A DeeJÙetn kesâ keâe@uece leLee B
UP PCS (Pre) 2007 DeeJÙetn kesâ mlecYe ceW heoeW keâer mebKÙee meceeve nesveer ÛeeefnS~ Dele: AB
Ans. (a) : does not exist.
 6 8 5 6 4 9   0 1 1 0 
A =  4 2 3 A ' = 8 2 7 
1402. Let A =   and B =   consider the
-1 0  0 1 
 9 7 1 5 3 1  statements:
meceefcele DeeJÙetn B leLee skew meceefcele DeeJÙetn C leye I. AB = 0 II. BA = 0
III. AB = A IV. BA = B
1 1 Then the number of true statements is
A + A1 = B, A − A1 = C
2 2 (a) one (b) two
6 6 7 (c) three (d) four
UP PCS (Pre) 2008
Dele: B= 6 2 5
 0 1 1 0 
7 5 1 Ans. (a) : A =   , B= 
1399. IF A is non-singular real matrix, then–  -1 0 0 1 
(a) A ≠ A t (b) A + A t ≠ 0  0 1  1 0 
A.B =    
2 t t 2
-1 0  0 1 
(c) A.t ≠ A (d) A .A ≠ A
 0 1
UP PCS (Pre) 2007 =  = A, A.B = A
 -1 0 
Ans. (b) : DeeJÙetn A = 0 lees JÙegl›eâceCeerÙe DeeJÙetn
1403. A necessary and sufficient condition that a
A ≠ 0 DeJÙegl›eâceCeerÙe DeeJÙetn
square matrix A possesses an inverse is that:
leye Non-singular real matrix– A + A t ≠ 0 (a) A is null matrix
(b) A is not a null matrix
(c) A = 0
2 −3
1400. Inverse matrix of is– (d) A ≠ 0
−4 2
UP PCS (Pre) 2008
ALGEBRA 256 YCT
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Ans. (d) : ceevee keâesF& DeeJÙetn [2×2] keâe Jeie& DeeJÙetn nw~ (c) has a unique solution
(d) has trivial solution
adjA
lees A −1 = UP PCS (Pre) 2008
A Ans. (c) : 2x+3y+z = a, x+2y+3z = b, 3x+y+2z = c
leye A ≠ 0 non - singular matrix 2 3 1
1404. If B is a non-zero 3×1 matrix and A is a non-zero A =  1 2 3  , A ≠ 0
1×3 matrix and if r denotes the rank of AB then  3 1 2 
(a) r = 0 (b) r ≤1 So solution is unique solution
(c) r >1 (d) r >2 1408. The identify element in the multiplicative
UP PCS (Pre) 2008 group of the set of matrices
Ans. (b) : DeeJÙetn A keâe ›eâce 1×3 leLee DeeJÙetn B keâe ›eâce cosα -sinα
3×1 DeeJÙetn AB keâer jQkeâ 1 nesieer keäÙeeWefkeâ AB DeeJÙetn keâe ›eâce Aα =   , Where α is a real number, is
sinα cosα 
1×1 nesiee~ DeLee&led (r)≤1
(a) 1 0 (b) 1 0
1 1 1 0 0 0 1 
1405. The rank of matrix A =  2 3 4  is
  (c) 0 1  (d) None of the above
 4 9 16  1 0
 
(a) cannot be found (b) 1 UP PCS (Pre) 2009
(c) 2 (d) 3 Ans. (b) The identify element in the multiplicative
UP PCS (Pre) 2008 group of the set of matrices
Ans. (d) :  cos α − sin α  1 0 
Aα =   is  
1 1 1   sin α cos α  0 1 

A =  2 3 4  ≠ 0,  A ≠0 ∵ IAα = Aα
 4 9 16  3×3 1409. If A, B are symmetric matrices of the same
order, then (AB–BA) is
1 1  (a) symmetric (b) skew symmetric
and A1 =   A1 ≠ 0
 3 4  2×2 (c) unit matrix (d) null matrix
UP PCS (Pre) 2009
So that, (ρ) ≤ 3
Ans. (b) If A and B are symmetric matrices of same
(ρ) ≤ 3
order then (AB–BA) is skew symmetric
1 3 T  T
 and A +KA–5I=0, then K is (AB–BA) =(AB) –(BA) ∵ ( A − B ) = A − B 
2 T T T T
1406. If A = 
 3 4 
equal to =BTAT=ATBT ∵ ( AB )T = BT A T 
(a) 5 (b) 3 (c) 7 (d) 4  
UP PCS (Pre) 2008 =BA–AB (T
A = A, B = B T
)
1 3  = –(AB–BA)
Ans. (a) : A= 
 3 4  ⇒ –(AB–BA)T = –(AB–BA)
A2+KA–5I = 0.................(i) ⇒AB–BA is skew–symmetric matrix(efJe<ece meceefcele DeeJÙetn)
 1 3  1 3  10 15  1410. The diagonal elements of a skew symmetric
A2 =     =  matrix are all
3 4 3 4  15 25 (a) non-zero (b) zero (0)
10 15  1 3  1 0  (c) one (1) (d) zero or one both
=  + K 3 4  − 5  0 1  = 0 UP PCS (Pre) 2009
15 25     
10 + K – 5 = 0 Ans. (b) The diagonal elements of a skew symmetric
K = –5 matrix are zero.
Ùee 15 + 3K = 0 Note:– (efJe<ece meceefcele DeeJÙetn) kesâ cegKÙe efJekeâCe& hej meYeer DeJeÙeJe
MetvÙe nesles nQ~
K = –5
a 0 0
DeLeJee, kesâueernsueerceWšve ØecesÙe mes- 1411. If A = 0 b 0 then the eigen values of Adj A are
A2 – A (trace) + A I = 0  
0 c c
A2 – 5A – 5I = 0..............(ii)
1 1 1
meceer. (i) Je (ii) keâer leguevee keâjves hej (K = –5) (a) bc, ca, ab (b) , ,
a b c
1407. The system of equation is 2x+3y+z = a,
1 1 1
x+2y+3z = b, 3x+y+2z = c (c) , , (d) b+c, c+a, a+b
(a) is inconsistent. bc ca ab
(b) has infinitely many solutions UP PCS (Pre) 2009
ALGEBRA 257 YCT
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Ans. (a) a a2 a3 a a2 1
a 0 0 ⇒ b b2 b3 + b b 2 1 = 0
If A =  0 b 0  2
c c c3 c c2 1
 0 0 c 
1 a a2 1 a a2
 bc 0 0  ⇒ abc 1 b b 2 + 1 b b2 = 0
adjA =  0 ac 0 
1 c c2 1 c c2
 0 0 ab 
So eigen values of Adj A are bc, ca, ab. 1 a a2
1412. The inverse of the square matrix
⇒ (abc + 1) 1 b b2 = 0
cos α -sin α  1 c c2
A=  is
 sin α cos α  then,
2
 -sin α cos α  ⇒ abc+1=0,
1 a a
(a)   given 1 b b 2 ≠ 0
-cos α sin α 
1 c c2
 cos α sin α 
(b)   ⇒ abc = –1
-sin α cos α 
1414. For what values of λ, the equations
cos α sin α 
(c)   x+y+z = 1, x+2y+4z = λ, x+4y+10z =λ2
 sin α cos α  have a solution?
sin α cos α 0  (a) λ= 1 only (b) λ= 0 only
(d)  
 0 -cos α sin α  (c) λ=1 and λ=0 both (d) λ= 1 and λ=2 both
Ans. (b) Ans. (d) Given equations
⇒ x+y+z = 1 ⇒ x+2y+4z = λ ⇒ x+4y+10z = λ2
cos α − sin α 
The inverse of square matrix A =   1 1 1 : 1 1 1 1 : 1
 sin α cos α 
A=1 2 4 : λ B = 0 1 3 : λ −1
1
A −1 = adjA 1 4 10 : λ 2 0 3 9 : λ2 −1
A
⇒ R 2 → R 2 − R1 ⇒ R 3 → R 3 − R1
cos α − sin α  2 2
A =  = cos α + sin α = 1 ≠ 0 1 1 1 : 1
 sin α cos α 
=0 1 3 : λ − 1 R 3 → R 3 − 3R 2
⇒ A is non–singular.
0 0 0 : λ 2 − 3λ + 2
 cos α sin α 
adjA =   have a solution if A = A : B
 − sin α cos α 
 cos α sin α  i.e. λ2–3λ+2 = 0
1
A −1 = adjA =   (λ–1) (λ–2) = 0
|A|  − sin α cos α 
i.e. λ=1 and λ=2 both
a a2 a3 + 1 1 a a 2 
    1415. If a matrix X satisfies
1413. If b b 2 b 3 + 1 = 0 and 1 b b 2  ≠ 0 1 3  1 0 
 2 3   2   X=  then X is equal to
 c c c + 1  1 c c  0 1  0 1 
then the value of abc is  1 3 1 0 
(a) -1 (b) 0 (a)   (b)  
 0 1 3 1 
(c) 1 (d) None of the above
UP PCS (Pre) 2009 1 −3  1 0
(c)   (d)  
Ans. (a)  0 1   −3 1 
UP PCS (Pre) 2009
a a 2 a3 + 1
Ans. (c) :
b b 2 b3 + 1 = 0  1 3 1 0 
c c 2 c3 + 1
If a matrix x satisfies  X =   then X is
 0 1  0 1 
ALGEBRA 258 YCT

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 1 3 2 k 
inverse matrix of   1418. Inverse of the matrix   will not exist if k
 0 1 3 5 
1 −3 is equal to
∴X =   5 6
0 1  (a) (b)
6 5
 1 −1  a 1  3 10
1416. If A =   B=  and (A+B) = A +
2 2
(c) (d)
 2 −1   b −1  10 3
2
B , then the values of a and b are respectively UP PCS (Pre) 2009
(a) 1, 4 (b) 1, 2 2 k 
(c) 4, 2 (d) 2, 1 Ans. (d) : Inverse of the matrix   will not exist if
3 5 
UP PCS (Pre) 2009
2 k 10
Ans. (a) : = 0 i.e 10–3k=0 i.e k =
1 −1 3 5 3
A=  1419. The rank of the matrix
 2 −1
 2 1 -1
 1 −1 1 −1  −1 0   0 3 -2  is
∴ A2 =    = 
 2 − 1 2 − 1  0 − 1  
 2 4 -3 
a 1 
B=  (a) 3 (b) 1 (c) 0 (d) 2
 b −1 UP PCS (Pre) 2009
a 1  a 1  a 2 + b a − 1 Ans. (d) : Given matrix
] ∴B 2 =     ==  
 b −1  b −1  ab − b b + 1  2 1 −1
  R ⇒ R 2 − R1
A =  0 3 −2  2
a + 2 0  R ⇒ R 3 − R1
A+B=    2 4 −3 3
 b + 2 −2 
0  a + 2 0    2 1 −1
2 a + 2 ( a + 2 )2 0
∴ ( A + B) =     = 
=  0 3 −2  R ⇒ R − R
 b + 2 −2   b + 2 −2  ( a + 2 )( b + 2 ) − 2 ( b + 2 ) 4    3 3 2

 0 3 − 2 

∵ (A + B)2 = A 2 + B2
 2 1 −1
 ( a + b)
2
0   a 2 + b − 1 a − 1
∴ =  =  0 3 −2 
( a + 1)( b + 2 ) − 2(b + 2) 4  ab − b b   0 0 0 
⇒ b = 4 and a − 1 = 0 , a = 1 Rank (A)= no. of non zero row =2
⇒ a = 1, b = 4 1420. The system of linear equations
x+y+z=0, 2x+y-z=0, 3x+2y=0 has
(a) no solution
2 3
 1 − 2 3    (b) infinitely many solutions
1417. If A =   and B =  4 5  then (c) unique solution
 −4 2 5   2 1  (d) none of the above
(a) AB, BA exist and are equal. UP PCS (Pre) 2009
(b) AB, BA exist, but they are not equal Ans. (b) : x+y+z = 0 ........(i)
(c) AB exists and BA does not exist 2x+y–z = 0 ........(ii)
(d) AB does not exist and BA exists 3x+2y = 0 ........(iii)
UP PCS (Pre) 2009 1 1 1
 2 3 2 1 −1 = 0
 1 −2 3  
Ans. (b) : A =   and B =  4 5
3 2 0
 −4 2 5 2×3  5 1 For Homogeneous equation | A |= 0 then the equation
3×2
has infinite number of solution.
AB = 2 × 3 × 3 × 2 = 2 × 2 Matrix
1421. If A is a square matrix such that A3=A, then
BA = 3 × 2 × 2 × 3 = 3 × 3 Matrix det A is equal to
So, that (a) 1 only (b) 0 only
AB, BA exist but they are not equal (c) -1 only (d) 1, 0 or-1
UP PCS (Pre) 2009
ALGEBRA 259 YCT
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Ans. (d) : if A is a square matrix such that A3=A and since f(A) = 0
then A is null matrix or identity matrix ⇒ A2–4A+1I = 0 ............ (ii)
so that A = 0 or A = 1 comparing (i) and (ii), we get.
1422. The value of the determinant a = −4, b = 1
a + b + 2c a b  1425. The number of 2×2 real matrices A such that
  A2 = –I is/ Ssmes 2×2 JeemleefJekeâ DeeJÙetneW A keâer mebKÙee
 c b + c + 2a b  efpevekesâ efueS A2 = –I nes, nw
 c a c + a + 2b  (a) 0 (b) 12
(a) 2(a3 + b3 + c3) (b) (a + b + c)3 (c) 16 (d) infinite
3
(c) 2(a + b + c) (d) a3 + b3 + c3- abc (GIC) ØeJeòeâe hejer#ee, 2015
UP PCS (Pre) 2009
Ans. (a) : The number of 2×2 real matrices A such that
Ans. (c) :
A2=–I is zero.
a + b + 2c a b 1426. If A and B are square matrices of order 3 such
c b + c + 2a b C1 → C1 + C 2 + C3 that det A = –1 and det B=3 then det (3AB) is
c a c + a + 2b equal to/Ùeefo A Deewj B keâesefš 3 kesâ Jeie& DeeJÙetn Ssmes nQ
efkeâ det A = –1 Deewj det B = 3, lees det (3AB) yejeyej nw
1 a b
R 2 → R 2 − R1 (a) –9 (b) –27 (c) –81 (d) 81
= (2a + 2b + 2c) 1 b + c + 2a b UPPCS 2004 & 2007
R → R 3 − R1
1 a c + a + 2b 3 (GIC) ØeJeòeâe hejer#ee, 2015
1 a b Ans. (c) : Given that A and B are square matrices of
3 order 3 and det A = –1, det B = 4.
= 2(a + b + c) 0 b + c + a 0 = 2(a + b + c)
Then det (3AB) = 3n|A|.|B|. Where n is the order.
0 0 c+a+b ∴ det (3AB) =33(–1)(3) = –81
1423. The number of linearly independent solutions 1427. If the matrix AB = 0, then which one of the
of the system of linear equations following is correct?/ Ùeefo DeeJÙetn AB = 0 nes, lees
x+y+z = 0, x+2y = 0, y-z = 0 is efvecveefueefKele ceW mes keâewve mener nw?
(a) 3 (b) 2 (c) 1 (d) 0
(a) A = 0 or B = 0/ A = 0 Ùee B = 0
UP PCS (Pre) 2009
(b) A = 0 and B = 0/j A = 0 Ùee B = 0
1 1 1 (c) It is not neccessary that either A = 0 or B = 0
Ans. (c) : 1 2 0 R 2 − R1 → R 2 /Ùen DeeJeMÙekeâ veneR nw efkeâ Ùee A = 0 Ùee B = 0
0 1 −1 (d) None of the above/GheÙeg&òeâ ceW mes keâesF& veneR
1 1 1 1 1 1
Ans. (c) : If matrix AB = 0 then it is not necessary that
= 0 1 −1 R 3 → R 3 − R 2 0 1 −1 either A = 0 or B = 0
0 1 −1 0 0 0
1428. The solution of the equation
linearly independent solutions = number of
row – rank = 3 – 2 = 1 a a x a a x
m m m = 0 is:/meceerkeâjCe m m m = 0 keâe nue nw
 3 2
1424. If A=  satisfies the equation b x b b x b
1 1 
(a) x = a only/kesâJeue x = a
A 2 + aA + bI = 0, then the values of a and b are
(b) x = b only/kesâJeue x = b
 3 2 (c) x = a or x = b/ x = a Ùee x = b
Ùeefo A =   meceerkeâjCe A + aA + bI = 0, keâes
2
1 1  (d) x = m/ x = m
mevleg° keâjlee nw, lees a Deewj b kesâ ceeve nQ (GIC) ØeJeòeâe hejer#ee, 2015
(a) a = 1, b = –4 (b) a = –4, b = 1 Ans. (c) : Given that
(c) a = –1, b = 4 (d) a = 4, b = –1
(GIC) ØeJeòeâe hejer#ee, 2015 a a x a a x
Ans. (b) : If matrix A satisfies the equation m m m =0⇒m 1 1 1 =0
A2+aA+bI =0 ........... (i) b x b b x b
The equation is its characteristic polynomial C2→C2–C1, C3→C3–C1
3 2  a 0 x −a 1 0 0
By matrix A =   its characteristic polynomial is
1 1  m1 0 0 =0⇒m a 0 x −a = 0
given by
f(t) = t2–4t+1 b x−b 0 b x−b 0
ALGEBRA 260 YCT

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Expanding w.r.t. R1   x
ABC =   .  y
(x–a) (x–b) = 0
⇒ x=a or x = b   
 1×3  z  3×1
1429. The value of determinant
1 x x 2
1 x x 2 ABC = [ ]1×1
1 y y is /meejefCekeâ 1 y y keâe ceeve nw
2 2
∴ order of ( ABC ) = 1×1
2 2
1 z z 1 z z
1 0  –1
(a) (x–y)(y–z)(z–x) (b) (x+y)(y+z)(z+x) 1431. If A =   , then A+A is equal to
1 1 
(c) (x+y)(y–z)(z–x) (d) (x+y)(y+z)(z–x)
(GIC) ØeJeòeâe hejer#ee, 2015 1 0 
Ùeefo A =   , lees A+A–1 efkeâmekesâ leguÙe nw?
1 x x2 1 1 
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2A (d) 2I
Ans. (a) : Let A = 1 y y 2 (GIC) ØeJeòeâe hejer#ee, 2015
1 z z2
1 0 
Applying R2→R2–R1 & R3 → R3 –R1 Ans. (d) : Given that A =  
1 1 
1 x x2
 1 0
A = 0 y−x y − x2
2
∴ A −1 =  
 −1 1 
0 z−x z2 − x 2
1 0   1 0  2 0
∴ A + A −1 =   +  =
1 x x2
1 1   −1 1  0 2 
= ( y − x )( z − x ) 0 1 y+x
1 0   1 0  
z+x = 2  ∵  = I
1  
0 1
0 1    0
R2→R2–R3
A + A −1 = 2I
1 x x2
= ( y − x )( z − x ) 0 0 y − z 1432. If A is non–singular matrix of order 3×3,
then adj A is equal to/ Ùeefo A Skeâ 3×3 keâesefš keâe
0 1 z+x
expanding w.r.t. C1 DeJÙegl›eâceCeerÙe DeeJÙetn nw, lees adj A efkeâmekesâ leguÙe nw?
= (y–x)(z–x)(z–y) 3 2
(a) A (b) A (c) A (d) 0
= (x–y) (y–z) (z–x)
1430. If the matrices are as follows:
Ans. (b) Since A is non-singular. Therefore A–1 exists.
a h g  x
A = [x y z], B = h b f  and C =  y  ,
  Now, A (adj A) = A I = (adj A)A.
then
n
 g f c   z  A adj A = A Where n is the order of the matrix.
order of ABC is given by Here n = 3
Ùeefo DeeJÙetn A, B, C efvecve Øekeâej nw: A adj A = A 3
a h g x adj A = A 3-1
A = [x y z], B = h b f  Deewj C =  y  , leye

2
 g f c   z  adj A = A
ABC keâer keâesefš efvecveJeled nw  1 2
1433. If A is matrix of order 2×2 and A -1 =  ,
(a) 3×1 (b) 1×3  -1 2 
(c) 1×1 (d) 3×3 then A is equal to/Ùeefo A Skeâ 2×2 keâesefš keâe
(GIC) ØeJeòeâe
hejer#ee, 2015
 1 2
Ans. (c) : Given that, DeeJÙetn nw Deewj A-1 =   , lees A efkeâmekesâ leguÙe nw?
-1 2
a h g x 
A = [x y z]1×3 , B =  h b f  & C =  y  1 1 1 1
2 − 2 4 − 2
 g f c  3×3  z  3×1 (a)   (b)  
1 1  1 1 
AB = [ ]1×3  4 4   4 2 
ALGEBRA 261 YCT

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 1 1   1 1 DeeJÙetn meceerkeâjCe
− 2 2   4 2 2 −1 3 x 9
(c)   (d)  
 1 1 − 1 1  1 1 1 y = 6 keâe nue nw–
−
 4 4   4 2  1 −1 1 z 2
(a) x = 1, y = 2, z = 3 (b) x = 0, y = 1, z = 2
 1 2
−1 (c) x = 2, y = 1, z = 0 (d) x = 3, y = 2, z = 1
Ans. (a) : Given that A =  
 −1 2  (GIC) ØeJeòeâe hejer#ee, 2015
adjA TGT 2013
We know that, A =
A −1 Ans. (a) : Let the coefficient matrix is
 2 −1 3
1  2 −2 
∴A =   D =  1 1 1 ⇒ D = 4 − 1× 0 − 3 × 2 = −2
A −1  1 1 
 1 −1 1
1  2 −2 
A=  9 −1 3
4 1 1 
and D x =  6 1 1 ⇒ D x = 9 × 2 + 1× 4 − 3 × 8 = −2
1 −1   2 −1 1
2 2
A=  2 9 3
1 1
 4 4  D y =  1 6 1 ⇒ D y = −4
 1 2 1
2x 0 1 0
1434. If A = and A −1 = then x is −1 9 
x x −1 2 2
equal to – D z =  1 1 6  ⇒ D z = −6
Ùeefo A =
2x 0
leLee A −1 =
1 0
leye x  1 −1 2 
x x −1 2 Dy
Dx Dz
yejeyej nesiee ∴ x= = 1, y= = 2, z= =3
D D D
1 1
(a) 1 (b) (c) − (d) −1 1436. One solution of equation–
2 2
(GIC) ØeJeòeâe hejer#ee, 2015 6−x 3 3
3 4−x 5 = 0 is–
 2x 0
Ans. (b) : Given that A =  .... (i) 3 5 4−x
x x 
6−x 3 3
 1 0 meceerkeâjCe keâe nue nw–
and A −1 =  
3 4−x 5 =0
 −1 2  3 5 4−x
–1
Let A = B
(a) x = 4 (b) x = 3
1
B−1 = adj(B) (c) x = 2 (d) x = 1
B (GIC) ØeJeòeâe hejer#ee, 2015
1 0 6 − x 3 
1  2 0 3
−1
B =  = 1 1
2  1 1    Ans. (b) :  3 4−x 5  = 0
2 2
 3 5 4 − x 
1 0
A = 1 1 ............. (ii) R1→R1+R2+R3
  12 − x 12 − x 12 − x
2 2
Comparing (i) and (ii), we get 3 4−x 5 =0
2x=1, ⇒ x =
1 3 5 4−x
2
1 1 1
1435. The solution of the matrix equation–
2 −1 3 x 9 (12 − x ) 3 4 − x 5 = 0
3 5 4−x
1 1 1 y = 6 is −
1 −1 1 z 2 R2→R2–R1, R3→R3–R1
ALGEBRA 262 YCT

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1 0 0 Ans. (b) : 2x2+3x+5= 0
(12 − x ) 3 1 − x 2 = 0 x=
−3 ± 9 − 40 −3 i 31
= ±
3 2 1− x 4 4 4
(12 − x ){1(1 − x ) }
2 3 i 31 −3 i 3
−4 =0 then let α = − + &β = −
4 4 4 4
(12 − x ){(1 − x ) −2 }=0 0 β β
2
⇒ 2
determinant is α 0 α
⇒ (12 − x ){(1 − x − 2 )(1 − x + 2 )} = 0
β α 0
⇒ (12 − x )( − x − 1)( 3 − x ) = 0 C2→C2–C3
⇒ x = 12, −1,3 0 0 β
0 1 −2 α −α α = 0 − 0 + β{α 2 + αβ}
1437. If the matrix − 1 0 3 , is not invertible, β α 0
λ −3 0
 3 i 31  3 i 31   −3  
0 1 −2 = αβ ( α + β ) =  − + 
 − −   2 ×  
then λ is equal to–/ Ùeefo DeeJÙetn −1 0 3  4 4  4 4  4  
λ −3 0  3 2  i 31 2  −6
     9 31  3 
DeJÙegl›eâceCeerÙe nes, lees λyejeyej nw– =  −  −      =  +  − 

(a) −2 (b) −1 (c) 1 (d) 2  4   4    4   16 16  2 
(GIC) ØeJeòeâe hejer#ee, 2015 40  −3  −15
= ×  =
 0 1 −2  16  2  4
Ans. (d) : Let A =  −1 0 3  1439. Skeâ efJe<ece –meceefcele DeeJÙetn keâe ›eâce (Rank) veneR nes mekeâlee
 
 λ −3 0  nw–/A skew-symmetric matrix cannot be of rank–
If A is not invertible, (a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4
then, A = 0 TGT 2011
0 1 −2 Ans : (a) Skeâ efJe<ece –meceefcele DeeJÙetn keâe ›eâce (Rank) 1 veneR nes
⇒ −1 0 3 = 0
mekeâleer nw
λ −3 0  0 a b
Let A= −a 0 c be a skew -symmetric matrix of order 3.
expanding w.r.t, R1 we get
−b −c 0
0 − 1{−3λ} − 2{3} = 0
3λ − 6 = 0 If each of a, b, c is zero then A=0 i.e. null matrix which
is not the case. Hence at least one of the number a, b, c
λ=2 is non zero. Next let a≠0, b = 0 & c=0, then second
1438. If α, β are the roots of the equation 0 a
order minor is non-zero. Hence rank (A)= 2.
2x 2 + 3x + 5 = 0 , then the value of the −a 0
0 β β
Hence ρ ( A ) > 1
determinant α 0 α is–
1440. oes DeeJÙetn A leLee B efJehejerle ›eâce nesieer Ùeefo–
β α 0
Two matrices A and B are said to be anti
Ùeefo α,β meceerkeâjCe 2x 2 + 3x + 5 = 0 kesâ cetue neW, lees commute if –
0 β β (a) AB=BA (b) AB2=A2B
meejefCekeâ α 0 α keâe ceeve nw– A B
(c) AB=–BA (d) =
B A
β α 0
TGT 2011
3 15
(a) − (b) − Ans : (c) Ùeefo DeeJÙetn A Deewj B efJehejerle ›eâce (Anti-
5 4
commutes) keâer neWieer leye AB= –BA
3 15
(c) (d) or AB + BA = 0
5 4
(GIC) ØeJeòeâe hejer#ee, 2015 veesš–Ùeefo DeeJÙetn A Deewj B ›eâce efJeefveÙeesie nw lees AB=BA
ALGEBRA 263 YCT
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1441. efvecve ceW mes keâLeve melÙe nw– 1444. efvecve meejefCekeâ keâe ceeve %eele keâerefpeS :
(a) Ùeefo A ef$eYegpeekeâej nw, leye A–1 Yeer ef$eYegpeekeâej DeeJÙetn nesiee 13 + 3 2 5 5
(b) Ùeefo A keâesF& Yeer DeeJÙetn nw leye adj ( A T ) = adj(A)
15 + 26 5 10
(c) Ùeefo A Deewj B, n Ieele keâe Jeie& DeeJÙetn nw, leye 3 + 65 15 5
adj(AB) = adj(A).(adjB)
(d) Ghejesòeâ meYeer DemelÙe nQ~ (a) 5 (b) 5 3( 6 − 5)
TGT 2011 (c) 5 3 (d) 5 3( 6 + 5)
Ans : (a)
TGT 2013
(i) Ùeefo A ef$eYegpeekeâej DeeJÙetn nw leye A–1 Yeer ef$eYegpeekeâej DeeJÙetn nesiee
Ans : (b)
(ii) adj(AT) ≠ adj A (∵adj ( A T ) = ( adjA )
T
) 13 + 3 2 5 5
(iii) adj (AB) ≠ (adj A).(adj B) D = 15 + 26 5 10
(∵adj( AB) = ( adjB) (adjA) ) 3 + 65 15 5
1442. Ùeefo 3×3 DeeJÙetn kesâ ØelÙeskeâ DeJeÙeJe keâes 3 mes iegCee keâj C2 leLee C3 mes 5 meJe&efve‰ uesves hej
oW, leye veÙeer DeeJÙetn keâer meejefCekeâ nesieer 13 + 3 2 1
(a) 3(detA) (b) 9(detA) D = 5 × 5 15 + 26 5 2
(c) 27(detA) (d) (detA)3
3 + 65 3 5
TGT 2011
Ans : (c) ceevee, 13 2 1 3 2 1
1 3 1  1 3 1  = 5 26 5 2 + 5 15 5 2
A =  2 4 5  =  2 4 5 
  65 3 5 3 3 5
1 2 2  1 2 2 
1 2 1 1 2 1
leye, det A = 1(8 – 10) – 3(4 – 5) + 1(4 – 4) – 2 + 3 = 1 = 5 13 2 5 2 +5 3 5 5 2
1 3 1   3 9 3  5 3 5 3 3 5
Deye, 3A = 3  2 4 5  = 6 12 15 henues meejefCekeâ ceW C1 = C3 leLee
1 2 2   3 6 6  otmejs meejefCekeâ ceW C1 → C1 − C2
det(3A) = 3(72 – 90) – 9(36 – 45) + 3(36 – 36) −1 2 1
= 27×1
= 5 13 × 0 + 5 3 0 5 2
= 27 (detA)
0 3 5
Theorem:– det(KA) = K n det(A)
1443. Ùeefo meceerkeâjCeeW kesâ efvekeâeÙe x+2y–3z=2, (K+3)z=3,
D = 0 + 5 13  −1 5 − 6 
 ( )
(2K+1) y+z = 2 keâe nue nw, leye K keâe ceeve nw– = −5 3 5 − ( 6) =5 3 ( 6 −5 )
1
(a) –3 (b) − 5 a 2 1
2 1445. Ùeefo = leye, a keâe ceeve nesiee –
(c) 1 (d) FveceW mes keâesF& veneR a 2 3 2
TGT 2011 (a) ±1 (b) ±2 (c) ±3 (d) ±4
Ans : (d) meceerkeâjCe keâe Augmented matrix TGT 2013
1 2 −3 : 2 5 a 2 1
0 Ans : (c) =
[ A : B ] 
= 0 (k + 3) : 3  a 2 3 2
 0 (2k + 1) 1 : 2  10 − a 2 = 4 − 3
R3 → R1 – R3 we get 10 − a 2 = 1 ⇒ 10 − 1 = a 2 ⇒ a 2 = 9 ⇒ a = ±3
1 2 −3 : 2 a−b−c 2a 2a
 (k + 3) : 3 
= 0 0 1446. meejefCekeâ keâe ceeve, 2b b−c−a 2b
1 (1 − 2k) −4 : 0  2c 2c c−a−b
for consistant, (a) (a + b + c) (b) (a + b + c)2
k+3≠0 (c) (a + b + c)3 (d) 0
⇒ k ≠ –3 TGT 2013
ALGEBRA 264 YCT
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a −b−c 2a 2a Ans : (c) Skeâ Jeie& DeeJÙetn keâe ØeefleueesceerkeâjCe leYeer efkeâÙee pee
Ans : (c) ∆ = 2b b−c−a 2b mekeâlee nw peye Gmekeâe meejefCekeâ keâe ceeve 0 ve nes keäÙeeWefkeâ
c−a −b AdjA
2c 2c A −1 = where |A| ≠ 0
|A|
R1 → R1 + R 2 + R 3
1449. If w3=1, then the value of the determinant
a +b+c a+b+c a +b+c
 1 w w2 
= 2b b−c−a 2b  2 
w w 1  is:
2c 2c c−a −b w2 1
 w 
1 1 1
1 w w2 
= ( a + b + c ) 2b b − c − a
Ùeefo w =1 lees, meejefCekeâ  w 
2b 3
w2 1  keâe ceeve nw:
2c 2c c−a −b
w2 1 w 
C2 → C2 − C1 , C3 → C3 − C 2 
(a) 0 (b) 1
1 0 0 (c) –1 (d) None of these
2b − ( a + b + c ) ( a + b + c ) UP PCS (Pre) 1997
2c 0 − (a + b + c) Ans : (a) w3=1 lees
1 w2 
= ( a + b + c ) {− ( a + b + c )( −a − b − c ) − 0} + 0 − 0
w
 
w w2 1 =?
= (a + b + c) × (a + b + c) = (a + b + c)
2 3
w 2 1 w 

1447. Let A be a square matrix and At be its R1+R2+R3 mes
transpose matrix. Then A–At, is:
ceevee efkeâ A Skeâ Jeie& DeeJÙetn nw leLee At Gmekeâe heefjJele& 1 + w + w 2 1 + w + w 2 1 + w + w 2 
 
DeeJÙetn nw, lees A–At nw:  w w2 1 =0
 w 2
1 w 
(a) Symmetric matrix /meceefcele DeeJÙetn  
(b) Skew-symmetric matrix /efJe<ece meceefcele DeeJÙetn a b 
(c) Zero matrix /MetvÙe DeeJÙetn 1450. If A is a matrix   , then:
c d 
(d) Identity matrix /FkeâeF& DeeJÙetn
a b 
UP PCS (Pre) 1997 Ùeefo A Skeâ DeeJÙetn   , nw, lees
c d 
1 3
Ans : (b) ceevee A =   (a) A (adjA) = |A|I
 2 4 (b) |A–1| = (|A|)–1
1 2  (c) |adjA–1| = |A|
At =   (d) |adj A| = |A–1|
3 4  UP PCS (Pre) 1997
1 3  1 2 
A−A =  t
−  a b 
 2 4  3 4  Ans : (a) A =   then
c d 
 0 1 True statement is
A − At = 
−  pees efkeâ Skeâ efJe<ece meceefcele DeeJÙetn nw~
 1 0  A ( adjA ) = A .I
1448. A square matrix A is invertible if and only if:
a h g  x 
Skeâ Jeie& DeeJÙetn A keâe ØeefleueesceerkeâjCe efkeâÙee pee    
1451. If A = [x y z], B = h b f  and C =  y  , then
mekeâlee nw Ùeefo Deewj kesâJeue leYeer, peye
 g f c   z 
(a) it has a non- zero clement /GmeceW Skeâ DeMetvÙe
ABC:
DeJeÙeJe nes
(b) determinant of A is zero/A keâe meejefCekeâ MetvÙe nes a h g  x 
(c) determinant of A is non-zero / A keâe meejefCekeâ Ùeefo A = [x y z], B = h b f  Deewj C =  y  leye
 
MetvÙe veneR nes  g f c   z 

(d) has all elements not equal to zero /Fveces meYeer ABC nw :
DeJeÙeJe DeMetvÙe neW (a) [ax2 – 2hxy + by2 – 2gzx –2fyz + cz2]
UP PCS (Pre) 1997 (b) [ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gzx +2fyz + z2]
ALGEBRA 265 YCT

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(c) [ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gzx +2fyz + cz2] 4 1 1
(d) [abc + 2fgh – af2 – bg2 – ch2] 1 Dx
TGT 2010 x= = 5 −1 2
A 6
−3 −2 −1
a h g
Ans : (c) AB = [x y z] ×  h b f  4 (1 + 4 ) − 1( −5 + 6 ) + 1( −10 − 3)
=
 g f c  6
20 − 1 − 13 6
= = =1
= [ ax + hy + gz, hx + by + zf ,gx + fy + cz ] 6 6
1 4 1
Dy 1 1 + 16 − 11 6
x  y= = 2 5 2 = = =1
A 6 6 6
∴ ABC = [ ax + hy + gz, hx + by + zf , gx + fy + cz ] .  y  1 −3 −1
 z  1 1 4
1 Dz
z= = 2 −1 5
=  ax 2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gzx + 2fyz + cz 2  A 6
  1 −2 −3
13 16 19 1( 3 + 10) − 1( −6 − 5) + 4 ( −4 + 1) 13 + 11 − 12 12
= = = =2
1452. The value of determinant A = 14 17 20 is 6 6 6
15 18 21 ∴ x=1, y=1, z=2
1454. efvecveefueefKele meceerkeâjCeeW kesâ nue keâer mebKÙee nesieer :
13 16 19
x2–x3=1, –x1+2x3 = – 2, x1–2x2 = 3
meejefCekeâ A = 14 17 20 keâe ceeve (a) MetvÙe (b) Skeâ
15 18 21 (c) oes (d) Devevle
(a) 10 (b) 15 (c) –15 (d) 0 TGT 2009
TGT 2010 Ans : (a) ef o Ùee nw :
Ans : (d) 0.x1+x2–x3 = 1, –x1+0.x2+2x3 = –2, x1–2x2+0.x3 = 3
13 16 19
Ûej kesâ iegCeebkeâ keâes DeeJÙetn ¤he ceW efueKeves hej
A = 14 17 20  0 1 −1  x1   1 
 −1 0 2     
15 18 21    x 2  =  −2 
 1 −2 0   x 3   3
R2 → R2 − R1 , R3 → R3 − R2
⇒ ceevee A X = B
13 16 19
⇒ X = A–1B – (i)
= 1 1 1
 0 1 −1  x1   1
 
peneB A = −1 0 2  X =  x 2  , B =  −2 
1 1 1
= 0 {∵ R2 Deewj R3 Skeâ meceeve identical nw~}  1 −2 0   x 3   3
1453. The values of x,y,z by Cramer's rule from the 0 1 −1
equation x+y+z= 4, 2x–y+2z = 5 and x–2y–z =–3 are = 0 − 1{0 − 2} − 1{2 − 0}
hegve: A = −1 0 2
/›esâcej efveÙece mes x,y,z keâe ceeve efvecve meceerkeâjCe mes %eele =2 − 2 = 0
1 −2 0
keâerefpeS: x+y+z = 4, 2x–y+2z = 5 Deewj x–2y–z = –3
(a) 1,1,2 (b) 1,1,3 ∵ A =0 Dele: A-1 Øeehle veneR efkeâÙee pee mekeâlee nw~
(c) 1,2,2 (d) None of these/FveceW mes keâesF& veneR ∴ efoÙes ieÙes meceerkeâjCe kesâ efvekeâeÙe keâe keâesF& nue veneR nesiee~
TGT 2010
1 1 1
Ans : (a) Alternate–
1455. D = 1 1+ x 1 peneB x ≠ 0, y ≠ 0, leye D.
1 1 1
1 1 1+ y
A = 2 −1 2
(a) x Deewj y oesvees mes efJeYeepÙe veneR nw~
1 −2 −1
(b) x Deewj y oesveeW mes efJeYeepÙe nw~
R1 kesâ meehes#e efJemleej keâjves hej– (c) x mes efJeYeepÙe uesefkeâve y mes veneR~
= 1(1+4)–1(–2–2)+1(–4+1) (d) y mes efJeYeepÙe uesefkeâve x mes veneR~
= 5+4–3=6 TGT 2009
ALGEBRA 266 YCT
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Ans : (b) 1458. Ùeefo A2 – A + I = 0, leye DeeJÙetn A keâe JÙegl›eâce
1 1 1 1 1 1 DeeJÙetn nw–
R 2 → R 2 − R1 (a) I–A (b) A–I
D = 1 1+ x 1  → 0 x 0 = xy
R 3 → R 3 − R1 (c) A (d) A+I
1 1 1+ y 0 0 y TGT 2009
{C1 kesâmeehes#e Øemeej keâjves hej}
Ans : (a) Ùeefo A2 – A + I = 0
Dele: meejefCekeâ D, x leLee y oesveeW mes efJeYeepÙe nw~ oesveeW he#eeW ceW A–1 keâe iegCee keâjves hej
5 5α α  A–1 A2 – AA–1 + A–1I = A–10 ⇒ A–I + A–1 = 0
A–1 = I – A
1456. A= 0 α 5α , Ùeefo |A2|=25, leye |α| keâe ceeve nesiee
0 2 5
0 5  1459. Ùeefo A =  , leye Adj (A) keäÙee nesiee–
 1 6 
(a) 52 (b) 1 (c) 1/5 (d) 5
TGT 2009  6 / 7 −5/ 7  6 / 7 −7 / 5
(a)   (b)  
Ans : (c)  −1/ 7 2 / 7  1/ 7 2 / 7 
5 5α α   −6 / 7 7 / 5 
A = 0 α 5α  leye  1/ 7 −2 / 7 
 
0 0 5  TGT 2009
 5 5α α  5 5α α  2 5
Ans : (d) Ùeefo A =  
A =  0 α 5α  0 α 5α 
2
1 6 
 0 0 5  0 0 5  ∴ ceevee DeeJÙetn A kesâ meniegCeveKeC[ mes yevee DeeJÙetn C nw, leye
 6 −1
 25 25α + 5α 2 10α + 25α 2  C= 
   −5 2 
= 0 α2 5α 2 + 25α 
0   6 −5 
 0 25  ∴ Adj (A) = C' =  
 −1 2 
|A2| = 25 (25α2)
ØeMveevegmeej, |A2| = 25 aα + b a b
1 1 1460. meejefCekeâ bα + c = 0, Ùeefo a, b, c nes
b c
∴ 25 = 25(25α 2 ) ⇒ α 2 = ⇒ | α | =
25 5 aα + b b α + c 0
1457. meceerkeâjCe kesâ efvekeâeÙe –2x + y + z = a, x–2y + z = b, (a) A.P. (b) G.P.
x + y – 2z = c keâesF& nue veneR jKelee nw– (c) H.P (d) FveceW mes keâesF& veneR
(a) a + b + c = 0 (b) a + b = c TGT 2009
(c) a – b – c = 0 (d) FveceW mes keâesF& veneR Ans : (b) efoÙee nw, meejefCekeâ
TGT 2009 a b aα + b
R 3 = R 3 − αR1 − R 2
Ans. (d) efoÙes ieÙes meceerkeâjCe kesâ efvekeâeÙe keâes DeeJÙetn ™he ceW efueKeves hej b c bα + c  →
 −2 1 1   −2 1 1 : a aα + b bα + c 0
  
A =  1 −2 1  ,C = 1 −2 1 : b 
a b aα + b
 1 1 −2 1 1 −2 : c 
b c bα + c
R2 → R1 + 2R2, R3 → 2R3 + R1
0 0 − ( aα 2 + 2bα + c )
 −2 1 1 : a 
R3 kesâ meehes#e Øemeej keâjves hej,
C = 0 −3 3 : 2b + a 
⇒ 0 − 0 +  − ( aα 2 + 2bα + c )( ac − b 2 )  = 0
0 3 −3 : 2c + a 
R3 → R2 + R3 ⇒ ( ac − b 2 )( aα 2 + 2bα + c ) = 0
 −2 1 1 : a  ∴ ac–b2 = 0 ⇒ b2 = ac
C = 0 −3 3 : 2b + a 

∴ a, b, c, iegCeesòej ßesCeer (G.P.) ceW neWies~
0 0 0 : 2a + 2b + 2c  1 1 1
efvekeâeÙe kesâ keâesF& nue veneR nw, kesâ efueS rank (A) ≠ rank (C) 1461. Ùeefo f (x,y) = 1 1 + x 1 leye f(x,y) yejeyej nesiee
i.e. 2a + 2b + 2c ≠ 0 1 1 1+ y
a+b+c≠0 (a) xy (b) x
ALGEBRA 267 YCT
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(c) y (d) (x+1) (y+1) determinant is/ Skeâ 3×3 ›eâce kesâ meejefCekeâ ceW aij, ith
TGT 2005 row Deewj jth column keâe DeJeÙeJe nw~ Ùeefo aij=0 peye
1 1 1 i=j;aij=1 peye i > j ; aij = –1 peye i < j leye meejefCekeâ
Ans : (a) Ùeefo f (x, y) = 1 1 + x 1 keâe ceeve keäÙee nesiee–
1 1 1+ y (a) 0 (b) 1
(c) –1 (d) 3
R 2 → R 2 − R1 Deewj R 3 → R 3 − R1 TGT 2004
1 1 1 Ans : (a) efoÙee nw aij= 0 when i = j
= 0 x 0 aij = 1 when i > j
0 0 y aij = –1 when i < j
a11 a12 a13 0 −1 −1
C1 kesâ meehes#e efJemleej keâjves hej
= 1( xy − 0 ) − 0 + 0 = xy ∴meejefCekeâ a 21 a 22 a 23 = 1 0 −1
a 31 a 32 a 33 1 1 0
1462. A square matrix A is idempotent if
Skeâ Jeie& DeeJÙetn A idempotent nesiee Ùeefo : Øemeej keâjves hej ·0
2 2
(a) A = 0 (b) A = 1 a d l l m n
(c) A = AT (d) A2 = A 1466. If A = b e m and B = a b c then
TGT 2004
Ans : (d) Skeâ DeeJele& DeeJÙetn efpemekeâe DeeJele&keâeue 1 nes Gmes c f n d e f
idempotent DeeJÙetn keâne peelee nw~ ieefCeleerÙe ™he ceW Fmes a d l l m n
A 2 = A mes ØeoefMe&le keâjles nQ~ Ùeefo A = b e m Deewj B = a b c leye,
c f n d e f
1 0
1463. Let A =   , then A is not : (a) A + B = 0 (b) A – B = 0
0 1 
A
1 0 (c) AB = 0 (d) =0
ceevee A =   , leye A veneR nesiee : B
0 1  TGT 2004
(a) A2 = A (b) A2 = I Ans : (b) efoÙee nw–
T
(c) A = A (d) A2 = 0
TGT 2004 a d l l m n
1 0 
A= b e m leLee B = a b c
Ans : (d) efoÙee ieÙee DeeJÙetn A =   Skeâ FkeâeF& DeeJÙetn nw~ c f n d e f
0 1 
∴ A2 = A, A2 = I leLee AT = A kesâ yejeyej nesiee~ l a d a l d
efkeâvleg A2 = 0 kesâ yejeyej veneR nesiee~ B= m b e =− b m e
1464. Which of the following matrices does not have n c f c n f
an inverse/ efvecveefueefKele ceW mes keâewve mes DeeJÙetn kesâ a d l
JÙegl›eâce keâes veneR %eele efkeâÙee pee mekeâlee nw–
B= b e m
1 0 1 1
(a)   (b)   c f n
2 2 2 2
a d l a d l
1 2 2 1
(c)   (d)   ∴A − B = b e m − b e m = 0 ⇒ A − B = 0
2 1 1 2
c f n c f n
TGT 2004
1467. The ratio of the determinants :
Ans : (b) nce peeveles nQ efkeâ efpeme DeeJÙetn keâe A ≠ 0 nes Gme
1 a a2 ab a + b 1
DeeJÙetn kesâ JÙegl›eâce keâes Øeehle efkeâÙee pee mekeâlee nw~
1 1 1 1 1 b b 2 and bc b + c 1 is
∴DeeJÙetn =  ⇒ = 2−2 = 0
1 c c2 ca c +a 1
2 2 2 2
1 1 1 a a2 ab a +b 1
Dele: DeeJÙetn   kesâ JÙegl›eâce keâes Øeehle veneR efkeâÙee pee mekeâlee nw~
2 2 meejefCekeâ 1 b b 2
leLee bc b +c 1 keâe
1465. In a third order determinant aij demotes the 1 c c 2
ca c +a 1
element of the ith column. If aij= 0, when i=j,
aij=–1, for<i<j then the value of the Devegheele nw–
ALGEBRA 268 YCT
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(a) 2:1 (b) 1:2 a g f a b c
(c) 1:1 (d) abc : (a + b + c)
(c) g b h (d) g f h
TGT 2004
f h c 1 1 1
Ans : (c)
TGT 2004
1 a a2
→ R 2 → R 2 − R1 Ans : (a) JÙebpekeâ ax2+2hxy+by2+2gx+2fy+c=0 oes jwefKekeâ
meejefCekeâ D1 = 1 b b 2
→ R 3 → R 3 − R1 Yeeie ax + by + g = 0 leLee hx + by + f = 0 ceW heefjJeefle&le neslee
1 c c2
a h g
1 a a2 nw efpemekesâ efueS h b f = 0 keâe nesvee DeeJeMÙekeâ nw
= ( b − a ) ( c2 − a 2 ) − ( c − a ) ( b2 − a 2 )
= 0 b − a b − a2
2
g f c
0 c − a c2 − a 2 (
= a − b )( b − c )( c − a )
α 0 
 and |A | = 125, then α equals
3
1470. If A = 
Deewj meejefCekeâ  0 α 
ab a + b 1 ab a+b 1 α 0 
→ R 2 → R 2 − R1 Ùeefo A =   and |A | = 125 lekeâ α yejeyej nesiee :
3
D 2 = bc b + c 1 bc − ab c − a 0  0 α 
→ R 3 → R 3 − R1
ca c + a 1 ca − ab c − b 0 (a) 0 (b) ±2
= ( c − b )( bc − ab ) − ( c − a )( ca − ab ) (c) ± 3 (d) ±5
TGT 2004
= ( a − b )( b − c )( c − a ) Ans : (*)
∴
D1 1
= ⇒ D1 : D 2 = 1:1 α o  α 2 o  α3 o 
 Deewj A3 = 
2
D2 1 ∵A =   then A =  
 o α  o 2
α  3
 o α 
a b 1
1468. If λ∈R and ∆ = , the λ∆ equals to
c d ∴ A3 = α6 − 0 ⇒ α 6 = 125 ⇒ α3 = 53 ( ) 2 ⇒ α=± 5
a b α 0  1 0 
Ùeefo λ∈R Deewj ∆ = leye λ∆ yejeyej nesiee– 1471. If A =  and B = 
c d   , then the value
1 1  5 1
λa λb λa λb of α for which A2 = B is
(a) (b)
λc λd c d α 0  1 0 
Ùeefo A =   leLee B =   , leye α keâe ceeve
λa b λa λb 1 1  5 1
(c)
c d
(d)
c λd
keäÙee nes iee ef pemekes â ef u eS A2 = B nes–
(a) 1 (b) –1
TGT 2004 (c) 2
Ans : (b) (d) No real value/keâesF& JeemleefJekeâ mebKÙee veneR
λa λ b λa b TGT 2004
Ùeefo λ∈R leye ∆λ = Ùee ∆λ =
c d λc d α 0   α 2 0
Ans : (d) A =   ∴ A2 =  
λa b 1 1 α + 1 1 
uesefkeâve efJekeâuhe ceWs veneR efoÙee nw~
λc d
2  α 2 0  1 0  ⇒ α 2 = 1& α + 1 = 5
veesš– meeefjefCekeâ kesâ efkeâmeer DeÛej mes iegCee keâjles nw lees Gmekesâ Skeâ ∴ A = B ⇒  = 
α + 1 1  5 1  ⇒ α = 1 & α = 4
hebefòeâ Ùee Skeâ mlecYe ceW iegCee keâj osles nw~
Dele: α = ±1, 4 Øeehle neslee nw FmeefueS α keâe keâesF& efveefMÛele ceeve
1469. The condition for the expression
veneR nQ~ keäÙeeWefkeâ keâesF& Yeer ceeve A2 keâes mevleg° veneR keâjlee nw~
ax2+2hxy+by2+2gx+2fy+c to be resolved into
two liner factors is 1 2 3
JÙebpekeâ ax +2hxy+by +2gx+2fy+c kesâ efueS efvecve ceW 1472. The value of the determinant: 3 5 7 is
2 2
mes keâewve meer Mele& JÙebpekeâ kesâ oes jwefKekeâ meceerkeâjCe 8 14 20

ØeoefMe&le keâjves kesâ efueS DeeJeMÙekeâ nesiee– efvecve meejefCekeâ keâe ceeve keäÙee nesiee–
a h g a h f 1 2 3
(a) h b f (b) h b g 3 5 7
g f c f g c 8 14 20
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(a) 20 (b) 10 efvecve meejefCekeâ mes Øeehle meceerkeâjCe keâe Skeâ cetue nw–
(c) 0 (d) 5 3x − 8 3 3
TGT 2003 3 3x − 8 3 =0
1 23 3 3 3x − 8
Ans : (c) meejefCekeâ 3 5 7 keâe R1 kesâ meehes#e Øemeej keâjves 8 2
8 14 20 (a) (b)
3 3
hej (c)
1
= 1(100–98) –2 (60–56) +3 (42–40) 3
= 2–4 × 2+3×2 = 2–8+6=0 TGT 2003
x+a b c 3x − 8 3 3
1473. If a x+b c = 0 , then x equals to Ans : (b) 3 3x − 8 3 =0
a b x+c 3 3 3x − 8
C1 → C1 + C2 + C3
x+a b c
Ùeefo meejefCekeâ a x + b c = 0 nes leye x keâe 3x − 2 3 3
a b x+c 3x − 2 3x − 8 3 =0
3x − 2 3 3x − 8
ceeve nesiee–
C1 mes (3x–2) GYeÙeefve<" uesves hej
(a) a + b + c (b) – (a +b b + c)
1 3 3
(c) 0, a + b + c (d) 0, –(a + b + c)
⇒ ( 3x − 2 ) 1 3x − 8 3 =0
TGT 2003
1 3 3x − 8
x+a b c
Ans : (d) a x+b c =0 R 2 → R 2 − R1
a b x+c R 3 → R 3 − R1
C1→C1+C2+C3 1 3 3
⇒ ( 3x − 2 ) 0 3x − 11 0 =0
x+a+b+c b c
0 0 3x − 11
⇒ x+a+b+c x+b c =0
x+a+b+c b x+c ⇒ ( 3x − 2 ){( 3x − 11)( 3x − 11) − 0} = 0
c1 mes (x+a+b+c) GYeÙeefve<" uesves hej ⇒ ( 3x − 2 )( 3x − 11) = 0 ⇒ x = , ,
2 2 11 11
1 b c 3 3 3
1475. If A and B are two matrices such that A+B and
⇒ (x + a + b + c) 1 x + b c =0
AB are both defined, then/Ùeefo DeeJÙetn A Deewj B
1 b x+c
Fme Øekeâej nQ efkeâ A+B Deewj AB heefjYeeef<ele nes leye,
R 2 → R 2 − R1 (a) A and B are two matrices not necessarily of
R 3 → R 3 − R1 same order./A Deewj B oesveeW DeeJÙetn DeeJeMÙekeâ veneR
1 b c efkeâ Skeâ ner ›eâce kesâ neW
⇒ (x + a + b + c) 0 x 0 = 0 (b) A and B are two matrices of same order.
A Deewj B Jeie& DeeJÙetn Deewj Skeâ meceeve ›eâce kesâ nQ~
0 0 x
(c) Number of columns of A = number of rows
⇒ (x+a+b+c) (x2–0) =0 of B/A kesâ mlecYe keâer mebKÙee = B kesâ keâeuece (hebefòeâ)
⇒ x2 [x+(a+b+c)] = 0 keâer mebKÙee
⇒ x = 0, x = –(a+b+c) (d) None of the above/FmeceW mes keâesF& veneR
1474. One root of the equation TGT 2003
3x − 8 3 3 Ans : (b) Ùeefo A Deewj B oes DeeJÙetn nQ Deewj A+B, AB
3 3x − 8 3 =0 heefjYeeef<ele nQ leye efveef§ele ™he mes A leLee B Jeie& DeeJÙetn Deewj meceeve
3 3 3x − 8 ›eâce kesâ nQ~
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⇒ dim (Ker (T)) = 1
9. Linear Algebra ⇒ T is not one-one.
∴ By Rank - Nullity theorem we have
1 2  dim (Ker(T)) + dim (Im(T)) = dim (R3) = 3
1476. Let B =   and T: V → V be the linear ⇒ 1 + dim (Im(T)) = 3
0 0  ⇒ dim (Im(T)) = 2
map defined by T (A) = (AB) where V be the ⇒ T is not onto
vector space of all 2 × 2 real matrices, Then
rank and nullity of T respectively are 1478. Let V = {(a, b, c, d): b – 2c + d = 0} be a
subspace of R4. Then dimension of V is
1 2 
Ùeefo B =   Deewj T: V → V Skeâ jsKeerÙe ceevee V = {(a, b, c, d): b – 2c + d = 0} keâer Skeâ
0 0  Ghemeceef° nw~ lees V keâer efJecee nw
ØeefleefÛe$eCe Fme Øekeâej heefjYeeef<ele nw efkeâ T (A) = (AB) (a) 0 (b) 1
peneB V meYeer 2 × 2 JeemleefJekeâ DeeJÙetneW keâer meefoMe (c) 2 (d) 3
meceef° nw~ leye T keâer keâesefš SJeb MetvÙelee ›eâceMe: nw UPPSC GDC 2021
(a) 1, 3 (b) 3, 1 Ans. (d) : Given V = {(a, b, c, d) : b – 2c + d = 0}
(c) 2, 2 (d) 4, 0 Subspace of R4
UPPSC GDC 2021 ⇒ V = {(a, 2c – d, c, d) : a, c, d ∈ R}
Ans. (c) : Given T : V → V a linear map defined as Showing that there are 3 arbitrary entries
1 2  ⇒ dim V = 3
T (A) = AB , where B =   1479. If T : R2 (R) → R2 (R) is defined by T(2, 3) =
0 0  (4, 5) and T (1, 0) = (0, 0), then T (x, y) will be
a b  Ùeefo T : R2 (R) → R2 (R) pees efkeâ T(2, 3) = (4, 5)
Let A=   ∈ V ;a,b,c,d∈ F. leLee T (1, 0) = (0, 0), mes heefjYeeef<ele nw, lees T (x, y)
c d 
a b  1 2  a 2a  keâe ceeve nesiee
Then T (A) =   =   4y 5y   5y 4y 
 c d   0 0   c 2c  (a)  ,  (b)  , 
  a 2a    3 3   3 3 
so, range of T = R(T) =    : a,c,∈ F  4y 5y   3y − 4y 3y − x 
  c 2c   (c)  x − , (d)  ,
 3 3   3 3 
which is clearly a 2-dimensional subspace of V and
UPPSC GDC 2021
hence rank (T) = 2.
Thus, by Rank-Nullity Theorem we get that Ans. (a) : We have that {(2, 3), (1, 0)} is a basis of
nullity (T)=2. R2(R) and hence for every (x, y)∈R2 (R)
1477. Which of the following statements is true for (x, y) = α (2, 3) + β (1, 0)
a linear transformation T : R3→R3 defined by for some scales α, β∈ R which gives
T (a, b, c) = (a – b, b – c, c – a)? y 2y
α= &β=x–
I: T is one-one 3 3
II: T is onto Now if a linear transformation T : R 2 → R 2 is defined
Skeâ jwefKekeâ ™heeblejCe T: R3→R3 pees T (a, b, c) = (a by T (2, 3) = (4, 5) and T (1, 0) = (0, 0)
– b, b – c, c – a) mes heefjYeeef<ele nQ, kesâ efueÙes then we must have
efvecveefueefKele keâLeveeW ceW keâewve-mee melÙe nw? T (x, y) = α T (2, 3) + β T (1, 0)
I: T Skewâkeâer nw ⇒ T (x, y) = α(4,5) + β (0,0)
II: T DeeÛÚeokeâ nw  4y 5y 
⇒ T(x, y) = (4α,5α) =  , 
(a) Only I/kesâJeue I  3 3 
(b) Only II/kesâJeue II 1480. Which of the following set of vectors is a
(c) Either I or II/Ùee lees I Ùee II basis for vector space R3?
(d) Neither I nor II/ve lees I ve ner II efvecveefueefKele cess keâewve-mee meefoMeeW keâe mecegÛÛeÙe meefoMe
UPPSC GDC 2021 meceef° R3 keâe Skeâ DeeOeej nw?
Ans. (d) : Given T: R  → R defined by
3 3
(a) {(1, −1,1) , (1,0, 2 ) , ( 2, −1,3)}
T(a, b, c) = (a – b, b – c, c – a)
Kernel (T) = {(a, b, c) ∈ R3 : T (a, b, c) = (0, 0, 0)}
(b) {(1, −1,1) , (1,0, 2 ) , ( 2,1,1)}
= {(a, b, c) ∈ R3 / (a – b, b – c, c– a) = (0, 0, 0)} (c) {(1, −1,1) , (1,0, 2 ) , ( 0,1,1)}
= {(a, b, c) ∈ R3 / a – b = 0, b – c = 0, c – a = 0}
= {(a, b, c) ∈ R3 / a = b = c} (d) {(1, −1,1) , (1,0, 2 ) , (1, −2,0 )}
= {(a, a, a) ∈ R3} UPPSC GDC 2021
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Ans. (b) : (a) Vectors are not linearly independent as (1,  0 –1 1 
–1, 1) + (1, 0, 2) = (2, –1, 3). Ans. (a) :  
2 1 0
 1 –1 1 
  R 2 → R 2 – R1 Linear transformation defined gives
(b) Consider  1 0 2  ; T (1, 1, 1) = (2, 0) = 0 (1, 1) + 2(1, 0)
 2 1 1  R 3 → R 3 – 2R1 T (1, –1, 0) = (0, –1) = (–1) (1, 1) + 1(1, 0)
 
T (0, 1, 0) = (1, 1) = 1 (1, 1) + 0(1, 0)
 1 −1 1  and hence
 
∼  0 1 1  ; R 3 → R 3 – 3R 2  0 –1 1 
 0 3 −1 [T] =  
  2 1 0
 1 −1 1  k 1 2
 
∼ 0 1 1  1483. If the nullity of the matrix  1 -1 –2  is 1,
 
 0 0 −4   1 4 
  1
therefore, the set {(1, –1, 1), (1, 0, 2), (2, 1, 1)} is then the value of k is –
linearly independent set and generates R3 because this k 1 2 
set has 3 elements which is same as dimension of R3. Ùeefo DeeJÙetn  1 -1 –2  keâer MetvÙelee 1 nw, lees k keâe
Hence, it is a basis.  
(c) vectors are also not linearly independent as  1 1 4 
(1, 0, 2) – (1, –1, 1) = (0, 1, 1). ceeve nw–
(d) vectors are also not linearly independent as (a) 0 (b) 1
(1, 0, 2) + (1, –2, 0) = (2, –2, 2) = 2 (1, –1, 1). (c) 2 (d) –1
1481. Let 'A' and 'B' be square matrices of order UP PGT 2021
'n' over the field 'F'. Then the matrix 'B' is said Ans. (d) : –1
to be similar to the matrix 'B' is said to be
K 1 2
similar to the matrix 'A', if there exists an Rank of  1 –1 –2  is 2 by Rank-Nullity Theorem.
invertible square matrix 'C' of order 'n' such  
that 'B' equal to -  1 1 4 
ceevee 'A' SJeb 'B', 'F' #es$e kesâ Thej 'n' keâesefš kesâ Jeie& ∴ Given matrix is not invertible and hence is singular
DeeJÙetn nQ~ leye DeeJÙetn 'B' keâes DeeJÙetn 'A' kesâ meceeve  K 1 2 
keâne peelee nw, Ùeefo keâesefš 'n' keâe Skeâ Gueše Jeie& So, det   1 
–1 –2   = 0

DeeJÙetn 'C' ceewpeto nw, pewmes efkeâ 'B' yejeyej nw – 1 1 4  

(a) A–1BA
(b) B–1AB ⇒ K ( –4 + 2 ) – 1( 4 + 2 ) + 2 (1 + 1) = 0
(c) C–1AC ⇒ –2K – 6 + 4 = 0
(d) None of these/FveceW mes keâesF& veneR ⇒ K = –1
Ans. (c) : Definition:- Two matrices A and B of order n 1484. If V is a n-dimensional vector space and T is
over the field F is said to be similar if there exist an a linear transformation on V such that rank
invertible square matrix C of order n such that and nullity of T are identical then –
B = C −1AC .
Ùeefo V Skeâ n-efJeceerÙe meefoMe meceef<š nw leLee V hej T
Skeâ jwefKekeâ ¤heevlejCe Fme Øekeâej nw efkeâ T keâer keâesefš
1482. Let T be a linear transformation from R3 →
R2, defined by T (x, y, z) = (x + y, y – z) then the leLee MetvÙelee yejeyej nw, lees
matrix T with respect to the ordered basis {(1, (a) n is even/n mece nw
1, 1), (1, –1, 0), (0, 1, 0)} and {(1, 1), (1, 0)} is – (b) n is odd/ n efJe<ece nw
Ùeefo T Skeâ jwefKekeâ ¤heevlejCe R3 → R2 hej nw pees T (c) some times even some times odd
(x, y, z) = (x + y, y –z) mes heefjYeeef<ele nw~ lees ›eâefcele keâYeer mece lees keâYeer efJe<ece
DeeOeej {(1, 1, 1), (1, –1, 0), (0, 1, 0)} leLee {(1, 1), (d) none of the above/Ghejeskeäle ceW mes keâesF& veneR
(1, 0)} mes T keâer DeeJÙetn nw– UP PGT 2021
 0 –1 1   –2 0 1  Ans. (a) : n is even
(a)   (b)   Let dim (V) = n and dim (N(T)) = dim (R(T)) as nullity
2 1 0  1 1 –1 and rank are identical
2 1   0 2 Now, Rank-Nullity Theorem for a finite - dimensional
(c)  0 –1 (d)  –1 1  vector space states that nullity (T) + rank (T) = dim (V)
∴ dim (N(T)) + dim (R(T)) = n
1 1   1 0  ⇒ 2 dim (N(T)) = n
UP PGT 2021 Thus, n is a multiple of 2 and hence n is even
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5 4  (a) 0, 1 (b) 1, –1
1485. The eigen values of the matrix A =   are (c) 0, 2 (d) 1, 2
1 2 
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5 4  Ans. (c) : 0, 2
DeeJÙetn A =   kesâ DeeFiesve ceeve nQ–
1 2  1 1 0 
(a) 6, 0 (b) 3, 2 Given matrix A = 1 1 0 
(c) 6, 1 (d) 1, 2
0 0 0 
UP PGT 2021
Ans. (c) : 6, 1 Now, the characteristic polynomial f(λ) is given by
5 4  1 − λ 1 0 
Given matrix A =   has the characteristic  
f(λ) = det (A – λI) = det  1 1 − λ 0 
1 2 
 0 0 −λ 
polynomial f(λ) = det (Aλ–I) 
5 – λ 4  = (1–λ) (1–λ) (–λ) –1(–λ)
f(λ) = det   = –λ3 + 2λ2
 1 2 – λ
This polynomial has zeros when λ = 0 & λ = 2 and so
= (5–λ) (2–λ) – 4 = λ2 – 7λ + 6
the distinct eigenvalues are λ1 = 0 & λ2 = 2
This polynomial has zeros λ = 6 and λ = 1 and so the
1488. The dimension of the vector space of all 3×3
distinct eigenvalues are λ1 = 6 and λ2 = 1.
real symmetric matrices is –
1486. If W = {(x, y, z) ∈ R3 : x + y – z = 0} is a subspace 3×3 kesâ meYeer JeemleefJekeâ meceefcele DeeJÙetneW mes yeves meefoMe
of the vector space R3, then dim W is –
Ùeefo W = {(x, y, z) ∈ R3 : x + y – z = 0} meefoMe meceef<š meceef<š keâer efJecee nw–
R keâer Ghe meceef<š nw, lees W keâer efJecee nw–
3 (a) 3 (b) 6
(c) 3n (d) 9
(a) 0 (b) 1
(c) 2 (d) 3 UP PGT 2021
Ans. (b): Basis for the vector space of all 3×3 real
UP PGT 2021
symmetric matrices
Ans. (c) : 2
Consider the  1 0 0   0 0 0   0 0 0   0 0 1  
subset        
 0 0 0  ,  0 1 0  ,  0 0 0  ,  0 0 0  , 
B= {(1,–1, 0), (1, 0, 1)}  0 0 0   0 0 0   0 0 1   1 0 0  
of vector subspace =  
W of R3  0 1 0   0 0 0  
Claim: B is basis of W  1 0 0  ,  0 0 1  
(i) B is linearly independent (L.I.)   
 

 
Let  0 0 0   0 1 0  
α (1, –1, 0) + β(1, 0, 1) = (0, 0, 0) ∴ Dimension = 6
⇒ (α + β, –α, β) = (0, 0, 0) 1489. Let V(F) be a finite dimensional vector space
⇒α=0=β over the field F and W be a subspace of V. If
⇒ B is L. I. dim V = 5, dim W = 3 then dim Wº is–
(ii) B spans W ceevee V(F), #es$e F hej Skeâ heefjefcele efJeceerÙe meefoMe
Let, meceef<š nw leLee W, V keâe Skeâ Ghe meceef<š nw~ Ùeefo dim
(x, y, z) ∈ W V = 5 leLee W = 3 lees dim Wº nw–
Then, (a) 2 (b) 3
(x, y, z) = (x, y, x + y) = –y(1, –1, 0) + (x +y) (1, 0, 1) (c) 1 (d) 8
⇒ B spans W UP PGT 2021
∴ from (i) and (ii) Ans. (a) : 2
B is a basis of W Theorem – If W(F) is an m-dimensional subspace of an
and hence dim W = 2 n-dimensional vector space V(F) then dim(Wο) = n – m.
1487. The distinct eigen values of the matrix So now, dim (Wº) = (5–3) = 2
1 1 0  1490. The dimension of the vector space C(R) of
1 1 0  are – the complex number over real numbers is –
  JeemleefJekeâ mebKÙeeDeeW kesâ Thej meefceße mebKÙeeDeeW kesâ
0 0 0 
meefoMe meceef<š C(R) keâer efJecee nw–
1 1 0  (a) 1 (b) 2
DeeJÙetn 1 1 0  kesâ efYeVe DeeFiesve ceeve nQ–
  (c) 3 (d) 4
 0 0 0  UP PGT 2021
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Ans. (b) : C(R) : vector space of complex numbers over dim(W1+W2) = dim W1+dimW2–dim(W1∩W2)
real numbers. Let S = {u1,u2......ur}be a basis for W1∩W2. Because
We can write any vector z∈ C(R) as W1∩W2 is subspace of W1 and W2 and hence S can be
z = a.1 + bi with a, b ∈ R extended to a basic for W1 and W2
∴{1,i} is linearly independent and span ({1,i})= C(R) Let B1 = { u1, u 2,..... u r, v1,v2..... vs}
Hence, {1, i} is a basis for C(R) and B2={ u1,u2,.....ur, w1, w2..... wt} be bases for W1 and
Thus, dim (C(R)) = 2 W2 respectively .
1491. Which of the following functions T : R2 → R2 Let B = { u1,u2,.....ur, v1,v2..... vs, w1, w2.....wt}
is a linear transformation ? Claim: B is a basis for w1 + w2
efvecveefueefKele HeâueveeW T : R2 → R2 ceW keâewve mee jwefKekeâ Proof - First we show that B is linearly independent.
¤heevlejCe nw? r s t
(a) T(x, y) = (x + 1, y) (b) T(x, y) = (x, y + 1)

Let ∑ a u +∑ b v + ∑ c
i =1
i i
j=1
j j
K =1
K w K = 0 for scalars ai, bj, ck
(c) T(x, y) = (x + y, 0) (d) T(x, y) = (x – 1, y)
1≤ i ≤ r
UP PGT 2021
1≤ j ≤ s
Ans. (c): T (x, y) = (x + y, 0)
1≤ k ≤ t
A linear transformation T from vector space R2 to R2 r s t
maps the identity element (0, 0) of R2 to (identity Then ∑ a i u i + ∑ b j v j = −∑ c K w K ; which shows that
element) (0, 0) of R2 i =1 j=1 K =1
So, among the given options, only T: R2 → R2 defined element on both the sides are in W1∩W2
by t r r t
T (x, y) = (x + y, 0); ( x, y ) ∈ R 2 does that as T (0, 0) = Thus −∑ c K w K = ∑ d i u i so ∑ d u +∑ c w i i k k =0

t =1 i =1 i =1 k =1
(0, 0) and hence this particular transformation is a linear which implies di = 0 and ck= 0 for 1≤ i ≤ r, 1≤ k ≤ t
transformation.
since B2 is linearly independent.
1492. The rank and nullity of the linear r s
transformation T: R2 → R3 defined by– T (a, b) Therefore ∑ a i u i + ∑ b jv j = 0 which implies ai=0,
= (a – b, b – a, –a) are respectively– i =1 j=1
T (a, b) = (a – b, b – a, –a) ôeje heefjYeeef<ele jwefKekeâ 1≤ i ≤ r

bj=0, for ai, bj ; since B1 is linearly independent.
™heevlejCe T: R2 → R3 keâer keâesefš Deewj MetvÙelee ›eâceMe: 1≤ j ≤ s
nQ- Thus , B is linearly independent .
(a) 1, 1 (b) 2, 0 Now Let w ∈ W1+ W2. Then w = w1+ w2 for some
(c) 0, 2 (d) 2, 1 wi∈Wi for i = 1,2.
UPPSC GIC 2021 r s r t
UPPSC Ashram Paddhati 2021 Then w1 = ∑p u + ∑q v
i =1
i i
j=1
j j and w2 = ∑g u + ∑h w
i =1
i i
k =1
k k
Ans. (b) : 2, 0
Clearly null space of T, N(T) = {(0,0)} for scalars pi, qj, gi, hk
r s t
So, nullity (T) = dim ({0,0}) = 0
∴By Rank-Nullity Theorem we have
Now w = ∑(p
i =1
i + gi ) u i + ∑ q jv j + ∑ h k w k
j=1 k =1
dim (R2) = nullity (T) + rank (T)
Thus w is in span (B)
⇒ 2 = 0 + rank (T)
Showing that B = { u1,u2,.....ur,v1,v2,....vs,w1,w2,...wt}
⇒ rank (T) = 2
is basis for W1+W2
1493. If W1 and W2 are subspaces of a finite Which implies that
dimensional vector space V, then dim W1 + dim dim(W1+W2) = r + s + t = (r + s) + (r + t) – r = dim W1
W2 is equal to-
+ dim W2 – dim (W1∩ W2)
Ùeefo W1 leLee W2 efkeâmeer heefjefcele efJeceerÙe meefoMe meceef°
⇒ dimW1+dimW2 = dim(W1+W2)+dim (W1∩W2)
V keâer oes Ghemeefce°ÙeeB neW, lees dim W1 + dim W2
1494. Let V and W be two vector spaces over a
yejeyej nesiee- field F. If T: V → W is a linear transformation
(a) dim (W1 + W2) such that dim V = 5 and nullity (T) = 2, then
(b) dim (W1 ∩ W2) rank (T) is -
(c) dim (W1 + W2)- dim (W1∩W2) ceevee V Deewj W efkeâmeer #es$e F hej oes meceef°ÙeeB nQ~ Ùeefo
(d) dim (W1 + W2)+ dim (W1∩W2)
UPPSC GIC 2021
jwefKekeâ ™heevlejCe T : V → W Fme Øekeâej nw efkeâ dim
Ans. (d) : dimW1 + dimW2 = dim(W1+W2) + V = 5 Deewj MetvÙelee (T) = 2 nes, lees keâesefš (T) nw~
dim(W1∩W2) (a) 0 (b) 2
Theorm - If W1,W2 are subspaces of a vector space V, (c) 3 (d) 1
then UPPSC GIC 2021
ALGEBRA 274 YCT
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Ans. (c) : 3 Ans. (d) : Less than or equal to n.
Rank-Nullity Theorem for a linear transformation T: Linear equation of order n
V→W states that  D n + b1 (x)D n −1 + ...... + b n −1 (x)D + b n (x)  y = R ( x ) ;
dim V = nullity (T) + rank (T)
where, V is finite dimensional vector space. d
≡D.
So, rank (T) = dim V-nullity (T) dx
= 5–2 The corresponding homogeneous equation is
=3
1495. What can be said about the solution of the  D n + b1 ( x ) D n −1 + .... + b n −1 ( x ) D + b n ( x )  y = 0
following system of linear equations? There may exist at most n linearly independent solution of
x + y + 2z = 4 above homogeneous equation.
2x – y + 3z = 6 1497. Orthonormal set of vectors in an inner
x–y–z=1 product space is
jwefKekeâ meceerkeâjCeeW kesâ efvecveefueefKele efvekeâeÙe kesâ nue kesâ Deeblej iegCeve meceef° ceW meefoMeeW keâe ØemeeceevÙe ueebefyekeâ
yeejs ceW keäÙee keâne pee mekeâlee nw? mecegÛÛeÙe neslee nw
x + y + 2z = 4 (a) Linearly dependent /jwefKekeâle: Deeefßele
2x - y + 3z = 6 (b) Linearly independent/ jwefKekeâle: mJeleb$e
x–y–z=1 (c) Neither dependent nor independent
(a) It has a unique non-zero solution
ve lees Deeefßele ve ner mJeleb$e
Fmekeâe DeefÉleerÙe DeMetvÙe nue nw~
(d) None of these /FveceW mes keâesF& vener
(b) It has infinitely many solutions
Fmekesâ Devevle nue nw~
Ans. (b) : Linearly independent
(c) It has no solution/
Proposition- If {vi}is an orthonomal set in an inner
Fmekeâe nue veneR nw product space, then the vectors in {vi} are linearly
(d) None of the above is true independent.
GheÙeg&òeâ ceW mes keâesF& veneR Yeer melÙe veneR nw~ Proof- Suppose that α1v1+α2v2+...+αnvn = 0 therefore 0
UPPSC GIC 2021 = (α1v1+α2v2+...+αnvn , vi) = α1(v1,vi) +...+αn(vn,vi).
Ans. (a) : It has a unique non-zero solution. Since(vi,vi) =δij this equation reduces to αi = 0 . Thus
Given system can be described in matrix form as the vi's are linearly independent.
 1 1 2    
x 4 1498. If {α,β} is an orthonormal set in an inner
 
AX = b i.e  2 −1 3   y  =  6      product space then distance between α and β is
Deeblej iegCeve meceef° ceWW ØemeeceevÙe ueebefyekeâ mecegÛÛeÙe
1 −1 −1  z  1 
{α,β} nes lees α SJeb β kesâ ceOÙe otjer nw
1 1 2  (a) 0 (b) 1
 
Now A =  2 −1 3  is non- singular because det(A) (c) 2 (d) 2
1 −1 −1 UP Higher Asst. Prof. 2021
= 7≠ 0 and hence invertible and A–1 exists Ans. (d) : 2
Then AX = b gives 2
Distance between α and β = d(α,β) = α − β
or A–1(AX) = A–1b (pre multiplying by A–1)
or (A–1A)X = A–1b = ( α − β, α − β )
or IX = A–1b
or X = A–1b = ( α, α − β ) − ( β, α − β )
This matrix equation provides unique solution for the
given system of equations as inverse of a matrix is = ( α, α ) − ( α, β ) − ( β, α ) + ( β, β )
unique.
= ( α, α ) + ( β, β ) = 2
1496. How many linearly independent solution may
exist, of a linear homogeneous equation of By symmetricity of inner product space.
order n ? 1499. If C ([ a, b ]) is the space of continuous real
n keâesefš kesâ jwefKekeâ meceIeele meceerkeâjCe kesâ efkeâleves
valued function defined on the closed interval
jwefKekeâle: mJeleb$e nue DeefmlelJe ceW nes mekeâleW nQ ? [a,b] of real line then
(a) More than n/ n mes DeefOekeâ b
L ( x ) = ∫ f ( x ) dx defines the.
(b) n +1 only / n +1 kesâJeue a
(c) n – 1 only / n – 1kesâJeue Ùeefo JeemleefJekeâ jsKee kesâ mebJe=le Deblejeue [a,b] hej
(d) less than or equals to n/mes keâce DeLeJee yejeyej heefjYeeef<ele JeemleefJekeâ ceeve melele heâueve keâe meceef°
UP Higher Asst. Prof. 2021 C ([ a, b ]) nes lees
ALGEBRA 275 YCT
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b
L ( x ) = ∫ f ( x ) dx heefjYeeef<ele keâjlee nw- jwefKekeâ meceerkeâjCeeW keâe le$eb
a x–y+z=2
(a) function L on C ([ a, b ]) / C ([ a, b ]) hej heâueve L
x+y–z=0
6x – 4y + 4z = 11
(b) linear function L on C ([ a, b ]) (a) has trivial solution /legÛÚ nue jKelee nw~
C ([ a, b ]) hej jwefKekeâ heâueve L (b) has unique solution /DeefÉleerÙe nue jKelee nw~
(c) is consistent /mebiele nw~
(c) linear functional L on C ([ a, b ]) (d) is inconsistent /Demebiele nw~
C ([ a, b ]) hej jwefKekeâ heâuevekeâ L UP Higher Asst. Prof. 2021
Ans. (d) : is inconsistent
(d) transformation L on C ([ a, b ]) The system of linear equations
C ([ a, b ]) hej ™heeblejCe L 1 −1 1   x   2 
UP Higher Asst. Prof. 2021 AX = b ≡ 1 1 −1  y  =  0 
Ans. (c) : linear functional L on C ([ a, b ]) 6 −4 4   z  11
Let [a, b] be a closed interval on the real line and let 1 −1 1 2 
C([a,b]) be the space of continuous real-valued Augmented matrix A' = 1 1 −1 0  is to be row-

functions on [a,b].Then 6 −4 4 11
b
L(x) = ∫a
f (x)dx reduced.
Now
defines a linear functional L on C([a, b]) because
b b b  1 −1 1 2   1 −1 1 2
∫a ( f + g ) (x)dx =∫a f (x)dx + ∫a g(x)dx and 1 1 −1 0  

R 2 → R 2 − R1
 R 3 →R 3 −6R1 → 0 2 −2 −2 
 
b b
6 −4 4 11 0 2 −2 −1
∫a αf (x)dx =α ∫a f (x)dx
for every f, g∈C([a, b]) and for every α∈ Field  1 −1 1 2 
→  0 2 −2 −2 
R3 →R3 −R 2
1500. If V(F) and W(F) are finite dimensional
vector spaces of dimensions n and m  0 0 0 1 
respectively. Then the space L(V,W) is finite We observe that Rank(A) = 2 and Rank(A:b) = 3
dimensional of the dimension ∵ Rank(A) ≠ Rank (A:b) and hence given system is
Ùeefo V(F) Deewj W(F) ›eâceMe: n Deewj m efJecee kesâ inconsistent.
heefjefcele efJeceerÙe meefoMe meceef° nw~ leye meceef° L(V,W)
efkeâme efJecee keâer heefjefcele efJeceerÙe nw? 1502. Let M(R) be the vector space of 2×2 matrices
(a) m + n (b) m × n   x y  
m
over R and W1 =    : x, y ∈ R  and
(c) m – n (d)   0 x  
n
  x y  
UP Higher Asst. Prof. 2021 W2 =    : x,y, z ∈ R  be two subspaces of
UPPSC Ashram Paddhati 2021   z 0  
Ans. (b) : m × n M(R), then dim (W1 ∩ W2) is
Let V and W be vector spaces over the field F. Let S ceevee M(R), R hej 2×2 DeeJÙetneW keâer Skeâ meefoMe meceef°
and T be linear transformations from V into W. The
x y  
function (S + T) defined by nw Deewj W1 =    : x, y ∈ R  SJeb
(S +T)(v) = S(v)+T(v) for all v∈ V(F)   0 x  
is a linear transformation from V into W. If c is any   x y  
element of F. The function cS defined by W2 =    : x, y, z ∈ R  , M(R) keâer oes
 z 0 
 

(cS)(v) = cS(v) for all v∈ V(F)
Ghemeceef°ÙeeB nw, leye dim (W1 ∩ W2) nesiee
is a linear transformation from V into W. The set of all
linear transformation from V into W, together with (a) 0 (b) 1
addition and scalar multiplication defined above, is a (c) 2 (d) 3
vector space over the field F denoted by L(V,W) UPPSC Ashram Paddhati 2021
Theorem- If V and W are of dimensions m and n , Ans. (b) : Given M(R) be vector space of 2×2 matrices
respectively, over F, then the space L(V,W) is of   x y  
dimension mn over F. over R and W1 =    : x, y ∈ R  and
1501. The system of linear equations   0 x  
x–y+z=2   x y  
x+y–z=0 W2 =    : x, y, z ∈ R  be subspaces of M(R)
6x – 4y + 4z = 11   z 0  
ALGEBRA 276 YCT
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Since W1 ∩W2 is also a vector subspace of M(R) 1505. Let A be a complex n × n matrix. Let λ1, λ2, λ3
which contains the elements which belong to both W1 be three distinct eigenvalues of A, with
corresponding eigenvectors z1, z2, z3. Then,
and W2.
which of the following statements is false?
Hence W1 ∩ W2 is (a) z1+ z2, z1 – z2, z3 are linearly independent.
 0 y   (b) z1,z2, z3 are linearly independent
W1 ∩ W2 =    : y∈R
 0 0   (c) z1, z2 z3 are linearly independent if and only if
A is diagonalizable
  0 1   (d) z1, z1 + z2, z1+ z2 + z3 are linearly independent
Which has basis B =   
  0 0   DSSSB TGT 04-09-2021 Shift-I (Male)
Ans. (b) : Consider the linear combination
Showing that dim (W1∩W2) = 1.
c1z1 + c 2 z 2 + c3z3 = 0 ;
1 1 1 
where c1, c2 and c3 are complex number.
1503. Let A =  0 0 1  and V = {(x, y, z) ∈ R3 : Now, A (c1z1 + c2c2 + c3z3) = 0 ;
 x y z  where A is n × n complex matrix
|A| = 0}, then the dimension of V is ⇒ c1Az1 + c 2 Az 2 + c3Az3 = 0
1 1 1  ⇒ c1λ1z1 + c 2λ 2 z 2 + c3λ3z3 = 0 ...( i )
 
ceevee A =  0 0 1  Deewj V = {(x, y, z) ∈ R : |A| (∵ Az1 = λ1 z1, Az2 = λ2z2 , & Αz3 = λ3z3)
3
 x y z  and c1λ 2 z1 + c 2λ 2 z 2 + c3λ3z3 = 0 ... ( ii )

= 0}, leye V keâer efJecee nw Now subtracting (i) from (ii), we have
(a) 0 (b) 1 ⇒ c1 ( λ1 − λ 2 ) z1 + c3 ( λ3 − λ 2 ) z3 = 0
(c) 2 (d) 3
⇒ c1 = 0 = c3 and thus c2 = 0
 1 1 1
∴ z1, z2, z3, are linearly independent.
1506. If A is a 9 × 10 matrix of rank 3. Which of the
Ans. (c) : Given A =  0 0 1  and following is equal to the dimension of the space
 x y z  of A ?
V = {(x, y, z) ∈ R : |A| = 0}
3 (a) 3 (b) 10
(c) 7 (d) 9
= {(x, y, z) ∈ R : – y + x = 0}
3
= {(x, y, z) ∈ R3 : y = x}
Ans. (c) : Given A is 9 × 10 matrix of rank 3.
= {(x, x, z) ∈ R3 }
Showing that V has dimension 2, since set Consider a linear transformation L A : R10 → R 9
S = {(1, 1, 0), (0, 0, 1)} is a basis of V. defined by
1504. Find out which of the following statements is L A x : = Ax for all x∈R .
10
not true if A is a Hermitian matrix. Now, by Rank - Nullity Theorem.

(a) There exists a unitary U such that U × AU is a Rank (LA) + Nullity (LA) = dim (IR10)
diagonal matrix. ⇒ 3 + Nullity (LA) = 10
(b) If A3 = I, then A = I ⇒ Nullity (LA) = 7
(c) The diagonal entries of A are all real. 1507. If A be a n × n real matrix. Then, which of
(d) If A2 = I, then A = I the following statements is satisfied conditions
DSSSB TGT 04-09-2021 Shift-I (Male) for the matrix?
Ans. (d) : (a) If Ak = 0 for some k > 0, then trace (A) = 0.
(A) By Spectral Theorem, every hermitian matrix is (b) If the eigenvalues of A are λ1 , ...., λ n , then
unitarily diagonalizable. A is similar to a diagonal matrix with λ1,.... λn
(B) As hermitian matrix is diagonalizable and all along the diagonal.
3
eigenvalues are real, by Cayley - Hamilton Theorem A (c) If rank (A) = r, then A has r non-zero
= I implies λ = 1; λ is eigenvalue of A and thus, A = I
3 eigenvalue
is concluded (d) If A has a repeated eigenvalue, then A is not
diagonalizable
(C) Since A is hermitian, a ii = a ii ∀ i so aii = Re (x +
iy) = x ∀ i. Ans. (c) : (A) If the an n×n matrix A, Ak = 0 for some
1 0  2 positive integer k > 0, A is said to nilpotent matrix.
(D) No. consider A =   . A is hermitian and A = Trace of a nilpotent matrix is always zero i.e. trace (A)
0 −1
I. = 0.
ALGEBRA 277 YCT

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(B) I A be an n×n matrix, and suppose that (v1.....vn) is –3y + 3z = b – c
an ordered basis of IRn such that each vj is an 3y – 3z = a + 2c
eigenvector of A with eigenvalue λj(i.e. Avj = λvj for j = By R32 (1) and than R2(–1/3), we have
1, ...., n). Then we have x + y – 2z = c ... (i)
A = Qdiag(λ1,....λn) Q–1 y – z = –1/3 (b – c) ... (ii)
where Q is the n×n matrix with columns v1,v2,.....vn; 0=a+b+c ... (iii)
Q = (v1,v2......vn) From equation (iii) it is clear that the given equations
In other words, A is similar to diagonal matrix with have no solution.
λ1,.......λn along the diagonal i.e. diag(λ1,λ2,.....λn). 1509. The characteristic roots of two matrices A
(C) If A is an n×n real and symmetric matrix, then rank and BAB–1 are :
(A) = the total number of nonzero eigenvalues of A. oes DeeJÙetneW A Deewj BAB–1 kesâ DeefYeuee#eefCekeâ cetue neWies:
0 1  (a) the same /Skeâmeceeve
But if A =   then rank (A) = 1 but its eigenvalues
 0 0  (b) different/ Deueie-Deueie
are 0, 0. (c) always zero/ncesMee MetvÙe
(D) If eigenvalues of an n×n matrix are repeated then (d) None of these/FveceW mes keâesF& veneR
matrix may or may not be diagonalizable for example , UKPSC GIC 2018
2 0 Ans. (a) : Characteristic polynomial of BAB–1 is
the matrix.   –1
 0 2 det (BAB –λI)
has a characteristic polynomial of (λ–2)2, so it splits but = det (BAB–1–BλIB–1)
not into distinct linear factors. It is clearly = det (B (A – λI) B–1)
diagonalizable. On the other hand, the matrix = det (B) det (A – λI) det (B–1)
2 1 = det (BB–1) det(A– λI)
  = det(A– λI)
 0 2 Hence , the characteristic roots of A and BAB–1 are the
has same characteristic polynomial of (λ – 2)2, but it same.
turns out not to be diagonalizable, for if it were
diagonalizable, then a basis for Rn consisting enntirely 1510. If T:R →R is a linear transformation
2 2
and it
–1
of eigenvectors could be found. But the only eigenvalue defined by T(x, y) = (y, 2x–y), T (a, b)
is 2 so, Ùeefo T:R2→R2 Skeâ jwefKekeâ ™heevlejCe nw Deewj T(x, y)
= (y, 2x–y) mes heefjYeeef<ele nw, lees T–1(a, b) nw
 2 1  x  x
   = 2   a+b  a b
 0 2  y   y (a)  ,a (b)  , 
The general solution of this system occurs when y = 0  2  2 2
and x is arbitrary, so the eigenspace with eigenvalue 2 is  b a-b 
(c)  a,  (d)  , b
just x-axis. So we cannot find a basis of R2. Thus, this  2  2 
matrix is not diagonlizable. (GIC) ØeJeòeâe hejer#ee, 2015
1508. The system of equations –2x + y + z = a; x – Ans. (a) : Given that T : R2 → R2 is a linear
2y + z = b; x + y –2z = c has unique solution, if: transformation defined as T(x,y)=(y,2x–y)
meceerkeâjCe efvekeâeÙe –2x + y + z = a; x – 2y + z = b; x let T(x,y) = (a,b) and so, T–1(a.b)= (x,y)
+ y –2z = c keâe nue DeefÉleerÙe nesiee, Ùeefo: (y, 2x–y) = (a,b)
(a) a + b + c = 0 or y = a, 2x–y = b
(b) a = b = c ⇒ y = a, 2x–a=b
(c) a = 2, b = 2, c = –2 a+b
⇒ x=
(d) Unique solution is not possible/DeeefÉleerÙe nue 2
mecYeJe veneR nw a+b 
Haryana PGT 2020 ∴ T −1 ( a, b ) =  ,a 
 2 
Ans. (d) : The system of equations
–2x + y + z = a 1511. V(F) is a vector space and M is its subspace.
x – 2y + z = b  V
If and dim  =r, then dim M is/V(F) Skeâ meefoMe
x + y – 2z = c  M
Interchanging the first and third equations, we have meceef° nw Deewj M Fmekeâer Ghemeceef° nw~ Ùeefo dim V = n
x + y – 2z = c
leLee dim  = r, nes, lees dim M keâe ceeve nesiee
V
x – 2y + z = b
–2x + y +z = a  
M
By R21 (–1) and R31 (2), we have (a) n/r (b) r–n (c) n–r (d) n+1
x + y – 2z = c (GIC) ØeJeòeâe hejer#ee, 2015
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V = T ( ax1 + by1 ,ax 2 + by 2 )
Ans. (c) : ∵ dim   = dim V − dim M
M = T ( ax1 + ax 2 , by1 + by 2 )
r = n–dim M
= T ( ax1 + ax 2 ) + T ( by1 + by 2 )
⇒ dim M = n − r
= aT ( x1 + x 2 ) + bT ( y1 + y 2 )
1512. If the vectors (0, 1, a), (1, a, 1) and (a, 1, 0) of a
vector space V3(R) are linearly dependent, then Which T is a linear transformation
the values of a are 1515. The dimension of the smallest vector space is
Ùeefo meefoMe meceef° V3(R) kesâ meefoMe (0, 1, a), (1, a, 1) equal to
Deewj (a, 1, 0) jwefKekeâle: Deeefßele nw, lees a kesâ ceeve neWies meyemes Úesšer meefoMe meceef° keâer efJecee efkeâmekesâ leguÙe nw?
(a) 1, 2, 3 (b) 0, ±i 3 (a) 0 (b) 1
(c) 2 (d) 3
(c) 0, ±i 2 (d) 0,3 ± 2 (GIC) ØeJeòeâe hejer#ee, 2015
Ans. (b) : Dimension of smallest vector space is 1.
Ans. (c) : Given that the vectors (0,1,a), (1,a,1), (a,1,0) 1516. If W and W are subspaces of a finite
1 2
are linearly dependent. If the determinant is zero. dimensional vector space V, then–
0 1 a Dim (W1 + W2) =
1 a 1 =0 Ùeefo W1leLee W2 efkeâmeer heefjefcele efJeceerÙe meefoMe-meceef°
a 1 0 V kesâ Ghemeefce°ÙeeB neW, lees– Dim (W1 + W2) =
Expanding w.r.t. R1 (a) dim w1 + dim w2
0–1 (–a)+a(1–a2)= 0 (b) dim (w1∩ w2 )
a+a–a3 =0 (c) dim w1 + dim w2 + dim (w1 ∩ w2)
a3–2a=0 (d) dim w1 + dim w2 – dim (w1 ∩ w2)
a (a2–2) = 0 (GIC) ØeJeòeâe hejer#ee, 2015
a = 0 or a = ±i 2 Ans. (d) : If w 1 and w 2 are subspaces of a finite
dimensional vector space veneer
1513. If T:R3→R2 is a linear transformation defined dim (w +w )≤ din w +dimw –dim (w ∩w )
1 2 1 2 1 2
by T(x, y, z)= (x+y, y+z), then nullity of T is Which is a theorem.
Ùeefo T:R3→R2 Skeâ jwefKekeâ ™heevlejCe nw, pees T(x, y, z)
=(x+y, y+z), mes heefjYeeef<ele nw, lees T keâer MetvÙelee nw 1517. Let T : V→V be a linear transformation such
(a) 0 (b) 1 that T2–T+1 = 0 (zero linear transformation),
Then T–1 is equal to–
(c) 2 (d) 3
(GIC) ØeJeòeâe hejer#ee, 2015 ceeve ueerefpeÙes efkeâ T : V→V Skeâ Ssmee jwefKekeâ
™heevlejCe nw efkeâ T2–T+1 = 0 (MetvÙe jwefKekeâ
Ans. (b) : The linear transformation T : R →R is 3 2
defined by T (x,y,z) = (x+y, y+z) ™heevlejCe)~ leye T–1 yejeyej nw–

by solving we get (a) Iv + T (b) Iv – T
(i) {(1,0), (0,1)} as basis set of range R(T) (c) Iv + 2T (d) Iv – 2T
So, rank (T)=2 (GIC) ØeJeòeâe hejer#ee, 2015
(ii) {(1,–1,1)} is a basis set of null space N(T)
Ans. (b) : Given that T 2 − T + I v = 0 .....(i)
We know that, dim (V) = rank (T) +nullity (T)
⇒ 3= 2+nullity (T) As T is L.T. , so
⇒ nullity (T) = 3–2=1 for each x i ∈ V∃yi ∈ V such that yi = T(x i ) ......(ii)
⇒ nullity(T) = 1 and for each yi ∈ V∃z i ∈ Vsuch that z i = T(yi ) .....(iii)
Now by (1)
1514. Which of the following functions T:R2→R2 is a
linear transformation? T 2 = T − Iv
efvecveefueefKele heâueveeW T:R2→R2 ceW mes keâewve jwefKekeâ T 2 ( x i ) = ( T − I v )( x i ) ∨ x i ∈ V
™heevleefjle nw? T ( T ( x i ) ) = T ( x i ) − Iv ( x i )
(a) T(x1, x2)= (x1 –x2, 0)
(b) T(x1, x2)= (x12, –x2) T ( yi ) = yi − ( x i )
(c) T(x1, x2)= (1+x1, x2)
(d) T(x1, x2)= (x1, 1+x2) ⇒ z i = yi − x i .......  by ( iii )  ....... (iv)
(GIC) ØeJeòeâe hejer#ee, 2015 To show that T is one-one
Ans. (b) : T {a ( x1 , x 2 ) + b ( y1 , y 2 )} For each x1 , x 2 ∈ V,T ( x1 ) = T ( x 2 )
⇒ y1=y2 (by (ii) , for i=1,2) ....... (v)
( ∵ T ( αa + βb ) = aT ( α ) + bT (β ) ) ⇒ T(y1)=T(y2)
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⇒ z1=z2 (i=1,2) by (iii) 2p–r=–6
y1–x1=y2–x2 (i=1,2) by (iv) Solving, we have
⇒ 0= x2–x1 by (v) 7 15 17
⇒ x2 = x1 ⇒ T is one one p = – ,q = − , r =
8 8 4
To show T is onto Hence the required coordinates are
By (iii), for each y1 ∈ V∃z i ∈ V
 7 15 17 
⇒ y1 ∈ V∃yi − x i ∈ V  – ,− , 
 8 8 4
⇒ for each y ∈ V∃x ∈ V s.t.y = T(x)
1520. The matrix of the linear transformation T on
(∵ T is one-one) R3 defined as T(x, y, z) = (2y + z, x − 4y, 3x) with
Which shows that T is onto and hence convertible. respect to standard basis or R3 is–
and T −1 = I v − T T(x, y, z) = (2y + z, x − 4y, 3x) Éeje heefjYeeef<ele R3
1518. Let u = (1, −2,k), v = (3, 0, −2) and hej jwefKekeâ ™heeblejCe T keâe ceevekeâ DeeOeej R3 kesâ
w = (2, −1, −5) then the value of k, for which meehes#e DeeJÙetn nw–
vectors u, v, w are linearly dependent, is– 3 0 0 1 −4 0
ceeve ueerefpeS efkeâ Let u = (1, −2,k), v = (3, 0, −2) Deewj (a) 1 −4 0 (b) 0 2 1
w = (2, −1, −5) nw, lees k, keâe ceeve, efpemekesâ efueS 0 2 1 3 0 0
meefoMe u, v, w jwefKekeâ hejleb$e nQ, nesiee–
0 1 3 0 2 1
(a) 8 (b) –10
(c) 12 (d) –8 (c) 2 −4 0 (d) 1 −4 0
(GIC) ØeJeòeâe hejer#ee, 2015 1 0 0 3 0 0
Ans. (d) : (GIC) ØeJeòeâe hejer#ee, 2015
Given that u = (1, −2, k), v = (3,0, −2) and
Ans. (c) : Given, T (x,y,z) = (2y+z, x–4y, 3x)
w = (2, −1, −5) of vector u, v, w are linearly dependent. The standard basis are (1,0,0), (0,1,0) & (0,0,1)
1 −2 k ∴ T(1,0,0) = (0,1,3)
then 3 0 −2 = 0 T ( 0,1,0) = (2,–4,0)
2 −1 −5 T (0,0,1) = (1,0,0)
Hence the matrix of the linear transformation is
1( −2) + 2( −15 + 4) + k( −3) = 0
 0 1 3
−2 − 22 − 3k = 0  2 −4 0 
−3k = 24 k = −8  
1 0 0 
1519. The co-ordinates of the vector (2,1,–6) in R3
3
relative to the basis {(1,1,2), (3,–1,0), (2,0,–1)} 1521. Let T be the linear transformation from R into
3 3
of R (R) are given by– R defined by
R3 kesâ DeeOeej {(1,1,2), (3,–1,0), (2,0,–1)} kesâ meehes#e T (x,y,z) = (x–y+2z, 2x+y, –x–2y+2z) then rank
R3 kesâ meefoMe (2,1,–6) kesâ efveoxMeebkeâ nQ– and nullity of T are respectively–
7 −15 17 7 −15 17 ceeve ueerefpeS T (x,y,z) = (x–y+2z, 2x+y, –x–2y+2z)
(a) , , (b) − , ,
8 8 4 8 8 4 mes heefjYeeef<ele T, R3 mes R3 hej Skeâ jwefKekeâ ™heeblejCe nw,
7 15 17 7 −15 −17 lees T keâer keâesefš leLee MetvÙelee ›eâceMe: nQ–
(c) − , , (d) − , ,
8 8 4 8 8 4 (a) 3, 0 (b) 0, 3 (c) 2, 1 (d) 1, 2
(GIC) ØeJeòeâe hejer#ee, 2015 (GIC) ØeJeòeâe hejer #ee, 2015
Ans. (b) : Let α1 = (1,1, 2 ) , α 2 = ( 3, −1,0 ) , α3 = ( 2,0, −1) Ans. (c) : Given, T (x,y,z) = (x–y+2z, 2x+y, –x–2y+2z)
and p, q, r scalars in R The basis of R3 are
then for coordinate vector (2, +1,–6) can be expressed B = {(1,0,0 ) , ( 0,1,0 )( 0,0,1)}
as a L.c. for α1, α2, α3
i.e., ( 2,1, −6 ) = pα1 + qα 2 + rα3
∴ T (1,0,0)= (1,2,–1)
T (0,1,0)= (–1,1,–2)
( 2,1, −6 ) = p (1,1,2 ) + q ( 3, −1,0 ) + r ( 2,0, −1) T(0,0,1)= (2,0,2)
= ( p + 3q + 2r,p − q, 2p − r ) No we form the matrix whose rows are the above image
So, p+3q+2r=2 vectors and reduce it to
p–q= 1 Echelon form
ALGEBRA 280 YCT
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 1 2 −1 1524. What is the dimension of the subspace W of
 −1 1 −2  IR3 where

 2 0 2 
 { }
W = ( x , y , z )∈IR3 . x + 2 y + z =0,2 x + y + 3 z = 0 ?
(a) 1 (b) 2
R2→R1 +R2, R3 = R3–2R1
(c) 3 (d) 4
1 2 −1 1 2 −1 R2
R2 → PGT 2003
= 0 3 −3 = 0 1 −1
3 Ans : (b) ÛetBefkeâ x + 2 y + z = 0 ,
R3
0 −4 4  0 −1 1  R3 → 2 x + y + 3z = 0
4
R3→R3+R2 1 2 1 
1 2 −1
 2 1 3
 
= 0 1 −1 R2 → R2 − 2 R1
0 0 0 
1 2 1 
Hence B1 = {(1, 2, −1) , ( 0,1, −1)} is a basis set of R(T)  0 -3 1 efpemekeâer keâesefš 2 nw~
 
and so, ρ(t) = 2
1525. Which one of these statements is true for any
and we can find ρ(t') = 1
two vectors α,β in Euclidean space?
Hence rank = 2 and nullity = 1
1522. Vectors x = (1,0,1), y = (–4, a, 4) and z = (a, –1,– (a) (α , β ) ≤ α β (b) (α , β ) = α β
a) are linearly dependent in R3, if a equal to
(c) (α , β ) > α β (d) None of the above
meefoMe x = (1,0,1), y = (–4, a, 4) leLee z = (a, –1,–
a), R3 ceW jwefKekeâle: hejlev$e neWies, Ùeefo a yejeyej nw PGT 2003
(a) 2 only /kesâJeue 2 kesâ (b) –2 only/kesâJeue–2 kesâ Ans : (b) By the property of Euclidean space
(c) ± 2 both /± 2 oesveeW kesâ (d) 0 /0kesâ (α , β ) = α β
UP PGT-2016 (02-02-2019) 1526. The dimension of the vector space of complex
Ans : (c) x = i + 0 j + k, y = −4iˆ + ajˆ + 4kˆ
ˆ ˆ ˆ number over the field of Real number is:
ˆ ˆ ˆ (a) 1 (b) 3 (c) 2 (d) None of these
and z = ai − j − ak
3 PGT 2000
R are linearly dependent of [xyz]=0
Ans : (c) The dimension of a vector space of complex
1 0 1 number over the field of Real number is = 2 Because
then −4 a 4 =0 the basis if {1,i}
a −1 − a 1527. Let V = {( x, y ) : x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0} and
expansion of C1 W = {( x, y ) : xy ≥ 0} are subset of R2, then
( −a 2
) (
+ 4 − 0 ( 4a − 4a ) + 1 4 − a 2
) ceevee efkeâ V = {( x, y ) : x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0} Deewj
2 2
–a +4+4–a = 0
2a2 = 8, a2 = 4, a=±2 W = {( x, y ) : xy ≥ 0}
kesâ GhemecegÛÛeÙe nw leye
1523. If the system of equations 2x + 3y = 7 and (a (a) V and W are subspaces/V Deewj W Ghemeceef<š nw
+ b)x + (2a - b)y = 21 has infinitely many (b) V is subspace, but W is not
solutions, then: V Ghemeceef<š nw uesefkeâve W veneR
Ùeefo meceerkeâjCe efvekeâeÙe 2x + 3y = 7 Deewj (a + b)x + (c) W is subspaces, but V is not
(2a - b)y = 21 kesâ Devevle nue efJeÅeceeve nQ, lees: W Ghemeceef<š nw uesefkeâve V veneR
(a) a = 1, b = 5 (b) a = 5, b = 1 (d) V and W are not subspaces
(c) a = –1, b = 5 (d) a = 5, b = –1
V Deewj W Ghemeceef<š veneR nw
Haryana TGT 2019
PGT 2010
Ans. (b) : If the system of equations
2x+3y = 7 Ans : (b) Let R is the set of real number and
and (a+b)x+(2a–b)y = 21 R2 = {(x,y) xεR, yεR}
has infinitely many solutions the we must have
a = {(x,0) xεR}
2 3 7
= = b = {(y,0) yεR}
a + b 2a − b 21
which gives a+b = 6 and 2a–b = 9 ∴ (a α) o (b β) = {αx, βy, o : x, yεR}
and hence a = 5, b = 1 Hence V is subspace but W is not subspace
ALGEBRA 281 YCT

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1528. Which of the following is a subspace of the 1531. If T : U → V be a linear transformation then
vector space IR 3 ?/ Jeskeäšj Deblej IR 3 keâe efvecve ces Kernel T is a subspace of/ Ùeefo T : U → V Skeâ
mes keâewve mee GheDevlej nw? jwefKekeâ ™heevlejCe nes, lees keâve&ue T Skeâ Ghemeceef° nw
(a) {(x, y, z) ∈ IR 3 : x − 1 = 0, y = 0} (a) U∩V (b) U
3 (c) V (d) U/V
(b) {(x, y, z) ∈ IR : x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0}
UP PGT-2016 (02-02-2019)
(c) {(x, y, z) ∈ IR 3 : 2x + 3y + 4z − 3 = 0, z = 0} Ans : (b) T: U → V be a linear transformation
(d) {(x, y, z) ∈ IR 3 : x + 2y = 0, 2x + 3z = 0} Kernal (T) = U.
JDD-75-PGT TIER II-X-15 28.06.2015 then Kernal (T) = {x:T(x)=0}
Ans. (d) Let So that Kernel T is a subspace of U.
{
W = ( x, y, z ) ∈ R 3 : x + 2y = 0, 2x + 3z = 0 } 1532. If T : V2 (R) → V3 (R) be defined as
The set W is a subspace when T(a,b)= (a+b, a–b, b) is a linear transformation,
(i) 0 ∈ W then nullity T is
(ii) if u, v ∈ W then u + v ∈ W Ùeefo T : V2 (R) → V3 (R) pees efkeâ
(iii) if u ∈ W then cu ∈ W where c ∈ R T(a, b)=(a+b, a–b, b) Éeje heefjYeeef<ele Skeâ jwefKekeâ
Hence W is a subspace of R3
™heevlejCe nw, lees T keâer MetvÙelee nw
1529. If W is a nonempty subset of real vector space
3 using the same operations, then W is a (a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 3
subspace of 3 if and only if. UP PGT-2016 (02-02-2019)
(a) W is not closed under vector addition but Ans : (a) T : V (R) → V (R)
2 3
closed under scalar multiplication in 3
(b) W is neither closed under vector addition nor T ( ) (
a, b = a + b,a − b,a )
closed under scalar multiplication in 3
(c) W is not closed scalar multiplication but
closed under vector addition 3
(d) W is closed under vector addition and scalar
multiplication in 3
DSSSB 23 SEP 2018 (9 AM-11 AM) is a linear transformation
Ans : (d) A non-empty subset W is a subspace of a real kernal (T) = { (0,0)}
vector space V using the same operations if W is closed Dim { ker (T)}= 0
under vector addition and scalar multiplication. then T(a, b) = (0,0,0)
1530. Which one of the following is a subspace of (a+b, a–b, b) = (0,0,0)
vector space R ?/ efvecveefueefKele ceW mes keâewve meefoMe So that a+b=0, a–b = 0, b =0
3
meceef° R3 keâer Ghemeceef° nw? a=0

{
(a) ( a, b,c ) ∈ R 3 : a + b = 0 } nulilty of T = 0
(b) {( a, b,c ) ∈ R 3
: a − b = 2} 1533. If V = R 3 , W = {( a,0,0 ) ∈ R } , then dimension
3
(c) {( a, b,c ) ∈ R 3
: a + b = 1} of vector space V/W is
(d) {( a, b,c ) ∈ R 3
: a − b = 1}
Ùeefo V = R3 , W = {( a,0,0 ) ∈ R } ,
3
lees meefoMe
meceef° V/W keâer efJecee nesieer
UP PGT-2016 (02-02-2019)
Ans : (a) Subspace of R3 (a) 1 (b) 2
Let a= (a1, b1, c1), b = (a2, b2, c2) (c) 3 (d) 4
αa + βb = ( αa1 , αb1 , αc1 ) + ( a 2β, b 2β,c 2β ) UP PGT-2016 (02-02-2019)
= ( αa1 , +βa 2 , αb1 + βb 2 , αc1 + β c2 ) Ans : (b) V = R 3 , W = {( a,0,0) ∈ R } 3
then αa + β b ∈ w V
then dimension of vector space is
= α ( a1 + b1 ) + β ( a 2 + b 2 ) W
= α 0 + β0 V
dim   = dim(V) − dim(W)
αa + β b = 0 W
⇒ a+b = 0 = 3–1 = 2
so that {( a, b,c ) ∈ R 3
:a +b = 0 } So that, dimom dim of vector space
V
W
is 2.
ALGEBRA 282 YCT

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1534. If W is a subspace of R4 spanned by {(1,0,–1,0), 1536. Consider a nonhomogeneous system of 5 linear
(0,1,0,1)}, then which of the following is in W? equation in 4 variables, such that there is at
Ùeefo W, R4 keâer Ghemeceef° nw, pees {(1, 0, –1, 0), least one variable with a non-zero coefficient in
(0, 1, 0, 1)}, mes efJemle=le nesleer nw, lees efvecveefueefKele ceW mes each equation. Then the possible smallest and
keâewve W ceW nesiee? largest rank of the corresponding augmented
(a) (1, 2, 1, 2) (b) (1, 2, –1, 2) matrix are.
(c) (2, 2, 3, 2) (d) (0, 1, 1, 1) (a) Smallest =1, Largest=5
UP PGT-2016 (02-02-2019) (b) Smallest =1, Largest=4
Ans : (b) Subspace of R4 (c) Smallest =2, Largest=4
W = {(1,0, −1,0 ) , ( 0,1,0,1)} (d) Smallest =2, Largest=5
L(S) = {α (1,0, −1,0 ) + β ( 0,1,0,1)}
Ans : (a) In a non-homogenous system of 5 linear
= {α, β, −α, β} equations in 4 variables such that there is at least one
Option b is satisfy variable with a non-zero coefficients in each equations.
then W={1, 2, –1, 2} Then the possible smallest rank of augmented matrix=1
1535. Consider four sets of vectors A, B, C and D in and largest rank = 5
3. Out of these sets of vectors, one set in 1537. A transformation T: 2 →2 first reflects points
linearly dependent in 3, identity this linearly through the vertical axis (x2-axis) and then
dependent set. reflects points through the line x2=x1 then the
(a) A = {[1,1,1], [1,1,0], [1,0,0]} standard matrix of T is.
(b) C = {[1,1,3], [0,2,1], [0,0,0]}
(c) B = {[1,0,0], [0,1,1], [1,0,1]} 1 0   −1 0 
(a)   (b)  
(d) D = {[1,1,1], [0,1,1], [2,0,1]} 0 −1  0 1
 0 1 0 −1
Ans : (b) The given vectors are (from option) (c)   (d)  
{[1,1,3], [0,2,1], [0,0,0]}  −1 0  1 0 
Let α, β, γ be scalars ∈ R such that DSSSB 23 SEP 2018 (9 AM-11 AM)
α (1,1,3) + β ( 0, 2,1) + γ ( 0,0,0 ) = 0 ........ (i) Ans : (c) Let TA be the reflection about x2.
( α + 0.β + 0.γ, α + 2β + 0.γ,3α + β + 0.γ ) = 0  −1 0 
So, A= 
Then  0 1
α + 0.β + 0 γ = 0   −1 0   x1   − x1 
 and Ax =    =  
α + 2β + 0γ = 0  .........(A)  0 1  x 2   x 2 
3α + β + 0γ = 0  Then TB is the reflection about x2=x1.
The matrix equation of (A) is written as 0 1 
So, B =  
1 0 0   α  0  1 0 
1 2 0   β  = 0 
     0 1   − x1   x1 
3 1 0   γ  0  So, TB ( TA ( x ) ) =   = 
1 0   x 2   − x 2 
1 0 0  0 1   x1 
Reduce the matrix 1 2 0  in So, ( TBo TA ) x = TB TA ( x )  =   
1 0   − x 2 
3 1 0 
 0 1   x1   x1 
Echelon form, we get =   =  
 −1 0   x 2   − x 2 
1 1 3 
0 2 1   0 1
  and the standard matrix is  
0 0 0   −1 0 
α + β + 3γ = 0  1538. Which of the following set is a basis of ℝ 3 ?

⇒  .........(B)
2β + γ = 0  efvecve ceW mes keâewve mee mecegÛÛeÙe ℝ3 keâe DeeOeej nw?
The system (B) has two non-zero equations in three
1 1 1 1 12 0
variables, so it has a non-zero solution. Thus solving
that (i) holds for α, β, γ not all zero, so vectors are (a) 0 , 2 , 2 (b) 2 , 24 , 0
linearly dependent. 0 0 3 0 7 1
ALGEBRA 283 YCT

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1 1 4 1 2 4 α + β = 2........(ii)
(c) 2 , 3 , 9 (d) 1 , 3 , 5 0 + 3β = 3.......(iii)
Solving (ii) and (iii), we get
0 2 5 2 1 5
α = 1, β = 1
which do not satisfy equation (i) Hence (1,2,3) can not
Ans. (a) : be expressed as linear combination of (1,1,0), (2,1,3)
1 1 1 Hence (1,2,3) is not in the linear span of S.
0 , 2 , 2 1541. Let T : R 3 → R 2 be a linear transformation
0 0 3 defined by T(x, y, z) = (x + y, y + z). Then
is a basis set of R3 since it is linearly independent and dimension of nullspace of T is–/
L(B) = V3(R) ceeve ueerefpeS efkeâ T : R 3 → R 2 Ùen
T(x, y, z) = (x + y, y + z). ves heefjYeeef<ele efkeâÙee ngDee
1539. Let T : ℝ2 → ℝ 3 be a linear transformation
defined by T(x, y) = (x + y, x − y, y) Then the SkeâIeeleer ™heevlejCe nw, lees kesâ Deke=âlemLeeve keâe Ieele nw–
rank of T is– (a) 1 (b) 2
2 3 (c) 0
ceeve ueerefpeS efkeâ T : ℝ → ℝ SkeâIeeleer ™heevlejCe (d) None of these/Ghejesòeâ ceW mes keâesF& veneR
keâes T(x, y) = (x + y, x − y, y) heefjYeeef<ele keâjlee nw~ SECTION B PGT TIER-I 31.11.2014
Ssmes ceW T keâe ›eâce nesiee– Ans. (a) : Given that T : R3→ R2 be a linear
(a) 3 (b) 2 transformation depened by T (x,y,z) = (x+y, y+z)
(c) 0 {1,–1,1} as basis of N(T) and v(T) = 1
(d) None of these/FveceW mes keâesF& veneR Hence nullity of T = 1
DSSSB TGT (SECTION-B) 28 DEC 2014 1542. Dimension of a subspace
Ans. (b) : Let T : ℝ2 → ℝ3 W = {(a,b,c) a + b + c = 0} of ℝ 3 is –
Linear transformation by base ℝ 3 kesâGhemLeeve W = {(a,b,c) a + b + c = 0}
(1,0,0), (0,1,0), (0,0,1)
Then T (x,y) = (x + y, x – y, y) keâe Ieele nw–
So, that (a) 4 (b) 3 (c) 1 (d) 2
1 1 0
Ans. (d) :
T = 1 −1 1 = 0 Note that W≠R3 because for example (1,2,3)∉W. Thus
0 0 0 diem w < 3.
Note that u1= (1,0,–1) and u2= (0,1,–1) are two
1 −1 1 0 independent vectors in W. Thus dim w = 2 and so, u1
= ≠ 0 and ≠0
1 1 −1 1 and u2 form a basis of W.
Rank of T(ρ) ≤ 2 1543. Let T : R 3 → R n be a linear transformation,
1540. If S = {(1,1,0), (2,1,3)} is a subset of R 3 then Which of the following statements implies that
which one of the following vectors R 3 is not in T is bijective?/ ceeve ueerefueS efkeâ T : R 3 → R n Ùen
the linear span of S ?/ Ùeefo S = {(1,1,0), (2,1,3)} SkeâIeeler ™heevlejCe nw~ efvecve ceW mes keâewve mee keâLeve
Ùen R 3 keâe DemecegÛÛeÙe nw, lees keâe R 3 efvecve ceW mes metefÛele keâjlee nw efkeâ T Ùen bijective nw?
keâewvemee meefoMe S kesâ SkeâIeeleer efJemleej mes veneR Deelee ? (a) Nullity (T) = n/Deeke=âefle (T) = n
(b) Rank (T) = Nullity (T) = n
(a) (0, 0, 0) (b) (3, 2,3)
heo (T) = Deeke=âefle (T) = n
(c) (1, 2,3) (d) (4 / 3,1,1) (c) Rank (T) + Nullity (T) = n
SECTION B PGT TIER-I 31.11.2014 heo (T) + Deeke=âefle (T) = n
Ans. (c) : Let S = {u1, u2} (d) Rank (T) – Nullity (T) = n
where u1= (1, 1, 0), u2 = (2, 1, 3) heo (T) – Deeke=âefle (T) = n
is a subset of R3. SECTION B PGT TIER-I 31.11.2014
Since if u = (a,b,c) an arbitrary vector in the linear span Ans. (d) : By Rank and nullity theorem we know that
of S then it can expressed as linear combination of u1 Rank (T) + Nullity (T) = dim (T)
and u2. ie., R(T) + N(T) = n ......(i)
Here from options let u = (1, 2, 3) and R(T) – N(T) = n .....(ii)
then (1,2,3) = αu1+βu2 From (i) and (ii) we get
(1, 2,3) (1,1, 0) (2,1,3) R(T) = n and N(T) = 0
α + 2β = 1.......(i) Which implies T is a bijective
ALGEBRA 284 YCT

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1544. A linear transformation T rotates each vector 1546. Let T : V →V be a linear operator on V. If W is
in IR2 clockwise through 900 The matrix T a subspace of V, then W is invariant subspace
relative to the standard ordered basis under T if–
1 0 ceeve ueerefpeS efkeâ T : V →V Ùen V hej Skeâ jsKeerÙe
0 1
. is– mebkeâejkeâ nw~ Ùeefo W Ùen V keâe GheDevlej nw, lees W Ùen
T keâs Debleie&le efveMÛej GheDevlej nw, Ùeefo
SkeâIeeleer ™heevlejCe T, IR2 ceW nj meefoMe kesâ 900 nesles (a) T(W)⊂W (b) T(W)=W
1 0 (c) W⊃T(W)
ngS oef#eCeeJe=òe Ûekeäkeâj keâešlee nw~ . ceevekeâ (d) None of these/Fveces mes keâesF& vener
0 1
JDD-75-PGT TIER II-X-15 28.06.2015
efJeefnle DeeOeej hej mebyebefOele cesefš^keäme nw~
Ans. (a) : By definition :
0 −1 0 1 Let T:V→V be a linear operator on V. if W is a
(a) (b)
−1 0 −1 0 subspace of V,then W is invariant subspace under T if
for every w ∈ W, T(w) ∈ W i.e., T(W) ⊂ W.
0 1 0 −1
(c) (d) 1547. The matrix representation of the linear
1 0 1 0
transformation T : IR 2 → IR 3 defined
SECTION B PGT TIER-I 31.11.2014 T(x,y)=(3x–y, 2x+4y, 5x–6y) with respect to
Ans. (b) : When rotation is θ degree counter clockwise standard basis is–/ T : IR 2 → IR 3 Ùen jsKeerÙe
about the origin then matrix of T is given by ™heeblejCe pees T(x,y)=(3x–y, 2x+4y, 5x–6y)mes
cos θ sin θ ceevekeâ DeeOeej keâs mebyebOe ces heefjYeeef<ele efkeâÙee ieÙee nw,
[ T ] = − sin θ cos θ keâe cewefš^keäme efve™heCe nw
relative to the standard ordered basis  −1 3  3 −1
1 0 (a)  4 2  (b)  2 4 
,
0 1  6 5   5 6 
Here, θ = 90º 3 2 5
(c)  (d) Fveces mes keâesF& vener
cos θ sin θ  −14 −6
So, matrix of T = [ T ] =
− sin θ cos θ JDD-75-PGT TIER II-X-15 28.06.2015
0 1 Ans. (d) : The standard basis for R2 is
[T] = 1  0
−1 0 v =  , v =  
0 1 
1545. Given that xy-plane and yz-plane in R 3 are the 3 −1
subspace of R 3 , The dimension of the T ( v1 ) = 2 , T ( v 2 ) = 4
intersection of these subpaces is-
5 −6
Ùen efoÙee ieÙee nw efkeâ, R 3 ces xy-meceleue Deewj yz-
 3 −1
meceleue Ùen R 3 keâs GheDevlej nw~ Fve GheDevlej keâs∴ [T : B] =  2 4 
heefjÛÚsove keâe Ieele nw  5 −6 
(a) 0 (b) 1
1548. P3 is a vector space of polynomials in x of
(c) 2 degree three or less and D(p(x)) is the
(d) None of these/Fveces mes keâesF& vener derivative of p(x) is a transformation from P3
JDD-75-PGT TIER II-X-15 28.06.2015 to P2, then–/Ùeefo P3 Ùen leerve Ùee keâce ef[ieÇer keâs x cesb
Ans. (b) : Let U and W are the xy-plane and yz-plane yengheo keâe Jeskeäšj Deblej nw Deewj D(p(x)) Ùen P3 mes P2
respectively in R3 : lekeâ ™heeblejCe p(x) keâe DeJekeâuepe nw, lees
Since, R3 = U + W ⇒ dim (U+W) =3 (a) the polynomial 2x+1 is the Kernel of D
Also dim U = 2 and dim W = 2 2x+1 Ùen yengheo D keâe keâves&ue (Kernel) nww
By the theorem (b) the rank of D is 3/D keâe ›eâce 3nw
dim (U+W) = dim U + dim W–dim (U∩W) (c) the Kernel of D is all those constant
polynomials is P3
⇒ dim (U∩W) = dim U + dim W–dim (U+W) D keâe keâves&ue P3 cesb meYeer efmLej yengheo nw
=2+2–3
(d) none of these/Fveces mes keâesF& vener
⇒ dim(U ∩ W) = 1 JDD-75-PGT TIER II-X-15 28.06.2015
ALGEBRA 285 YCT
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Ans. (c) : If P3 is a vector space of polynomial in x of (a) rank(T) = 0, nullity(T) = 3
degree three or less and D(P(x)) is the derivative of P(x) (b) rank(T) = 1, nullity(T) = 2
is transformation from P3 to P2 then the kernel of D is
all those constant polynominals in P3. (c) rank(T) = 2, nullity(T) = 1
1549. The null space of A is the solution set of the equation (d) rank(T) = 3, nullity(T) = 0
A keâe Dekeâ=le Deblej Ùen meceerkeâjCe keâe meeOeve mesš nw– JDD-75-PGT TIER II-X-15 28.06.2015
(a) Ax = 0 (b) Ax = b
Ans. (d) :
(c) Ax ≥ 0 (d) Fveces mes keâesF& venerb
Let T:IR3 → R3 be a linear transformation defined by
JDD-75-PGT TIER II-X-15 28.06.2015
T ( x, y, z ) = ( x + y, y + z, z + x ) ., ( x, y, z ) ∈ R 3
Ans. (a) : The null space of matrix A is the solution set
of the homogeneous system Ax = 0 The basis B of R3 is
Which is denoted by null A. B = {(1, 0,0 ) , ( 0,1, 0 ) , ( 0, 0,1)} ................ ( i )
1550. Which of the following is not a linear
transformation from IR3 to IR3?/ IR3 mes IR3 lekeâ (i) First we find out R(T)and ρ(T).
efvecve ces mes keâewve mee jsKeerÙe ™heeblejCe vener nw? then, T images of B generate the R(T) of T i.e., by(i)
the generators of R(T) are
(a) T(x, y, z) = (x, 2y,3x − y)
T(1,0,0)=(1,0,1),T(0,1,0)=(1,1,0),T(0,0,1)=(0,1,1)
(b) T(x, y, z) = (x − y, 0, y − z) Now we form the matrix whose rows are the
(c) T(x, y, z) = (0, 0, 0) above image vectors and reduce it to Echelan form
(d) T(x, y, z) = (1, x, z) 1, 0 1   1 0 1
 1 1 0 R → R − R , =  1 1 0 R → R − R
JDD-75-PGT TIER II-X-15 28.06.2015   3 3 1   3 2 3
 0 1 1   −1 1 0 
Ans. (d) : If T : IR 3 → IR 3 is a linear transformation
then T ( 0 ) = 0 1 0 1 
But for T ( x, y, z ) = (1, x, z ) =  0 1 0
T ( 0, 0, 0 ) = (1, 0, 0 )  0 0 1 
Hence ρ(T)=3,
T (0). ≠ 0
and by solving we get nullity of T=0
Hence T is not a linear transformation.
1553. Consider the subspace W= {(x1 , x 2 ....., x 20 )
1551. Let V be a 3-dimensional vector space over the
Z ∈ IR 3 xn = xn −1 + xn − 2 for 3 ≤ n ≤ 20} of the
field F3 = of 3 elements. The number of
3Z vector space IR20. The dimension of W is–
distinct 1- dimensional subspaces of V is– IR20 Jeskeäšj Deblej kesâ efueS W= {(x1 , x 2 ....., x 20 )
Z
3 Ieškeâes Jeeues #es$e F3= hej V Ùen 3 IeeleerÙe Jeskeäšj ∈ IR 3 xn = xn −1 + xn − 2 kesâ 3≤n ≤20} Ùen Jeskeäšj
3Z
Deblej nw~ V keâs efJeefMe<š 1-IeeleerÙe GheDevlejesb keâer mebKÙee nw Deblej nw Ssmee ceeefveS W keâe Ieele nw–
(a) 26 (b) 9 (c) 13 (d) 15 (a) 2 (b) 3
JDD-75-PGT TIER II-X-15 28.06.2015 (c) 9 (d) 10
Ans. (c) : Number of 1-dimensional supspace of JDD-75-PGT TIER II-X-15 28.06.2015
n
q −1 Ans. (a) : consicler the subspace
V= ,
q −1 {
W = ( x1, x 2 x 3, −− −− − −− , x 20 ) ∈ IR 3 : x n = x n −1 + x n − 2
Here, q =3, n=3
for 3 ≤ n ≤ 20} ⇒ dim(W) = 2
∴ Number of distince 1- dimensional subspace of
33 − 1 26 1554. The general linear group GL 2 ( FP ) is of order–
V= = = 13
3 −1 2 GL 2 ( FP ) Fme meeceevÙe jsKeerÙe mecetn keâer ßesCeer nw–
3 3
1552. Let T : IR → IR be the linear (a) P (b) P2
transformation defined by (c) P(P+1) (d) P(P+1)(P–1)2
T(x, y, z) = (x + y, y + z, z + x) for all
JDD-75-PGT TIER II-X-15 28.06.2015
(x, y, z) ∈ IR 3 then– Ans. (d) : The order of general linear group.
n −1
ceeve ueerefpeS efkeâ T : IR 3 b→ IR 3 Ùen jsKeerÙe GL n (Fp ) = ∏ (P 2 − Pi )
™heeblejCe nw pees T(x, y, z) = (x + y, y + z, z + x) meYeer i =0
(x, y, z) ∈ IR3 kesâ efueS heefjYeeef<ele efkeâÙee ieÙee nw, lees Here n = 2
ALGEBRA 286 YCT

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So, order =
1
∏ (P 2 − Pi )  ( )
⇒ 1  1 − x 2 x − ( − x ) .1 − 0 + 0 = 0
L =0 ⇒ x−x +x =0
3
( )( ) (
= P 2 − P 0 P 2 − P = P 2 − 1 P ( P − 1) ) ⇒ 2x − x 3 = 0
⇒ x3 = 2x
= P ( P + 1)( P − 1) (P − 1) = P ( P + 1)( P − 1)
2
⇒ x2 = 2
⇒ x=± 2
1555. IR3 ceW meefoMe (1,–2,1) (2, 1, –1) leLee (7, 4, –1) nw:
1558. If V is vector space of 2×2 matrices over a field
(a) jsKeerÙe DeOeerve F, then dimension of V is/ Ùeefo V #es$e F hej Skeâ
(b) jsKeerÙe mJeeOeerve 2×2 DeeJÙetneW keâe meefoMe meceef° nw leye V keâer efJecee nw
(c) jsKeerÙe DeOeerve SJeb jsKeerÙe mJeeOeerve (a) 2 (b) 3
(d) GheÙeg&keäle ceW mes keâesF& veneR (c) 4 (d) None of these
PGT 2013 PGT 2010
1 −2 1  1 0   0 1   0
0
Ans : (c) Let α =   , β=   , γ= 
Ans : (b) 2 1 −1 = 14 ≠ 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 
7 4 1 0 0
and δ =   be four element of V
Dele: efoÙes meefoMe jsKeerÙe mJeeOeerve nw~ 0 1 
subset S = {α, β , γ, δ} is linearly independent becasue–
1556. Let A = {( x, y,0 ) : x,y ∈ R} and
αa + βb + γc + δd = 0
B = {( 0, y, z ) : y, z ∈ R} be two subspaces of R3,
1 0   0 1  0 0 0 0   0 0 
then dimension of A+B is ⇒a  +b   + c +d   = 
0 0  0 0  1 0   0 1   0 0 
ceevee efkeâ A = {( x, y,0 ) : x,y ∈ R} Deewj
a b   0 0 
B = {( 0, y, z ) : y, z ∈ R} R3 kesâ oes Ghemeceef<š nw leye
⇒  = 
 c d  0 0
A+B keâer efyevee nw ⇒ a = 0, b = 0, c = 0, d = 0
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 3 a b 
∴ L(S) = V because if   is any vector in V Then
PGT 2010 c d 
Ans : (b) dim (A+B) = 1 as dim (R3)= 3
a b 
1557. If the vectors (0, 1, x), (x, 1, 0) and (1, x, 1) of  c d  = aα + bβ + cγ + dδ
 
vector space R3(R) are linearly independent, Therefore S is basis of V
then x will be since number of element in S is 4
Ùeefo meefoMe meceef° R3 (R) kesâ meefoMe (0,1, x), (x,1,0) Hence dim V = 4
Deewj (1, x, 1) jwefKekeâ Deveeefßele nes lees x keâe ceeve nesiee 1559. Which of the following functions T : R 2 → R 2 is
(a) ± 2 a linear transformation?/efvecveefueefKele ceW mes keâewve
(b) ±1 mee heâueve Skeâ jsKeerÙe ®heeblejCe nw?
(c) 0 (a) T ( x, y ) = (2 x + 3 y,3 x − 4 y )
(d) none of these/FveceW mes keâesF& veneR (b) T ( x, y ) = (1 + x, y )
PGT 2010
(c) T ( x, y ) = ( x , y )
3 3
0 1 x 
(d) T ( x, y ) = ( x + 2, y + 3)
Ans : (a)  x 1 0  = 0
PGT 2009
 1 x 1  Ans : (a) met$e mes T (α x + β y ) = α T ( x) + β T ( y )
1 x 1  ceevee x = (x1, y1) Deewj y = (x2, y2)
R3 ↔ R1 ,  x 1 0  = 0 T{α ( x1, y1 ) + β ( x2 , y2 )} = T (α x1 + β x2 ,α y1 + β y2 ) =
 0 1 x  {2(α x1 + β x2 ) + 3(α y1 + β y2 ),3(α x1 + β x2 )
1 x 1 −4(α y1 + β y2 )}
R2 → R2 − xR1 , 0 1 − x 2 − x  = 0 = α (2 x1 + 3 y1,3x1 − 4 y1) + β (2 x2 + 3 y2 ,3x2 − 4 y2 )
0 1 x  = α T ( x1 , y1 ) + β T ( x2 , y2 )
C1 kesâ meehes#e efJemleej keâjves hej– Dele: T Skeâ jsKeerÙe ™heevlejCe nw~
ALGEBRA 287 YCT

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1560. If T : R3 → R2 is a linear transformation given = (1 − λ ){λ 2 − 5} = 0
by T (a, b, c) = (a, b) ∀ (a, b, c) ∈ R3 then
kernel of T is ⇒ λ = 1, λ = ± 5
(a) (0, 0, c) 1562. For what value of m, the vector (m, 3, 1) is a
(b) (a, 0, 0) linear combination of vectors e1 = (3, 2, 1) and
(c) (0, b, 0) e2 = (2, 1, 0)?
(d) None of these/FveceW mes keâesF& veneR M kesâ keâewve mes ceeve kesâ efueS meefoMe (m,3,1)Skeâ jsKeerÙe
PGT 2009 mebÙeesie nw meefoMeeW e1=(3, 2, 1) Deewj e2 = (2, 1, 0)
Ans : (a) The linear transformation T is given by (a) 5 (b) 2
T (a,b,c) = (a,b) ∀ (a,b,c) ∈R3 (c) 3 (d) 4
As T : R3 →R2 and PGT 2009
T (αx1+βx2) = T{α(a1,b1,c1) +β(a2,b2,c2)} Ans : (a) If (m,3,1) is a linear combination of
= T ( αa1 + β a 2 , αb1 + βb 2 , αc1 + β c2 ) e1≡ (3,2,1) & e2 ≡ (2,1,0)
Where x1 = ( a1 , b1 ,c1 ) , x 2 = ( a 2 , b 2 ,c2 ) & α, β ∈ R then, (m,3, 1) = α (3,2,1)+β (2,1,0)
m = 3α + 2 β
= ( αa1 + β a 2 , αb1 + βb 2 )
and 2 α + β=3
= α ( a1 , b1 ) + β ( a 2 , b 2 ) α=1
= αT ( x1 ) + βT ( x 2 ) β=1
Thus T is a linear transfermation. Hence m = 3.1 + 2.1 = 5
Now the kernel K of this transformation T is given by 1563. If T and S are invertible linear operators on a
vector space V(K), then (TS)–1 is
K = {( 0,0,c ) : ∀A ∈ R}
Ùeefo T Deew S Øeefleueesceer jsKeerÙe mebÛeeuekeâ efkeâmeer Skeâ
Since for each (0,0,c) ∈ K meefoMe meceef° V(K), lees (TS)–1 nesiee
2
We have T(a, 0, 0) = (0,0)= 0∈R
(a) ST (b) T–1S–1
1 2 0  (c) S T –1 –1
(d) (ST)–1
1561. The eigenvalues of matrix  2 −1 0  are   PGT 2009
 0 0 1  Ans : (c) By Reversal rule
1 2 0  ( TS)−1 = S−1T −1
DeeJÙetn  2 −1 0  kesâ F&ieve ceeve nw 1564. The dimension of the subspace W, of the vector
 0 0 1  space V of all 2×2 matrices over the real
numbers, defined by
(a) 1, ± 5 (b) 1, –1, 1
 a b  
(c) 1, 2, 0 (d) 0, 0, 1 W =   : a , b, c ∈ R  is
PGT 2009   c a + b + c  
Ans : (a) Given matrix A is efkeâmeer Ghemeceef° W pees heefjYeeef<ele nes Fme Øekeâej mes
1 2 0  a b  
  W =   : a , b, c ∈ R  efkeâmeer meefoMe
A =  2 −1 0 
  c a + b + c  
 0 0 1 
meceef° keâe efpemeceW meejs 2×2 kesâ DeeJÙetn nw keâer efJecee
1− λ 2 0 keäÙee nesieer
| A − λ I |= 2 −1 − λ 0 (a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4
0 0 1− λ PGT 2005
= (1 − λ ) {−(1 + λ )(1 − λ )} − 2{2(1 − λ )} + 0 Ans : (d) Evidently W is a subspace of a vector space
V(R) of all 2×2 matrices over the field of real number
{ }
= (1 − λ ) −(1 − λ 2 ) − 4(1 − λ )} = 0 defined by
For eigen values |A–λI|=0  a b  
W =   : a, b,c ∈ R 
{ ( )} − 4 (1 − λ ) = 0
⇒ (1 − λ ) − 1 − λ 2  
1 0 
c a + b + c 
0 1 

0 0 0 0
⇒ (1 − λ ) {− (1 − λ ) − 4} = 0
2 Let x1 =   , x2 =   , x3 =   , x4 =  
0 0 0 0  1 0  0 1 
{
⇒ (1 − λ ) λ 2 − 1 − 4 = 0 } Take S = {x1 , x 2 , x 3 , x 4 }
ALGEBRA 288 YCT

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Let a1, a2, a3, a4 ∈w such that Ans : (a) In the matrix of T the standard ordered basis of
a1x1+a2x2+a3x3+a4x4=0 R3 is:
 a a 3  0 0 T(1,0,0) = (3,0, 1)
⇒ This gives  1  =  T (0,1,0) = (–2,1,0)
a 2 a 4  0 0 T (0,0,1) = (–1,2,4)
This implies that, a1=0, a2=0, a3=0, a4=0  3 −2 −1
∴ Matrix= 0 1 2 
Hence S is linearly independent
Hence S is a basis of V and dim V=4 with dim W= 4
1 0 4 
1565. If the dimensions of subspaces W1 and W2 of a
vector space V are respectively 3 and 4, and 1568. If T is a linear transformation of a vector space
dim(W1∩W2)= 1then dim(W1+W2) is V to another vector space W and dimV= 4,
Ùeefo efkeâmeer meefoMe meceef° V kesâ W1leLee W2oes dimW=5, nullity T= 1, then rank of T is
Ghemeceef°ÙeeB Fme Øekeâej nw efkeâ dimW1=3, dimW2=4 Ùeef o T Skeâ jwefKekeâ ™heevlejCe nw efkeâmeer meefoMe meceef°
V mes meefoMe meceef° W lekeâ Deewj dimV= 4,
Deewj dim(W1∩W2)= 1 lees dim(W1+W2) nesiee
dimW=5, nullity T= 1 lees rankT nesiee
(a) 5 (b) 6 (c) 7 (d) 8
PGT 2005 (a) 1 (b) 5
Ans : (b) Given that (c) 4 (d) 3
dimW1 = 3 PGT 2005
and dim W2= 4 Ans : (d) If T is a linear transformation of a vector space
V to another vector space W and dim V = 4,
and dim (W1 ∩W2) = 1
dim W = 5, nullity T = 1.
Then dim (W1+W2)= dim W1+ dim W2– dim(W1∩W2)
We know that
= 3+4–1=6
Rank of T + nullity of T = dim V
1566. Which of the following functions T : R2→R2 is ⇒ Rank, T+1 = 4
a linear transformation?/ efvecve ceW keâewve mee heâueve Rank, T = 3
T : R2→R2 Skeâ jwefKekeâ ™heevlejCe nw~ 1569. If T is a linear transform on V3(R) defined by
(a) T(x1, x2) = (1+x1, x2) T(a,b,c) = (3a, a–b, 2a+b+c)∀(a,b,c)∈V3(R),
(b) T(x1, x2) = (1+ x1 , x2)
2
find T–1/ Ùeefo T Skeâ jwefKekeâ ™heevlejCe nw V3(R) Ùes
(c) T(x1, x2) = (Sin x1, x2) pees heefjYeeef<ele nes T(a,b,c) = (3a, a–b, 2a+b+c)
(d) T(x1, x2) = (x2, x1) ∀(a,b,c) ∈V3(R) lees T–1 nesiee
PGT 2005 p q 
Ans : (d) Function T:R →R is linear transformation if
2 2 (a) T −1 ( p, q, r ) =  , − p, r − p + q 
 3 3 
(
T {a ( x1 , x2 ) + b ( y1 , y2 )} = T ax1 + by1, ax2 + by2 ) p p 
(b) T −1 ( p, q, r ) =  , − p, r − p + q 
(
= ax2 + by2, ax1 + by1 ) 3 3 
p p 
(
= a ( x2 , x1 ) + b y2, y1 ) (c) T −1 ( p, q, r ) =  , q − , p + q − r 
3 3 
(
= aT ( x1 , x2 ) + bT y1, y2 ) (d)
p p 
T −1 ( p, q, r ) =  , q − , p + q + r 
1567. The matrix of T given by in the standard  3 3 
3
ordered basis of R is PGT 2005
Ùeefo T(x,y,z) = (3x+z, –2x+y, –x+2y+4z) lees T keâe Ans : (b) If T is the linear transformation on V3(R)
DeeJÙetn R3 kesâ ceevekeâ megJÙeJeefmLele DeeOeej hej nesiee defined by
T(a,b,c) = (3a, a–b, 2a+b+c), ∀ a,b,c ∈V3(R)
 3 −2 −1 3 1 4
Let T(a,b,c) = (p,q,r)
(a) 0 1 2  (b)  0 1 −2
⇒ T–1(p,q,r) = (a,b,c)
1 0 4   −1 2 0 
⇒ p= 3a, q=a–b, r=2a+b+c
 3 0 1  3 0 1 ⇒
p
a = , b = −q
p
c=r–p–q
(c)  −2 1 0  (d)  −2 1 1  3 3
 −1 2 4   −1 2 0  p p 
T–1(p,q,r) =  , − q, r − p − q 
PGT 2005  3 3 
ALGEBRA 289 YCT
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02.
JeemleefJekeâ efJeMues<eCe
(REAL ANALYSIS)
1. Convergence and n
1 n
1 1 1 1
Now lim ∑ = lim ∑
r   n  ∫0 1 + x
= dx
r =1 n + r r =1 
n →∞ n →∞
Divergence of Sequences  1 + 
 n
and Series of real = log(1 + x) 0
1
numbers and functions = log2.

1
12 + 22 + 32 + .... + n 2 3. The sequence log is
1. lim is equal to n
n→∞ n3
1
12 + 22 + 32 + .... + n 2 Deveg›eâce log nw
lim yejeyej nw n
n→∞ n3 (a) Convergent/DeefYemeejer
(a) 0
(b) Divergent to ∞/∞ keâes Dehemeejer
(b) 1/3
(c) 2/3 (c) Divergent to –∞/–∞ keâes Dehemeejer
(d) Does not exist/DeefmlelJe ceW veneR nw (d) None of the above/GheÙeg&òeâ ceW mes keâesF& veneR
UP TGT 2021 UP TGT 2021
2 2 2 2 1
Ans. (b) : lim
1 + 2 + 3 + .... + n Ans. (c) : oer ieF& Deveg›eâce log
n→∞ n3 n
n ( n +1)( 2n + 1) log
1
= log1 − log n
= lim n
n →∞ 6 n3
= 0 − log n
 1  1
n 3 1+  2 +  ∵ n→∞, –logn → –∞
= lim 
n  n
n →∞ 6 n3 1
∴ log → −∞
2 1 n
= = 1
6 3 i.e. log –∞ keâes Dehemeejer
n
 1 1 1 
Value of lim  + + ... +  is - If f(x)= lim fn ( x ) , Where
2.
n →∞ n + 1 n+2 n+n 4.
 n →∞
 1 1 1  fn ( x ) = nx (1 – x ) ,0 ≤ × < 1,
n
lim  + + ... +  keâe ceeve nesiee -
n →∞ n + 1 n+2 n+n

then f(x) is equal to
1
(a) log
2
(b) log 1 Ùeefo f(x) = lim fn ( x ) ,
n →∞
peneB
fn ( x ) = nx (1 – x ) ,0 ≤ × < 1, lees f(x) yejeyej nw
(c) log 2 (d) log 4 n

UKPSC Lecturer (Mains) 2020 (a) x (b) 0
UP TGT 2009 (c) x2 (d) 1
UP PCS (Pre) 2006 UPPSC GDC 2021
Ans. (c) : log 2 Ans. (b) : Given f n (x) = nx (1 − x ) , 0 ≤ x <1
n
 1 1 1  1n
we have lim 
n →∞ n + 1

+
n + 2
+ ... +
n + n
 = lim
 n →∞
∑
r =1 n +r f(x) = lim f n (x)
n →∞
REAL ANALYSIS 290 YCT

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when x = 0 ⇒ f n (x) = 0 ⇒ f (x) = lim 0 = 0 7. Sum of the series
1
–
1
+
1
–
1
+ .........
n →∞
1.2 2.3 3.4 4.5
when 0 < x < 1 ⇒ f(x) = lim f n (x) → 0
n →∞ 1 1 1 1
⇒ f(x) = 0 ßesCeer – + – + ......... keâe ÙeesieHeâue
1.2 2.3 3.4 4.5
5. Sum of the series nw–
1 1+ 2 1+ 2+ 3 1+ 2+ 3+ 4 (a) 2 log 2 – 1 (b) 2 log 2 – 3
+ + + + ....... is
2 3 4 5 (c) 2 log 2 (d) None of the above
equal to UP PGT 2021
1 1+ 2 1+ 2+ 3 1+ 2+ 3+ 4 Ans. (a) : 2 log 2 –1
ßesCeer + + + + .......
2 3 4 5 1 1 1 1
Let S = – + – + .....
keâe Ùeesie nw– 1.2 2.3 3.4 4.5
(a) 2e (b) e
n +1  1 
∞
(c) e – 1 (d)
e = ∑
n =1
( –1)  
 n ( n + 1) 
2
∞
1 1 
∑ ( –1)
UP PGT 2021 = n +1
 n – n + 1
Ans. (d) : e/2 n =1  
1 1+ 2 1+ 2 + 3 1+ 2 + 3 + 4 ∞
n +1  1 
∞
n+2  1 
S= + + + + .... = ∑ ( –1)   + ∑ ( –1)  
2! 3! 4! 5! n =1  n  n =1  n +1
∞ n ( n + 1) = log 2 + log 2 – 1
⇒S= ∑
n =1 2 ( n + 1) !  x 2 x3 x 4 
∵ log (1 + x ) = x – + – + .... 
1 ∞ 1  2 3 4 
⇒S = ∑
2 n =1 ( n –1) ! = 2 log 2 –1
 ∞ 1
n-1
e  The value of lim ∑
1
⇒S = ∵ ∑ n! = e 
8. is
2  n =0 
n →∞
r=0 (n 2
– r2 )
6. The sum of the series n-1
1
1 1  lim ∑ keâe ceeve nw
(n – r2 )
1 1
lim + + + ...... +  is equal to – n →∞ 2
n →∞  n
r=0
 n + 1 n + 2 4n 
 1 1 1  1 π π
ßesCeer nlim + + + ...... +  kesâ Ùeesie (a) (b)
→∞  n n +1 n + 2 4 2
 4n 
keâe ceeve nw– π
(c) π (d)
(a) 0 (b) 1 3
(c) log 3 (d) log 4 UPPSC GIC 2021
UP PGT 2021 UPPSC Ashram Paddhati 2021
UP PGT 2013
Ans. (d) : loge 4
UPPCS (Pre) 2003, 2000
1 1 1 1 
lim + + + ..... +  n-1
1
n →∞ 
 n n +1 n + 2 4n  Ans. (b) : lim ∑
3n
1
n →∞
r=0 (n 2
– r2 )
= lim ∑
r =0 n + r
n →∞ n-1
1 1
= lim ∑ ×
n →∞
 1 1
3n
r
2 n
= lim ∑ 
r=0
 ;Riemann sum 1–  
r =0  1 + r / n  n
n →∞
n
Letting r/n = x and 1/n = dx we have n-1
r 1 r 1
3 = lim ∑ f   × f =
1 n →∞
r =0  n  n n r
2
= ∫0 1+ x dx 1–  
n
3
= loge (1+x) b 1
= ∫ f (x) dx
0
f (x) =
= loge4 a
1 – x2
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1 1 1 n2 n2 1 
=∫ dx a = 0, b = 1 lim  +
12. + + ... + =
( n + 1 )3 ( n + 2 )3
0 2
1– x n →∞  n 8n 
1
 
= sin –1 (x)  3 1
0 (a) (b)
8 4
= sin –1 (1) – sin –1 (0)
1 1
π (c) (d)
= 8 2
2 Haryana PGT 2019
1 2n r Ans. (d)
9. lim
n →∞ n
∑ =
 n2 n2 n2 
r=1 n + r2
2
lim  3 + + ... + 
(a) –1 + 2 (b) 1 + 2 n →∞  n
 ( n +1)3 ( n + n )3 
(c) –1 + 5 (d) 1 + 5 1 n2 n2 1
Haryana PGT 2020 = lim  + + + ... + 
Ans. (c)
n →∞  n
 ( n +1)3 ( n + 2 )3 8n 

n n
∑ (n + r) ∑
1 2n r 1 2n r/n
2
x n2 1
lim ∑ = lim ∑ =∫ dx = lim 3
= lim 3
n →∞ n →∞
n →∞ n
r =1 n 2 + r 2 n →∞ n r =1r
2
1 + x2 r =0 r =0  r
1+  
0
n 1 + 
n  n
1
∫ (1 + x ) dx
The substitution 1 + x = t ⇒ 2xdx = dt
2 1
gets us. = 3
5 0
1 dt 1
= + ( 2 )  t  = 5 − 1
5
I= ∫ 1
21 t 2 1
−1 1
1 2n r = =
lim ∑ 2 (1 + x )
2
∴ = −1 + 5 0
2
n →∞ n
r =1 n + r2
2
1
10. lim ∑
3n
1
is
13. ∑ np
, when p >1 is :
r =0 ( n + r )
n →∞
1
keâe ceeve nw : ∑ np , peye p > 1 nw:
(a) loge4 (b) loge3 (a) Convergent/DeefYemeejer
(c) loge2 (d) loge10 (b) Divergent/Dehemeejer
UKPSC GIC 2018 (c) Oscillatory/oesueveer
3n
1 3n
1 (d) None of the above/GheÙeg&òeâ ceW mes keâesF& veneR
Ans. (a) : lim ∑ = lim ∑
n →∞
r =0 ( n + r ) n →∞
( )
r =0 n 1 + r
n
UK SSSC LT 2020
UP PSC (Pre) 2004
let r = x ⇒ 1 = dx Ans. (a) : By Cauchy condensation test
n n ∞
1
& x =0 when r = 0 and x =3 when r = 3n ∑
n =1 n
p
converges if and only if
3n
1 3 1
So, lim ∑ =∫ dx = log(1 + x) 0 = log e 4
3
∞ p ∞ p−1 ∞ n
n →∞
(
r =0 n 1 + r
n ) 0 1+ x
∑
n =1
2 n 1 
 n  ∑ n =
 2  n =1  2 
1 =  1 
∑  p−1  converges.
n =1  2 
∞ n
1 + 3 + 5 + ... + (2n - 1)  1 
Now ∑  p−1  converges if and only if p −1 < 1 by
11. lim is: 1
2
n  
n→∞
n =1 2 2
1 + 3 + 5 + ... + (2n - 1) geometric series test which gives p>1
lim nw : ∞
n2 1
The series ∑ p converges if and only if p>1
n→∞
(a) 0 (b) 2 n =1 n
(c) –1 (d) 1 14. The given series is:
1 1 1 1 1
1 + 3 + 5 + .... + ( 2n − 1) n2 1− + − + − + − − − −
Ans. (d) : lim = lim 2 = 1 2 3 4 5 6
n →∞ n2 n →∞ n oer ieF& ßesCeer nw:
because 1 + 3 + 5 + .... + 2n − 1 = n 2 i.e. sum of first n odd 1 1 1 1 1
1− + − + − + − − − −
natural numbers 2 3 4 5 6
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(a) Divergent/Dehemeejer (b) {an} converges to zero and {bn} is a Cauchy
(b) Convergent/DeefYemeejer sequence./ {an} MetvÙe keâe DeefYeme=òe nesleer nw leLee
(c) Oscillatory/oesuevekeâjer {bn} keâesMeer Deveg›eâce nw~
(d) Absolutely convergent/hetCe&le: DeefYemeejer (c) {an} converges to a non-zero number and
UK SSSC LT 2020 {bn} is not a convergent sequence.
1 1 1 ∞
1 {an} Skeâ MetvÙesòej mebKÙee keâes DeefYeme=le nesleer nw leLee
Ans. (b) : Sn = 1 − + − + ..... = ∑ ( −1)n +1 {bn} DeefYemeejer Deveg›eâce veneR nw
2 3 4 n =1 n
(d) {an} converges to zero and {bn} is not a
1 1
Now because   → 0 as n → ∞ and ( a n ) =   is convergent sequence./ {an} MetvÙe keâes DebefYeme=le
n n
decreasing sequence hence the Leibnitz test for nesleer nw leLee {bn} DeefYemeejer Deveg›eâce veneR nw
alternating series asserts the convergence of the series Haryana PGT 2018
∞
1 Ans. (a) : Given a1 = 1 and an+1 = an + (–1)n 2–n
∑ ( −1)n +1 . i
n =1 n n −1
 −1 
x x2 x3
Clearly an = ∑  
i=0  2 
15. The series + + + ......, x > 0 is:
1.2 3.4 5.6 1 2
So, lim (an) = =
 −1  3
2 3
x x x
ßesCeer + + + ......, x > 0 nw: 1−  
1.2 3.4 5.6  2 
(a) convergent, if x < 1 (b) convergent, if x > 1 Hence. {an} converges to a non-zero number.
(c) divergent, if x < 1 (d) divergent, if x = 1
2a a +1 − a n
Haryana PGT 2020 Now bn =
an
Ans. (a) :
x x 2 x3 2 lim ( a n +1 ) − lim ( a n )
The series + + + .... gives lim, (bn) = by algebraic
1.2 3.4 5.6 lim(a n )
∞ limit theorem.
xn
⇒ The series ∑ converges if
n =1 2n ( 2n − 1)
4 2
−
x n +1 So, lim (bn) = 3 3 = 1
2
2 ( n + 1) ( 2 ( n + 1) − 1) 3
lim <1
n →∞ xn Hence {bn} is a Cauchy sequence.
( 2n )( 2n − 1) 17. efvecve Deveg›eâceeW ceW mes keâewve-mee Skeâ DeefYemeejer veneR nw?
( x )( 2n )( 2n − 1) 1 + ( −1)
n n
⇒ if lim <1 (a) (b)
n →∞ 2 ( n + 1)( 2n + 1) n +1
( −1)
n
⇒ if x < 1
(c) 1+ (d) FveceW mes keâesF& veneR
∞ n
xn
And the series ∑ diverges if x ≥ 1
n =1 ( 2n )( 2n − 1) LT 2018
16. Let {an} and {bn} be sequences of real numbers Ans : (a) 1 + ( −1) = 0,2,0,2,0, 2..... n
defined as a1 = 1 and for n ≥ 1,

2a − an Which is an oscillatory sequence.
an +1 = an + ( −1 ) 2 − n ,b n = n +1
n
then: A monotonic sequence which is bounded is convergent.
an
{an} ceeve ueerefpeS leLee {bn} JeemleefJekeâ mebKÙeeDeeW keâe 18. Which of the following is convergent series?
Deveg›eâce efvecve Øekeâej heefheYeeef<ele nQ leLee kesâ efueS: efvecve ceW mes keâewve-meer ëe=bKeuee DeefYemeejer nw?
∞
2a − an 1 22 33 1
an +1 = an + ( −1 ) 2 ,b n = n +1
n −n
an
lees (a) 1 +
2 2
+
3 3
+
4 4
+ .... (b) ∑ n
tan (1/ n )
n =1
(a) {an} converges to a non-zero number and ∞ 1/ 2 + ( −1)
n
{bn} is a Cauchy sequence. (c) ∑ n
(d) FmeceW mes keâesF& veneR
{an} Skeâ MetvÙesòej mebKÙee keâes DeefYeme=òe nesleer nw leLee n =1
{bn} keâesMeer Deveg›eâce nw~ JDD-75-PGT TIER II-X-15 28.06.2015

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Ans. (b) Ans : (b) The general term of the sequences in
∞ n
1 1  1
∑ n tan  n  U n = 1 + 
 n
n =1
( )
∞ tan 1/ n n
 1
∑ 1/ n
∴ lim U n = lim  1 + 
n →∞ n →∞
 n
n =1
By Raabe's test = e which is finite and irrational
If there exist an l so that for all there for the given sequence converges to an irrational value.
  u 21. Deveg›eâce {xn } peneB

n ≥ l, un ≥ 0 and lim  n  n −   = l then
x →∞   u n +1  
 2xn + 3
x1 = 1, xn + 1 = ∀n ∈ N, nw
4
i) l > 1, then u n diverges sequence {xn } where
ii)if l < 1, then u n converges 2xn + 3
x1 = 1, xn + 1 = ∀n ∈ N,
iii)if l = 1, test fails 4
(a) DeefYemeejer/ convergent (b) Dehemeejer/ divergent
  u 
lim  n  n − 1  (c) meMele& DeefYemeejer/ conditionally convergent
x →∞   u n +1   (d) FveceW mes keâesF& veneR~/ none of these
  tan1/ n  Rajasthan TGT 2015
   3 Ans. (a) : Given that x1 = 1,
lim  n  n − 1  =
n →∞   tan1/1 + n  2 2x + 3
  1+ n

 
x n +1 = n ∀n ∈ N ...(1)
4
∵l > 1 Putting n = 1 in (1) we get
Hence the series is convergent. 2x + 3 2 × 1 + 3 5
x2 = 1 = =
2 3 4 4 4 4
19. ßesCeer p + p + p ..... Dehemeejer (Convergent) nesiee
1 2 3 5
(a) p > 0 (b) p > 1 = > 1 ⇒ x 2 > x1 ⇒ x n +1 > x n
4
(c) p >2 (d) FveceW mes keâesF& veneR Put n = 2, we get
TGT 1999 x3 > x 2
n +1
Ans : (c) ceevee u n = p (n JeeB heo ) Hence we find that
n x 3 > x 2 > x 3 < ..........(2)
n 1 1 1
un = p + p ⇒ u n = p−1 + p i.e., the sequence is monotonic increasing.
n n n n Again x1 = 1 and so x1 < 2 , a 2 < 2
1 1
peye p – 1 > 1 nes leYeer p−1 leLee p Skeâ efveefMÛele Deewj Thus by principle of mathematical induction
n n a n < 2∀n ∈ N.
DeefÉleerÙe ceeve Øeoeve keâjsiee DeLee&le p – 1 > 1 hej ßesCeer Dehemeejer Thus the sequence is bounded above by 2 thus we
(convergent) nesieer~ find that the sequence {xn} is monotonic increasing and
∴ p– 1 > 1 ⇒ p > 2 bounded above by 2. and bounded below by 1.
Hence the sequence is convergent.
n
 1
20. The sequence {S n } =  1 +  22. If jn(x) denotes Bessel’s function of first kind,
 n  then the value of 2njn(x) is/ Ùeefo jn(x) ØeLece Øekeâej kesâ
n yes
m es
u e heâueve keâes ØeoefMe&le keâjlee nw, lees 2njn(x) keâe ceeve nw
Deveg›eâce {Sn } =  1 +  nw
1
(a) J n −1 (x) − J n +1 (x)
 n
(a) Converges to a rational value (b) x ( J n +1 (x) − J n −1 (x) )
Skeâ heefjcesÙe ceeve hej DeefYeme=le (c) x ( J n +1 (x) − J n −1 (x) )
(b) Converges to an irrational value
Skeâ DeheefjcesÙe ceeve hej DeefYeme=le (d) None of these/ FveceW mes keâesF& veneR
Rajasthan TGT 2011
(c) Absolutely converges to a rational value
Ans : (b) From the recurrence formula
Skeâ heefjcesÙe ceeve hej efvehejs#e DeefYeme=le
xJ ′n (x) = nJ n (x) − xJ n +1 (x)...........(1)
(d) Diverges /Dehemeejer
And xJ n′ (x) = − nJ n (x) − xJ n −1 (x)..........(2)
Rajasthan TGT 2016
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Where Jn(x) denotes Bessel’s function of first kind. (−1) 2
Subtracting (1) & (2), we get (a) <n> (b)
n
0 = 2nJ n (x) − [ xJ n +1 (x) − xJ n −1 (x)]
1
2nJ n (x) x [ J n +1 (x) J n −1 (x) ] (c) (d) < 2n>
n +1
23. ØelÙeskeâ Øeefleyeæ Deveg›eâce ceW nw– TGT 2010
Every bounded sequence has– 1 1
Ans : (c) Deveg›eâce keâe GheDeveg›eâceeW neslee nw~
(a) Skeâ Dehemeejer Ghe-Deveg›eâce n n +1
(A divergent subsequence)
1
(b) Skeâ DeefYemeejer Ghe Deveg›eâce 27. What is lim a +1 1a + 2a + 3a + ..... + na  , a>–1,
n →∞ n
(A convergent subsequence)
1
(c) Skeâ Dehemeejer Deveg›eâce (A divergent sequence) equal to?/ lim a +1 1a + 2a + 3a + ..... + na  ,
n →∞ n
(d) FveceW mes keâesF& veneR (None of these)
a>–1, efkeâmekesâ yejeyej nw?
TGT 2011
1 2
Ans : (b) Every bounded sequence has a convergent (a) (b)
subsequences. This is the statement of Bolzano- a + 1 a +1
Weierstrass theorem. a a −1
(c) (d)
24. If un ≥ un +1 ≥ 0 for all n, then for the a +1 a +1
∞
UP PGT-2016 (02-02-2019)
convergence of the series ∑ un the condition 1
n =1
Ans : (a) lim a +1 1a + 2a + 3a + .... + n a  ,a > −1
n →∞ n
lim nun = 0 is:/ Ùeefo meYeer n kesâ efueÙes a
n →∞ n
1 r 
∞ ⇒ ∑ n  n 
u ≥u
n ≥ 0 nes, leye ßesCeer
n +1 ∑
u kesâ DeefYemeejer
n
r =1
n =1 r 1
then = x, = dx , Σ=∫
nesves kesâ efueÙes ØeefleyevOe lim nun = 0 nw: n n
n →∞
1
(a) necessary but not sufficient
∫ x dx
a
So that
DeeJeMÙekeâ hejvleg DeheÙee&hle 0
(b) sufficient but not necessary 1
 x a +1  1
heÙee&hle hejvleg DeveeJeMÙekeâ   =
(c) necessary and sufficient/DeeJeMÙekeâ SJeb heÙee&hle  a + 1 0 a +1
(d) None of these/Fvecebs mes keâesF& veneR 1 2n  r
UP PCS (Pre) 1998
28. The value of lim
x →∞ n
∑
r = n +1
log e  1 +  equals to
 n
Ans. (a) : If a series is convergent then lim Sn = S 1 2n  r
n →∞
lim ∑ log e  1 +  keâe ceeve yejeyej nesiee–
then lim ( Sn − Sn −1 ) = lim U n = ∞  n
x →∞ n
r = n +1
n →∞ n →∞
 27   27 
=S–S=0 (a) loge   (b) loge  
 2e   4e 
lim U n = 0
n →∞ 4  27 
Necessary convergence but not sufficient. (c) loge   (d) loge  2 
e e 
25. JeemleefJekeâ mebKÙeeDeeW keâe Deveg›eâce heâueve nesiee : TGT 2004
(a) N→N (b) N→R 1 2n  r 
(c) R→N (d) R→R Ans : (b) lim ∑ log e 1 + 
x →∞ n
r = n +1  n
TGT 2010
2n
∑ ∫
3 r 1
Ans : (b) JeemleefJekeâ mebKÙeeDeeW keâe Deveg›eâce Skeâ heâueve neslee nw ceevee = and 1 + = x ⇒ = dx
efpemekeâe #es$e Øeeke=âeflekeâ mebKÙeeDeeW keâe mecegÛÛÙe N neslee nw DeLee&led r = n +1
2 n n
f:N→R peye r = n + 1 ⇒ x = 2 , peye r = 2n, ⇒ x = 3
1 2n  r 3
∫ 1.log (x)dx
1
26. veerÛes efoS ieS Deveg›eâceeW ceW Deveg›eâce ceW Ghe-Deveg›eâce nw: lim ∑ loge 1 +  = e
n x →∞ n r = n +1
 n 2

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d  n
∫ ∫ ∫
n
= log e x. 1dx −  log x 1dx dx 31. The value of lim ∑ is:
 dx 
2
3
n→∞
r=1
(
r 3 r +4 n )
= x log e x − x 2 = 3log e 3 − 3 − 2log e 2 + 2
n
n
= log e 27 − log e 4 − 1 = log e 27 − log e 4 − log e e lim ∑ 2 keâe ceeve nw :
 27 
n→∞
r=1
(
r 3 r +4 n )
= log e  
 4e  (a)
1 1
(b)
5n 5n 14 7
1 1
29. lim ∑ is equal to-/ lim ∑ keâe ceeve nw– 2 3
n→∞ r=1 n + r n→∞ r =1 n + r (c) (d)
7 14
5 1
1 1 UKPSC Lecturer (Mains) 2020
(a) dx (b) dx
1+ x 1+ x Ans. (a) : We have
0 0
5 1 n
n n
1 1
(c)
1
dx (d)
1
dx lim ∑ = lim ∑
( )
n →∞ 2 n →∞ 2
1+ x 1+ x r =1 r 3 r +4 n r =1 n r 3 r 
1 −1
 + 4 
UP PCS (Pre) 2004 n n 
  1 1
5n
1 1  =∫ dx
( )
1
Ans. (a) : lim ∑ = lim ∑ 
2
 x 3 x +4
0
n →∞ r =1 n + r n →∞ n 1+ r 
 n 
Making the substitution 3 x + 4 = t gives
r 1
Let x = ⇒ dx = 3 1 2
n n dx = dt ⇒ dx = dt and limit of integration
2 x x 3
 
5x
1 1  5 1 becomes 4 to 7.
lim ∑   = ∫0 dx So, integral becomes
n →∞
r =1 n 
1+
r  1+ x
 n  2 7 dt
3 ∫4 t 2
∫ (1 + 2x + 3x + .... ) dx, x < 1 and y(0) =
2
30. If y(x) =
7
0, then y(x) is equal to: 2  1
= −
Ùeefo y(x) = ∫ (1 + 2x + 3x 2 + .... ) dx, x < 1 and y(0) 3  t  4
=0 lees y(x) keâe ceeve nw: 2  1 1 2  3  1
= − + = =
1 x 3  7 4  3  28  14
(a) (b)
1− x 1− x
32. A convergent series is:/Skeâ DeefYemeejer ßesCeer nw:
1 x
(c) (d) ∞ ∞
(1 − x )
2
(1 − x )
2 n n +1 − n
(a) ∑1+ n (b) ∑
Haryana PGT 2020 n =1 ( n + 1) n =1 n
∫ (1 + 2x + 3x + ...)dx : x < 1
2
Ans. (b) Given y(x) = ∞ ∞ n
1  1
⇒ y ( x ) = x + x 2 + x 3 + ... + c : x <1
(c) ∑ n log n (d) ∑ 1 + n 
n =2 n =1
Now y(0) = 0 ⇒ c = 0 UP PCS (Pre) 1998
∴ y(x) = x + x2 + x3 + ... : x <1
n +1 − n
∞ Ans. (b) : Let us consider U n =
= ∑x
n =1
n
: x <1 n
1 1
Infinite geometric series, partial sum can be written as = =
 
n  n +1 + n    1
1/ 2 
x a n 3/ 2  1 +  + 1
⇒ ∵ a = x, r = x and S∞ =
 n  
1− x 1− r
∞
x
y(x) = ∑ xn =
∴ 1
: x <1 take Vn =
n =1 1− x n 3/ 2

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Un 1  n1/ 2 
lim = lim n1/ 2 n1/ 2
x →∞Vn x →∞  1 1/ 2  Ans : (a) lim  3/ 2 + + ...... 
1 +  + 1 x →∞  n
( + ) { ( )} 
3/ 2 3/ 2
 n 3 n + 3 n − 1 
 n  
n1/ 2 1 1
U 1 lim ∑ = lim ∑
lim n = ≠ 0 x →∞
( n + 3r )
3/ 2 n →∞ n r
3/ 2
n →∞ Vn 2  1 + 3 
 n
Hence Vn is convergent Un also is convergent
1 1
4n
1 = x,dx = , ∑ = ∫
lim ∑
Let
33. keâe ceeve nw– n x
r =1 n + r
n →∞
1
dx
(a) loge5
(c) 0
(b) loge3
(d) 1
⇒ ∫ (1 + 3x )
0
3/ 2
TGT 2013 35. Let

4n
Ans : (a) lim ∑ 1 1 1 1 1
n →∞  r Sn = + + + ......
r =1
n 1 +  1.4 4.7 7.10 (3n − 2)(3n + 1)
 n
n ≥ 1, then lim Sn is equal to–
1 4n 1 n →∞
= lim ∑
n →∞ n
r =1  r ceeve ueerefpeS
1 + n 
  1 1 1 1
Sn = + + + ......
∴Σ = ∫ (ØeeflemLeeefhele keâjves hej) 1.4 4.7 7.10 (3n − 2)(3n + 1)
r 1 n ≥ 1, leye lim Sn yejeyej nw–
ceevee = x, = dx n →∞
n n
(a) 0 (b) 1/3
lower limit, peye r = 1, n = ∞ (c) 1 (d) 3
1 (GIC) ØeJeòeâe hejer#ee, 2015
leye = x ⇒ x = 0
∞ Ans. (b) : Let
upper limit, peye r = 4n,
 1 1 1 1 
4n Sn =  + + + ....... + 
leye =x⇒x=4 1.4 4.7 7.10 ( 3n − 2 )( 3n + 1) 
n
1
1 4n 1 4 1 Tn =
lim ∑ =∫ dx ( 3n − 2 )( 3n + 1)
n →∞ n
r =1  r  0 1+ x
 n
1 + After breaking into partial Fraction.
 
1 1 1 
= [ log (1 + x)]0 = log (1+4) – log (1 +0)
4
Tn =  − 
3  ( 3n − 2 ) ( 3n + 1) 
= log 5–log 1
1 1 1 
= log 5 {∵ log 1= 0} T1 =  − 
34. The value of : 3 1 4 
 1/ 2  1 1 1
n1/ 2 n1/ 2 T2 =  − 
lim  3/ 2 + 
n 3 4 7
+ .....
n →∞  n

(n + 3)
3/ 2
{
n + 3 ( n − 1)
3/ 2
} 
 1 1 1 
T3 =  − 
3  7 10 
 1/ 2 
n1/ 2 n1/ 2
lim  3/ 2 +  keâe
n 1 1 1 
+
{ }
..... T4 =  − 
n →∞  n 
(n + 3) n + 3 ( n − 1)
3/ 2 3/ 2
3 10 13 
 
ceeve nw: --------------------
1 ∞ -------------------
dx dx
(a) ∫ (1 + 3x ) 3/ 2
(b) ∫ (1 + 3x ) 3/ 2 1 1
Tn =  −
1 
3  3n − 2 3n + 1 
0 0
1
dx
∫ (1 + 3x )
(c) (d) None of these Adding column wise, we get
1/ 2
1 1 
Sn = 1 −
0
UP PCS (Pre) 1997 3  3n + 1 

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1 1  1  3n  n n
⇒ Sn = 1 − =   =∑
1
=∑
1 1
3  3n + 1  3  3n + 1  .
n
r=1 r + rn r r
r =1
+
  n n
1 3  1 1
∴ lim Sn = lim  = y=∫
2
dx
 3+ 1
n →∞ n →∞ 3
 3
0 x+ x
 n 
1
1 1
=∫
1
dx let x =t, dx = dt
36. lim (4n + 5n ) n
n→∝
is equal to
0 x ( )
x +1 2 x
1 1
2
lim (4n + 5n ) n yejeyej nw y=∫ =2log(t +1 )= 2 log 2
n→∝ t +1
0
(a) 4 (b) 5 1
(c) e4 (d) e5  n!  n
39. The value of lim  n  is
(GIC) ØeJeòeâe hejer#ee, 2015 n→∞  n 
1 1
1  4 n  n (a) e (b)
Ans. (b) : lim 4 + 5 ( n n
) n = lim 5   + 1
(c) e2
e
(d) e–2
 5 
n →∞ n →∞

1
UP PCS (Pre) 2009
  4  n  n  n! 
1/ n
1 2 3 n
1/ n
= lim 5 1 +    = 5.10 = 5 Ans. (b) : Let, y = lim  n  =  . . ........ 

  5     n n n n
n →∞ n →∞ n
oesveeW he#eeW ceW ueeie uesves hej

 1 2 3 n 
37. lim  + + + .......  is equal to 1 1 2 n 1 n r
n→∞  1- n 1- n2  log y =+ +  = ∑ log
2 2 2
1- n 1- n  log log ....log
n n n n  n r =1 n
 1 2 3 n 
lim  + + + .......  yejeyej nw r 1
ceevee, = x, = dx, ∑ = ∫
n →∞  1 - n 2 1 - n2 1 - n2 1 - n2 
n n
(a) –1/2 (b) 0 (c) 1/2 (d) 1 1
1
(GIC) ØeJeòeâe hejer#ee, 2015 leye, ∫ log xdx = log x.x. − ∫ × x = [ x log x − x ]0 = −1
1
0
x
 1 + 2 + 3 + ......n 
Ans. (a) : lim   1
n →∞
 1− n2  y = e −1 =
e
 n (1 + n ) 
lim  
 (
n →∞  2 1 − n 2 
)  n-1
n
 1  40. The value of the lim ∑ 2 is:
 1+  n →∞
r=0 n + r2
lim  n  n-1
n
n →∞  
− +
1  meer c ee lim ∑ 2 keâe ceeve nw:
 
2 1 2  n →∞ r2
  n  r=0 n +
1+ 0 1 (a) π/8 (b) π/4 (c) π/2 (d) π
= =−
2 ( −1 + 0 ) 2 UP PCS (Pre) 2001
Ans. (b) : efoÙee nw,
38. Value of n −1 n −1
n n
 1 1 1 1  ∑ = ∑
r =0 n + r r =0 2  r 
lim  is 2 2
n→∞  1+ n
+ + + .......  2
2 + 2n 3 + 3n n+ nm  n 1 +   
 n 
(a) 2 log 2 e (b) 2 log 3 e  
(c) loge3 (d) loge2 n −1
1 1
UP PCS (Pre) 2009 =∑ × 2
r =0 n r
Ans. (a) 1+  
n
 1 1 1 1  r 1
y = lim 
n→∞  1+ n
+ + + .......  ceevee, = x,dx = , ∑ = ∫
2 + 2n 3+ 3n n + nm  n n

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1 1 43. The value of
⇒∫ dx
0 1 + x2 1
 1  22  32   n 2   n
tan −1 [1] tan −1 [ 0] lim  1 + 2   1 + 2  1 + 2  ...  1 + 2   is:
n →∞
 n  n  n   n  
π π 1
0
4 4  1  22  32   n 2   n
lim  1 + 2   1 + 2  1 + 2  ...  1 + 2  
12 + 22 ....... + n 2 n →∞
 n  n  n   n  
41. lim equals:
n →∞ n3 keâe ceeve nw–
2 2 2  π− 4   π− 2 
1 + 2 ....... + n
lim yejeyej nw: (a) e

2 

(b) 2e

2 

n →∞ n3
 π− 4 
(a) 1/4 (b) 1/2  
(c) 1/6 (d) 1/3 (c) 2e 2 

UP PCS (Pre) 1999 (d) None of these/FveceW mes keâesF& veneR
UP PCS (Pre) 1996
12 + 22....... + n 2
Ans. (d) : lim Ans : (c) ØeMveevegmeej
n →∞ n3
1
n(n +1)(2n +1) 2n 3 + 3n 2 + n 1 22 32 n2 n
= lim = lim A lim 1+ 2 1+ 2 1+ 2 ... 1+ 2
n →∞ 6n 3 n →∞ 6n 3 n →∞ n n n n
2n 2 + 3n +1  2n 2 3n 1 
= lim 2
= lim  2 + 2 + 2  1 1 22 n2
n →∞ n →∞ 6n log A = lim log 1+ 2 1+ .......... 1+
6n  6n 6n  n →∞ n n n2 n2
1 1 1 
= lim  + + 2
n →∞  3 2n 6n   1   1   22   n 2   
= lim  log 1+ 2  + log 1+ 2  ... +  1+ 2   
1    n 
n →∞ n
 n   n   
=
3 n  
1  r 2   
1/ n = lim ∑   log 1+ 2   
 n n →∞
 n   n   
r =1 
42. The value of lim   is:
n →∞  n 
r 1
 n
1/ n ceevee x = ,
n
dx =
n
, ∑= ∫
lim   keâe ceeve nw:
n →∞  n  1
= log(1 + x 2 )dx
(a) 1 (b) –1 0
(c) e–1 (d) e 1 2x

= log(1 + x 2 ).x  − ∫
1
.xdx
UP PCS (Pre) 2000 0 0 1+ x2
x2 1 x +1 −1
1/ n 1/ n 2
 n 1 2 3 n = log 2 − 2∫
1
Ans. (c) : ceevee, y = lim   =  . . ............ 
n →∞  n 
0 1 + x2
dx = log 2 − 2 ∫0 1 + x 2 dx
n n n n
1 1 1
1 1 2
log y =  log + log + ......log 
n = log 2 − 2∫ dx + 2∫ dx
0 0 1 + x2
n n n n
1 1
1 n r = log 2 − 2 [ x ]0 + 2 tan −1 x
log y = ∑ log
0
n r =1 n π π−4 π−4
= log 2 − 2 + 2. = log 2 + = log 2 + log e 2
1 r
∑ = ∫,
4 2
ceevee, = dx, = x
n n π−4
r 1 log A = log 2e 2
leye, efvecve meercee = = = 0

n ∞ π−4
r n A = 2e 2
GÛÛelece meercee = = = 1
n n  1 1 1 
44. lim  + + .... +  is :
1 n→∞  n + 1 n+2 6n 
⇒ ∫ log x dx = log x.x − ∫ .x = [ x log x − x ]0 = −1
1 1
0 x
 1 1 1 
⇒ y = e −1 (
∵ log a b = x, b = a x ) lim 
n→∞  n + 1
+
n+2
+ .... +  keâe ceeve nesiee :
6n 

CLICK HERE -
∫ log (1 + x )dx
1 1
(a) (b) log e 6 = 2
6 0
=  x log (1 + x )  − ∫
(c) log e 2 (d) 0 2x 2
1 1
.x dx
PGT 2009  e
 1 + x2 0 0
 1 1 
( )
1 1 dx 1 1
Ans : (b) lim  +
n→∞  n + 1 n + 2
+ .... + 
6n 
=  x log e 1 + x 2  − 2 dx + 2
 0 0 ∫
0 1 + x2 ∫
( )
5n 1 1
∑ =  x log e 1 + x 2  − 2 [ x ]0 + 2  tan −1 x 
5
∫
1 1
dx = loge (1 + x )  = log e 6
5 1
lim =
n→∞  r
r =1 n 1 +
0 (1 + x ) 0   0  0
 n
  π
log e P = log e 2 − 2 + 2.
1 1 1 1  4
lim  + + + ..... + keâe ceeve nw:
3n 
45.  π −4 

n →∞ n n +1 n + 2  
P=2 e 2 
(a) log2 (b) log3
(c) –log3 (d) FveceW mes keâesF& veneR  n n n 
47. The value of lim  2 2 + 2 + ..... + 2 
n →∞ n + 1 n +2
 2n 
2
TGT 2001
PGT 2004 is
1 1   n n n 
Ans : (b) lim  +
1
+
1
+ ..... +  lim  2 2 + 2 + ..... + 2  keâe ceeve nesiee
n →∞ n + 1 +
 
2

n →∞ n n +1 n + 2 3n  n 2 2n
2n 2n π π
1 1 1
= lim ∑ = lim ∑
(a) (b)
r = 0 n (1 + r / n )
4 8
n →∞
r =0 n+r n →∞
π 2
π2
r 1 (c) (d)
ceevee = x , = dx leLee meercee peye r = 0 ⇒ x = 0 8 4
n n PGT 2010
peye r = 2n ⇒ x = 2  n n n 
1 Ans : (a) lim  2 2 + 2 + ..... + 2 
dx =  log ( x + 1)  0 = log(2 + 1) − log1 n →∞ n + 1 n +2
2
∴∫
2
 2n 
2
0 1+ x
π π
( )
1 dx
∫0 1 + x 2 = tan x 0 = 4 − 0 = 4
−1 1
= log 3 − log1 = log 3
1
 1
1   22  32   n2  n 48. lim [n+1)(n+2)(n+3).......(n + n)]1/n is equal to
46. meercee lim 1 + 2   1 + 2  1 + 2  ...... 1 + 2  n →∞ n
n→∞ 
 n   n   n   n 
   1
lim [n+1)(n+2)(n+3).......(n + n)]1/n yejeyej nw-
keâe ceeve nw : n →∞ n
(a) 4e(
π −4 )
3e(
π −4 ) (a) e (b) 1/e
(b)
(c) 2/e (d) 4/e
 π −4   π −4 
 2   2  PGT 2005
(c) 2e  (d) e 
Ans : (d) Let
PGT 2013
y = lim ( n + 1)( n + 2 )( n + 3) .....( n + n ) 
1/ n
Ans : (c) ceevee n →∞
1 Taking log on both side, we get
   2  3
2 2   n2  n  1  2 
1
P = lim  1 + 2 1  n 
n→∞ 
 1 + 2  1+ 2
 n  .........1 + 2   log y = lim log 1 + 1 +  + ..... 1 +  
 n   n    n   n n →∞  n  n   n 
oesvees lejheâ mes Log uesves hej n
 r
∑ n log 1 + n 
1
1 = lim
n →∞
log P = lim r =1
n→∞ n
1 1 x
∫ log (1 + x ) dx = log (1 + x ) .x  − ∫ 1 + x dx
1
  1   22   n2  =
0
log  1 + 2  + log 1 + 2  + .......log 1 + 2   0 0
  n   n   n   = log
4
e
n
 r2 
∑ log 1 + n
1
= lim 2 
4
n →∞ n  ⇒ y=
r =1  e
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1  2 From (i), (ii) and (iii), we get
1 22 ... n 2  is equal to
 + + + 
49. lim
n →∞ n 3 1
lim [ x1 + x 2 + .....x n ]
1  2 n →∞ n
1 22 ... n 2 
 + + + 
lim yejeyej nw
n →∞ n 3 1 + (2)1/ 2 + (3)1/ 3 + ... + (n)1/ n 
(a) 1/2 (b) 1/3 = lim  
n →∞  n 
(c) 1/4 (d) 1
1/ n
PGT 2005 = lim ( n ) =1
n →∞
Ans : (b)
1 2 n ( n + 1)( 2n + 1) 1
1 + 21/ 2 + 31/ 3 + .... + n1/ n = 1
lim 1 + 22 + ... + n 2  = lim ∴ lim
n →∞ n 3   n →∞ n3 (6) n →∞ n
 1  1  1 1 1 1 
 1 + n  2 + n  lim  + + + ..... +
(2n − 1)(2n + 1) 
52. is
n →∞  1.3 3.5 5.7
= lim    =1
n →∞ 6 3 equal to/
50. Value of the lim n[log(n + 1) − log n] is– 1 1 1 1 
lim  + + + ..... +
(2n − 1)(2n + 1) 
n →∞
n→∞  1.33.5 5.7
lim n[log(n + 1) − log n] keâe cetuÙe nw
n →∞ yejeyej nw
(a) e (b) 1 (a) 1/2 (b) 1/3
(c) 0 (c) 1/4 (d) 0
(d) none of these/Ghejesòeâ ceW mes keâesF& veneR Rajasthan TGT 2011
SECTION B PGT TIER-I 31.11.2014 Ans : (a) The nth Term of the series is
Ans. (b) : lim n [ log(n + 1) − log n ] 1
n →∞ Tn =
(2n − 1)(2n + 1)
1
= lim n log n 1 + − log n Breaking into partial fraction
n →∞ n
1 1 1 
Tn =  −
= lim n log n + log 1 +
1
− log n 2  2n − 1 2n + 1
n →∞ n Put n=1,2,3,………n, we get
1 1 1
= lim n log 1 + T1 = 1 − 
n →∞ n 2 3
1 1 1 11 1
= lim n − 2 + 3 ....... T2 =  − 
n →∞ n 2n 3n 23 5
11 1
1 1 T3 =  − 
lim 1 − + 2 ....... = 1 25 7
n →∞ 2n 3n
Adding column wise we get
1 1 1 1
 1 1  n
51. lim 1 + 2 2 + 3 3 + ..... + n n  is equal to– Sn = T1 + T2 + .....Tn = 1 − =
n →∞ n
  2  2n + 1  2n + 1
1 1 1 1

⇒ lim Sn = lim
n
=
1
lim 1 + 2 2 + 3 3 + ..... + n n  Fmekesâ yejeyej nw– [ L.H. Rule]
n →∞ n n →∞ n →∞ 2n + 1 2
 
n
∑
(a) 0 (b) 1 1 r/n
(c) 1/2 53. lim e keâe ceeve nw–
n →∞ n
r =1
(a) e (b) e–1
JDD-75-PGT TIER II-X-15 28.06.2015 (c) 1–e (d) e+1
Ans. (b) : Let xn= n1/n............(i) TGT 2011
and we know that n
∑ ∫
r 1 1
x1 + x 2 + ............x n Ans : (b) ceevee = x ⇒ = dx leLee =
lim = lim x n ........(ii) n n 0
n →∞ n n →∞ r =1
leLee meercee peye r= 1, ⇒ x = 0
and lim x n = lim (n)1/ n =1........(iii)
n →∞ n →∞ peye r=n, ⇒ x=1

CLICK HERE -
n 1
(c) A1.2r + A 2 .3r − .4r , where A1 and A2 are
∑ne
1 1
∴ = ∫
r/n
lim e x dx 8
n →∞ 0
r =1 arbitrary constants.
1
= e x  = e1–eo = e–1 1
(d) A1.2r + A 2 .4r − .3r , where A1 and A2 are
0 8
 1 1 1  arbitrary constants.
54. The value of lim  1 + + + ...... +  is: DSSSB 23 SEP 2018 (9 AM-11 AM)
n →∞  n +1 n + 2 2n 
Ans : (b) The relation are a r − 5a r −1 + 6a r − 2 = 4 r
 1 1 1 
lim  1 + + + ...... + keâe ceeve nw:
2n 
Where r≥2
n →∞  n +1 n + 2
put r = 2 in the relation
(a) 1 (b) log 2e
a 2 − 5a + 6a 0 = 42
(c) log e (d) ∞
UP PCS (Pre) 1998 r = 3
a 3 − 5a 2 + 6a1 = 43
 1 1 
Ans. (b) : lim 1 + + ...... +  then general solution is
n →∞  n +1 2n 
n A1 2r + A 2 .3r + 8.4r
1
= 1 + lim ∑ where A1 and A2 are arbitrary constant.
r =1 n + r
n →∞
57. If a1, a2 ...., an and b1, b2 ....., bn are non-
1 dx
= 1+ ∫ = 1 + log (1 + x )  negative real number such that a1> b1,
1
0 1+ x 0 a2>b2,...an>bn, then.
= 1 + log 2 = log 2e ( ∵ log e e = 1) (a) a1a 2 ...a n > b1b 2 ...b n but
55. The value of a1 + a 2 + ... + a n < b1 + b 2 + ... + b n
  (b) a1 + a 2 + ... + a n > b1 + b 2 + ... + b n but
 n2 n2 n2  a1a 2 ...a n < b1b 2 ...b n
lim  + + ...... + 3/ 2 
( ) ( ) ( )
n →∞ 3/2 3/2
 n2 + 1 n 2 + 22 2n 2  (c) a1 + a 2 + ... + a n < b1 + b 2 + ... + b n and
 
  a1a 2 ...a n < b1b 2 ...b n
 n2 n2 n2 
lim  + + ...... + 3/ 2  (d) a1 + a 2 + ... + a n > b1 + b 2 + ... + b n and
( ) (n ) ( 2n )
n →∞ 3/2 3/2
 n2 + 1 2
+ 22 2 
  a1a 2 ...a n > b1b 2 ...b n
keâe ceeve nw DSSSB 23 SEP 2018 (9 AM-11 AM)
1 Ans : (d) By the elementary properties of inequalities
(a) 1 (b)
2 If a1, a2,....... an and b1, b2, ...., bn are non – negative
1 real numbers such that a1>b1, a2>b2...., an > bn.
(c) 3 (d) then–
3
UP PCS (Pre) 1998 i) a1. a2 .... an > b1. b2 .... bn and
ii) a1 + a2+ .... + an > b1 + b2+ .... + bn.
Ans. (b) :
58. The sum of the infinite series

 n 2
n 2
n 2 1 1+ 2 1+ 2+ 3 1+ 2+ 3+ 4
lim  + + ...... + + + + .....∞ is
( ) ( ) ( )
n →∞ 3/ 2 3/ 2 3/ 2 2 3 4 5
 n2 + 1 n +2
2 2
2n 2

1 1+ 2 1+ 2+ 3 1+ 2+ 3 + 4
n
n2 dx Deveble ßesCeer + + + + .....∞
= lim ∑
1
= ∫0 2 3 4 5
( ) ( )
n →∞ 3/ 2 3/ 2
r =1 n 2 + r 2 1 + x2 keâe Ùeesieheâue nw
Put x = tan θ (a) 2e (b) 3e
π / 4 sec θdθ
2 π/4
3e e
1
=∫ = ∫ cos θ d θ = [ sin θ ]π/4
=
(c)
2
(d)
2
0 sec3 θ 0 0
2
LT 2018
56. The general solution of recurrence relation
Ans : (d) The sum of the infinite series
ar − 5a r −1 + 6a r − 2 = 4r ,r ≥ 2 is:
1 1+ 2 1+ 2 + 3 1+ 2 + 3 + 4
(a) A1.5r + A 2 .6 r + 8.4 r , where A1 and A2 are + + + + .......∞
2! 3! 4! 5!
arbitrary constants.
1 + 2 + 3 + ....n
(b) A1.2 r + A 2 .3r + 8.4 r , where A1 and A2 are Tn =
arbitrary constants.
( n + 1)!
CLICK HERE -
n ( n + 1) 2
2 n ( n + 1) n 1+
= = n
( n + 1)! 2 ( n + 1) n ( n − 1)! = lim
n →∞ 1
n 1+
1 n
Tn =
2 ( n − 1)! 1 1
⇒ = R 1
∞ R 1
∑ 2 ( n − 1)! = 2 1 + 1! + 2!....∞ 
1 1 1 1
ΣTn = So, radius of convergence R = 1
n =1 n
∞ 2 + (−1)n
1 1 1  e xn converges–
= 1 + 1 + + ....∞  = 61. The power series
n
2 2! 3!  2 n=0 3
 1 1 1  n n
59. The value of lim  + + .....  is ∞ 2 + ( −1)
n →∞ n + 1
 n+2 6n  n
Ieele ßesCeer ceW xn DeefYemeefjle neslee nw
n= 0 3
 1 1 1 
lim  + + .....  keâe ceeve nw (a) only for x = 0/kesâJeue x = 0kesâ efueS
n →∞ n + 1 n+2
 6n 
(b) for all x ∈ℝ /meYeer x ∈ℝ kesâ efueS
(a) 0 (b) loge2
(c) only for −1 < x < 1 /kesâJeue −1 < x < 1 kesâ efueS
(c) loge3 (d) loge6
(d) only for −1 < x ≤ 1 /kesâJeue −1 < x ≤ 1 kesâ efueS
LT 2018
 1 1 1 
Ans : (d) lim  + + .....  n
n →∞ n + 1
 n + 2 6n  ∞ 2 + ( −1)n
Ans. (c) : xn
5
1 n
lim ∑ n=0 3
n →∞
r =1 n+r n
5
2 + ( −1)n
1 1 xn
lim
n →∞
∑
n r =1 1 + r
Let Un =
3n
n n +1
2 + ( −1) n +1
5
dx U n +1 = x n +1
∫ 1 + x = log (1 + x )
5
∴ 0
= log 6 3n +1
0
n
60. The radius of convergence R of the series Un 2 + ( −1)n .x n × 3n +1
∞ lim = n +1 n +1
n →∞ U n +1
(n + 1)xn is– 2 + ( −1)n +1 x × 3n
n= 0
n
∞
Un 3 2 + ( −1)n
n
(n + 1)x ßesCeer kesâ R DeefYemejCe keâer ef$epÙee nw– lim =
n +1
n →∞ U n +1 x
n= 0 2 + ( −1)n +1
infinite radius/Deveble ef$epÙee
(a)
Then the series is convergent for, −1 < x < 1
(b)
1
(c)
0 62. The value of
3
a b a 3 b .....∞ is–
none of these/Ghejesòeâ ceW mes keâesF& veneR
(d)
SECTION B PGT TIER-I 31.11.2014 3
a b a 3 b .....∞ keâe cetuÙe nw–
Ans. (b) : The general term of the series is
5 5
∞ (a) a 3 b (b) ab3
(n + 1)x n 3
(c) a b (d) FveceW mes keâesF& vener nw
n=0 JDD-75-PGT TIER II-X-15 28.06.2015
let the radius of convergence is R then
3
1 U Ans. (a) : Let x = a b a 3 b .....∞
= lim n +1
R n →∞ U n Then
n+2 x = a 3 b.x
= lim
n →∞ n +1 ⇒ x 2 = a 3 b.x
CLICK HERE -
( ) = ( a 3 b.x )
∞
3 1
∑ ( −1 )
3 n
⇒ x2 65. The series –
n =1 2n + 3
⇒ x 6 = a 3 bx ∞
1
∑ ( −1 )
n
ëe=bKeuee–
⇒ x 5 = a 3b ⇒ x = a 3b
5 n =1 2n + 3
(a) absolutely convergent/hetCe&leÙee DeefYemeejer
63. The sum of the expression
(b) conditional convergent/Mele&yeæ DeefYemeejer
1 1
+ + (c) divergent/Dehemeejer
1+ 2 2+ 3
1 1 (d) none of these/FveceW mes keâesF& veneR
+ .... + is– JDD-75-PGT TIER II-X-15 28.06.2015
3+ 4 80 + 81
∞
1
1
+
1
+
Ans. (b) : Given series is ∑ ( − 1) n 2n + 3
1+ 2 2+ 3 n =1
∞
1
1
+ .... +
1 The series, ∑ ( − 1) n 2n + 3
3+ 4 80 + 81 n =1
Fme JÙebpekeâ keâe peesÌ[ nw– The series has positive and negative elements
(a) 7 (b) 8 (c) 9 (d) 10 By absolute conditional convergence definition a n is
JDD-75-PGT TIER II-X-15 28.06.2015 absolutely convergence if a n is convergent and
Ans. (b) : Given by the expression is
1 1 1 1 a n is conditionally convergent if a n is divergent
+ + +−−−−−+
1+ 2 2+ 3 3+ 4 80 + 81 and a n is convergent.
multiplying each term with the conjugates of ∞
( −1) n .1
denominator we get But ∑ 2n + 3
→ diverges.
2− 1 3− 2 4− 3 81 − 80 n =1
⇒ + + + ......... Hence we condlute that
2 −1 3− 2 4−3 81 − 80
∞
1
⇒ 2 − 1 + 3 − 2 + 4 − 3 + ......... + 81 − 80 ∑ ( −1)
n
is conditionally convergent.
⇒ − 1 + 81 n =1 2n + 3
(Remaining terms cancel out with each other) n1/ 2
= −1 + 9 = 8 66. The series 5
+1
∑ 2n
is:
64. Let {an } , {bn } be sequences of real number (a) Divergent (b) Convergent
satisfying an ≤ b n for all n ≥ 1, then– (c) Ellipse (d) None of these
{an } , {bn } Ùen JeemleefJekeâ mebKÙeeDeeW keâer ëe=bKeueeSB nw PGT 2000
n1/ 2
Ssmes ceeefveS pees meYeer n ≥ 1, kesâ efueS an ≤ bn hetje
keâjleer nw, lees leye–
Ans : (b) Series, u n = ∑ 2n 5 + 1
(a) ∑ a n converges whenever ∑ bn converges n1/ 2 n1/ 2 1
∴ an = , bn = 5 = 9 / 2
peye ∑ bn DeefYecegKe neslee nw leye ∑ a n DeefYecegKe neslee nw 2n + 1
5
n n
∑
(b) ∑ a n converges absolutely whenever 1
∴ Σb n = Convergent because p= 9/2 > 1
∑ bn converges absolutely/peye ∑ bn hetCe&le: n9 / 2
DeefYecegKe neslee nw leye ∑ a n hetCe&le: DeefYecegKe neslee nw ∴ By ratio test
(c) ∑ bn converges absolutely whenever ∑ a n a n n1/ 2 n 9 / 2 n5

lim = = lim 5
n →∞ b n 2n + 1 n →∞ 2n + 1
5
converges/ peye ∑ a n DeefYemegKe neslee nw leye
1 1
∑ bn hetCe&le: DeefYecegKe neslee nw = lim = ( ≠ 0)
n →∞ 1
(d) none of these/FveceW mes keâesF& veneR 2+ 5 2
n
JDD-75-PGT TIER II-X-15 28.06.2015
Hence the given series is convergent.
Ans. (b) : let {a n } , {b n } , be sequences of real numbers
1 2 3
67. The series + + + ...... is
Satisfying a n < bn for all n ≥ 1 then 1.2 3.4 5.6
Σ an converges absolutely whenever 1 2 3
Σ bn converges absolutely. ßesCeer + + + ...... nw
1.2 3.4 5.6
CLICK HERE -
(a)divergent /Dehemeejer (a) p < q − 1 (b) p < q + 1
(b)convergent /DeefYemeejer (c) p ≥ q − 1 (d) p ≥ q + 1
(c)conditionally convergent /meMele& DeefYemeejer Rajasthan TGT 2015
(d)oscillatory /oesueveerÙe Ans. (a) : The given series is. :
Rajasthan TGT 2016 2p 3p 4p
Ans : (a) Given series is ∑ un = +
1q 2q 3q
+ + ..........
1 2 3
Sn = + + + .......... (n + 1) p
1.2 3.4 5.6 Then Un =
nq
n
Un = Let the auxiliary series be ∑ u n . Then
( 2n − 1) 2n
( n + 1) n +1 np 1
U n +1 = = v n = =
 2 ( n + 1) − 1 2 ( n + 1) ( 2n + 1) 2 ( n + 1)
q q−p
n n
u n (n + 1)p n q − p
Un
=
n
×
( 2n + 1) 2 ( n + 1) ( 2n + 1)
= Then = × = (n + 1) p .n − p
vn q 1
U n +1 ( 2n − 1) 2n (n + 1) ( 2n − 1) n
p p
1 1  n +1   1
n 2+ 2+ =  = 1 + 
Un n n 2  n   n
lim = lim = lim = =1 p
n →∞ U
n +1
n →∞ 1 n →∞ 1 2 u  1
n 2− 2− ∴ lim = n = lim  1 +  = 1
n n n →∞ v n n →∞  n
Hence ratio test fails and we now apply raabe's test a finite quantity
 U   2n + 1  2n Hence ∑ u n and ∑ vn are either both
= lim n  n − 1 = lim n  − 1 = lim =1
n →∞
 n +1 
U n →∞
 2n − 1  n →∞ 2n − 1
convergent or both divergent. But the auxiliary series
1
∑ vn is ∑ n q−p which is convergent if q − p > 1
Hence raabe's test fails and we apply de-morgan's and
bertrand's test
  U    2n  and divergent if q − p ≤ 1
= lim n  n − 1 − 1 log n = lim  − 1 log n
n →∞
  U n +1  
n →∞
 2n − 1  Hence the given series ∑ u n is convergent if
1 1 log n 1 q − p > 1 and divergent if q − p ≤ 1 or q − 1 > p
= lim .log n = lim = ×0 = 0 <1
n →∞ 2n − 1 n →∞ 1 n 2 i.e. convergent if q − p > 1 p q 1
2−
n 2 2 x 2 3 3 x 3 44 x 4
Hence series is divergent. 70. The series x + + + + ............. is
2 3 4
68. A set  1 : n ∈ N  is/ mecegÛÛeÙe  1 : n ∈ N  nw convergent, if-
n  n 
22 x2 33 x3 44 x4
(a) Closed and bounded /mebJe=òe SJeb heefjyeæ ßesCeer x + + + + .....DeefYemeejer nw Ùeefo–
2 3 4
(b) Open but bounded /efJeJe=le uesefkeâve heefjyeæ
(c) Neither open nor closed but bounded (a) 0 < x < 1 (b) x> 1
e e
ve lees mebJe=le ve ner efJeJe=le uesefkeâve heefjyeæ (c) 2 <x< 3 (d) 3 <x<4
(d) Unbounded /Deheefjyeæ e e e e
Rajasthan TGT 2016 Rajasthan TGT 2013
UPPCS (PRE) 2002
1 
Ans : (c) set  ,n ∈ N  is not closed, for it has one Ans : (a) The given series is
n 
11 x 22 x 2 33 x 3
limit point 0, which is not a member of the set Also it is + + + ..........
not open. But it is bounded by 0 and 1 1! 2! 3!
n n
69. Ùeefo p Deewj q JeemleefJekeâ Oeveelcekeâ mebKÙeeSB nQ, lees ßesCeer U = n x
n
n!
2p 3p 4p
+ + + .... DeefYemeejer nesieer Ùeefo (n + 1)n +1 x n +1
1q 2q 3q U n +1 =
If p and q are positive real numbers, then the (n + 1)!
2p 3p 4p Un nn xn (n + 1)!
series + + + .... is convergent if = ×
1q 2q 3q U n +1 n! (n + 1)n +1 x n +1

CLICK HERE -
n +1
n 1 (n + 1) n! (n + 1) 1 ∵ p>0 this implies that Un decreases as n increases i.e.
= . = n +1
.
n +1 x n! 1 x f(x) is decreasing function of x.
1+ ∞
n
un 1
Hence by Cauchy integral test the series ∑U n and the
lim = x n =1
n →∞ u e
n +1 ∞
By ratio test the given series will by integral ∫1
f (x)dx both converge or both divergent.
1 x x
convergent if x <
∫ ∫ = [ log x ]1 if p = 1
dx x
e We now consider f (x)dx = p
1 1 x
1 x  1− p x
i.e., 0 < x < =
e  if p ≠ 1
1 − p 1
1 1 1 1 1
71. Sequence 1, − , , − , , − , ..... is log x,if p = 1
2 3 4 5 6 
=  x1−p 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 − p − 1 − p ,if p ≠ 1
Deveg›eâce 1, − , , − , , − , ..... nw– 
2 3 4 5 6
(a) Monotonic but not bounded +∞ if 0 1
(b) Bounded but not monotonic 
heefjyeæ hejvleg Skeâefo° veneR x
(c) Monotonic and bounded/Skeâefo° Deewj heefjyeæ

⇒ ∫
1
f (x)dx is convergent if p>1 and divergent if 0<p≤1
(d) Neither monotonic nor bounded ∞
∑n
1
ve Skeâeefo° ve heefjyeæ ⇒ The series p
is convergent if p>1 and divergent
n =1
Rajasthan TGT 2011
Ans : (b) Given sequence is if p ≤ 1
1 1 1 1 1 Hence option (c) is correct.
1, − , , − , − ,...............
2 3 4 5 6 2 n −1
2 2 2
73. ßesCeer 1 + +   + ........... +   + ....... nw:–
A sequence a n is said to be bounded 3 3 3
if a n ≤ m for all n ∈ N (a) DeefYemeejer (b) Dehemeejer
Here M = 1 & M = 0 (c) Deevoesefuele (keâefchele) (d) FveceW mes keâesF& veneR
Hence the sequence is bounded. And for monastically. TGT 2011
a n +1 ≤ a n ∀n ∈ N. or Ans : (a) The given series
a n +1 ≥ a n ∀n ∈ N. 2 n −1
2 2 2
Hence not monotonic 1 + +   + ........... +   + ....... is a geometric
3 3 3
∴ the given sequence is bounded but not monotonic.
progression (G.P.)
 1 
72. The series is Σ  p  divergent if Here a = 1, r =
2 2
⇒ r = < 1 (convergent)
n  3 3
ßesCeer Σ  p  Dehemeejer nw, Ùeefo
1 a 1 3
∴ S∞ = ⇒ S∞ = ⇒ S∞ =
n  1− r 2 1
1−
(a) p ≥ 1 (b) p < 1 3
(c) p ≤ 1 (d) FveceW mes keâesF& veneR ∴ lim Sn = lim S∞ = 3,
TGT 2011 n →∞ n →∞
Ans : (c) Here the given series Hence the given series is convergent.
∞
∑n
1
p
, Un =
1
, ∀n ∈ N
74. The series ∑U n of positive terms is
n =1 np convergent of divergent according as

1 1 U
Let f ( n ) = , ∀n ∈ N so that f ( x ) = p lim n > 1 or <1 then this test if known as-
x→∞ U n +1
np x

CLICK HERE -
∑ U , lim U
Un 1
‘Oeveelcekeâ heoeW’ keâer ßesCeer n > 1 Ùee (c) log 2 − (d) log 2 + 1
x→∞ n +1 2
<1 kesâ Devegmeej DeefYemeejer Ùee Dehemeejer nesieer~ Fme ØecesÙe UP PCS (Pre) 1998
keâe veece nw– 1
Ans. (b) : Tn =
(a) legueveelcekeâ ØecesÙe (Comparison test) n ( n + 1)( n + 2 )
(b) jsJeer keâer peeBÛe (Raabe's test) A A2 A3
= 1+ +
(c) [er Suecyeš& keâe pee@Ûe (D' Alembert's test) n ( n + 1) ( n + 2 )
(d) keâesMeer keâe mebIeefve$e peeBÛe
A1 ( n + 1)( n + 2 ) + A 2 ( n + 2 ) n + A 3 ( n + 1) n
(Cauchys, condensation test) =
TGT 2011, 2009 n ( n + 1)( n + 2 )
UP PCS (Pre) 2006 ∴ A1 + A2 + A3 = 0
Ans : (c) A series ∑U n of positive terms is 3A1 + 2A2 + A3 = 0
1
convergent if from and after some fixed term; 2A1 = 1 ⇒ A1 =
Un 2
< r < 1 where r is a fixed number.
U n +1 1
A 2 + A3 = −
Un 2
The series is divergent if < 1 and 3
U n +1 2A 2 + A3 = −
Un Un 2
> 1 convergent and if = 1 test fail this 1 1
U n +1 U n +1 A1 = , A 2 = −1, A3 =
theorem is known as D' Alembert's test. 2 2
75. ØelÙeskeâ keâesMeer ßesCeer (Cauchy sequence) nw– 1 1 1 1
= − +
(a) Deheefjyeæ (b) heefjyeæ n ( n + 1)( n + 2 ) 2n n + 1 2 ( n + 2 )
(c) Devevle (d) FveceW mes keâesF& veneR 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
T1 = − + , T2 = − + , T3 = − +
TGT 2011 2 2 6 4 3 8 6 4 10
Ans : (b) Given ε = 1, there exists an N such that |xm – 1 1 1
xn| < 1 for all m, n ≥ N. ......Tn = − +
2n n + 1 2 ( n + 2 )
Thus, we must have |xn| < |xN| + 1 for all n ≥ N. It n
1 1 1 1
follows that Sn = ∑ Tn = + − +
M = max {|x1|,|x2|,…|xN – 1|, |xN|+1} is a bound for the n =1 4 2 ( n + 1) ( n + 1) 2 ( n + 2 )
sequence (xn).
1 1 1
76. ‘‘ØelÙeskeâ heefjyeæ ßesCeer ceW Skeâ kesâefvõkeâ efyevog neslee nw’’ = − +
4 2 ( n + 1) 2 ( n + 2 )
Ùen keâLeve peevee peelee nw–
Every bounded sequence has a cluster point, 1 1  n + 2 − ( n + 1) 
= −  
then this theorem is known as: 4 2  ( n + 1)( n + 2 ) 
(a) Cauchy's theorem (keâesMeer keâe ØecesÙe)
1 1 1
(b) Weierstrass theorem (efJemšême keâe ØecesÙe) = − =
4 2 ( n + 1)( n + 2 ) 4
(c) Bolzano-Weierstrass theorem
(yeesuepesveeW-efJemšême ØecesÙe) 78. The sum of the series
(d) FveceW mes keâesF& veneR 1 1 1 1
- + - + ....... ∝ is:
TGT 2011 1.2 2.3 3.4 4.5
1 1 1 1
Ans : (c) Bolzano-Weierstrass theorem states that every ßesCeer - + - + ....... ∝ keâe Ùeesie nw
bounded sequence has a cluster point. 1.2 2.3 3.4 4.5
∞ (a) 1–loge2 (b) 3–loge2–1
1
77. The sum of the series ∑ is: (c) 2loge2–1 (d) 2–loge3–1
n =1 n ( n + 1 ) (n + 2) (GIC) ØeJeòeâe hejer#ee, 2015
∞
1
∑ n ( n + 1) (n + 2) keâe Ùeesie nw:
1 1 1 1
ßesCeer Ans. (c) : − + − + ........∞
n =1 1.2 2.3 3.4 4.5
1 1   1 1   1 1   1 1 
 −  −  −  +  −  −  −  + ......
1 1
(a) (b)
2 4 1 2   2 3   3 4   4 5 
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 1 1 1   1 1 1 1  xn
1 − + − + ....  +  − + − + ...... 
 2 3 4   2 3 4 5  Un n3 + 1 1 + (n + 1)3 1
= = ×
x2
x x 3 4 U n +1 xn , x n +1
3 x
log e (1 + x ) = x − + − ......
2 3 4 (n + 1) + 1 3
x=1 1
1 1 n3 1 + 3 + 1
log e (1 + 1) = 1 − + ...... ⇔ log e 2 = n ×
1
2 3 1 x
n3 1 + 3
 1 1 1   1 1 1 1 
1 − + − + .....  +  1 − + − + ..... − 1 n
 2 3 4   2 3 4 5  Un 2
lim =
log e 2 + log e 2 − 1 x →∞ U n +1 x
= 2log e 2 − 1 when x = 1
Un
3 4 5 lim =2
79. The series 2 − + − + − − − − is – A →∞ U n +1
2 3 4
By D Alemberts d–ratio test + if 2/x > 1, x < 2
3 4 5 the series is convergent
ßesCeer 2 − + − + − − − −
2 3 4 at x = 1 the series is convergent.
(a) convergent but not absolutely convergent 1 1 1
81. The series 1 − + 2 + 2 + − − − − is–
DeefYemeejer nw hejvleg efvejhes#e: DeefYemeejer veneR nw 2 2
3 4
(b) divergent/Dehemeejer nw 1 1 1
ßesCeer 1 − 2 + 2 + 2 + − − − − nw–
(c) absolutely convergent/efvejhes#ele: DeefYemeejer nw 2 3 4
(d) oscillates finitely/heefjefcele oesueeÙeceeve nw (a) divergent/Dehemeejer
UP PCS (Pre) 1994 (b) convergent/DeefYemeejer
3 4 5 (c) oscillatory/oesueerÙe
Ans. (a) : 2 − + − + − − − − (d) none of these/FveceW mes keâesF& veneR
2 3 4
i) the term are alternately (+ve) and (–ve) UP PCS (Pre) 1994
1 1 1
3 4 5 Ans. (b) : 1 − + + + ............∞
ii) 2 > > > 2 2 32 4 2
2 3 4
1 1 1
n +1 1 U n = 1 − 2 + 2 + 2 + .........
iii) lim u n = lim = lim 1 + 2 3 4
n →∞ n →∞ n n →∞ n ∞
1
=1 ∑ U n = ( − 1) n +1 n 2
n =1
the give series is convergent.
1
∞ Un =
xn n2
80. The series at x = 1 is–
3 ∞
n=1 n +1
By P-test U n to convergent
∞
xn n =1
ßesCeer , x = 1 hej nw–
3
+1 82. The series x logx + x2log2x + _ _ _ _ _+ xn log
n=1 n
nx + _ _ _ ∞ is convergent if –
(a) convergent/DeefYemeejer
Devevle ßesCeer x logx + x2log2x + _ _ _ _ _+ xn log
(b) divergent /Dehemeejer
nx + _ _ _ ∞ DeefYemeejer nw, Ùeefo–
(c) oscillatory/oesueerÙe
(a) x < 1 (b) x ≤ 1
(c) x ≥1 (d) FveceW mes keâesF& veneR
UP PCS (Pre) 1994
UP PCS (Pre) 1994
∞
xn
Ans. (a) :
3
at x = 1 Ans. (a) : x log x + x 2 log 2x + ........ + x n log nx + ........∞
n =1 n +1
U n = x n log nx
xn x n +1
Un = , U n +1 =
(n 3 + 1) (n + 1)3 + 1 U n +1 = x n +1 [ log(n + 1)x ]

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∞ ∞
Un x n log nx x n log nx π π
= n +1 = n 85. The series sin is/ßesCeer sin nw–
p
U n +1 x [ log(n + 1)x ] x .x log(n + 1)x n=1 n n=1 np
Un (a) Convergent for all values of p
1
lim = p kesâ meYeer ceeveeW kesâ efueÙes DeefYemeejer nw
n →∞ U n +1 x
(b) Convergent for p ≤ 1 and divergent for p ≤ 1
1 p > 1 kesâ efueÙes DeefYemeejer nw leLee p > 1 kesâ efueÙes
⇒ > 1 or x <1 then series Un is convergent
x Dehemeejer nw
83. The series 1 +
1
+
1
+
1
+ − − − − is : (c) Convergent for p > 1 and divergent for p ≤ 1
2 3 4 p > 1 kesâ efueÙes DeefYemeejer nw leLee p ≤ 1kesâ efueÙes
1 1 1 Dehemeejer nw
ßesCeer 1 + + + +−−−− (d) Divergent for all values of p
2 3 4
p kesâ meYeer ceeveeW kesâ efueÙes Dehemeejer nw
(a) convergent but not absolutely convergent
UP PCS (Pre) 1995
DeefYemeejer nw hejvleg efvejhes#ele: DeefYemeejer veneR
Ans. (c) : by properties -
(b) oscillatory/oesueerÙe nw ∞
π
(c) divergent/Dehemeejer nw sin p
(d) absolutely convergent/efvejhes#ele: DeefYemeejer nw n =1 n
Convergent is P > 1 divergent its P ≤ 1
UP PCS (Pre) 1994
1 1 1 86. The series whose general term (n + 1) − n is
Ans. (c) : 1 + + + +−−−−
2 3 4 Skeâ ßesCeer efpemekeâe JÙeehekeâ heo (n + 1) − n nw nesieer:
1 (a) Convergent/DeefYemeejer
Un =
n (b) Divergent/Dehemeejer
by P-test U n is divergent (p ≤ 1) (c) Oscillates finitely/meerefcele oesueeÙeceeve
So, by comparison P-test the series is divergent Hence (d) Oscillates infinitely/Demeerefcele oesueeÙeceeve
given series is divergent. UP PCS (Pre) 1995
1 1 Ans. (b) : General term.
84. The series cos is / ßesCeer cos nw–
n n Un = n + 1 − n
( Un ) = n +1− n
1/ 2
(b) divergent/Dehemeejer
1
(c) oscillatory/oesuekeâ Un =
n
1
UP PCS (Pre) 1994 Properties Σ then comparing.
np
1 1
Ans. (b) : cos P=
n 2
1 1 1 Then P<1
cos = 1− + + ...................∞ so the series is divergent
n 2 4
n 2! n 4!
1 87. The absolutely convergent series is–
taken Vn = hejce DeefYemeejer ßesCeer nw–
n
1 1 (a) 1 − 1 + 1 − 1 + 1 − +...... + ( −1) + n −1 ...
1− + + ..................∞
Un
= n 2 2! n 4 4! 1 1 1 1 ( −1)n −1
vn 1 (b) 1 − + − + − +... + + ...
n
2 3 4 5 n
Un 1 1 1 1 ( −1)n −1
lim = 0 (a finite quantity) (c) 1 − + − + − +... + + ...
n →∞ v n 2 3 4 5 n
1 1 1 1 1 ( −1)n −1
but the series ∑ Vn = ∑ n is divergent. Hence given (d) 1 −
22
+
32
−
42
+
52
− +... +
n2
+ ...
series is divergent UP PCS (Pre) 1995

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Ans. (d) : Absolutely convergent series Ans : (c) 1 2x 3x 2 4x 3 .................
( −1)
n −1
f n = n JeeB heo = nx n −1
∑U n =
n2 f n = nx n −1
When n= 1, 2, 3, ...................
f n +1 = (n + 1)x n
1 1 1
U n = 1 − 2 + 2 − 2 + .......... f n +1 n + 1 x n n +1
2 3 4 = . n −1 = .x
(i) Alternating series (+ve to –ve term) fn n x n
(ii) Series is descending order fn + 1
(iii) Series is finite lim =x
x →∞ fn
So Un series is convergent absolutely.
∵ x < 1 kesâ efueS DeefYemeejer nesiee~
 2 3
88. The series  (a + x) + (a + 2x) + (a + 3x) + .... is 90. The divergent series is:/Dehemeejer ßesCeer nw:
 1 2 3
∞ 1 ∞
convergent, if: n
 (a + x) (a + 2x) (a + 3x) 2 3
(a) ∑ 2n + 1 (b) ∑ 4n3 − 2
ßesCeer  + + + .... n =1 n =1
 1 2 3 ∞ ∞
1 1
DeefYemeejer nw, Ùeefo: (c) ∑ sin n (d) ∑ sin n 2
n =1 n =1
(a) x > 1/e (b) x = 1/e UP PCS (Pre) 1999
(c) x < 1/e (d) FveceW mes keâesF& veneR Ans. (c) : P- test
UP PCS (Pre) 1996 1
2 3 Σ p P > 1 Convergent
(a + x) (a + 2x) (a + 3x) n
Ans : (c) + + + ....
1 2 3 P ≤ 1 divergent
∞ 1
(a + nx)n
Un =
n
.............(i) Option (a) ∑ 2 n +1
n =1
U n +1 =
{a + (n + 1)x }n +1 .............(ii) = 3 + 2 + 1 + 3 2 + 1........
n +1 Series is decreasing
n +1 So that series is convergent
U n +1 {a + (n + 1)x } n ∞
= . n
Un (a + nx ) n (n + 1) (b) ∑ 4n3 − 2 is convergent (P>1)
n =1
n +1
 n +1
a  ∞
{(n + 1)x} . 1 + 1
=  (n + 1)x

 .
1 (c) ∑ sin n is divergent (P=1)
n =1
(nx) n (1 + a / nx ) n n +1
∞
1
  a 
(n +1)x 

a/x (d) ∑ sin n 2 is convergent (P>1)
n =1
 
1 +  
 (n + 1)x  The infinite series/Devevle ßesCeer
U n +1  n + 1 
=   91.
 .x
 n 
{(1 + a / nx)nx / a }
Un a/x 1 1 1
cos1 + cos 3
+ cos 3
+ cos
+ ......
2 3 43
U n +1 is convergent/DeefYemeejer nw
lim = xe (a)
x →∞ U n (b) is divergent/Dehemeejer nw
For xe < 1, Then since is convergent (c) is oscillatory/oesueveer nw
1 (d) has a finite sum/heefjefcele Ùeesie jKeleer nw
x
e UP PCS (Pre) 2000
89. The infinite series 1 + 2x + 3x2 + 4x3 + …… Ans. (b) : U = cos  1 
converges for:/ Devevle ßesCeer 1 + 2x + 3x2 + 4x3 + n  3
n 
……DeefYemeejer nw Ùeefo– Check– As n→∞
(a) x ≥ 1 (b) x ≤ 1  1  1
(c) |x| < 1 cos  3  = cos   = cos 0 ⇒ 1 ≠ 0
n  ∞
(d) for negative values of x only
∞
x kesâ kesâJeue $e+Ceelcekeâ ceeve kesâ efueÙes  1 
This series ∑ cos  3  is divergent
UP PCS (Pre) 1996 n =1 n 
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∞
x 1 x 3 1.3 x5  π 
92. Series +
1 2 3 2.4 5
+ + ...... is convergent for: ∑ sin  2n 2  is divergent and
n=1
(c)
x 1 x 3 1.3 x5 ∞
 π 
ßesCeer + +
1 2 3 2.4 5
+ ...... DeefYemeejer nw peyeefkeâ: ∑ cos  2n  is convergent
n=1
(a) x2 = 1 (b) x2 < 1
∞ ∞
2
(d) Fvecebs mes keâesF& veneR  π   π 
(c) x > 1
UP PCS (Pre) 2000
∑ sin  2n 2  Dehemeejer nw leLee ∑ cos  2n 
n=1 n=1
Ans. (b) : We option: DeefYemeejer nw
1.3.5......(2n − 1) x 2n +1 ∞
 π 
Un = .
2.4.6........(2n) 2n + 1 (d) ∑ sin  2n 2  is convergent and
n=1
1.3.5......(2n − 1)(2n + 1) x 2n +3 ∞
U n +1 = .  π 
2.4.6........(2n)(2n + 2) 2n + 3 ∑ cos  2n  is divergent
n=1
(2n + 2)(2n + 3) 1 4x 2 + 10n + 6 1
lim U n +1 = . 2 = . ....(i) ∞
 π  ∞
 π 
x →∞ (2n + 1)2 x 4n 2 + 4n + 1 x 2 ∑ sin  2n 2  DeefYemeejer nw leLee ∑ cos  2n 
n=1 n=1
10 6
4+
+ Dehemeejer nw
lim n n2 . 1 = 1
x →∞ 4 1 2
x2 UP PCS (Pre) 2001
4+ + 2 x
n n  
 π   π π3 
1 Ans : (d) sin  2  = − + ..............
By Ratio test ΣU n convergent if 2 > 1
x  2n   2n 2
 2n 2
( )
3! 

then x 2 ≤ 1 for convergent
π
1 1 ⇒ take Vn =
93. The series ∑ is:/ßesCeer ∑ nw: n2
n ( log n ) n ( log n )
p p
U 1
⇒ lim n = a finite quantity
(a) convergent if p > 0/DeefYemeejer Ùeefo p > 0 x →∞ Vn 2
(b) convergent if p > 1/DeefYemeejer Ùeefo p > 1
⇒ ∴ by p - test Vn is convergent
(c) divergent if p > 1/Dehemeejer Ùeefo p > 1
(d) convergent if 0 1. π
n ( log n )
p
⇒ Vn =
As the monotonicity of the logarithmic function implies 2n
that {log n} increases. Hence {1/n log n} decreases, and U
⇒ lim n = a finite quantity
this leads us to the series. x →∞ Vn
∞ ∞ ∞
1 1 1 1
∑ 2k . =∑ = ∑ ⇒ by-p test Vn is divergent⇒hence series is divergent
2 ( log 2 ) k =1 ( k log 2 ) ( log 2 ) k =1 k
k k p p p p
k =1
∞ ∞
n −1 n −1
using Cauchy condensation test and p-test of series. 95. The series is − /ßesCeer nw–
94. The series:/ßesefCeÙeeB: n= 2 log n n= 2 log n
∞
 π  ∞
 π  (a) convergent/DeefYemeejer
(a) ∑ sin  2n 2  and ∑ cos  2n  are both (b) divergent/Dehemeejer
n=1 n=1
convergent (c) oscillatory/oesueveer
∞ ∞ (d) none of the above/GheÙeg&òeâ ceW mes keâesF& veneR
 π   π 
∑ sin  2n 2  leLee ∑ cos  2n  oesveeW DeefYemeejer nQ UP PCS (Pre) 2003
n=1 n=1 ∞
1
∞
 π 
∞
 π  Ans. (b) : f (x) = ∑ ∀n > 1
∑ sin  2  and ∑ cos  n  are both
(b) n=1  2n  2 
n = 2 n log n
n=1
1
divergent Let P = > 0 Then f(x) is a monotonically
∞ ∞
2
 π   π 
∑ sin  2n 2  leLee ∑ cos  2n  oesveeW Dehemeejer nQ decreasing function of n for all n≥2. Hence Cauchy's
condensation test is applicable.
n=1 n=1

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Here 98. When x = 1, the series
a n f (a n ) = a n
1
=
1
.
1 x x2 x3
+ + + .........is
a ( log a )
n 1/ 2
( log a )
1/ 2
n n1/ 2 1.2 2.3 3.4
∞ ∞
(a) divergent (b) convergent
1 1
∵ ∑ a f (a n n
)= ∑n (c) oscillatory (d) conditionally convergent
( log a )
1/ 2 1/ 2
n =2 n =2 UP PCS (Pre) 2008
1 Ans. (a) :
where constant
( log a ) x 2 x3
1/ 2
x
ßesCeer + + + ...........
1 1.2 2.3 3.4
 1 2 1
Since ∑   is diverges if because P = < 1
at x = 1
 
n 2
=
1
+
1
+
1
+ ...........
1.2 2.3 3.4
(log 2)2 (log 3)2 (log 4)2
96. The series + + + ........ is 1
22 32 42 Un = ∑ , Vn = 1/n 2
n ( n + 1)
(log 2)2 (log 3)2 (log 4)2
ßesCeer + + ........ nw:
+ un n2
22 32 42 lim = =1
x →∞ v n n(n + 1)
(b) divergent/Dehemeejer
DeLee&led vn leLee un is divergent
(c) oscillatory/oesueveer 1 1 1
99. The series + + ........ + .......is
(d) none of the above/Ghejesòeâ ceW mes keâesF& veneR log2 log3 logn
UP PCS (Pre) 2004, 2007 (a) convergent
(b) divergent
(log 2)2 (log 3)2 (log 4)2 (c) neither convergent nor divergent
Ans. (a) : + + + ........
22 32 42 (d) oscillatory
By ratio's test UP PCS (Pre) 2008
2 1 1 1
Un =
log n Ans. (b) : + + ...... + ........
n log2 log3 log n
1 1 1 1
(n + 1)2 (log a)2 < .... 1 (convergent)
x →∞ U n +1
np
U n is convergent so ∑ U n is convergent 100. The series ∑ is convergent if and only if
(n + 1)p+α
22 32 4 2 (a) α = 1 (b) α < 1
97. The series 1 + + + + .... is:
2! 3! 4! (c) α > 1 (d) α = 0
(a) divergent (b) convergent UP PCS (Pre) 2008
(c) conditionally convergent (d) oscillatory
np
UP PCS (Pre) 2006 Ans. (c) : ßesCeer ∑
(n + 1) p+α
( n + 1)
2
22 32 44
Ans : (b) 1 + + + , Let u n = leye
1
Vn = p+α−p = α
1
1! 3! 4! n! n n
( n + 1)
2
α >1
u n +1 =
( n + 1)! Series is convergent.
2 3 4 5
( x + 1) × ( x + 1)!
2
u 101. The series + + + + ......is
lim n = 1 2 3 4
x →∞ u
n +1 n! ( x + 2 )! (a) divergent (b) convergent
We solving the value is greater than > 1 this is (c) semi-divergent (d) oscillatory
convergent. UP PCS (Pre) 2008
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3 4 5
ßesCeer 2 + + + + .......... x 2 x3
Ans. (a) :
2 3 4 Ans. (a) : 1 + x + + + ........
2! 3!
n +1
un = ∑ xn
n Un =
n!
lim u n = ∞
n →∞ x n +1
U n +1 =
So that divergent (n + 1)!
1 3 5 Un n +1
102. The series +
1.2.3 2.3.4 3.4.5
+ + ......is ] lim = =∞
n →∞ U n +1 x
(a) convergent (b) divergent
all values of x
(c) semi-divergent (d) oscillatory
UP PCS (Pre) 2008 106. Consider following two sequences:
1 3 5 ( −1)n
Ans. (a) : ßesCeer + + + .......... I: {an} where an =
1.2.3 2.3.4 3.4.5 n
un =
2n − 1
n(n + 1)(n + 2)
( 
)
II: {bn}where bn =  n 2 + 1 − n  then



n (a) I is convergent, but II is divergent
vn = 3 = 1/ n 2
n (b) II is convergent, but I is divergent
(c) both I and II are convergent
u (2n + 1)n 2
lim n = =2 (d) both I and II are divergent
n →∞ v n n(n + 1)(n + 2)
UP PCS (Pre) 2009
un and vn is convergent
(−1)n
x2 x3 xn Ans. (a) : I : a n = a n → 0 as n → ∞
103. The series 1+ x + + ......... + is convergent n
2! 3! n!
(a) for x<1 only II : b n = n 2 + 1 − n
(b) for x>1 only n2 +1 − n2 1
(c) for all values of x = =
n +1 + n
2
n +1 + n
2
(d) for x =1 only
1
UP PCS (Pre) 2009 Un =
n n +1 n
x x
Ans. (c) u n = , u n +1 = bn n 1
n n +1 lim = = =1
n →∞ U n n 2
+ 1 + n 1
u 1+ 2 +1
lim n = ( n + 1) x = ∞ > 1 n
n →∞ u
n +1
Un is divergent then bn is also divergent
So convergent for every value of x
xn
n
1 107. The series Σ n is divergent, if:
104. The series ∑ n is x +1
n=1 n
xn
(a) convergent (b) divergent ßesCeer Σ n Dehemeejer nw, Ùeefo:
x +1
(c) oscillatory (d) None of the above
(a) x<1 (b) x=1
UP PCS (Pre) 2009
(c) x>1 (d) None of these
( n + 1)
n +1 n
un  1
Ans. (a) lim = = ( n + 1) 1 +  UP PCS (Pre) 1997
n →∞ u
n +1 nn  n x n
Ans : (c) U n = ∑ n
= ( n + 1) e = ∞ > 1 x +1
So the series is convergent. x n +1
U n +1 = ∑ n +1
x2 x3 x +1
105. The series 1 + x + + + ........... is n +1
2! 3! U x xn +1
n +1
= n +1 . n
convergent for Un x +1 x
(a) all values of x (b) x<1 only
x n +1
(c) x>1 only (d) x = 0 only = x. n +1
UP PCS (Pre) 2009 x +1
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1+ n
1 nπ
U n +1 sin
= lim x .x > 1 2 ,
lim lim but −1 ≤ sin x ≤ 1
n →∞ U n →∞ 1 n →∞ n
n 1 + n +1
x nπ.limit between − 1 mes + 1
= x (divergent) where x > 1 = =0
∞
∞
n
108. The series ∑2
n =1
n
is:
2. Functional Analysis and
ßesCeer
∞
∑2
n
nw Measure Theory
n
n =1
111. If A and B are measurable subsets of interval
(a) Oscillatory /oesueveer nw [a, b], then which of the following is correct?
(b) Divergent /Dehemeejer nw Ùeefo A Deewj B Deblejeue [a, b], kesâ cesÙe GhemecegÛÛeÙe
(c) Convergent DeefYemeejer nw nes, lees efvecveefueefKele ceW keâewve mener nw
(d) None of these /FveceW mes keâesF& veneR (a) A ∪ B is not measurable/cesÙe A ∪ B veneR nw
UP PCS (Pre) 1997 (b) A ∩ B is not measurable/cesÙe A ∩ B veneR nw
Ans : (c) u n = n
n (c) A ∪ B and A ∩ B both are measurable/ A ∪
2 B leLee A ∩ B oesveeW cesÙe nw
n +1 (d) Neither A ∪ B nor A ∩ B are measurable/ve
u n +1 = n +1
2 lees A ∪ B ve ner A ∩ B cesÙe nw
un n n2n +1 UPPSC GDC 2021
Now, = n.
u n +1 2 n + 1 Ans. (c) : I. A countable union of measurable sets is
un n measurable.
=2 II. A countable intersection of measurable sets is
u n +1 n +1
measurable.
un 1
lim =2 = 2 >1 112. Let f: [a, b]→ R be a bounded function and P
n →∞ u  1 be a partition of [a, b], then U (P, – f) =
1 + 
n +1
 n ceeve ueerefpeS efkeâ f : [a, b]→ R Skeâ heefjyeæ heâueve nw

Thus series is convergent. leLee P, [a, b] keâe Skeâ efJeYeepeve nw, leye U (P, – f) =
109. Which of the following statements is false (a) U (P, f) (b) –U (P, f)
efvecveefueefKele ceW mes keâewve-mee keâLeve ieuele nw~ (c) – L(P, f) (d) L (P, f)
(a) Every Cauchy sequence in R is convergent UPPSC GDC 2021
(b) Every convergent sequence is a Cauchy Ans. (c) : Let P = {a = x0 ≤ x1 ≤ x2 ≤ ....... ≤ xn = b} be
sequence the partition of [a, b] then upper Riemann sum of f is
(c) Every bounded sequence is a convergent defined as
(d) Every Cauchy sequence is a bounded n
TGT 2010 U (P, f) = ∑i =1

M i ∆x i
Ans : (c) Every bounded sequence is not necessarily a where M is supremum of f in [x , x ] and ∆x = x – x
i i–1 i i i i–
convergent sequence. Consider the oscillatory sequence
1; i = 1, 2, ...,n
〈(–1) 〉 which is bounded but not convergent.
n
and lower Riemann sum of f is defined as
∞
 nπ  n
 sin 2  L (P, f) = ∑ mi ∆x i
110. The sequence   converges to i =1
 n  where mi is infimum of f in [xi–1, xi] and ∆xi = xi – xi–1 ;

 n =1 i = 1, 2,....,n
(a) 0 (b) 1 n
(c) π (d) -1 Consider U (P, –f) = ∑ M 'i ∆x i

i =1
UP TGT-2016 (08-03-2019) '
∞
where M i is supermum of –f in [xi–1 , xi] which implies
 nπ  '
that –M i is infimum of f in [xi–1 , xi].
 sin 2 
Ans. (a) : Sequence   converges n n
 n  Hence, U (P, –f) = ∑ M i' ∆xi = – ∑ –M i' ∆xi = – L(P, f).
 n =1 i =1 i =1

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113. If T is a continuous linear transformation of Ans. (d) : Let X and Y be two normed linear spaces.
Banach space B onto Banach space B' then.
We denote the X and Y norms by i X and
Ùeefo T yeveeKe meceef° B keâe yeveeKe meceef° B' hej melele
jwefKekeâ ™heeblejCe nes lees - i Y respectively. A linear map T : X → Y bounded if
(a) T is an open mapping./T Skeâ efJeJe=le ØeefleefÛe$eCe nw~ there is a constant M ≥ 0 such that
(b) T is a closed mapping/T Skeâ mebJe=le ØeefleefÛe$eCe nw~ T(x) ≤M x for all x ∈X.
Y X
(c) T is open as well as closed mapping.
Now if T : X → Y is bounded then, for all x, y ∈ X, we
T efJeJe=le kesâ meeLe-meeLe mebJe=le ØeefleefÛe$eCe Yeer nw~
have
(d) None of these /FveceW mes keâesF& venerb~
UP Higher Asst. Prof. 2021 T (x ) – T ( y) = T (x – y) ≤ M x – y
Ans. (c) : T is open as well as closed mapping. Therefore, we can take δ = ε / M which makes T
Open Mapping Theorem dictates that a linear continuous.
transformation T of banach space B onto banach space
B' must be open.
The graph of a continuous linear transformation T of If B = {x ∈ X x X
≤ 1} is the (closed) unit ball in V, then
banach space B onto banach space B', denoted by G(T):
by the boundedness of T it follows that T(x) ≤ M for all
G(T) = {( x, y ) y = T(x)} ⊂ B × B' x ∈ B. Thus T(B) is bounded in Y.
Y
is closed in B × B'.
So, continuous linear transformation maps bounded sets
Note : The official answer key released by the
to bounded sets.
commission says (a).
The null space of T, denoted by N (T), is a subspace of
114. If A and B are disjoint sets, then
Ùeefo A SbJe B DemebÙegòeâ mecegÛÛeÙe nw peyeefkeâ - X defined by N (T) = {x∈XT(x) = 0}.
(a) m*(A∪B)≤ m*(A)+m*(B) The range space of T, denoted by R (T), is a subspace of
(b) m*(A∪B)≥ m*(A)+m*(B) Y defined by R (T) = {y∈YT (x) = y; x∈X}.
(c) m*(A∪B) = m*(A)+m*(B) Now for normed spaces X and Y with T bounded we
(d) None of these /FveceW mes keâesF& veneR have if (xn) is a sequence of elements in N (T)
UP Higher Asst. Prof. 2021 with x n → x in X, then the continuity of T implies that
Ans. (c) : m*(A∪B) = m*(A)+m*(B)
Definition- Let m* be an outer measure on a set X. A
( )
T(x) = T lim x n = lim T(x n ) = 0,
n →∞ n →∞
subset A ⊂ X is Caratheodory measurable with respect so, x ∈ N (T), and N(T) is closed.
to m*, or measurable if Now for R(T) defined above to be closed we must have
m*(E) = m*(E ∩ A) + m*(E ∩ Ac) that X & Y be Banach spaces.
for every subset E ⊂ X. Thus, a measurable set A splits
any set E into disjoint pieces whose outer measures add 116. Suppose X and Y are topological vector spaces,
up to the outer measure of E. Γ is a collection of continuous linear mapping
If A is measurable and A ∩ B = φ (disjoint), then by from X into Y and B is the set of all x ∈ X,
taking E = A ∪ B, we see whose orbits Γ (x) = {∧ x : ∧∈T} are bounded
m*( A ∪ B) = m*(A) + m*(B). in Y. If B = X and Γ is equi-continuous. This
115. Let X and Y be normed spaces over the field K statement is -
and T : X → Y be bounded linear operator. ceevee X SJeb Y šesheesueesefpekeâue meefoMe meefcce° nw,Γ, X
Then which statement is not correct?
ceevee X Deewj Y #es$e K hej ceevekeâerke=âle meceef°ÙeeB nQ Deewj mes Y lekeâ efvejvlej jwefKekeâ ceeveefÛe$eCe keâe meb«en nw SJeb
T : X → Y Skeâ heefjyeæ jwefKekeâ mebkeâeškeâ nw~ leye keâewve B meYeer x∈X keâe mecegÛÛeÙe nww efpemekeâer keâ#ee Γ (x) =
– mee keâLeve mener veneR nw? {∧ x : ∧∈T}, Y ceW efIeje ngDee nw~ Ùeefo B = X SJeb Γ
(a) T is continuous./T melele nw~ efvejblej nw, Ùen keâLeve nw –
(b) T maps bounded sets in X into bounded sets (a) Uniform boundedness theorem
in Y./T, X ceW heefjyeæ mecegÛÛeÙeeW keâes Y ceW heefjyeæ Skeâ meceeve meercee ØecesÙe
mecegÛÛeÙeeW ceW ues peelee nw~
(b) Banach - Steinhaus theorem/yeveeÛe-mšsvene@me ØecesÙe
(c) The null space N (T) is closed.
MetvÙe meceef° N (T) mebJe=òe (closed) nw~ (c) Hahn-Banach theorem for linear spaces
(d) The range space R (T) is closed. jwefKekeâ meefcce° kesâ efueS nwve-yeveeÛe ØecesÙe
hejeme meceef° R (T) mebJe=òe (closed) nw~ (d) None of these/FveceW mes keâesF& veneR
UPPSC Polytechnic Lecturer 2021(II) UPPSC Polytechnic Lecturer 2021(II)
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Ans. (b) : Theorem (Banach - Steinhaus) Suppose X 118. For term by term integration of an infinite
and y are topological vector spaces, Γ is a collection of series of integrable functions, the condition of
continuous linear mappings from X into Y, and B is the uniform convergence of the series is
set of all x ∈X whose orbits efkeâmeer meceekeâueveerÙe heâueveeW keâer Devevle ßesCeer keâes heoMe:
Γ ( x ) = {∧ x : ∧ ∈ Γ} meceekeâueve keâjves kesâ efueÙes ßesCeer keâe Skeâmeceeve
are bounded in Y. DeefYemeefjle nesves keâe ØeefleyebOe nw
If B is of the second category in X, then B = X and Γ is (a) Necessary and sufficient/DeeJeMÙekeâ SJeb heÙee&hle
equi-continuous.
(b) Necessary but not sufficient
117. Match the following columns-
efvecveefueefKele mlecYeeW keâe efceueeve keâerefpeS- DeeJeMÙekeâ hejvleg heÙee&hle veneR
(c) Sufficient but not necessary
Column-I Column-II
mlecYe- I mlecYe- II heÙee&hle hejvleg DeeJeMÙekeâ veneR
(d) Neither sufficient nor necessary
(i) Cantor (1) Countable
set intersection of ve lees heÙee&hle ve ner DeeJeMÙekeâ
kesâvšj open sets UPPSC GDC 2021
mecegÛÛeÙe efJeJe=le mecegÛÛeÙeeW keâe ∞
ieCeveerÙe meJe&efve‰ Ans. (c) : If a series ∑f

n =1
n (x) converges to f(x)
(ii) Borel set (2) uncountable set uniformly on the interval [a, b] and also if each fn(x) is
yeesjue having legesgue
integrable then f(x) is integrable on [a, b] and
mecegÛÛeÙe measure zero ∞ b ∞
}syesie ceehe MetvÙe keâe ∑∫ ∑f
b
f n (x)dx= ∫ (x)dx = ∫ f(x) dx and for term
b
a a n
DeieCeveerÙe mecegÛÛeÙe n =1 n =1
a
by term integration of an infinite series of integrable

(iii) Gδ-set (3) countable union of
functions, the condition of uniform convergence of the
G δ- closed sets
mebJe=le mecegÛÛeÙeeW keâe series is sufficient but not necessary.
mecegÛÛeÙe
ieCeveerÙe mebIe 119. Let <fn> be a sequence of non-negative
integrable functions defined on a measurable
(iv) Fσ-set (4) Measurable set
set E and lim fn = f on E. Which of the
F σ- obtained by taking
following is true?
mecegÛÛeÙe countable union or
intersection of ceeve ueerefpeS efkeâmeer cesÙe mecegÛÛeÙe E hej <fn> Skeâ
open and closed $e+Cesòej meceekeâueveerÙe heâueveeW keâe Deveg›eâce nw Deewj E hej
sets
fn = f efvecveefueefKele ceW mes keâewve mee melÙe nw?
cesÙe mecegÛÛeÙe efpemes
efJeJe=le SJeb mebJe=le (a) ∫ E f ≥ lim inf ∫ E f n
mecegÛÛeÙeeW kesâ ieCeveerÙe
mebIe DeLeJee meJe&efve‰ mes
(b) ∫ E f ≥ lim sup ∫ E f n
Øeehle efkeâÙee pee mekeâlee (c) ∫ E f ≤ lim inf ∫ E f n

nw~
(d) E f ≤ lim sup ∫ E f n ∫
(i) (ii) (iii) (iv)
(a) 2 1 3 4 UPPSC Polytechnic Lecturer 2021 (I)
(b) 2 3 4 1 Ans. (c) : Fatou's lemma: Suppose {fn} is a sequence
(c) 3 2 1 4 of measurable functions fn ≥ 0 . If lim f n (x) = f (x) for
n →∞
(d) 2 4 1 3 almost every x then
Ans. (d) : ∫ f ≤ lim inf ∫ f n n →∞
(i) Cantor Set: uncountable set having Lebesgue Proof: Suppose 0 ≤ g ≤ f , where g is bounded and
measure zero supported on a set E of finite measure. If we get gn(x)=
(ii) Borel set: Measurable set obtained by taking min (g(x), fn(x)), then gn is measurable, supported on E,
countable union or intersection of open and
and gn(x)→g(x) almost everywhere so by the bounded
closed set.
convergence theorem
(iii) Gδ-set: Countable intersection of open sets.
(iv) Fσ-set: Countable union of closed sets. ∫g n → ∫g

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g n ≤ f n ,so that
∫ (χ ) = ∫ χ E = m(E) < ∞
By construction, we also have 2
Note that E
ℝd ℝd
∫ g n ≤ ∫ f n , and therefore 1
so, χ E ∈ L2 (ℝ d ) with χ E = m(E) 2 .
∫ g ≤ lim inf ∫ f
L2 ( ℝd )
n
Now, if f ∈ L2 ( ℝ d ) is supported on the set E of finite
n →∞
and taking the supermum over all g yields
∫ f ≤ lim inf ∫ f
n →∞
n measure then on applying Cauchy - Schwarz to f and
120. If m is the Lebesgue measure on ℝ , then m ((– χ E we get
1,2) ∩ ℚ ), where ℚ is the set of all rational
〈 f , χ E 〉 L2 < f
numbers, is equal to- (ℝ )
d
( ) χE L (ℝ )
L2 ℝ d 2 d
Ùeefo m uesyesie ceehekeâ ℝ hej nw, lees m((–1,2) ∩ ℚ ),

(∫ )
1 1
peneB ℚ meYeer heefjcesÙe mebKÙeeDeeW keâe mecegÛÛeÙe nw, keâe ⇒ ∫
2
f χE ≤ f (x) dx 2
m(E) 2
ℝd ℝd
ceeve yejeyej nw-
(∫ )
1 1
∫ℝd f = ∫ℝd f = ∫E f < m(E) 2

2
(a) 0 (b) 2 Now f (x) dx 2
ℝd
(c) 3 (d) 4
(∫ )
1 1
hence f ∈ L1 ( ℝ d ) with f L1 ( ℝd ) ≤ m(E) 2
2 2
f (x) dx
Ans. (a) : m((–1,2) ∩ ℚ )=0 because m( ℚ ) = 0 i.e set ℝd
of rational numbers is of measure zero. which gives

121. If f ∈ L2 [0,1] then which of the following is
(∫ )
1 1
∫ℝd ∫ℝd
2
≤ ≤
2
correct? f (x)dx f (x)dx m(E) 2 f (x) dx
ℝd
Ùeefo f ∈ L [0,1] lees efvecveefueefKele ceW mes keâewve mener nw?
2
∫ f (x)dx ≤ {∫ } for f ∈ L [0,1]

1
{∫ }
1 1 1 2
⇒
2 2
1 1 f (x) dx
∫
2
f (x)dx =
2
(a) f (x) dx 0 0
0 0
122. Let E= (1,2) and ψ E denotes the characteristic
∫ f (x)dx ≥ {∫ f (x) dx}
1
1 1 2 2
(b) function. Which one of the following is true?
0 0
ceeve efueÙee E= (1,2) leLee ψ E DeefYeuee#eefCekeâ heâueve
∫ f (x)dx ≤ {∫ f (x) dx}
1
(c)
1 1 2 2
keâes efve™efhele keâjlee nw~ efvecveefueefKele ceW mes keâewve mee Skeâ
0 0
mener nw?
(a) ψ E (x) = 1,for x = 2 / ψ E (x) = 1, x = 2 kesâ efueS
Ans. (c) : The collection of square integrable functions (b) ψ E (x) = 1,for x = 1, 2 / ψ E (x) = 1, x = 1, 2 kesâ efueS
on ℝ d , which is denoted L2 ( ℝ d ) , and consists of all (c) ψ E (x) = 1, ∀x ∈ E and ψ E is measurable.
complex - valued measurable f those satisfy ψ E (x) = 1, ∀x ∈ E leLee ψ E cesÙe nw
∫
2
f (x) dx < ∞ 0 if x ∈E 
ℝd
(d) ψ E (x) =   and ψ E is
2 d
is Hilbert Space with L ( ℝ ) - norm of f defined by 1 if x ∉E 
(∫ )
1
2 measurable/
f = f (x) dx 2
L2 ( ℝ d ) ℝd 0 Ùeefo x ∈E
ψ E (x) =  leLee ψ E cesÙe nw
The collection of integrable functions on ℝ which is d
1 Ùeefo x ∉E
denoted L1 ( ℝ d ) , and consists of all complex - valued UPPSC Polytechnic Lecturer 2021 (I)
measurable f those satisfy Ans. (c) : Let ( X, S ,µ ) be a measure space. Let E ∈ S.
∫ℝd
f (x) dx < ∞ The characteristic function of E, denoted ψE defined by
with the norm of f defined as  1,if x ∈ E
ψE ( x ) = 
f = f = f =∫ f (x) dx 0,if x ∉ E
L1 L1 ( ℝ d ) (ℝ ) d
123. A bounded function f is Riemann integrable in

Let ( X, S ,µ ) be a measure space. Let E ∈ S . The
[a,b] if the set of points of discontinuity is-
characterstic function of E, denoted χ E defined by Skeâ heefjyeæ heâueve f Deblejeue [a, b] ceW jerceeve
1,if x ∈E meceekeâueveerÙe nesiee, Ùeefo DememeeblÙe efyevogDeeW keâe
χ E (x) = 
0,if x ∉E mecegÛÛeÙe-
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(a) finite/heefjefcele nw Ans. (c) : If E1 and E2 are measuable subsets of [2,3]
(b) infinite/Deheefjefcele nw then since (E1∪E2)\E2=E1\(E1∩E2)
(c) oscillatory/oesueveerke=âle nw and E 2 ⊆ (E1 ∪ E 2 ) , (E1 ∩ E 2 ) ⊆ E1
(d) None of the above/GheÙeg&òeâ ceW mes keâesF& veneR we get
UPPSC Polytechnic Lecturer 2021 (I) m(E1 ∪ E 2 ) – m(E 2 ) = m(E1 ) – m(E1 ∩ E 2 )
Ans. (*) : Lebesgue's Theorem: Let f be a bounded which gives
function defined on the interval [a,b]. Then f is m(E1 ∪ E 2 ) + m(E1 ∩ E 2 ) = m(E1 ) + m(E 2 )
Riemann-integrable if and only if the set of points
where f is not continuous has measure zero. and thus
124. Lp space forms a Hilbert space-/Lp meceef° keâ m(E1 ∩ E2) = m(E 2 )
efnueyeš& meceef° yeveelee nw- becasue m(E1 ∪ E 2 ) = m(E1 ) = 1
(a) only for p=1/kesâJeue p=1 kesâ efueS 126. Let/ceevee –
(b) only for p=2/kesâJeue p=2 kesâ efueS (i) M is a subspace of a real vector space X
(c) for all p ≥ 1 /meYeer p ≥ 1 kesâ efueS /M JeemleefJekeâ meefce° X keâe Ghemeefce° nw
(d) for all p, 0<p<1/meYeer p, 0<p<1 kesâ efueS (ii) p : X → R satisfies p(x+y) ≤ p(x) + p(y) and
UPPSC Polytechnic Lecturer 2021 (I) p(tx) = p(x), if x∈X, y∈X, t ≥ 0/ p : X → R
Ans. (b) : Let (X,S,µ) be as measure space let f:X→ ℝ p(x+y) ≤ p(x) + p(y) SJeb p(tx) = p(x), if x∈X,
be real valued measurable function defined on X. Let y∈X, t ≥ 0, keâes mebleg° keâjlee nw
1 ≤ p < ∞, define
(iii) f : M → R is linear and f(x) ≤ p(x) on M/f :
(∫ ) M → R jwefKekeâ nw SJeb M hej f(x) ≤ p(x)

1
p
f = f dµ p
Then there exists a linear map ∧ : X → R such

p X
and say that f is p-integrable if f p

<∞. that/leye Skeâ jwefKekeâ ØeefleefÛe$eCe ∧ : X → R ceewpeto nw
The space of all equivalence classes, under the pewmes efkeâ –
equivalence relation defined by equality of functions (a) ∧ x = f(x), (x∈M)
almost everywhere, of all p-integrable functions is a (b) -p(-x) ≤ ∧ x ≤ p(x), (x∈X)
normed linear space with the norm of an equivalence
(c) both (a) and (b)/(a) SJeb (b) oesveeW
class being the . p – norm of any representative of that
class. This space is denoted Lp ( µ ) .The collection of UPPSC Polytechnic Lecturer 2021(II)
square integrable functions on ℝ d , which is denoted Ans. (c) :
L2 ( ℝ d ) , and consists of all complex - valued If M ≠ X choose x1 ∈X, x1 ∉ M, and define
measurable f that satisfy M1 = {x + tx1 : x ∈ M, t ∈ R}.
∫
2
f (x) dx < ∞ which is clearly a vector space. Since
ℝd
f ( x ) + f ( y ) = f ( x + y ) ≤ p ( x + y ) ≤ p ( x – x1 ) + P ( x1 + y ) ,
is Hilbert Space with L2 ( ℝ d ) - norm of f defined by
We have
(∫ )
1
f(x) – p(x–x1) ≤ p ( y + x1 ) – f ( y )
2
f L2 ( ℝ d )
= f (x) dx 2
... (1)
ℝd
and inner product. for x and y in M.

( f ,g ) = ∫ f ( x ) g(x) dx Let α be the least upper bound of f(x) – p(x–x1), as x
ℝd
ranges over M. Then
whenever f, g ∈ L ( ℝ f ( x ) – α ≤ p ( x – x1 )
2 d
) ... (2)
for x in M and
125. If E1 and E2 are measurble subsets of [2,3] and
m(E1)=1, then m(E1 ∩ E 2 ) is equal to -/Ùeefo E1 f ( y ) + α ≤ p ( y + x1 ) ... (3)
Deewj E2,[2,3] kesâ cesÙe GhemecegÛÛeÙe nQ leLee m(E1)=1, for y in M.
lees m(E1 ∩ E2 ) yejeyej nw- Define f1 on M1 by
(a) 0 f1 ( x + tx1 ) = f ( x ) + tα ( x ∈ M, t ∈ R ) ... (4)
(b) 1 Then f1=f on M, and f1 is linear on M1.
(c) m(E 2 ) Take t > 0 , replace x by t–1x in (2), replace y by t–1 y in
(d) 1+m(E2) (3), and multiply the resulting inequalities by t, In
UPPSC Polytechnic Lecturer 2021 (I) combination with (4), this proves that f1 ≤ p on M1.
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Now let P be the collection of all ordered pairs (M', f'), 128. For any two vectors x, y of an inner product
where M' is a subspace of X that contains M and f' is a space –
linear functional on M' that extends f and satisfies f' Deebleefjkeâ iegCeveheâue meceef° kesâ efkeâvneR oes meefoMeeW x, y kesâ
≤ p on M'. Partially order P by declaring (M', efueS –
f') ≤ ( M '',f '') to mean that M' ⊂ M '' and f'' = f' on M' by (a) |(x, y)| < ||x|| ||y||
Hausdorff's maximality theorem there exists a maximal (b) |(x, y)| = ||x|| ||y||
totally ordered subcollection Ω of Ρ . (c) |(x, y)| ≤ ||x|| ||y||
Let Φ be the collection of all M' such that (M', (d) |(x, y)| > ||x|| ||y||
f') ∈Ω .Then Φ is totally ordered by set inclusion, and UPPSC Polytechnic Lecturer 2021(II)
the union M ɶ of all members of Φ is therefore a Ans. (c) : For any two vectors x, y of an inner product
subspace of X. If x ∈ M ɶ then x ∈ M' for some M' ∈ Φ; space we have ( x, y ) ≤ | x | | y |
define ∧ x = f ' ( x ) , where f' is the function which occurs Proof. If x = 0 , then ( 0, y ) = 0
in the pair ( M ',f ') ∈ Ω . Now ∧ is well defined, linear And |x| = ( x, x ) = 0
and ∧ ≤ p on M ɶ . If M ɶ were a proper subspace of X, Similarly when y = 0
then the maximality of Ω is contradicted. Thus M = X. Now assume x ≠ 0 ⇒ | x | ≠ 0
Finally, the inequality ∧ ≤ p implies that
We now define another vector
–p ( –x ) ≤ – ∧ ( –x ) = ∧ x ( y, x )
z = y− x
for all x ∈ X. |x|
2
127. Let/ceevee –
 ( y, x ) ( y, x )

(i) X and Y are F-spaces/ X SJeb Y, F meefce° nw Then, ( z, z ) =  y − 2
x, y− x

2
(ii) ∧ : X → Y is linear/∧ : X → Y jwefKekeâ nw  |x| |x| 
(iii) G = {(x, ∧x) : x∈X} is closed in X × Y, then ( y, x )
= ( y, y ) − ( x, y )
∧ is -/G = {(x, ∧x) : x∈X}, X × Y ceW yevo nw, |x|
2
leye ∧ nw –
(a) Discontinuous/Demelele 2 ( x, y )( x, y )
= |y| − 2
(b) Continuous/melele |x|
(c) Both (a) and (b)/oesveeW (a) SJeb (b) 2 ( x, y )
2
(d) None of these/FveceW mes keâesF& veneR = |y| − 2

|x|
| x | | y | − ( x, y )
2 2 2
Ans. (b) : X×Y is a vector space if addition and scalar
multiplication are defined componentwise: = 2
|x|
α ( x1 , y1 ) + β ( x 2 , y 2 ) = ( αx1 + βx 2 , αy1 + βy 2 ) .
| x | | y | − ( x, y ) |
2 2 2
There are complete invariant metrics dx and dy on X and

Y, respectively, which induce their topologies. If
⇒ 2
≥0 (∵ ( z, z ) ≥ 0 )
|x|
d ( ( x1 , y1 ) , ( x 2 , y 2 ) ) = d x ( x1 , x 2 ) + d ( y1 , y 2 )
⇒ ( x, y ) ≤ | x | | y |
then d is an invariant metric on X×Y which is 129. Two vectors x and y in a complex inner
compatible with its product topology and which makes product space are orthogonal, if ||ax + by||2 is
X×Y into on F - space. equal to –
Since ∧ is linear, G is a subspace of X×Y . Closed Skeâ meefcceße Deebleefjkeâ iegCeveheâue meceef° ceW oes meefoMe x
subsets of complete metric spaces are complete.
Therefore, G is an F-space. Deew j y uebyeJele nQ, Ùeefo ||ax + by||2 keâe ceeve yejeyej nw-
Define π1 : G → X and π2 : X × Y → Y by (a) ||ax||2 + ||by||2
(b) a2 ||x||2 + b2 ||y||2
π1 ( x, ∧ x ) = x, π2 ( x, y ) = y. (c) a–2 ||x||2 + b–2 ||y||2
Now π1 is a continuous linear one-to-one mapping of (d) None of these/FveceW mes keâesF& veneR
the F - space G onto the F - space X. It follows from the UPPSC Polytechnic Lecturer 2021(II)
Open Mapping theorem that Ans. (b) : Vector x and y in a complex inner product
π1–1 : X → G 2 2 2
space are orthogonal if ax + by = a 2 x + b 2 y
is continuous. However, ∧ = π2 °π1 and π2 is –1
2 2 2
continuous. Hence ∧ is continuous. Proof Let ax + by = a 2 x + b 2 y

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( ax + by, ax + by ) = a 2 x + b 2 y
Ans. (a,b) : If T is a normal operator on a Hilbert space
2 2
⇒
H then Eigen spaces of T corresponding to distinct
⇒ ( ax,ax ) + ( ax, by ) + ( by,ax ) + ( by, by ) = a 2 x + b2 y
2 2
Eigen values are orthogonal.
133. Let X and Y be linear spaces over the field K
⇒ aa ( x, x ) + ab ( x, y ) + ba ( y, x ) + bb ( y, y ) = a 2 x + b 2 y
2 2
and T : X → Y be a linear operator. Then G
⇒ a ( x, x ) + ab ( x, y ) + ba ( y, x ) + b ( y, y ) = a x + b y (T), the graph of T is defined by -
2 2 2 2 2 2
ceevee X Deewj Y #es$e K hej jwefKekeâ meceef°ÙeeB nQ Deewj T :

⇒ a2 || x ||2 + b2 || y ||2 + ab (x, y) + ba (y, x) = X → Y Skeâ jwefKekeâ mebkeâejkeâ nQ~ leye T keâe «eeheâ,
a2 || x ||2 + b2 || y ||2
G(T) efvecveJeled heefjYeeef<ele nw –
⇒ ab ( x, y ) + ba ( y, x ) = 0 (a) G (T) = {(Tx, Tx) : x∈X}
⇒ x and y are orthogonal. (b) G (T) = {(x, Tx) : x∈X}
130. Let X be a normed space and let x, y∈X. Then- (c) G (T) = {(Tx, x) : x∈X}
ceevee X Skeâ ceevekeâerke=âle meceef° nw Deewj x, y∈X, leye- (d) None of these/FveceW mes keâesF& veneR
(a) | ||x|| – ||y|| | > ||x – y|| UPPSC Polytechnic Lecturer 2021(II)
(b) | ||x|| – ||y|| | ≥ ||x – y|| Ans. (b) : Definition : If X and Y be linear spaces over
(c) | ||x|| – ||y|| | < ||x – y|| the field K and T : X → Y be a linear operator.
(d) | ||x|| – ||y|| | ≤ ||x – y|| Then G ( T ) , the graph of T is defined by
UPPSC Polytechnic Lecturer 2021(II) G ( T ) = {( x, Tx ) : x ∈ X}
Ans. (d) :
134. A subspace M of a Hilbert space H is closed in
Given, X be a normed linear space and x, y,∈ X
H iff -
Consider ||x|| = ||(x – y) + y || ≤ || x – y || + ||y|| efkeâmeer efnuyeš& meceef° H keâer Skeâ Ghemeceef° M, H ceW
x − y ≤ x−y mebJe=òe nw Ùeefo Deewj kesâJeue Ùeefo –
And y = (y − x) + x ≤ y − x + x M = M⊥⊥
(a)
M = M⊥
(b)
⇒ y − x ≤ x−y (
∴ y−x = x−y ) M is open in H/M, H ceW efJeJe=òe nw
(c)
⇒ x − y ≤ x−y None of these/FveceW mes keâesF& veneR
(d)
131. If x and y be orthogonal vectors in a Hilbert
space (H), then the condition – Ans. (a) : A subspace M of a Hilbert space H is closed
2 2 2 2
||x + y|| = ||x – y|| = ||x|| + ||y|| is known as – in H, if and only if
⊥⊥
Ùeefo x Deewj y Skeâ efnuyeš& meceef° (H) kesâ oes uecyeJele M = M
meefoMe nQ, leye Mele& – 135. Let T be a normal operator on a Hilbert space
||x + y|| = ||x – y|| = ||x|| + ||y|| keânueeleer nw –
2 2 2 2 H. Then which statement is not correct?
ceevee T efkeâmeer efnuyeš& meceef° H hej Skeâ ØemeeceevÙe
(a) Polarisation identity/OeÇgJeerkeâjCe lelmecekeâ
mebkeâejkeâ nw~ leye keâewve-mee keâLeve mener veneR nw?
(b) Parallelogram law/meceeblej ÛelegYeg&pe keâe efveÙece
(a) ||T*x|| = ||Tx||
(c) Pythagorean theorem/heeFLeeieesefjÙeve ØecesÙe (b) ||T2|| = ||T||2
(d) Schwarz's identity/Õeepe& lelmecekeâ (c) αT is a normal operator on H for any scalar
UPPSC Polytechnic Lecturer 2021(II) α./efkeâmeer DeefoMe α kesâ efueS αT, H hej Skeâ ØemeeceevÙe
Ans. (c) : If x and y be orthogonal vectors in a Hilbert mebkeâejkeâ nw~
space H then the condition (d) If S is another normal operator on H, then TS
2 2 2 2
x+y = x−y = x + y is known as is a normal operator on H./Ùeefo S, H hej keâesF&
Pythagorean theorem. otmeje ØemeeceevÙe mebkeâejkeâ nw, lees TS, H hej ØemeeceevÙe
132. If T is a normal operator on a Hilbert space mebkeâejkeâ nw~
(H), then eigen spaces T are – UPPSC Polytechnic Lecturer 2021(II)
Ùeefo T efnuyeš& meceef° (H) hej Skeâ meeceevÙe mebkeâejkeâ nw, Ans. (d) : An operator T ∈ B(H) is said to normal if T *
leye DeefYeuee#eefCekeâ meceef° T nw – T = TT *.
(a) Pairwise orthogonal/mebÙegiceer uebyekeâesCeerÙe Let T. T * T = TT* ⇔ ( T * Tx, x ) = ( TT*, x, x ) ∀x ∈ H
(b) Orthogonal/uebyekeâesCeerÙe
⇔ Tx = T * x ∀x ∈ H
2
(c) Complement to each other/Skeâ otmejs kesâ hetjkeâ
(d) Equal/yejeyej Therefore, T is normal if and only if
UPPSC Polytechnic Lecturer 2021(II) Tx = T *x ∀x ∈ H.

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Suppose T is normal. Then, 137. If f is orthogonal to g, then -
T 2 = sup{ T 2 x : x = 1}
Ùeefo f, g kesâ uecyeJele nw, lees -
(a) ||f + g||2 = ||f||2 + ||g||2
= sup{ T * Tx : x = 1} (b) ||f + g||2 ≤ ||f||2 + ||g||2
= T *T = T
2 (c) ||f + g||2 ≥ ||f||2 + ||g||2
Therefore, if T is normal, then T 2 = T * T = T
2
= ( f + g, f + g )
2
For any continuous linear operator T on H we have Ans. (a) : f + g
( α T ) * = ( αT * ) = ( f , f ) + ( f , g ) + ( g, f ) + ( g, g )
where α is any scalar. = ( f ,f ) + ( g,g )
Now consider ( αT )( α T ) * = ( α T )( α T *)
(∵ f and g are orthogonal ∴ ( f , g ) = ( g, f ) = 0 )
= αα ( TT *) 2 2
= f + g
= αα ( T * T )
138. Which statement is incorrect?
= ( αT *)( α T ) keâewve-mee keâLeve ieuele nw?
= ( αT ) * ( α T ) (a) The real linear space Cn[0, 1] with norm
sup
which shows that αT is normal operator on Hilbert given by ||x|| = t∈[0, 1] | x(t) | is
space H as well. complete./efvecveefueefKele ceevekeâ kesâ meeLe JeemleefJekeâ
Now if S is another normal operator on H, then TS is a jwefKekeâ meceef° Cn[0, 1] hetCe& nw ||x|| = tsup
∈[0, 1] | x(t) |
normal operator on H if operators commute.
(b) The subspace Y of a Banach space X is
136. "Let X be a Banach space and let Y be a complete iff Y is closed./yeveeÛe meceef° X keâer
normed space over the field K. If {Tn} ⊂ B (X, Ghemeceef° Y hetCe& nw Ùeefo Deewj kesâJeue Ùeefo X mebJe=òe nw~
Y) be a sequence such that Tn →T point wise in (c) R and C are Banach spaces.
Y, then T∈B (X, Y)". This theorem is - R Deewj C yeveeÛe meceef°ÙeeB nQ~
‘‘ceevee X Skeâ yeveeÛe meceef° nw Deewj Y #es$e K hej Skeâ (d) The norm on a linear space X is continuous as
ceevekeâerke=âle meceef° nw~ Ùeefo {Tn} ⊂ B (X, Y) Skeâ Ssmee a mapping from X into R.
X mes R ceW Skeâ ØeefleefÛe$eCe kesâ ™he ceW jwefKekeâ meceef° X
›eâce nw efkeâ Tn →T (efyevogJeej Y ceW), lees T∈B (X, hej ceevekeâ melele neslee nw~
Y)" Ùen ØecesÙe nesieer – UPPSC Polytechnic Lecturer 2021(II)
(a) Uniform Boundedness principle. Ans. (*) : (b)
Skeâ meceeve heefjyeælee efmeæeble nw~ Let the subspace Y of a Banach space X is complete
then every Cauchy sequence in Y converges to a point
(b) A consequence of Uniform Boundedness
in Y and hence Y contains all of its limit points which
principle./Skeâ meceeve heefjyeælee efmeæeble keâe Skeâ makes Y closed.
heefjCeece nw~ Conversely, if the subspace Y of a Banach space X is
(c) A consequence of closed graph theorem. closed then Y contains all of its limit points and hence
mebJe=òe «eeheâ ØecesÙe keâe Skeâ heefjCeece nw~ every Cauchy sequence in Y converges to a point in Y
making Y complete.
(d) None of these./FveceW mes keâesF& veneR (c) Consider ℝ and ℂ as a vector spaces over
UPPSC Polytechnic Lecturer 2021(II) ℝ and ℂ respectively. The map
Ans. (b) : “Let X be a Banach space and Y be a normed x ∈ ℝ ֏ x and z ∈ ℂ ֏ z is easily seen to define a
space over the field K. If {Tn } ∈ B ( X,Y ) be a sequence norm which generates the usual topology on ℝ
and ℂ respectively. Since ℝ and ℂ are complete, thus
such that Tn → T pointwise in Y, then T ∈ B ( X,Y ) .
they become Banach spaces.
This theorem is a consequence of uniform boundedness (d) A norm on a vector space X is continuous function
principle as Uniform boundedness theorem states-. • : X → [0, ∞ ) such that
“Let X be a Banach space and Y be a normed linear
(i) x = 0 if and only if x = 0
{ }
space. If {Tn } ∈ B ( X, Y ) then Tn is a bounded set
(ii) αx = α x for every α∈ F and every x ∈ X;
of numbers i.e. {Tn } is bounded as a subset of
(iii) (Triangle inequality) for every x and y ∈X, we
B ( X, Y ) ''. have x + y ≤ x + y .

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139. Every closed bounded subset of a Hilbert space Ans. (d) :
is n n
 1
∑
1
efnuyeš& meceef° keâe ØelÙeskeâ mebJe=le heefjyeæ GhemecegÛÛeÙe Let s n = and t n = 1 + 
k =0
k!  n
neslee nw
By the binomial theorem
(a) Strongly compact/Øeyeue mebnle
1  1  1  1  2 
(b) Weakly compact/ogye&ue mebnle t n = 1 + 1 + 1 −  − 1 −  1 −  + ...
2!  n  3!  n  n 
(c) Open bounded/efJeJe=le heefjyeæ
1  1  2   n − 1 
(d) Neither (a) nor (b)/ve lees (a) ve ner (b) +  1 − 1 −  ...1 − 
n!  n  n   n 
UPPSC GDC 2021 Hence t ≤ s , so that
n n
Ans. (b) : Every closed bounded subset of a Hilbert  ∞
1
space is weakly compact.
n →∞ 

∑
lim sup t n ≤ e ∵ e =
n = 0

n! 
140. The lp -space is a Hilbert space if and only if
lp - meceef° Skeâ efnuyeš& meceef° nw Ùeefo Deewj kesâJeue Ùeefo Next, if n ≥ m
(a) p = ∞ 1  1 1  1   m −1 
(b) p > 1 t n ≥ 1 + 1 +  1 −  + ... + 1 −  ...1 − 
(c) p = 1 (d) p = 2 2!  n  m!  n   n 
UPPSC GDC 2021 Let n → ∞, keeping m fixed, we get
Ans. (d) : The lp-space is a Hilbert space if and only if 1 1
lim in f tn ≥ 1 + 1 + + ... +
p = 2. x →∞ 2! m!
Consider the space l2. For x and y ∈l2, define So, that
∞ s m ≤ lim inf t n
( x, y ) = ∑ x i yi n →∞
i =1 Letting m → ∞, we get
where x = (xi) and y = (yi) are real sequences. Again, if e ≤ lim inf t n
n →∞
the base field is ℂ , then we define
n
∞  1
( x, y ) = ∑ x i yi . ∴ lim  1 +  =e
n →∞  n
i =1
This makes l into a Hilbert space. 143. Let f be the uniform limit of a sequence of
{fn} . Then f is
2
141. Let N be a normed linear space and x, y ∈ N, continuous functions

then (a) Limited (b) Infinite
ceeve ueerefpeÙes N Skeâ ceeveefkeâle jwefKekeâ meceef° nw Deewj x,
(c) Continuous (d) Discontinuous
y ∈ N, lees DSSSB TGT 04-09-2021 Shift-I (Male)
Ans. (c) : Let (fn) be a sequence of functions defined on
(a) || x || − || y || ≤|| x − y ||
A that converges uniformly on A to a function f. If
(b) || x || − || y || <|| x − y || each fn is continuous at c∈A, fix c ∈A and let ε > 0.
Choose N so that
(c) || x || − || y || ≥|| x − y || ε
fN (x ) − f ( x ) <
(d) || x || − || y || >|| x − y || 3
for all x ∈A. Because fN is continuous, there exists a
UPPSC GDC 2021 δ > 0 for which
Ans. (a) : ε
fN ( x ) − f N (c) <
|| x || = || (x – y) + y || ≤ || x – y || + || y || 3
⇒ || x || – || y || ≤ || x – y || is true whenever x − c < δ.
and || y || = || (y – x) + x || ≤ || y – x|| + || x || Now f ( x ) − f ( c )
⇒ || y || – || x || ≤ || x – y ||
= f ( x ) − fN ( x ) + fN ( x ) − fN (c) + fN (c) − f (c)
⇒ || x || – || y || ≤ || x – y ||
≤ f ( x ) − fN ( x ) + fN ( x ) − fN (c) + fN (c) − f (c)
142. Calculate limn tends to infinity (1 + (1 ÷n ))n
(a) 1 (b) n ε ε ε
< + + =ε
(c) 0 (d) e 3 3 3
DSSSB TGT 04-09-2021 Shift-I (Male) Thus, f is continuous at c ∈ A.
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03.
meefoMe efJeMues<eCe
(VECTOR ANALYSIS)
∧ ∧ ∧ ∧ ∧ ∧
1. Operation on Vectors Ùeefo meefoMe x i – 3 j+ 7 k leLee i – y j– z k mebjsKeer nQ,

xy 2
∧ ∧
lees keâe ceeve nw–
z
1. Let a and b be two unit vectors and θ be the
angle between them. Which of the following 9 6
(a) (b)
θ 7 7
will be value of cos .
2 −6
(c) (d) none of the above
∧ ∧ 7
ceeve ueerefpeS a Deewj b FkeâeF& meefoMe nw Deewj Fvekesâ
Ghejesòeâ ceW mes keâesF& veneR
θ
yeerÛe keâe keâesCe θ nw~ cos keâe ceeve efvecveefueefKele ceW UP PGT 2021
2
Ans. (d) : None of the above
keâewve mee nesiee? ∧ ∧ ∧ ∧ ∧ ∧
∧ ∧ ∧ ∧ Vectors x i – 3 j+ 7 k and i – y j– z k are collinear, if
a+ b a– b
x 3 7
(a) (b) = =
4 4 1 y –z
∧ ∧ ∧ ∧
a+ b a− b y −3
Which gives xy = 3 & =
(c) (d) z 7
2 2 xy 2 −9
UP PGT 2021 ∴ z = 7
â + bˆ 3. If A and B are vectors such that A = B = 5
Ans. (c) :
2 ∧ ∧
For vectors a and b having angle θ between them, we and A × B = 4 i – 3k then A . B is equal to –
have Ùeefo A Deewj B meefoMe Fme Øekeâej nQ efkeâ
2 2 ∧ ∧
a+b = a + b + 2 a b cos θ A = B =5 Deewj A × B = 4 i – 3k lees A . B
If aˆ = bˆ = 1; then aˆ + bɵ = 1 + 1 + 2cos θ
yejeyej nw–
(a) 5 6 (b) 5 2
⇒ aɵ + bɵ = 2 (1 + cos θ )
(c) 10 2 (d) 10 6
θ UP PGT 2021
⇒ aɵ + bɵ = 4cos 2
2 Ans. (d) : 10 6
θ ∧ ∧ ∧
aɵ + bɵ = 2 cos Given A × B = 4 i – 3 j = A B sin θ n ;
2
∧
ˆ
θ â + b n – unit vector perpendicular to both A & B
⇒ cos =
2 2 ∧
now, A × B = 5 = 5.5.sin θ n
∧ ∧ ∧ ∧ ∧ ∧
2. If the vectors x i – 3 j+ 7 k and i – y j– z k are
xy 2
1  ∧ 
collinear then the value of is equal to –
⇒ sin θ = ∵ n = 1
z
5  
VECTOR ANALYSIS 323 YCT

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24 6. If a,b and c are three vectors in such a way
⇒ cos θ =
5 that a + b + c = 0 and a = 1, b = 4, c = 2, then
So, A.B = A B cos θ
(
the value of 2 a .b + b .c + c .a is equal to )
24
= 5.5. = 10 6 leerve meefoMe a,b leLee c Fme Øekeâej nQ efkeâ
5
a + b + c = 0 , Ùeefo a = 1, b = 4 leLee c = 2, lees
4. If r = ( a sin t ) î + ( a cos t ) ˆj + ( at tan θ ) kˆ
dr d 2 r
(
2 a .b + b .c + c .a keâe ceeve nw )
then the value of × is-
dt dt 2 (a) 21 (b) –21
21
Ùeefo r = ( a sin t ) î + ( a cos t ) ˆj + ( at tan θ ) kˆ (c) 19 (d) –
2
dr d 2 r UP TGT 2021
nes, lees × keâe ceeve nw-
dt dt 2
Ans. (b) : a + b + c = 0 a = 1, b = 4 , c = 2
(a) a2 cos θ (b) a2 sin θ
(a + b + c) ( )
2 2
= ( a ) + b + c + 2 a.b + b.c + c.a = 0
2
(c) a2 tan θ (d) a2 sec θ 2
UPPSC GIC 2021

Ans. (d) : a2sec θ (
1 + 16 + 4 + 2 a.b + b.c + c.a = 0 )
r = (a sin t)iˆ + (a cos t)ˆj + (at tan θ)kˆ
(
2 a.b + b.c + c.a = −21 )
dr
= (a cos t)iˆ + (−a sin t)ˆj + (a tan θ)kˆ
dt 7. If A and B are two vectors, then angle
d2 r between vectors A + B and A × B is
= (−a sin t)iˆ + (−a cos t)ˆj + 0kˆ
dt 2 Ùeefo A Deewj B oes meefoMe neW, lees meefoMeeW A + B leLee
î ˆj kˆ A × B kesâ yeerÛe keâe keâesCe nw
dr d 2 r
∴ × = a cos t −a sin t a tan θ (a) 0º (b) 60º
dt dt (c) 90º (d) 120º
−a sin t −a cos t 0
UP TGT 2021
= î ( a 2 cos t tan θ ) − ˆj( a 2 sin t tan θ ) + kˆ ( −a 2 cos 2 t − a 2 sin 2 t ) (A + B).(A × B)

Ans. (c) : cos θ =
A + B . A×B
= î ( a 2 cos t tan θ ) − ˆj( a 2 sin t tan θ ) + kˆ ( −a 2 )
A.(A × B) + B.(A × B)
dr d 2 r =
∴ × = a 4 cos 2 t tan 2 θ + a 4 sin 2 t tan 2 θ + a 4 A + B . A×B
dt dt
0+0
= a 4 tan 2 θ + a 4 = a 4 sec 2 θ =
A + B A×B
= a2secθ.
π
5. ( ) ( ) ( )
The value of î. ˆj × kˆ + ˆj. kˆ × î + k.
ˆ î × ˆj is- θ=
2
= 90º
î.( ˆj × kˆ ) + ˆj.( kˆ × î ) + k.
ˆ ( î × ˆj) keâe ceeve nw- 8. If â and b̂ are unit vectors such that â + 2bˆ
(a) 0 (b) 1 and 5aˆ – 4bˆ are perpendicular to each other,
(c) 2 (d) 3 then the angle between â and b̂ is
UP TGT 2011 Ùeefo â leLee b̂ FkeâeF& meefoMe Fme Øekeâej nQ efkeâ â + 2bˆ
UPPSC GIC 2021
UPPSC Ashram Paddhati 2021 leLee 5aˆ – 4bˆ Skeâ otmejs hej uecyeJele nQ lees â leLee b̂
JDD-75-PGT-TIER-II-X-15. 28.06.2015 kesâ yeerÛe keâe keâesCe nw
Ans. (d) : 3 π 1
(a) (b) cos –1  
( ) ( ) ( )
î. ˆj × kˆ + ˆj. kˆ × î + k.
ˆ î × ˆj 4  3
2 π
ɵɵ
= ɵi.iɵ + ɵj.jɵ + k.k {∵ î × ˆj = k,ˆ ˆj × kˆ = î, kˆ × î = ˆj} (c) cos –1  
7
(d)
3
=1+1+1 = 3 UP TGT 2021
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Ans. (d) : â = 1 bˆ = 1
efyevogDeeW A, B, C leLee D kesâ efmLeefle meefoMe ›eâceMe:
3iˆ – 2jˆ – k,
ˆ 2iˆ + 3jˆ – 4k,
ˆ –iˆ + ˆj + 2kˆ leLee
â + 2bˆ leLee 5aˆ – 4bˆ Skeâ otmejs hej uebye nw~
4iˆ + 5jˆ + λkˆ nQ~ Ùeefo efyevogDeeW A, B, C leLee D Skeâ
( )( )
DeefoMe iegCeveHeâue aˆ + 2bˆ 5aˆ − 4bˆ = 0 meceleue ceW neW, lees λ keâe ceeve nw
2
2
ˆ ˆ – 4 a.b
Dele: 5 aˆ + 10 b.a ˆ ˆ – 8 bˆ = 0 –146 –73
(a) (b)
17 17
ˆ ˆ –8 = 0
5 + 6 a.b (c) 7 (d) 13
1 UP TGT 2021
ˆ ˆ = 3 ⇒ a.b
6 a.b ˆˆ=
2 Ans. (a) : ceevee A = 3iˆ – 2ˆj – kˆ
1 π
⇒ â . bˆ cos θ = ⇒ θ = 60º = B = 2iˆ + 3jˆ − 4kˆ
2 3
ˆ ˆ ˆ
9. Find the value of 'a' such that the vectors C = –i + j + 2k
2iˆ – ˆj + k,
ˆ î + 2jˆ – 3kˆ and 3iˆ + ajˆ + 5kˆ are D = 4iˆ + 5jˆ + λkˆ
coplanar.
AB = B – A = –iˆ + 5jˆ – 3kˆ
Ùeefo meefoMe 2iˆ – ˆj + k, ˆ î + 2jˆ – 3kˆ leLee 3iˆ + ajˆ + 5kˆ
Skeâ meceleueerÙe nw, lees 'a' keâe ceeve %eele keâerefpeS~ ( )
AC = C − A = – 4iˆ + 3jˆ + 3kˆ
(a) 1 (b) 2 AD = D – A = î + 7ˆj + ( λ + 1) kˆ
(c) 4 (d) –4
UP TGT 2021 Ùeefo A, B, C leLee D Skeâ ner meceleue ceW nw lees
2 –1 1 (
AB. AC × AD = 0 )
Ans. (d) : 1 2 –3 = 0 –1 5 –3
3 a 5 ⇒ –4 3 3 =0
2(10 + 3a) + 1(5 + 9) + 1(a – 6) = 0
1 7 λ +1
⇒ 7a + 20 + 8 = 0
⇒ 7a = –28 ⇒ a = –4 ⇒ –1(3(λ + 1) –21) –5(–4 (λ + 1) –3) –3(–28 –3) = 0
10. The points with position vectors ⇒ – (3λ + 3 – 21) –5(–4λ – 4 – 3) –3 (–31) = 0
⇒ –(3λ – 18) –5(–4λ –7) + 93 = 0
60iˆ + 3j,40i
ˆ ˆ – 8j,ai ˆ ˆ – 52jˆ are collinear if a is
⇒ –3λ + 20λ + 18 + 35 + 93 = 0
equal to
–146
efyevog efpevekesâ efmLele meefoMe 60iˆ + 3j,40i
ˆ ˆ – 8j,ai
ˆ ˆ – 52jˆ ⇒17λ = –146 ⇒ λ =
17
nQ, Skeâ mejsKeerÙe nQ Ùeefo a keâe ceeve yejeyej nw
(a) –40 (b) 40 ( ) ( )
12. If u = î × a × î + ˆj× a × ˆj + kˆ × a × kˆ then u is ( )
(c) 20 (d) 25 equal to
Ùeefo u = î × ( a × î ) + ˆj× ( a × ˆj) + kˆ × ( a × kˆ ) lees u keâe
UP TGT 2021
ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ
Ans. (a) : Ùeefo 60i + 3j, 40i – 8j, ai – 52j mebjsKeerÙe nw
ceeve nw
60 3 1
(a) 0 (b) a (c) 2a (d) 3a
40 –8 1 = 0 UP TGT 2021
a –52 1 UKPSC GIC 2018
60 3 1 Ans. (c) : a = xiˆ + yjˆ + zkˆ
 R3 → R3 – R 2 
–20 –11 0
a – 40 –44 0

 R 2 → R 2 – R1 
 ( ) ( ) ( )
î × a × î + ˆj × a × ˆj + kˆ × a × kˆ
20 × 44 + 11 × (a – 40) = 0 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
= î.iˆ a – î a.i
ˆ ˆ + ˆj.jˆ a – ˆj a.jˆ + k.k ˆ ˆ a – kˆ a.kˆ ( )
⇒ 11(20 × 4 + a – 40) = 0 ˆ ˆ + a − (a.j)
= a − (a.i)i ˆ ˆj + a − (a.k)k
ˆ ˆ
⇒ 80 + a – 40 = 0
⇒ a = –40 = 3a − (a.i)i{
ˆ ˆ + (a.j)
ˆ ˆj + (a.k)k
ˆ ˆ }
11. The position vectors of the points A, B, C and D = 3a − a
3iˆ – 2jˆ – k,
ˆ 2iˆ + 3jˆ – 4k,
ˆ –iˆ + ˆj + 2kˆ
are
ˆ ˆ ˆ
4i + 5j + λk respectively. If the points A, B, C
and
{ ˆ ˆ + (a.j)
∵ (a.i)i ˆ ˆj + (a.k)k
ˆ ˆ = xiˆ + yjˆ + xkˆ = a }
and D lie on a plane, the value of λ is = 2a

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13. If a, b, c are three unit vectors such that ∴ (
AC – BD = AB + BC – BA + AD ) ( )
1
a ×( b × c) = b , then the angle which a makes = AB + BC – BA – AD
2
with c is = AB + BC + AB – AD
Ùeefo a, b, c leerve Ssmes FkeâeF& meefoMe nwb efkeâ = AB + BC + AB – BC (∵ AD = BC )
1
a ×( b × c) = b , leye a Deewj c kesâ yeerÛe keâe keâesCe nw = 2 AB
2
(a) 30° (b) 45° 15. The angle between the vectors a× b and b × a is
(c) 60° (d) 90°
meefoMeeW a× b Deewj b × a kesâ yeerÛe keâe keâesCe nw
UP PGT 2013 (a) 0° (b) 45°
UKPSC GIC 2018 (c) 90° (d) 180°
Ans. (c) : Given a, b and c are unit vectors such that
Ans. (d) :
1
a × ( b× c) = b .
2 ∵ a× b = – b×a ( )
⇒ ( ) 1
( a ⋅ c) b – a ⋅ b c = b
2
if r = a×b
then – r = b×a
⇒
1
2
( )
( a ⋅ c) b – b = a ⋅ b c showing that a × b and b × a are unlike parallel vector so
  angle between them is 180º.
⇒

1
a⋅c –  b = a⋅b c
2
( ) 16. The angle between a diagonal of a cube and its
coterminous edge is:
But b and c are non parallel as b × c ≠ 0 efkeâmeer Ieve kesâ Skeâ efJekeâCe& leLee Fmekeâer meneJemeeveer Yegpee
1 kesâ ceOÙe keâe keâesCe nw:
So, a⋅c– = 0 , a⋅b = 0
2
 1 
1 (a) cos−1  
⇒ a⋅c =  3 
2
Let θ be angle which a makes with c  2
(b) cos−1  
1  3 
⇒ | a | | c | cos θ = (∵ | a | = | c | = 1)
2
(c) tan−1 2
1
⇒ cos θ = (d) None of these/FveceW mes keâesF& veneR
2
θ = 60º
Ans. (a) : We assume the length of a side of the cube is
14. ABCD is a parallelogram with AC and BD as
1. Then 3 sides are given by the vectors
its diagonals, then AC – BD is equal to î = (1, 0, 0 ) , ˆj= ( 0,1,0 ) and kˆ = ( 0,0,1) and the diagonal
ABCD Skeâ meceevlej ÛelegYeg&pe nw, efpemekesâ efJekeâCe& AC
Deewj BD nw, lees AC – BD yejeyej nw is given by the vector v = (1,1,1) .
(a) 4 AB (b) 3 AB v ⋅ î 1
So, cos θ = = (each gives the same angle)
v⋅i ˆ 3
(c) 2 AB (d) 0
UPPSC Ashram Paddhati 2021  1 
⇒ θ = cos −1  
Ans. (c) : The parallelogram ABCD is shown in figure  3
with side AB || CD and BC || AD and diagonals AC and
BD. 17. If a,b,c are three unit vectors such that
By vector addition. we have,
a + b + c = 0, then a.b + b .c + c .a is equal to :
AC = AB + BC
Ùeefo a,b,c leerve FkeâeF& meefoMe nw leLee a + b + c = 0,
and BD = BA + AD
lees a.b + b .c + c .a keâe ceeve nw :
(a) 0 (b) 1
(c) -3/2 (d) -1
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Ans. (c) : We have Ans. (c) : Vectors αî + ˆj + k,
ˆ î+βˆj+kˆ and î + ˆj + γkˆ are
( )( )
2
a+b+c = a+b+c ⋅ a+b+c coplanar, if
α î + ˆj + k,
ˆ î+βˆj+k, ˆ γkˆ  = 0
ˆ î+j+
+ 2(a ⋅ b + b ⋅ c + c ⋅ a )
2 2 2
⇒0= a + b + c  
α 1 1
⇒ a ⋅ b + b ⋅ c + c ⋅ a = −3 2 because a = b = c = 1
⇒ 1 β 1 =0
18. A two dimensional vector a has its components 1 1 γ
2p and 1 with respect to a rectangular cartesian
system. This system is rotated through a α 1 1
 R → R 2 − R1 
certain angle about the origin in anti-clockwise ⇒ 1 − α β −1 0 = 0  2 
1− α 0 γ −1  R 3 → R 3 − R1 
direction. If, with respect to new system, a has
components p + 1 and 1 then
⇒ α ( β − 1)( r − 1) − 1(1 − α )( r − 1) − 1(1 − α )( β − 1) = 0
efkeâmeer mecekeâesCeerÙe keâeleeaÙe ØeCeeueer kesâ meehes#e Skeâ
⇒ α (1 − β )(1 − r ) + (1 − α )(1 − r ) + (1 − α )(1 − β ) = 0
efÉefJeceerÙe meefoMe a kesâ Ieškeâ 2p leLee 1 nw~ Fme ØeCeeueer
keâes cetueefyevog kesâ meehes#e Skeâ efveef§ele keâesCe hej JeeceJele& Now on dividing by (1 – α )(1 – β )(1 – γ ) we get
efoMee ceW Iegcee efoÙee ieÙee nw~ Ùeefo veF& ØeCeeueer kesâ meehes#e α 1 1 1 1 1
⇒ + + =0 ⇒ + + =1
a kesâ Ieškeâ p + 1 leLee 1 nesb, lees 1− α 1− β 1− γ 1–α 1 − β 1 − γ
(a) p = 0/ p = 0
20. If, for any vector a, it is given that
1 1
(b) p = 1 or p = − / p = 1 Ùee p = − 2 2 2 2
1
3
1
3 (a × î ) + (a × ˆj) + (a × kˆ ) = α a , then the
(c) p = –1 or p = / p =–1 Ùee p = value of α is:
3 3
(d) p = 1 or p = − 1 / p = 1 Ùee p = − 1 Ùeefo efkeâmeer meefoMe a, kesâ efueS, efoÙee nw-
UKPSC Lecturer (Mains) 2020 2 2 2 2
Ans. (b) : We have (a × î ) + (a × ˆj) + (a × kˆ ) = α a , leye α keâe

a ( x, y ) = 2piˆ + 1j;
ˆ î and ˆj are unit vectors along axes in ceeve nw-
rectangular cartesian system (a) 1/j (b) 2/j
& a ( x ',y ') = ( p + 1) î '+ 1j',
ˆ î' and ˆj' are unit vectors along
(c) –2/j (d) 0/j
new axes in rectangular cartesian system after rotation. UKPSC Lecturer (Mains) 2020
Now, magnitudes of both the vectors must remain same
in both systems so, we have Ans. (b) : Let the given vector be a = a î + a ˆj + a kˆ 1 2 3
2 2
a ( x,y ) = a ( x ',y ') Then
( a × î ) + ( a × ˆj)
2 2 2 2 2
⇒ 4p + 1 = ( p + 1) + 1
2 2 + a × kˆ = –a 2 kˆ + a 3ˆj + a1kˆ – a 3î
2
⇒ 4p2 − p2 − 1 − 2p = 0 + –a1ˆj + a 2 î
⇒ 3p2 − 2p − 1 = 0
= a 22 + a 32 + a12 + a 32 + a12 + a 22
⇒ p = 1, –1 3
= 2 ( a12 + a 22 + a 32 )
19. ˆ ˆ ˆ
If the vectors αi+j+k, î +βj+k
ˆ ˆ and î +j+γk
ˆ ˆ are
2
coplanar, then the value of =2a
1 1 1
+ + is: So, α = 2
1− α 1 − β 1 − γ
ˆ ˆ ˆ
Ùeefo meefoMe αi+j+k, î +βj+k
ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ 21.
leLee î +j+γk If a,b and c are any three vectors, then the
1 1 1 value of a – b, b – c,c – a is:
meceleueerÙe nw, leye + + keâe ceeve nw:  
1− α 1 − β 1 − γ
(a) 0 (b) –1 Ùeefo a,b leLee c keâesF& leerve meefoMe nw leye
(c) 1 (d) 2 a – b, b – c,c – a
UKPSC Lecturer (Mains) 2020   keâe ceeve nw:

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(a) a, b, c Ans. (a) :We have
  2 2
  a + b = a + b + 2 a b cos 60º
(b) 2  a, b, c 
 
which gives a + b = 3
(c) − a, b, c 
 
(d) None of these/FveceW mes keâesF& veneR 24. If a + b + c = 0 and a = 3, b = 5, c = 7 , then
Ans. (d) : the angle between a and b is:
( ) (( ) ( ))
a − b, b − c, c − a  = a − b ⋅ b − c × c − a
 
Ùeefo a + b + c = 0 leLee a = 3, b = 5, c = 7 , leye
= (a − b) ⋅ (b × c − b × a − c × c + c × a ) a leLee b kesâ yeerÛe keâe keâesCe nw :

2  11 
= ( a − b ) ⋅ ( b × c − b × a + c × a ) as c × c = 0 (a) cos−1   (b) cos−1  
 15  14 
= a( b×c) −a( b×a) + a( c×a) −b( b×c) + b( b×a) − b( c×a)  47 
(c) cos−1  
1
(d) cos−1  
 40   2 
= a,b,c − a,b,a  + a,c,a  − b,b,c + b,b,a − b,c,a UKPSC Lecturer (Mains) 2020
=0 Ans. (d) : We have a + b + c = 0
Thus vectors a − b, b − c, c − a are coplanar. ⇒ a + b = −c
22. Let vectors α = ( x + 4y) a + (2 x + y + 1)b and ⇒ a+b =− c
β = (y − 2 x + 2) a + (2 x − 3y − 1)b , where a
( )
2 2 2
⇒ a + b + 2 a b cos θ = − c
and b are non-zero and non-collinear. If
3α = 2β , then ⇒ 9 + 25 + 30cos θ = 49
1
ceevee meefoMe α = ( x + 4y) a + (2 x + y + 1)b leLee ⇒ cos θ =
2
β = (y − 2 x + 2) a + (2 x − 3y − 1)b nw, peneB a leLee 1
⇒ θ = cos −1  
b DeMetvÙe SJeb DemecejsKeerÙe nQ~ Ùeefo 3α = 2β lees, 2
(a) x = 1, y = 2 (b) x = 2, y = 1 25. The number of distinct real values of λ, for
(c) x = –1, y = 2 (d) x= 2, y = –1 which the vectors –λiˆ - ˆj + k,
ˆ î – λ 2 ˆj + kˆ and
UKPSC Lecturer (Mains) 2020 î + ˆj – λ 2 kˆ are coplanar is:
Ans. (d) : If 3α = 2β then me must have
λ kesâ efJeefYeVe JeemleefJekeâ ceeveeW keâer mebKÙee efpemekesâ efueS
3 ( x + 4y ) = 2 ( y − 2x + 2 )
meefoMe –λiˆ – ˆj + k, ˆ î – λ 2 ˆj + kˆ leLee î + ˆj – λ 2 kˆ
3 ( 2x + y + 1) = 2 ( 2x − 3y − 1) meceleueerÙe nw :
which gives system of linear equations. (a) 0 (b) 1
7x + 10y = 4 (c) 2 (d) 3
2x + 9y = −5 UKPSC Lecturer (Mains) 2020
which on solving gives Ans. (d) : Vectors –λiˆ – ˆj + k,
ˆ î – λ 2 ˆj + kˆ and
x = 2 and y = −1
î + ˆj – λ 2 kˆ are coplanar if
23. If a and b are two unit vectors inclined at an −λ −1 1
angle of 600 to each other then-
1 −λ 2 1 =0
Ùeefo oes FkeâeF& meefoMe a leLee b Skeâ otmejs mes 600 kesâ
1 1 −λ 2
keâesCe hej nes leye
⇒ −λ ( λ 4 − 1) + 1( −λ 2 − 1) + 1(1 + λ 2 ) = 0
(a) a + b = 3 (b) a + b < 1
⇒ −λ ( λ 4 − 1) = 0
(c) a − b > 1 (d) a − b < 1
⇒ λ = 0,1, –1,i, –1
UP TGT 1999
Thus, three distinct real values of λ are 0, 1,–1
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26. If a = î + 4jˆ + 2k,
ˆ b = 3iˆ – 2jˆ + 7kˆ and 28. The value of 'a' for which the points A,B,C
with position vectors 2iˆ − ˆj + kˆ , î − 3jˆ − 5kˆ
c = 2iˆ – ˆj + 4k,
ˆ then a vector d which is ,
aiˆ – 3jˆ + kˆ and respectively are the vertices of
perpendicular to both a and b and satisfies
π
c . d =15, is : right- angled triangle with ∠C = , are:
2
Ùeefo a = î + 4jˆ + 2k,
ˆ b = 3iˆ - 2jˆ + 7kˆ leLee 'a' kesâ Jes ceeve, efpemekesâ efueS efyevog A, B, leLee C efpevekesâ
efmLeefle meefoMe ›eâceMe: 2iˆ − ˆj + kˆ ,leLee aiˆ − 3jˆ − kˆ mecekeâesCe
c = 2iˆ - ˆj + 4k,
ˆ lees Skeâ meefoMe d pees a SJeb b
π
oesveeW hej uecyeJeled nw leLee c . d =15, keâes mebleg° keâjlee nw ef$eYegpe kesâ Meer<e& nQ, leye ∠C = 2 peneB nQ:
(a) 32iˆ − ˆj −14kˆ (b) 32iˆ + ˆj + 14kˆ (a) –2 and –1/–2 leLee –1 (b) –2 and 1/ –2 leLee 1
5 1 (c) 2 and –1/ 2 leLee –1 (d) 2 and 1/ 2 leLee 1
(c) (32iˆ − ˆj −14k)
ˆ (d) (32iˆ + ˆj + 14k)
ˆ
3 9 Haryana PGT 2019
UKPSC Lecturer (Mains) 2020 Ans. (d) : We have
Ans. (c) : A vector perpendicular to both A = 2iˆ – ˆj + k,B
ˆ = î – 3jˆ – 5k,C
ˆ ˆ = aiˆ – 3jˆ + kˆ
a = î4ˆj + 2kˆ and b = 3iˆ − 2ˆj + 7kˆ is Then AC = ( a – 2 ) î – 2jˆ and BC = ( a –1) î + 6kˆ
î ˆj kˆ
Now if A,B and C are the vertices of right–angled
a × b = 1 4 2 = 32iˆ − ˆj − 14kˆ triangle with ∠ C = π/2 then
3 −2 7 AC.BC = ( a – 2 )( a –1) = 0
(
Let vector d = k 32iˆ − ˆj − 14kˆ ) which gives a = 1, 2
29. a = ɵi + ɵj, b = ɵj + kɵ and c = xa + yb .
Then, c ⋅ d = k ( 64 + 1 − 56 ) = 15
If ɵi − 2ˆj + k,
ɵ 3iɵ + 2ɵj − kɵ and c are coplanar, then
15
⇒k= x
9 =
y
⇒k =5 3
a = ɵi + ɵj, b = ɵj + kɵ SJeced c = xa + yb . Ùeefo meefoMe
Thus, such a vector d =
5
3
(
32iˆ − ˆj − 14kˆ ) ɵi − 2ˆj + k,
ɵ 3iɵ + 2ɵj − kɵ leLee c meceleueerÙe neW, leye
a = 2iɵ + ɵj – kɵ and b = ɵj + kɵ . Vector c is such x
27. =
y
that a.c = 4 and a × c = b , then c is :
(a) –2 (b) –3
a = 2iɵ + ɵj – kɵ leLee b = ɵj + kɵ . meefoMe c Fme Øekeâej nQ (c) 2/3 (d) –1
Haryana PGT 2019
efkeâ a.c = 4 leLee a × c = b ,lees c is :
ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ
Ans. (b) : Given a = i + j, b = j + k and c = xa + yb =
(a) î + ˆj − kˆ (b) 3iˆ + ˆj + kˆ
xiˆ + ( x + y ) ˆj + ykˆ
(c) î + 3jˆ + kˆ (d) 2iˆ − ˆj − kˆ
If î − 2ˆj + k,
ˆ 3iˆ + 2ˆj − kˆ and c = xi + ( x + y ) ˆj + ykˆ are
Haryana PGT 2019
coplanar, then
Ans. (a) : Let c = xiˆ + yjˆ + zkˆ then
1 −2 1
( )( )
a.c = 2iˆ + ˆj − kˆ xiˆ + yjˆ + zkˆ = 2x + y − z = 4 3 2 −1 = 0
î ˆj kˆ x x+y y
and a × c = 2 1 −1 ⇒ 2y + x + y + 2(3y + x) + 3x + 3y – 2x = 0
⇒ 4x = –12y
x y z
x
⇒ = −3
= ( z + y ) ɵi − ( 2z + x ) ɵj + ( 2y − x ) kɵ = ˆj + kˆ y
which gives z + y = 0, – 2z – x = 1 and 2y – x = 1 30. The vector in the direction of the vector
which on solving simultaneously with 2x+y–z = 4 gives î − 2jˆ + 2kˆ that has magnitude 9 is:
x = 1 = y and z = –1
meefoMe î − 2jˆ + 2kˆ kesâ DevegefoMe Skeâ Ssmee meefoMe,
Hence the required vector c = î + ˆj − kˆ efpemekeâe heefjceeCe 9 FkeâeF& nw:
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î − 2jˆ + 2kˆ How in (i) and (ii) comparison of coefficients of unit
(a) î − 2jˆ + 2kˆ (b) vectors gives
3
x = 3, y = 1 and z = – 1
(c) 3 ( î − 2ˆj + 2kˆ ) (d) 9 ( i − 2ˆj + 2kˆ )
ˆ So, the required point of intersection is (3, 1, –1).
UK SSSC LT 2020 33. If the position vector a of a point (12, n ) is
Ans. (c) : Unit vector in the direction of vector such that a = 13, then the value of n is
ˆ ˆ ˆ
î − 2ˆj + 2kˆ = i − 2 j + 2k
3
Ùeefo efyevog (12, n ) keâe efmLeefle meefoMe a Fme Øekeâej nw
∴Required vector of magnitude 9 in the direction of efkeâ a = 13 lees n keâe ceeve nw :
î − 2jˆ + 2kˆ  ɵi − 2ɵj + 2kɵ 
is given by = 9   (a) ±25 (b) ±12
3  3
  (c) ±7 (d) ±5
= 3 ( î − 2ˆj + 2kˆ ) UKPSC GIC 2018
(12 )
2
( ) Ans. (d) : a = + n2
2
31. a 2b 2 – a × b =
⇒ (13)2 = 144 + n2
( a .b ) ( a + b ).( a − b)
2
(a) (b) ⇒ n2 = 169 – 144 = 25 ⇒ n = ± 5
(a − b) (a + b)
2 2
(c) (d) 34. If â and b̂ are unit vectors inclined at an angle
Haryana PGT 2020 θ, then the value of

1
2
(
aˆ - bˆ is )
Ans. (a) : Given
Ùeefo FkeâeF& meefoMeeW â Deewj b̂ kesâ yeerÛe keâe keâesCe θ nes,
( )
2
a2 b 2 – a × b
( )
lees 1 aˆ - bˆ keâe ceeve nw :
2
( )
2
⇒ a 2 b 2 − a b .sin θ (a) sin θ/2 (b) sin θ
⇒ a b – a b sin θ
2 2 2 2 2 (c) cosθ (d) cos θ/2
⇒ a2b2 (1 – sin2θ) UKPSC GIC 2018
⇒ a2b2 cos2 θ Ans. (a) : For any two vectors a and b , we have
( a b cos θ )
2 2 2
⇒ a−b = a + b − 2 a b cos θ
⇒ ( a .b )
2
or aɵ − bɵ = 2 − 2cos θ (∵ â = bˆ = 1)
32. Let a = î + ˆj and b = 2iˆ - k,ˆ then the point of or aɵ − bɵ = 2 2sin 2 θ
2 ( )
intersection of the lines 1 ɵ ɵ
r × a = b × a and r × b = a × b is: ⇒ a − b = sin θ
2 2
ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ
ceeve ueerefpeS a = i + j leLee b = 2i - k, lees jsKeeDeeW 35. B ×C,C× A, A × B  is
 
r × a = b × a leLee r × b = a × b keâe ØeefleÛÚso efyevog
B ×C,C× A, A × B  keâe ceeve nw :
nw:  
2
(a) (1, –1, –1) (b) (–1, 1, 1) (a)  A BC  (b)  A BC 
(c) (3, –1, –1) (d) (3, 1, –1)
3
Haryana PGT 2018 (c)  A BC  (d) 0
Ans. (d) : Given a = î + ˆj and b = 2iˆ − kˆ UKPSC GIC 2018
So, a × b = −î + ˆj − 2kˆ and b × a = î − ˆj + 2kˆ Ans. (b) : Given that
=  B × C, C × A, A × B
Let r = xiˆ + yjˆ + zkˆ  
Now r × a = b × a gives = ( B × C ) .(( C × A ) × ( A × B))
−ziˆ + zjˆ + ( x − y ) kˆ = î − ˆj + 2kˆ ... (i)
and r × b = a × b gives
= ( B × C ) .( C, A, B A − C, A, A  B)
− yiˆ + ( x + 2z ) ˆj − 2ykˆ = −î + ˆj − 2kˆ ... (ii) ∵ ( a × b ) × ( c × d ) = a b d  c − a b c  d

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= ( B × C ) .( C, A, B A − 0 ) Ans. (c) : (A) for any two vectors a and b are parallel
then either angle between then θ is 0 or π.
= (( B × C) .A ) C, A, B Now if θ = 0 then a.b = a b and if θ = π
=  B,C, A   C, A, B
   then a.b = – a b .
=  A, B, C   A, B, C ∵ a, b, c  =  b, c, a  and let a = 0 b=0
   or
= c,a, b  ( )
2 2 2
then a .b ≤a b holds
2
=  A, B,C  Now consider a ≠ 0 and b≠0
 
36. Let a = 4i + 5ɵj − kɵ
ɵ and we have a.b = a b cos θ
b = ɵi − 4ɵj + 5kɵ ⇒ cos θ =

a.b
a b
c = 3iɵ + ɵj − kɵ
( a .b )
2
Then a vector d which is perpendicular to both ⇒ cos 2

θ= 2 2
a and b and for which d . c = 21 is a b
ceevee a = 4iɵ + 5ɵj − kɵ ∵ – 1 ≤ cos θ ≤ 1 ⇒ 0 ≤ cos 2 θ ≤ 1
( a .b )
2
b = ɵi − 4ɵj + 5kɵ
∴ 2 2
≤1
c = 3iɵ + ɵj − kɵ a b
lees meefoMe d pees efkeâ a Deewj b oesveeW kesâ uecyeJeled nw leLee ( )

2 2 2
⇒ a .b ≤a b
efpemekesâ efueS d . c = 21, nw : 38. If V1, V2, V3 are three non-zero vectors such that
(
(a) 7 ɵi + ɵj − kɵ ) (
(b) 7 ɵi − ɵj − kɵ ) V1 × V2 = V3 ,V2 × V3 = V1 then
(
(c) 63 ɵi − ɵj − kɵ ) (d) 3 (ɵi − ɵj + kɵ ) Ùeefo V1, V2, V3 leerve Ssmes DeMetvÙe meefoMe neW efkeâ
UKPSC GIC 2018 V1 × V2 = V3 ,V2 × V3 = V1 lees
Ans. (b) : Let d = d1 ɵi + d 2 ɵj + d 3 kɵ (a) V1 = V2 (b) V2 = V3
Now according to the information given to us, we have
(c) V1 = V3 (d) V2 = V1 × V3
4d1 + 5d2 – d3 = 0
d1 – 4d2 + 5d3 = 0 LT 2018
3d1 + d2 – d3 = 21 Ans : (c) Given, V1 × V2 = V3 and V2 × V3 = V1
which gives on solving simultaneously
d1 = 7, d2 = –7, d3 = –7 V3 dot product of both sides
V3 .( V1 × V2 ) = V3 .V3 =| V3 |2
(
Hence one possibility for d is 7 ɵi − ɵj − kɵ ) then,
37. Which of the following is/ are true? ⇒  V3V1V2  =| V3 |2
( )
2 2 2
(A) a.b ≤a b or  V1V2 V3  =| V3 |2 ....... (i)
(B) a and b are parallel iff a . b = ± a b Now, V2 × V3 = V1

efvecveefueefKele ceW keâewve mee/mes melÙe nw/nQ ? Similarly Form relation (ii)
 V1V2 V3  =| V1 |2 ............ (ii)
( )
2 2 2
(A) a.b ≤a b
equn from (i) and (ii)
(B) a Deewj b meceevlej nQ Ùeefo Deewj kesâJeue Ùeefo | V1 |2 =| V3 |2 ⇒ | V1 |=| V3 |
a .b= ± a b
39. If A × B = C × D and A × C = B × D , then
(a) Only (A) / kesâJeue (A)
vectors A − D and B − C are/Ùeefo A × B = C × D
(b) Only (B) / kesâJeue (B)
(c) Both (A)and (B) / oesvees (A)Deewj (B) Deewj A × C = B × D lees meefoMe A − D Deewj B − C nQ
(d) None of these / Fvecesb mes keâesF veneR (a) equal /yejeyej
UKPSC GIC 2018 (b) parallel /meceevlej
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(c) perpendicular /uecyeJeled 42.
2 2
If a × b + a.b = 144 and a = 4 , then b is
(d) inclined at an angle of 60 /60 o o
kesâ keâesCe hej Deevele 2 2
LT 2018 equal to/ Ùeefo a × b + a.b = 144 Deewj a = 4

Ans : (b) Let, a × b = 0 then a b nes, lees b yejeyej nw
Now, (a) 12 (b) 8 (c) 4 (d) 3
LT 2018
( A − D ) × ( B − C ) = ( A × B) − ( A × C ) − ( D × B) + ( D × C ) 2 2
Ans : (d) Given, a × b + a.b = 144 and a = 4
equation from the condition
then, (C × D) − ( B × D) + ( B × D) – (C × D) = 0 then b =?
2 2 2
So, A − D || B − C By formula (1) a × b = a b nˆ 2 sin 2 θ
40. The value of ( c × a ) × a × b is ( ) 2
(2) a.b = a b cos 2 θ
2 2
( c × a ) × ( a × b ) keâe ceeve nw then (1) + (2)

2 2 2 2
a × b + a.b = a b
(a) 0̂ (b)  bca  b
  2 2
b ×16 = 144 , b = 9
(c)  cab  c (d) abc  a
   
b =3
LT 2018
Ans : (d) Given, ( c × a ) × ( a × b ) 43. If î, ˆj and kɵ are unit vectors. The value of
We know that, ( ) (
ɵi. ɵj × kɵ + ɵj. ɵi × kɵ + k.
) ( )
ɵ ɵi × ɵj is–
( ) ( ) ( )
a × b × c = a.c b – a.b c Ùeefo î, ˆj Deewj kɵ Ùes FkeâeF& meefoMe nw, lees
then, ( c × a ) .b  a − ( c × a ) .a  b ( ) (
ɵi. ɵj × kɵ + ɵj. ɵi × kɵ + k.
) ( )
ɵ ɵi × ɵj keâe cetuÙe nw–
(a) 0 (b) –1 (c) 1 (d) 3
= ( c × a ) .b  a – 0 {∵ c.a.a  = 0
  } SECTION B PGT TIER-I 31.11.2014
Ans. (c) : if î, ˆj and k̂ are unit vectors then
=  a b c  a
i.iɵ = 1, ɵj.jɵ = 1, k.k
ɵ ɵ = 1 and ɵi.jɵ = 0, ɵj.kɵ = 0 & k.i
ɵɵ=0
41. If F = x 2 yiˆ + xzjˆ + 2yzkˆ then the value of div and
curl F is/ Ùeefo F = x 2 yiˆ + xzjˆ + 2yzkˆ nes, lees div ɵi × ɵj = + k,
ɵ ɵj × kɵ = ɵi, kɵ × ɵi = ɵj
curl F keâe ceeve nw~ ɵi × kɵ = −ɵj, kɵ × ɵj = −ɵi, ɵj × ɵi = − kɵ
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 3 ɵ ɵj × k)
then,i.( ˆ + ɵj.(iɵ × k) ˆ ɵ × ɵj) = ɵɵ
ˆ + k.(i i.i + ɵj.(– ɵj) + k.(k)
ˆ ˆ
LT 2018
= 1 −1+ 1 = 1
Ans : (a) Given F = x 2 yiˆ + xzjˆ + 2yzkˆ 44. If θ is the angle between any two vectors a and
i j k b , then a.b = a × b when θ is equal to–
∂ ∂ ∂ Ùeefo keâesF& oes meefoMe a Deewj b kesâ yeerÛe keâe keâesCe θ nw
curl F =
∂x ∂y ∂z
lees a.b = a × b leYeer nesiee peye θ Fmekesâ yejeyej neslee nw
x2y xz 2yz
(a) 0 (b) π/4 (c) π/2 (d) π
= i ( 2z − x ) − j ( 0 − 0 ) + k ( z − x 2 ) SECTION B PGT TIER-I 31.11.2014
= i ( 2z − x ) + k ( z − x 2 ) Ans. (b) : Given, a.b = a × b

then, a b cos θ = a b sin θ
div curl F = ∇. i ( 2z − x ) + k ( z − x 2 ) 
cos sin
 ∂ ∂ ∂  π
=  i + j + k  . i ( 2z − x ) + k ( z − x 2 )  tan 1, tan θ = tan
 ∂x ∂y ∂z  4
= –1 + 0 + 1 = 0 π
So, θ=
So, that div curl F = 0 4

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45. lf a and b are two unit vectres inclined at an 48. ceevee a = î + ˆj leLee b = 2jˆ − kˆ
leye jsKee
angle π , then the value of a + b is–
3 r × a = b × a Deewj r × b = a × b kesâ ØeefleÛÚso efyevog
π , keâesCe hej a Deewj b Ùen oes Skeâkeâ Jeskeäšj Deevele keäÙee nesieW ?
3
(a) (–1, 1, 1) (b) (3, –1, 1)
nQ, lees a + b keâe cetuÙe nw (c) (3, 1, –1) (d) (1, 3, -1)
(a) =0 (b) >1 TGT 2001
( )
(c) <1
(d) none of these/FveceW mes keâesF& veneR Ans : (d) Given, r × a = b × a ⇒ r − b × a = 0
JDD-75-PGT TIER II-X-15 28.06.2015 Let, r = xiˆ + yjˆ + zkˆ
{( xiˆ + yjˆ + zkˆ ) − ( 2ˆj − kˆ )} × ( î + ˆj) = 0

Ans. (b) : since a and b are unit vectors then
Then,
a = 1& b = 1 and inclined at an angle π / 3.
2
∵ a + b = (a + b).(a + b)
{
Then, xiˆ + (y − 2)ˆj + (z + 1)kˆ × î + ˆj = 0 } ( )
î {−z − 1} – ˆj{− ( z + 1)} + kˆ {x − ( y − 2 )} = 0
2 2 π
= a + b + 2. a . b cos
3 ⇒ z = −1, x − y + z = 0 ....... (i)
= 1 + 1 + 2.1.1.
1 Now, r × b = a × b ⇒ ( r − a ) × b = 0
2
= 1+1+1 = 3 { } (
⇒ (x − 1)iˆ + (y − 1)ˆj + zkˆ × 2ˆj − kˆ = 0 )
a+b = 3 a b 1 ⇒ î (1 − y − 2z ) − ˆj(1 − x) + kˆ (2x − 2) = 0
46. The area of the parallelogram whose adjacent ⇒ x = 1, 1–y–2z = 0 ............(ii)

sides are î + kˆ and 2iˆ + ˆj + kˆ is– From equation (i) & (ii)
x = 1, y = 3, z = –1
meefVekeâš Yegpee î + kˆ Deewj 2iˆ + ˆj + kˆ Jeeues meceevlej So intersect point is (1, 3, -1)
ÛelegYeg&pe keâe #es$eheâue nw–
49. meefoMe a,b, c kesâ heefjceeCe ›eâceMe: 3, 4, 5 nQ~ Ùeefo
(a) 3 (b) 2 (c) 4 (d) 3
JDD-75-PGT TIER II-X-15 28.06.2015
meefoMe a,b, c meefoMe b + c, c + a , a + b kesâ ›eâceMe:
Ans. (d) : Let a = î + kˆ and b = 2iˆ + ˆj + kˆ are the
uecyeJele neW leye a + b + c keâe heefjceeCe nesiee:
Adjacent sides of the parallelogram then (a) 5 2 (b) 6 2
Area = a × b (c) 7 (d) 0
TGT 2001
î ˆj kˆ
& Ans : (a) ØeMveevegmeej, a = 3 , b = 4 , c = 5
a × b = 1 0 1 = −î + ˆj + kˆ
2 1 1 Deewj a ⋅ ( b + c ) = 0 , b ⋅ ( c + a ) = 0 , c ⋅ ( a + b ) = 0
So, area of the parallelogram
Deye, a ⋅ ( b + c ) + b ⋅ ( c + a ) + c ⋅ ( a + b ) = 0
= a×b = ( −1)2 + 12 + 12 = 3 Unit
a ⋅b + a ⋅c + b⋅c + b⋅a + c ⋅a + c ⋅b = 0
47. Ùeefo meefoMe a Deewj b kesâ yeerÛe keâe keâesCe 120° nw Deewj
2 (a ⋅ b + b ⋅ c + c ⋅ a ) = 0
Gvekesâ heefjceeCe ›eâceMe: 2 Deewj 3 nw leye a ⋅ b yejeyej nesiee:
2 2
(a) 3 (b) − 3 met$e, a + b + c = a 2 + b + c 2 + 2a ⋅ b + 2b ⋅ c + 2c ⋅ a
(c) 3 (d) –3
TGT 2001
2 2 2
(
= ( 3) + ( 4 ) + ( 5 ) + 2 a ⋅ b + b ⋅ c + c ⋅ a )
Ans : (b) Given a = 2, b = 3 , θ = 120o = 9 + 16 + 25 + 0 = 50
We know that a.b = a ⋅ b cos θ So, that a + b + c = 5 2
then, a ⋅ b = 2 3 × cos1200 50. Ùeefo a = 2iˆ + 3jˆ + 6k,b

ˆ = 3iˆ − 6jˆ + 2kˆ leye a × b
 1 (a) î + 14ˆj − 21kˆ (b) 42iˆ + 14ˆj + 21kˆ
= 2× 3 × − 
 2 (c) 42iˆ + 14ˆj − 21kˆ (d) î + ˆj − kˆ
a⋅b = − 3
TGT 2001
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i j k Ans : (b) ef$eYegpe ABC keâe #es$eheâue
Ans : (c) a × b = 2 3 6 1 → →
= ×
3 −6 2 2 OA OB
î ˆj kˆ
= î ( 6 + 36 ) + ˆj (18 − 4 ) + kˆ ( −12 − 9 ) = 42iˆ + 14ˆj − 21kˆ
1
= 1 –1 1
51. meefoMe 3iˆ + 4jˆ leLee î − ˆj + kˆ kesâ yeerÛe keâe keâesCe 2
0 1 1
meefoMe iegCeve keâe ØeÙeesie keâjkesâ %eele keâjves hej:
1 ˆ
74 74 = i ( −1 − 1) − ˆj (1) + kˆ (1)
(a) Sinθ = (b) Sinθ = 2
5 3 3
1
= (−2lˆ − ˆj + k)ˆ = 1 4 +1+1 = 1 6
74 74
(c) Sinθ = (d) 2 2 2
5 5
54. Ùeefo â Skeâ Skeâebkeâ meefoMe nw Deewj ( →
x − aˆ) . ( x + aˆ) = 3
→
TGT 2001
Ans : (a) ceevee a = 3iˆ + 4ˆj , a = 9 + 16 = 5 nes lees →
x keâe ceeve nw :
b = î − ˆj + kˆ , b = 3 (a) 4 (b) 2 (c) 5 (d) 6
TGT 1999
leLee a × b = ( 3iˆ + 4ˆj) × ( î − ˆj + kˆ ) = 4iˆ − 3jˆ − 7kˆ Ans : (b) efoÙee nw, â Skeâ Skeâebkeâ meefoMe nw
∴ a × b = 16 + 9 + 49 = 74 leye, â = 1
nce peeveles nQ leLee ( x − aˆ ) .( x + aˆ ) = 3
2
a × b = a b Sinθ ⇒ x + x.aˆ + (−aˆ .x) − aˆ . aˆ = 3
2
74 x 2 + x. aˆ − x aˆ − aˆ = 3
⇒ Sinθ =
5 3
⇒ x2 −1 = 3 ⇒ x2 = 4 ⇒ x =2
52. Ùeefo ˆ ˆ ˆ
a,b,c FkeâeF& meefoMe nes leLee aˆ + bˆ + cˆ = 0 nes
leye aˆ ⋅ bˆ + bˆ ⋅ cˆ + cˆ ⋅ aˆ nw: 55.
 ( ) (
A.  B + C × C + A  keâe
 ) ceeve nesiee?
(a) −
3
(b) 0 (c)
2
(d) 1 (a) A. ( B × C ) (b) (
B. C × A )
2 3
TGT 2001 (c) 2 A. ( B × C ) (d) (
2 A. A × B )
ˆˆˆ
Ans : (a) efoÙee a.b.c FkeâeF& meefoMe nw~ PGT 2013
( ) ( )
2
Ans : (a) A.  B + C × C + A 
2 2
∴ a = b = c =1
 
leLee aˆ + bˆ + cˆ = 0 = A.  B × ( C + A) + C × ( C + A ) 
oesveeW he#eeW keâe Jeie& keâjves hej,  
= A.  B × C + B × A + C × C + C × A
( aˆ + bˆ + cˆ )
2
=0  
2 
= A. B × C + B × A + C × A 
2 2
a + b + c + 2aˆ ⋅ bˆ + 2bˆ ⋅ cˆ + 2cˆ ⋅ aˆ = 0  
(
1 + 1 + 1 + 2 aˆ ⋅ bˆ + bˆ ⋅ cˆ + cˆ ⋅ aˆ = 0 ) ( ) (
= A. B × C + A. B × A + A. C × A ) ( )
3 = A. ( B × C )
aˆ ⋅ bˆ + bˆ ⋅ cˆ + cˆ ⋅ aˆ = −
2 56. Skeâ yeue 5ɵi + 3 ɵj + 4kɵ efyevog 2iɵ + ɵj + 3kɵ mes neskeâj
53. Ùeefo OA = î − ˆj + kˆ Deewj OB = ˆj + kˆ leye ef$eYegpe keâeÙe& keâjlee nw~ efyevog ɵi + 2 ɵj − kˆ kesâ heefjle: yeue keâe
ABC keâe #es$eheâue nesiee :
DeeIetCe& nesiee?
1
(a) 6 (b)
2
6
(
(a) 8 2ɵi − 2 ɵj + kɵ ) (b) ( )
8 2ɵi + 2 ɵj − kɵ
8 ( −2ɵi + 2 ɵj + kɵ ) 8 ( 2ɵi + kɵ )
1
(c) 3 (d) 2 (c) (d)
2
TGT 1999 PGT 2013
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( ) (
Ans : (c) r = − ɵi + 2 ɵj − kɵ + 2ɵi + ɵj + 3kɵ ) Ans : (d) Deiej θ keâesCe nw lees
a.b
= +ɵi − ɵj + 4kɵ
nce peeveles nw efkeâ – cos θ =
| a || b |
i j k
= −16ɵi + 16 ɵj + 8kɵ ceevee, a = 2iˆ − ˆj − 4kˆ
r × F = 1 −1 4
5 3 4 (
= 8 −2ɵi + 2 ɵj + kɵ ) b = 3iˆ − 4jˆ − 4kˆ
c = î − 3jˆ − 5kˆ
57. meefoMe b pees keâer meefoMe a = ( 2, 1, −1) kesâ mecejsKe nw leye, a leLee b kesâ yeerÛe keâe keâesCe
Deewj ØeefleyevOe a.b = 3 keâes mevleg<š keâjlee nw, nesiee 6 + 4 + 16
cos θ =
 2 1 −1   1 1 −1  4 + 1 + 16 9 + 16 + 16
(a)  , ,  (b)  2,4, 4 
3 3 3    =
26
 −1 1   1 −1  21 41
(c) 1, ,  (d) 1, 2 , 2  Fmeer Øekeâej b, c leLee c, a kesâ yeerÛe keâe keâesCe
 2 2  
PGT 2013 b.c
cos θ =
| b || c |
Ans : (d) efJekeâuhe mes a.b = 3
3 + 12 + 20 35
ÙeneB ( 2,1, −1) .1, , −  = 3 nw~ cos θ = , cos θ =
1 1
 2 2 41 35 41 35
c, a kesâ yeerÛe keâesCe–
( 
) 1 1 
2iˆ + ˆj − kˆ . iˆ + ˆj − kˆ  = 3
 2 2  cos θ =
c.a
| c || a |
58. The volume of the parallelepiped determined
by the vectors 2 + 3 + 20 25
cos θ = ⇒ cos θ =
u = i + 2j − k, v = −2i + 3k, w = 7j − 4k is 35 21 35 21
meefoMeeW u = i + 2j − k, v = −2i + 3k, w = 7j − 4k 60. a =(1,1,1) and c =(0,1,–1) are two given
Éeje efveefce&le meceevlej <ešdheâuekeâ keâe DeeÙeleve nesiee vectors. What will be vector b such that
(a) 23 cube unit / 23 Ieve FkeâeF& a × b = c and a.b = 10 / a =(1,1,1) leLee c
(b) 33 cube unit/ 33 Ieve FkeâeF&
=(0,1,–1) efoÙes ieÙes oes meefoMe nw~ b meefoMe keäÙee nesiee
(c) –31 cube unit/ –31 Ieve FkeâeF&
peyeefkeâ a × b = c leLee a.b = 10 nw?
(d) 21 cube unit/ 21 Ieve FkeâeF&
(a) (4,3,3) (b) (3,3,3)
PGT 2010
(c) (3,2,2) (d) (2,2,2)
Ans : (a) DeeÙeleve = [u v w] PGT 2010
1 2 −1 Ans : (a) efJekeâuhe mes,
= −2 0 3 ceevee, b = 4iˆ + 3iˆ + 3kˆ
0 7 −4 efoÙee, a = î + ˆj + kˆ
= 1(0-21) -2(8-0) -1(-14-0) lees a.b = 4 + 3 + 3 = 10 mener nw
= -21-16+14 = 23 Ieve FkeâeF& i j k
59. Vectors 2iˆ − ˆj − 4k,
ˆ î − 3jˆ − 5kˆ and 3iˆ − 4jˆ − 4kˆ Deewj a × b = 1 1 1 = i ( 3 − 3) − j( 3 − 4 ) + k ( 3 − 4 )
are the sides of a triangle. Which one of the 4 3 3
following is the angle between any two of
a × b = 0iˆ + ˆj − kˆ
them?/ meefoMe 2iˆ − ˆj − 4k,
ˆ î − 3jˆ − 5kˆ leLee
3iˆ − 4jˆ − 4kˆ Skeâ ef$eYegpe keâer YegpeeSB nQ~ efvecveefueefKele
pees efoÙee nw, c = ( 0,1, −1) leye = 0iˆ + ˆj − kˆ
ceW mes keâewve GveceW mes efkeâvneR oes kesâ yeerÛe keâe keâesCe nw? Dele: a × b = c mener nw~
2
6 6 61. The equation of the plane passing through
(a) cos −1 (b) cos −1 three points −2iˆ + 6jˆ − 6k, ˆ − 3iˆ + 10jˆ − 9kˆ and
41 41
6
6 −5iˆ − 6kˆ is/ Gme meceleue keâe meceerkeâjCe keäÙee nesiee pees
(c) cos −1 (d) None of these efyevog −2iˆ + 6jˆ − 6k,
ˆ − 3iˆ + 10jˆ − 9kˆ leLee −5iˆ − 6kˆ
41
PGT 2010 mes neskeâj peelee nw?
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(a) ( )
r. 2iˆ − ˆj − 2kˆ = 8 (b) ( )
r. 2iˆ − ˆj − 2kˆ = 2 63. The value of scalar p such that vectors
2iˆ − ˆj + kˆ , iˆ + 2 ˆj − 3kˆ and 3iˆ + pjˆ + 5kˆ are
(c) r.( 2iˆ − ˆj − 2kˆ ) = 72 (d) r.( 2iˆ − ˆj − 2kˆ ) = 18
coplanar, is/ Ùeefo meefoMe 2iˆ − ˆj + kˆ , iˆ + 2 ˆj − 3kˆ
PGT 2010
Deewj 3iˆ + pjˆ + 5kˆ meceleueerÙe nes lees p keâe ceeve nesiee?
Ans : (b) Let a = − 2iˆ + 6ˆj − 6kˆ (a) 3 (b) –3 (c) –4 (d) 4
b = − 3iˆ +10jˆ − 9kˆ PGT 2009
c = − 5iˆ − 6kˆ Ans : (c) If 2iˆ − ˆj + k,i
ˆ + 2ˆj − 3kˆ and 3iˆ + pjˆ + 5kˆ are
coplanar then
eqn of plane passing through a, b,c is
2 −1 1
( )
r. b × c + c × a + a × b = a b c 
1 2 −3 = 0
b × c = − 60iˆ + 27ˆj + 50kˆ 3 p 5
c × a = 36iˆ −18jˆ − 30kˆ ⇒ 2(10 + 3 p ) + 1(5 + 9) + 1( p − 6) = 0
a × b = 6iˆ − 0ˆj − 2kˆ ⇒ 20 + 14 − 6 + 6 p + p = 0
a b c  = − 18 7 p = −28
 
Hence, ⇒ p = −4
( )
r. −18iˆ + 9ˆj +18kˆ = − 18 64. If r be position vector of a particle of mass m
relative to a point 0 then the vector sum
r.( 2iˆ − ˆj − 2kˆ ) = 2 H = Σr × mv = Σmr × v is called
62. A unit vector perpendicular to the plane of Ùeefo r efkeâmeer keâCe keâer efmLeefle meefoMe efpemekeâe õJÙeceeve
m efkeâmeer efyevog O kesâ meehes#e lees meefoMe Ùeesie
vectors a = 2iˆ − 6 ˆj − 3kˆ and b = 4iˆ + 3 ˆj − kˆ is
H = Σr × mv = Σmr × v keâes keâne peelee nw?
Skeâ meceleue kesâ meefoMeeW a = 2iˆ − 6 ˆj − 3kˆ Deewj (a) momentum / ieefle
b = 4iˆ + 3 ˆj − kˆ kesâ uecye FkeâeF& meefoMe nw? (b) linear momentum /jsKeerÙe ieefle
(a) 15iˆ − 10 ˆj + 30kˆ (b) 5iˆ − 2 ˆj + 3kˆ (c) angular momentum /keâesCeerÙe ieefle
⌢ ⌢ ⌢ (d) angular potential energy/ keâesCeerÙe mecYeeefJele Tpee&
3ˆ 2 ˆ 6 ˆ
(c) i − j+ k (d) 3i − 2 j + 6k PGT 2009
7 7 7
PGT 2009 Ans : (c) If r be the position vector of a particle of
mass m relative to a point 'O' then the vector sum
Ans : (c) It is given that a = 2iˆ − 6ˆj − 3kˆ and H = Σ r × mv = Σmr × v
b = 4iˆ + 3jˆ − kˆ is known as angular momentum.
65. If a unit vector in xy-plane makes an angle of
iˆ ˆj kˆ 45o with the vector î + ˆj and an angle of 600
Then, a ×b = 2 −6 −3
with vector 3iˆ − 4ˆj, the vector will be
4 3 −1
Ùeefo keâesF& FkeâeF& meefoMe xy-meceleue hej 45o keâe keâesCe
= iˆ(6 + 9) − ˆj(−2 +12) + kˆ(6 + 24) yeveelee nw meefoMe î + ˆj kesâ meeLe Deewj 600 keâe keâesCe
= 15iˆ − 10 ˆj + 30kˆ yeveelee nw meefoMe 3iˆ − 4ˆj, kesâ meeLe lees meefoMe nesiee
Unit vector perpendicular to a × b is î + ˆj
(a) î (b)
a ×b 15iˆ − 10 ˆj + 30kˆ 2
nˆ = =
| a ×b | 225 + 100 + 900 î − ˆj
15i − 10 ˆj + 30kˆ
ˆ 2
= PGT 2005
1225
Ans : (d) Let the unit vector in xy-plane is xi+yj. then
15i − 10 ˆj + 30kˆ
ˆ
= x2+y2 = 1 .......(i)
35 According to the question,
( )( )
3ˆ 2 ˆ 6 ˆ
nˆ = i − j + k îx + yjˆ . î + ˆj = xiˆ + yjˆ . i + j. .cos 450
7 7 7
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= (x 2
+ y2 ) 2.
1
2
(From eq. (i)) Ans : (b) a + b + c = 0
Deye a kesâ meeLe Je»e iegCeve keâjves hej
⇒ x+y=1 ...... (ii)
a×a +b ×a + c ×a = 0
and ( )( )
xiˆ + yjˆ . 3iˆ − 4ˆj = x 2 + y 2 25.cos 600 ⇒ a ×b = c × a (∵ b × a = + a × b )
5
3x–4y = ......... (iii) Fmeer lejn mes a × b = b × c Deewj c × a = b × c
2 ⇒ a ×b = b ×c = c × a
Equation (ii) & (iii) we get.
13 1 69. If a , b and c are three coplanar unit vector,
x = and y = then the scalar triple product
14 14
The value of x and y does not satisfy the eqn (i). Hence  2a − b , 2b − c , 2c − a  will be
 
no value of x and y satisfy the given condition. (a) 0 (b) 1
66. If a + b = | a | + | b | where a and b are any (c) − 3 (d) 3
vectors, then this equality PGT 2004
(a) always holds/ ncesMee mener nw Ans : (a)  2a − b , 2b − c , 2c − a 
 
(b) never holds /keâYeer mener veneR nw
= (2a − b ).[( 2b − c ) × ( 2c − a )]
(c) hold only when a = kb (k ≥ 0) or one of
= (2a − b ).[4(b × c ) − 2b × a − c × 2c + c × a]
a and b is zero/mener leye nw peye a = kb (k ≥ 0) Ùee
= (2a − b ).[4(b × c ) − 2(b × a ) + c × a ]
a Ùee b keâesF& Skeâ MetvÙe nw
= 2.4[a b c ] –4 [a b a ] + 2[a c a ]
(d) holds only a = b = 0/mener leye nw peye a = b = 0
PGT 2004 −4[b b c ] + 2[b b a ] − [b c a ]
Ans : (c) Given that a + b = a + b = 8[a b c ] − [b c a ] ⇒ 7  abc  , = 0

 
This condition holds only when ÛetBefkeâ a , b , c Skeâ meceleueerÙe FkeâeF& meefoMe nw FmeefueS
a = Kb
[a , b , c ] = 0 Deewj [ b , c , a ] = 0
Where K is some scalar and K≥0
⇒ [2a − b , 2b − c , 2c − a ] = 0
67. If a, b, c are unit vectors, then
70. If a and b are two unit vectors such that
| aˆ − bˆ |2 + | bˆ − cˆ |2 + | cˆ − aˆ |2 does not exceed
a + 2b and 5a − 4b are perpendicular to each
(a) 4 (b) 9
(c) 8 (d) 6 other, then the angle between a and b is
PGT 2004 (a) 450 (b) 600
1 2
Ans : (b) | aˆ − bˆ |2 + | bˆ − cˆ |2 + | cˆ − aˆ |2 (c) cos −1   (d) cos −1  
 
3 7
⇒ aˆ 2 + bˆ2 − 2 aˆ . bˆ cosθ + bˆ2 + cˆ2 − 2 bˆ cˆ cosθ PGT 2004
+ cˆ 2 + aˆ 2 − 2 aˆ cˆ cos θ Ans : (b) efoÙee nw, | a |=| b |= 1
= 1+1–2cosθ+1+1–2cosθ+1+1–2cosθ leye, a.b = 0
ˆ ˆ are unit vectors).
ˆ b,c
= 6–6 cosθ (∵ a, Deye, (a + 2b ).(5a − 4b ) = 0
But cosθ≤ 1 5 | a |2 −4 | a || b | cos θ
⇒ 6–6≤ cosθ ≤ 6 +10 | a || b | cosθ − 8 | b |2 = 0
Hence | aˆ − bˆ |2 + | bˆ − cˆ |2 + | cˆ − aˆ |2 ≤ 6 = 5 + 6cos θ − 8 = 0
68. If the vectors a , b and c form the sides BC, CA 6cosθ = 3
and AB respectively of a triangle ABC, then cosθ = ½, cos θ = cos 60o
(a) a. b + b . c + c . a = 0 (b) a×b =b×c = c×a Dele: θ = 600
(c) a. b = b . c = c . a (d) a × b + b × c = c × a 71. If a and b are unit vectors such that
PGT 2004 a . b = cos θ then the value of | a + b | is
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θ meefoMe #es$eheâue
(a) 2sin (b) 2sin θ
2 1
·  26ɵi − 19 ɵj − kɵ + (−6iˆ) + 5 ˆj − kˆ + (−2)iˆ + 3 ˆj + kˆ 
θ 2
(c) 2cos (d) 2 cos θ
2 1
PGT 2004 = 18ɵi − 11ɵj − kɵ 
2
Ans : (c) met$e | a + b |2 =| a |2 + | b |2 +2 | a || b | cosθ 74. The volume of the tetrahedron whose vertices
= 1 + 1 + 2 cosθ = 2 (1 + cosθ) are given by the vectors − iˆ + ˆj + kˆ , ( )
| a + b | = 2(1 + cos θ ) = 4cos θ/2
2 2
( iˆ − ˆj + kˆ ) , ( iˆ + ˆj − kˆ ) with reference to the
⇒ | a + b |= 2cos θ / 2 fourth vertex as origin is
72. Moment of force F = 3iˆ + 2 ˆj − 4kˆ passing 3 2 3 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
through the point (1, -1, 2) about (2, 0, 2) is 4 3 2 3
(a) 4iˆ + 4 ˆj + kˆ (b) 4iˆ − 4 ˆj + kˆ PGT 2003
1
(c) 4iˆ + 4 ˆj + 5kˆ (d) 4iˆ + 4 ˆj − 5kˆ Ans : (b) Ûeleg<heâuekeâ keâe DeeÙeleve · a b c 
6
PGT 2004
a1 a2 a3
Ans : (b) d = (2 − 1)iˆ + (0 + 1) ˆj + (2 − 2)kˆ 1
= b1 b2 b3
d = î + ˆj 6
c1 c2 c3
iˆ ˆj kˆ −1 1 1
1
yeue DeeIetCe& = F × d = 3 2 −4 = 1 −1 1
6
1 1 0 1 1 1
1
= iˆ(0 + 4) − ˆj (0 + 4) + kˆ(3 − 2) = 4iˆ − 4 ˆj + kˆ = ( −1)( −1 − 1) − 1(1 − 1) + 1(1 + 1)
6
73. Vector area of the triangle the position vectors
1 4 2
of those vertices are (2, 3,–5), (3, 4, 2), (1, 1,–1) = [ 0 + 2 + 2] = =
1 1 6 6 3
(a) (18,−11,−1) (b) (18,−11,−1)
2 4 75. If the vectors a = 2iˆ − 3jˆ and bˆ = 4iˆ − 3kˆ are
1 1
(c) (18,−11,−1) (d) (18,−11,−1) given then the expression which is not defined is :
8 3
(a) a + b (b) a × b
PGT 2003
Ans : (a) Ùeefo a, b, c, Meer<eeX kesâ efmLeefle–meefoMe neW lees meefoMe
(c) ( a.b ) a (d) (a × b) a
PGT 2002
1
#es$eheâue · a×b+b×c +c×a  Ans : (d) since
2
î ˆj a = 2iˆ − 3jˆ
kˆ
a×b= 2 3 -5 =iˆ ( 6+20 ) –jˆ ( 4+15 ) +kˆ ( 8–9 ) b = 4iˆ − 3kˆ
3 4 2 a × b is a vector then cross and dot product are defined
only between vector. But multiplication is not defined.
ˆ ˆ ˆ
= 26i-19j-k 76. The vector 2i+j–k is ⊥ to i–4j+λk, if λ is equal to:
iɵ ˆj kˆ
(a) 0 (b) –1
(c) –2 (d) –3
b×c= 3 4 2 =iˆ ( -4-2 ) -jˆ ( -3-2 ) +kˆ ( 3-4 ) = -6i+5j-k
ɵ ɵ ɵ
PGT 2002
1 1 -1 ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ
Ans : (c) meefoMe 2i + j − k leLee i − 4 j + λk oesveebs Skeâ otmejs
iɵ ĵ kˆ hej uecye nQ~
1 -1 =iɵ ( -5+3) -ɵj ( -5+2 ) +kˆ ( 3-2 )
c×a= 1
2 3 -5
∴ ( 2iˆ + ˆj − kˆ ).( î − 4ˆj + λkˆ ) = 0
2×1+1×(–4)–1×λ = 0
ɵ ɵ ˆ
=-2i+3j+k 2–4–λ=0 ⇒ λ = –2

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77. If x and y are two unit vectors and φ is the λ.OC + 1.OA
1 OB =
angle between them, then x − y is equal to : λ +1
2
π
(a) 0 (b)
2
1 1
(c) sin φ (d) cos φ
2 2
PGT 2002
( ) ( )
λ. lî + mjˆ + nkˆ + 1. î + ˆj
Ans : (c) efoÙee nw- x Deewj y oesveeW FkeâeF& meefoMe nw~ ( )
−î − ˆj =
( λ + 1)
leye, x = 1 and y = 1
φ, x Deewj y kesâ ceOÙe keâesCe nw~
( λ + 1) ( −î − ˆj) = ( lλ + 1) î + ( mλ + 1) ˆj + nλkˆ
met$e 2 2
x − y = x + y − 2 x y cos φ
2 Comparing it with î, ˆj,&kˆ , we get
2
− ( λ + 1) = ( l λ + 1) , − ( λ + 1) = ( mλ + 1) and nλ= 0
x − y = 1 + 1 − 2 cos φ
⇒ lλ+1=mλ+1 and nλ= 0
2
x − y = 2 − 2 cos φ ⇒ (l-m)λ=0 ⇒ λ≠0 ⇒ n= 0 ∵ λ ≠ 0
2
{ (
x − y = 2 1 − 1 − 2sin 2 φ / 2 )} ⇒l=m
Hence the vector are collinear if l=m and n=0, l is any
2
(
x − y = 2 1 − 1 + 2sin 2 φ / 2 ) scalar.
80. The projection of the vector î − 2jˆ + kˆ on the
2
x − y = 4sin 2 φ / 2
vector 4iˆ − 4jˆ + 7kˆ is:
x − y = 2 sin φ / 2
6 9
1 φ (a) (b)
x − y = sin 19 19
2 2 5 6 19
78. The work done by the force F=2i–3j+2k in (c) (d)
19 9
moving a particle from (3,4,5) to (1,2,3) is: PGT 2000
3
(a) 0 (b) Ans : (d) Let a = î − 2 j + kˆ
2
(c) –4 (d) –2 b = 4iˆ − 4 j + 7kˆ
PGT 2002
∴ a.b = 4 + 8 + 7 = 19
Ans : (d) yeue F = 2iˆ − 3jˆ + 2kˆ
and b = 16 + 16 + 49 = 9
leLee keâCe keâe efJemLeeheve d = (1, 2,3) − ( 3, 4,5 )
∴ The projection of the vector î − 2jˆ + kˆ on the vector
= (–2, –2, –2)
∴ kegâue keâeÙe& W = F . d a.b 19
4iˆ − 4jˆ + 7kˆ is = =
|b| 9
( )(
= 2iˆ − 3jˆ + 2kˆ . −2iˆ − 2ˆj − 2kˆ ) 81. The angle between
= –4 + 6 – 4 = –2 a = 3iˆ + ˆj + 2k,b
ˆ = 2iˆ − 2jˆ + 4kˆ is:
79. The position vectors of three points A, B and C
are i+j, –i–j and li+mj+nk respectively. The  3 −2
(a) cos −1 
 7 
(b)
points are collinear if :   7
(a) l=m=n=1
3 4
(b) l= 1, m and n are any scalars (c) (d)
(c) m= l, n = 0, l is any scalar 4 7
(d) None of these PGT 2000
PGT 2002 Ans : (a) meefoMe a = 3iˆ + ˆj + 2k,ˆ Deewj b = 2iˆ − 2ˆj + 4kˆ
Ans : (c) Position vector of three points ceevee meefoMe a Deewj b kesâ yeerÛe keâe keâesCe θ nw~ leye
OA = î + ˆj, OB = −î − ˆj and OC = lî + mjˆ + nkˆ
are collinear if
(
a.b = 3iˆ + ˆj + 2K )(
ˆ . 2iˆ − 2ˆj + 4K
ˆ
)
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= 6–2+8 = 12 2 2 2
met$e, p − q = p + q − 2p.q
a = 9 + 1 + 4 = 14
= 14 + 19 − 2 ( 3 − 6 + 3) = 14 + 19 − 0 = 33
b = 4 + 4 + 16 = 24 2 2 2
met$e p + q = p + q + 2p.q
a.b 12 3
∴ cos θ = ⇒ cos θ = =
( 14 ) + ( 19 )
2 2
a.b 2 2. 3 × 2 7 7 + 2 × 0 = 33
(p + q)
2 2
and = p−q = 33
3 −1 
⇒ θ = cos 
 7 
(p − q)
2 2
  Hence = p+q
82. (
Vector b × b × a is coplanar with ) 85. If p = −5i + j − k, q = 2i + j + 2k, and
r = 4i + 2j − 2k, then the volume of cubid whose
meefoMe b × ( b × a ) meceleueerÙe nw
coterminous edges are q + r,r + p and p + q is
(a) a only /kesâJeue a kesâ Ùeefo p = −5i + j − k, q = 2i + j + 2k leLee
(b) b only / kesâJeue b kesâ r = 4i + 2j − 2k, leye Gme IeveeYe keâe DeeÙeleve efpemekeâer
(c) both a and b /oesveeW a Deewj b kesâ meneJemeeveer YegpeeSB q + r,r + p leLee p + q nQ, nesiee
(d) neither a nor b /ve lees a ve ner b kesâ 42 cubic unit /42 Ieve FkeâeF&
(a)
Rajasthan TGT 2016 84cubic unit /84 Ieve FkeâeF&
(b)
( )
Ans : (c) Vector a × b × c in a vector coplanar with 126 cubic unit /126 Ieve FkeâeF&
(c)
168 cubic unit /168 Ieve FkeâeF&
(d)
b & c and perpendicular to a Rajasthan TGT 2016
( )
Hence b × b × a is a vector coplanar with b & a Ans : (b) Given that p = −5i + j − k, q = 2iˆ + ˆj + 2kˆ
ˆ ˆ ˆ
83. a × b × ( c × a )  = and r = 4iˆ + 2ˆj − 2kˆ

∴ Let a = q + r = 6iˆ + 3jˆ + 0kˆ
(a) ( a.b ).( a × c ) (b) ( a.b ).( c × a )
b = r + p = −î + 3jˆ − 3kˆ
(c) ( a.c ) − ( b.c ) (d) ( a.c ) ( b × a )
c = p + q = −3iˆ + 2ˆj + kˆ
Rajasthan TGT 2016
b × c = +9iˆ + 10ˆj + 7kˆ
(
Ans : (a) We know a × b × c = ( a.c ) b − a.b c ) ( ) then the volume of cuboid is given by
leye, a ×  b × ( c × a )  = a. ( c × a ) b − ( a.b ) ( c × a ) V = a b c  = a. b × c( )
= [ a c a ] b + ( a.b ) ( a × c ) ( )(
= 6iˆ + 3jˆ + 0kˆ . +9iˆ + 10ˆj + 7kˆ )
= 0.b + ( a.b ) ( a × c )
= 54+30+0 = 84 cubic unit
86. a,b, c are non-zero non-coplanar vectors and
a ×  b × ( c × a )  = ( a.b ) ( a × c ) b×c c ×a a×b
p= ,q = ,r = , then [abc]=
[bca] [cab] [abc]
84. If p = i − 2j + 3k and q = 3i + 3j + k, then
a,b, c DeMetvÙe DemeceleueerÙe meefoMe nQ leLee
(p − q )
2
is equal to/ Ùeefo p = i − 2j + 3k leLee
b×c c ×a a×b
q = 3i + 3j + k, leye ( p − q ) yejeyej nw:
2 p= ,q = ,r = , leye [abc]=
[bca] [cab] [abc]
(a) p − q (b) p+q (a) [pqr] (b) [pqr]2
(c) [pqr]–1 (d) 0
(p + q)
2 2 2
(c) p −q (d)
Rajasthan TGT 2016
Ans : (c) ∵ a b c  =
Ans : (d) Given that p = î − 2ˆj + 3kˆ and q = 3iˆ + 3jˆ + kˆ a, b,c 
 
leye, p − q = −2iˆ − 5ˆj + 2kˆ & p + q = 4iˆ + ˆj + 4kˆ
Where a, b & c are reciprocal system of vector a, b & c
p = 14, q = 19 respectively.
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and is given by 88. Ùeefo a Deewj b DemecejsKeerÙe meefoMe nQ leLee x Deewj y Fme
b×a c×a a×b Øekeâej DeefoMe nQ efkeâ xa + yb = 0, lees
a' = , b' = & c' =
a b c  a b c  a b c 
      If a and b are non-collinear vectors and x and y
and given that
are scalars such that xa + yb = 0, then
b× c c×a
a×b
p= , q= , r= (a) x = 0, y ≠ 0 (b) x = 0, y = 0
 b ca  c a b  a b c 
      (c) x ≠ 0, y ≠ 0 (d) x = 1, y = 1
b× c c×a a×b Rajasthan TGT 2015
⇒ p= , q= , r= ..... (2)
a b c   a bc  a b c 
      Ans. (b) : If a and b are non-collinear vector and x and
comparing (1) & (2), we get y are scalars such that xa + yb = 0, then x = 0, y = 0.
a ' = p, b ' = q, c ' = r
89. Ùeefo leerve DeMetvÙe meefoMe
a, b, c, nQ lees
1
∴ a b c  = (a × b).c = a b c Ùeefo Deewj kesâJeue Ùeefo
  [ pqr ]
or a b c  = [ pqr ]−1 (a) a.b = 0; b.c = 0 (b) b.c = 0; c.a = 0

 
87. The point of intersection of vector lines (c) c.a = 0;a.b = 0
( ) (
7iˆ + 10jˆ + 13kˆ + k 2iˆ + 3jˆ + 4kˆ and
1 ) (d) a.b = 0; b.c. = 0;c.a = 0
Rajasthan TGT 2015
( 3iˆ + 5jˆ + 7kˆ ) + k ( î + 2jˆ + 3kˆ ) is given by
2 Ans. (d) : Given that,
meefoMe jsKeeDeeW ( 7iˆ + 10jˆ + 13kˆ ) + k ( 2iˆ + 3jˆ + 4kˆ )1
(a × b).c = a b c ...........(i)
leLee ( 3iˆ + 5jˆ + 7kˆ ) + k ( î + 2jˆ + 3kˆ ) keâe ØeefleÛÚso

2 Then Re-write (a × b).c = (a × b) c
efyevog efoÙee peelee nw met$e, a × b = a b nˆ sin θ
(a) î + ˆj + kˆ
= a b c sin θ ..............(ii)
(b) î − ˆj + kˆ
(c) î + ˆj − kˆ from (i) and (ii), we get
sin θ = 1 ⇒ θ = 900
Rajasthan TGT 2016 ∴ a.b = 0, b.c = 0, c.a = 0,
Ans : (a) Given vectors of lines are 90. leerve meceleueerÙe meefoMe a, b, c kesâ efueS
( ) (
7iˆ + 10ˆj + 13kˆ + K 2iˆ + 3jˆ + 4kˆ &
1 ) a, + b, b, + c, c, +a  =
 
( 3iˆ + 5jˆ + 7kˆ ) + K ( î + 2ˆj + 3kˆ )
2 2
(a) 2  a b c  (b) a b c 
If these two lines intersect then    
( ) (
7iˆ + 10ˆj + 13kˆ + K 2iˆ + 3jˆ + 4kˆ
1 ) (c) −2 a b c 
 
(d) 0
= ( 3iˆ + 5jˆ + 7kˆ ) + K ( î + 2ˆj + 3kˆ )
⇒ ( 7 + 2K1 ) î + (10 + 3K1 ) ˆj + (13 + 4K1 ) kˆ Ans : (d) If a, b, c are coplaner
= ( 3 + K 2 ) î + ( 5 + 2K 2 ) ˆj + ( 7 + 3K 2 ) kˆ ( )
then, a. b × c =  a b c  = 0
 
Comparing it we get
2K1–K2 = –4 .............. (1) a + b b + c c + a 
 
3K1–2K2=–5 ............... (2)
& 4K1–3k2=–6
Solving (1) & (2) we get
................(3) ( ) {( ) ( )}
Now, = a + b . b + c × c + a
Given, ( a + b ) .{( b × c ) + ( b × a ) + ( c × c ) + ( c × a )}
K1= –3, K2= –2
Putting these value in (3) we get K1&K2 satisfies the 3rd
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
equation. Hence the given line intersect each other By
putting the value of K1 or K2 in either the line we get = a. b × c + a. b × a + a. c × a + b. b × c + b. b × a + b. c × a
the point of Intersection put K1= –3 in (1), we get the
point of intersection as î + ˆj + kˆ (∵ c × c = 0)
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= a b c  + a b a  + a c a  +  b b c  +  b b a  +  b c a  Ans : (d) let a and b are two unit vectors
           
Such that a + b = 1
= a b c  +  a b c 
    2
other triple products having two equal vectors being zero. ⇒ a + b = 12
= 2 a b c  = 0
  ( ∵ a b c are coplanar ) (a + b)(a + b) = 1
2 2
91. Let a = î + ˆj, b = ˆj+ kˆ and c are three vectors of ⇒ a + b + 2a.b = 1
same length and equally inclined to each other, ⇒ 1 + 1 + 2 a . b cos θ = 1
then the direction ratio's of vector c is-
−1 π
ceevee leerve meefoMe a = î + ˆj, b = ˆj+ kˆ leLee c , meceeve ⇒ cos θ = = − cos
2 3
uecyeeF& kesâ leLee hejmhej yejeyej Pegkesâ neW lees meefoMe c kesâ  π
efokedâ Devegheele nw– ⇒ cos θ = cos  π − 
 3
(a) 1, 2, − 3 (b) −1, 2, − 1  2π 
⇒ cos θ = cos  
(c) −1, 4, − 1 (d) −1,0,1  3 
Rajasthan TGT 2013 2π
θ=
3
Ans : (c) Given that – a = î + ˆj, b = ˆj + kˆ
93. if vectors a = î − ˆj + k,
ˆ b = î + 2jˆ − kˆ and
Let c = xiˆ + yjˆ + zk.
ˆ Then
c = 3iˆ + αˆj + 5kˆ are coplanar, then the value of
a = b = c ⇒ x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 2.........(i)
α is/ Ùeefo meefoMe a = î − ˆj + k,ˆ b = î + 2jˆ − kˆ leLee
It is given that a, b, c are equally inclined c = 3iˆ + αˆj + 5kˆ meceleueerÙe neW, lees α keâe ceeve nw–
a .b a .c b.c (a) 2 (b) 6 (c) -2 (d) -6
∴ = = Rajasthan TGT 2011
a b a c b c
Ans : (d) Since
1 x+ y y+z a = î − ˆj + k,
ˆ b = î + 2ˆj − kˆ & c = 3iˆ + αˆj + 5kˆ
= =
2 2 2 are coplanar then
⇒x+y=1=y+z 1 −1 1
⇒ x = z and y = 1 – z 1 2 −1 = 0
putting value of x & y in (i), we get
3 α 5
z2 + (1 – z)2 + z2 = 2
⇒ z + 1+z2 – 2z + z2 = 2
2 ⇒ 1(10 + α) + 1(5 + 3) + 1(α − 6) = 0
⇒ 3z2 – 2z – 1 = 0 ⇒ 10 + α + 8 + α − 6 = 0
1 −12
⇒ (3 z + 1) (z – 1) = 0 ⇒ z =1, − ⇒ 2α + 12 = 0 ⇒ α = = −6
3 2
for z = 1, x = 1 & y = 0 ⇒ α = −6
1 1 4
for z = − , x = − & y = 94. ɵ 2iɵ − ɵj + 4kɵ and
If the vectors ɵi + 3jɵ − 2k,
3 3 3
Hence c = î + 0 ˆj + kˆ or c=−
1ˆ 4ˆ 1 ˆ
i + j− k
3iɵ + 2jɵ + xkɵ are coplanar, then the value of x is–
3 3 3 ɵ 2iɵ − ɵj + 4kɵ leLee
Ùeefo meefoMe ɵi + 3jɵ − 2k,
∴ d.r.'s of c is (1, 0, 1) or (–1, 4, –1).
3iɵ + 2jɵ + xkɵ meceleueerÙe nQ, lees x keâe ceeve nw–
92. if the sum of two unit vectors is a unit vector,
then angle between then is (a) 1 (b) 3 (c) –2 (d) 2
Ùeefo oes FkeâeF& meefoMeeW keâe Ùeesie Skeâ FkeâeF& meefoMe nes, KVS TGT DEC 2017
lees Gvekesâ yeerÛe keâe keâesCe nesiee– Ans. (d) : The vector's are
1 3 −2
π π 3π 2π
(a) (b) (c) (d) Coplanar = 2 −1 4 = 0
3 4 4 3
Rajasthan TGT 2011 3 2 x

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( − x − 8) − 3(2x − 12) − 2(4 + 3) = 0 Ans. (c) : Given, a = 1, b = 4 and c = 8
− x − 8 − 6x + 36 − 14 = 0
x=2 ( ) (
a. b + c + b. c + a + c. a + b = 0) ( )
95. Given that a and b are unit vectors. If the ( )
⇒ 2 ab + bc + ca = 0............ ( i )
vectors p = 3a − 5b and q = a + b are mutually 2
a+b+c = a 2 + b 2 + c 2 +2(ab + bc + ca)
perpendicular. then–/ efoÙee nw efkeâ a leLee b Skeâkeâ
Put the value
meefoMe nQ~ Ùeefo p = 3a − 5b leLee q = a + b hejmhej
uebyeJele meefoMe nQ, lees– a + b + c 2 = 1+ 16 + 64 = 81
(a) a and b are also mutually perpendicular. a+b+c = 9

a leLee b Yeer hejmhej uebyeJele nQ~
−15 15
(b) a , b have opposite directions
97. Given two vectors x = 3 and y = 9 .
a , b efJehejerle (opposite) efoMeeDeeW ceW nQ~
−9 k
π
(c) a and b make an angle of For x and y to be orthogonal, value of k is–
3
π −15 15
a leLee b ceW keâe keâesCe nw~
3 oes meefoMe x= 3 leLee y = 9 efoS ngS nQ~
π −9 k
(d) a and b make an angle of
4 k keâe Jen ceeve efpemekesâ efueS oesveeW meefoMe hejmhej
π
a leLee b ceW keâe keâesCe nw~ uebyeJele nQ, nw–
4
KVS TGT DEC 2017 (a) 22 (b) –22 (c) 17.75 (d) –17.75
Ans. (b) : Given, KVS TGT DEC 2017
P = 3a − 5b Ans. (b) : Let The two vector of
q=a+b x = −15a + 3b − 9c, y = 15a + 9b + kc

then orthogonal
p.q are mutually perpendicular vector
x.y = 0
p.q = 0
−225 + 27 − 9k = 0
(3a − 5b)(a + b) = 0
2 2 k = −22
3 a −5 a b cos θ + 3 a b cos θ − 5 b =0
a, b are unite vector 26 1
−2 − 2 a b cos θ = 0 98. meefoMe x = 12 keâes meefoMeeW C1 = −1 ,
2 a b cos θ = −2 2 −1
a b cos θ = − 1, co s θ = cos π 1 0
θ=π C2 = 1 , leLee C3 = 0 , kesâ jwefKekeâle: mebÛeÙe
a, b have opposite direction. 0 1
96. Let a,b,c be there vectors such that ™he α C1 + β C2 + γ C3 ceW efueKeves kesâ efueS
a.(b + c) + b.(c + a) + c(a + b) = 0 and a = 1, α , β , γ kesâ ceeve, Fmeer ›eâce ceW nw–
(a) 7, 9, 19 (b) 9, 7, 19
b = 4 and c = 8 then a + b + c equals–
(c) 19, 9, 7 (d) 7, 19, 9
ceevee a,b,c leerve Ssmes meefoMe nQ, efkeâ KVS TGT DEC 2017
a.(b + c) + b.(c + a) + c(a + b) = 0 nw leLee a = 1, Ans. (d) : Let, x = α C1 + βC2 + γ C3
b = 4 leLee c = 8 nw, lees a + b + c yejeyej nw– 26 1 1 0

12 = α −1 + β 1 + λ 0
(a) 13 (b) 81 (c) 9 (d) 5
KVS TGT DEC 2017 2 −1 0 1

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then 101. oes meefoMe a leLee b Fme Øekeâej nw efkeâ a + b = a − b ,
α + β = 26............................(i) leye oesveeW meefoMeeW kesâ yeerÛe keâe keâesCe nesiee–
−α + β = 12.........................(ii) π π π
(a) (b) (c) (d) Fvecebs mes keâesF& veneR
−α + γ = 2.........................(ii) 4 8 2
equation (i), (ii) and (iii) solving TGT 2011
then α, β, γ ∈ (7,19,9) Ans : (c) ∵ a + b = a − b
99. Ùeefo meefoMe a = 2iˆ − 3jˆ − kˆ Deewj b = î + 4jˆ − 2kˆ ⇒ a + b 2 = a − b 2 {∵ oesveeW he#eeW keâe Jeie& keâjves hej}
efkeâmeer ef$eYegpe keâer oes YegpeeDeeW keâes ØeoefMe&le keâjles nw leye
a 2 + b 2 + 2 a b cos θ = a 2 + b 2 − 2 a b cos θ
ef$eYegpe keâe #es$eHeâue keäÙee nesiee?
1 ⇒4 a b cos θ = 0 ( a, b, unit vector )
(a) 232 (b) 232
2 π π
⇒ cos θ = 0 cos θ = cos , θ =
1 2 2
(c) 234 (d) 230
2 π
Dele: oesveeW meefoMe kesâ yeerÛe keâe keâesCe nw~
TGT 2013 2
1 ˆ
102. meefoMe λ i + j + 2k, ˆ ˆ î + λˆj − kˆ leLee 2iˆ − ˆj + λkˆ
Ans : (d) eq$eYegpe keâe #es. = a×b
2 Skeâ meceleueerÙe (Coplanar) nw, leye λ keâe ceeve nw–
î ˆj (a) –2 (b) 0 (c) 1 (d) –1
kˆ
TGT 2011
∴ a × b = 2 −3 −1
Ans : (a) Ùeefo meefoMe a = λ î + ˆj + 2k, ˆ
1 4 −2
b = î + λˆj − kˆ , c = 2iˆ − ˆj + λkˆ
= î ( 6 + 4 ) − ˆj ( −4 + 1) + kˆ ( 8 + 3)
Skeâ meceleueerÙe nQ leye
= 10iˆ + 3jˆ + 11kˆ λ 1 2
∴ a × b = 102 + 32 + 112 1 λ −1 = 0
2 −1 λ
= 100 + 9 + 121
= 230
⇒ { }
λ λ 2 − 1 − 1{λ + 2} + 2 {−1 − 2λ} = 0
⇒ λ 3 − λ − λ − 2 − 2 − 4λ = 0
1
∴ ∆ keâe #es$eheâue = a × b ⇒ λ 3 − 6λ − 4 = 0
2
efJekeâuhe mes, λ=–2 jKeves hej –8+12–4 = 0 ⇒ 0 = 0
∆ keâe #es$eheâue = (
1
2
230 ) Dele: λ keâe ceeve –2 nesiee~
103. Ùeefo oes FkeâeF& meefoMe a leLee b , x-De#e mes ›eâceMe: 300
ˆ ˆ ˆ
100. yeueÙegice F = 3i + 2j + k leLee − F Éeje ›eâceMe:
leLee 1200 keâe keâesCe yeveeles nQ, leye a + b keâe ceeve nesiee
ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ
efyevogDeeW i − j + k leLee 2i − 3j − k hej keâeÙe&jle
DeeIetCe& keâe ceeve %eele keâerefpeS– 2
(a) (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 2
3
(a) 2 5 (b) 3 5 (c) 4 5 (d) 5 5 TGT 2011
TGT 2011 Ans : (b) meefoMe a leLee b FkeâeF& meefoMe nQ
Ans : (d) Jemleg keâe efJemLeeheve d = (2iˆ − 3iˆ − k) − (iˆ − ˆj + k)
ˆ
leye, a = 1 Deewj b = 1
= î − 2jˆ − 2kˆ meefoMe a leLee b keâe x-De#e mes keâesCe 300 leLee 1200 nw~
∴ yeueÙegice kesâ Éeje keâeÙe&jle DeeIetCe& = F × d ∴ meefoMe a Deewj b kesâ yeerÛe keâesCe θ= 1200–300= 900
2
∴ a+b = a+b a+b
( )(
= î − 2jˆ − 2kˆ × 3iˆ + 2ˆj − kˆ )
2
= 6iˆ – 5jˆ + 8kˆ = a 2 + b + 2 a b cosθ = 1+1+2×1×1cos900
2
= 36 + 25 + 64 = 125 = 5 5 a+b =2 ⇒ a+b = 2

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104. meefoMe î + 2jˆ + 3k,
ˆ λ î + 4jˆ + 7k,
( )
ˆ − 3iˆ − 2jˆ − 5kˆ 107. efpeme efyevog hej meceleue r î − ˆj − kˆ = 2 jsKee
mebjsKe nes, lees λ keâe ceeve nesiee–

r = t ( 2iˆ + 3jˆ + kˆ ) mes efceuelee nw, Gme efyevog keâe
(a) 3 (b) 4
(c) 5 (d) 6 efmLeefle meefoMe nw:
î + 2ˆj + 3k,
ˆ λ î + 4ˆj + 7k,
ˆ
TGT 2011 (a) ( 2iˆ + 3jˆ + kˆ ) (
(b) − 2iˆ + 3jˆ + kˆ )
Ans : (a) Ùeefo meefoMe
(c) î + 3jˆ + 2kˆ (d) − ( î + 3jˆ + 2kˆ )
−3iˆ − 2ˆj − 5kˆ mebjsKe nes, leye
UP PCS (Pre) 1998
1 2 3
Ans. (b) : Solving the plane and line we get
λ 4 7 =0
−3 −2 −5
( )( )
t 2iˆ + 3jˆ + kˆ . î − ˆj − kˆ = 2
t (2–3–1) = 2, t = –1
⇒ 1 (–20+14)–2(–5λ+21) +3(–2λ+12) = 0
⇒ –6+10λ–42–6λ+36= 0
ˆ (ˆ ˆ
r = − 2i + 3j + k )
⇒ 4λ= 12 ⇒ λ =3 108. The value of the product a.(b × a) is (a ≠ 0,b ≠ 0)
105. yeue F = 2iˆ − ˆj − kˆ Éeje Ûeefuele Jemleg hej meefoMe (a) null vector
(b) non-null vector
a = 3iˆ + 2jˆ − 5kˆ kesâ meehes#e ieefleceeve keâjves hej efkeâÙee
(c) zero scalar
ieÙee keâeÙe& nw– (d) non-zero scalar
(a) 12 FkeâeF& UP PCS (Pre) 1994
(b) 11 FkeâeF&
Ans. (a) : a.(b × a) a.b.a 0
(c) 10 FkeâeF&
(d) 9 FkeâeF& Ùeefo DeefoMe ef$eiegCeve ceW keâesF& oes Jeskeäšj meceeve nw lees Gvekeâe DeefoMe
TGT 2011 ef$eiegCeve peerjeW neslee nQ~
Ans : (d) efkeâÙee ieÙee keâeÙe& hej = F.d 109. yeue 3 OA , 5 OB jsKee OA leLee OB keâer efoMee ceW
›eâceMe: ueies nQ~ Ùeefo Gvekeâer heefjCeeceer jsKee AB hej C mes
( )( )
= 2iˆ − ˆj − kˆ . 3iˆ + 2ˆj − 5kˆ = 6–2+5 = 9 FkeâeF&
neskeâj peeleer nw, lees –
106. efyevog ( î + 2jˆ + 3kˆ ) kesâ heefjle: leLee efyevog (a)
(b)
C is mid-point of AB then
C divides AB in the ratio 2:1
( −2iˆ + 3jˆ + kˆ ) hej keâeÙe&jle yeue î + ˆj + kˆ Éeje (c)
(d)
3 AC = 5 CB
5 AC = 3 CB
GlheVe DeeIetCe& nw– UP PCS (Pre) 1994
(a) 3iˆ − ˆj − 4kˆ Ans. (c) : ØecesÙe mes
(b) 3iˆ + ˆj − 4kˆ
(c) 3iˆ + ˆj + 4kˆ
TGT 2011
Ans : (b) ceevee meefoMe d1 = i + 2 j + 3k, d 2 = −2i + 3jˆ + kˆ
ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ
OA + AB = OB
∴ efJemLeeheve d = d1 − d 2 3 5
then =
( ) ( )
= î + 2jˆ + 3kˆ − −2iˆ + 3jˆ + kˆ = 3iˆ − ˆj + 2kˆ CB AC
∴ Glhevve DeeIetCe& = F × d Dele: 3AC = 5CB

î ˆj kˆ 110. The point of application of a force F = (0, 6, 8)
τ= 1 1 1 is changed from P(1, − 1, 2) to Q( −1,1, 2) . The
work done is–
3 −1 2
yeue F = (0, 6, 8) keâe ØeÙeesie efyevog P(1, −1, 2) mes
= î ( 2 + 1) − ˆj ( 2 − 3) + kˆ ( −1 − 3) = 3iˆ + ˆj − 4kˆ Q( −1,1, 2) yeouee ieÙee nw, lees efkeâÙee ieÙee keâece nw–

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(a) 6 units/6 FkeâeF& i j k
(b) 8 units/8 FkeâeF& 1
= 2 3 −1
2
(c) 10 units/10 FkeâeF& 1 5 −4
(d) 12 units/12 FkeâeF& 1
⇒ i(−12 + 5) − j(−8 + 1) + k(10 − 3)
UP PCS (Pre) 1994 2
Ans. (d) : F = (0, 6,8) , P = (1, −1, 2) , Q = (−1,1, 2) ⇒
1
−7i + 7 j + 7 k
2
PQ = OQ − OP = (−1,1, 2) − (1, −1, 2)
1
PQ = (−2, 2,0) ⇒ ( −7 ) 2 + ( 7 ) 2 + 7 2
2
W = F.PQ 1
7 3=
7
3
W = (6j + 8k).(−2i + 2j) 2 2
W = (0 + 12 + 0) 113. If A = ɵi + 2jɵ + 3k, ɵ B = −ɵi + 2jɵ + k,ɵ
W = 12Unit C = 3iɵ + ɵj then A + tB is perpendicular to C if

have value of scalar t is–
111. If A = 2i + 2j − k, B = 6i + 3j − 2k then the angle
Ùeefo A = ɵi + 2jɵ + 3k, ɵ B = −ɵi + 2jɵ + k, ɵ C = 3iɵ + ɵj
between A and B is –/Ùeefo A = 2i + 2j − k,
lees A + tB hej uecye nw C Ùeefo DeefoMe t keâe ceeve nw–
B = 6i + 3j − 2k lees A Deewj B kesâ yeerÛe keâe keâesCe nw (a) 2 (b) 6
(a) 300 (b) 600 (c) 4 (d) 5
20 5 UP PCS (Pre) 1995
(c) cos −1 (d) cos −1
21 21 ɵ ɵ ɵ
Ans. (d) : A = i + 2j + 3k, B = –i + 2ɵj + k,
ɵ ˆ
UP PCS (Pre) 1994
Ans. (c) : A = 2i + 2j − k,
( ) (
A + Bt = ɵi + 2ɵj + 3kˆ + t −ɵi + 2jɵ + kˆ , )
A + tB = (1 − t)iˆ + (2 + 2t)ˆj + (3 + t)kˆ
B = 6i + 3j − 2k
and C = 3iɵ + ɵj
A and B between the angle
a1.a 2 + b1.b 2 + c1.c2 if they are perpendicular then
cosθ = a1a 2 + b1b 2 + c1c 2 = 0
a12 + b12 + c12 a 22 + b2 2 + c 22
(1 − t)3 + (2 + 2t)1 + (3 + t) × 0 = 0
2 × 6 + 2 × 3 − 1 × ( −2 )
then, cos θ = 3 − 3t + 2 + 2t = 0 ⇒ 5 = t
22 + 22 + ( −1) 62 + 32 + ( −2 )
2 2
114. The force F = 2iɵ + 3jɵ + 4kɵ displaces the point P
12 + 6 + 2 20 20
cos θ = = ⇒ θ = cos −1 (-1,2,3) to the point Q (1,2,3). The work done by
9 × 49 21 21 the force is:/ yeue F = 2iɵ + 3jɵ + 4kɵ efyevog P (-
112. The area of the a triangle ABC whose vertices 1,2,3) keâes efyevog Q (1,2,3) lekeâ efJemLeeefhele keâjlee nw~
are A(1, − 2, 3), B(3,1, 2), C(2, 3, −1) is– yeue Éeje efkeâÙee ieÙee keâeÙe& nw:
Skeâ ef$eYegpe ABC kesâ Meer<e& A(1, −2, 3), B(3,1, 2), (a) 2 Unit/FkeâeF& (b) 3 Unit/FkeâeF&
C(2, 3, −1) nQ lees ef$eYegpe keâe #es$eheâue– (c) 4 Unit/FkeâeF& (d) 6 Unit/FkeâeF&
7 UP PCS (Pre) 1995
(a) 0 (b) 4 3 (c) 2 3 (d) 3
2 Ans. (c) : F = 2iɵ + 3jɵ + 4kɵ , P (-1,2,3), Q (1,2,3)
UP PCS (Pre) 1994
PQ = OQ − OP = (1, 2,3) − (−1, 2,3)
Ans. (d) : Given, A (1, –2, 3), B (3, 1, 2), C (2, 3, –1)
AB = OB − OA = (2,3, −1) = 2i + 3j − k PQ = (2,0,0,) = 2iˆ + 0ˆj + 0kˆ
AC = OC − OA = (1,5, −4) = i + 5j − 4k W = F × PQ
1 W = (2iˆ + 3jˆ + 3k)(2i

ˆ ˆ + 0ˆj + 0k)
ˆ
∆keâe #es$eheâue = AB × AC
2 W = 4 FkeâeF&

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115. If a.b are two unit vectors inclined at an angle 118. The value of λ for which x ≠ 1 the vectors
θ then:/Ùeefo a.b oes FkeâeF& meefoMe nQ pees Skeâ otmejs mes λiˆ + ˆj + k.
ˆ î + λjˆ + kˆ and î + ˆj + λkˆ are linearly
θ keâesCe hej vele nQ lees– dependent is:

ef peme DeefoMe λ, λ≠1 kesâ efueÙes, meefoMe
( )
2 2
(a) a × b + a.b = 1 λiˆ + ˆj + k.
ˆ î + λjˆ + kˆ Deewj î + ˆj + λkˆ SkeâIeelele:
(b) (a) a × b + ( a.b) = 2

2 2 hejlev$e neW lees Gmekeâe ceeve nw:
(a) 2 (b) 0
(a) a × b + ( a.b) = 0
2 2 (c) –1 (d) –2
(c)
UP PCS (Pre) 1999
(d) GheÙeg&òeâ ceW mes keâesF& veneR nw Ans. (d) : Ùeefo SkeâIeelele: hejlev$e nw lees
UP PCS (Pre) 1995
λ 1 1 
Ans. (a) : Ùeefo a, b FkeâeF& meefoMe nw lees 1 λ 1 = 0
 
a × b = a b sin θ  1 1 λ 
2 ⇒ λ(λ2–1)–1(λ–1)+1(1–λ) = 0
a × b = sin 2 θ....................... ( i )
⇒ λ3–λ–λ+1+1–λ = 0 ⇒ λ3–3λ+2= 0 ⇒ λ = –2
Deye, (a.b) = a b cos θ 119. peneB a, b, c ›eâceMe: DeMetvÙe meefoMeeW a, b, c kesâ JÙegl›eâce
(a.b) = cos θ............................... ( ii )
2 2
meefoMe nQ, lees a.a + b.b + c.c keâe ceeve nw:
meceer. (i) ± (ii) (a) 1
2 2 (b) 2
a × b + a.b = 1 (c) 3
116. If î, ˆj, kˆ are unit vectors along the axes (d) 0
UP PCS (Pre) 1999
respectively, then the angle between the vectors
î + ˆj and k̂ + î is: Ans. (c) : a, b, c None zero vector, a.a + b.b + c.c = 3
ˆˆ ˆˆ ˆ ˆ
jsKee î, ˆj, kˆ ›eâceMe: x, y, z De#eeW hej FkeâeF& meefoMe neW then i.i = j.j = k.k = 1 ⇒ 1+1+1=3
lees meefoMeeW î + ˆj leLee k̂ + î kesâ yeerÛe keâe keâesCe nw: 120. If the vectors 2iˆ + pjˆ + kˆ and - 5iˆ + 3jˆ + qkˆ are
π π collinear, then the values of p and q are:
(a) (b)
3 2 Ùeefo meefoMe 2iˆ + pjˆ + kˆ leLee - 5iˆ + 3jˆ + qkˆ mebjsKe nQ
π π leye p Deewj q kesâ ceeve nQ:
(c) (d)
4 6 6 -5 3 -5
(a) - , (b) − ,
UP PCS (Pre) 1999 5 2 2 2
ˆ ˆ ˆ ɵ
Ans. (a) : ceevee, a = i + j , b = i + k 3 6 5
(c) − , - 2 (d) − ,
2 5 2
a.b (i + j)(i + k) UP PCS (Pre) 1999
cos θ = =
a b 1+1 1+1
Ans. (a) : ceevee meefoMe a = 2iˆ + pjˆ + k,
ˆ b = −5iˆ + 3jˆ + qkˆ
cos θ = 1/ 2, cos θ = cos π / 3 , θ = π / 3
mebjsKe leye ⇒ a = λb
efkeâme DeefoMe λkesâ efueÙes meefoMe î, ˆj + k,
ˆ î + ˆj + λkˆ
( )
117.
2iˆ + pjˆ + kˆ = λ −5iˆ + 3jˆ + qkˆ
meceleueerÙe neW, Gmekeâe ceeve nw:
2
(a) –2 (b) –1 2 = −5λ, λ = − , p = 3λ
(c) 0 (d) 1 5
UP PCS (Pre) 1999 2 6
p = 3λ = −3 × = −
5 5
Ans. (d) : a = î , b = ˆj + kˆ , c = î + ˆj + λkˆ
2 5
1 0 0 1 = λq = − q, q=−
5 2
0 1 1 =0 ⇒ 1(λ–1) = 0 ⇒ λ = 1
leye ( p,q ) =  − , − 
6 5
1 1 λ  5 2

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121. If a,b, c are three non-coplanar vectors, such efJekeâuhe (a)- a = b ⇒ a = b DemelÙe nw~
that b × c,c × a, a × b  = 2 a,b,c  then the ceevee a = i + 2 j, b = ˆj − 2kˆ
   
 
value of a,b,c  is equal to/ Ùeefo a,b, c leerve De- a = 1 + 4 = 5, b = 1 + 4 = 5
meceleueerÙe meefoMe Øekeâej Fme
nw efkeâ a =b lees nw~
b × c,c × a, a × b  = 2 a,b,c  , lees a,b,c  keâe
      hejvleg, a=b
ceeve yejeyej nw î + 2ˆj ≠ ˆj − 2kˆ
(a) 0 (c) 2(b) 1 (d) 4
UP TGT-2016 (08-03-2019) 123. The value of 'a' such that the vectors
Ans. (c) : a,b and c are three non-coplanar vector then 2iˆ − ˆj + k,ˆ î + 2jˆ − 3kˆ and 3iˆ + ajˆ + 5kˆ are
[abc]≠0 coplanar, is
Properties Ùeefo meefoMe 2iˆ − ˆj + k,
ˆ î + 2jˆ − 3kˆ leLee 3iˆ + ajˆ + 5kˆ
[ b × c, c × a, a × b] = [abc]2 Skeâ meceleueerÙe nQ, lees 'a' keâe ceeve nw
[ b × c, c × a, a × b] = 2[abc] (given) (a) 1 (b) –2
(c) 4 (d) –4
then [ abc]2 = 2 [abc] UP TGT-2016 (08-03-2019)
⇒ [ abc] = 2 Ans : (d) meefoMe 2iˆ − ˆj + k,
ˆ î + 2ˆj − 3kˆ leLee 3iˆ + ajˆ + 5kˆ
122. Which one of the following is not true? meceleueerÙe nw~
efvecveefueefKele ceW mes keâewve-mee efJekeâuhe mener veneR nw? leye [abc]=0
(a) a = b ⇒ a = b 2 −1 1
1 2 −3 = 0
( ) − ( a.b )
2 2
(b) a × b = ( a ) b
2
3 a 5
( )
(c) a × b.c is not defined R1 kesâ meehes#e Øemeej
a × ( b.c ) heefjYeeef<ele veneR nw 2(10+3a)+(5+9)+1(a–6) = 0
20+6a+14+a–6 = 0
(d) If the adjacent sides of a parallelogram are 7a = –28
represented by the vectors a and b a = –4
respectively, then its area is a × b 124. Two forces F1 = î − ˆj + kˆ and F2 = 4iˆ + 2jˆ + 3kˆ
Ùeefo efkeâmeer meceevlej ÛelegYe&gpe keâer DeemeVe YegpeeSb ›eâceMe: act on a particle and displace it from the point
meefoMe a leLee b Éeje efve™efhele nes, lees Fmekeâe #es$eheâue (0, 1, 2) to (1, –2, 3), then the total work done is
a × b nw~ oes yeue F1 = î − ˆj + kˆ leLee F2 = 4iˆ + 2jˆ + 3kˆ Skeâ
keâCe hej keâeÙe& keâjles nQ leLee keâCe keâes efyevog (0,1,2) mes
UP TGT-2016 (08-03-2019)
efyevog (1, –2,3) hej efJemLeeefhele keâjles nQ, lees kegâue efkeâÙee
() ( )
2 2 2
Ans. (a) : efJekeâuhe (b)- a × b = ( a ) b − a.b
2
ieÙee keâeÙe& nw
(a) 2unit /2FkeâeF& (b) 6unit /6FkeâeF&
( ) ()
2 2 2
= (a ) b
2
a × b + a.b
(c) 4unit /4FkeâeF& (d) 8unit /8FkeâeF&
2 2 2 2 2 2
a b sin 2 θ + a . b cos 2 θ = a . b UP TGT-2016 (08-03-2019)
2 2 Ans : (b) F1 = i − j + kˆ
ˆ ˆ
= a b sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ  = a . b
2 2
F2 = 4iˆ + 2ˆj + 3kˆ

2 2
( ) ( )
2 2
a b = a .b F = F1 + F2 = î − ˆj + kˆ + 4iˆ + 2ˆj + 3kˆ
efJekeâuhe (c)- ( ) DeheefjYeeef<ele nw~
a × b.c F = 5iˆ + ˆj + 4kˆ
efJekeâuhe (d)- meceevlej ÛelegYeg&pe keâer DeemeVe YegpeeSb, meefoMe a leLee d = ˆj + 2k, ˆ d 2 = î − 2ˆj + 3kˆ
1
b nw~
d = d 2 − d1 = î − 3jˆ + kˆ
#es.= a × b keâeÙe& = f.d = 5-3+4 = 6 FkeâeF&

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125. The moment of the force 3iˆ + 4jˆ − 5kˆ acting (a) –20 (b) 40
(c) 20 (d) –40
through the pint î − 2jˆ about the point î − ˆj + kˆ is NVS PGT 10-06-2019
efyevog î − 2jˆ hej ueies yeue 3iˆ + 4jˆ − 5kˆ keâe, efyevog Ans : (d) Let the points are A, B, C with position
î − ˆj + kˆ kesâ Øeefle DeeIetCe& nw vector OA = 60i + 3j, ˆ OB = 40iˆ − 8jˆ
(a) 6iˆ + 2jˆ − 5kˆ (b) 8iˆ + 2jˆ − kˆ and OC = aiˆ − 52ˆj
If A, B, C are collinear then
(c) 9iˆ + 3jˆ − 8kˆ (d) 9iˆ − 3jˆ + 3kˆ
λ AB = BC
UP TGT-2016 (08-03-2019)
⇒ λ ( −20i − 11j) = ( a − 40 ) î − 44ˆj
Ans : (d) F = 3iˆ + 4jˆ − 5kˆ comparing it we get
( ) (
d = î − ˆj + kˆ − î − 2ˆj ) and
–11λ= –44
–20λ = a–40
⇒λ=4
d = ˆj + kˆ ⇒ a–40 = –20×4
î ˆj kˆ ⇒ a–40 = –80
⇒ a = –40
τ = d×F = 0 1 1
3 4 −5 128. If a + b + c = 0, a = 3, b = 5, and c = 7 then
the angle between a and b is:
= ( −5 − 4 ) î − ˆj ( 0 − 3) + ( 0 − 3) kˆ
π π
(a) (b)
= −9iˆ + 3jˆ − 3kˆ 6 3
Dele: DeeIetCe& = 9iˆ − 3jˆ + 3kˆ 2π 3π
(c) (d)
3 2
126. If â, bˆ and ĉ are unit vectors and NVS PGT 10-06-2019
2 2
aˆ + bˆ = bˆ + cˆ = cˆ + aˆ = 8,
2
then 2aˆ + bˆ + cˆ Ans : (b) Given that | a |= 3,| b |= 5 and | c |= 7 and also
a+b+c =0
is equal to / Ùeefo â, bˆ Deewj ĉ FkeâeF& meefoMe nw leLee
2 2 ⇒ a + b = −c
2
aˆ + bˆ = bˆ + cˆ = cˆ + aˆ = 8, nes, lees 2aˆ + bˆ + cˆ 2 2 2
Now, a + 2a.b + b = c
yejeyej nw
32 + 2 a b cos θ + ( 5 ) = 7 2
2
(a)
2 ⇒
(b)
4 Where θ is the angle between a and b
(c)
6
none of the above /GheÙeg&òeâ ceW mes keâesF& veneR
(d) So, 2 a b cos θ = 49 + 34
UP TGT-2016 (08-03-2019) ⇒ 2.3.5 cosθ = 15
Ans : (c) â,bˆ leLee ĉ FkeâeF& meefoMe 1
⇒ cos θ =
2 2 2
2
leye â + bˆ = a + b + 2 a b cos α π
⇒ cos θ = cos
8 = 1+1+2 cosα 3
cos α = 3 π
⇒ θ=
Fmeer Øekeâej cos β = 3, cos γ = 3 3
Deye π
Hence the angle between a and b is
2 2 2 2 3
2aˆ + bˆ + cˆ = 4 a + b + c + 2.2 a b cos α + 2 b c cos β + 2.2 c a cos γ
129. If a,b and c are three non-coplanar vectors,
= 4+1+1+4×3+2×3+4×3
then the value of
2aˆ + bˆ + cˆ = 12 + 12 + 12
(
a. b × c ) + b. ( c × a ) + c. ( b × a ) is:
2aˆ + bˆ + cˆ = 6 b. ( c × a ) c. ( a × b ) a. ( b × c )
∧ ∧
127. The points with the position vectors 60 i + 3 j,
Ùeefo a,b leLee c leerve DemenleueerÙe meefoMe nQ lees
∧ ∧
40 i − 8 j, ai − 52 j, are collinear if the value of
(
a. b × c ) + b. ( c × a ) + c. ( b × a ) keâe ceeve nw:
b. ( c × a ) c. ( a × b ) a. ( b × c )
'a' equals;
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(a) –3 (b) –2 Expanding w.r.t. R3 we get
(c) 1 (d) –1 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 3a b a b
KVS PGT 23-12-2018 a b c  = a . b − =
  4 4
Ans : (c) Given that a,b and c are non- coplanar 2 1 2
a b c  = a 2 b
vectors.
(
a. b × c ) + b.( c × a ) + c.( b × a )   4
b.( c × a ) c. ( a × b ) a.( b × c ) 131. If a and b are unit vectors and θ is angle
a−b
a b c   a b c  − a b c  is:/ Ùeefo a , b FkeâeF&
=   +   +   between them, then
2
+  a b c   a b c  a b c 
a−b
= 1+1–1 = 1 meef o Me nw leLee Gvekes â yeer Û e keâe keâes
C e θ nw , lees nw:
2
130. Let a,b, c be three non zero vectors such that (a) sinθ (b) sin2θ
θ
c is a unit vector perpendicular to both a and (c) sin (d) sin2θ
2
π
b . If the angle between a and b be then KVS PGT 23-12-2018
6
2 Ans : (c) Given that a and b are unit vectors
a b c  is:
  2 2
So, a = b = 1
ceevee a,b, c Skeâ DeMetvÙe meefoMe Fme Øekeâej nw efkeâ c
( )( )
2
Skeâ FkeâeF& meefoMe nw pees a Je b oesveeW kesâ uebyeJeled nw~ Now a − b = a − b . a − b
2
π 2 2
= a − 2 a b cos θ + b
Ùeefo a leLee b yeerÛe keâe keâesCe nw leye a b c  nw:
6
= 1 − 2 cos θ + 1 = 2 − 2cos θ
2 2 1 2 2
(a) a b (b) a b  θ
2 = 2  1 − 1 + 2sin 2 
 2
1 2 2 2 2
(c) a b (d) 2a b θ
4 = 4sin 2
2
KVS PGT 23-12-2018
θ
Ans : (c) Given that c is unit vector ⇒ c = 1 ⇒ c = 1
2 ⇒ a − b = 4sin 2
2
and c is perpendicular to both a and b θ
= 2sin
2
⇒ a.c = 0 and b.c = 0
π a−b θ
Also angle between a and b = ∴ = sin
6 2 2
π 3 132. If the volume of parallelepiped formed by the
⇒ a.b =| a || b | cos =| a || b |
6 2 vectors î + ajˆ + k, ˆ ˆj + akˆ and aiˆ + kˆ is minimum
We know that then value of a will be:/ Ùeefo meefoMeeW
a.a a.b a.c î + ajˆ + k,
ˆ ˆj + akˆ leLee aiˆ + kˆ mes yeves meceeblej
2
a b c  = b.a b.b b.c <ešdheâuekeâ keâe DeeÙeleve vÙetvelece nes lees a keâe ceeve nw:
 
c.a c.b c.c (a) 3 (b) 2
1
(c) (d) 3
a b. 3 3
| a |2 0
2 KVS PGT 23-12-2018
a b. 3 2 Ans : (c) Let A = î + ajˆ + k,
ˆ B = ˆj + akˆ and C = aiˆ + kˆ
= b 0
2 Then Volume V of the parallelepiped is
0 0 1 V =  ABC 
(
= A. B × C )
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( )( )
= î + ajˆ + kˆ . î + a 2 ˆj − ak Ans : (b) P = xiˆ + 3jˆ + 2kˆ , a = 2iˆ + 2ˆj + 3kˆ
V = a3 − a + 1 and b = 2iˆ + 3jˆ + 4kˆ are coplanars

dv d2v then [Pab] = 0
Now, = 3a 2 − 1 & = 6a x 3 2
da da 2
dv = 2 2 3 =0
for maxima/minima =0
da 2 3 4
⇒ 3a2–1 = 0 expension of C1
1 x(8 − 9) − 3(8 − 6) + 2(6 − 4) = 0
⇒ a=±
3 −x − 6 + 4 = 0
1 d v 2 x = −2
at a=− , <0
3 da 2 135. If â and b̂ are two unit vectors inclined at an
1 angle 300 to each other, then â + bˆ is equal to
So, a=− is a point of maxima
3
Ùeefo â Deewj b̂ Skeâ otmejs hej 300 hej Deevele oes FkeâeF&
1 d2v
at a= , >0 meefoMe nes, lees â + bˆ yejeyej nw
3 da 2
1 (a) 3 −1 (b) 3 +1
So, a= is a point of minima.
3 3 −1 3 +1
(c) (d)
1 2 2
Hence a =
3 UP PGT-2016 (02-02-2019)
133. If a + b = c and a + b = c then angle between Ans : (d) a and b are two unit vector θ = 30
0
1 ˆ θ
a and b is/ Ùeefo a + b = c Deewj a + b = c lees a we know â + b = cos
2 2
Deewj b kesâ yeerÛe keâe keâesCe nw θ
then â + bˆ = 2 cos
(a) 00 (b) 450 2
(c) 900 (d) 1800 30 0
= 2cos = 2cos (150)
UP PGT-2016 (02-02-2019) 2
Ans : (a) a + b = c both side squre 3 +1
= 2cos (450–300) = 2 ×
2 2 2 2 2
a + b + 2 a b cos θ = c .... (i)
3 +1
â + bˆ =
given a+b=c 2
a+b = c
2 2 136. If A = î + ˆj + k,
ˆ A.B = 2 and A × B = ˆj − kˆ then
2 2 2 3B is equal to / Ùeefo A = î + ˆj + k,
ˆ A.B = 2 leLee
a + b +2a b = c ...... (ii)
n
A × B = ˆj − kˆ lees 3B yejeyej nw
equ (i) and (ii) from
(a) 2 2 (b) 3 2
2 a b cos θ = 2 a b
(c) 2 3 (d) 3 3
cos θ = 1 UP PGT-2016 (02-02-2019)
cos θ = cos 00
Ans : (b) A = î + ˆj + kˆ
134. If vectors p = xiˆ + 3jˆ + 2k,
ˆ a = 2iˆ + 2jˆ + 3kˆ and
A = 1 + 1 + 1, A= 3
b = 2iˆ + 3jˆ + 4kˆ are coplanars, then value of x is
A.B = 2
Ùeefo meefoMe p = xiˆ + 3jˆ + 2k,
ˆ a = 2iˆ + 2jˆ + 3kˆ leLee
A × B = ˆj − kˆ
b = 2iˆ + 3jˆ + 4kˆ meceleueerÙe nw, lees x keâe ceeve nw
( A × B) = 2
2
(a) 2 (b) –2
( A × B) + ( A.B) = A B
(c) 3 (d) –3 2 2 2 2
met$e
UP PGT-2016 (02-02-2019)
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2+4=3B
2
139. Two constant forces P = 2iˆ − 5jˆ + 6kˆ and
2 Q = − î + 2jˆ − kˆ act on a particle at the point
B =2
A(4,–3,–2). Moment of the resultant force
B= 2 about O(0,0,0) is/oes DeÛej yeue P = 2iˆ − 5jˆ + 6kˆ
3B =3 2 leLee Q = − î + 2jˆ − kˆ Skeâ efyevog A(4,–3,–2) hej
efmLele Skeâ keâCe keâe keâeÙe& keâjles nQ~ heefjCeeceer yeue keâe
then 3B = 3 2 DeeIetCe& O(0,0,0) kesâ heefjle: nw
(a) 21iˆ + 22ˆj + 9kˆ (b) −21iˆ − 22ˆj − 9kˆ
( ) + ( A.B )
2 2
137. If A × B = 81 and B = 3, then A is
(c) 21iˆ − 22ˆj + 9kˆ (d) 21iˆ − 22ˆj − 9kˆ
( A × B ) + ( A.B )
2 2
equal to/ Ùeefo = 81 Deewj UP PGT-2016 (02-02-2019)
Ans : (b) Force, P = 2i + 6k − 5jˆ
ˆ ˆ
B = 3, lees A yejeyej nw
Q = −î + 2ˆj − kˆ
(a) 9 (b) 3 (c) 27 (d) 1
UP PGT-2016 (02-02-2019) total force F=P+Q
F = î − 3jˆ + 5kˆ
( ) + ( A.B)
2 2
Ans : (b) A × B = 81, B =3
Point A = 4iˆ − 3jˆ − 2kˆ
2 2 2 2
Formula A B = A × B + A.B about the point 0 = 0iˆ + 0ˆj + 0kˆ
then A B = 81
2 2 r = A − 0 = 4iˆ − 3jˆ − 2kˆ
2
Moment of resultant force = r × F
A 32 = 81 î ˆj kˆ
2 81 = 4 −3 −2 = −21iˆ − 22ˆj − 9kˆ
A = , A = 9
9 1 −3 5
A =3 140. If 1, ω, ω are the cube roots of unity, then
2
138. Value of  î − ˆj, ˆj − k,k

ˆ ˆ − ˆj  is 1 ω7 ω14

value of the determinant ω14 1 ω7 is
 î − ˆj, ˆj − k,k
ˆ ˆ − ˆj  keâe ceeve nw
  ω7 ω14 1
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 0
Ùeefo 1, ω, ω FkeâeF& kesâ Ievecetue nes, lees meejefCekeâ
2
UP PGT-2016 (02-02-2019)
1 ω7 ω14
Ans : (d) î − ˆj, ˆj − k,k
ˆ ˆ − ˆj
  ω14 1 ω7 keâe ceeve nw
formula (i) [ abc] = a(b × c) 7 14
ω ω 1
(ii) [ aab ] = [ abb ] = [ bcc ] = 0 (a) ω2 (b) ω
(c) 1 (d) 0
then ( î − ˆj) ( ˆj − kˆ ) × ( kˆ − ˆj) UP PGT-2016 (02-02-2019)
Ans : (d) 1, ω, ω2 is cube root of unity the determinant
= ( î − ˆj) ˆj × kˆ − kˆ × kˆ − ˆj × ˆj + kˆ × ˆj (i) 1+ω+ω2 =0 (ii) ω3=1
 
1 ω7 ω14 1 ω ω2
= ( î − ˆj) ˆj × kˆ + kˆ × ˆj
  ω14 1 ω7 = ω2 1 ω
= i ( j × k ) − j ( j × k ) + î ( kˆ × ˆj) − ˆj ( kˆ × ˆj)
ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ω 7
ω14
1 ω ω 2
1
= î ( ˆj × kˆ ) + î ( kˆ × ˆj) C1 → C1 + C 2 + C3
1 + ω + ω2 ω ω2
= ( î ˆjkˆ ) + ( î kˆ ˆj)
= 1 + ω + ω2 1 ω
= ( î ˆjkˆ ) − ( î ˆj kˆ ) = 0 1+ ω + ω 2
ω2
1

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2
1 ω ω2 ( ) ( )
Ans. (b) : î × î × a + ˆj × ˆj × a + kˆ × kˆ × a = m.a ( )
= 1+ ω + ω 1 1 ω
1 ω2 1
(
We know that, a × b × c = a. c .b – a. b .c) ( ) ( )
then, ( î.a ) î − ( î.iˆ ) a + ( ˆj.a ) ˆj − (ˆj.j)a ( ˆ ) kˆ − ( k.k
ˆ + k.a ˆ ˆ ) .a = ma
1 ω ω2
=1 1
2
ω ×0 = 0
( ) ( ) ( )
⇒ î.a î − a + ˆj.a ˆj − a + k.a
ˆ kˆ − a = ma
1 ω 1
⇒ ( î.a ) î + ( ˆj.a ) ˆj + ( k.a )
ˆ kˆ − 3a = ma .....(x)
141. If the vectors A = î − ˆj + akˆ and
ˆ ˆ ˆ
B = 2ai + j + 4k are perpendicular, then a is: Let, a = a1î + a 2 ˆj + a 3 kˆ
Ùeefo meefoMe A = î − ˆj + akˆ leLee B = 2aiˆ + ˆj + 4kˆ ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

Now, î.a î = î a 1 î + a 2ˆj.+ a 3kˆ = a1î , ˆj.a ˆj = a 2 ˆj , k.a
ˆ kˆ = a kˆ
3
uecye neW, lees a keâe ceeve nw: from (x)

1 1 a î + a 2 ˆj. + a 3 kˆ − 3a = ma
1
(a) 1 (b) −
(d) 0 (c)
6 2 a − 3a = ma
UP PCS (Pre) 2000 −2a = ma , m =−2
Ans. (c) : Condition of perpendicularity
144. The vectors î + 2jˆ + 3kˆ , −2iˆ + ˆj + 3kˆ and
A.B = 0
3iˆ + 2jˆ − kˆ from the sides of:
(ɵi −ɵj + ak
)(
ɵ . 2aiɵ+ ɵj + 4k
ɵ =0
) leerve meefoMe î + 2jˆ + 3kˆ
, −2iˆ + ˆj + 3kˆ leLee
⇒ 2a – 1 + 4a = 0 3iˆ + 2jˆ − kˆ yeveeles nQ YegpeeSB :
⇒ 6a – 1= 0 ⇒ 6a = 1 ⇒ a =
1 (a) an equilateral triangle/Skeâ meceyeeng ef$eYegpe keâer
6 (b) an isosceles triangle/Skeâ meceefÉyeeng ef$eYegpe keâer
142. The value of λ for which the vectors î − ˆj + λkˆ , (c) a right angled triangle/Skeâ mecekeâesCe ef$eYegpe keâer
(d) none of these/Fvecebs mes keâesF& veneR
λ î + ˆj − kˆ and − î + λˆj + kˆ are coplanar, is:
UP PCS (Pre) 2000, 2002
λ keâe ceeve, efpemekesâ efueÙes meefoMe î − ˆj + λkˆ , Ans.(a): efoÙee nw, î + 2ˆj + 3k,
ˆ − 2iˆ + ˆj + 3kˆ leLee 3iˆ + 2ˆj − kˆ
λ î + ˆj − kˆ leLee − î + λˆj + kˆ meceleueerÙe nQ nw: î + 2ˆj + 3kˆ = (1)2 + ( 2 )2 + ( 3)2 = 14
(a) 0 (b) 1
−2iˆ + ˆj + 3kˆ = ( −2 ) + (1) + ( 3) = 14
2 2 2
(c) 3 (d) 3
UP PCS (Pre) 2000
Ans. (a) : If the vector are coplaner then 3iˆ + 2ˆj − kˆ = ( 3)2 + ( 2 )2 + ( –1)2 = 14
1 −1 λ Dele: meceyeeng ef$eYegpe keâer YegpeeSb yeveeles nw~
⇒ λ 1 −1 = 0 145. The vectors aiˆ + ˆj , ajˆ + kˆ and akˆ + ɵi are
−1 λ 1 linearly dependent if and only if:
⇒ 1 (1 + λ) + 1 (λ – 1) + λ(λ2 + 1) = 0 meefoMe aiˆ + ˆj , ajˆ + kˆ Deewj akˆ + ɵi SkeâIeelele: hejleb$e
⇒ 1 + λ + λ – 1 + λ3 + λ = 0 nQ, Ùeefo leLee kesâJeue Ùeefo:
(a) a = 2 (b) a = 1
⇒ 3λ + λ3 = 0 ⇒ λ(λ2 + 3) = 0, λ = 0, λ 2 ≠ –3 (c) a = 0 (d) a = –1
⇒ λ=0 UP PCS (Pre) 2000
a 1 0
( ) ( )
143. If î × î × a + ˆj × ˆj × a + kˆ × kˆ × a = m.a the m ( ) Ans. (d) : 0 a 1 = 0
is equal to: 1 0 a
( ) (
Ùeefo î × î × a + ˆj × ˆj × a + kˆ × kˆ × a = m.a ) ( ) lees a ( a 2 − 0 ) − 1( 0 − 1) = 0
m keâe ceeve yejeyej nw: a3 +1 = 0
(a) 0 (b) –2 a 3 = −1
(c) 2 (d) 1
UP PCS (Pre) 2000 a = −1

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146. a × b + b × c + c × a is equal to: 149. If OA = î - ˆj + kˆ and OB = ˆj + kˆ then the area of
a × b + b × c + c × a kesâ yejeyej nw: the triangle OAB is:/ Ùeefo OA = î - ˆj + kˆ leLee
(a) 0 (b) a + b + c OB = ˆj + kˆ lees ef$eYegpe OAB keâe #es$eheâue nw:
(c) ( c - a ) × (a - b) (d) none of the above
(a) 6 (b)
1
6
2
UP PCS (Pre) 2001
1
Ans. (c) : a × b + b × c + c × a (c) 3 (d) 2
2
by option UP PCS (Pre) 2001
( c − a ) × (a − b) = c × a − c × b − a × a + a × b {a×a =0} Ans. (b) : efoÙee nw, OA = ɵi −ɵj + ɵ
k ], OB = ˆj + kˆ
= c×a + b× c + a ×b 1
∆OAB keâe #es$eheâue = OA × OB
2
147. If a = 3iɵ-ɵj + 5k,
ɵ b = 2iɵ+ ɵj + ɵ
k, and
ɵi ɵj ɵk
c = 3iɵ+ 2j ɵ then, a b c  is equal to:
ɵ + 3k, 1
  = 1 −1 1
2
Ùeefo a = 3i - j + 5k, b = 2i + j + ɵ
ɵ ɵ ɵ ɵ ɵ k, leLee 0 1 1
c = 3iɵ+ 2j
ɵ + 3k,
ɵ lees a b c  yejeyej nw 1 ɵi ( −1 − 1) −ɵj (1 − 0 ) + ɵ
= k (1 + 0 ) 
2  
(a) –1 (b) 1 (c) 5 (d) 11
1  −2iɵ−ɵj + ɵ
UP PCS (Pre) 2001 = k
 
( )
2
Ans. (d) :  a b c  = a. b × c
  1 6
= 4 +1+1 =
ɵi ɵj ɵ
k 2 2
( )
b×c = 2 1 1
150. A vector perpendicular to the vectors
4iˆ + 3jˆ + kˆ and 2iˆ - ˆj + 2kˆ where (iˆ - ˆj + kˆ being
3 2 3
unit vectors along axes of x, y, z respectively) is:
( b × c ) = ɵi (3–2) – ɵj (6–3)+ ɵk (4–3) 4iˆ + 3jˆ + kˆ leLee 2iˆ - ˆj + 2kˆ peneB (iˆ - ˆj + kˆ ›eâceMe:
x, y, z efveoxMeebkeâeW keâer Deesj FkeâeF& meefoMe nw) kesâ
( b × c ) = ɵi –3 ɵj + ɵk uecyeJeled meefoMe nw:
(a) 5iˆ + 6jˆ +10kˆ (b) 7iˆ - 6jˆ -10kˆ
a.( b × c ) = (3 ɵi – ɵj +5 ɵ
k ). ( ɵi –3 ɵj + ɵ
k)
(c) 2iˆ + 4jˆ - kˆ (d) 6iˆ + 2j-ˆ 3kˆ
a.( b × c ) = 3+3+5 = 11 UP PCS (Pre) 2001
Ans. (b) : ceevee, a = 4i + 3j + k , b = 2iˆ − ˆj + 2kˆ
ˆ ˆ ˆ
148. The î + ˆj + kˆ unit vector which is perpendicular
to î + kˆ is î ˆj kˆ
meefoMeeW î + ˆj + kˆ leLee î + kˆ kesâ uecye FkeâeF& meefoMe nw leye, a × b = 4 3 1
(a) ĵ (b) î - kˆ 2 −1 2
2iˆ + ˆj + 2kˆ = i ( 6 + 1) − ˆj ( 8 − 2 ) + k ( −4 − 6 ) = 7i − 6ˆj − 10k

(c)
2
( )
1 ˆ ˆ
i-k (d)
3 151. A force 3iˆ + 4jˆ + 5kˆ acts through a point
UP PCS (Pre) 2001 2iˆ + ˆj + 3kˆ Then the moment of the force about
ɵ ɵ ɵ ɵ ɵ
Ans. (c) : ceevee, a = i + j + k , b = i + k the point î + 2jˆ + k, ˆ in magnitude, is:
ɵi ɵj ɵ k Skeâ yeue 3iˆ + 4jˆ + 5kˆ efyevog 2iˆ + ˆj + 3kˆ hej keâeÙe&jle nw~
leye, a × b = 1 1 1 efyevog î + 2jˆ + k,
ˆ kesâ heefjle: yeue keâe DeeIetCe& heefjCeece ceW nw:
1 0 1 (a) 5 2 units / 5 2 FkeâeF&
(b) 5 3 units / 5 3 FkeâeF&
= ɵi (1–0)– ɵj (0) + ɵ
k (0–1) = ɵi – ɵ
k
(c) 5 units/5 FkeâeF&
FkeâeF& meefoMe =
2
( )
1 ɵ ɵ
i−k (d) none of the above/Ghejesòeâ ceW mes keâesF& veneR
UP PCS (Pre) 2002
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Ans. (d) : efoÙee nw– F = 3iˆ + 4ˆj + 5kˆ Ans. (b) : ceevee, A = î + ˆj, B = î + k,
ˆ C = ˆj + kˆ
r = (2iˆ + ˆj + 3k) (
ˆ − ɵi + 2ɵj + kˆ ) leye, AB = î + kˆ − î − ˆj ⇒ kˆ − ˆj
r = (iˆ − ˆj + 2k)
ˆ AC = ˆj + kˆ − î − ˆj kˆ î
τ = r ×F 1
i j k
∆ keâe #es = AB × AC
2
= 1 −1 2
i j k
3 4 5 1
= 0 −1 1
= î(−5 − 8) − ˆj(5 − 6) + k(4
ˆ + 3) 2
−1 0 1
= −13iˆ + ˆj + 7kˆ = 219
1
= i( −1 − 0) − j(0 + 1) + k(0 − 1)
152. If the vectors miˆ + 3jˆ + 4kˆ , 3iˆ + ˆj - mkˆ , 2
-iˆ + mjˆ + 6kˆ are coplanar, then m is equal to: =
1
−i − j − k
Ùeefo meefoMe miˆ + 3jˆ + 4k,ˆ 3iˆ + ˆj - mk,
ˆ -iˆ + mjˆ + 6kˆ 2
meceleueerÙe nes lees m yejeyej nw: =
1
1+1+1 =
3
(a) –1 (b) 0 2 2
(c) 1 (d) 2 155. A unit vector perpendicular to the vectors
UP PCS (Pre) 2002 î + ˆj + kˆ and 2iˆ + 3jˆ − kˆ is–/ meefoMeeW î + ˆj + kˆ leLee
Ans. (d) : If three vector are coplanar then
m 3 4 2iˆ + 3jˆ − kˆ kesâ uecye Skeâ cee$ekeâ meefoMe nw–
⇒ 3 1 −m = 0 1 ˆ ˆ ˆ
−1 m 6
(a) 4iˆ + 3jˆ + kˆ (b)
6
2i − j − k ( )
⇒ m (6+m2) –3(18–m)+4(3m+1) = 0 1 1
⇒ 6m+m3–54+3m+12m+4 = 0 (c)
6
(2iˆ − ˆj + kˆ ) (d)
26
(
−4iˆ + 3jˆ + kˆ )
⇒ m3+21m–50 = 0 UP PCS (Pre) 2003
efJekeâuhe mes, m = 2 jKeves hej
⇒ (m – 2)(m2+2m+25)= 0 Ans. (d) : ceevee, a = î + ˆj + kˆ
⇒ m–2=0 ⇒ m=2 b = 2iˆ + 3jˆ − kˆ
153. The value of the scalar triple product
i j k
[a b + c a + b + c] is : / DeefoMe ef$ekeâ iegCeveheâue
leye, a×b = 1 1 1
[a b + c a + b + c] is : keâe ceeve nw:
2 3 −1
(a) 0 (b) 1
= i( −1 − 3) − j( −1 − 2) + k(3 − 2)
(c) a b + c (d) 2 a b + c
UP PCS (Pre) 2002 a × b = −4i + 3j + k
 (
Ans. (a) [a b + c a + b + c] = a.  b + c × a + b + c 
 ) ( ) uecye Skeâkeâ meefoMe
a×b
=
−4iˆ + 3jˆ + kˆ
a×b 26

⇒ a. b × a + b × b + b × c + c × a + c × b + c × c 
 
156. A force 5iˆ + 3jˆ + 4kˆ acts through the point
⇒  a b a  +  a c a  = 0
  2iˆ + ˆj + 3kˆ , The moment of the force about the
154. The area of the triangle with vertices
î + ˆj, î + kˆ and ˆj + kˆ bis– Meer<eeX î + ˆj, î + kˆ leLee point ɵi + 2ɵj - kɵ is–/Skeâ yeue 5iˆ + 3jˆ + 4kˆ efyevog
ˆj + kˆ Jeeues ef$eYegpe keâe #es$eheâue nw– 2iˆ + ˆj + 3kˆ mes neskeâj keâeÙe& keâjlee nw~ efyevog
3 î + 2jˆ − kˆ kesâ heefjle: yeue keâe DeeIetCe& nw–
(a) 3 (b)
2 (a) 8(2iˆ − 2ˆj + k)
ˆ (b) 8(2iˆ + 2ˆj − k)
ˆ
1 2
(c) (d) (c) 8( −2iˆ + 2ˆj + k)
ˆ (d) none of the above
3 3
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Ans. (c)
( ) ( )
Ans. (c) : a × b × c = a × b × c ............(i)
( c.a ) b − ( c.b ) a = ( a.c ) b − ( a.b ) c

∵a.c = c.a 
Then, OP = r = î − ˆj + 4kˆ
( c.b ) a = ( a .b ) c 
a || c


Moment of a force = r × f ( c.b ) a − ( a.b ) c = 0
i j k
(c × a )× b = 0
= 1 −1 4
5 3 4 Then, b ⊥ ( c × a )
i( 4 12) j(4 20) k(3 5) Thus,
b is perpendicular to a and c
⇒ −16i + 16 j + 8k
⇒ 8(−2iˆ + 2ˆj + k)
ˆ 159. If aɵ × bˆ = a.b
ɵ ˆ , then/Ùeefo aɵ × bˆ = a.b
ɵ ˆ , nes lees
157. Unit vector perpendicular to the vectors (a) a is parallel to b / a, b kesâ
meceeveevlej nw
ɵi − 2jɵ + 3kˆ and ɵi + 2jɵ − kˆ /meefoMe ɵi − 2jɵ + 3kˆ Deewj
(b) a is perpendicular to b / a, b kesâ uecyeJeled nw
meefoMe ɵi + 2jɵ − kˆ kesâ uecyeJeled FkeâeF& meefoMe nw– (c) angle between a, and b is 450
1 ɵ ɵ ˆ 1 a, leLee b kesâ yeerÛe keâe keâesCe 450 nw
(a) (i + j + k) (b) ( −ɵi + ɵj + k)
ˆ
3 3
(d) angle between a, and b is 1200
1 ɵ ɵ ˆ 1 ɵ ɵ ˆ
(c) (i − j + k) (d) (i + j − k) a, leLee b kesâ yeerÛe keâe keâesCe 1200 nw
3 3
Ans. (b) : A = ɵi − 2ɵj + 3kˆ B = ɵi + 2ɵj − kˆ Ans. (c) : a × b = a.b
î ˆj kˆ a b sin θ = a b cos θ
A × B = 1 −2 3 = î(2 − 6) − ˆj(−1 − 3) + k(2
ˆ + 2)
tan θ = 1 θ = 450
1 2 −1
160. For there vectors a, ɵ b,cˆ ɵ which of the following
A × B = −4iˆ + 4ˆj + 4kˆ
expression in not equal to any of the remaining
uecye FkeâeF& meefoMe there?
−4iˆ + 4ˆj + 4kˆ ɵ b,c
leerve meefoMeeW a, ˆ ɵ kesâ efueS, efvecve ceW mes keâewve mee
=
(4) 2 + (4)2 + (4)2 JÙebpekeâ Mes<e leerve ceW mes efkeâmeer kesâ yejeyej veneR nw?
4(−î + ˆj + k)
ˆ 1 ˆ ˆ ˆ (a) a.(b × c) (b) (a × b).c
= = (−i + j + k)
4 3 3 (c) (b × c).a (d) b.(a × c)
158. If a,b,c are non-zero vectors and UP PCS (Pre) 2004
(a × b) × c = a × (b × c) then– Ans. (d) : efJekeâuhe mes–
(a) a.(b × c) = [a b c] (b) (a × b)c = [abc]
Ùeefo a,b,c DeMetvÙe meefoMe neW leLee
(a × b) × c = a × (b × c) lees– (c) (b × c).a = [bca] (d) b.(a × c) = [bac]
(a) c is perpendicular to a and b nce peeveles nw efkeâ meefoMeeW keâes Ûe›eâerÙe ›eâce ceW efueÙee peeÙe
c, a leLee b hej uecye nw lees Gvekeâe DeefoMe ef$eiegCeve Skeâ mee jnlee nw~
(b) a is perpendicular to b and c [a.b.c] = [bca] = [c.a.b]
a , b leLee c hej uecye nw Dele: efJekeâuhe (d) Ûe›eâerÙe ›eâce ceW veneR nw, Fmekeâe ceeve
(c) b is perpendicular to a and c $e+Ceelcekeâ nes peeÙesiee pees Mes<e leerveeW mes efYeVe nw~
b , a leLee c hej uecye nw 161. If a force of magnitude 2 units act along the
(d) a and b are collinear line joining the points i − ˆj and ɵi + kˆ , the
ɵ
a leLee b mebjsKe nw moment of the force above the point
UP PCS (Pre) 2004 P(2,1, 3) is–/Ùeefo 2 FkeâeF& heefjceeCe keâe keâesF& yeue
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efyevogDeeW ɵi − ˆj Deewj ɵi + kˆ keâes efceueeves Jeeueer jsKee kesâ 163. The area of the parallelogram having diagonals
a = 3iˆ + ˆj - 2kˆ and b = î - 3jˆ + 4kˆ is :
DevegefoMe keâeÙe&jle nw, lees efyevog P(2,1, 3) kesâ meehes#e Gme
yeue keâe DeeIetCe& nw– (a) 10 3 (b) 5 3
(c) 20 (d) 8
(a) i + j + k (b) i + j − k UP PCS (Pre) 2005
(c) i − j + k (d) −i + j + k Ans. (b) : a = 3iˆ + ˆj − 2k,
ˆ b = î − 3jˆ + 4kˆ
UP PCS (Pre) 2004 î ˆj kˆ
Ans. (b) : efoÙee nw, 1 1
a × b = 3 1 −2
OP = 2iˆ + ˆj + 3k,
ˆ OA = î − ˆj, OB = î + kˆ 2 2
1 −3 4
AB = ˆj + kˆ 1
ˆj + kˆ
= ( 4 − 6 ) î − (12 + 2 ) ˆj + ( −9 − 1) kˆ
2
unit vector of AB = 1 1
2 a × b = −2iˆ − 14ˆj − 10kˆ
2 2
Force of direction AB 1 1 1
ɵi + kˆ 4 + 196 + 100 = 300 = × 10 3 = 5 3
F = 2. = î + kˆ 2 2 2
2 164. It is angle between two vectors a and b then
and
a.b ≥ 0 only if:
BP = 2i + ˆj + 3kˆ − i − kˆ π
(a) 0≤ θ≤π (b) 0≤θ≤
BP = r = î + ˆj + 2kˆ 2
π π
Moment of force = r × F (c) ≤θ≤π (d) 0 < θ <
2 2
î ˆj kˆ UP PCS (Pre) 2006
= 1 1 2 Ans : (c) Vector a, b
1 0 1 a.b ≥ 0
= î (1 − 0 ) − ˆj (1 − 2 ) + kˆ ( 0 − 1) Formula a.b = a b cos θ
= î + ˆj – kˆ a b cos θ ≥ 0
Moment of force = î + ˆj − kˆ cosθ≥0
162. The area of the triangle whose vertices are π π
cos θ ≥ cos , θ ≥
(0,0,0) (1,2,3) and (2,3,4) is– 2 2
Gme ef$eYegpe efpemekesâ Meer<e& (0,0,0) (1,2,3) leLee (2,3,4) then, π/2 ≤ θ ≤ π
nw, keâe #es$eheâue nw– 165. If a,b, c be three non-zero vectors, then the
(a)
1
6 (b) 3 equation a.b = a.c implies:
2 (a) b = c
1
(c) 6 (d) 3 (b) a is orthogonal to both b and c
2
(c) either a is orthogonal to both b and c or a is
UP PCS (Pre) 2004
orthogonal to b − c
Ans. (a) : Meer<e& efyevog (0,0,0,), (1,2,3), (2,3,4) keâe #es.
(d) either b = c or a is orthogonal to b − c
i j k
1 UP PCS (Pre) 2006
#es. = 1 2 3
2 Ans : (d) a.b = a.c
2 3 4
a b cos θ = a c cos θ
1
#es. = i(8 − 9) − j(4 − 6) + k(3 − 4)
2 b =c
1 1
#es. = −i + 2 j − k = 6 ⇒ b = c or a is orthogonal b and c
2 2

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166. If â and b̂ are two unit vectors such that Ans. (d) : a, ɵ b,
ɵ cɵ leerve FbkeâeF& meefoMe nw~
ˆ ⊥ (5aˆ − 4b),
(aˆ + 2b) ˆ then the angle between ɵ ɵ ɵ
a+b+c = 0
â and b̂ is– (aɵ + bɵ + c)
ɵ 2 = a 2 + b 2 + c 2 + 2(ab ɵ ɵ + bc
ɵ ɵ + ca)
ɵɵ
1 2
a = b = c =1
2 2
(bFkeâeF& meefoMe)
(a) 450 (b) cos −1
3
0 = 3 + 2(a.b + b.c + c.a)
2
(c) cos −1 (d) 600 a.b + b.c + c.a = −3 / 2
7
UP PCS (Pre) 2007 uesefkeâve a.(b − c) = 0, b.(c − a) = 0, c(a − b) = 0
Ans. (d) : oes FkeâeF& meefoMe â.bˆ nw lees Jes hejmhej uecyeJele nesieW 169. If a + b + c = 0, a = 3, b = 5, c = 7, then the angle
a.b = 0
between vectors aandb is
ceevee a = a + 2b, b = 5a − 4b
π π
leye (a + 2b)(5a − 4b) = 0 (∵ a = b =1) (a) (b)
6 4
5 + 10ab − 4ab − 8 = 0 π 2π
(c) (d)
1 3 3
ab = UP PCS (Pre) 2008
2
a.b = a b cos θ Ans. (c) : a +b +c =0, a =3, b =5, c =7
cos θ = 1/ 2, cos θ = cos 60o , θ = 600 a leLee b kesâ yeerÛe keâe keâesCe
167. If a = 1, b = 5 and c = 3, then a + b = − c oesveeW Deesj Jeie& keâjves hej
2 2
a − b,b − c,c − a a + b = −c
(a) –1 (b) 0 2 2 2
a + b + 2 a b cos θ = c
(c) 1 (d) 2
UP PCS (Pre) 2007 9+25+2.3.5 cos θ = 49
30 cos θ =15
Ans. (b) : a − b, b − c, c − a 
  cos θ =1/2
⇒ ( a − b ).{( b − c ) × ( c − a )} cos θ = cos π/3
θ = π/3
( a − b ) .{b × ( c − a ) − c × ( c − a )} 170. If i + xj + x k, i + yjˆ + y 2kˆ and î + zjˆ + z 2kˆ are
ˆ ˆ 2ˆ ˆ
( a − b ).{b × c − b × a − c × c + c × a} non-coplanar vectors and

x x2 1 + x3
= a × { b × c − b × a − c × c + c × a}
y y 2 1 + y 3 = 0 then the value of xyz is
−b. ( b × c ) + b ( b × a ) − b ( c × a ) {∵ c × c = 0 z z2 1 + z3
=  a b c  −  a b a  + [ a c a ] −  b c c  +  bba  −  b c a  (a) 2 (b) 1 (c) 0 (d) –1
UP PCS (Pre) 2008
= 1–0+0-0+0–1 = 0
Ans. (d) : ceevee
    
∵ a b c  =  b c a  = 1 a = î + xjˆ + x kˆ
2

∵ a b a  = [ a c c ] = [ aca ]  b b a  = 0 b = î + yjˆ + y kˆ
2
î + zjˆ + z 2 kˆ
168. ɵ ˆ and cɵ unit vectors such that
a,b c=
aɵ + bˆ + cɵ = 0 then incorrect statements is–

DemeceleueerÙe meefoMe
ɵ ˆ − c)
ɵ =0 x x 2 1 + x3
(a) a.(b (b) b̂.(cɵ − a)
ɵ =0
ɵ ɵ − b) ɵ ˆ + b.c y y 2 1 + y3 = 0
(c) c.(a ˆ =0 (d) a.b ˆ ɵ + c.a
ɵ ɵ = −3
z z2 1 + z3
UP PCS (Pre) 2007
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leye Ans. (b) a × b − 3 a.b = 0
1 x x2 x x2 1
absin θ − 3ab cos θ = 0
xyz 1 y y2 + y y2 1 = 0
absin θ = 3ab cos θ
1 z z2 z z2 1
π
2
tan θ = 3 , θ =
1 x x 3
(1 + xyz) 1 y y2 = 0 174. î × (aˆ × î) + ˆj× (aˆ × ˆj) + k(a
ˆ ˆ × k)
ˆ is equal to
2
1 z z (a) a (b) 2a
Since vector are non-coplanar, so determinent is not zero (c) 3a (d) 4a
then xyz +1 = 0 xyz = –1 UP PCS (Pre) 2009
Ans. (b) Let a = a1ɵi + a 2 ɵj + a 3 kˆ
171. The triple product a + b, b + c, c + a  is equal to:
  Then
(a)  abc 
 
(b) 2  abc 
  ( ) ( ) ( )
î × a × î + ˆj × a × ˆj + kˆ × a × kˆ
(c) 3  abc 
 
(d) none of these = ( î.iˆ ) a − ( î.a ) î + ( ˆj.jˆ ) a − ( ˆj.a ) ˆj + ( k.k
ˆ ˆ ) a − ( k.a
ˆ ) kˆ
UP PCS (Pre) 2008 = a − a1ɵi + a − a 2 ɵj + a − a 3 kˆ

Ans. (b) :  a + b, b + c, c + a 
  (
= 3a − a1ɵi + a 2 ɵj + a 3 kˆ ) = 3a − a = 2a
( ) ( )
= a + b .  b + c × ( c + a )
 
175. Moment of the force, represented by
(3iˆ + k) ˆ and passing through the point
= ( a + b ) .  b × c + b × a + c × c + c × a 
(iˆ - ˆj + 3k)
ˆ , about the point (iˆ + 2jˆ - k)
ˆ is
= ( a + b ) .  b × c + b × a + c × a  (a) î - 3jˆ - 4kˆ (b) î - 5jˆ - 3kˆ
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
= a. b × c + a. b × a + a. ( c × a ) + b. b × c + b. b × a + b. ( c × a ) (c) 3iˆ -12j- ˆ 9kˆ (d) 3iˆ -12jˆ + 9kˆ
=  a b c  + a b a  + [ a c a ] +  b b c  +  b b a  +  b c a  UP PCS (Pre) 2009
Ans. (c) Moment = r × F
= 2  a b c 
r = î − ˆj + 3kˆ − î − 2ˆj + kˆ
Note- If any two vector are equal, then the value of the
scaler tripale product is zero r = −3jˆ + 4kˆ
172. The incorrect statement for the three vectors F = 3iˆ + kˆ
( )
a × b × c ,b × ( c × a ) and c × a × b and is ( ) ɵi ɵj kˆ
(a)
their sum is null vector r × F = 0 −3 4 = ɵi ( −3 − 0 ) −ɵj ( –12 ) + kˆ ( 0 + 9 )
(b)
they are linearly dependent 3 0 1
(c)
they are linearly independent
(d)
they are coplanar = −3iˆ + 12ˆj + 9kˆ OR, F × r = 3iˆ − 12ˆj − 9kˆ
UP PCS (Pre) 2008 176. Two non-zero vectors are linearly dependent, if
( )
Ans. (c) : a × b × c , b × ( c × a ) , and c × a × b is ( )
and only if, their vector product is
(a) a unit vector (b) a constant vector
(i) Their sum is empty set (c) null vector (d) None of the above
(ii) They are linearly dependent and coplanar but UP PCS (Pre) 2009
not linearly independent vector.
Ans. (c) Statement- Two non-zero vector are linearly
173. If a × b - 3 a.b = 0 then the angle between dependent, if and only if, their vector producet is null
vector.
a and b is
177. If a.b = a.c and a × b = a × c then
π π
(a) (b) (a) a − c is parallel to a
2 3
(b) b − c is perpendicular to a
π π
(c) (d) (c) b is parallel to c
4 6
UP PCS (Pre) 2009 (d) b − c = 0
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Ans. (d) : a.b = a.c ( ) ( )
180. If a × b × c = a × b × c, then
Ùee a.b − a.c = 0 Ùeefo a × ( b × c ) = ( a × b ) × c, leye
(
a b−c =0 ) (a) a × ( c × b ) = 0
Dele: Ùee lees a ⊥ ( b − c ) Ùee lees ( b − c ) = 0 (b) (c × a )× b = 0
Deye, a×b = a×c
(
(c) c × a × b = 0 )
(
a× b−c =0 ) (d) None of the above/GheÙeg&òeâ ceW mes keâesF& veneR
Dele: Ùee lees a || ( b − c ) Ùee lees ( b − c ) = 0
Dele: ( b − c ) = 0
( ) ( )
Ans. (b) : Given that a × b × c = a × b × c
( a.c ) b − ( a.b ) c = − ( c.b ) a − ( c.a ) b 

178. Let a = î + 2jˆ + 3k,
ˆ b = î − 3jˆ + 2kˆ and c = ˆj − kˆ
What is x equal to which is orthogonal to a ⇒ ( c.b) a − ( a.b ) c = 0
and satisfies the equation x × b = b × c ?
⇒ ( b.c ) a − ( b.a ) c = 0
(a) 3iˆ − kˆ (b) −3iˆ + kˆ
(c) −î + 2ˆj − kˆ (d) î − 2ˆj + kˆ
⇒ (c × a)× b = 0
181. The moment of a force represented by
Ans. (c) : a = î + 2ˆj + 3kˆ , b = î − 3jˆ + 2kˆ
3iˆ + kˆ acting through the point 2iˆ - ˆj + 3kˆ about
c = ˆj − kˆ the point is î + 2jˆ - kˆ
Now, x ×b = b× c 3iˆ + kˆ mes efve™efhele yeue, pees efyevog 2iˆ - ˆj + 3kˆ hej ueiee
x × b = î + ˆj + 3kˆ nw, î + 2jˆ - kˆ kesâ heefjle: DeeIetCe& nw
î ( 2y + 3z ) − ˆj( 2x − z ) + ( 3x − y ) kˆ = î + ˆj + 3kˆ (a) −3iˆ + 11jˆ − 9kˆ (b) 3iˆ − 11jˆ + 9kˆ
2y+3z=1 ............(i) (c) 3iˆ − 11jˆ − 9kˆ (d) −3iˆ + 11jˆ + 9kˆ
2x–z = 1 ........... (ii) (GIC) ØeJeòeâe hejer#ee, 2015
3x–y = 3 ............(iii) Ans. (d) : Given that F = 3iˆ + 0ˆj + kˆ
Now x.a = 0 let P (2,–1, 3) and O (1,2,–1)
x+2y+3z=0 ............ (iv)
by (i), (ii) and (iv)
x =–1, y=2, z=–1
(
x = −î + 2ˆj − kˆ )
179. The volume of the parallelopiped with r = op = (1, −3,4 )
coterminous edges ∴ Moment of F about r is given by
a = 3iˆ - 2jˆ + 5k,b
ˆ = î + ˆj + kˆ and c = 2iˆ + 4jˆ - k,
ˆ is
î ˆj kˆ
(a) 11 units (b) 14 units
r × F = 1 −3 4
(c) 15 units (d) 12 units
3 0 1
Ans. (a) : a = 3iˆ − 2ˆj + 5kˆ , b = î + ˆj + kˆ , c = 2iˆ + 4ˆj − kˆ
= î ( –3) − ˆj (1 − 12 ) + kˆ ( 9 )
Volume =  a b c 
= −3iˆ + 11jˆ + 9kˆ
3 −2 5 ˆ cˆ are any three vectors such that
ˆ b,
182. If a,
V= 1
2
1
4
1
−1
( a + b ) . c = ( a - b ) . c = 0 then ( a × b ) × c is equal
to/ Ùeefo a,
ˆ b,ˆ cˆ keâesF& Yeer leerve meefoMe Fme Øekeâej nes
= 3(−1 − 4) + 2(−1 − 2) + 5(4 − 2) = −15 − 6 + 10 = −11
efkeâ ( a + b ) . c = ( a - b ) . c = 0 nes, lees ( a × b ) × c
Volume = −11 or 11 unite yejeyej nesiee:
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(a) 0 (b) a 185. The value of the parallelopiped determined by
(c) b (d) c A = î + 2jˆ - k,
ˆ Bˆ = -2iˆ + 3kˆ and C = 7jˆ - 4kˆ is
(GIC) ØeJeòeâe hejer#ee, 2015 A = î + 2jˆ - k,

ˆ Bˆ = -2iˆ + 3kˆ Deewj C = 7jˆ - 4kˆ Éeje
Ans. (a) : Given that a, b, c are any three vectors such yeves meceevlej <ešdheâuekeâ keâe DeeÙeleve nw?
( ) (
that a + b .c = a − b .c = 0 ) (a) 21 (b) 22 (c) 23
(GIC) ØeJeòeâe
(d) 24
hejer#ee, 2015
⇒ a.c + b.c = a.c − b.c = 0 Ans. (c) : Given that A = î + 2jˆ - k,
ˆ Bˆ = -2iˆ + 0jˆ + 3kˆ
( a × b ) × c = −c × ( a × b ) (given) and C = 7jˆ - 4kˆ
= − ( c.b ) a + ( c.a ) b Then the valume of the parallelopped
= scalar product of thess three vector
= ( c.a ) b − ( c.b ) a ...... (i)
( )
= A × B .C
= ( 6iˆ − ˆj + 4k ) .( 0iˆ + 7ˆj − 4kˆ )

∵ Scalar product is commutative and given that
( )
= a + b .c ⇒ a.c = −bc
= 0 − 7 − 16 = −23 = 23 cubic unit
and = ( a − b ) .c = 0 186. If a.iˆ = a.(iˆ + ˆj) = a.(i + ˆj + k)
ˆ = 1, then a is equal to
⇒ a.c = b.c Ùeefo a.iˆ = a.(iˆ + ˆj) = a.(i + ˆj + k)
ˆ = 1, nes, lees a
Now, from (i) yejeyej nesiee–
( a × b ) × c = ( a.c ) b − ( b.c ) a (a) î (b) ĵ (c) k̂ (d) ˆj + kˆ
= − ( b.c ) b − ( b.c ) a
Ans. (a) : If a.iˆ = a.(iˆ + ˆj) = a.(i + ˆj + k)
ˆ = 1,
= − ( b.c )( b + a ) = − ( b.c ) .0 = 0
then a = i + ojˆ + okˆ ⇒ i.e., a = î
183. ( a - î ) î + ( a - ˆj) ˆj + ( a + kˆ ) kˆ is equal to 187. The triangle ABC with position vector of A is
2iˆ - ˆj + k,
ˆ of B is î - 3jˆ – 5k,
ˆ and C is 3iˆ - 4jˆ - 4k,
ˆ
( a - î ) î + ( a - ˆj) ˆj + ( a + kˆ ) kˆ yejeyej nw
ef$eYegpe ABC peneB A keâer efmLeefle meefoMe 2iˆ - ˆj + k,ˆ B
(a) î + ˆj + kˆ (b) 3 ( î + ˆj + kˆ )
keâer î - 3jˆ – 5k,
ˆ Deewj C keâer 3iˆ - 4jˆ - 4k,
ˆ nw, nw
(c) a (d) 3a (a) equilateral/meceyeeng
(GIC) ØeJeòeâe hejer#ee, 2015 (b) isosceles/meceefÉyeeng
Ans. (c) : Let a = xiˆ + yjˆ + zkˆ (c) right angled/mecekeâesCe
None of the above/GheÙeg&òeâ ceW mes keâesF& veneR
then, ( a.iˆ ) î + ( a.jˆ ) ˆj + ( a.kˆ ) kˆ (d)
= xiˆ + yjˆ + zkˆ = a Ans. (c) : Given that position vector of A i.e.,
184. If ê = aiˆ + bjˆ + ckˆ is a unit vector, then OA = 2iˆ − ˆj + kˆ
maximum value of ab+bc+ca is equal to OB = î − 3jˆ − 5kˆ
Ùeefo ê = aiˆ + bjˆ + ckˆ Skeâ FkeâeF& meefoMe nw, lees OC = 3iˆ − 4ˆj − 4kˆ
ab+bc+ca keâe DeefOekeâlece ceeve yejeyej nw
(a) –3/2 (b) 0 (c) 1 (d) 3
Ans. (b) : vector ê = aiˆ + bjˆ + ckˆ is a unit vector
Therefore
∴ a 2 + b2 + c2 = 1
AB = −î − 2ˆj − 6kˆ
(a + b + c) = a + b + c + 2 ( ab + bc + ca )
2 2 2 2
2
BC = 2iˆ − ˆj + kˆ
(1) = 1+2 (ab+bc+ca)
ab+bc+ca=0 CA = −î + 3jˆ + 5kˆ

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190. Volume of a parallelepiped whose co-terminous
( −1) + ( −2 ) + ( −6 )
2 2 2
AB = = 1 + 4 + 36 = 41
edges are given by a = 2iˆ − 3j,ˆ b = î + ˆj − kˆ
( 2 ) + ( −1) + (1)
2 2 2
BC = = 6 and c = 3iˆ − kˆ is–/meceevlej<ešheâuekeâ efpemekeâer
CA = ( −1) + ( 3) + ( 5 )
2 2 2
= 1 + 9 + 25 = 35 meneJemeeveer keâesj a = 2iˆ − 3j,
ˆ b = î + ˆj − kˆ Deewj
c = 3iˆ − kˆ Éeje oer ieF& nQ, keâe DeeÙeleve nw–

∵ (BC)2 + (CA) 2 = (AB) 2
(a) 2 (b) 5
∴ ∆ ABC is a right angled triangle. (c) 10 (d) 4
188. The projection of the vector a = 2iˆ + 3jˆ + 2kˆ on (GIC) ØeJeòeâe hejer#ee, 2015
the vector b = î + 2jˆ + kˆ is given by/meefoMe Ans. (d) : Let a = 2iˆ − 3jˆ + 0k, ˆ
a = 2iˆ + 3jˆ + 2kˆ keâe meefoMe b = î + 2jˆ + kˆ hej Øe#eshe b = î + ˆj − kˆ & c = 3iˆ + 0ˆj − kˆ
efkeâmekesâ leguÙe nw? 2 −3 0
7 6 4 6 Volume =  a bc  = 1 1 − 1
(a) (b)  
3 3 3 0 −1
5 6 2 6 = 2 ( −1) + 3 ( −1 + 3) + 0 = −2 + 6 = 4 cubic unit
(c) (d)
3 3
hejer#ee, 2015 191. The area of parallelogram determined by
(GIC) ØeJeòeâe
vectors 3iˆ + 2jˆ and 2jˆ − 4kˆ is–/meefoMeeW 3iˆ + 2jˆ
Ans. (c) : Given that a = 2iˆ + 3jˆ + 2kˆ and b = î + 2jˆ + kˆ
leLee 2jˆ − 4kˆ Éeje yeves meceeblejÛelegYeg&pe keâe #es$eheâue nw
∴ a.b = 2.1 + 3.2 + 2.1 = 10
(a) 2 (b) 4
b = 6
(c) 2 61 (d) 61
10 10 6 5 6 a.b (GIC) ØeJeòeâe hejer#ee, 2015
Projection of vector a on b = = = =
b 6 6 3
Ans. (c) : Let a = 3iˆ + 2ˆj & b = 2ˆj − 4kˆ
189. Given three vectors A = î + ˆj − 2k, ˆ B = 2iˆ − ˆj + k,
ˆ then a × b = −8iˆ + 12ˆj + 6kˆ
C = piˆ + 3jˆ − kˆ For what value of p, vector
area = a × b = 64 + 144 + 36
A × B will be perpendicular to vector C ?
leerve meefoMe A = î + ˆj − 2k,
ˆ B = 2iˆ − ˆj + k,
ˆ = 244 = 2 61 sq unit.
C = piˆ + 3jˆ − kˆ efoÙes ieÙes nw p kesâ efkeâme ceeve kesâ efueS 192. If a,b,c are any three vectors, then
meefoMe A × B meefoMe C kesâ uecyeJeled nesiee? b × c,c × a,a × b, is equal to–
(a) –10 (b) –11
(c) –12 (d) 0 Ùeefo a,b,c keâesF& leerve meefoMe neW, lees
(GIC) ØeJeòeâe hejer#ee, 2015 b × c,c × a,a × b, yejeyej nw–
Ans. (c) : A = î + ˆj − 2k,
ˆ B = 2iˆ − ˆj + k,
ˆ C = piˆ + 3jˆ − k,
ˆ
(a) 2 a, b, c
î ˆj kˆ
ˆ 2
A×B = 1 1 −2 = î (1 − 2 ) − ˆj (1 + 4 ) + kˆ ( −1, −2 ) (b) a, b, c
2 −1 1 2 2 2
(c) a b c
= –iˆ – 5ˆj – 3kˆ
( )
If A × B ⊥ C then (GIC) ØeJeòeâe hejer#ee, 2015
( A × B).C = 0 Ans. (b) : = a × b b × c c × a  = {( b × c ) × ( c × a )}
⇒ ( −î − 5jˆ − 3kˆ ).( piˆ + 3jˆ − kˆ ) = 0 = ( a × b ) .{ bca  c −  bcc  a}
⇒ –p–15+3 = 0
( )
2
⇒ p = −12 = a × b .c  bca  =  abc   bca  =  abc 

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193. Distance between the planes Ans : (d) Ùeefo a = 2iˆ + ˆj + 3kˆ
r.(iɵ + 2jɵ − 2k)
ˆ + 5 = 0 and
leLee b = 3iˆ − 2ˆj + kˆ
r.(iɵ + 2jɵ − 2k)ˆ − 8 = 0 is given by–
ceevee meefoMe a leLee b kesâ yeerÛe θ keâesCe nw, leye
meceleueeW r.(iɵ + 2jɵ − 2k)
ˆ + 5 = 0 Deewj
a .b
cos θ =
r.(iɵ + 2jɵ − 2k)
ˆ − 8 = 0 kesâ yeerÛe keâer otjer nw–
| a || b |
13 3 2 × 3 + 1× (−2) + 3 ×1
(a) (b) cos θ =
3 13 22 + 12 + 32 . 32 + (−2)2 + 12
3 3 6−2+3 7 1
(c) (d) = = =
11 13 14 2
14 14
(GIC) ØeJeòeâe hejer#ee, 2015 1
Ans. (a) : The equation of two planes are cos θ = = cos 600 ⇒ θ = 600
2
( ) (
r. î + 2ˆj − 2kˆ = −5 and r. î + 2ˆj − 2kˆ = 8 ) 197. Ùeefo a = 6iˆ + 4ˆj + 4kˆ Deewj b = 2iˆ + 4ˆj + 3kˆ leye
∴ Distance between the planes b × a keâe ceeve keäÙee nesiee?
−5 − 8 −13 13
= = = unit (a) 4iˆ + 10ˆj − 16kˆ (b) 4iˆ + 10ˆj + 16kˆ
1 + 2 + ( −2 ) 3 3
2 2 2
(c) 4iˆ + 10ˆj − 12kˆ (d) 4iˆ + 10ˆj + 3kˆ
194. Ùeefo OA = a leLee OB = b nes, leye BA keâe ceeve TGT 2013
keäÙee nesiee? Ans : (a) Ùeefo a = 6iˆ + 4ˆj + 4kˆ leLee b = 2iˆ + 4ˆj + 3kˆ
(a) a + b (b) a î ˆj kˆ
(c) b (d) a−b
∴ b×a = 2 4 3
TGT 2013
6 4 4
Ans : (d) OA = a leLee OB = b nes leye
BA = A keâer efmLeefle meefoMe– B keâer efmLeefle meefoMe
R1 kesâ meehes#e efJemleej keâjves hej,
BA = a − b = î(16 − 12) + ˆj(18 − 8) + k(8
ˆ − 24)
195. meefoMe 2iˆ + 2ˆj + kˆ leLee x–De#e kesâ yeerÛe yeves keâesCe kesâ = 4iˆ + 10ˆj − 16kˆ
cosine keâe ceeve keäÙee nesiee? 198. Ùeefo oes yeue 4iˆ + ˆj − 3kˆ Deewj 3iˆ + ˆj − kˆ Skeâ keâCe hej
2 1 keâeÙe&jle nw efpemekesâ keâejCe keâCe efyevog î + 2jˆ + 3kˆ mes
(a) (b)
3 3
5iˆ + 4jˆ + kˆ lekeâ efJemLeeefhele nes peeleer nw leye yeue kesâ
1 1
(c) (d) Éeje efkeâÙee ieÙee kegâue keâeÙe&
2 2
(a) 20 FkeâeF& (b) 30 FkeâeF&
TGT 2013
(c) 40 FkeâeF& (d) 50 FkeâeF&
Ans : (a) x–De#e kesâ DevegefoMe FkeâeF& meefoMe ɵi TGT 2013
ceevee meefoMe a = î + 0ˆj + 0kˆ (x– De#e kesâ DevegefoMe) Ans : (c) ceevee yeue
b = 2iˆ + 2ˆj + 1kˆ F1 = 4iˆ + ˆj − 3kˆ
ceevee meefoMe â leLee b̂ kesâ yeerÛe θ keâesCe nw~ F = 3iˆ + ˆj − kˆ
2
a.b 2.1 + 0.2 + 0.1 Deewj heefjCeeceer yeue F = F1 + F2

∴ cos θ = =
| a |.| b | 1 + 0 + 0 22 + 22 + 1
2
( ) (
= 4iˆ + ˆj − 3kˆ + 3iˆ + ˆj − kˆ )
2 2 2
= = ⇒ cos θ = = 7iˆ + 2ˆj − 4kˆ
9 3 3
ceevee efJemLeeheve meefoMe OA = î + 2ˆj + 3kˆ
196. Ùeefo â = 2iˆ + ˆj + 3kˆ leLee bˆ = 3iˆ − 2ˆj + kˆ oes meefoMe
OB = 5iˆ + 4ˆj + kˆ
nw~ leye Fvekesâ yeerÛe keâe keâesCe nesiee–
(a) 300 (b) 450 ∴ kegâue efJemLeeheve AB = B keâer efmLeefle meefoMe–A keâer efmLeefle meefoMe
(c) 900 (d) 600
TGT 2013
( ) (
= 5iˆ + 4ˆj + kˆ − î + 2ˆj + 3kˆ )
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= 4iˆ + 2ˆj − 2kˆ Ans : (c) meefoMe A keâer efmLeefle meefoMe = a
∴ ( )(
kegâue keâeÙe& F.AB = 7iˆ + 2ˆj − 4kˆ . 4iˆ + 2ˆj − 2kˆ ) meefoMe B keâer efmLeefle meefoMe = b
∴ AB kesâ ceOÙe efyevog G keâer efmLeefle
= 7 × 4 + 2 × 2 + 4 × 2 = 40 FkeâeF&
199. Ùeefo a = 5, a − b = 8 Deewj a + b = 10 leye b keâe
ceeve keäÙee nesiee?
(a) 1 (b) 57 (c) 3 (d) 42
TGT 2013
m × OB + n × OA
Ans : (b) a = 5, a − b = 8 Deewj a + b = 10 meefoMe = (∴ m = n = 1)
m+n
1 × b + 1× a 1
2 2
∵ a.a =| a |2
2
=
1+1
= a+b
2
( )
∴ a −b = a + b − 2| a |.| b |
202. Ùeefo meefoMe 2iˆ + ˆj + kˆ leLee î − 4jˆ + λkˆ hejmhej
= 25+ | b | −2 × 5 | b |= 64...(i)
2
uecyeJele nes, leye λ keâe ceeve keäÙee nesiee?
2 2 (a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4
Deewj 2
a + b = a + b + 2| a | .| b| = 25+ | b|2 +2 ×5× | b|= 100...(ii)
TGT 2013
meceer. (i) leLee (ii) keâes peesÌ[ves hej Ans : (b) ∴ ceevee a = 2iˆ + ˆj + kˆ leLee b = î − 4ˆj + λkˆ
2
50 + 2 b = 164 ∵ a leLee b hejmhej uecyeJele nw~
164 − 50
2
∴ a.b = 0
b =
2 ( )( )
2iˆ + ˆj + kˆ î − 4ˆj + λkˆ = 0
2 114
b = = 57 2 ×1 − 4 ×1 + λ ×1 = 0 ⇒ 2 − 4 + λ = 0
2
λ=2
b = 57
203. meefoMe ĉ = 4iˆ − 5jˆ + 11kˆ keâe ceeheebkeâ –
a.b × c b.c × a c.a × b (a) 9 (b) 9 2 (c) 9 3 (d) 10
200. Ùeefo a b c  = 1 leye + +
c × a.b a × b.c b × c.a TGT 2013
keâe ceeve– Ans : (b) meefoMe ĉ = 4iˆ − 5jˆ + 11kˆ
(a) 1 (b) –1 (c) 2 (d) 3
∴ c = 42 + ( −5 ) + (11)
2 2
TGT 2013
Ans : (d) ∵ a b c  =  b c a  =  c a b  = 1 (efoÙee nw) = 16 + 25 + 121 = 162 = 9 2
     
204. Ùeefo oes meefoMe a − b leLee a + b nes leye Gvekeâe ›eâeme
a.b × c b.c × a c.a × b
∴ + + iegCeve ( a − b ) × ( a + b ) keâe ceeve nesiee–
c × a.b a × b.c b × c.a
a b c   b c a  c a b (a) a2 – b2 (b) (
2 a×b )
= + + 
c a b  a b c  b c a (c) a × b (d) b×a
     
TGT 2013
1 1 1
= + + = 1+1+1 = 3
1 1 1 ( ) ( )
Ans : (b) a − b × a + b = a × a + a × b − b × a − b × b
201. Ùeefo meefoMe A leLee B keâer efmLeefle meefoMe ›eâceMe: a leLee = 0 + a × b + a × b − 0 = 2 (a × b)

b nes, leye AB kesâ ceOÙe efyevog keâer efmLeefle meefoMe keäÙee
nesieer?
{∵ a × a = b × b = 0leLee a × b = −b × a}
205. The vectors p,q, r are coplanar, if and only if:
(a) a + b (b) a−b
meefoMe p,q, r Ùeefo Deewj kesâJeue leYeer meceleueerÙe nesles
(c)
1
2
(a+b ) (d)
1
2
(
a−b ) nQ, peyeefkeâ:
TGT 2013 (a) p ×(q × r ) = 0 (b) (p × q)× r = 0
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(c) ( p × q ) .r = 0 (d) ( p × q ).( q × r ) = 0 208. The value of ( a × b ) + ( a.b )
2 2
is:
UP PCS (Pre) 1997
( a × b ) + ( a.b )
2 2
Ans : (c) meefoMe p, q, r Ùeefo Deewj kesâJeue Ùeefo leYeer meceleueerÙe keâe ceeve nw:
nesies peye ( p × q ) .r = 0 (a) 1 (b) 0
206. The vectors : <1, –2, 1>, <2, 1, –1> and <7, –4, (c) a b 2 2
(d) 2a.b
1> of R3 are:/ R3 ceW meefoMe <1, –2, 1>, <2, 1, –1>
UP PCS (Pre) 1997
leLee <7, –4, 1> nQ:
Ans : (c) a × b + ( a.b ) ............. (i)
2 2
(a) linearly dependent /jsKeerÙe DeOeerve
(b) linearly independent /jsKeerÙe mJeeOeerve
( a × b ) = ( a × b )( a × b )
2
(c) linearly dependent as well as linearly

independent /jsKeerÙe DeOeerve SJeb jsKeerÙe mJeeOeerve = ( ab sin θ )( absin θ ) = a 2 b 2 sin 2 θ = a 2 b 2 (1 − cos 2 θ )
⇒ a 2 b 2 − a 2 b 2 cos 2 θ = a 2 b 2 − ( a.b )
2
UP PCS (Pre) 1997
Ans : (a) Let a,b,c be scalars, i.e., real numbers meceer. 1 mes.
such that,
a 2 b 2 − ( a.b ) + ( a.b ) = a 2 b 2
2 2
a(1,–2,1)+b(2,1,–1)+c(7,–4,1)= (0,0,0)
(a+2b+7c, –2a+b–4c, a–b+c) = (0,0,0)
a+2b+7c = 0 .......... (i) 209. If the vector aiˆ + ˆj + k, ˆ î + bjˆ + kˆ and î + ˆj + ckˆ
–2a+b–4c= 0 .........(ii) (where a≠b≠c≠1) are coplanar, then the value
a–b+c =0 .........(iii) 1 1 1
eqn (i) and (iii) of + + is;
1−a 1−b 1−c
3a+9c=0
a=–3c ....... (iv) Ùeefo meefoMe aiˆ + ˆj + k, ˆ î + bjˆ + kˆ leLee î + ˆj + ckˆ
eqn (i) and (ii) (peyeefkeâ a≠b≠c≠1) meceleueerÙe neW, lees
5a+15c = 0 1 1 1
a = –3c ..... (v) + + keâe ceeve nw:
1−a 1−b 1−c
Putting the value of a in (i)
(a) 1 (b) –1
–3c+2b+7c= 0
2b=–4c
b= –2c UP PCS (Pre) 1997
If we take c=1 we get b = –2, a = –3 Ans : (a) A = ai+j+k, B = i +bj+k
Thus a= –3, b=–2, c=1 is non zero solution of the eqn C = i+j+ck if they are coplanar
(i) (ii) and (iii).
 ABC  = 0
Hence the given set of vectors is linearly dependent.
207. a × b is: a × b nw: a 1 1
(a) a scalar quantity /Skeâ DeefoMejeefMe 1 b 1 =0 C1 − C3 and C 2 − C3
(b) a vector quantity parallel to the plane of 1 1 c
a and b /Skeâ meefoMe jeefMe, pees efkeâ meefoMe a SJeb b a −1 0 1
kesâ meceleue keâ meceeveevlej nes 0 b −1 1 = 0
(c) a vector quantity perpendicular to the plane
1− c 1− c c
containing a and b / Skeâ meefoMe jeefMe, pees efkeâ
meefoMe a SJeb b kesâ meceleue hej uecye nes By taking (a–1) (b–1) (c–1) common
(d) a vector quantity parallel to a and 1
1 0
perpendicular to b /Skeâ meefoMe jeefMe, pees efkeâ kesâ a −1
meceeveevlej a leLee b hej uecye nes 1
( a − 1)( b − 1)( c − 1) 0 1 =0
UP PCS (Pre) 1997 b −1
c
Ans : (c) a × b nw~ 1 1
1− c
Skeâ meefoMe jeefMe pees efkeâ meefoMe a SJeb b keâes jKeves Jeeues meceleue a≠b≠c≠1
hej uecye nes~ Then (a–1) (b–1) (c–1)≠0
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1 2 −1 1
1 0
a −1 1 2 −3 = 0
1 3 p 5
0 1 =0
b −1
R1 kesâ meehes#e efJemleej keâjves hej
c
1 1 ⇒ 2(10 + 3p) + 1(5 + 9) + 1( p − 6) = 0
1− c
⇒ 20+6p+14+p–6=0
c 1 1
⇒ − − =0 ⇒ 7p = –28
1 − c b −1 a −1
c 1 1 ⇒ p = −4
⇒ + + =0
1 − c (1 − b) (1 − a) 212. If a and b are two unit vectors inclined at an
1+
c
+
1
+
1
=1 θ
⇒ angle θ, then sin = / Ùeefo a Deewj b FkeâeF& meefoMe
1 − c (1 − b) (1 − a) 2
1 1 1 θ
⇒ + + =1 nes Deewj Deeheme ceW θ keâesCe yeveeles nes, leye sin =
1− a 1− b 1− c 2
210. If u and v are unit vectors and θ is acute angle 1 1
(a) (b)
2 2
between them, 2u × 3v is a unit vector for
1
Ùeefo u leLee v FkeâeF& meefoMe neW Deewj θ Fvekesâ yeerÛe (c) − (d) FveceW mes keâesF& veneR
2
keâe vÙetvekeâesCe nes leye 2u × 3v FkeâeF& meefoMe nesieW- TGT 2010
(a) exactly two values of θ/θ kesâ oes ceeve kesâ efueS 2 2 2
Ans : (d) met$e, a − b = a + b − 2a.b
(b) more than two values of θ
θ kesâ oes mes DeefOekeâ ceeve kesâ efueS = 1 +1 – 2 a b cos θ = 2 – 2 cos θ
(c) no values of θ/θ kesâ
efkeâmeer ceeve kesâ efueS veneR 2
θ = a − b = 4 sin 2 θ / 2
(d) exactly one value of θ/θ kesâ kesâJeue Skeâ ceeve kesâ efueS = 2 (1–1+2 sin2 )
2
2
TGT 2010 a −b
2 θ θ a−b θ 1
Ans : (d) ∵ u leLee v FkeâeF& meefoMe nQ leLee θ Fvekesâ yeerÛe ⇒ sin 2 = 4 ⇒ sin 2 = 2 ⇒ sin = a − b
2 2
keâe vÙetvekeâesCe nw~
∴ u = 1 leLee v = 1 leLee u × v = 1 213. The direction cosines of the vector 3iˆ − 4jˆ + 5kˆ are
∴ u × v = u . v sin θ meefoMe 3iˆ −4jˆ + 5kˆ keâer efodkeâ keâespÙee (direction cosines) nw:
π 3 −4 1 3−4 1
⇒ u × v = sin θ ⇒ sin θ = 1 ⇒ θ = pees efkeâ mecekeâesCe nw~ (a) , , (b) ,,
2 5 5 5 5 2 5 2 2
hegve: 2u × 3v ⇒ 2 u .3 v sin θ. = 1 3 −4 1 3 4 1
(c) , , (d) , ,
2 2 2 5 2 5 2 2
1
⇒ sin θ = ⇒ θ = 16 0 (ueieYeie) pees efkeâ vÙetvekeâesCe nw~ TGT 2010
6
Dele: θ kesâ kesâJeue Skeâ ceeve kesâ efueS 2u × 3v FkeâeF& meefoMe nesieW~ Ans : (b) meefoMe 3î − 4 ĵ + 5k̂ keâer efodkeâ keâespÙee
3 −4 5
211. Vectors 2iˆ − ˆj + k,
ˆ î + 2jˆ − 3kˆ and 3iˆ + pjˆ + 5kˆ , ,
9 + 16 + 25 3 + 4 + 5
2 2 2
3 + 42 + 52
2
are coplaner. Then p is
3 −4 1
Ùeefo meefoMe 2iˆ − ˆj + k,
ˆ î + 2jˆ − 3kˆ Deewj 3iˆ + pjˆ + 5kˆ ⇒ , ,
5 2 5 2 2
meceleueerÙe (coplaner) nes leye p keâe ceeve nesiee :
214. Let a = î + ˆj + λkˆ and b = î + ˆj + kˆ then
(a) –4 (b) 4 (c) 2 (d) –2
TGT 2010 a + b = a + b holds for λ/ ceevee a = î + ˆj + λkˆ
Ans : (a) Ùeefo meefoMe 2iˆ − ˆj + k,
ˆ î + 2ˆj − 3kˆ Deewj
Deewj b = î + ˆj + kˆ leye a + b = a + b λ kesâ efkeâme
3iˆ + pjˆ + 5kˆ meceleueerÙe nes leye ceeve kesâ efueS mevleg° keâjsiee?
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(a) λ = –1 (b) λ = 1 216. If a = î + 2jˆ − 2k,b
ˆ = 2iˆ + 3jˆ − kˆ then a × b is
(c) all real λ (d) no real λ
TGT 2010 Ùeefo a = î + 2jˆ − 2k,b
ˆ = 2iˆ + 3jˆ − kˆ leye, a × b nw:
Ans : (b) a = iˆ + ˆj + λkˆ , b = iˆ + ˆj + kˆ (a) 25 (b) 27
⇒ a = 1 + 1 + λ2 b = 1+1+1
TGT 2010
⇒ a = 2+λ 2
b = 3 Ans : (d) a = î + 2ˆj − 2k,
ˆ b = 2iˆ + 3jˆ − kˆ
leLee a + b = 2iˆ + 2ˆj + (1 + λ ) kˆ î ˆj kˆ

∴ a×b = 1 2 −2
a + b = 4 + 4 + (1 + λ )
2
2 3 −1
a+b = a + b = î(−2 + 6) + ˆj(−4 + 1) + k(3

ˆ − 4)
⇒ 8 + (λ + 1) 2 = 3 + 2 + λ 2 a × b = 4iˆ − 3jˆ − kˆ
Jeie& keâjves hej Deye, a × b = 42 + (−3) 2 + (−1) 2 = 16 + 9 + 1 = 26

8 + λ 2 + 1 + 2λ = 3 + 2 + λ 2 + 2 3 2 + λ 2 217. meefoMe a = 2iˆ + 2jˆ − kˆ leLee b = 6iˆ − 3jˆ + 2kˆ kesâ yeerÛe
4 + 2λ = 2 3 2 + λ 2 kesâ keâesCe keâe cosine nw–
4 3
2 + λ = 3. 2 + λ 2 (a) (b)
21 4
hegve: Jeie& keâjves hej, 2
4 + λ 2 + 4λ·= 3(2 + λ 2 ) ⇒ λ 2 + 4λ − 3λ 2 + 4 − 6 = 0 21
TGT 2009
⇒ ( λ − 1) = 0 ⇒ λ = 1
2
Ans : (a) Ùeefo meefoMe a leLee b kesâ yeerÛe keâe keâesCe θ nes leye
2×6 + 2× ( -3) + ( -1) ×2
2 2 2
215. If a be any vector, then a × î + a × ˆj + a × kˆ = cos θ =
a.b
=
2 + 22 + ( -1) 62 + ( -3) + 22
2 2
| a | .| b | 2
2 2 2
Ùeefo a Skeâ meefoMe nw, leye a × î + a × ˆj + a × kˆ =
12 − 6 − 2 4 4
cos θ= = =
(a) 0 (b) a (c) a2 (d) 2a2 9 × 49 3× 7 21
TGT 2010
218. Ùeefo ABCDEF Skeâ
mece<ešdYegpe nw Deewj
Ans : (d) ceevee a = xiˆ + yjˆ + zkˆ ⇒ a 2 = x 2 + y 2 + z 2
AB + AC + AD + AE + AF = λ AD leye λ keâe ceeve
leye a × î = (xiˆ + yjˆ + zk)
ˆ × (i)
ˆ keäÙee nesiee–
= zjˆ − ykˆ (a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) 6
2
TGT 2009
∴ a × î = z 2 + .y 2 .................(i) Ans : (b)
Fmeer Øekeâej
2
a × j = x 2 + z 2 ..............(ii)
2
a × kˆ = x 2 + y 2 ..................(iii)
pÙeeefceefle mes,
meceer. (i),( ii) leLee (iii) keâes peesÌ[ves hej CD Deewj AF leLee ED Deewj AB hejmhej meceevlej Deewj yejeyej nw~
2 2 2
a × î + a × ˆj + a × kˆ = z 2 + y 2 + x 2 + z 2 + x 2 + y 2 ∴ CD = AF ⇒ CD = AF
= 2(x2+y2+z2) = 2a2 leLee ED = AB ⇒ ED = AB

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Dele: yeueeW keâe heefjCeeceer meefoMe = i ( 6 −12 ) + j( 0 − 3) + k ( 4 − 0 )
AB + AC + AD + AE + AF =λ AD = –6 i – 3 j + 4 k
( −6 ) + ( −3) + ( 4 )
2 2 2
ED + AC + AD + AE + CD =λ AD ∴ | AB × AC | = = 36 + 9 +16 = 61
( AE + ED ) + ( AC + CD ) + AD =λAD ∴ ef$eYegpe
1
keâe #es$eheâue = | AB× AC | =
61
2 2
AD + AD + AD =λ AD
221. Vectors a − b + c, 4a − 7b − c and 3a + 6b + 6c ;
3AD =λ AD ⇒λ = 3
if a,b,c are non-zero and non-coplanar are :
219. Skeâ yeue F = 3iˆ + 2jˆ − 4kˆ efyevog (1, –1, 2) hej ueie jne meefoMe a − b + c, 4a − 7b − c leLee 3a + 6b + 6c keäÙee
nw~ Dele: efyevog (2, –1, 3) kesâ heefjle: DeeIetCe& nesiee– nesieer, Ùeefo meefoMe a, b leLee c DeMetvÙe leLee
(a) 2iˆ + 7ˆj − 2kˆ (b) 2iˆ − 7ˆj + 2kˆ DemeceleueerÙe nw :
(c) 2iˆ − 7ˆj − 2kˆ (d) FveceW mes keâesF& veneR (a) collinear/mebjsKe nesieer (b) coplanar/meceleueerÙe
TGT 2009 (c) both collinear and coplanar/oesveeW meceleueerÙe leLee mebjsKe
Ans : (c) efoÙee nw– yeue F = 3iˆ + 2ˆj − 4kˆ (d) None of the above/FveceW mes keâesF& veneR~
efyevog (1, –1, 2) mes efyevog (2, –1, 3) kesâ yeerÛe keâer otjer TGT 2005
ceevee x,y,z leerve DeefoMe jeefMe nw~ Fme Øekeâej Ùeefo
( ) ( )
Ans : (b)
= î − ˆj + 2kˆ − 2iˆ − ˆj + 3kˆ
DeefoMe keâe meefoMe kesâ meeLe linear combination nesves hej meYeer
r = − î + 0ˆj − kˆ DeefoMe Deueie-Deueie MetvÙe neWies leye Fmemes mhe<š nes peeÙesiee efkeâ
Dele: DeeIetCe& efyevog (2, –1, 3) kesâ heefjle: – leerveeW meefoMe meceleueerÙe nQ~
î ˆj kˆ ( ) ( ) (
∴ x. a − b + c + y 4a − 7b − c + z 3a + 6b + 6c = 0 )
{
r × F = −1 0 −1 = î ( 0 + 2 ) − ˆj ( 4 + 3) + kˆ ( −2 − 0 ) } ⇒ ( x + 4 y + 3z ) a + ( − x − 7 y + 6 z ) b + ( x − y + 6 z ) c = 0
3 2 −4
∵ a, b leLee c vee lees MetvÙe Deewj vee ner meceleueerÙe nw~
= 2iˆ − 7ˆj − 2kˆ
∴x+4y+3z=0.......(i)
220. Ùeefo efkeâmeer ef$eYegpe kesâ Meer<e& ›eâceMe: (1,1,2), (2,3,5) –x–7y+6z=0.........(ii)
Deewj (1,5,5) nw, leye ef$eYegpe keâe #es$eheâue keäÙee nesiee– x–y+6z=0...........(iii)
1 1 meceer. (i) leLee meceer. (ii) mes, –3y+9z=0 ⇒ y = 3z
(a) 61 (b) 62
2 2 meceer. (ii) leLee meceer. (iii) mes, –8y+12z=0⇒–24z+12z=0
1
(c) 60 (d) FveceW mes keâesF& veneR ⇒z=0∴y=0
2
meceer. (i) mes x = 0
TGT 2009
Dele: leerveeW DeefoMe x = 0, y = 0, z = 0 Fmemes mhe<š neslee nw efkeâ
1
Ans : (a) ef$eYegpe keâe #es$eheâue = | AB × AC | Ghejesòeâ efoÙes ieÙes meefoMe meceleueerÙe meefoMe nw~
2
Deye, AB = B keâer efmLeefle meefoMe − A keâer efmLeefle meefoMe 222. Ùeefo ( A + B ) ⊥ B Deewj ( A + 2B ) ⊥ A, leye :
( ) ( )
= 2iˆ + 3jˆ + 5kˆ − î + ˆj + 2kˆ = î + 2ˆj + 3kˆ (a) A = 2B (b) A = 2B
Fmeer Øekeâej, (c) 2A = B (d) A=B
TGT 2005
AC = C keâer efmLeefle meefoMe − A keâer efmLeefle meefoMe
Ans : (a) efoÙee nw : ( A + B ) ⊥ B ⇒ ( A + B ) .B = 0
( ) (
= î + 5jˆ + 5kˆ − î + ˆj + 2kˆ ) 2
= 0i + 4 j + 3k ⇒ A.B + B.B = 0 ⇒ A.B + B = 0......( i )
i j k hegve: ( A + 2 B ) ⊥ A ⇒ ( A + 2 B ) . A = 0
∴ AB × AC = 1 2 3
2
0 4 3 ⇒ A.A + 2B.A = 0 ⇒ A + 2B.A = 0.... ( ii )

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meceer. (i) leLee meceer. (ii) mes, ɵi ɵj kɵ
2
A −2 B =0⇒ A =2 B
2 2 2 Note:- b×c = 1 3 −2 = −iˆ − 3 ˆj − 5kˆ
2 1 −1
or A = 2 B
( ) ( )(
and then a. b × c = ɵi − 2 ɵj − 3kɵ . −ɵi − 3 ɵj − 5kɵ )
223. oes meefoMe a = 2iɵ − 3jɵ + 6kɵ leLee b = −2iɵ + 2jɵ − kɵ
= −1 + 6 + 15 = 20
meefoMe a keâe Øe#esheCe meefoMe b hej 225. Ùeefo pi+3j+4k Deewj qi + 5k oes meefoMe nQ, peneB
efoÙee nw Deewj λ = ,
meefoMe b keâe Øe#esheCe meefoMe a hej
p,q ≥ 0 oes DeefoMe nw, leye oesveeW meefoMe keâer uecyeeF&
leye λ keâe ceeve keäÙee nesiee : yejeyej nesieer:
(a)
3
(b)
7 (a) (p,q) kesâ meYeer ceeve kesâ efueS
7 3 (b) (p,q) kesâ meerefcele ceeve kesâ efueS
(c) 3 (d) 7 (c) (p,q) kesâ Devevle ceeveeW kesâ efueS
TGT 2005
(d) (p,q)kesâ efkeâmeer ceeve kesâ efueS veneR
Ans : (b) efoÙee nw : meefoMe a = 2ɵi − 3 ɵj + 6kɵ TGT 2005
leLee b = −2ɵi + 2 ɵj − kɵ Ans : (c) piˆ + 3jˆ + 4kˆ = qiˆ + 5kˆ
a b ⇒ p 2 + 9 +16 = q + 25 ⇒ p2 = q
∴ aˆ = leLee bɵ =
a b
DeLee&le meefoMe pi+3j+4k leLee meefoMe qi + 5k , p leLee q kesâ
∴ a = 4 + 9 + 36 = 49 = 7 Devevle ceevees kesâ efueS yejeyej uecyeeF& kesâ nesieW~
b = 4 + 4 +1 = 9 = 3 226. Ùeefo OA = i + 3j − 2k Deewj OB = 3i + j − 2k leye
OC keäÙee nesiee pees ∠AOB keâes meefÉYeeefpele keâjlee nw:
( )(
a.b = 2iɵ − 3jɵ + 6kɵ . −2iɵ + 2ɵj − kɵ ) (a) i-j-k (b) i+j+k
= 2 × ( −2 ) + ( −3) × 2 + 6 × ( −1) (c) -i+j-k (d) FveceW mes keâesF& veneR
TGT 2005
= −4 − 6 − 6 = −16
Ans : (d) efoÙee nw: OA = i + 3 j − 2k , OB = 3i + j − 2k
meefoMe a keâe meefoMe b hej Øe#esheCe
∵λ =
meefoMe b keâe meefoMe a hej Øe#esheCe ∵ OC , OA leLee OB kesâ yeerÛe yeves keâesCe keâe meefÉYeepekeâ nw~
a.b a a 7 7 ∴ AB keâes 1:1 ceW efJeYeeefpele keâjsiee~
= × = = ⇒ λ=
b a.b b 3 3
Dele: OC keâer efmLeefle meefoMe
224. Ùeefo a = ɵi − 2jɵ − 3kɵ , b = ɵi + 3jɵ − 2k,
ɵ c = 2iɵ + ɵj − kɵ OA ×1 + OB × 1
=
1+1
leye a. ( b × c ) keâe ceeve keäÙee nesiee:
( i + 3 j − 2k ) + ( 3i + j − 2k )  n.OA + mOB 
(a) -20 (b) 20 = OC = 
1+1  m+n 
4i + 4 j − 4k
TGT 2005 = ⇒ OC = 2i + 2 j − 2k
2
Ans. (b) Ùeefo a = ɵi − 2 ɵj − 3kɵ , b = ɵi + 3ɵj − 2kɵ , c = 2ɵi + ɵj − kɵ π
227. Ùeefo meefoMe a leLee b kesâ yeerÛe keâe keâesCe nes leye
1 −2 −3 6
∴ (
a. b × c = 1 3 −2) meefoMe 2a leLee 3b kesâ yeerÛe keâe keâesCe keäÙee nesiee:
2 1 −1 π π
(a) (b)
R1 kesâ meehes#e efJemleej keâjves hej, 3 2
π
= 1( −3 + 2 ) + 2 ( −1 + 4 ) − 3 (1 − 6 ) = −1 + 6 + 15 = 20 (c) (d) FveceW mes keâesF& veneR
6
DeLeJee TGT 2005
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Ans : (c) efkeâmeer meefoMe ceW efkeâmeer DeefoMe keâe iegCee keâjeves hej meefoMe î ˆj kˆ
kesâ yeerÛe keâe keâesCe heefjJeefle&le veneR neslee nw~ A × B = 4 −1 3 = î (1 − 3) − ˆj( −4 − 9 ) + kˆ ( 4 + 3)
a.b π 2a.3b π a.b π 3 1 −1
∵ = ⇒ = ⇒ =
a.b 6 2a . 3b 6 a .b 6
= −2iˆ + 13jˆ + 7kˆ (pees efkeâ efJekeâuhe ceW veneR nw)
228. If a × b = b × c ≠ 0 , then correct relation for a
suitable scalar K is:/ Ùeefo a × b = b × c ≠ 0 leye
Deye, B × A = − ( A × B) = − −2iˆ + 13jˆ + 7kˆ = 2iˆ −13jˆ − 7kˆ ( )
GheÙegòeâ DeeefoMe K kesâ efueS mecyevOe nesiee– 231. meefoMe î + xjˆ + k, ˆ ˆj + xkˆ leLee xiˆ + ˆj . x > 0 ces x keâs
(a) a − c = kb (b) a + c = kb efkeâme ceeve hej Ùen meefoMe kesâ Éeje yeveeÙee ieÙee DeeÙeleekeâej
(c) a + b = kc (d) b + c = ka
meceevlejerÙe ÛelegYe&gpe keâe DeeÙeleve vÙetvelece nesiee–
TGT 2004 1
(a) –3 (b) 3 (c) (d) 2
3
Ans : (b) efoÙee nw– a × b = b × c ≠ 0
TGT 2004
⇒ a ×b − b×c = 0 ⇒ a×b + c×b = 0
Ans : (d) x kesâ ceeve kesâ efueS
⇒ (a + c) × b = 0 ⇒ ( a + c ) || b
1 x 1
⇒ a + c = kb peneB k DeefoMe jeefMe nw~ (
0 1 x = 0 ⇒ 1( 0 − x ) − x 0 − x 2 + 1( 0 − x ) = 0 )
229. If a = b = 1 , and a × b = 1 , then : x 1 0
⇒ − x + x3 − x = 0 ⇒ x3 = 2 x ⇒ x3 − 2 x = 0
Ùeefo a = b = 1 Deewj a × b = 1 leye :
(a) a is perpendicular to b / a uecyeJelenw b kesâ
( )
x x2 − 2 = 0 ⇒ x ≠ 0
(b) a is paralled to b / a meceevlej nw b kesâ ∴ x2 − 2 = 0 ⇒ x = 2

(c) a . b = 1 232. If the vectors α and γ are perpendicular to
(d) a and b are in opposite direction each orther then (
α × β× γ ) and
a leLee b oesveeW efJehejerle efoMee ceW nQ
TGT 2004 ( α × β ) × γ ( β ≠ 0 ) are
Ans : (a) efoÙee a = b = 1 leLee a × b = 1 meefoMe α leLee γ Skeâ otmejs hej uecyeJele nw leye
a×b
α × β× γ ( ) Deewj ( α × β ) × γ ( β ≠ 0 ) keäÙee neWies :
1
∵ a × b = a b sin θ ⇒ sin θ = = (a) Parallel to each other/ Skeâ
otmejs kesâ meceevlej
a b 1
(b) Perpendicular to each other/Skeâ otmejs kesâ uecyeJele
π π (c) non coplanar/ DemeceleueerÙe
⇒ sin θ = 1 = sin ⇒ θ=
2 2 (d) Null vector/efjòeâ meefoMe
Dele: a leLee b hejmhej uecyeJele nQ~ TGT 2004
230. A vector perpendicular to both the vectors Ans : (b) efoÙee nw– α Deewj γ Skeâ otmejs kesâ uecyeJele nQ
ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ
A = 4i - j+ 3k and B = 3i + j-k is?/ Jen meefoMe i.e. α.γ = 0
ˆ
(Vector) keâewve mee nw pees meefoMe A = 4iˆ - ˆj+ 3kˆ leLee

∴ α × β× γ . α ×β × γ { ( )} {( ) }
meefoMe B = 3iˆ + ˆj-kˆ oesveeW kesâ uecyeJele nw :
(a) -2iˆ -13jˆ + 7kˆ (b) 2iˆ -13jˆ - 7kˆ {
= ( α.γ ) β − α.β γ . ( α.γ ) β − β.γ α ( ) }{ ( ) }
(c) 2iˆ +13jˆ - 7kˆ (d) 2iˆ -13jˆ + 7kˆ = {0 − ( α.β ) γ}.{0 − ( β.γ ) α}
TGT 2004
= ( α.β ) ( γ.α ) ( β.γ ) = 0 (∵ α.γ = γ.α = 0 )
Ans : (b) meefoMe A = 4iˆ - ˆj+3kˆ leLee B = 3iˆ + ˆj - kˆ kesâ uecyeJele
meefoMe A × B Ùee B × A neslee nw~
DeLee&le α× β× γ( ) Deewj ( α × β ) × γ Skeâ otmejs kesâ uecyeJele nw~

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233. If a = î + ˆj + kˆ ⇒ a.b = 1 and a × b = ˆj − kˆ , then Ans : (a) α peesefkeâ A kesâ meceevlej nw α = P î + ˆj ( )
the vector b is / Ùeefo a = î + ˆj + kˆ ⇒ a.b = 1 Deewj
a × b = ˆj − kˆ leye b yejeyej nw–
meefoMe β pees efkeâ A = î + ˆj hej uecye nes ( )
⇒ β = î − ˆj + λkˆ ⇒ 3iˆ + 4kˆ = α + β
(a) î - ˆj + kˆ (b) 2jˆ - kˆ (c) î (d) 2iˆ
TGT 2004 ⇒ 3jˆ + 4kˆ = P î + ˆj + q î + ˆj + λkˆ ( ) ( )
Ans : (c) ∵ a.b = 1 Deewj a × b = ˆj − kˆ pees efkeâ A kesâ meceevlej Je A hej uecye nw leguevee keâjves hej
Ghejesòeâ ØeMve keâes efJekeâuhe mes nue keâjves hej p+q=0, P–q = 3, λq = 4
⇒ 2P = 3
(a) Ùeefo b = î − ˆj + kˆ leye a.b = 1 uesefkeâve a × b ≠ ˆj − kˆ 3 3 −8
P= , q=− , λ=
ˆ ˆ ˆ
(b) Ùeefo b = 2 j − k leye a.b = 1 uesefkeâve a × b ≠ j − k ˆ 2 2 3
(c) Ùeefo b = î leye a.b = 1 Deewj a × b = ˆj − kˆ Dele:

3
α = P î + ˆj = î + ˆj
2
( ) ( )
Dele: b = î efJekeâuhe (c) mener nw~ 236. If ˆ ˆ ˆ
a = i − j + k, b = î + 2jˆ − kˆ and
234. Let a, b, c be distinct non-negative numbers. If c = 3iˆ + pjˆ + 5kˆ are coplanar, then p is equal to
ˆ ( ˆ ˆ ˆ )( )
ˆ
the vectors ai + aj+ ck , i + k and ci + cj+bk ˆ ˆ (ˆ )
Ùeefo meefoMe a = î − ˆj + k,ˆ b = î + 2jˆ − kˆ Deewj
lie in a plane then c is/ceevee a, b, c efJeefYeVe c = 3iˆ + pjˆ + 5kˆ Skeâ meceleueerÙe (coplanar) nQ lees P
ˆ
Oeveelcekeâ mebKÙeeSB nw~ Ùeefo meefoMe ai + aj+ ck , ˆ( ˆ )
keâe ceeve nesiee :
( î + kˆ ) leLee ( ciˆ + cj+
ˆ bkˆ ) Skeâ meceleueerÙe nes lees c nw (a) 6 (b) –6 (c) 2 (d) –2
TGT 2003
(a) Arithmatic mean of a and b Ans : (b) Ùeefo meefoMe a = î − ˆj + k, ˆ b = î + 2ˆj − kˆ Deewj
a Deewj b keâe meceevlej ceeOÙe
c = 3iˆ + pjˆ + 5kˆ Skeâ meceleueerÙe nQ leye
(b) Geomtric mean between a and b
a Deewj b keâe iegCeesòej ceeOÙe 1 −1 1
(c) Harmonic mean between a and b 1 2 −1 = 0
a Deewj b keâe njelcekeâ ceeOÙe 3 P 5
(d) Equal to zero/MetvÙe kesâ yejeyej 1(10+P)+1(5+3)+1(P-6)=0
TGT 2004 10+P+8+P–6 = 0 ⇒ P = –6
Ans : (b) Ùeefo meefoMe aiˆ + aj+ ˆ ˆ ˆ bkˆ 237. Let α, β, γ, are real numbers then the position
ˆ ck, i + k leLee ciˆ + cj+
of vectors βi + γj + αk, γi + αj + βk and γi + αj
Skeâ meceleueerÙe nes DeLee&le coplaner neW leye + βk is :/ Ùeefo α, β, γ leerve efJeefYeVe JeemleefJekeâ mebKÙee
a a c nQ~ leye meefoMe βi + γj + αk, γi + αj + βk Deewj γi
1 0 1 = 0 ⇒ a (0–c) –a (b–c) + c (c–0) = 0 +αj + βk, keâer efmLeefle nesieer :
c c b (a) are collinear/Skeâ meceleueerÙe
(b) from an equilateral triangle/Skeâ meceyeeng ef$eYegpe
–ac – ab + ac + c2 = 0 ⇒ c2 = ab ⇒ c = ab
(c) from an scalene triangle/Skeâ meceefÉJeeng ef$eYegpe
DeLee&le a Deewj b keâe iegCeesòej ceeOÙe~
(d) from a first angled triangle/Skeâ mecekeâesCe ef$eYegpe
235. meefoMe B= 3j +4k meefoMe α Deewj β kesâ ÙeesieHeâue kesâ TGT 2003
™he ceW efueKee peelee nw peneB α Deewj A= i + j meceevlej nQ Ans : (b) meefoMe
Deewj meefoMe β Deewj A uecyeJele nQ leye α yejeyej nesiee: αî+βˆj +γkˆ efyevog (efmLeefle) = (α, β , γ)
(a)
2
(
3 ˆ ˆ
i+ j ) (b)
3
( )
2 ˆ ˆ
i+ j β î +γˆj+αkˆ efyevog = (β,γ, α)
γî+αˆj +βkˆ efyevog = (γ, α, β)
(c)
2
(
1 ˆ ˆ
i+ j ) (d)
3
(
1 ˆ ˆ
i+ j )
(α − γ ) + (β − α ) + ( γ − β )
2 2 2
∴ AB =
TGT 2003
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AC = ( α − β)
2
+ (β − γ ) + ( γ − α )
2 2 Ans : (a) melen OAB Deewj ABC kesâ yeerÛe keâe keâesCe Fvekesâ
DeefYeuecye kesâ yeerÛe kesâ keâesCe yejeyej nesiee~
( γ − β) + ( α − γ ) + (β − γ )
2 2 2
BC = ∴ n1 = melen OAB keâe meefoMe veeefYeuecye = OA × OB
Dele: AB=BC=CA (meYeer Yegpee meceeve nQ) Dele: meceyeeng ef$eYegpe î ˆj kˆ
nesiee~ = 1 2 1 = 5iˆ − ˆj − 3kˆ
A (α, β, γ) 2 1 3
Deewj n 2 = melen ABC keâe meefoMe veeefYeuecye = AB × AC

î ˆj kˆ
= 1 −1 2 = î − 5ˆj − 3kˆ
B C (β, γ, α,)
( γ, α, β) −2 −1 1
238. meefoMe î + ˆj + kˆ Deewj FkeâeF& meefoMe keâe iegCeveHeâue Ùeefo θ, meleneW kesâ yeerÛe keâe keâesCe nes leye
(DeefoMe iegCeveHeâue) meefoMe 2iˆ + 4jˆ + 3kˆ Deewj n .n 5+5+9
cos θ = 1 2 =
n1 n 2 35 35
biˆ + 2jˆ + 3kˆ DeefoMe kesâ ÙeesieHeâue kesâ meceeveevlej nw,
leye b yejeyej nesiee : 19  19 
⇒ cos θ = ⇒ θ = cos −1  
35  35 
(a) –2 (b) –1 (c) 0 (d) 1
TGT 2003 241. x kesâ efkeâme ceeve kesâ efueS meefoMe a = xiˆ + xjˆ − 2kˆ
Ans : (b) meefoMe 2iˆ + 4ˆj + 3kˆ leLee biˆ + 2ˆj + 3kˆ meefoMe keâe meefoMe b = xiˆ − ˆj + kˆ kesâ meeLe vÙetvekeâesCe Deewj meefoMe
ÙeesieHeâue = ( 2iˆ + 4ˆj + 3kˆ ) + ( biˆ + 2ˆj + 3kˆ ) c = xiˆ − ˆj + 6kˆ kesâ meeLe DeefOekeâ keâesCe yeveelee nw :
(a) ] – 3,4[ (b) ][–∞, –1 [∪]2, ∞[
= ( 2 + b ) î + 6ˆj + 6kˆ ...............(i)
(c) ] – 3, –1[∪] 2, 4[ (d) None of these
hegve: meefoMe î + ˆj + kˆ keâe FkeâeF& meefoMe kesâ meeLe DeefoMe iegCeveHeâue TGT 2003
= î + ˆj + kˆ nesiee~ Ans : (c) efoÙee nw a Deewj b kesâ yeerÛe keâe keâesCe vÙetvekeâesCe nw leLee
∵ oesveeW meefoMe meceevlej nQ~ a Deewj c kesâ yeerÛe keâe keâesCe DeefOekeâ keâesCe nw~
∴ 2 + b = 1 ⇒ b = 1–2 ⇒ b = –1 i.e. a.b > 0 Deewj a.c < 0
239. The vector a lies in the plane of vectors b and ( )(
∴ xiˆ + xjˆ − 2kˆ . xiˆ − ˆj + kˆ > 0 )
c , which of the following is correct?
⇒ x2 − x − 2 > 0 ⇒ x 2 − 2x + x − 2 > 0
Ùeefo meefoMe a meefoMe b Deewj c kesâ meceleue ceW efmLele
nes leye efvecve ceW keâewve mee keâLeve melÙe nw : ( x − 2 ) ( x + 1) > 0
(a) a.(b ×c) = 0 (b) a.b ×c = 1 ⇒ ↓ ↓
(c) a. b ×c = –1 (d) a.b ×c = 3 x=2 x = −1
⇒
TGT 2003 x ∈ ( −∞, −1) ∪ ( 2, ∞ ) .........(i)
Ans : (a) Ùeefo melen a meefoMe b Deewj c kesâ meceleue ceW efmLele Deewj a.c < 0
(lies) nes peeÙesiee leye a.(b×c)=0 nesiee~ ⇒ ( )(
xiˆ + xjˆ − 2kˆ . xiˆ − ˆj − 6kˆ < 0 )
240. Skeâ š^sšêns[^ve (Tetrahedron) kesâ Meer<e& kesâ efveoxMeebkeâ
⇒ x2–x–12<0 ⇒ x2–4x+3x–12<0
›eâceMe: O (0,0,0), A (1,2,1), B (2,1,3) Deewj C(–1, 1, ⇒ (x–4) (x+3) <0
2) nQ~ melen OAB Deewj ABC kesâ yeerÛe keâe keâesCe nw : ⇒ – 3<x<4 ......... (ii)
 19   17 
(a) cos–1   (b) cos–1  
 35   31 
meceer. (i) leLee (ii) mes
(c) 30° (d) 90°
TGT 2003 (–3, –1) ∪ (2,4) mener Gòej nw~
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 
2. Divergence, Gradient 3  x 2 + y2 + z2 
= –
r  ( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 )3 / 2 
and Curl  
3 1
242. A unit vector, which is normal to the surface x2 = –
2
– xy + z = 1 at the point (1, 1, 1) is–
2
(
r x + y + z 2 1/ 2
2
)
Skeâ cee$ekeâ meefoMe, pees he=<" x2 – xy + z2 = 1 kesâ efyevog 3 1 2
= – =
(1, 1, 1) hej DeefYeuebye nes, nw– r r r
∧ ∧ ∧ ∧ ∧ ∧ ∧ ∧ ∧
(a)
i – j+ 2 k
(b)
i + j– 2 k 244. Value of ∫ ∫ F.nds
S
ˆ , where F = 4xz i – y 2 j+ yz k
6 6
and S is the surface of the cube bounded by x =
∧ ∧ ∧ ∧ ∧ ∧
i + j+ 2 k i – j– 2 k 0, x = 1, y = 0, y = 1, z = 0, z = 1 is–
(c) (d) ∧ ∧ ∧
6 6 ∫ ∫ F.nds
S
ˆ keâe ceeve, peneB F = 4xz i – y 2 j+ yz k leLee
UP PGT 2021
∧ ∧ ∧
S Skeâ Ieve keâer melen nw pees x = 0, x = 1, y = 0, y = 1,
i – j+ 2 k z = 0, z = 1 kesâ heefjyeæ nw, nw–
Ans. (a) :
6 3
(a) 1 (b)
Given φ = x2 – xy + z2 –1 = 0 2
Normal vector to the surface φ is given by 5
(c) 3 (d)
∧ ∇φ 2
n= ; ∇φ – gradient of φ
∇φ UP PGT 2021
∂φ ∂φ ∂φ Ans. (b) : 3/2
Now; ∇φ = î + ˆj + kˆ ∧ ∧ ∧ ∧
∂x ∂y ∂z
∧ ∧ ∧
∫ ∫ F.n ds = ∫ ∫
S OABC
F.n ds + ∫
DEFG
∫ F.n ds + ∫ ∫
OAGF
F.n ds +
= ( 2x – y ) i + ( –x ) j+ ( 2z ) k ∧ ∧ ∧
∧ ∧ ∧ ∫ ∫ F.n ds + ∫ ∫ F.n ds + ∫ ∫ F.n ds _____(i)

and at (1, 1, 1), ∇φ = i – j+ 2 k & ∇φ = 6 BCED ABDG OCEF
∧ ∧ ∧
Now,
∧ i – j+ 2 k ∧
 ∧ ∧ ∧
 ∧ 
Hence, n = ∫ ∫ F.n ds = ∫ ∫  4xz i – y j+ yz k  – k  dx dy
2
6 OABC OABC   
∧ ∧ 11
r
243. If r = , r = r
r
, then div r is equal to – = ∫0 ∫0 – yz dx dy = 0 (z = 0)
∧ r ∧
Ùeefo r = , r = r lees div r yejeyej nw–
r
(a) o (b) –1
1 2
(c) (d)
r r
UP PGT 2021
∧ ∧ ∧ ∧
Ans. (d) : 2/r   ∧ 
∫ ∫ F.n ds = ∫ ∫
 4xz i – y j+ yz k  k  dx dy
2
∧ ∧ ∧
∧ ∧ ∧ ∧ x i + y j+ z k DEFG DEFG   
Let r = x i + y j+ z k then r = 11
x +y +z
2 2 2
∧
= ∫ ∫ yz dx dy = ∫ ∫ y dx dy (z =1)
now; div  r  =
DEFG 00
1 1
   y2  1 1 1
= ∫ dx   = [ x ]0 =
1 x2 1 y2  2 0 2 2
– + – 0
r ( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 )3/ 2 r ( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 )3 / 2 ∧
 ∧ ∧ ∧
 ∧ 
∫ ∫ F.n ds = ∫ ∫ +
2
 4xz i – y j yz k  – j  dx dz
1 z2 OAGF OAGF   
+ –
r ( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 )3 / 2 = ∫ ∫ OAGF
y 2 dx dz = 0 (y = 0)

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∧
 ∧ ∧ ∧
 ∧  247. If V is the volume enclosed by a closed surface
∫ ∫ F.n ds = ∫ ∫  4xz i – y j+ yz k  j  dx dz
2
S and F = xiˆ + 2yjˆ + 3zkˆ then the value of
BCED BCED   
1 1
∫ F.nds
ˆ is
∫ ∫ –y 2 dx dz = – ∫ dx ∫ dz = –1
s
= (y = 1)
BCED 0 0
Ùeefo yevo melen S mes efIeje DeeÙeleve V nes Deewj
∧
 ∧
∧ ∧
 ∧  F = xiˆ + 2yjˆ + 3zkˆ lees ∫ F.nds
ˆ keâe ceeve nw-
∫ ∫ Fn ds = ∫ ∫  4xz i – y j+ yz k  i  dy dz
2 s
ABDG ABDG    (a) 3V (b) 4V

1 1 (c) 6V (d) 5V
= ∫ ∫ 4xz dy dz = ∫ ∫ 4z dy dz = 2 (x = 1) UPPSC GIC 2021
ABDG 0 0 Ans. (c) : 6V
∧
 ∧ ∧ ∧
 ∧  Divergence theorem states that
∫ OCEF
∫ F n ds = ∫ OCEF
∫  4xz i – y j+ yz k   – i  dy dz
2
ɵ =
11
∫∫
F.nds
s
∫∫∫
divF.dV
v
∫ ∫ ∫∫∫ div ( xiɵ + 2yɵj + 3zkɵ ).dV

= –4xz dy dz = ∫ ∫ –4xz dy dz = 0 (x = 0) =
OCEF 00
v
So, from (i), we have
∧ 1 3
= ∫∫ 6.dV
∫ ∫S F.n = 0 + 2 + 0 –1 + 2 + 0 = 2 = 6V
v
∧ ∧ ∧
245. If the vector F = ( x + 3y ) i + ( y – 2z ) j+ ( x – az ) k 248. If F is a vector point function and S is an open
surface bounded by a closed curve C, then the
is solenoidal then a is equal to – tangential line integral of F along C is
∧ ∧ ∧
Ùeefo meefoMe F = ( x + 3y ) i + ( y – 2z ) j+ ( x – az ) k described-
heefjveeuekeâerÙe nw, lees a keâe ceeve nw– Ùeefo F Skeâ meefoMe efyevog heâueve nw Deewj S Skeâ Kegueer
(a) 1 (b) –1 melen nw pees yevo Je›eâ C mes yebOeer nw lees C kesâ DevegefoMe
(c) 2 (d) –2 F kesâ mheMe& jsKeerÙe jwefKekeâ meceekeâue keâe JeCe&ve efkeâÙee
UP PGT 2021 peelee nw-
Ans. (c) : (a) By Green's theorem/«eerve kesâ ØecesÙe Éeje
∧ ∧ ∧
(b) By Stokes' theorem/mšeskeäme kesâ ØecesÙe Éeje
If the vector F = ( x + 3y ) i + ( y – 2z ) j+ ( x – az ) k is
(c) By Gauss's theorem/iee@me kesâ ØecesÙe Éeje
solenoidal then F must be divergence free. (d) By Leibnitz' theorem/uewJeveerpe kesâ ØecesÙe Éeje
∂ ∂ ∂
∴div F = (x + 3y) + (y – 2z) + (x − az) = 0 UPPSC GIC 2021
∂x ∂y ∂z UPPSC Asharam Paddhati 2021
⇒ 1+1– a = 0 Ans. (b) : By Stokes' theorem
⇒a=2 Stokes's Theorem (Transformation Between Surface
and Line Integrals)
246. If a and b are irrotational vectors then div
Let S be a piecewise smooth oriented surface in space
( )
a × b is equal to – and let the boundary of S be a piecewise smooth simple
closed curve C. Let F (x, y, z) be a continuous vector
( )
Ùeefo meefoMe a leLee b DeIetCe&veerÙe nw lees div a × b function that has continuous first partial derivatives in a
yejeyej nw– domain in space containing S. Then
(a) 1 (b) 2 ∫∫s (curl F).ndA
ˆ = ∫ F.r '(s)ds.
(c) 3 (d) 0 C
Here n̂ is a unit normal vector of S, r' = dr/ds is the unit
UP PGT 2021 tangent vector and s the arc length of C.
Ans. (d) : 0
249. The unit normal to the surface x2 + 4y2 – 3z2 – 2
a and b are irrotational vectors = 0 at the point (1, 1, 1) is
Then, curl ( a ) = 0 & curl ( b ) = 0 melen x2 + 4y2 – 3z2 – 2 = 0 kesâ efyevog (1, 1, 1) hej
FkeâeF& DeefYeuecye nw-
( ) (
Now, div ( a × b ) = ∇ a × b = b ∇ × a – a ∇ × b ) ( )
= b curl ( a ) – a curl ( b ) (a)
26
1
(
î + 4ˆj − 3kˆ ) (b) î + 4ˆj − 3kˆ
= b .0 – a .0
=0 (c)
1 ˆ ˆ ˆ
3
(
i + j+ k ) (d)
1
11
( )
î − 3jˆ − k
Thus, div ( a × b ) = 0 and a × b is solenoidal UPPSC GIC 2021

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Ans. (a) : 1
26
(
î + 4jˆ − 3kɵ ) 251. If S denotes the surface of the cube bounded by
the planes x = 0, x = 1, y = 0, y = 1, z = 0, z = 1
then the value of normal surface integral of
Given f (x, y, z) = x 2 + 4y 2 − 3z 2 − 2 = 0
F = (x 3 – yz)iˆ – 2x 2 y ˆj + 2kˆ over S is
A vector normal to a surface f(x, y, z) = 0 at point (x, y,
z) is the gradient of f(x, y, z) at (x, y, z) Ùeefo meceleueeW x = 0, x = 1, y = 0, y = 1, z = 0, z = 1
grad f ∆f ˆ ˆ
2xi + 8yj − 6zkˆ mes heefjyeæ Ieve keâer melen keâes S mes efve™efhele efkeâÙee
∴ Unit normal = = =
grad f ∆f 4x 2 + 64y 2 + 36z 2 peeÙe, pees S hej F = (x3 – yz)iˆ – 2x2 y ˆj + 2kˆ kesâ
DeefYeuecyeerÙe melen meceekeâue keâe ceeve nw
∆f 2iˆ + 8ˆj − 6kˆ 2(iˆ + 4ˆj − 3k)
ˆ
At (1,1,1), = = 1
∆f 4 + 64 + 36 104 (a) 1 (b)
3
1 ˆ ˆ ˆ
26
= (
i + 4 j − 3k ) (c)
1
(d)
1
5 6
250. If r = xiˆ + yjˆ + zkˆ and r =| r | then the value of UPPSC Ashram Paddhati 2021
curl ( r n r ) , is- Ans. (b) : Surface Indegral = ∫ ∫ F. nˆ ds
S
Ùeefo r = xiˆ + yjˆ + zkˆ Deewj r =| r | nes, lees curl where S is surface of cube bounded by planes x = 0, x =
( r n r ) keâe ceeve nw- 1, y = 0, y = 1, z = 0 and z = 1
By Gauss Divergence theorem we have
(a) 0 (b) n rn-2 r
(c) n rn-1 r (d) (n + 3) rn r ∫ ∫ F ⋅ nˆ ds = ∫ ∫ ∫ Div F dv
S V
UPPSC GIC 2021
= ∫ ∫ ∫ ∇ . F dv
UPPSC Ashram Paddhati 2021 V
Ans. (a) : 0
 ∂ ˆ ∂ ˆ ∂ 
Given r = xiɵ + yɵj + zkɵ and r = r = x 2 + y 2 + z 2
= ∫ ∫ ∫  î
V 
∂x ∂y ∂z 
( )
+ j + k  ⋅ (x 3 – yz)iˆ – 2x 2 yjˆ + 2kˆ dv
∂r 1 2x x ∂ ∂ ∂ 
Now = = = ∫ ∫ ∫  ( x 3 – yz ) + ( –2x 2 y ) + (2)  dv
∂x 2 x + y + z
2 2 2 r V  ∂x ∂y ∂z 
Similarly
∂r y
= and =
∂r z = ∫ ∫ ∫ ( 3x 2 – 2x 2 + 0 ) dv
∂y r ∂z r V
1 1 1
And r r = r xi + r y j + r n zkɵ
n n ɵ n ɵ
= ∫ ∫ ∫ x 2 dv
ɵi ɵj kɵ
0 0 0
1 1 1
curl(rn. r ) = ∂ / ∂x ∂ / ∂y ∂ / ∂z = ∫ ∫ ∫ x 2 dx dy dz
rn x rn y rnz 0 0 0
1
 ∂ ∂   ∂ ∂  x3 
1 1
 = ∫ ∫   dy dz
= ɵi  r n z − r n y  − ɵj  r n z − r n x  + kɵ 3 0
∂ ∂  ∂ ∂  0 0 
 y z  x z
1 1 1
 ∂ n ∂ n  1 1
dy dz = ∫ [ y ]10 dz
3 ∫0 ∫0
 r y− r x =
 ∂x ∂y  30
 ∂r ∂r   ∂r ∂r  1
1
1 1 1
[ z ]0 =
3 ∫0
= ɵi  znr n −1 − ynr n −1  − ɵj  znr n −1 − xnr n −1  = dz =
 ∂y ∂z   ∂x ∂z  3 3
 ∂r ∂r  252. The unit normal to the surface x2 + 4y2 – 3z2 – 2
+ kɵ  ynr n −1 − xnr n −1  = 0 at the point (1, 1, 1) is
 ∂x ∂y
melen x2 + 4y2 – 3z2 – 2 = 0 kesâ efyevog (1, 1, 1) hej
∂r x ∂r y ∂r z
Now putting = ; = and = in above gives FkeâeF& DeefYeuecye nw
∂x r ∂y r ∂z r
1 ˆ ˆ ˆ
( )
curl r r = i ( yznr − yznr ) − ɵj ( xznr n − 2 − xznr n −2 )
n ɵ n −2 n −2 (a)
26
(i + 4j – 3k) (b) î + 4jˆ – 3kˆ
+ kɵ ( xynr n − 2 − xynr n −2 ) (c)

1 ˆ ˆ ˆ
(i + j + k) (d)
1 ˆ ˆ ˆ
(i – 3j – k)
3 11
curl ( r r ) = 0
n
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Ans. (a) : Let f(x, y, z) = x2 + 4y2 – 3z2 – 2
then unit normal to the surface f (x, y, z) at the point (1,
So, unit normal vector to the curve at 1,1, 2 ( )
1, 1) is given by  1 ˆ 1 ˆ ˆ  1 ˆ 1 ˆ ˆ
∇f − i− j+ k − i− j+ k
 
=  
Unit normal ( n̂ ) = at (1, 1, 1) 2 2 2 2
| ∇f | =
2 2
 1   1  2
∇f = î
∂f ˆ ∂f ˆ ∂f
+ j +k   +  +1
∂x ∂y dz  2  2
 1 1 1 ˆ
∇f = 2x i + 8y j – 6z kˆ
ˆ ˆ =  − î − ˆj + k
 2 2 2 
∇f = 2 î + 8 ˆj – 6 kˆ
 1 1 1 ˆ
at (1, 1, 1) Now if aiɵ + bɵj + ckɵ =  − î − ˆj + k  then we must
 2 2 2 
( 2) + ( 8 ) + ( –6 ) = 104 = 2 26
2 2 2
and | ∇f | = have
2 î + 8 ˆj – 6 kˆ 1 1 1
∴ n̂ =
2 26
=
26
(
1 ˆ ˆ ˆ
i + 4 j – 3k ) a = − , b = − and c =
2 2 2
Which gives on squaring and equating
253. What is the divergence of the vector field f = 6
x2i+3xy2 j+xyz3k at the point (2,3,4). a2 + b 2 = c2
(a) 124 (b) 348 or a2 + b 2 – c2 = 0
(c) 106 (d) 100 255. A vector field with a vanishing curl is known
DSSSB TGT 04-09-2021 Shift-I (Male) as__
(a) Irrotatioal (b) Solenoidal
Ans. (b) : F = 6x 2i + 3xy2 ɵj + xyz3 kɵ (c) Cycloidal (d) Rotational
∂Fx ∂Fy ∂Fz DSSSB TGT 04-09-2021 Shift-I (Male)
div F = + + Rajasthan TGT 2013
∂x ∂y ∂z
Ans. (a) : A vector field with vanishing curl is called
= 12x + 6xy + 3xyz2 irrotational
At (2, 3, 4), we have 256. What is the Green's value for the functions F =
divF = 12 ( 2 ) + 6 ( 2 )( 3) + 3 ( 2 )( 3)(16 ) = 348 y2 and G = x2 for the region x =1 and y = 2 from
origin.
254. For c > 0, if aiˆ + bjˆ + ckˆ is the unit normal (a) 2 (b) –1
vector at (1, 1, 2 ) to the cone (c) 1 (d) –2
z= x 2 + y 2 , then: Ans. (d) : By Green's Theorem
kesâ efueS Ùeefo aiˆ + bjˆ + ckˆ Mebkegâ z = x 2 + y 2 ,  ∂ x2 ( ) ( )
∂ y2 
∫( ) ∫∫
c>0 2 2   dA
y dx + x dy = −
kesâ efyevog (1, 1, 2 ) hej FkeâeF& DeefYeuecye meefoMe nw, lees R  ∂x

∂y 

(a) a 2 + b 2 + c 2 = 0 (b) a 2 + b 2 − c 2 = 0 x =1 y=2
(c) a 2 − b 2 + c 2 = 0 (d) −a 2 + b 2 + c 2 = 0
= ∫ ∫ x =0 y =0
( 2x − 2y ) dx dy
Haryana PGT 2018 x =1 y=2
Ans. (b) : Given curve

= ∫  2xy − y 2 
x =0   y = 0 dx
f(x, y, z) = z – x 2 + y2 = 0 x =1
normal vector to the curve = grad f

= ∫ x=0
( 4x − 4 ) dx
1
 ∂f ˆ ∂f ˆ ∂f   4x 2 
=  î +i +k  = − 4x  = −2
 ∂x ∂y ∂z 
 2 0
 −x y  257. Calculate the value of the integral
=  î − î + kˆ 
 x 2 + y2 
∫ (xydy – y
2
 x 2 + y2 
dx) where C is the square, cut
C
 x y 
=  − î − î + kˆ  form the first quadrant by the lines x = 1 y = 1 ,
 z z  will be ? (Using Green's theorem)
(a) 1 ÷ 2 (b) 3 ÷ 2
 1 ˆ 1 ˆ ˆ
( )
at 1,1, 2 grad f =  −
 2
i−
2
j+ k 

(c) 7 ÷ 2 (d) 5 ÷ 2
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Ans. (b) : By Green's Theorem 261. If r = xiˆ + yjˆ + zkˆ and a is a constant vector,
∫ ( xydy − y dx ) = ∫∫
2
 ∂ ( xy ) ∂ ( − y )
 −
2 
 dA ( )
then curl r × a / Ùeefo r = xiˆ + yjˆ + zkˆ Deewj a
R  ∂x ∂y 
c
  (
Skeâ DeÛej meefoMe nw, lees curl r × a nesiee– )
x =1 y =1
= ∫ ∫
x =0 y =0
( 3y ) dx dy (a) −a
(c) −3a
(b) −2a
(d) GheÙeg&òeâ ceW mes keâesF& veneR
x =1  3 y =1 (GIC) ØeJeòeâe hejer#ee, 2015

= ∫ 
x =0  2
y 2  dx
y=0 Ans. (b) : Given that r = xiˆ + yjˆ + zkˆ and
x =1 Let, a = a î + a ˆj + a kˆ
3  3 1 2 3
=  x = Where a is constant vector
 2 x =0 2
r × a = (a 3 y − a 2 z)iˆ + (a1z − a 3 x)ˆj + (a 2 x − a1y)kˆ
258. Stokes theorem is used to convert the __
integrals to__ integrals î ˆj kˆ
(a) line to surface (b) volume to area ∂ ∂ ∂
curl(r × a) =
(c) surface to line (d) line to area ∂x ∂y ∂z
DSSSB TGT 04-09-2021 Shift-I (Male) (a 3 y − a 2 z) (a1z − a 3 x) (a 2 x − a1 y)
Ans. (a) : STOKES' THEOREM - The line integral of = ( −a1 − a1 ) î − ( a 2 + a 2 ) ˆj + ( −a 3 − a 3 ) kˆ
the tangential component of a vector function over some
closed path equals the surface integral of the normal
= −2a1î − 2a 2 ˆj − 2a 3 kˆ = −2 a1î + a 2 ˆj + a 3 kˆ ( )
component of the curl of that function integrated over curl ( r × a ) = −2a
any capping surface of the path.
262. If F = (x 2 − y 2 )iˆ + xyjˆ and C is the area of the
∫ c s ∫∫
f ⋅ ɵt ds = nɵ ⋅∇ × F ds
curve y = x 3 from (0,0) to (2,8) then the value
259. Divergence and curl of a vector field are _____
of ∫ F.dr is/ Ùeefo F = (x 2 − y 2 )iˆ + xyjˆ leLee C Je›eâ
(a) Scalar & Scalar (b) Scalar & Vector
c
(c) Vector & Scalar (d) Vector & Vector
y = x 3 hej (0,0) mes (2,8) lekeâ keâer Ûeehe nw, lees
Ans. (b) : The divergence of a vector field F (div F ) is ∫ F.dr keâe ceeve nw–
c
a scalar function of position. The curl of a vector field (a) 412/7 (b) 412/21
F (curl F ) is a vector function of position. (c) 824/7 (d) 824/21
Rajasthan TGT 2011
 r
260. The value of div  3  is: Ans : (d) The curve C is y = x3 from (0,0) to (2,8) let
r  x = t then y = t3 of r is the position vector of any point
 r  (x,y) on C- then
div  3  keâe ceeve nw:
r  r(t) = xiˆ + yjˆ = tiˆ + t 3ˆj
(a) r (b) 0 dr
∴ = î + 3t 2 ˆj
1 dt
(c) 1 (d)
r Also in terms of t F = (t 2 − t 6 )iˆ + t 4 ˆj
UK SSSC LT 2020 At the point (0,0) t= x = 0. At the point (2,8), t = 2
r   dr 
Ans. (b) : div  3  = 0 ∴ ∫ F.dr = ∫  F. dt
r 
c
dt 
c
 r   r  1 1 2
PROOF: div  3  = ∇.  3  = 3 ∇.r + r.∇ 3
r  r  r r
 (  )  (
= ∫  t 2 − t 6 î + t 4 ˆj.  î + 3t 2 ˆj  dt )
3 r.r 1 −3 0
= 3 − 3 5 (∵ m ∇.r = 3 and ∇ 3 = 5 r ) 2
r
3 3r 2
r
3 3
r r
 (
= ∫  t 2 − t 6 + 3t 6 dt
 )
= 3− 5 = 3 − 3 =0 0
r r r r 2
 t 3 2t 7   8 256  824
= +  = + =
3
 7  3 7  21
0

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263. If F is a differentiable point vector function = ∫ ∫ ∫ ( a + b + c ) dv = (a+b+c)v
and its second order partial derivative exists, v
then ∇ × (∇ × F ) = ∇ × (∇ .F ) − T . What is T ? 4 4
= ( a + b + c ) π (1) = π ( a + b + c )
3
Ùeefo F Skeâ efyevog meefoMe DeJekeâueveerÙe heâueve nw leLee 3 3

Fmekeâe efÉleerÙe keâesefš keâe DeebefMekeâ DeJekeâuepe DeefmlelJe Since the volume V enclosed by a sphere of unit radius
ceW nw leye ∇ × (∇ × F ) = ∇ × (∇.F ) − T . T keäÙee nw– is equal to 4 π (1)3 i.e., 4π
3 3
(a) ∇F (b) ∇ 2 F − ∇F
266. If F = x yi + y zj − z 2 xk,
2 ˆ 2 ˆ ˆ then value of curl
(c) 2∇ 2 F (d) None of these
PGT 2005 F at the point is (1,2,3) –/Ùeefo F = x 2 yiˆ + y 2 zjˆ
Ans : (d) If F is a differentiable point vector function − z 2 xk,
ˆ lees efyevog (1,2,3) hej curl F keâe ceeve nw–
and its second order partial derivative exists, then
(a) −4iˆ + 9ˆj − kˆ (b) 4iˆ + 9ˆj + kˆ
∇ × (∇ × F) = ∇(∇.F) − ∇ 2 F ........... (i)
(c) 4iˆ − 9ˆj + kˆ (d) 3iˆ − 4ˆj + kˆ
But it is given that
∇ × (∇ × F) = ∇(∇F) − T ......... (ii)
Comparing (i) and (ii), we get Ans. (a) : Given that F = x yi + y 2 zjˆ − z 2 xkˆ
2 ˆ
T = ∇2F î ˆj kˆ
264. grad φ at a point to the surface φ (x,y,z) = const. ∂ ∂ ∂
is a vector–/ He=‰ φ (x,y,z) = const. kesâ efkeâmeer efyevog ∴ curlF =
∂x ∂y ∂z
hej grad φ Skeâ meefoMe nw, pees
x y y z −z2 x
2 2
(a) parallel to a tangent to the surface
Gme he=‰ kesâ efkeâmeer mheMeea kesâ meceeblej nw~ = ( 0 − y 2 ) î − ( − z 2 − 0 ) ˆj + ( 0 − x 2 ) kˆ
(b) normal to the surface/Gme he=‰ keâe DeefYeuebye nw ⇒ curlF = − y 2 î + z 2 ˆj − x 2 kˆ
(c) of constant magnitude/DeÛej heefjceeCe keâe nw~
∴ curl F at (1,2,3) = −4iˆ + 9ˆj − kˆ
(d) having constant direction/Skeâ DeÛej efoMee ceW nw~
(GIC) ØeJeòeâe hejer#ee, 2015 267. If r = î cos nt + ˆjsin nt where n is a constant t is
Ans. (b) : By the theorem:- dr
variable then the value of r. is–
If φ ( x, y, z ) = c Where c is a constant then dt
grad φ ( or∇φ ) is a vector normal to the surface Ùeefo r = î cos nt + ˆjsin nt peyeefkeâ n Skeâ DeÛej nw
φ ( x, y, z ) = c (constant) dr
leLee t Ûej nw, lees r. keâe ceeve nw
dt
265. If F = axi + byj + czk, then ∫ ∫ F = nds,
ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ where S (a) 1 (b) –1
s (c) 2 (d) None of the above
is the surface of x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 1 is equal to – (GIC) ØeJeòeâe hejer#ee, 2015
Ùeefo F = axi + byj + czk, lees ∫ ∫ F = nds,
ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ peneB S, Ans. (d) : Given that r = cos ntiˆ + sin ntjˆ
s differentiating it w.r.t. t we get
x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 1 keâe he=‰ nw, yejeyej nw~ dr
(a) π (a + b + c) (b) 4π(a + b + c) = −n sin ntiˆ + n cos ntjˆ
dt
(c)
4π
3
(a + b + c) (d)
2π
3
(a + b + c) ⇒
dr
dt
( )(
r. = cos ntiˆ + sin ntjˆ . − n sin ntiˆ + n cos ntjˆ )
(GIC) ØeJeòeâe hejer#ee, 2015 = –n cos nt. sin nt+ n sin nt. cos nt =0
268. Skeâ keâCe keâe ØeeÛeeefuekeâ meceerkeâjCe x = e–t , y =
Ans. (c) : Given that F = axiˆ + byjˆ + czkˆ
2cost, z = sint hej efJemLeeheve nes jne nw leye keâCe keâe
∂ ˆ ∂ ˆ ∂ ˆ Jes ie keäÙee nesiee?
∴ divF = F.i + F.j + F.k
∂x ∂y ∂y
(a) −e − t î − 2 sin t ˆj + cos t kˆ
divF = a + b + c
and S is the surface if x2+y2+z2=1 (sphere of unit radius) (b) −e − t î + 2 cos t ˆj + sin t kˆ
By divergence theorem, we have (c) e − t î − 2 sin t ˆj + cos t kˆ
ˆ = ∫ ∫ ∫ ( ∇.F ) dv
∫ ∫ F.nds (d) e t î − 2 sin t ˆj − cos t kˆ
s v
(where v is the volume enclosed by S.) TGT 2013

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Ans : (a) keâCe keâe meefoMe efJemLeeheve d = x î + y ˆj + z kˆ Ans : (b) the surface
∴ d = e− t î + 2 cos t ˆj + sin t kˆ f ≡ x 2 − xy + yz = 5 point (1, 2, 3)

2
d f = x − xy + yz − 5
∴ keâCe keâe Jesie = (d)
dt ∂f ˆ ∂f ˆ ∂f ˆ
∇f = i+ j+ k
= (
d −t ˆ
dt
e i + 2 cos t ˆj + sin t kˆ ) ∂x ∂y ∂y
∇f = ( 2x − y ) î + ( x + z ) ˆj + ( y ) kˆ
= −e − t î − 2sin t ˆj + cos t kˆ
∇f(1,2,3) = ( 2 − 2 ) î + ( −1 + 3) ˆj + 2kˆ = 2ˆj + 2kˆ
269. For what value of m, the vector (m,3,1) is a linear
( )
combination of the vectors (3,2,1) and (2, 1, 0)? n
m kesâ efkeâme ceeve kesâ efueS meefoMe (m, 3, 1) meefoMeeW 272. If div r r = 0 then n is equal to
(3, 2, 1) leLee (2, 1, 0) keâe Skeâ jwefKekeâ mebÙeesie nesiee?
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 5 (d) 1 ( )
Ùeefo div r n r = 0 lees n keâe ceeve nw
UP PGT-2016 (02-02-2019) (a) –3 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) –1
ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ
Ans :(c) Let vector a = mi + 3j + k, b = 3i + 2 j + k, and ˆ ˆ UP PGT-2016 (02-02-2019)
c = 2iˆ + ˆj + 0k,
ˆ
( )
Ans : (a) div r n .r = 0 , then n = ?
linear combination of [abc] = 0
Properties
( )
m 3 1
div r n .r = (3 + n)r n
then 3 2 1 =0
2 1 0 So thut
expansion of R1 (n + 3)r n = 0
m(0–1)–3(0–2)+1(3–4)=0
n+3=0
–m+6–1 = 0
m=5 then, n = −3
3 3 3
270. If F = grad(x + y + z − 3xyz), then F is 273. The directional derivative of φ = xy + yz + zx at
Ùeefo F = grad(x + y + z − 3xyz), lees F nw
3 3 3
(1,1,1) in the direction of the vector î − ˆj + 2kˆ is
(a) solenoidal /heeefjveeuekeâerÙe efyevog (1, 1, 1) hej φ = xy + yz + zx keâe efokeâd
(b) irrotational /DeIetCe&veerÙe
(c) solenoidal and irrotational both DeJekeâuepe meefoMe î − 2jˆ + 2kˆ keâer efoMee ceW nw
heeefjveeuekeâerÙe SJeb DeIetCe&veerÙe oesveeW (a)
1
(b)
2 5
(c) (d)
7
(d) none of the above /Ghejesòeâ ceW mes keâesF& veneR 3 3 3 3
UP PGT-2016 (02-02-2019) UP PGT-2016 (02-02-2019)
(
Ans : (b) F = grad x + y + z3 − 3xyz
3 3
) Ans : (b) the direction of the vector
î − 2ˆj + 2kˆ
irrotational curl F = 0
∇×F = 0 then φ = xy + yz + zx point (1, 1, 1)
div F = 0  ∂φ 
  = y+z = 1+1 = 2
6x+6y+6z ≠ 0  ∂x (1,1,1)
then curl grad f = 0
∇ × ( ∇F ) = 0  ∂φ 
  = y+z = 1+1 = 2
 ∂y (1,1,1)
∇ × F = curl grad F
∇×F = 0  ∂φ 
  = z+x = 1+1 = 2
So that F is irrotational.  ∂z (1,1,1)
271. A vector, which is normal to the surface ∂φ ˆ ∂φ ˆ ∂φ ˆ
x 2 − xy + yz = 5 at the pint (1, 2, 3) is i+ j + k = 2iˆ + 2ˆj + 2kˆ
∂x ∂y ∂z
Skeâ meefoMe, pees he=‰ x 2 − xy + yz = 5 kesâ efyevog the directional derivative
(1, 2, 3) hej DeefYeuecye nes, nw
(a) î + 2ˆj (b) 2ˆj + 2kˆ
1
( )(
= î − 2ˆj + 2kˆ . 2iˆ + 2ˆj + 2kˆ
3
)
(c) 2ˆj + kˆ (d) ˆj + 2kˆ 1
= ( 2 − 4 + 4) =
2
UP PGT-2016 (02-02-2019) 3 3

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274. If a,b, c are non-coplanar unit vectors such 276. If vectors A and B are irrotational, then
b+c Ùeefo A Deewj B DeIetCe&veerÙe meefoMe nQ, lees
that a × b × c = ( 2
)
, then the angle between
(a) A × B is irrotational / A × B DeIetCe&veerÙe nw
a and b is (b) A × B is solenoidal / A × B heefjveeefuekeâerÙe nw
Ùeefo a,b, c DemeceleueerÙe Ssmes FkeâeF& meefoMe nQ efkeâ (c) A − B is rotational / A − B IetCe&veerÙe nw
b+c (d) None of the above /GheÙeg&òeâ ceW mes keâesF& veneR
(
a× b×c = ) 2
, leye a Deewj b kesâ yeerÛe keâe keâesCe nw
LT 2018
3π π Ans : (b) A and B vector are irrotational then
(a) (b)
4 4
(c)
π
(d) π
( )
Curl A = 0, curl B = 0( )
2
LT 2018
(
∇. A × B )
We know
Ans: (a) a, b, c are non coplanar unit vector then
a = b = c = 1 , a b c  ≠ 0 ( ) ( )
∇. A × B = B. ∇ × A − A. ∇ × B = B.0 – A.0 ( )
∇. ( A × B ) = 0
( )
We know a × b× c = ( a.c ) b - a.b .c nw~ ( )
There fore, A × B is solenoidal.
[ a. c ] b − ( a .b ) c =
b c
Now, + 277. If a and b are constant vectors, then
2 2
a.c =
1 (
∇  r a b  ) is equal to/ Ùeefo a leLee b DeÛej
2 meefoMe nQ, lees ∇ (  r a b  ) yejeyej nw
1 π
| a || c | cos θ = ⇒ θ=
2 4 (a) 0 (b) ( a.b ) r
and
(c) a × b (d) (a × b) r
( a.b ) = − 1
2 PGT 2005
1 3π LT 2018
| a || b | cos θ = − ⇒ θ=
2 4 Ans : (c)  r a b  = r. a × b ( ) ceevee ( a × b ) = A
3π
the angle between a and b is = r.A
4
Let A = A1i + A 2 ˆj + A3kˆ
ˆ
275. div ( r × a ) , where a is a constant vector, is
equal to r = xiˆ + yjˆ + zkˆ
div ( r × a ) , peneB a Skeâ DeÛej meefoMe nw, yejeyej nw r.A = A1x + A 2 y + A 3z
(a) 0 (b) a (c) r (d) a.r  r a b  = A1x + A 2 y + A3z
 
LT 2018
 ∂ ∂ ∂ 
Ans : (a) r = xiˆ + yjˆ + zkˆ , a = a1i + a 2 j + a 3k ∇  r a b  =  i + j + k  ( A1x + A 2 y + A3z )
 ∂x ∂y ∂z 
î ˆj kˆ
r ×a = x y z
= iA1 + A 2 j + A3k = A = a × b ( )
a1 a 2 a 3 ∇ =  r a b  = a × b
r × a = î ( a 3 y − a 2 z ) − ˆj(a 3 x − a1z) + k(a
ˆ x − a y)
2 1 278. Let V be the vector space of functions on the
interval [0,1]. Then the functions x3, sin x and
div ( r × a ) = ∇ ( r × a )
cos x are–
 ∂ ∂ ∂ ceeve ueerefpeS efkeâ, Devlejeue [0,1] hej heâueveeW keâe meefoMe
=  î + ˆj + kˆ  . ( r × a )
 ∂x ∂ y ∂z mLeeve V nw~ Ssmes ceW x3, sin x Deewj cos x heâueve nw–
∂ ∂ ∂ (a) Linearly dependent/SkeâIeeleer DeJeueefcyele
= ( a 3 y − a 2 z ) + ( −a 3 x + a1z ) + ( a 2 x − a1y )
∂x ∂y ∂z (b) Linearly independent/SkeâIeeleer mJeleb$e
= 0+0+0 (c) Data are insufficient/DeebkeâÌ[s DeheÙee&hle veneR nw
div ( r × a ) = 0 (d) None of the above/FveceW mes keâesF& veneR
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Ans. (b) : Let V be the vector space of functions on the î ˆj
interval [0, 1]. Then the functions f(x) = x3, g(x) = sin x, kˆ
h(x) = cos x are linearly independent. We form the → →
∂ ∂ ∂
then Curl F = ∇ × F =
vector (function) equation α.f(x) + β .g(x) + γ.h(x) = 0, ∂x ∂y ∂z
where α,β ,γ are unknown scalars. This function
f1 f2 f3
equation means that, for every value of x∈[0,1]
→  ∂f ∂f  ˆ  ∂f3 ∂f1  ˆ  ∂f 2 ∂f1  ˆ
αx3 + β sin x + γ cos x = 0 ⇒ curl F = ∇  3 − 2 i − −  j+  − k
In this equation, we choose appropriate value of x∈[0,1]  ∂y ∂z   ∂x ∂z   ∂x ∂y 
to easily get α = 0, β = 0, γ = 0 → →
Now, div(curl F ) = ∇ • (∇ × F )
279. The following set of 3 vectors
1  x  3 ∂  ∂f3 ∂f 2  ∂  ∂f3 ∂f1  ∂  ∂f 2 ∂f1 
=  − − − +  − 
      3 ∂x  ∂y ∂z  ∂y  ∂x ∂z  ∂z  ∂x ∂y 
 2  ,  6  and  4  in IR are linearly dependent
1  x  2
      ∂ 2f3 ∂ 2f 2 ∂ 2f1 ∂ 2f3 ∂ 2f 2 ∂ 2f1
= − + − + − =0
when x is equal to- ∂x∂y ∂x∂z ∂y∂z ∂y∂x ∂z∂x ∂z∂y
IR 3 ces Jeskeäšj (meefoMe) keâs efvecve 3 mesš
⇒ div(curlF) = ∇ • (∇ × F) = 0
1  x  3
      282. Divergence of the vector x 2 ziˆ + xyjˆ − yz 2 kˆ at
 2  ,  6  Deewj  4  SkeâIeeleer hejeefßele nesles nw peye (1, −1,1) is–
1  x  2
     
Fmekeâs yejeyej neslee nw– x 2 ziˆ + xyjˆ − yz 2 kˆ Jeskeäšj #es$e keâe (1, −1,1) hej
(a) 0 (b) 1 DehemejCe nw–
(c) 2 (d) 3 (a) 0 (b) 3
JDD-75-PGT TIER II-X-15 28.06.2015 (c) 5 (d) 6
Ans. (d) : Since the vectors are linearly dependent JDD-75-PGT TIER II-X-15 28.06.2015
Ans. (c) :
1 x 3
2 6 4 =0 Let V = x 2 ziˆ + xyjˆ − yz 2 kˆ
Then
1 x 2
divV = ∇.V
Expansion of R1
⇒ 1(12 − 4x) − x(0) + 3(2x − 6) = 0
⇒ 12 − 4x + 6x − 18 = 0
 ∂ ˆ ∂ ˆ ∂  2 ˆ
=  î
 ∂x ∂y ∂z 
(
+ j + k  . x zi + xyjˆ − yz 2 k )
2x 6 ∂ 2 ∂ ∂
= x z + xy − (yz 2 )
⇒ x=3 ∂x ∂y ∂z
280. Two vectors u and v are orthogonal if – = 2xz + x − 2yz
Deewj Ùen oes Jeskeäšj uecyekeâesCeerÙe nesles nw peye– Now,
(a) u.v ≠ 0 (b) u.v = 0 div V at(1, −1,1) = 2(1)(1) + (1) − 2(−1)(1)
(c) u.v = 1 (d) None of these/Fveces mes keâesF& venerb = 2 +1+ 2
JDD-75-PGT TIER II-X-15 28.06.2015 =5
Ans. (b) :Two vectors u and v are said to be orthogonal 283. he=<" xy3z2=4 kesâ efyevog (–1, –1, 2) hej FkeâeF& meefoMe
if their dot product is zero. DeefYeuecye nw:
i.e., u.v = 0
281. The value of div(curlF)i.e.∇ . ∇ × F equal to– ( )

(a) −4ɵi − 12 ɵj + 4 K (b) −
1 ɵ ɵ ɵ
11
i+ j−k ( )
( )
div(curlF)i.e.∇ . ∇ × F keâe cetuÙe Fmekesâ yejeyej nw– (c)
−1 ɵ ɵ ɵ
11
i+3j −k( )(d) ɵi + ɵj − kɵ
(a) 0 (b) 1 PGT 2013
2
(c) V F (d) none of these/FmeceW mes keâesF& veneR ɵ ∂ ɵ ∂ ˆ ∂  3 2
JDD-75-PGT TIER II-X-15 28.06.2015 Ans : (c) grad φ =  i ∂x + j ∂y + k ∂z  xy z − 4
 
( )
→
ˆ ˆ
Ans. (a) : let F = fi i + f 2 j + f3k.ˆ ɵ

3 2

ɵ 2
(
grad φ = i  y z  + j 3xy z + kɵ 2 xy 3 z
2
) ( )
∂ ˆ ∂ ˆ ∂ ˆ
( grad φ )( −1,−1,2 ) = ( −1) ( 2 ) ɵi + 3 ( −1)( −1)
3 2 2
∇= i+ j+ k
∂x ∂y ∂z

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( 2 )2 ɵj + 2 ( −1)( −1)3 ( 2 ) kɵ efokeâd–DeJekeâueve · ( grad f ) .aˆ
( grad φ )( −1,−1,2) = −4ɵi − 12 ɵj + 4kˆ ( 1
) (
= i − 3 j − 3kɵ . ɵi + 2 ɵj + 2kɵ
3
)
nˆ =
( grad φ ) = −4iˆ − 12 ɵj + 4kɵ =
(
−4 ɵi + 3 ɵj − kɵ ) 1
= (1 − 6 − 6 ) =
3
−11
3
grad φ 16 + 144 + 16 11× 16
286. If the vector F ( x,y.z ) = ( x + 2y + az ) î + xkˆ is
=−
1 ɵ ɵ ɵ
11
(
i + 3j − k ) irrotational then the value of a is
Ùeefo meefoMe F ( x,y.z ) = ( x + 2y + az ) î + xkˆ
( )
284. Ùeefo F = x 2 + ay 2 + x ɵi − ( 2 xy + y ) ɵj DeIetCeea DeeIetCeea nw lees a keâe ceeve nw
meefoMe nw, lees a keâe ceeve nesiee? (a) 2 (b) 1
(a) 2 (b) –1 (c) 0
(c) 0 (d) –2 (d) None of these/ FveceW mes keâesF& veneR
PGT 2013 PGT 2010
Ans : (b) Curl F = 0 Ans : (b)
î ˆj kˆ
iˆ ˆj kˆ
∂ ∂ ∂
∂ ∂ ∂ Curl F = 0 =
Curl F = =0 ∂x ∂y ∂z
∂x ∂y ∂z x + 2y + az 0 x
( )
x 2 + ay 2 + x − ( 2 xy + y ) 0
∂ ∂  ∂ ∂ 
= î  ( x ) − (0)  − ˆj  ( x ) − ( x + 2y + az ) 
∂ ∂   ∂y ∂z   ∂x ∂z 
= ɵi  (0) + ( 2 xy + y ) 
 ∂y ∂z  ∂ ∂ 
+ k̂  ( 0 ) − ( x + 2y + az ) 
∂ ∂ 2  ∂x ∂y
− ɵj  ( 0 ) −
 ∂x ∂ z
(
x + ay 2 + x 


)= i ( 0 ) − j[1 − a ] + k ( −2 ) = 1–a = 0 ⇒ a =1
ˆ ˆ ˆ

 −∂ ∂ 
+ kˆ  ( 2 xy + y ) −
 ∂x ∂y
(
x 2 + ay 2 + x  = 0

)
287. If C is the curve x2 + y2 = 1, z = y2, then by
Stokes theorem the value of
= −kˆ {( 2 y + 2ay )} = 0 ∫ (yz dx + zx dy + xy dz) is/ Ùeefo C Je›eâ x
2
+ y2 =
c
⇒ 1 + a = 0 ⇒ a = −1 1, z = y2 nes, lees mšeskeâMe kesâ ØecesÙe Éeje meceekeâueve
285. meefoMe iˆ + 2 ˆj + 2kˆ keâer efoMee ceW
f ( x , y , z ) = xy + yz
2 3
∫ (yz dx + zx dy + xy dz)
c
keâe ceeve nesiee
(a) 3 (b) 0
keâe efyevog (2, –1, 1) hej efokeâd –DeJekeâueve nesiee?
−11 8 PGT 2009
(a) (b)
2 3 Ans : (b) By Stoke's theorem,
11
(c) 5 (d) −
3 ∫ F = ∫∫ (curlF).nˆ ds
c s
PGT 2013
Here F = yziˆ + zxjˆ + xykˆ
 d d ˆd  2
Ans : (d) grad f =  iˆ + ˆj
 dx dy
+ k  xy + yz 3
dz 
( ) i j k
∂ ∂ ∂
2
( ) (
( grad f ) = iˆ y + ˆj 2 xy + z + k 3 yz 2
3 ˆ
) ( ) then curl F =
∂x ∂y ∂z
( grad f )(2,–1,1) = iˆ ( −1)2 + ˆj ( 2 ( 2 )( −1) + 1) + kɵ  3 ( −1)(1) 
2 yz zx xy
 
 ∂ ∂   ∂ ∂ 
(grad f) = î − 3jˆ − 3kˆ = î  (xy) − (zx)  − ĵ  (xy) − (yz) 
 ∂y ∂z   ∂x ∂z 
a ɵi + 2 ɵj + 2kɵ 1 ɵ ɵ
aɵ = =
1+ 4 + 4 3
= i + 2 j + 2kɵ ( )  ∂ ∂ 
+ k̂  (zx) − (yz) 
a  ∂x ∂y 

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∂
= î ( x − x ) − ˆj( y − y ) + kˆ ( z − z ) = 0 &
∂z
(
−2r −4 z ) = 8r −6 2
z − 2r −4
Curl F = 0
By Stoke's Theorom
1
Hence ∇ 2  2
r
 −6 2 2
( 2
 = 8r x + y + z − 6r

−4
)
∫ F.dr = ∫∫ (curlF).nˆ ds = 0 since curl F=0
c s
= 8r −6 r 2 − 6r −4 = 8r −4 − 6r −4
  r  −4
  r 
2
= 2r −4 ⇒ ∇ 2 ∇. 2   = 2r
288. Value of ∇ ∇ .  2   is equal to  r 
  r 
289. If r = a e wt + be − wt , where a , b are constant
  r 
∇ ∇ .  2   keâe
2
ceeve nesiee d 2r
  r  vectors, then − w 2 r is equal to
dt 2
(a) 3r −3 (b) 2r −2
(c) 2r −4 (d) 4r −4
Ùeefo r = a e wt + be − wt peneB a Deewj b mLeeÙeer
2
PGT 2009 d r
meefoMe nw, lees − w 2 r yejeyej nesiee
  r  dt 2
Ans : (c) ∇ 2 ∇. 2   (a) 0 (b) 1
  r 
(c) 2 (d) 3
Since r = xiˆ + yjˆ + zkˆ PGT 2009
2 2 2 2
⇒ r = x +y +z Ans : (a) r = ae + be wt − wt
 ∂ ∂ ∂   xiˆ + yjˆ + zkˆ  

dr
= waeωt − wbe − wt
= ∇ 2  î + ˆj + kɵ   2  dt
 ∂x ∂y ∂z   x + y2 + z 2  
again defferentiating:
 3r 2 − 2r 2  2 r 
2
d 2r
= ∇2  4  =∇  4 = w2 a e wt + w2be−ωt
 r   r  dt 2
1 = w2 [ae wt + be − wt ]
= ∇2  2 
r  d 2r
⇒ = w2 r
 ∂ −2 ˆ ∂ −2 ˆ ∂ −2 ˆ 
 1
= ∇  ∇. 2  = ∇ 
 r   ∂x
r i+ ( ) ∂y
r j+ ( )
∂z
r k

( ) dt 2
d 2r
∂ −2 −3 ∂r
⇒ − w2 r = 0
Now,
∂x
r ( ) = −2r
∂x
dt 2
∂r 290. If F = x 2 yiˆ + xzjˆ + 2 yzkˆ , then the value of div

But r 2 = x 2 + y2 + z 2 ⇒ 2r = 2x
∂x curl F is?
∂r x
⇒ = Ùeefo F = x 2 yiˆ + xzjˆ + 2 yzkˆ lees div curl F keâe
∂x r
∂ −2 ceeve nesiee
So,
∂x
( )
r
x
= −2r −3 . = −2r −4 x
r (a) 3 (b) 2
∂ −2 ∂ −2 (c) 1 (d) 0
Similarly
∂y
r ( ) = −2r −4 y &
∂z
r ( )
= −2r −4 z PGT 2009
iˆ ˆj kˆ
1
r 
(
Therefore ∇  2  = −2r −4 xiˆ + yjˆ + zkˆ ) ∂ ∂ ∂
Ans : (d) curlF =
 1 ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂x ∂y ∂z
∴∇  ∇ 2  =
 r  ∂x
(
−2r −4 .x +
∂y
) (
−2r −4 y +
∂z
−2r −4 z) ( ) x2 y xz 2 yz
∂ ∂r
Now.
∂x
( )
−2r −4 .x = 8r −5 . .x + −2r −4
∂x
( ) = iˆ[2 z − x] − ˆj[0 − 0] + kˆ[ z − x 2 ]
x = [2 z − x]iˆ − 0 ˆj + [ z − x 2 ]kˆ
= 8r −5 . .x − 2r −4 = 8r −6 x 2 − 2r −4
∂ ∂ ∂
∂
r
div curl F =
∂x
(2z − x) + (0) +
∂y ∂z
z − x2 ( )
Similarly
∂y
( )
−2r −4 y = 8r −6 y2 − 2r −4
= −1 + 0 + 1 = 0

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291. The value of div a × (r × a ) where a is a 294. If φ is a scalar function of x, y, z then the value
constant vector is of ∇×(∇φ) will be/ Ùeefo φ, x, y, z Skeâ DeefoMe heâueve
div a × (r × a ) keâe ceeve keäÙee nesiee Ùeefo a Skeâ nw leye ∇×(∇φ) keâe ceeve nesiee–
mLeeÙeer meefoMe nw~ (a) φ (b) 0
(c) x+y+z (d) None of these
(a) 2a 2 (b) a 2
PGT 2005
(c) 3a 2 (d) None of these/FveceW mes keâesF& veneR Ans : (b) We have to find the value of ∇×(∇φ) i.e. curl
PGT 2009 grad φ.
Ans : (a) Let a = a1i + a 2 j + a 3k & r = xi + yj + zkˆ
ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ Here φ is a scalar function of x,y,z then,
We, have
î ˆj kˆ
∂φ ˆ ∂φ ˆ ∂φ ˆ
gradφ = i+ j+ k
r ×a = x y z ∂x ∂y ∂z
a1 a 2 a 3 ∴ Curl grad φ = ∇× grad φ
 ∂ ∂ ∂   ∂φ ∂φ ∂φ 
= ( a 3 y − a 2 z ) î + ( a1z − a 3 x ) ˆj + ( a 2 x − a1y ) kˆ =  î + ˆj + kˆ  ×  î + ˆj + kˆ 
 ∂x ∂y ∂z   ∂x ∂y ∂z 
î ˆj kˆ
⇒ a × ( r × a ) = − ( a 3 y − a 2 z ) ( a1z − a 3 x ) ( a 2 x − a1y ) î ˆj kˆ
a1 a2 a3
∂ ∂ ∂
=
( 2 2
= a1a 3z − a 3 − a 2 x + a1a 2 y i ˆ
) ∂ x ∂ y ∂ z
∂φ ∂φ ∂φ
(
− a 32 y − a 2a 3z − a1a 2 x + a12 y ˆj ) ∂x ∂y ∂ z
(
+ a a y − a 2 z − a 2 z + a a y kˆ
2 3 2 1 1 3 )
Curl grad φ = 0iˆ + 0ˆj + 0kˆ
⇒ div {a × ( r × a )} = 2a 2 ⇒ ∇ × ( ∇φ ) = 0
292. Curl of gradient of φ i.e.curl (∇φ) = 295. If the vector (x + 3y) i + (y - 2z)j + (x + az) k is
solenoidal then the value of the constant 'a' will be
(a) infinite / Deveble
(a) -1 (b) -2
(b) zero / MetvÙe (c) 2 (d) None of the above
(c) positive /Oeveelcekeâ PGT 2004
(d) None of these/FveceW mes keâesF& veneR Ans : (b) ceevee u = ( x + 3 y )i + ( y − 2 z ) j + ( x + az )kˆ
ˆ ˆ
PGT 2009
lees div u = 0
Ans : (b) Let φ = xiˆ + yjˆ + zkˆ
∂ ∂ ∂
(x + 3y) + ( y − 2z) + (x + az) = 0
∇φ = î + ˆj + kˆ ∂x ∂y ∂z
i j k 1+1+a=0
Curl ∂ ∂ ∂ = 0+0+0 a = -2
( ∇φ ) =
∂x ∂y ∂z 296. The linear transformation T (x, y) = (a1x + b1y,
1 1 1 a2x+b2y) defined on R2 invertible, if and only if
⇒ curl ( ∇φ ) = 0 (a) a1b2 − a2b1 ≠ 0 (b) a1a2 − b1b2 ≠ 0
(c) a1b1 − b2b2 ≠ 0 (d) a1b2 − a1b1 ≠ 0
293. If the vector (2x + 3y)iˆ + (2y − z)jˆ + (3x + az)kˆ PGT 2004
is solenoidal, then the value of the constant 'a' will Ans : (a) meceerkeâjCeeW a1x + b1y = 0
be/Ùeefo meefoMe (2x + 3y)iˆ + (2y − z)jˆ + (3x + az)kˆ a 2x + b 2x = 0
hejveeefuekeâ nes, lees efveÙeleebkeâ 'a' keâe ceeve nesiee a1 b1
(a) –2 (b) –4 (c) 2 (d) 4 keâe jwefKekeâ ™heevlejCe JÙegl›eâceCeerÙe leYeer nw Deiej, ≠0
a2 b2
PGT 2005
Ans : (b) Any vector v is called solenoidal vector if ⇒ a 1b 2 – a 2b 1 ≠ 0
∇. v =0 2 3 drˆ
2
d rˆ
297. r = 3 tiˆ + 3 t ˆj + 2 t kˆ Then × is
i.e., =  ∂ i + ∂ ˆj + ∂ k . ( 2x + 3y) î + ( 2y − z) ˆj + ( 3x + az) kˆ  = 0 dt dt
2
∂x ∂y ∂z  

= 2+2+a= 0 ⇒ a = –4

(
(a) 9 3t 2 ɵi − 2t ɵj + 2kɵ ) (
(b) 18 3t ɵi − 2t ɵj + 2kɵ
2
)
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( ) (
(c) 18 2t ɵi − 2t ɵj + 2kɵ (d) 9 2t ɵi − 2t ɵj + kɵ
2 2
) Ans : (d) Since F is a solenoidal
PGT 2003 ⇒ dir F =0
Ans : (c) r = 3tiˆ + 3t 2 ˆj + 2t 3 kˆ curl curl F = ∇(∇.F) − ∇ 2 A
dr = ∇(divF) − ∇ 2 A
= 3ɵi + 6t ɵj + 6t 2 kɵ
dt = ∇.0 − ∇ 2 A
d 2r curl curl F = −∇ 2 A
= 6 ɵj + 12tkɵ
dt 2
ɵi ɵj kɵ
curl curl curl F = ∇ × −∇ 2 A ( )
dr d 3 r since F is solenoidal
× = 3 6t 6t 2
dt dt 2 301. Find the co–ordinates of the centre of gravity
0 6 12t 2 2 2
= ɵi ( 72t 2 − 36t 2 ) − ɵj (36t ) + kɵ (18) of the arc of the asteroid x 3 + y 3 = a 3 which

lies in the positive guard rant
= ɵi ( 36t 2 ) − ɵj (36t ) + kɵ (18) = 18 2t 2 ɵi − 2t ɵj + kɵ 
a a  2a a 
(a)  ,  (b)  , 
298. Find div F and curl F , When F = grad 5 5  5 5
(x3+y3+z3–3xyz)
 2a 2a 
(a) 6( x + y + z ), 0 (c)  ,  (d) None of these
 5 5
(b) 2( x + y + z ),0
2 2 2
PGT 2003
(c) 6( x + y + z ), 2 xiɵ + 3 ɵj Ans : (b)
(d) 6( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 ),2 xiɵ + 3 ɵj
PGT 2003
Ans : (a) F = grad ( x + y + z − 3 xyz )
3 3 3
d 3 d
F = iˆ
dx
( x + y 3 + z 3 − 3xyz ) + ˆj
dy
d
( x + y + z − 3xyz ) + kɵ dz ( x + y 3 + z 3 − 3xyz )
3 3 3 3
equation of curve
x2/3 + y2/3 = a2/3
F = ɵi ( 3x 2 − 3 yz ) + ɵj (3 y 2 − 3 xz ) + kˆ ( 3z 2 − 3 xy ) put x = a cos3t, y = a sin3t
d d d dx dy
dx (
div F = 3x2 −3 yz ) + (3 y 2 −3xz ) + (3z 2 −3xy ) = −3a cos 2 t sin t , = 3a sin 2 t.cos t
dy dz dt dt
= 6 x + 6 y + 6 z = 6 ( x+ y + z ) . 2 2
ds  dx   dy 
ɵi ɵj =   + 
kˆ dt  dt   dt 
∂ ∂ ∂ = 3a cos t sin t
Deewj Cur l F =
∂x ∂y ∂z at A, x = a, t = 0
3x 2 -3yz 3y 2 -3xz 3z 2 − 3xy at B, x = 0, t = π
2
ɵi ( −3 x − ( −3 x ) ) − ɵj ( −3 y + 3 y ) + kɵ ( −3 z + 3 z ) π π
∫ x ds = ∫ a cos t.3 a cos t sin t dt

2 2 3
=0 x= π 0
π
0
∫ ∫ 3 a cos t sin t dt
2 2
299. The derivative of a constant vector is ds
0 0
(a) A scalar (b) a constant vector π
(c) Zero vectors (d) None of these 1 5 
2
a  cos t 
PGT 2003
=   0 = 2a
5
Ans : (c) Zero vectors π
1 2 
2 5
300. if F be a solenoidal vector, then curl curl curl  2 cos t 
0
F is
4 3 since arc AB lying in the positive quadrant is
(a) ∇ F (b) ∇ F symmetrical about the line y = x
2 2a
(c) ∇ F (d) None of these Hence x = y =
PGT 2003 5

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302. If f is a vector point function then grad (divf)= r
Ùeefo f Skeâ meefoMe efyevog heâueve nw, leye grad (divf)= ⇒ p=
r3
(a) curl (curl f)–∇2f (b) curl (curl f)+∇2f ⇒ p = r r −3
(c) curl (grad f) (d) curl (curl f)
div p = div ( rr −3 ) = r −3divr + r.gradr −3
Rajasthan TGT 2016
 1 
= 3r −3 + r. ( −3r −4 grad.r ) = 3r −3 + r.  −3r −4 r 
Ans : (a) Given that f is a vector point function
Let f = f î + f ˆj + f kˆ
1 2 3
 r 
then = 3r + 3r ( r.r ) = 3r − 3r .r
−3 −5 −3 −5 2
∂f3 ∂f 2 ˆ ∂f1 ∂f3 ˆ ∂f 2 ∂f1 ˆ = 3r −3 − 3r −3 = 0

∇×f = − i+ − j+ − k
y z z x x y These the vector rr −3 is solenoidal.
∴ ∇ × (∇ × f ) = curl(curlf ) ∵ curl (φ A) = (grad φ) × A+φ curl A
∴ curl r −3 r = (grad r −3 ) × r + r −3curl r
î ˆj kˆ = (−3r −4 grad r) × r + r −3 .0 (∵ curl r = 0)
∂ ∂ ∂
= r
∂x ∂y ∂z = −3r −4 × r + 0 = −3r −3 r × r = −3r.0 = 0
r
∂f3 ∂f 2 ∂ f1 ∂ f 3 df 2 ∂ f1
− − − ∵ curl = r −3 r = 0
∂y ∂z ∂z ∂x ∂x ∂y
r
∂ ∂ f 2 ∂ f1 ∂ ∂ f1 ∂ f 3 Hence vector 3
is irrotational
=Σ − − − î r
∂y x y z z x
dr
∂2f2 ∂ 2f3 ∂ 2 f1 ∂ 2 f1 304. If r = (cosnt)a + (sinnt)b, then ×r =
= Σ + − + î dt
∂ y∂ x ∂ z ∂ x ∂y 2 ∂z 2
dr
∂ ∂ 2f2 ∂ 2f3 ∂ 2 f1 ∂ 2 f1
Ùeefo r = (cosnt)a + (sinnt)b, lees ×r =
=Σ + − + î dt
∂x ∂y ∂z ∂y 2 ∂x 2
(a) ( )
n b×a
  ∂  ∂ f ∂f ∂f   ∂ 2 f ∂ 2 f1 ∂ 2 f1   
= Σ    1 + 2 + 3  −  21 + +   î  (b) n (a × b)
  ∂x  ∂x ∂y ∂z   ∂x ∂y 2 ∂ z 2   
 ∂  
= Σ   ( ∇ .f ) − ( ∇ 2 f1 )  î 
( )
(c) (cos nt+sin nt) b × a
  ∂x  
(d) (cos nt+sin nt) ( a × b )
 ∂  
= Σ   ( ∇ .f )  î  − ∇ 2 Σ f1î Rajasthan TGT 2016
  ∂x  
Ans : (a) Given that r = ( cos nt ) a + ( sin nt ) b
Curl (curlf) = = ∇ ( ∇.f ) − ∇ 2 f
dr d d
⇒ curl (curl f) = grad (grad f) –∇2f = ( cos nt ) a + ( sin nt ) b
dt dt dt
⇒ grad(gradf ) = curl(curlf ) − ∇ 2 f
= −n sin nt a + n cos nt b
r r dr
303. Vector 3
is/ meefoMe 3
nw: = n cos nt b − n sin nt a
r r dt
(a) only solenoidal /kesâJeue heefjveeefuekeâerÙe dr
∴
dt
( ) (
× r = − n sin nta + n cos nt b × cos nt a + sin nt b )
(b) only irrotational /kesâJeue DeIetCeeaÙe
(c) solenoidal and irrotational both − sin nt cos nt
=n (a × b)
heefjveeefuekeâerÙe leLee DeIetCeeaÙe oesveeW cos nt sin nt
(d) neither solenoidal nor irrotational = − n(a × b) = n(b × a)
ve lees heefjveeefuekeâerÙe, ve ner DeIetCeeaÙe then
U.P.L.T. 2018
Rajasthan TGT 2016 ⇒
dr
dt
× r = n b×a( )
r
Ans : (c) Given vector is p = 3
(say) 305. div (grad tan–1y/x)=
r
(a) –1 (b) 0 (c) 1 (d) 2
Let r = r Rajasthan TGT 2016

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Ans : (b) Let 307. Ùeefo F = (x + y + 1)iˆ + ˆj − (x + y)kˆ leye
grad
If F = (x + y + 1)iˆ + ˆj − (x + y)kˆ then
y ∂  −1 y  ˆ ∂  −1 y  ˆ ∂  −1 y  ˆ
−1
tan =  tan  i +  tan  j +  tan k (a) ∇ × F = 0 (b) ∇. F = 0
x ∂x  x  ∂y  x  ∂z  x
1 y 1 1ɵ (c) F. (∇ × F) = 0 (d) F = 0
=− 2 2
î + j+ 0 Rajasthan TGT 2015
y x y2 x
1+ 2 1+ 2
x x Ans. (c) : F = (x + y + 1)iɵ + ɵj − (x + y)kɵ
−y ˆ x ˆ
= 2 i+ 2 j ɵi ɵj kɵ
x + y2 x + y2
∂ ∂ ∂
 y  ∂  −y  ∂  x  ∇×F =
div  grad tan −1  =  2 +  +0 ∂x ∂y ∂z
 x  ∂x  x + y 2  ∂y  x 2 + y 2 
(x + y + 1) 1 − x − y
∂ ∂
= −y ( x 2 + y2 ) + x ( x 2 + y2 )
−1 −1
∂x ∂y = i( −1 − 0) − ɵj( −1 − 0) + k(0
ɵ − 1)
    = −ɵi + ɵj − kɵ
 −2x   −2y 
= −y   + x  2  F.(∇ × F) = − x − y − 1 + 1 + x + y = 0
 ( x + y )   ( x + y ) 
2 2 2 2 2
F.( F) 0
2xy 2xy 2xy − 2xy
= − = =0 308. If A, B, C, D are any four points in space, and
( x + y ) ( x + y ) ( x 2 + y2 )
2
2 2 2 2 2 2
AB× CD + BC×AD + CA×BD =λ (area of
 y ∆ABC) then λ is equal to-
Hence div  grad tan −1  = 0
 x Ùeefo A, B, C, D meceef<š ceW keâesF& Ûeej efyevog nw leLee
AB× CD + BC×AD + CA×BD =λ (ef$eYegpe ABC
Ùeefo r = xiˆ + yjˆ + zkˆ Deewj r = r lees grad  
1
306.
r keâe #es$eheâue) lees λ yejeyej nw–
yejeyej nw Š/ If r = xiˆ + yjˆ + zkˆ and r = r then (a) 4 (b) 3
(c) 2 (d) 1
1 Rajasthan TGT 2013
grad   is equal to
r Ans : (a) Let a, b,c,d be the position vectors of points
r 2 r 1 A, B, C, and D respectively. then
(a) − (b) − (c) − (d) −
r2 r3 r3
Rajasthan TGT 2015
r2
( )( )
AB× CD = b − a × d − c = b × d − b × c − a × d + a × c
Ans. (c) : Given that r = xiˆ + yjˆ + zkˆ and r = r ( )( )

BC × AD = c − b × d − a = c × d − c × a − b × d + b × a
r = x 2 + y2 + z2 CA × BD = ( a − c ) × ( d − b ) = a × d − a × b − c × d + c × b
1  ∂ ∂ ∂  1 adding these, we get

grand   =  î + ɵj + kɵ   
  
r ∂ x ∂ y ∂ z  r  AB× CD + BC × AD + CA × BD
= =
∂ 1 ɵi + ∂ 1 ɵj  ( ) ( ) ( )
= 2  a × c + c × b + b × a 

∂x x2 + y2 + z2 ∂y x + y2 + z2
2
= 2 ( c × a ) + ( b × c ) + ( a × b ) 
∂ 1  
+ kɵ = 4 (area of ∆ABC)
∂z x 2 + y 2 + z 2
Hence λ = 4
1 2x 1 2y
=− .iɵ − ɵj
309. If a is a differential vector point function, then
2 (x2 + y2 + Z2 )3 / 2 2 (x2 + y2 + Z2 )3 / 2
div curl a =/ Ùeefo a DeJekeâuepÙe efyevog meefoMe heâueve
1 2z
− kɵ nw, lees div curl a =
2 (x2 + y2 + Z2 )3 / 2
(a) 0 (b) grad a
 xiɵ + yjɵ + zkɵ  r
= − =− 3 (c) a
2
(d) 2 a
3
 r  r
Rajasthan TGT 2013
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Ans : (a) Let a = a1î + a 2 ˆj + a 3 kˆ 312. If c is the rectangle with vertices (0, 0), (π, 0),
 π  π
i ˆj kˆ  π,  and  0,  , then
 2  2
∫ (e sin y dx + e-xcos y dy ) =
∂ ∂ ∂ -x
curl a =
∂x ∂y ∂z c
a1 a2 a3
Ùeefo c Skeâ DeeÙele nw efpemekesâ Meer<e& (0, 0), (π, 0),
 π  π
 ∂a ∂a  ˆ  ∂a1 ∂a 3  ˆ  ∂a 2 ∂a1  ˆ  π,  leLee  0,  , nes, lees
= 3 − 2 i + −  2  2
 j+  − k
 ∂y ∂z   ∂z ∂x   ∂x ∂y 
∫ (e sin y dx + e-xcos y dy )
-x
c
Now, div curl a = ∇.(∇ × a)
(a) 2 ( e −π − 2 ) (b) 2 ( e −π + 2 )
∂ a 3 ∂ a 2 ∂ a1 ∂a 3
2 2
∂ a 2 ∂ a1
2 2 2
= − + − + − =0 (c) 2 ( e −π − 1) (d) 2 ( e −π + 1)
∂x∂y ∂x∂z ∂y∂z ∂y∂x ∂z∂x ∂z∂y
Rajasthan TGT 2013
310. A vector field F is given by
Ans : (c)
F = ( sin y ) î + x (1 + cos y ) ˆj then the ∫ F.dr over a
If C is a rectangle with vertices (0,0), (π,0)
circular path given by x2 + y2 = a2, z = 0 is-
 π  π
Skeâ meefoMe #es$e F = ( sin y ) î + x (1 + cos y ) ˆj kesâ Éeje  π,  and  0,  then solving we get
 2  2
JÙekeäle efkeâÙee peelee nw lees ∫ F.dr keâe Je=òeerÙe heLe x2 +
y = a , z = 0 hej nw–
2 2 ∫ ( e− x sin ydx + e− n cos ydy ) = 2 ( e −π − 1)
C
(a) 2πa 2 πa 2 (b) 313. The set {1, 3, 2}, {1, –7, –8} and {2, 1, –1} of
1 2 1 2 vectors in R3 is-
(c) πa (d) πa meefoMe kesâ mecegÛÛeÙe {1, 3, 2}, {1, –7, –8} Deewj {2, 1,
2 4
Rajasthan TGT 2013 –1}, R3 ceW nw–
Ans : (b) path is x2 + y2 = a2, z = 0 (a) linearly dependent/jwefKekeâ Deeefßele
(b) linearly independent/jwefKekeâ mJelev$e
∫ F.dr = ∫ i sin y + x (1+cosy)jˆ  .(idx+jdy)
c
(c) linearly dependent and linearly independent/
jwefKekeâ Deeefßele Je jwefKekeâ mJelev$e
= ∫ [sin y.dx-x(1+cosy)dy] (d) None of these/FveceW mes keâesF& veneR
= ∫ sin y.dx-∫ xdy-∫ cos y.dy Rajasthan TGT 2013
= πa 2 Ans : (a) Let α, β, γ be scalars ∈ R such that
α(1,3, 2) + β(1, −7, −8) + γ (2,1, −1) = 0
311. If F is a continuously differentiable vector
point function in a region v enclosed by the (α + β + 2γ,3α − 7β + γ, 2α − 8β − γ ) = (0, 0, 0)
closed surface s, then ∫ F.nds
ˆ = Then (α + β + 2γ ) = 0
v
(3α − 7β + γ ) = 0
Ùeefo F efkeâmeer yevo he=<" s Éeje ngÙes #es$e v ceW meblele
(2α − 8β − γ ) = 0
DeJekeâueveerÙe meefoMe efyevog heâueve neW, lees ∫v F.nds
ˆ =
The matrix equation of (A) is written as
(a) ∫( v
)
∇ × F .dv (b) ∫v
F.dv 1 1 2
3 −7 1
(c) ∫ ( ∇ × F) dv
v
(d) ∫ ( ∇ .F) dv
v
2 −8 −1
Rajasthan TGT 2013
R 2 → R 2 − 3R1
Ans : (d)
R 3 → R 3 − 2R1
If F is a continuously differentiable vector
point function in a region v enclosed by the closed 1 1 2
surface S, then 0 −10 −5
0 −10 −5
ˆ = (∇.F)dv
F.nds
S V R3 → R3 − R2

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1 1 2 317. If a b are constant vectors, then
and
0 −10 −5 div{(r × a) × b} is/ Ùeefo a leLee b DeÛej meefoMe nw,
0 0 0 lees div{(r × a) × b} keâe ceeve nw
Since in Echelon form third row is Zero Hence the
(a) 2(a.b) (b) −2(a × b)
given set are linearly dependent.
314. If 'h' is the difference of interval, then (c) −2a.b (d) 0
( ∆ - ∇ ) x2 = (GIC) ØeJeòeâe hejer#ee, 2015
Ùeefo 'h' Devlejeue keâe Devlej nes, lees ( ∆ - ∇ ) x 2 = Ans. (c) : Given that vectors a and b are constant
(a) h 2
(b) 2h 2 vectors.
(c) 3h2 (d) 6h2
Rajasthan TGT 2013
( ) ( )
We have ( r × a ) × b = b.r a − b.a r
Ans : (b)If 'h' is the difference of interval, then ∴  ( ) ( )

div ( r × a ) × b  = div  b.r a − b.a r 
  
( ∆ - ∇ ) x = 2h
2 2
315. In difference table the first term of the series  ( ) ( )

= div  b.r a  − div b.a r

...... (i)
whose second and subsequence terms are 8, 3,

0, –1, 0 is-  ( ) ( ) ( )
div  b.r a  = b.r diva + a grad b.r
Skeâ Deblej meejCeer ceW ßesCeer keâe ØeLece heo efpemekesâ efÉleerÙe Since vector a is constant, so div a =0
leLee hejJeleea heo 8, 3, 0, –1, 0 nw, nQ– Also let b = b î + b ˆj + b kˆ & r = xiˆ + yjˆ + zkˆ
1 2 3
(a) 5 (b) 10
Then b.r = b1x + b 2 y + b3 z
(c) 15 (d) 20
Rajasthan TGT 2013 ∴ ( )
grad b.r = b1î + b 2 ˆj + b3 kˆ = b
Ans : (c) Let so be the first form there fore
y1 = 8, y 2 = 3, y3 = 0, y 4 = −1, y5 = 0, ∴ div  b.r a  = a.b
  ( ) .......... (ii)
Again div ( b.a )  r = b.a div r − r. grad ( b.a )

The difference table is
 
∴ div ( b.a ) r  = 3b.a
 ............ (iii)
 
 since div r = 3.rgrad ( b.a ) = 0
 
Substituting the values from (ii) and (iii) in (i), we get
  ( )
div ( r × a ) × b  = a.b − 3 a.b = −2a.b
318. Which of the following identities is not correct?
efvecveefueefKele meJe&meefcekeâeDeeW ceW mes keâewve mener veneR nw?
from the table we have (a) grad(φψ) = φ grad ψ + ψ grad φ
∆y1 = −5, 2y1 = 2, y1 = 2, ∆ 3 y1 = 0, ∆ 4 y1 = 0 (b) div(φa) = φ div a + a grad φ
∴ y 0 = E −1 y1 = (1 + ∆ )−1 y1 (c) div(a × b) = b.curl a + a curl b
= (1 − ∆ + ∆ 2 − ∆ 3 + ∆ 4 − ........)y1 (d) curl(φa) = φcurl a + (gradφ) × a
= y1 − ∆ y1 + ∆ 2 y1 − ∆ 3 y1 + ∆ 4 y1 − ........
= 8 − (−5) + 2 − 0 + 0 Ans. (c) : div(a × b) = b.curl a + a curl b (incorrect)
y0 = 15 div(a × b) = b.curl a - a curl b (correct)

319. The vector r n r, where r = xiˆ + yjˆ + zkˆ and
316. The vector equation D.(r - r0 ) = 0 represents (in 3D)
r = r is solenoidal if n is equal to
(a) a straight line (b) a plane
(c) a pair of lines (d) None of the above meefoMe r n r, peneB r = xiˆ + yjˆ + zkˆ leLee r = r
UP PCS (Pre) 2009 heefjveeefuekeâerÙe nw, Ùeefo n yejeyej nw
Ans. (b) a. ( r − r0 ) = 0 (a) –1 (b) –2 (c) 1 (d) –3
gives from ax +by+cz+d=0 (GIC) ØeJeòeâe hejer#ee, 2015
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∫ (e dx + 2ydy − dz)
x
Ans. (d) : Given that r = xiˆ + yjˆ + zkˆ 321. The value of the integral
c
A vector V is said to be solenoidal if div V =0
Where c is the curve x2+y2=1, z = 1 is equal to–
let V = r n r and let n =–3
∫ (e dx + 2ydy − dz) peneB c Je›eâ x +y =1,
x
meceekeâve 2 2
( −3
) −3
then div r r = r divr + r.grad r −3
c
z = 1 nw, keâe ceeve yejeyej nw–
= 3r + r.( −3r grad r )
−3 −4
(a) 2π (b) π
 1  (c) 4π
= 3r + r. −3r −4 . r 
−3 (d) 0
 r  (GIC) ØeJeòeâe hejer#ee, 2015
= 3r −3 − 3r −5 ( r.r )
Ans. (d) : Let I = ∫ ( e dx + 2ydy − dz )
x
−3 −5 −3 −3
= 3r − 3r .r = 3r − 3r = 02
c
n
Hence if n = –3 then r .r in a solenoidal then here F = e î + 2yjˆ − kˆ
x
320. Which of the following vectors is not irrational î ˆj kˆ

efvecveefueefKele meefoMeeW ceW mes keâewve DeheefjcesÙe veneR nw? ∂ ∂ ∂
∴curl F= = ( 0 ) î − ( 0 − 0 ) ˆj + ( 0 − 0 ) kˆ = 0
r ∂x ∂y ∂z
(a) , where r = r , r = xiˆ + yjˆ + zkˆ ex 2y −1
r
(b)
− yiˆ + xjˆ ∴ By Stoke's theorem
∫ F.dr = ∫ ∫ ( curℓ F).nds = 0
x 2 + y2 since curℓ F = 0
(c) a × r where a is a non-zero constant vector c s
and r = xiˆ + yjˆ + zk ( )

322. If div r 5 r = A r 5 , then value of A–
a×r peneB a MetvÙeslej DeÛej meefoMe nw Deewj
Ùeefo div ( r r ) = A r , nes lees A keâe ceeve nw–
5 5
r = xiˆ + yjˆ + zk
(d) None of the above/GheÙeg&òeâ ceW mes keâesF& veneR (a) 3 (b) 5
(c) 10 (d) 8
Ans. (d) : Given that div ( r 5 r ) = Ar 5 ........(i)
Ans. (b) : A vector A is said to be irrotational if
∇×A = 0
Let r = xiˆ + yjˆ + zkˆ ⇒ divr = 3
− yi + xj
let A= We know that
x 2 + y2
div ( φa ) = φdiv ( a ) + a.gradφ
î ˆj kˆ putting a = r and φ = r 5 in this identity
∂ ∂ ∂
∴ ∇×A = we get
∂x ∂y ∂z
−y x
( )
div r 5 r = r 5div r + r.grad r 5
0
x 2 + y2 x + y2
2
 r
= r 5 ( 3) + r. 5r 4 .  ( ∵ divr = 3)
 r
{ 2 2
}{
 ( x + y ) .1− x( 2x) − ( x + y ) ( −1) + y( 2y)
2 2
} 
= i( 0− 0) − j( 0− 0) + k  = 3r 5 + r.( 5r 3 r )
 ( x2 + y2 ) 
2
 
 −x 2 + y2 + x 2 − y2 
= 3r 5 + 5r 3 ( r.r ) ( ∵ r.r = r ) 2
= 0iˆ + 0ˆj + kˆ  
 x 2 + y2  = 3r 5 + 5r 3 .r 2
= 3r 5 + 5r 5 = 8r 5 ....... (ii)
= 0iˆ + 0ˆj + 0kˆ
Comparing (i) and (ii) we get A = 8
=0
Hence option (b) is correct. Note- div ( r n . r ) = ( n + 3) r n

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323. The value of ∇ 2
1
where r = r and
yeue #es$e F = 3x 2 î + (2xz − y)jˆ + zkˆ ceW efyevogDeeW
r (0,0,0) Deewj (2,1,3) keâes efceueeves Jeeueer jsKee hej YeüceCe
r = xiˆ + yjˆ + zk,
ˆ is − keâjves Jeeues keâCe Éeje efkeâÙee ieÙee keâeÙe& yejeyej nw–
1 (a) 16 (b) 12
∇2 keâe ceeve peyeefkeâ (c) 18 (d) 20
r
r = r leLee r = xiˆ + yjˆ + zkˆ nw–
Ans. (a) : Straight line x=2t, y=t, z=3t 0< t < 1
2 work done = ∫ F.dr
(a) − 3
r 1
dr
(b) 0 = ∫ F. dt
2 0
dt
(c) 3 1
r = ∫ 3 ( 2t ) î + ( 2.2t.3t − t ) ˆj + 3tk   2iˆ + ˆj + 3kˆ dt
2
(d) None of the above/GheÙeg&òeâ ceW mes keâesF& veneR  

0

= ∫  24t 2 + 12t 2 − t + 9t dt
Ans. (b) : Given that r = xiˆ + yjˆ + zkˆ 0
1
⇒ r= (x 2
+ y2 + z2 )  1 9 
= 8t 3 + 4t 3 − t 2 + t 2 
 2 2 0
r = ( x 2 + y2 + z2 )
1/ 2
 1 9
= 8 + 4 − +  = [8 + 4 + 4] = 16
1  ∂ ∂ ∂  1   2 2
2 2 2
∇2   =  2 + 2 + 2   
  
r ∂x ∂y ∂z  r  325. If s is the surface of the sphere
∂ 1 ∂ 1 ∂ 1
2 2 2 x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = a2 , then the value of
=  +  +  
∂x 2  r  ∂y 2  r  ∂z 2  r  (xydydz + y 2 dzdx + yzdxdy) is equal to–
∂ 2  1  ∂  ∂  1  S
Now,  =   
∂x 2  r  ∂x  ∂x  r   Ùeefo s ieesuee x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = a2 , keâe he=‰ nes, lees
∂ ∂ 2 2 −1/ 2 
=  (x + y + z )  (xydydz + y 2 dzdx + yzdxdy) keâe ceeve yejeyej nw–
2
∂x  ∂x  S
∂  1 2 
− ( x + y + z ) ( 2x ) 
2 −3/ 2
= 2
4 πa 3
∂x  2  (a) 4πa 3 (b)
3
1  3 
= − ( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 ) ( 2 ) + ( 2x )  −  ( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 ) ( 2x ) 
−3/ 2 −5 / 2
16πa 3
2  2  (c) (d) 0
3
= − {r − 3r .x
−3 −5 2
} = −r −3
+ 3r x−5 2
∂ 1
2
−3 −5 2 Ans. (d) : Let I = ∫ ∫ xydydz + y 2 dzdx + yzdxdy
Similarly   = −r + 3r y
∂y 2  r  s
∂ 1
2 We have
−3 −5 2
and   = −r + 3r z
∂z 2  r  ∫ ∫ ( F dydz + F dzdx + F dxdy )
s
1 2 3
1
∴∇ 2   = −r −3 + 3r −5 x 2 − r −3 + 3r −5 y 2 − r −3 + 3r −5 z 2  ∂F ∂F ∂F 
r = ∫ ∫ ∫  1 + 2 + 3  dxdydz
v
∂x ∂y ∂z 
= −3r −3 + 3r −5 ( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 )
= ∫ ∫ ∫ ( y + 2y + y ) dxdydz = 4 ∫ ∫ ∫ ydxdydz
= −3r −3 + 3r −5 .r 2 v v
−3 −3
= −3r + 3r =0 by changing to polar form we get
a π / 2 2π
324. The work done in moving a particle in a force
=4∫ ∫ ∫r
3
sin 2 θ.sin φdrdθdφ
field– F = 3x 2 î + (2xz − y)jˆ + zkˆ r = 0 θ= 0 φ
Along the line joining (0,0,0) to (2,1,3) is – We get I =0

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04.
meefcceße efJeMues<eCe
(COMPLEX ANALYSIS)
(By De Moivre's formula)
1. Complex Number, De- 1
∴ x 5 + 5 = cos ( π ) + isin ( π ) + cos ( π ) − isin ( π )
Moivre's Theorem, nth x
Root of Unity = 2cos ( π )
=2(–1)
1 π 1 = –2
1. If x + = 2cos , then x 5 + 5 is equal to 2. If complex numbers a1, a2, a3........ are in G.P.
x 5 x
having common ratio r such that
1 π 1
Ùeefo x + = 2cos , lees x + 5 yejeyej nw
5 n n
x 5 x ∑ a2k-1 = k=1
k=1
∑ a2k+2 ≠ 0 then number of possible
(a) –2 (b) 0
(c) 1 (d) 5 values of r is –
UP TGT 2021 Ùeefo meefcceße mebKÙeeÙeW a1, a2, a3....... iegCeesòej ßesCeer ceW
Ans. (a) : efoÙee nw,
nQ leLee meeJe&vegheele Fme Øekeâej nw efkeâ
n n
 1 π
 x +  = 2cos  
∑ a2k-1 = k=1
k=1
∑ a2k+2 ≠ 0 lees r kesâ mecYeJe ceeveeW keâer
 x 5 mebKÙee nw–
π
⇒ x 2 − 2x cos   + 1 = 0 (a) 1 (b) 2
5 (c) 3 (d) 4
π π UP PGT 2021
2cos   ± 4cos 2   − 4 n n
5 5
⇒x=
2
Ans. (c) : ∑ a 2K –1 = K∑=1 a 2K + 2 ≠ 0
K =1
n n
π π
2cos   ± 2 − sin 2   ⇒ ∑ a1r 2K – 2 = K∑=1 a1r 2K +1
5 5 K =1
⇒x= n
2
π π
⇒ ∑ r 2K – 2 – r 2K +1 = 0
K =1
⇒ x = cos   ± isin  
 
5 5 n
ceevee, (
⇒ 1 – r3 ) K∑=1 r 2K –2 = 0
π π n
( ) K∑=1( r 2 )
K –1
⇒ x = cos   + isin   ⇒ 1 – r3 =0
5 5
Dele:
⇒
(1 – r3 )( r 2n − 1) = 0
π π
1
x
= cos   − isin  
5 5
(r 2
– 1)
5
That gives r = 1, ω, ω2 : cube roots of unity.
 π π 
∴ x 5 =  cos   + isin    SJeb 3. The nth roots of unity can be arranged as-
 5  5  FkeâeF& kesâ nJesb cetueeW keâes JÙeJeefmLele efkeâÙee pee mekeâlee nw-
1  π  π 
5 (a) an arithmetic progression/Skeâ meceevlej ßesCeer ceW
=  cos   − isin    (b) a geometric procession /Skeâ iegCeesòej ßesCeer ceW
x5   
5  5 
(c) a harmonic progression/Skeâ njelcekeâ ßesCeer ceW
⇒ x 5 = cos ( π ) + isin ( π ) SJeb (d) an arithmetico - geometric progression
1
= cos ( π ) − isin ( π )
Skeâ meceevlejerÙe-iegCeesòej ßesCeer ceW
x5 UPPSC GIC 2021
COMPLEX ANALYSIS 392 YCT
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Ans. (b) : a geometric progression 6. If ω ( ≠ 1) is a cube root of unity and
Consider zn = 1 ; z ∈ C (1 + ω) = A + Bω then the value of A2 + B2 is–
7
⇒ z = (1) 1/n
⇒ z = (cos 2kπ +i sin2kπ)1/n ; k = 0,1,2,....n-1 Ùeefo ω ( ≠ 1) FkeâeF& keâe Skeâ Ievecetue nw leLee
(1 + ω) = A + Bω nes lees A2 + B2 keâe ceeve nw–
7
Using De Moivre's theorem
 2kπ   2kπ  (a) 0 (b) 1
z = cos   + isin   ; k=0,1,2,.....,n–1
 n   n  (c) 2 (d) 4
⇒ z = ei2kπ/n ; k =0,1,2,.....n–1 UP PGT 2021
Thus the set P = { ei2kπ/n ; k=0,1,2,...n-1} contains all nth Ans. (c) : 2
root of unity .
Observe that P = {1, ei2π/n,( ei2π/n)2, ( ei2π/n)3 ,... ( ei2π/n)n-1} (1+ ω)7 = A + Bω ; ω ≠ 1 is a cube root of unity
So, nth root of unity can be arranged as a geometric ⇒ (–ω ) = A + Bω ; (1+ω+ω = 0)
2 7 2
progression with first term 1 and common ratio r =e . ⇒ –ω2 = A + Bω; i2π/n
(ω3 = 1)
4. If ω is cube root of unity, then 1 + ω + ω + ω + ⇒ 1 + ω = A + Bω
2 3
........+ ω52, ω ≠1 is equal to – Which gives A = 1 & B = 1 on comparing the

Ùeefo ω, FkeâeF& keâe Ievecetue nes, lees 1 + ω + ω2 + ω3 + coefficients
........+ ω52, ω ≠1 yejeyej nw– ∴ A2 + B2 = 2
(a) ω (b) 1–ω 7. For any complex number z, the minimum value
(c) –ω2 (d) 1+ω2 of z + 1 + z – 2 is
UP PGT 2021
efkeâmeer meefcceße mebKÙee z kesâ efueÙes z + 1 + z – 2 keâe
Ans. (c) : –ω2
S = 1 + ω + ω2 + ..... + ω52, vÙetvelece ceeve nw
ω ≠ 1 is a cube root of unity. (a) –1 (b) 1
S=
( 53
ω –1 ) ( ) =
3 17
ω .ω − 1 2 (c) 2 (d) 3
UP TGT 2021
( ω –1) ω −1
Ans. (d) : z + 1 + −2 + z { keäÙeeWefkeâ z = − z
ω2 –1
= ( ∵ ω3 = 1) = z + 1 + −(2 − z)
ω –1
=ω+1 = z +1 + 2 − z
2 2
= –ω ( ∵ 1+ω+ω = 0) nce peeveles nQ keâer
5. The smallest value of positive integer n, for z + z ≤ z + z
n n 1 2 1 2
which (1+i) = (1 – i) , is/Oeveelcekeâ hetCeeËkeâ n keâe
vÙetvelece ceeve, efpemekesâ efueÙes (1+i) = (1 – i) , nes, nw Dele: z + 1 + 2 − z ≤ z + 1 + 2 − z
n n
(a) 2 (b) 4 ⇒ 3 ≤ z +1 + 2 − z
(c) 6 (d) 8
Dele: vÙetvelece ceeve 3 nesiee~
UP PGT 2021
n n 8. If 1, ω, ω2 are the cube roots of unity, then the
Ans. (b) : (1+i) = (1–i)
value of (1 + ω2)(1 + ω4) (1 + ω8)(1 + ω16) is
⇒ e( ) (
iπ / 4 n
= e )
–iπ / 4 n
Ùeefo 1, ω, ω2 FkeâeF& kesâ Ievecetue neW, lees (1 + ω2)(1 +
⇒ einπ / 4 = e –inπ / 4 ω4) (1 + ω8)(1 + ω16) keâe ceeve nw
⇒ ei2nπ / 4 = 1 (a) –1 (b) 0
(c) 1 (d) 2
⇒ einπ / 2 = 1
UP TGT 2021
nπ nπ
⇒ cos + i sin =1 Ans. (c) : (1 + ω )(1 + ω ) (1 + ω )(1 + ω )
2 4 8 16
2 2
= (–ω) (–ω2) (–ω) (–ω2) {∵ 1 + ω + ω2 = 0 }
nπ nπ
⇒ cos = 1 & sin =0 = ω3 × ω3 = 1
2 2
nπ nπ 9. If i = –1 , then (1 + i)4 – (1 – i)4 is equal to
= 0, 2π, 4π, .... & = 0, π, 2π, 3π
2 2 Ùeefo i = –1 , lees (1 + i)4 – (1 – i)4 yejeyej nw
nπ
⇒ = 0, 2π, 4π,.... (a) –4i (b) 4i
2 (c) 0 (d) 2
⇒ Smallest positive integer n = 4. UP TGT 2021
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Ans. (c) : (1 + i)4 – (1 – i)4 8
 1+i   1– i 
8
  +  is equal to
(
= (1 + i )
2 2
) – ((1 – i ) )
2 2 12.
 ( 2)   ( 2) 
   
= (1 + i 2 + 2i ) – (1 + i 2 – 2i )
2 2 8 8
 1+i   1– i 
  +  keâe ceeve nw
= (2i)2 – (–2i)2  ( 2)   ( 2) 
= 4i2 – 4i2 = 0    
(a) 1 (b) 2
10. The smallest positive integer n for which (c) 4 (d) 8
n
1+i  UP TGT 2021
  = 1 , is
1–i  8 8
 1+ i   1 – i 
n
1+i  Ans. (b) :   + 
vÙetvelece Oeveelcekeâ hetCeeËkeâ n efpemekesâ efueS   =1  ( 2)   ( 2) 
1–i     
nw, nw    
2 4
 
2 4
(a) 8 (b) 12 ⇒   1+ i   +   1 – i  
  ( 2 )     ( 2 )  
(c) 4 (d) 16      
UP TGT 2021 4 4
 1+ i 2 + 2i   1+ i 2 – 2i 
Haryana PGT 2018 ⇒   + 
KVS PGT 2018  2   2 
PGT 2004 ⇒ i4 + (–i)4 = 1 + 1 = 2
n
 1+ i  13. If z is a complex number of unit modulus and
Ans. (c) :   =1  1+ z 
1– i  argument θ, then arg   is equal to
n 1+ z 
 (1 + i ) 2  Ùeefo z Skeâ meefcceße mebKÙee nw efpemekeâe ceeheebkeâ FkeâeF&
  =1
 (1 + i )(1 – i ) 
leLee keâesCeebkeâ θ nw, lees arg 
  1+ z 
 keâe ceeve yejeyej nw
n 1+ z 
 1 + i 2 + 2i 
  =1 π
 2  (a) – θ (b) –θ
2
in = 1
(c) θ (d) π – θ
n = 4 Jen vÙegvelece Oeeveelcekeâ hetCeeËkeâ nw~ UP TGT 2021
11. If A + iB = tan (x + iy), then tan 2x is equal to
 1 + x + iy 
Ùeefo A + iB = tan (x + iy) lees tan 2x keâe ceeve nw Ans. (c) : arg  
 1 + x − iy 
2A
(a)  (1 + x + iy) × (1 + x + iy) 
1 + A 2 + B2 arg  
2A  (1 + x − iy)(1 + x + iy) 
(b)
1 – A 2 + B2  (1 + x)2 + i 2 y 2 + 2(1 + x)yi 
arg  
2A  (1 + x) 2 − i 2 y 2 
(c)
1 – A 2 – B2  (1 + x)2 − y 2 + 2(1 + x)yi 
(d) None of these/FveceW mes keâesF& veneR arg  
 (1 + x)2 + y 2 
UP TGT 2021, 2016
UP TGT-2016 (08-03-2019)  (1 + x ) 2 − y 2 2y (1 + x ) 
arg  + i 
Ans. (c) : tan–1(A + iB) = (x + iy) ..... (i)  (1 + x ) + y 2
2
(1 + x) 2
+ y 2 
 
leLee tan–1(A – iB) = x – iy ..... (ii)
 2(1 + x)y 
meceer. (i) Je meceer. (ii) mes 
(1 + x) 2 + y 2

tan–1(A + iB) + tan–1(A – iB)= 2x tan 
−1 
 (1 + x) 2 − y 2 
 A + iB + A – iB   (1 + x) 2 + y 2 
⇒ tan –1   = 2x  
 1 – ( A 2 – i 2 B2 )  ØeMve mes z = 1
 
⇒
2A
= tan 2x
Dele: x 2 + y 2 = 1
1 – ( A 2 + B2 ) x 2 = 1 − y2

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 2(1 + x)y  16. If the integers p and q are relatively prime then
tan −1  2  all the values of (cosθ + i sinθ)p/q can be
 1 + x + 2x − y 
2
arranged in/Ùeefo hetCeeËkeâ p Deewj q meehes#eleÙee
Dele: DeYeepÙe neW, lees (cosθ + i sinθ)p/q kesâ meYeer ceeveeW keâes
 2(1 + x)y  JÙeJeefmLele efkeâÙee pee mekeâlee nw
tan −1   (∵ 1–y2 = x2)
 1 − y + x + 2x 
2 2
(a) an arithmetic progression/Skeâ meceevlej ßesCeer ceW
(b) a geometric progression/Skeâ iegCeesòej ßesCeer ceW
 2(1 + x)y 
= tan −1  2  (c) a harmonic progression/Skeâ njelcekeâ ßesCeer ceW
 x + x + 2x 
2
(d) an arithmetico-geometric progression

 2(1 + x)y  Skeâ meceevlejerÙe-iegCeesòej ßesCeer ceW
= tan −1  
 2x(x + 1)  UPPSC Ashram Paddhati 2021
 y Ans. (b) :
tan −1   = θ Cos θ + iSin θ = Cos(2πk + θ) + iSin(2πk + θ) ; K ∈ Z
x
p
14. What is the real part of (sinx + i cosx)4, ⇒ ( Cos θ + i Sin θ ) q
i = –1 ? p
= ( Cos (2πK + θ) + i Sin(2πK + θ) ) q
(sinx + i cosx)4, i = –1 keâe JeemleefJekeâ Yeeie keäÙee nw? (using De moivre's theorem)
(a) – cos 4x (b) – cos 2x
= Cos
( 2πK + θ ) p + i Sin ( 2πK + θ ) p
(c) cos 4x (d) cos 2x
q q
UP TGT 2021
where K=0, 1, 2, 3 ......... q – 1
Ans. (c) : (sinx + i cosx)4 Which is obviously a geometric progression.
4
 π  π 
=  cos  – x  + i sin  – x   17. The polar form of the complex number z =
  2   2 
i –1
 π   π  is:
= cos  4 × – 4x  + isin  4 × – 4x  cosπ/3 + i sin π/3
 2   2  i –1
= cos ( 2π – 4x ) + i sin ( 2π – 4x ) meefcceße mebKÙee z = OegÇJeerÙe ™he nw:
cosπ/3 + i sin π/3
= cos 4x – i sin 4x Dele: JeemleefJekeâ Yeeie cos 4x nesiee~ (a) cos π/3–i sin π/3
(b) cos π/6+i sin π/6
1 3
15. If z = – +i , the value of z2 + z is (c) 2(cos π/3–i sin π/3)
2 2
(d) 2(cos 5π/12+i sin 5π/12)
1 3
Ùeefo z = – + i , lees z2 + z keâe ceeve nw UKPSC Lecturer (Mains) 2020
2 2
−1 + i
(a) 0 Ans. (d) : Given z =
cos π 3 + i sin π 3
(b) –1
(c) 1 2 ( cos 3π 4 + i sin 3π 4 )
⇒ z=
(d) none of the above/GheÙeg&òeâ ceW mes keâesF& veneR cos ( π 3 + i sin π 3 )
UPPSC Ashram Paddhati 2021 2 e i3π 4
1 3
⇒ z=
eiπ 3
(∵ cosθ+isinθ = e ) iθ
Ans. (b) : Given z = – + i

2 2 ⇒ z = 2 ⋅ ei5 π 12
2 Thus required polar form of
 1 3  1 3
∴ z + z =  – + i
2
 +  – + i  z is 2 ( cos 5π 12 + i sin 5π 12 )
 2 2   2 2 
2
 1  3
2
1 3 1 3 18. The value of is :
=  –  +  i  – 2 × × i – +i
 2  2  2 2 2 2
1 3 i 3 1 i 3 keâe ceeve nw :
= – – – +
4 4 2 2 2 (a) 0 (b) 1
1 1 (c) –1 (d) i
= − − = −1
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2kπ 2kπ  21. What is the value of xx if x=√–1
Ans. (d) : If  cos + i sin  ; k=0, 1, ...,n–1 are (a) e∧(–π÷2) (b) e∧(π÷2)
 n n 
th
n root of unity then we have (c) 0 (d) 1
n −1
 2kπ 2kπ  DSSSB TGT 04-09-2021 Shift-I (Male)
∑
k =0 
 cos
n
+ i sin
n 
=0 UP PGT 2016, 2019
Ans. (a) : Given x=√–1 = i
n −1
2kπ 2kπ 
So, ∑  cos + i sin = −
( ) ( ) (
1

)
i
Hence, ii = eiπ / 2 = ei π / 2 = e −π / 2
2
k =1  n n 
Thus,
22. What is the magnitude of the expression below:
12
 2kπ 2kπ 
∑ 
k =1 
sin
13
− i cos
13


ez, where z is a complex number.
(a) √ ( x2+y ) (b) √ (x2–y2 )
12
 2kπ 2kπ  (c) 1 (d) ex
= −i∑  cos + i sin  = −i( − 1) = i
k =1  13 13  DSSSB TGT 04-09-2021 Shift-I (Male)
PGT 2003
19. The value of −8 − 6i is:
x+iy
−8 − 6i keâe ceeve nw : Ans. (d) : e = e x .eiy
(a) 1 ± 3i (b) ±(1− 3i) = e x . eiy = e x cos y + i sin y
(c) ± (1 + 3i) (d) ± (3 − i)
UKPSC Lecturer (Mains) 2020 = ex cos 2 y + sin 2 y = ex.1 = ex
Ans. (b) : Let x + iy = −8 − 6i ; x, y ∈ R 23. Find out the all values of Z from this equation:
Squaring both sides, we obtain ez = 1 + 3i .
( x + iy ) (a) ln (2) + (π÷3 + 2πn) i; n∈Z
2
= x 2 − y 2 + 2ixy = −8 − 6i
⇒ x 2 − y 2 = −8 & 2xy = –6 on (b) ln (2) – (π÷2πn) i; n∈Z
equating real and
imaginary parts. (c) ln (2) – (π÷3 + 3πn) i;n ∈Z
Now (d) ln (2) + (π÷2 +πn) i ; n ∈Z
(x − y2 ) + ( 2xy ) = ( −8) + ( −6 )
2 2 2 2
x 2 + y2 = 2
= 10 Ans. (a) : Given,
⇒ x 2 = 1, y 2 = 9 and hence either ez = 1 + 3i
x = 1, y = −3 or x = – 1, y = 3 because xand y must be 1 3   π π
of opposite signs. = 2  + i  = 2  cos + isin 
2 2   3 3
Thus, the square roots of −8 − 6i are ± (1 − 3i )
= 2eiπ / 3 = eloge 2+iπ / 3
20. Let z, w, be complex numbers such that
z + iw = 0 and arg(zw) = π. Then arg(z) equal: π 
∴z = log e 2 + i  + 2πn  ,n ∈Z
ceevee z, w, meefcceße mebKÙeeSB Fme Øekeâej nQ efkeâ z + iw = 0  3 
leLee arg(zw) = π leye arg(z) keâe ceeve nw: 24. If
4 + 3i x
= x + iy, then is equal to:
π π 3 - 4i y
(a) (b)
4 2 4 + 3i x
3π 5π
Ùeefo = x + iy, lees =
(c) (d) 3 - 4i y
4 4 (a) 0 (b) 1
Haryana PGT 2019
5 4
Ans. (c) : Given z + iw = 0 (c) (d)
4 5
⇒ z = −iw
⇒ z = iw Haryana PGT 2020
⇒ w = –iz Ans. (a) :
and arg (zw) = π gives 4 + 3i
We have = x + iy
⇒ arg(–iz2) = π 3 − 4i
⇒ arg(–i) + 2arg(z) = π ( 4 + 3i )( 3 + 4i ) 12 + 16i + 9i + 12i 2
π Then =
⇒ − + 2 arg ( z ) = π ( 3) − ( 4i ) 9 + 16
2 2
2
3π 25i
⇒ arg(z) = = = i = x + iy
4 25

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⇒ On comparing real and imaginary parts we get Ans. (d)
4
x = 0, y = 1
 cos θ + i sin θ   ( cos θ + i sin θ ) 
4 2
x   = =
So, =0  cos θ − i sin θ   ( cos 2 θ + sin 2 θ ) 
y
(cosθ + isinθ)8 = cos8θ + i sin8θ
25. The real part of (1 + i)n is:
(De Moivre's Theorem)
(1 + i)n keâe JeemleefJekeâ Yeeie nw:
28. If a = cos α + i sin α, b = cos β + i sin β, c = cos
nπ nπ
(a) nn/2 cos (b) 2n cos γ + i sin γ and
b c a
+ + = 1, then cos
2 4 c a b
nπ nπ ( β - γ ) + cos ( γ - α ) + cos ( α - β ) =
(c) 2− n / 2 cos (d) 2n / 2 cos
4 4
Ùeefo = cos α + i sin α, b = cos β + i sin β, c = cos
Haryana PGT 2020
b c a
Ans. (d) : γ + i sin γ leLee + + = 1, lees cos
c a b
 π π
consider 1 + i ; the polar form is 2  cos + i sin  ( β - γ ) + cos ( γ - α ) + cos ( α - β ) =
 4 4
n
(a) 0 (b) 1
π π
(1 + i ) = 2  cos + isin 
( )
n
Now,
n
3 −2
(c) (d)
 4 4 2 3
n
 nπ nπ  Haryana PGT 2018
= ( 2) 2  cos 4 + i sin 4  (by De Moivre's Theorem)
  Ans. (b) : We have
nπ a = cosα + i sinα = eiα
∴ Real part of (1 + i)n = 2n / 2 cos b = cos β + i sin β = eiβ
4
c = cos γ + i sin γ = eiγ
( )
1
26. If ( a + ib ) 3 = x + iy, then 4 x 2 - y 2 =
1 c a
+ + = e( ) +e( ) +e( ) = 1
i β− γ i γ −α i α −β
Then
Ùeefo ( a + ib ) = x + iy, lees 4 ( x - y ) =
1
3
2 2 b a b
Which gives
a b x y
(a) + (b) + cos ( β − γ ) + cos ( γ − α ) + cos ( α − β )
x y a b
+ i ( sin ( β − γ ) + sin ( γ − α ) + sin ( α − β ) ) = 1
(c) ax + by (d) ax – by
Haryana PGT 2020 And hence on comparing real and imaginary parts we
have
Ans. (a)
1 cos ( β − γ ) + cos ( γ − α ) + cos ( α − β ) = 1
Given ( a + ib ) 3 = x + iy
29. Polar representation of a root of the quadratic
⇒ a + ib = (x + iy)3 equation z2 + 2z + 4 = 0 is
⇒ a + ib = x3 – iy3 + i3xy (x + iy) = x3 – iy3 + efÉIeeleerÙe meceerkeâjCe z2 + 2z + 4 = 0 kesâ Skeâ cetue keâe
i3x y – 3xy2
2
OeÇgJeerÙe efve™heCe nQ:
(x3 – 3xy2) + i (3x2y – y3)
 2π   2π 
on comparing the real and imaginary parts we have. (a)  2,  (b)  −2, 
 3   3 
a = ( x 3 − 3xy 2 ) and b = ( 3x 2 y − y3 )
 π  2π 
(c)  4,  (d)  4, 
⇒
a b
= x 2 − 3y 2 and = 3x 2 − y 2  3  3 
x y UKPSC GIC 2018
Ans. (a) : Roots of the quadratic equation z2 + 2z + 4 =
+ = 4x 2 − 4y 2 = 4 ( x 2 − y 2 )
a b
⇒
x y 0 is given by z = –1 ± i 3
4 Now let z = –1+ i 3 then –1 = r cos θ & 3 = r sin θ
 cosθ + isinθ 
27.   = Then r2(cos2θ+sin2θ) = 4 ⇒ r = 2 (conventionally, r > 0)
 cosθ - isinθ 
(a) 1 (b) 0 Therefore, cosθ = −1 , sin θ= 3
2 2
(c) cos 4θ – i sin 4θ (d) cos 8θ + i sin 8θ π
which gives θ = π– = 2π
Haryana PGT 2020 3 3

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Thus, the required polar form is 2 cos 2π + isin 2π
3 3( ) Now ; we have
 β − α  β − α  β−α
2
  =
Similarly, if z = –1–i 3 we get the required polar form  4 − αβ  4 − αβ  4 − αβ
  −2π   −2π  
β − α   z1   z1 
2
as 2  cos   + isin    β − α  β − α 
  3   3  ⇒   = ∵   =  

 4 − αβ   4 − αβ  4 − αβ   z 2   z 2  
100
30. The value of x and y, if ∑i k
= x + iy , are  ββ − αβ − αβ + αα  β−α
2
k =0 ⇒ =
100  16 − 4 αβ − 4 αβ + ααββ  4 − αβ
Ùeefo ∑i k
= x + iy lees x Deewj y kesâ ceeve nQ : 2
β − αβ − αβ + α
2 2
k =0
⇒ =
β−α
(
2
∵β =4 )
(a) x =1, y = 0 (b) x = 0, y = 1 4 4 − αβ − αβ + α ( 2
) 4 − αβ
(c) x = –1, y = 1 (d) x = 0, y = –1 2
UKPSC GIC 2018 ⇒ 1 = β − α
100 4 4 − αβ
Ans. (a) : ∑ i k = 1 + i + i 2 + ..... + i99 + i100 = x + iy.
β−α
k =0 ⇒ =1
4 − αβ 2
1− i 101
⇒ = x + iy 33. The square root of i is
1− i
(sum of terms in geometric progression with common i keâe Jeie&cetue nw:
ratio r = i) 1 1
(a) (1 + i ) (1 − i ) (b)
1 − i 4.25+1 2 2
⇒ = x + iy 1 1
1− i (c) ± (1 + i ) (d) ± (1 − i )
1− i 2 2
⇒ = x + iy UKPSC GIC 2018
1− i
UP PGT 2013
⇒ x + iy = 1 ⇒ x = 1 & y = 0 2
Ans. (c) : In particular, if (z) = i then putting z = x + iy
31. The real values of x and y for which the ; x, y,∈ R, we have
following equation (1 – i) x + (1 + i) y = 1 – 3i i = (z)2 = (x + iy)2 = x2 – y2 + 2xyi
satisfied are Which gives x2 – y2 = 0 & 2xy = 1 and hence x = ± y
efvecveefueefKele meceerkeâjCe (1 – i) x + (1 + i) y = 1 – 3i 1
Now if x = y so 1 = 2x2 and we have x = ± so the
keâes mebleg° keâjves Jeeues, x Je y kesâ JeemleefJekeâ ceeve nw : 2
(a) x = –2, y = 1 (b) x = –1, y = 2  1 1 
square roots of i are ±  + i
(c) x = 1, y = 2 (d) x = 2 y = –1  2 2 
UKPSC GIC 2018 Again if x = –y we have 1 = –2x2 which is impossible
Ans. (d) : Given (1–i)x + (1+i) y = 1–3i because x is real.
On simplifying and rearranging we get that 34. If sin2 (x + iy) = A + iB, then value of A is
x + y = 1 and –x + y = –3 Ùeefo sin2 (x + iy) = A + iB, lees A keâe ceeve nw
Which gives x = 2 & y = –1 1 1
(a) (1 + cos2xcosh 2y) (b) (1− cos2xcosh2y)
32. If α and β are different complex numbers with 2 2
β−α 1 1
β = 2, then is (c) ( sin 2x sinh 2y ) (d) − ( sin 2xsinh 2y)
4 − αβ 2 2
UP TGT-2016 (08-03-2019)
Ùeefo α Deewj β efYeVe meefcceße mebKÙeeSB nQ leLee β = 2, lees Ans : (b) sin2 (x + iy) = A + iB ........ (i)
β−α mebÙegiceer sin2 (x–iy) = A–iB ......... (ii)
nw~ (i) + (ii) sin 2
(x+iy) + sin2
(x–iy) = 2A
4 − αβ
met$e, sin2A +sin2B = 1–cos (A+B) cos (A–B)
(a) 0 (b) 1/2
leye 1–cos (x+iy+x–iy) cos (x+iy –x + iy) = 2A
(c) 1 (d) 2
1
UKPSC GIC 2018 A = [1 − cos 2x cos(2iy)]
2
Ans. (b) : For any complex number z we have
1
2 A = [1 − cos 2x cos h 2y ]
z z = z ; z - conjugate of z 2

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35. If ωis a complex cube root of unit, then 37. If ω is cube root of unity, then (3+ω+3ω2)6 is equal to
1+ ω+ ω +....+ ω is equal to
2 100
Ùeefo ω FkeâeF& keâe Ieve cetue nw, lees (3+ω+3ω2)6 yejeyej nw
Ùeefo ω FkeâeF& keâe meefceße Ieve cetue nes, lees (a) 32 (b) 64 (c) 128 (d) 16
1+ ω+ ω2+....+ ω100 yejeyej nw UP TGT-2016 (08-03-2019)
(b) 1+ω2
(a) 0
( )
6
Ans : (b) 3 + ω + 3ω2
(c) 1–ω (d) ω
( )
UP TGT-2016 (08-03-2019) 6
= 3 1 + ω2 + ω 1 + ω + ω2 = 0
Ans : (*) ω is a complex cube root of unit.  
then, 1 + ω + ω2 + ω3 + ............ + ω100 1 + ω2 = −ω
= [ −3ω + ω] = ( −2ω)
6 6
met$e. ω3 = 1, ω2 + ω + 1 = 0 = 26 = 64
= 1 + ω + ω2 + ω3 + ω4 + ω5 .........ω99 + ω100 38. The square root of 5+12i is:
= 0+0+0+0 ........ ω99 + ω100 5+12i keâe Jeie&cetue nw:
= ω99+ω100 (a) (3+2i) (b) (2+3i)
= ω99 (1+ω) (c) (2–3i) (d) (3–2i)
1(1+ω) =1+ω KVS PGT 23-12-2018
Ans : (a) Let z = 5+12i then |z| = 13
36. The polar form of −1 − ( −3 ) is
 | z | +a | z | −a 
−1 − ( −3 ) keâe OegÇJeerÙe ™he nw then z = ±  +i  ,b > 0
 2 2 
 2π 2π   π π  13 + 5 13 − 5 
2  cos − isin  (b) 2  cos + isin 
(a)
 3   3 = ±  +i  = ± ( 3 + 2i )
3 3
 2 2 
 2π 2π   π π
(c) 2  cos + isin  (d) 2  cos − isin  ∴ square root of 5+12i = ±(3+2i)
 3 3   3 3
3 + 5i
UP TGT-2016 (08-03-2019) 39. If x= , then the value of
Ans : (a) Polar form. 2
3 + 5i
r(cos θ+i sinθ) = −1 − ( −3) 2x 3 − 6x 2 + 17x + 12 is:/ Ùeefo x =
2
nw, lees
= −1 − ( 3) −i (∵ −1 = i ) 2x 3 − 6x 2 + 17x + 12 keâe ceeve nw:
(a) 4 (b) 8 (c) 12 (d) 0
= −1 − i 3 KVS PGT 23-12-2018
 1 3 3 + 5i
= 2 − − i  Ans : (c) Given x = ⇒ 2x–3 = 5i
 2 2  2
⇒ (2x–3)2 = (5i)2
3
⇒ 2x2–6x+17=0
tan θ = 2 Now, 2x3 –6x2+17x+12 = x(2x2–6x+17)+12
1
= x×0+12 = 12
2
40. If sin x + i cos 2x and cos x − i sin 2x are conjugate
tan θ = 3
to each other, then:/Ùeefo sin x + i cos 2x leLee
π cos x − i sin 2x Skeâ otmejs kesâ mebÙegiceer nQ, lees:
tan θ = tan
3
π
π (a) x = nπ (b) x = ( 2n + 1)
θ= 4
3 (c) x=1 (d) does not exist
θ is IIIrd Co-ordenete. KVS PGT 23-12-2018
θ' = θ –π Ans : (d) Let Z1= sinx+icos 2x and Z2 = cosx –isin2x
π −2π
θ' = − π = But Z1 = Z2
3 3
then Polar form ⇒ sinx – i cos 2x = cos x – isin 2x
equating real and imaginary parts, we get
  −2π   −2π  
2  cos   + isin   sinx = cos x and cos 2x = sin 2x
  3   3  ⇒ tan x = 1 and tan 2x = 1
 2π 2π  π π
= 2  cos − isin  ⇒ x= and x=
 3 3 4 8

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π π ( 3 − 2i )( 7 − 4i ) = 21 − 14i − 12i + 8i 2
But at x = & said statement does not hold so, =
4 8 49 + 16 65
x∉R 1
So, solution does not exist. A + iB = (13 − 26i )
65
41. If | z + 5 |≤ 2, z = x + iy, then the greatest value 13 −26
then A= , B=
of | z + 2 | is /Ùeefo | z + 5 |≤ 2, z = x + iy, lees | z + 2 | 65 65
keâe DeefOekeâlece ceeve nw 13 26 39 3
A−B= + = =
(a) 2 (b) 4 (c) 5 (d) 6 65 65 65 5
UP PGT-2016 (02-02-2019) 44. The three cube roots of z = –8i are
Ans : (c) |z+5| ≤ 2 z = –8i kesâ leerve Ievecetue nQ
–2 ≤ z + 5 ≤ 2 (a) 2i, − 3 − i, 3 − i (b) −2i, − 3 − i, 3 − i
–2 ≤ z + 3 + 2 ≤ 2
(c) 2i, − 3 − i, 3 + i (d) 2i, − 3 − i, − 3 + i
–2 – 3 ≤ z + 2 ≤ 2–3
LT 2018
–5 ≤ z + 2 ≤ –1
Ans : (a) Given, z = –8i
1≤ |z + 2| ≤ 5 1 1
then the greatest value of |z + 2| ≤ 5 then, ( −8i ) 3 = −2 × ( i ) 3
42. If i = −1, then the general value of ii is equal to 1
 π π3
Ùeefo i = −1, lees i keâe JÙeehekeâ ceeve nw
i = −2 ×  cos + isin 
 2 2
π π
( 4n +1) −( 4n +1) 1
(a) e 2 (b) e 2
 π  π  3
π = −2 ×  cos  + 2nπ  + isin  + 2nπ  
( 2n +1)  2  2 
(c) e 2 (d) Ghejesòeâ ceW mes keâesF& veneR
UP PGT-2016 (02-02-2019)   π 2nπ   π 2nπ  
= −2 ×  cos  +  + isin  + 
 6 3  6 3  
Ans : (b) i = ( −1)
i
n = 0, 1, 2 ....... jKeves hej
then i =? 1
we know ( −8i ) 3 = 2i, − 3 − i, 3 − i
π π
i = cos + isin  z −1 
2 2 45. If Im   = −4 then the locus of z is
 π  π  2z + 1 
i = cos  2nπ +  + isin  2nπ +  z −1 
 2  2 Ùeefo Im   = −4 nes, lees z keâe efyevogheLe nw
( 4n +1)
π
i
 2z + 1 
i=e 2 (a) an ellipse/Skeâ oerIe&Je=òe
 ( 4n +1) π i 
i π (b) a parabola/Skeâ hejJeueÙe
−( 4n +1)
from question ii =  e 2  =e 2
(c) a straight line/Skeâ mejue jsKee
 
(d) a circle /Skeâ Je=òe
3 − 2i LT 2018
43. If A + iB = , then value of A–B is
7 + 4i  z −1 
3 − 2i
Ans : (d) Given, Im   = −4
Ùeefo A + iB = , lees A–B keâe ceeve nw  2z + 1 
7 + 4i z is complex number
1 2 then, z = x + iy
(a) (b)
5 5 ( x − 1) + iy ( 2x + 1) – 2iy
Now, × = –4
(c)
3
(d) −
1 ( 2x + 1) + i2y ( 2x + 1) − 2iy
5 5
−2y ( x − 1) + y ( 2x + 1)
UP PGT-2016 (02-02-2019) = −4
( 2x + 1)
2
3 − 2i + 4y 2
Ans : (c) A + iB = −2xy + 2y + 2xy + y
7 + 4i = −4
3 − 2i 7 − 4i 4x 2 + 1 + 4x + 4y 2
A + iB = ×
7 + 4i 7 − 4i –3y = 16x2 + 4 + 16x + 16y2
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16x2 + 16y2 + 16x – 3y + 4 = 0 Ans : (d) Let, z = a + ib
3 then squre root of z
x2 + y2 + x – y + 1/4 = 0
16 z +a z −a
formula= −i
Then it will represent a circle. 2 2
z−3
46. If z= x+iy, where i = −1, then =2 Now, z = 3 − 4i , z = ( 3)2 + ( 4 )2 =5
z+3
represents a circle, whose centre and radius, 5+3 5−3
= −i = 2–i
respectively, are/ Ùeefo z= x+iy peneB i = −1, lees 2 2
z−3 4π 4π
= 2 Skeâ Je=òe efve®efhele keâjlee nw, efpemekeâe kesâvõ 49. If a = cos + i sin , then the value of
z+3 3 3
3n
Deewj efpemekeâer ef$epÙee nQ, ›eâceMe: 1+a  4π 4π
 2  is/ Ùeefo a = cos + i sin , nes, leye
(a) (5, 0), 5 (b) (–5, 0), 2   3 3
3n
(c) (–5, 0), 3 (d) (–5, 0), 4 1+a 
LT 2018  2  keâe ceeve nw
 
z−3 1
Ans : (d) z= x+iy, lees =2 (a) ( −1)
n
(b)
z+3 23n
x − 3 + iy ( −1)
n
=2 (c) (d) ( −1)
n
+1
x + 3 + iy 23n
x 2 + 9 − 6x + y 2 = 4x 2 + 36 + 24x + 4y 2 LT 2018
4π 4π
3x 2 + 3y 2 + 30x + 27 = 0 Ans : (c) a = cos + isin ,
3 3
x 2 + y 2 + 10x + 9 = 0
1 i 3
a=− −
( 5)
2
Radius = −9 = 4 2 2
centre = (–5, 0) 1 3i
1+ a = 1− −
47. If ω( ≠ 1) is a cube root of unity, then the value 2 2
of {(1 − ω + ω ) + (1 + ω − ω ) − 32} is
2 5 2 5 1 + a 1 − 3i
2
=
4
Ùeefo ω( ≠ 1) FkeâeF& keâe Ievecetue nes, lees 3n
 1+ a 
3n
 1 − 3i 
{(1 − ω + ω ) + (1 + ω − ω ) − 32} keâe ceeve nw
2 5 2 5 
 2 
 = 
 4 

3n
(a) 0 (b) –32 (c) 32 (d) –64
=
( −1)  −1 +
3n
3i   −1 + 3i 
LT 2018 3n   ω = 
2  2   2 
Ans : (a) (1 − ω + ω2 ) + (1 + ω − ω2 ) − 32
5 5
( −1) 3n ( –1 ) 3 n
= ( −ω − ω) + −ω2 − ω
5
( )
2 5
− 32 =
23n
(ω ) 3 n
, =
23n
×1
(∵ ω 2
+ ω + 1 = 0)
 (1 + a ) 
3n
( −1) n
  =
= ( −2ω ) + −2ω
5
( )
2 5
− 32  2  23n
= −32ω2 − 32ω − 32 50. If ω ( ≠ 1) is cube root of unity, then the value of
= −32 ( ω + ω2 ) − 32 {
∴ ω + ω2 = − 1 } (1 + ω 2
+ 2ω )
3n
(
− 1 + ω + 2ω 2 )
3n
is
= 32–32 = 0
Ùeefo ω ( ≠ 1) FkeâeF& keâe Ievecetue nes, lees
48. The value of 3 − 4i is
(1 + ω ) ( )
3n 2 3n
3 − 4i keâe ceeve nw
2
+ 2ω − 1 + ω + 2ω keâe ceeve nw
(a) 2+i (b) 1+i (c) 1–i (d) 2–i (a) 0 (b) 1 (c) ω (d) ω2
LT 2018 LT 2018
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Ans : (a) (1 + ω2 + 2ω) − (1 + ω + 2ω2 ) The number 2eiπ is–
3n 3n
53.
2eiπ Ùen mebKÙee nw–
(∵ ω2 + ω + 1 = 0 ) (a) A rational number /heefjcesÙe mebKÙee
= ( −ω + 2ω) − ( −ω2 + 2ω2 )
3n
(b) A transcendental number/DeyeerpeerÙe mebKÙee
3n
(c) An irrational number/DeheefjcesÙe mebKÙee

= ( ω ) − ( ω2 ) = 0
3n 3n
(d) An imaginary number/keâeuheefvekeâ mebKÙee

z−3 DSSB TGT (SECTION-B) 28 DEC 2014
51. The equation = 2 represents
z+3 Ans. (c) : We know that, eiθ = cos θ + i sin θ
z−3 then, eiπ = cos π + i sin π
meceerkeâjCe =2 JÙeòeâ keâjlee nw = −1 + i.0
z+3
(a) a parabola /Skeâ hejJeueÙe eiπ = −1
(b) a hyperbola /Skeâ DeeflehejJeueÙe ∴ 2eiπ = − 2
(c) a circle /Skeâ Je=òe Which is an irrational number.
(d) an ellipse /Skeâ oerIe&Je=òe 54. Number of solutions of the equation
2
LT 2018 Z 2 + Z = 0 is–
z−3 Z2 + Z = 0
2
meceerkeâjCe kesâ efkeâleves nue nw?
Ans : (c) =2
z+3 (a) 1 (b) 2
x + iy − 3 (c) 3
=2
x + iy + 3 (d) infinitely many/DelÙeefOekeâ Deveskeâ
( x − 3) + y 2
2
=4 2
Ans. (d) : Given equation is z 2 + z = 0
( x + 3) + y 2
2
2
x 2 + 9 − 6x + y 2 = 4x 2 + 36 + 24x + 4y 2 z2 z. z 0 ∵ z = z. z
3x 2 + 3y 2 + 30x + 27 = 0 z(z z) 0................(i)

x2 + y2 + 10x + 9 = 0 Let z = x + iy then z = x − iy
The equation is represent a circle. Hence from equation (i), we get
 π  π  (x + iy)(x + iy + x − iy) = 0
52. If xn = cos  n  + i sin  n  ,n ∈ N, then (x iy)(2x) 0
2  2 
lim ( x1 .x 2 .x 3 .......xn ) is x 0
n →∞
real part of z = 0
π  π
Ùeefo xn = cos  n 
+ i sin  n  ,n ∈ N, lees But imaginary part involves y.
 2 2  Which can take any value (real number)
lim ( x1 .x 2 .x 3 .......xn ) nw 2
Therefore z 2 + z = 0 has infinity many solutions.
n →∞
(a) 0 (b) –1 (c) 1 (d) 2 55. If a + ib = c + id, then–

LT 2018 Ùeefo a + ib = c + id nw, lees
 π  π (a) a 2 + c2 = 0 (b) b 2 + c2 = 0
Ans : (b) If x n = cos  n  + isin  n  ,n ∈ ℕ, then
2  2 
(c) b 2 + d 2 = 0 (d) a 2 + b 2 = c2 + d 2
lim ( x1.x 2 .x 3 .......x n ) =?
n →∞ SECTION B PGT TIER-I 31.11.2014
π π π  π π π  Ans. (d) : Given, a + ib = c + id
= cos  + 2 + 3 + .....  + isin  + 2 + 3 + ..... 
2 2 2  2 2 2  then a + ib = c + id
 π   π  ⇒ a + ib = c + id
 2   2 
= cos   + isin  1  a 2 b2 c2 d2
 1− 1  1− 
 2  2 squaring both the sides, we get
= cos π + isin π = –1 a 2 + b2 = c2 + d 2

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56.
2
If Z 2 − 1 = Z + 1 then Z lies on – Ans. (d) : If ω is cube root of unity then
ω3 = 1 3
1 0
Ùeefo Z 2 − 1 = Z 2 + 1 nw, lees Z ÙeneB efmLele nw 2
( 1)( 1) 0
(a) Circle/Je=òe
−1 ± 1 − 4 −1 ± i 3
(b) Real axis/JeemleefJekeâ De#e 1&
2 2
(c) Imaginary axis/DeefOekeâefuhele De#e
(d) Ellipse/oerIe&Je=òe 59. If Z + 4 = 3 then the maximum value Z + 1 is–
SECTION B PGT TIER-I 31.11.2014 Ùeefo Z + 4 = 3 nw, lees Z+1 keâe DeefOekeâlece cetuÙe nw
2 (a) 10 (b) 4 (c) 0 (d) 6
Ans. (c) : Given that z 2 − 1 = z + 1
Put z = x + iy Ans. (d) : Given that
2 z+4 = 3
(x iy)2 1 ( x2 y2 ) 1
z +1+ 3 = 3
2 2 2 2
⇒ x − y − 1 + i2xy = x + y + 1 z +1 + 3 = 3
2 z +1 = 3 − 3
(x 2
y2 1 ) ( 2xy)2 x2 y2 1
For max of z + 1 , let 3 = −3
4 4 2 2 2 2 2 2
⇒ x + y + 1 − 2x y + 2y − 2x + 4x y then max z + 1 = 3 − ( −3) = 6
4 4 2 2 2 2
= x + y + 1 + 2x y + 2y + 2x 1 − iz
60. If z=x+iy and ω = if ω = 1 then z lies on-
⇒ −4x 2 y2 − 4x 2 = 0 z−i
x = 0 equation of y-axis (imaginary) 1 − iz
Hence z lie on the imaginary axis. Ùeefo z=x+iy Deewj ω = Ùeefo ω = 1 nw, lees z Fmehej nw
z−i
i 4n + 1 − i 4n −1 (a) circle with unit radius/Je=òe efpemekeâer ef$epÙee FkeâeF& nw
57. The value of , where i = −1, is–– (b) imaginary axis/keâeuheefvekeâ De#e
2
4n + 1 4n −1 (c) real axis/JeemleefJekeâ De#e
i −i
Ùeefo , nw, lees i = −1, keâe cetuÙe nw (d) none of these/FveceW mes keâesF& veneR
2
(a) 1 (b) i JDD-75-PGT TIER II-X-15 28.06.2015
(c) −i (d) None of these Ans. (c) : Given that z = x + iy
Ghejesòeâ ceW mes keâesF& veneR Then ω = 1 − iz
SECTION B PGT TIER-I 31.11.2014 z −i
Ans. (b) : Given that 1 − i ( x + iy ) (1 + y ) − ix
⇒ω= =
i 4n +1 − i 4n −1 x + iy − i x + i ( y − 1)
2 Taking mod on both the sides, we get
We know that, i 2 = −1 and i 4 = 1 (1 + y ) − ix
ω=
x + i ( y − 1)
n n
Then,
i 4n +1 − i 4n −1
=
( ) ( )
i 4 .i − i 4 .i −1
2 2 (1 + y ) − ix  z1 z 
⇒ =1 ∵ = 1 & ω = 1
1 x + i ( y − 1) 
i−  z2 z2 
= i
(1 + y ) + x 2
2
2
= 1 ⇒ (1 + y ) + x 2 = x 2 + ( y − 1)
2 2
i 2 − 1 −1 − 1 −1 i x + ( y − 1)
2 2
= = = =− 2 =i
2i 2i i i ⇒ 1 + y 2 + 2y + x 2 = x 2 + y 2 − 2y + 1
58. If ωis a cube root of unity then ω is equal to–
Ùeefo ω Ùen FkeâeF& keâe Ievecetue nw lees ω Fmekesâ yejeyej nw ⇒ 4y = 0 ⇒ y = 0
Hence z, lies on real axis.
1− i 3
(a) 3 61. (b) If z + 2 + z − 2 ≤ 6, then the greatest value of z is
2
1+ i 3 −1 + i 3 Ùeefo z + 2 + z − 2 ≤ 6, nw, lees z keâe DeefOekeâlece cetuÙe nw
(c) (d)
2 2 (a) 3 (b) 6 (c) 4 (d) 8
SECTION B PGT TIER-I 31.11.2014 JDD-75-PGT TIER II-X-15 28.06.2015
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Ans. (a) : If z + 2 + z − 2 ≤ 6 Ans. (c) : Given, ( x + iy ) = a + ib
5
Then, z1 − z 2 ≤ 6 ⇒ ( x 5 − 10x 3 y 2 + 5xy 4 ) + i ( y5 − 10x 2 y3 + 5x 4 y ) = a + ib

Comparing real and imaginary parts ,we get
a = x 5 − 10x 3 y 2 + 5xy 4 and
b = y5 − 10x 2 y3 + 5x 4 y............. ( i )
Now
( y + ix ) = ( y5 − 10x 2 y3 + 5x 4 y ) + i ( x 5 − 10x 3 y 2 + 5xy 4 )
5
Then it represents an ellipse
z+2 + z−2 ≤ 6 ⇒ ( y + ix ) = b + ia
5
from ( i ) 
⇒ z + 2 + z − 2 ≤ 2.3
65. If a < 0 and b > 0, then a. b is equal–
Then from fig.
Ùeefo a<0 nw Deewj b>0 nw, lees a. b Fmekesâ yejeyej nw-
mod ( z ) = 3
(a) − a b (b) i a b
62. If i = −1 and n is positive integer, then
i n + in +1 + in + 2 + i n + 3 is equal to– (c) − a b
Ùeefo i = −1 nw Deewj n Ùen Oeveelcekeâ hetCeeËkeâ nw, lees (d) none of these/FveceW mes keâesF& veneR
JDD-75-PGT TIER II-X-15 28.06.2015
i n + in +1 + in + 2 + i n + 3 Fmekesâ yejeyej nw–
Ans. (b) : Given that a<0 and b>0.
(a) 1 (b) i (c) in (d) 0
JDD-75-PGT TIER II-X-15 28.06.2015 Then a b= −a. b
2
Ans. (d) : Given that i 1 i 1 = i2 a b
then
a b =i a b
i n + i n +1 + i n + 2 + i n + 3 = i n (1 + i + i 2 + i 3 )
4 + 3i
= i n (1 + i − 1 − i ) 66. The reflection of the complex number in
1 + 2i
= in × ( 0) = 0 4 + 3i
Fme efceße mebKÙee
the straight line iz = z is–/
63. If Z is complex number, then minimum value 1 + 2i
of Z + Z − 1 is–/ Ùeefo Z meefceße mebKÙee nw, lees keâe mejue jsKee ceW Øeefleefyecye nw, peyeefkeâ iz = z
(a) 1 – 2i (b) 4 – 3i
Z + Z − 1 keâe vÙetvelece cetuÙe nw–
(c) 2 + i
(a) 0 (b) 1 (d) none of these/FveceW mes keâesF& veneR
(c) 2 JDD-75-PGT TIER II-X-15 28.06.2015
(d) none of these/FveceW mes keâesF& veneR Ans. (a) :
JDD-75-PGT TIER II-X-15 28.06.2015 4 + 3i
Ans. (b) : Let the complex number z1 = can be written as
1 + 2i
z1 = 2 – i
Let z2 be the reflection of the point z1 w.r.t. the line
iz − z = 0
z1 and z2 will be the reflection points for the line
iz − z = 0 then
for min value of z + z − 1 iz1 − z2 = 0
Since Z lies between the segment joining the ⇒ i(2 − i) − z2 = 0
Points ( 0, 0 ) & (1, 0 ) ⇒ 2i − i 2 = z2
So, Min = OP = 12 + 02 = 1 ⇒ z2 = 2i + 1
64. If (x + iy)5 = a + ib then (y + ix)5 is equation– ⇒ z 2 = 1 − 2i
Ùeefo (x + iy)5 = a + ib nw, lees (y + ix)5 Fmekesâ yejeyej nw 67. Value of i + − i is–/ i + − i keâe cetuÙe–
(a) a + bi (b) a – bi (a) 2 (b) 0
(c) b + ai (d) b – ai (c) 1 (d) –1
JDD-75-PGT TIER II-X-15 28.06.2015 JDD-75-PGT TIER II-X-15 28.06.2015
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Ans. (a) : Given, i = 0 + i.1 & −i = 0 + i ( −1) Ans. (b) : Given that
x = cos θ − i sin θ
 i + 0 i − 0 
then, i = ± +i  (∵ b > 0 ) ∴
1
= cos θ + i sin θ
 2 2 
 x
and Hence
 −i + 0 −i − 0  1
−i = ±  −i  (∵ b < 0 ) x3 −
x3
= (cos θ − i sin θ)3 − (cos θ + i sin θ)3
 2 2 
= cos 3θ − i sin 3θ − (cos 3θ + i sin 3θ)
 i 
Now, i + −i = ±  2.  (By De − Moivere 's theorem)
 2
 = cos 3θ − i sin 3θ − cos 3θ − i sin 3θ
 1  1
= ± 2.  = ± 2. ⇒ x3 − = −2i sin 3θ
 2  x3
68. lf z 4 = i, then the value of z is– 1+ i 1+ i
71. The amplitude of is–/ keâe DeeÙeece-
Ùeefo z 4 = i, nw, lees z keâe cetuÙe nw– 1 + 3i 1 + 3i
π π π −π
(a) i (b) cos + i sin (a) (b)
4 4 12 12
π π π −π
(c) cos + i sin (d) none of these (c) (d)
8 8 4 4
FveceW mes keâesF& veneR JDD-75-PGT TIER II-X-15 28.06.2015
JDD-75-PGT TIER II-X-15 28.06.2015 Ans. (b) : We know that,
π π Z 
Ans. (c) : We know that, i = cos + i sin Amp  1  = Amp(Z1 ) − Amp(Z2 )
2 2
 Z2 
Given, Z4 = i ⇒ z = ( i )
1/ 4
 1+ i 
 π π
1/ 4 then, Amp   = Amp(1 + i) − Amp(1 + i 3)
⇒ z =  cos + i sin  1+ i 3 
 2 2
π π
π π = tan −1 1 − tan −1 3 = −
= cos + i sin 4 3
8 8
 1 + i  −π
( ) ( )
6 6
69. 1+ i 3 + 1− i 3 = Amp  =
 1 + i 3  12
(a) 16 (b) 128i
(c) 128 (d) 64 (1 + 2i )( 2 − i ) is equal–
JDD-75-PGT TIER II-X-15 28.06.2015 72. The modulus of 3 − 4i
Ans. (c) : We know that,
(1 + 2i )( 2 − i ) keâe ceeheebkeâ Fmekesâ yejeyej nw–
n +1 nπ
(1 + i 3) + (1 − i 3) = 2 cos
n n
3 − 4i
3
from question, n = 6 1
(a) 5 (b) 5 (c) 1 (d)
6π 5
∴ (1 + i 3)6 + (1 − i 3)6 = 26 +1 cos JDD-75-PGT TIER II-X-15 28.06.2015
3
= 27.cos 2π = 27.1 Z1 Z
Ans. (c) : ∵ = 1 provided Z2 ≠ 0
⇒ (1 + i 3) + (1 − i 3)6 = 128
6
Z2 Z2
70. lf x = cos θ − i sin θ, then x 3 −

1
equal to- (1 + 2i)(2 − i) (1 + 2i)(2 − i)
x3 ∴ =
3 + 4i 3 + 4i
1
Ùeefo x = cos θ − i sin θ, nw, lees x3 − 3 Fmekesâ yejeyej nw- 1 + 2i 2 − i
x =
3 + 4i
= (∵ Z1Z2 = Z1 Z2 )
(a) 2i sin 3θ (b) −2i sin 3θ
(c) 2 cos 3θ
5× 5
(d) nonc of these/FveceW mes keâesF& veneR = =1
JDD-75-PGT TIER II-X-15 28.06.2015 5

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73. The complex number z = x + iy which satisfy 76. efvecve ceW mes keâewve ieuele nw–
z − 5i (a) 2 + 3i + > 4i (b) 6 + 2i > 3 + 3i
the equation = 1 lie on (c) 5 + 8i > 5 + 7i (d) FveceW mes meYeer
z + 5i
TGT 1999
z − 5i
meefceße mebKÙee z = x + iy meceer0 = 1 keâes mevleg° Ans : (d) ∵ keâeuheefvekeâ mebKÙee Ùee meefcceße mebKÙee ceW <, > kesâ
z + 5i
mecyevOe veneR nesles nQ DeLee&le oes meefcceße mebKÙeeDeeW keâer leguevee ceW yeÌ[er
keâjleer nw leye Jen efmLele nesieer :
Deewj Úesšer meefcceße mebKÙee keâes veneR yeleeÙee pee mekeâlee nw~
(a) the axix of x/ x De#e hej
Dele: efJekeâuhe (d) mener nw~
(b) the straigth line y+5 = 0/ y+5 = 0 jsKee hej
( 1 + i ) keâe JeemleefJekeâ Yeeie nw–
2
(c) the circle passing through (1, 1) 77. keâeuheefvekeâ mebKÙee
Je=òe pees efJevog (1, 1) mes neskeâj peeleer hej (3 − i)
(d) None of these/FveceW mes keâesF& veneR 1 1
(a) (b)
TGT 2003 5 3
z − 5i 1
Ans : (a) Given, z = x + iy, =1 (c) − (d) FveceW mes keâesF& veneR
z + 5i 3
TGT 1999
x 2 + ( y − 5)
2
x + iy − 5i (1 + i ) (1 + i ) × ( 3 + i )
2 2
then, =1⇒ =1 Ans : (d) =
x + iy + 5i x 2 + (y + 5) 2 3−i (3 − i ) (3 + i )
⇒ x 2 + (y − 5) 2 = x 2 + (y + 5)
=
(1 + i2 + 2i ) ( 3 + i )
⇒ x 2 + y 2 + 25 − 10y = x 2 + y 2 + 25 + 10y ⇒ 20y = 0
32 − i 2
y=0
6i + 2i 2 −2 + 6i −1 3i
DeLee&le x De#e hej efmLele nesiee = = ⇒ +
9 +1 10 5 5
74. Ùeefo ω FkeâeF& keâe Ievecetue nes leye (1+ω+ω2) (1– 1
JeemleefJekeâ Yeeie = −
ω+ω ) keâe ceeve nw:
2
5
n
(a) 1 (b) 0 (c) 2 (d) 4 1+ i
TGT 2001
78. n kesâ efkeâme efvecvelece ceeve hej  
 = 1 nesiee~
 1−i 
Ans : (b) Ùeefo ω FkeâeF& keâe Ievecetue nes leye (a) n = 8 (b) n = 12
ω = 1 Deewj 1+ω+ ω2 = 0
3 (c) n = 16 (d) FveceW mes keâesF& veneR
∴ (1 + ω + ω2 )(1 − ω + ω2 ) = 0 × (1 − ω + ω2 ) = 0 TGT 1999
1+ i 1+ i 1+ i
Ans : (d) = ×
75. meefceße mebKÙee −1 − 3i keâe keâesCeebkeâ (amplitude) nw– 1− i 1− i 1+ i
(a) π / 4 (b) 2π / 3
=
(1+ i)
2
=
1 + i 2 + 2i
=
1 − 1 + 2i
=i
(c) 4π / 3 (d) 5π / 3 1− i 2
2 2
TGT 1999 n
 1+ i 
∴  =1 ⇒ (i) n = 1 ⇒ n = 4
Ans : (c) ceevee −1 − 3i = r ( cos θ + isin θ ) ........(i)  1− i 
oesveeW he#eeW mes JeemleefJekeâ leLee keâeuheefvekeâ Yeeie keâes Deueie keâjves hej n
Dele: DeLee&le n = 4 jKeves hej  1 + i  = 1 Øeehle nesiee~
r cos θ = −1.......(ii)  1− i 
r sin θ = − 3.......(iii) veesš- DeLee&led efoÙes ieÙes efJekeâuhe ceW 4 keâe iegCeebkeâ efvecvelece 8 nw~ leye n=8
meceer. (iii) leLee meceer. (ii) keâe Jeie& keâjkesâ peesÌ[ves hej 2z + 1
79. Ùeefo keâe keâeuheefvekeâ Yeeie-2 nes leye z kesâ Éeje
iz + 1
( ) ( 3)
2
r 2 sin 2 θ + cos2 θ = 1 + yeveeÙee ieÙee efyevog heLe (locus) keäÙee ØeoefMe&le keâjsiee?
(a) Skeâ Je=òe
r2 = 4 ⇒ r = 2
(b) Skeâ mejue jsKee
∴ meceer. (ii) leLee meceer. (iii) mes,
(c) Skeâ hejJeueÙe
−1
cos θ = Deewj sin θ = − 3 ⇒ θ = 2400 = 4π (d) FveceW mes keâesF& veneR
2 2 3 TGT 1999
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2z + 1 2 ( x + iy ) + 1 82. If z = x + iy, z = x–iy then real part of z is:
Ans : (b) = Ùeefo z=x+iy, z = x–iy leye z keâe JeemleefJekeâ Yeeie nw-
iz + 1 i ( x + iy ) + 1
z−z z+ z
=
( 2x + 1) + i2y × (1 − y ) − ix (a)
2i
(b)
2i
(1 − y ) + ix (1 − y ) − ix z+ z
(c) (d) z.z
( 2x + 1)(1 − y ) + 2xy + i  − x ( 2x + 1) + 2y (1 − y )  2
=
(1 − y )2 + x 2 PGT 2011
Ans : (c) Given that z=x+iy & z = x − iy
 2z + 1 
∴Im   = −2 ⇒ z + z = ( x + iy ) + ( x − iy )
 iz + 1 
− x ( 2x + 1) + 2y (1 − y ) ⇒ 2x = z + z
= −2 z+z
(1 − y ) 2
+ x2 ⇒ x=
2
⇒ −2x 2 − x + 2y − 2y 2 = −2 − 2y 2 + 4y − 2x 2 2 2
 1− i  1− i 
83. The value of   = /   keâe ceeve nw-
⇒ x + 2y − 2 = 0 pees efkeâ Skeâ mejue jsKee nw~ 1+ i   +i
1
80. Ùeefo 1, ω, ω2 F&keâeF& Ievecetue nes leye (1–ω + ω2)5 + 1
(a) 1 (b) −
(1+ω–ω2)5 = 2
(a) –8 (b) 8 (c) 32 (d) –32 1
(c) (d) –1
TGT 1999 2
Ans : (c) 1, ω, ω2 FkeâeF& Ievecetue nw~ PGT 2011
1 +ω +ω2 = 0 Deewj ω3 = 1 1 − i (1 − i )(1 − i )
Ans : (d) Since =
1 + i (1 + i )(1 − i )
( ) + (1 + ω − ω ) = ( −2ω) + ( −2ω )
5 5 5 5
∴ 1 − ω + ω2 2 2
1 − 1 − 2i
=
= −32ω − 32ω = −32 ( ω + ω )
5 10 5 10 = –i
1+1
= −32 ( ω + ω ) = −32 ( −1) = 32

2
 1− i 
 1 + i  = ( −i ) = i = −1
2 2 2
⇒
 
1− z
81. Modulus of the complex number is equal to: 84. If ω is an imaginary cube root of unity then
1+ z (1+ω–ω2)7 is equal to: Ùeefo ω FkeâeF& keâe keâeuheefvekeâ
1− z
meefceße mebKÙee keâe ceeheeBkeâ yejeyej nw- Ievecetue nes, lees (1+ω–ω2)7 yejeyej nw-
1+ z
(a) 128ω (b) –128ω
(a) 2 (b) 1
(c) 128ω2 (d) –128ω2
(c) 3 (d) 0
PGT 2011 PGT 2011
Ans : (d) We know that if ω is a cube root of unity,
z1 z
Ans : (*) We know that, = 1 then
z2 z2 1+ω+ω2 = 0 ⇒ 1+ω = –ω2
Let z = x+iy
(1 + ω − ω ) = ( −ω − ω ) = ( −2ω )
7 7 7
2 2 2 2
∴ = −27 ω14
1 − z 1 − ( x + iy ) (1 − x ) − iy
then, = =
1 + z 1 + ( x + iy ) (1 + x ) + iy = −128 ( ω ) .ω = −128.1.ω
4
3 2 2
1− z (1 − x ) − iy
(1 + ω − ω ) = −128ω
7
⇒ = ⇒ 2 2
1+ z (1 + x ) + iy
85. If ω is an imaginary cube root of unity then
(1 − x ) − iy (1 − x )2 + y2 (1–ω+ω2)6+(1–ω2+ω)6 =
= =
(1 + x ) + iy (1 + x )2 + y2 Ùeefo ω FkeâeF& keâe keâeuheefvekeâ Ievecetue nw, leye
(1–ω+ω2)6+(1–ω2+ω)6 =
1− z (1 − x ) 2
+y 2
(a) 0 (b) 6
=
1+ z (c) 64 (d) 128
(1 + x )2 + y2 PGT 2011
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Ans : (d) ∵ 1+ω+ω2=0 88. If x+iy= (cosθ–isinθ)2 then value of x2+y2=
⇒ 1+ω=–ω2 & 1+ω2 = –ω
Ùeefo x+iy= (cosθ–isinθ)2, leye x2+y2 =
(a) 1 (b) –1
( ) + (1 − ω ) ( ) ( )
6 6 6 6
∴ 1 − ω+ ω2 2
+ ω = 1 + ω2 − ω + 1 + ω − ω2 (c) 0 (d) None of these
PGT 2011
( ) ( )
6 6
= ( −ω − ω) + −ω2 − ω2 = ( −2ω) + −2ω2
6 6
Ans : (a) ∵ x+iy = (cosθ–isinθ)2
= 64  ( ω ) + ( ω )
 3
2
3
4  ⇒ x+iy = cos2θ–sin2θ–i2sinθ.cosθ
 = 64 × 2 = 128
  = cos2θ–i sin2θ
1 1 ⇒ x2+y2= cos22θ+sin22θ
86. If x + = 2cos θ then xn + n is equal to:
x x x 2 + y2 = 1
1 1 If x+iy=(1+i)(1+2i)(1+3i) then x2+y2=
Ùeefo x + = 2cos θ leye x + n yejeyej nw-
n 89.
x x Ùeefo x+iy=(1+i)(1+2i)(1+3i) leye x2+y2=
(a) 2cos nθ (b) 2sin nθ (a) 0 (b) 1
(c) cos nθ (d) sin nθ (c) 100 (d) None of these
PGT 2011 PGT 2011
1 Ans : (c) x+iy = (1+i)(1+2i)(1+3i)
Ans : (a) ∵ x + = 2cos θ
x ⇒ x+iy = –10+0.i
⇒ x2–2cosθx+1=0
b2 – 4ac mes nue keâjkesâ
⇒ x 2 + y2 = ( −10 )2 + 02
x = cosθ ± i sinθ = 100
1
∴ x n = cos nθ + isin nθ & n = cos nθ − isin nθ ⇒ 2
x + y = 1002
x
1 90. Ùeefo n ∈ N − {1} , lees
⇒ x + n = 2cos nθ
n
x n −n
 π π  π π
1 − ix  1 + cos n + i sin n  .  1 + cos − i sin  keâe
87. If = a + ib, then a 2 + b 2 =    n n
1 + ix ceeve nesiee?
1 − ix (a) –2 (b) –1
Ùeefo = a + ib, leye a 2 + b 2 =
1 + ix (c) 2 (d) 1
(a) 1 (b) –1 PGT 2013
(c) 0 (d) None of these θ
PGT 2011 Ans : (b) met$e mes (1). 1 + cos θ = 2cos 2
2
Ans : (a) Given that
θ θ
1 − ix (2). sin θ = 2sin cos
= a + ib 2 2
1 + ix n −n
π π π π
(1 − ix )
2
1 − x 2 − i2x efoÙee nw, 1 + cos + i sin  . 1 + cos − i sin 
⇒ ( a + ib ) = =  n n  n n
1 + x2 1 + x2 n
1− x2  π π π 
⇒ a + ib = −i
2x =  2 cos 2 + 2i sin cos 
1 + x2 1+ x2  2n 2n 2n 
−n
(1 − x ) + ( 2x )  π π π 
2 2
2
. 2cos 2 − 2i sin cos 
a +b
2 2
=  2n 2n 2n 
(1 + x )
2
2
n n
 π   π π 
=  2 cos   cos + i sin 
( ) − 2.x
2
1+ x2 2
+ 4x 2  2n   2n 2n 
= −n −n
(1 + x )
2
2  π   π π 
.  2 cos   cos − i sin
 2n   2n 2n 
(1 + x )
2
( ) + 2x
2 2
1+ x2 2
 π π π π
a +b =
2 2
= =  cos + i sin  .  cos + i sin 
(1 + x ) (1 + x )
2 2
 2  2
2 2 2 2
iπ i π
⇒ a 2 + b2 = 1 = e 2 .e 2 = eπi = – 1
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( ) Ans : (a) Z = x + iy
100
91. Ùeefo 3+i = 298 ( a + ib ) lees a 2 + b2 yejeyej nw?
efoÙee nw, 2z − 1 = 2 z
(a) 1 (b) 4 (c) 8 (d) 16
PGT 2013 leye, 2 x − 1 + i 2 y = 2 x + iy
( )
100
Ans : (b) 3 +i = 298 ( a + ib ) then a2 + b2 = ? ( 2 x − 1)2 + ( 2 y )2 = 2 x2 + y2
π
Amp ( 3 +i =
3
) ( 2 x − 1)2 + 4 y 2 = 4 ( x 2 + y 2 )
z =2 4 x 2 + 1 − 4 x + 4 y 2 = 4 x2 + 4 y 2
then the polar form is- 1 − 4 x = 0 , 4x = 1, x = 1/4
π π
100 Dele: Skeâ mejuejsKee nw~

2100  cos + isin  = 298 ( a + ib )
 6 6
100
95. (
Arg − 3 − i ) yejeyej nw :
 π π π π
22  cos + i sin  = ( a + ib ) (a) (b) −
 6 6 6 6
Multiplying by the conjugate of the complex number in π
both side (c) (d) FveceW mes keâesF& veneR
100 100
3
 π π  π π
22  cos + isin   cos − isin  = ( a + ib )( a − ib ) PGT 2013
 6
2 2 = a2 + b 2
6  6 6
Ans : (d) Arg − 3 − i ( )
a2 + b 2 = 4  −1  −1  1  = π − π = −5 π
= tan −1   = tan  
92. Ùeefo 1, Z1,Z2,..........Zn–1 FkeâeF& kesâ nJeW cetue nes lees, − 3  3 6 6
( 1 )( 2 )
1 − Z 1 − Z .............. ( n −1 )
1 − Z yejeyej nes iee? 96. Which of the following is correct where
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) n (d) n2 i = −1 ? /veerÛes efoÙes ieÙes efJekeâuheeW ceW keâewve mee
PGT 2013
efJekeâuhe mener nw peyeefkeâ i = −1 ?
Ans : (c) ÛetBefkeâ 1, Z1 , Z 2 , Z 3 ......, Z n −1 FkeâeF& kesâ nJeW cetue nw leye
(a) 1+i>2–i (b) 2+i>1+i
( x − 1)( x − Z1, )( x − Z 2 ) ...........( x − Z n−1 ) = x n − 1 (c) 2–i>1+i
( x − 1)( x − Z1 )( x − Z 2 ) ............( x − Z n−1 ) (d) None of these/ FveceW mes keâesF& veneR
PGT 2010
(
= ( x − 1) x n −1 + x n−2 .....1 ) Ans : (d) veesš- meefcceße mebKÙee ceW Demeefcekeâe efmeæ veneR nw
( x − z1 )( x − z2 ) ...............( x − Z n−1 ) = x n−1 + x n−2 ..... + 1 97. The locus of the point z satisfying the condition
x = 1 jKeves hej |z–3i|= 2 is
ef keâmeer efyevog keâe efyevog heLe pees |z–3i|= 2 keâes mebleg<š
(1- Z1 )(1 − Z 2 ) ...........(1 − Z n−1 ) = 1 + 1 + ..........n yeej
keâjlee nw–
(1 – Z1 )(1 − Z 2 ) .............(1 − Z n−1 ) = n (a) Circle/ Je=òe (b) Parabola/hejJeueÙe
93. n keâe meyemes Úesše Oeveelcekeâ hetCeeËkeâ ceeve, efpemekesâ efueS (c) Ellipse/ oerIe&Je=òe (d) x-axis/ x-De#e
(1 + i ) Megæ keâeuheefvekeâ nw :
n
PGT 2010
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 4 (d) 6 Ans : (a) |z–3i|= 2
PGT 2013 Ùeefo z = x+iy
Ans : (b) efJekeâuhe mes, n = 2 lees |x+iy–3i| = 2
⇒ |x+i(y–3)|=2
(1 + i ) 2
= 1 + 2i + i 2 = 2i
⇒ x 2 + ( y − 3) = 2 ⇒ x2+(y–3)2= 4
2
Dele: 2i Megæ keâeuheefvekeâ nw~
94. Ùeefo P efkeâmeer Ûej meefcceße efyevog Z keâes Fme Øekeâej ⇒ pees Skeâ Je=òe keâe meceerkeâjCe nw~
efve™efhele keâjlee nw efkeâ 2 Z − 1 = 2 Z lees P keâe 98. The modulus of 2i − −2i is
efyevogheLe nesiee? 2i − −2i keâe ceeheebkeâ nw
(a) mejue jsKee (b) Je=òe (a) 0 (b) 2
(c) oerIe&Je=òe (d) DeeflehejJeueÙe (c) 2 (d) 2 2
PGT 2013 PGT 2010
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Ans : (c) efoÙee nw, 2i – –2i 2cos α π
tan2θ = =∞ = tan
ceevee, Z = 2i – –2i 1 −1 2
π
= 2 i– 2 i 2θ = nπ +
2
= 2  i – –i  nπ π
θ= +
2 4
1 + i  1 − i  
= 2 −   1+ i   1− i 
8 8
 2  2  101. The value of   +  is
 2   2 
 1 i 1 i 
= 2 + – +  8 8
 2 2 2 2  1+ i   1− i 
  +  keâe ceeve nesiee
z = 0 + 2i  2   2 
(a) 1 (b) 2
z = 02 + 22 , z = 2
(c) –1 (d) –2
Re(z) PGT 2009
99. If z = (2 + 2 3 i)100 then will be equal to
Im ( z ) 4 4
 1−i   1+ i    1 − i  
8 8 2 2
 1+i 
Re(z) Ans : (b)   +  =    +   
Ùeefo z = (2 + 2 3 i)100 nw lees yejeyej nesiee  2  2   2    2  
Im ( z )
4 4
 1 + i 2 + 2i   1 + i 2 − 2i 
( 3) 1
100
(a) (b) =  +  
3  2 2
   
100
 1  4
 1 − 1 + 2i   1 − 1 − 2i 
4
(c)   (d) 3 = ∵ i 2 = −1
 3  + 
 2   2 
PGT 2010
= i4 + i4 = 1 + 1 = 2
( )
100
Ans : (b) z = 2 + 2 3 i 1 1
102. If x + = 2 cosθ, then the value of x 6 + 6 is
100 x x
1 3 
= 4100  + i  1 1
2 2  Ùeefo x + = 2 cosθ lees x 6 + 6 keâe ceeve nesiee
x x
 100 π 100π 
= 4100  cos + isin  (a) 2 cos 6θ (b) 2 cos 4θ
 3 3  (c) 2 cos 3θ (d) 2 cos 2θ
100π 100π PGT 2009
Re(z) = 4100 cos and Im(z) = 4100 sin
3 3 1
Re(z) 100π Ans : (a) x + = 2 cos θ
= cot x
Im(z) 3
x 2 − 2 x cos θ + 1 = 0
 π 1
= cot  33π +  = 2cos θ ± 4cos 2 θ − 4
 3 3 x= = cos θ ± i sin θ
2
100. If tan (θ + iφ)= cos α+i sin α then
Ùeefo tan (θ + iφ)= cos α+i sin α lees leye efheâj ef[ceeÙeJej kesâ ØecesÙe mes–
nπ π nπ π x 6 = (cos θ ± i sin θ )6 = (cos 6θ ± i sin 6θ )
(a) θ = + + 2α (b) θ = +
2 4 2 4 Fmeer lejn mes x –6 = (cos 6θ ∓ i sin 6θ )
nπ π nπ π 1
(c) θ = + +α (d) θ = + + α2 ∴ = 2cos 6θ
x6 +
4 2 4 2 x6
PGT 2010
103. If tan [log (x + iy)] = a + ib, where a, b, x and y
Ans : (b) if tan ( θ + iφ ) = cos α + isin α are real and a2 + b2 ≠ 1, then the value of tan
then tan ( θ − iφ ) = cos α − isin α [log(x2 + y2)] is/ Ùeefo [tan log (x + iy)] = a + ib
peneB a + ib x Deewj y meYeer JeemleefJekeâ mebKÙeeDeeW Deewj a2
tan 2θ= tan {( θ + iφ ) + ( θ − iφ )}
+ b2 ≠ 1 lees tan [log(x2 + y2)] keâe ceeve nesiee
tan ( θ + iφ ) + tan ( θ − iφ ) 2cos α 2a 2a
= =
1 − tan ( θ + iφ ) tan ( θ − iφ ) 1 − ( cos 2 α + sin 2 α )
(a) (b)
1+ a 2 + b 2 1− a 2 + b 2

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2a 2a 2 ceevee Z1, Z2, Z3 efkeâmeer ef$eYegpe kesâ leerve keâesCeefyevog nQ
(c) (d) leeefkeâ heefjJe=òe kesâvõ Gmekeâe cetue nes~ Ùeefo Z Gmekesâ
1− a 2 − b 2 1+ a 2 − b 2
PGT 2009 DeeÙeleerÙe Je=òe kesâvõ keâer efveoxMeebkeâ nes, lees
Ans : (c) Given that tan[log(x+iy)]= a+ib, (a) Z1 + Z2 + Z3 – Z = 0
(b) Z1 + Z2 – Z3+ Z = 0
⇒ log (x+iy) = tan–1(a+ib)
(c) Z1 – Z2 + Z3 + Z = 0
x + iy = e ( )
tan −1 a +ib
⇒ ( ) ........... (i) (d) –Z1 + Z2 + Z3 + Z = 0
tan −1( a −ib )
PGT 2005
and ( x − iy ) = e .............(ii) Ans : (a) Consider the triangle ABC with vertices with
multiplying equations (i) and (ii) we get coordinates Z1, Z2, Z3. If the origine of complex plane is
in the circumcentre of triangle ABC, then,
x 2 + y2 = e ( )
tan −1 a +ib + tan −1( a −ib )
1
* The centroid G has coordinates ZG = ( Z1 + Z2 + Z3 )
⇒ ( )
log x 2 + y 2 = tan −1 ( a + ib ) + tan −1 ( a − ib )
* The incentre I has
3
coordinate
−1  a + ib + a − ib 
⇒ log ( x 2
+ y ) = tan
2
 
Z α + Z2β + Z3 γ
ZI = 1 Where α, β, γ are the side of
 1 − (a + ib)(a − ib)  α+β+ γ
 2a  length of triangle ABC.
= tan −1  2 2  * The orthocentre H has coordinates ZH = Z1 + Z2 + Z3
 1 − (a + b ) 
i.e. Z1 + Z2 + Z3 − Z = 0
⇒ (
tan log x + y  =
2 2
) 2a * The Gergonne point J has coordinates
  1 − a 2 + b2
( ) r Z +r Z +r Z
ZJ = α 1 β 2 γ 3
rα + rβ + rγ
π π
104. If xr = cos , + sin , then value of Where rα, rβ, rγ are the radii of there excircle of the
2r 2r
triangles.
π π
x1 x2 x3 .........∞ is/Ùeefo xr = cos , + sin , lees * The lemoine point K has coordinate
2r 2r
α 2 Z1 + β2 Z2 + γ 2 Z3
x1 x2 x3 .........∞ keâe ceeve nesiee ZK =
α 2 + β2 + γ 2
(a) 0 (b) –1
( ) + (1 − i 3 )
10 10
(c) 1 (d) ∞ 106. The value of 1 + i 3 is:
PGT 2009
(1 + i 3 ) + ( 1 − i 3 ) keâe ceeve nw–
10 10
π
π π i
Ans : (b) efoÙee nw, xr = cos r
+ i sin r
=e 2r
(a) 2048 (b) 1024
2 2
(c) –1024 (d) –2048
π
π π i PGT 2005
leye, x1 = cos + i sin =e 2
2 2
( ) + (1 − i 3 )
10 10
π Ans : (c) 1 + i 3
π π i
x2 = cos + i sin =e 4 10 10
4 4 1 3 10  1 3
= 210  + i
2  + ( 2 )  − i 
π π i
π
 2  2 2 
x3 = cos + i sin =e 8
8 8  10π 10π  10  10π 10π 
= 210  cos + i sin  + 2  cos 3 − i sin 3 
π π π  3 3   
i i i
x1.x2 .x3 ..........∞ = e 2 .e 4 .e 8 ........∞
  π 
π π π  = 210.2 cos  3π +  
i  + + +......∞    3 
= e 2 4 8 
π 1
 π  = −211 cos = −211 × = −210 = –1024
 2  3 2
 1
1−  107. If α and β are roots of the equation x2 – x + 1 =
= ei  2  0 then the value of α1030 + β1030 will be
iπ
= e = cos π + i sin π = −1 (a) 1 (b) 0
105. Let Z1, Z2, Z3 are the vertices of the triangle (c) –1 (d) None of the above
having its circum centre at origin. If Z is the FveceW mes keâesF& veneR
coordinate of its orthocenter, then PGT 2004
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Ans : (c) meceer., x2 – x + 1 = 0 r is radius is circle
−1 + 3i −1 − 3i | z − ( 2 + 2i ) |= 1
lees α = =ω β= = ω2
z0 = (2 + 2i), centre = (2, 2)
2 2
radius r = 1
( )
1030
∴ α1030 + β 103 = (– ω )1030 + −ω 2 distance is origin and center b/w d
=ω 1030
[1 + ω 1030
] d= ( 2 − 0 ) 2 + ( 2 − 0 )2 =2 2
= (ω ) .ω[1 + (ω )
3 343 3 343
.ω ]
Minimum distance of | z |= d − r ⇒| z |= 2 2 − 1
= ω [1 + ω ]
= ω + ω 2 = –1 Maximum distance of | z |= d + r ⇒| z |= 2 2 + 1
∵1 + ω + ω = 0 2 112. For all complex numbers z1, z2 satisfying |z1| =
ω + ω = –1 2 12 and | z 2 - 3 - 4i |= 5 , the minimum value of
108. If m, n, p and q are consecutive integers then |z1 - z2| is
the value of im + in + ip + iq will be (a) 0 (b) 2
(a) 1 (c) 7 (d) 17
(b) 4 PGT 2004
(c) 0 Ans : (b) Given that |z1|=12 and |z2–3–4i|=5
(d) None of the above/FveceW mes keâesF& veneR There fore | z2 − (3 + 4i ) |= 5
PGT 2004
⇒ | z2 | − | 3 + 4i |= 5
Ans : (c) GoenjCe kesâ efueS m = 1, n = 2, p = 3, q = 4
i + i2 + i3 + i4 = i – 1 – i + 1 = 0 ⇒ | z2 | − 32 + 42 ≤ 5
The sum of the four consecutive power of iota is zero.
⇒ z 2 ≤ 10
109. If xn = cos (π/3n + i sin (π/3n), then the value of
We know that | z1 − z2 |≥| z1 | − | z2 |
x1, x2, x3…..xn…..∞ is?
(a) 1 (b) i ⇒ z1 − z2 ≥ 12 − 10
(c) -1 (d) - i ⇒ z1 − z2 ≥ 2
PGT 2004
Therefore minimum value of |z1–z2| is 2.
Ans : (b) nce peeveles nw, eiθ = cos θ + isin θ 113. The argument of –1–i is
2 3
lees x1, x2, x3…..∞ = eiπ/3.eiπ/3 .eiπ/3 ....eiπ/3n.... π 3π
(a) (b)
= eiπ [1/ 3+1/ 3
2
+1/ 33 +.....+1/ 3n +...]
4 4
 1/ 3  iπ  1/ 3  iπ / 2
  =e   =e 3π 5π
= eiπ 1−1/ 3   2 / 3  (c) − (d)
4 4
= cos π / 2 + i sin π / 2 = i PGT 2003
110. The triangle formed by the points 1, ω, ω2 as Ans : (c) ceevee z = x + iy
vertices in the Argand diagram is y
(a) Scalene / efJe<eceyeeng leye, Argu, tan θ =
x
(b) equilateral / meceyeeng efoÙee nw, –1 –i , ceevee z = –1 –i
(c) isosceles / meceefÉyeeng
y −1
(d) right-handed / mecekeâesCe leye, tan θ = = = 1= tan 45o
PGT 2004 x −1
Ans : (b) If 1, ω, ω2 are the points as the vertices of ∵ (–1–i) le=leerÙe ÛelegLeeËMe ceW nw
the triangle. then the triangle will be equilateral π 3π
∴ keâesCeebkeâ = − π + = −
triangle. 4 4
111. If |z–2–2i|=1, then the minimum value of |z| is?
114. If 3 x + iy = a + ib, then
(a) 2 2 − 1 (b) 2 2
x y x y
(c) 2 2 + 1 (d) 2 2 − 2 (a) − = (a 2 + b 2 ) (b) − = (a 2 − b 2 )
a b a b
PGT 2004 x y
Ans : (a) | z − z0 |= r Represent a circle (c) + = (a 2 − b 2 ) (d) None of these
a b
z0 is centre is circle PGT 2003
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Ans : (d) x + iy = ( a + ib )
3
( x − 1)2 + y 2 = x 2 + ( y + 1)
2
x + iy = a 3 − ab 2 − 2ab 2 − ib3 + 2ia 2b + ia 2b ⇒ x 2 + y 2 + 1 − 2x = x 2 + y 2 + 1 + 2y

x + iy = a ( a 2 − 3b 2 ) − ib ( b 2 − 3a 2 ) ⇒ x+y = 0, Which represents a straight line
x 118. If z = x+iy and w= (1–iz)/(z–1), then |w|=1
= a 2 − 3b 2 , iy= –ib ( b 2 − 3a 2 ) implies that in the complex plane:
a
−y (a) z lies on the imaginary axis
= ( b 2 − 3a 2 ) (b) z lies on the real axis
b
(c) z lies on the unit circle
x y
− = a 2 − 3b 2 + b 2 − 3a 2 = −2a 2 − 2b 2 (d) None of these
a b
PGT 2002
x y
− = −2 ( a 2 + b 2 ) 1 − iz
a b Ans : (d) If z=x+iy and ω =
13
z −1
115. The value of the sum ∑(i n
)
+ i n +1 , where
⇒ ω=
1 − i ( x + iy )
n =1 ( x + iy ) − 1
i= ( −1) equals :
(1 + y )2 + x 2
(a) i (b) i–1 (c) –i (d) 0 ⇒ | ω |=
PGT 2002 ( x − 1)2 + y2
13
(1 + y )2 + x 2
Ans : (b) ∑ (i n
+ i n +1 ) ⇒ 1=
n =1 ( x − 1)2 + y 2
= i + i 2 + i 2 + i3 + i3 + i 4 ....... + i13 + i14 ⇒ Squaring on both side. we get
14
( 2
= i + i + 2 i + i + ....... + i 3 13
) ( x − 1)2 + y 2 = x 2 + (1 + y )2
= i + i2 + 2 × 0 = i − 1 x 2 + y 2 + 1 − 2x = x 2 + y 2 + 1 + 2y
116. The z1 and z2 are two non zero complex numbers ⇒ x+y=0
such that |z1+z2|=|z1|+|z2|, then Arg z1–arg z2=
This represents a straight line passing through the origin.
π π
(a) –π (b) − (c) 0 (d) 119. The solution of the equation |z|–z=1 +2i is:
2 2
3 3
PGT 2002 (a) − 2i (b) + 2i
2 2
Ans : (c) Let
3i
z1 = r1 ( cos θ1 + i sin θ1 ) , z 2 = r2 ( cos θ2 + isin θ2 ) (c) 2 − (d) None of these
2
then PGT 2002
z1 + z 2 = z1 + z 2 Ans : (a) Given that the equation
( ) |z|–z= 1+2i
2 2 2 2
z + z + 2 z z cos θ – θ = z + z + 2 z z
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
cos ( θ1 − θ2 ) = 1 ⇒ x 2 + y2 − ( x + iy ) = 1 + 2i
θ1 − θ2 = 0 Equating real and imaginary part on both side, we get
Arg (z1) – Arg (z2) = 0 x 2 + y2 − x = 1 ........(i)

117. The locus represented by |z–1| = |z+i| is: and –y = 2 .........(ii)
(a) a circle of radius 1 Putting the value of y in equation (i)
(b) an ellipe with faci at (1, 0) and (0,–1)
(c) A straight line through the origine x2 + 4 − x = 1 ⇒ x2 + 4 = 1 + x
(d) a circle on the line joining (1,0), (0,1) as diameter 3
⇒ x 2 + 4 = x 2 + 1 + 2x ⇒ x =
PGT 2002 2
Ans : (c) Let z = x+iy then Hence the complex number is
|z–1| = |z+i| 3
z = − 2i
|x+iy–1| = |x+iy+i| 2

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120. The area of the triangle on the complex plane  1
formed by the complex numbers z, iz and z+iz is: Ans : (c) If 1 +  = A + iB
 i
(a) |z|2 (b) | z |2 then, 1–i = A+iB ⇒ A= 1, B = –1
1 2
( )
12
(c) |z| (d) None of these 124. If 1 + 3i = x + iy then y 1/12 is equal to
2
Ùeefo ( 1 + 3i ) = x + iy leye y 1/12 yejeyej nw:
12
PGT 2002
Ans : (c) The complex number z, iz and z+iz is the side
of triangle then. (a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 0
|z|=|z| |iz|=|z||i|= |z| Rajasthan TGT 2016
 iπ  π Ans : (d) Let Z = 1 + i 3
arg (iz – z) = arg  z 2  ⇒ θ =
 
( 3)
2
2 Z = 1+ =2
 
3 π
tan θ =
1 3
Now, Z = reiθ = r ( cos θ + isin θ )
π π
i.e. the formed triangle is right angle triangle. Z = 2 cos + i sin
3 3
1
Hence Area of triangle = | z | . | iz | π π
12
2 ∴ Z12 = 212 cos + i sin
1 1 3 3
= | z | . | iz | = | z |2
2 2 = 2 [ cos 4π + i sin 4π ]
12
1 Z12 = 212 [1 + 0]

121. The loucs of point Z satisfying Re   = K is:
z ⇒ Z12=212
(1 + i 3 )
12
(where k is non zero real number) ⇒ = 212 + i.0
(a) A hyperbola (b) An ellipse
(c) A circle (d) A straight line ⇒ x + iy = 212 + i.0
PGT 2000 ⇒ x = 212 & y= 0
Ans : (c) efoÙee nw, ∴ y1/12 = 0
1
Re   = K  3−i 3+i 
Z 125. i +  keâe keâesCeebkeâ nw
 2+i 2−i 
 1   x − iy 
Re   = K ⇒ Re  2 2 
=K  3−i 3+i 
 x + iy  x +y  The amplitude of i  +  is equal to
 2+i 2−i 
 x y  π π
Ùee Re  2 2 − i 2 2  = K (a) (b) −
x +y x +y  2 2
π π
⇒
x x
= K ⇒ x 2 + y 2 − = 0 for any value (c) − (d)
x 2 + y2 K 4 4
Rajasthan TGT 2015
of K, It represents an equation of circle.
Ans. (a)
122. If 1+ω+ω2 = 0 and ω3= 1 then the value of
 3−i 3+ i  (3 − i)(2 − i) + (3 + i)(2 + i)
ω(1+ω–ω2) is: i +  =i
(a) –2 (b) 1 (c) 4 (d) 3  2 + i 2 − i  2 2 − i2
PGT 2000  6 − 3i − 2i + i 2 + 6 + 3i + 2i + i 2 
Ans : (a) If ω is the cube root of unity then = i 
 4 +1 
1+ω+ω =0 and ω =1
2 3
12 − 2 10 10
∴ ω(1+ω–ω2)= ω(–ω2–ω2) =i = i = 0+i = 0 + 2i
2
= –2ω×ω = –2ω = –23 5 5 5
2
 1 amplitude = tan-1
123. If  1 +  = A + iB then the value B is: 0
 i
 π π
(a) 7 (b) 3 (c) –1 (d) 1 = tan-1  tan  =
PGT 2000  2 2

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2
4 and z − a z −1 ≤ 0.......(ii)
126. Ùeefo z − = 2 lees z keâe DeefOekeâlece ceeve nw:
z from (i), we get
4 −a ± a 2 + 4
If z − = 2 then the maximum value of z is z ≥
z 2
(a) 5 −1 (b) 5 +1 −a ± a 2 + 4
⇒ z ≥
(c) 5 (d) FveceW mes keâesF& veneR 2
Rajasthan TGT 2015  
−a − a 2 + 4
4  ∵ z ≥ 0 therefore is rejected 
Ans. (b) : Given that z − = 2  2 
z  
From (ii) we, have-
∵ z1 − z 2 ≤ z1 − z 2
a ± a2 + 4
4 4 z ≤
∴ z− ≤ z− 2
z z
a ± a2 + 4
4 ⇒ z ≤
2
(∵ z ≥ 0)
⇒ z − =2
z
a + a2 + 4
2 ∴ greatest value =
⇒ z −2 z −4 = 0 2
2 ± 4 + 16 2 ± 2 5 −a + a 2 + 4
z = = and least value =
2 2 2
= 1 ± 5 but z ≠ '− ' ve x + iy y
128. The argument of , when > 1, is
x - iy x
∴ z = 1+ 5
x + iy y
Hence Max z = 1 + 5. keâe keâesCeebkeâ nw peyeefkeâ >1
x - iy x
1 (a) 2 tan–1 y/x (b) π – 2 tan–1 y/x
127. If z is complex number and z + = a , a > 2,
z x 2 − y2
(c) tan–1 2 (d) 2 cot–1 y/x
then the greatest and least value of |z| are x + y2
respectively- Rajasthan TGT 2013
1
Ùeefo z Skeâ meefcceße mebKÙee nw leLee z + = a , a > 2, Ans : (b) Given that z = x + iy
z x − iy
lees |z| keâe DeefOekeâlece leLee vÙetvelece ceeve ›eâceMe: nw–
( x + iy )
2
a + a2 − 4 −a + a 2 + 4 x 2 − y 2 + i 2xy
⇒ z = =
(a)
2
and
2 ( x − iy )( x + iy ) ( x 2 + y2 )
a + a2 − 4 a − a2 − 4  x 2 − y2  2xy
(b) and = 2 2 
+i 2
 x + y  (x + y )
2
2 2
a + a2 + 4 −a + a 2 + 4  2xy 
(c) and Z keâe keâesCeebkeâ = tan −1  2
2 2 2 
x −y 
(d) a 2 + 4 and a2 − 4
 y 
Rajasthan TGT 2013  2  
= tan −1  x 
Ans : (a) ∵ z1 − z 2 ≤ z1 + z 2   y 2 
 1−   
at follows that z −
1 1
≤ z+ ≤a  x 
z z  y y
= π − 2 tan −1   ∵ >1
1
⇒ −a ≤ z − ≤ a x x
z
129. -7 - 24i =
2
⇒ − a z ≤ z −1 ≤ a z (a) ± (3 – 4i) (b) ± (4 + 3i)
2 (c) ± (4 – 3i) (d) ± (3 + 4i)
⇒ z + a z −1 ≥ 0.......(i)
Rajasthan TGT 2013
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Ans : (a) Let, z = –7 – 24ihere b < 0 AC = AB eiπ / 3
 z +a z −a  z3 – z1 = (z2 – z1) eiπ / 3 ...................(i)
⇒ z =± −i 
 2 2  Similarly we have
BA = BC eiπ / 3
z = 49 + 576 = 625 = 25
a = –7, b = –24 z1 – z2 = (z3 – z2) eiπ / 3 ............... (ii)
from (i) and (ii) we get
 25 − 7 25 + 7 
⇒ z =± −i  z 3 − z1 z 2 − z1
 2 2  =
z1 − z 2 z 3 − z 2
= ±  9 − i 16  = ± [3 − 4i ] z 32 − z1z 3 − z 2 z3 + z 2 z1 = z1z 2 − z12 − z 22 + z1z 2
1− i z 12 + z 22 + z32 = Z1Z2 + Z2 Z3 + Z3 Z1
130. The argument of complex number Z = is
1+ i
1− i 132. The product of the value of is
meefcceße mebKÙee Z = keâe keâesCeebkeâ nw– 3
1+ i  π π 2
π π  cos 6 + i sin 6 
(a) − (b)  
2 2 3
3π 5π  π π 2
(c) (d)  cos 6 + i sin 6  kesâ ceeveeW keâe iegCeveheâue keäÙee nw?
4 2  
Rajasthan TGT 2011 (a) i (b) –i (c) –1 (d) 1
1− i Jharkhand TGT 2017
Ans : (a) Given complex number z = Ans : (b)
1+ i
3/ 2
(1 − i) × (1 − i)  π π
⇒z=  cos + i sin 
(1 + i)(1 − i)  6 6
1/ 2
(1 − i) 2
1 + i 2 − 2i 1 − 1 − 2i  3π 3π 
= = = = −i =  cos + i sin 
1 − i2 1+1 2  6 6 
z = 0 + (−1)i = (0, −1)   π  π 
1/ 2
=  cos  2rπ +  + i sin  2rπ +  

π   2   2 
arg(z) = −
2 Where r = 0,1 ............................
131. If complex numbers Z1 , Z 2 and Z 3 are vertices 1 π 1 π
= cos  2rπ +  + i sin  2rπ + 
of an equilateral triangle, then Z 2 + Z 22 + Z 32 is 2 2 2 2
1
π π
equal to/Ùeefo meefcceße mebKÙeeS@ Z1 , Z 2 leLee Z 3 Skeâ put r = 0 first value = cos + i sin
4 4
meceyeeng ef$eYegpe kesâ Meer<e& neW, lees Z 2 + Z 22 + Z 32 yejeyej nw- 5π 5π
1
put r = 1 second value = cos + i sin
(a) Z1Z2 + Z2 Z3 + Z3 Z1 4 4
(b) 2(Z1Z2 + Z2 Z3 + Z3 Z1 )  π π  5π 5π 
Product of value =  cos + i sin  cos + i sin 
1  4 4  4 4 
(c) (Z1Z2 + Z2 Z3 + Z3 Z1 )
2  π 5π   π 5π 
= cos  +  + i sin  + 
(d) None of these/ FveceW mes keâesF& veneR  4 4  4 4 
Rajasthan TGT 2011 3π 3π
= cos + i sin = 0 + i (−1) = −i
Ans : (a) Let ABC be the given equilateal tringle such 2 2
that the afixes of A,B,C are z1, z2 and z3 respectivaly.
133. For 'n' is an integer (cos θ–i sinθ)n =
clearly, AC is obtained by rotating AB through π / 3 in
Ùeefo 'n' Skeâ hetCeeËkeâ nw lees Fmekesâ efueS
anticlock wise sense.
(cos θ–i sinθ)n=
(a) (cosθ+ i sinθ) (b) n(cosθ– i sinθ)
(c) (cos nθ–i sin nθ) (d) cosθ–i sin θ
Jharkhand TGT 2017
Ans : (c) (cos θ–i sinθ) = cos nθ–i sin nθ
n

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134.
( cos θ1 + i sin θ1 ) = 137. For a complex number z the value of (z + 3)
(z + 3) is equivalent to–/Skeâ meefcceße mebKÙee z kesâ
( cos θ2 + i sin θ2 )
efueS (z + 3) (z + 3) keâe ceeve efpemekesâ leguÙe nw, Jen nw–
(a) cos (θ1+θ2)+i sin (θ1+θ2)
2
(b) cos(θ1 − θ 2 ) + i sin(θ1 − θ 2 ) (a) z + 3 (b) z − 3
(c) 1 (c) z 2 + 3 (d) z 2 + 9
1 KVS TGT DEC 2017
(d)
( cos θ1 + isin θ2 ) Ans. (a) : Z is complex number
Jharkhand TGT 2017 Z = x + iy
cos θ1 + i sin θ1 e iθ1 Z = x − iy
Ans : (b) = iθ2 = ei(θ1 −θ2 )
cos θ 2 + i sin θ 2 e then
(x + iy + 3) (x – iy + 3)
= cos(θ1 − θ 2 ) + i sin(θ1 − θ 2 )
= [(x+3)+iy] [(x+3) – iy]
135. What will be the argument of the complex = [(x+3)2 – (iy)2] = (x+3)2+y2
number z=1-cosp+isinp?/ meefcceefßele mebKÙee z=1- So, that]
cosp+isinp keâe keâesCeebkeâ keäÙee nesiee? 2
z+3
π p
(a) π-p (b) − x x
4 2 1+ i 1+ i
138. If = 1 /Ùeefo = 1 nw, lees–
π p p 1− i 1− i
(c) − (d) π −
2 2 2 (a) x = 2n + 1 (b) x = 4n
Jharkhand TGT 2017 (c) x = 2n (d) x = 4n+1
Ans : (c) z = 1 − cos p + isin p where n ∈ N/peyeefkeâ n ∈ N nw–
p p KVS TGT DEC 2017
2sin cos Ans. (b) :
sin p 2 2
argument (tan θ) = = x
1 − cos p 1 − 1 + 2sin 2 p 1+ i
=1
2 1+ i
p x
cos  1+ i 1+ i 
= 2 = cot
p  ×  =1
p 2 1− i 1+ i 
sin x
2 (1 + i)2
π p =1
tan θ = tan  −  1 − i2
 2 2
x
π p 1 2
θ= − (1 + i) =1
2 2 2
136. If a complex number is given by z=(cosθ, sin θ), x
= (i ) = 1
then (z-1/z)=
x is factor of 4 is [i4=1]
Ùeefo Skeâ meefcceßele mebKÙee z=(cosθ, sin θ) Éeje oer
peeleer nw leye (z-1/z)= x = 4n
(a) (2cos θ,0) (b) (0, 0) 139. Let x, y ∈ IR, then x + iy is a non-real complex
(c) (0, 2i cos θ) (d) (0, 2i sin θ) number if–
Jharkhand TGT 2017 ceevee x, y ∈ IR nw, lees x + iy Skeâ DeJeemleefJekeâ
Ans : (d) z=(cosθ, sin θ) meef c ceße mebKÙee nw, Ùeefo–
1 (a) x = 0 (b) y = 0
z− =? (c) x ≠ 0 (d) y ≠ 0
z
KVS TGT DEC 2017
z = cos θ + isin θ Ans. (d) : x, y ∈ IR. then x + iy is a
1 1 cos θ − isin θ cos θ − isin θ non-real complex number
= × =
z cos θ + isin θ cos θ − isin θ cos 2 θ + sin 2 θ z = x + iy
1 ZRe = x is Real Part
z − = cos θ + i sin θ − cos θ + i sin θ Zim = y is imagenar Part
z
So, that
1
z − = (0, 2i sin θ) y≠0
z
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5 + 2i 3 - 4i 1 a 2 + x 2 − 2ax + y 2 + b2 − 2by
140. z= – – keâe JeemleefJekeâ Yeeie nw– =
2 - 5i 4 + 3i i
1 + ( xa + yb ) − 2 ( xa + by ) + ( xb − ya )
2 2
(a) 0 (b) 4
(c) –2 (d) FveceW mes keâesF& veneR
a 2 + b 2 + x 2 + y 2 − 2 ( ax + by )
TGT 2011 =
Ans : (a) z =
5 + 2i 3 − 4i 1
− −
( ) ( )
1 + x 2 a 2 + b 2 + y 2 a 2 + b 2 − 2 ( ax + by )
2 − 5i 4 + 3i i
1 + x 2 + y 2 − 2 ( ax + by )
=
( 5 + 2i )( 2 + 5i ) − ( 3 − 4i )( 4 − 3i ) − i = meceer. (1) mes
( 2 − 5i )( 2 + 5i ) ( 4 + 3i )( 4 − 3i ) i 2 1 + x 2 + y 2 − 2 ( ax + by )
=1
10 + 25i + 4i + 10i 2 12 − 16i − 9i + 12i 2
= − +i 143. Ùeefo z Skeâ meefcceße mebKÙee nw, pees z2+z+1=0 keâes mevleg°
25 + 4 4 2 + 32 keâjlee nw~ Ùeefo n, 3 keâe iegCepe veneR nw lees zn+z2n keâe
29i ( −25i ) ceeve nw :
− +i
29 25 (a) 2 (b) –2
= i+i+i =3i (c) 0 (d) –1
Dele: meefceße mebKÙee =x+iy mes leguevee keâjves hej x=0. TGT 2011
141.  -6 -6  keâe ceeve nww Ans : (d) ceevee z=x+iy
 
(a) 6 (b) –6 ⇒ z 2 = ( x + iy )( x + iy ) = x 2 − y 2 + 2ixy
(c) 6i (d) –6i ∴ z2+z+1=0
TGT 2011 x2–y2+2ixy+x+iy+1=0
Ans : (b)∵Jeie&cetue ceW efueKeer mebKÙee Ùeefo $e+Ceelcekeâ nw leye Gmekeâe (x 2
)
− y 2 + x + 1 + i ( 2xy + y ) = 0
Jeie&cetue keâeuheefvekeâ neslee nw~ JeemleefJekeâ leLee keâeuheefvekeâ Yeeie keâes Deueie keâjves hej
x2–y2+x+1=0 ……..(i)
∴ −6. −6 = 6 ( −1) . 6 ( −1) 6.i 2 × 6 × i 2 ∵ i 2 = −1 { } 2xy+y = 0
y (2x+1) =0 ………..(ii)
= 6 i× 6 i
1
⇒ y≠0 ⇒ 2x+1=0 ⇒ x=−
( ) { }
2
= 6 i2 ∵ i 2 = −1 2
2
meceer. (i) mes,  −  − y 2 − + 1 = 0
= 6 (–1) = –6 1 1
142. Ùeefo α Deewj β efJeefYevve meefcceße mebKÙeeSB nQ leLee |β|=1 2  2
β-α 1 1 3
leye keâe ceeve keäÙee nesiee? ⇒ + = y2 ⇒ y =
1 - αβ 4 2 2
1 1 3
(a) 0 (b) ∴ meefcceße mebKÙee z = − + i
2 2 2
(c) 1 (d) 2 1 3
TGT 2011 ⇒ z2 = − − i
2 2
Ans : (c) ∵ α Deewj β oes efJeefYevve meefcceße
|β|=1 nw~
mebKÙeeSB nQ Deewj ∴ z n + z 2n = z n 1 + z 2 ( )
ceevee α= x+iy leLee β= a+ib  1 3  1 3 
= z n 1 − − i = zn  −
 2 2   2 2 
i
⇒ a +b =1 ………..(i)
2 2
   
∴ α = x − iy ∵ n=3 keâe iegCepe veneR nw ceevee n= 2
β−α a + ib − x − iy 1 3   1 3  1 3 
∴ = = z2  − i = − − −
 2 2   2 2  2 2 
i i
1 − αβ 1 − ( x − iy )( a + ib )     
=
(a − x ) + i (b − y) =− +
1 3
i−
3 3 1 3
i + i 2 = − − = −1
1 − ( xa + xbi − iya + yb ) 4 4 4 4 4 4
144. FkeâeF& kesâ nJeW Ievecetue neWies–
( a − x )2 + ( b − y )2 (a) meceevlej ßesCeer ceW (b) iegCeesòej ßesCeer ceW
=
(c) njelcekeâ ßesCeer ceW (d) FveceW mes keâesF& veneR
1 − ( xa + yb )  + ( xb − ya )
2 2
TGT 2011
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Ans : (b) We know that, eiθ = cos θ + i sin θ a + ib
146. If a,b,c,d are real numbers, then is real if:
Let, θ = 0 c + id
then, ei×0 = cos θ + i sin θ
Ùeefo a, b, c, d JeemleefJekeâ mebKÙeeÙeW nQ, lees mebKÙee
a + ib
cos 0º +i sin 0º = 1 JeemleefJekeâ nesieer, peye:
c + id
Or, cos 2πr + i sin 2πr = 1 (a) ac = bd (b) ab = cd
⇒ ( cos 2πr + i sin 2πr ) = (1)
1/ n 1/ n
Or, (c) ad + bc = 0 (d) ad = bc
UP PCS (Pre) 1998
2πr 2πr
⇒ cos + isin =1 Ans. (d) :
n n
a + ib ( c − id ) ac + bci − adi + bd
r = 0, 1, 2, 3,….(n-1) jKeves hej, F&keâeF& kesâ nJeW Ievecetue ›eâceMe: × =
c + id ( c − id ) c2 + d 2
2π 2π 
( cos0 + isin0 ) ,  cos + isin , bc − ad
 n n  ⇒ =0 ( for real part imiginary part must be = 0 )
c2 + d 2
 4π 4π   2n −1 π 2n −1 π 
 cos n + isin n  ,..........  cos n + isin n  bc = ad
   
4
 2π 2π   2π 2π 
2 1
1,  cos + isin , cos + isin , 147. The value of (1 + i)4 1 + is–
 n n   n n  i
3 n −1
 2π 2π   2π 2π  1
4
 cos n + isin n  ,..........  cos n + isin n  (1 + i)4 1 + keâe ceeve nw–
   
i
2π 2π
ceevee cos + isin =x (a) 4 (b) 8 (c) 16 (d) 32
n n UP PCS (Pre) 1994
⇒ 1, x, x2, x3…….xn-1 4
 1
Dele: FkeâeF& kesâ nJeW Ievecetue ›eâceMe: 1, x,x2,……..xn-1 Ans. (c) : (1 + i) 4 1 +  = ?
 i
2π 2π
peneB x = cos nw~
+ isin
( )
4
(1 + i)4 (1 − i ) = 1 − i 2
4
n n = 2 4 = 16
iegCeesòej ßesCeer (G.P.) ceW nw~ z +1
145. Ùeefo meefcceße leue ceW efmLele ef$eYegpe kesâ Meer<eeX z, z+iz 148. The locus determined by z − 1 = 2 where
leLee iz mes efveefce&le ef$eYegpe keâe #es$eheâue 50 nw, leye |z| z +1
keâe ceeve nw– z ≠ 1 and z = x + iy is–/ = 2 Éeje yevee ngDee
z −1
(a) 1 (b) 5 (c) 10 (d) 100 efyevog-heLe, peneB z ≠ 1 leLee z = x + iy Skeâ–
TGT 2011
5
Ans : (c) ceevee z=x+iy, leye iz= i(x+iy) = –y+ix (a) a circle with centre ,0
3
leLee z+iz= x+iy–y+ix = (x–y)+i(x+y) 5
Ùeefo meefcceße mebKÙeeÙeW z, iz leLee z+iz efyevog A,B leLee C mes Je=òe nw efpemekeâe keWâõ , 0 nw
3
efve™efhele neW leye
A = (x,y), B=(–y,x), C= (x–y, x+y)
(b) a circle with centre 0, 5 ( 3 )
∵ ABC keâe #es$eheâue (
Je=òe nw efpemekeâe keWâõ 0, 5 3 nw )
1
=  x1 ( y2 − y3 ) + x 2 ( y3 − y1 ) + x 3 ( y1 − y 2 )  (c) a parabola y = 2x 2 /hejJeueÙe y = 2x 2 nw
2
1 x 2 y2 x 2 y2
= x ( x − x − y) + ( −y)( x + y − y) + ( x − y)( y − x )  (d) an ellipse + = 1 /oerIe&Je=òe + = 1 nw
2 2 3 2 3
1 UP PCS (Pre) 1994
= −xy − xy + xy − y2 − x 2 + xy
2   z +1
Ans. (a) : efoÙee nw, =2 { z = x + iy }
1 z −1
50 =  x 2 + y 2 
2 
x + iy + 1 (x + 1) + iy
⇒ =2 ⇒ =2
⇒ ⇒ z = 100 ⇒ z = 10
2
100 = z x + iy − 1 (x − 1) + iy

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(d) a straight line of gradient one
(x + 1) 2 + y 2
⇒ =2 Skeâ meerOeer jsKee hej efpemekeâer ØeJeCelee Skeâ nw
(x − 1)2 + y2 UP PCS (Pre) 1995
oesveeW lejheâ keâe Jeie& keâjves hej z +1
(x+1)2 + y2 = 4 {(x–1)2 + y2} Ans. (d) : efoÙee nw, keâe JeemleefJekeâ Yeeie 1 nes
z+i
x 2 1 2x y 2 4x 2 4 8x 4y2 x + iy + 1 (x + 1) + iy x − i(y + 1)
leye, ⇒ ×
3x 2 3y 2 10x 3 0 x + iy + i x + i(y + 1) x − i(y + 1)
10x x 2 + x + ixy − i(x + 1)(y + 1) − i 2 (y + 1)y
x2 y2 1 0
3 x 2 + (y + 2)2
(pees Skeâ Je=òe efve™efhele keâjlee nw~)
x 2 + x + ixy − ixy − iy − ix − i + y 2 + y
10 5
kesâvõ ,0 ,0 x 2 + (y + 2) 2
3× 2 3
149. Four fourth roots of –16 are– JeemleefJekeâ Yeeie 1 nes leye,
–16 kesâ Ûeej ÛeewLes cetue nQ– x 2 + y2 + x + y
1
(a) 2(±1 ± i ) (b) ±1 ± 2i x 2 + (y + 1)2
(c) 2(±1 ± i ) (d) ±2 ± i x2 y2 x y x2 y2 1 2y
UP PCS (Pre) 1994
x y 1 Skeâ meerOeer jsKee efpemekeâer ØeJeCelee 1 nw~
Ans. (a) : x 4 = −16
we check by option 152. The equation zZ = 3 where z = x + iy and z is
± 2( ±1 ± i) is the fourth root of –16 the conjugale complex of represents–
2 meceerkeâjCe zZ = 3 peyeefkeâ z = x + iy leLee z keâe
DeLee&le, {± 2 ( ±1 ± i )}  = −16
2
  mebÙegòeâ meefceße nw, efve™efhele keâjlee nw

150. If 1, w, w2 are the cube roots of unity then the (a) A parabola/Skeâ hejJeueÙe
roots of the equation (x–1)3 + 8 = 0 are – (b) An ellipse/Skeâ oerIe&Je=òe
Ùeefo 1, w, w2 FkeâeF& kesâ Ievecetue nQ lees meceerkeâjCe (c) A circle/Skeâ Je=òe
(x–1)3 + 8 = 0 kesâ cetue nQ– (d) A hyperbola/Skeâ DeeflehejJeueÙe
(a) −1,1 + 2w.1 + 2w 2 (b) −1,1 − 2w,1 − 2w 2 UP PCS (Pre) 1995
2
(c) −1,1, 2 (d) −2, −2w, −2w Ans. (c) : zz = 3
UP PCS (Pre) 1995 leye, (x + iy)(x − iy) = 3
Ans. (b) : efoÙee nw, (x–1)3 + 8 = 0 x2 i2 y2 3
leye, (x–1)3 = –8
x2 y2 3
(x 1)3 ( 2)3
x 2 y2
(x 1) 2(1)1/ 3 1 (SkeâJe=òe efve™efhele keâjlee nw~)
3 3
(x − 1) = −2(1, w, w 2 ) 153. The smallest positive integer n for which the
(x − 1) = −2, −2w, −2w 2 real part of (1+i)n is zero is–
vÙetvelece Oeveelcekeâ hetCee&keâ n efpemekesâ efueÙes (1+i)n keâe
x = −1,1 − 2w,1 − 2w 2 JeemleefJekeâ Yeeie MetvÙe nw, yejeyej nw–
z+1 (a) 1 (b) 2
151. If the real part of , where z = x + iy is 1
z+i (c) 4 (d) none
then the point (x,y) lies on– UP PCS (Pre) 1995
z+1 n
Ùeefo peyeefkeâ z = x + iy keâe JeemleefJekeâ Yeeie 1 Ans. (b) : Given, (1+i) if the real part is zero we put
z+i Option for, n = 2
lees efyevog (x,y) efmLele nw: (1+i)2 = 1+i2+2i
(a) y-axis/ y-De#e hej = 1–1+2i
2
(b) x-axis/ x-De#e hej (1+i) = 0 + 2i
(c) a circle/Skeâ Je=òe hej R =0 { R = Re al point }

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154. The complex number z, for which π
|z+5|2 + |z–5|2 = 75, represents: x=
6
efceefßele mebKÙeeSB z, kesâ efueÙes |z+5|2 + |z–5|2 = 75, 1 i
ØeoefMe&le keâjleer nw– ⇒ +
2 z
(a) a circle/Skeâ Je=òe [ Not conjugate
3 i 3
(b) an ellipse/Skeâ oerIe&Je=òe ⇒ −
2 2
(c) a triangle/Skeâ ef$eYegpe FmeefueS x keâe keâesF& Yeer ceeve oer ieF& Mele& keâes mebÙegiceer veneR yeveelee nw~
(d) a straight line/Skeâ mejue jsKee 5 5
UP PCS (Pre) 1996 157. If Z =  3 + 1 i  +  3 − 1 i  then :
   
2
Ans : (a) z + 5 + z − 5 = 75
2  2 2   2 2 
5 5
2 2  3 1   3 1 
x + iy + 5 + x + iy − 5 = 75 Ùeefo Z =  + i +  − i  lees:
  
2 2  2 2   2 2 
x + 5 + iy + x − 5 + iy = 75
(a) Re (Z) = 0
(x + 5)2 + y 2 + (x − 5)2 + y 2 = 75 (b) Im (Z) = 0
(c) Re (Z) > 0, Im (Z) > 0
x 2 + 25 + 10x + y 2 + x 2 + 25 − 10x + y 2 = 75
(d) Re (Z) > 0, Im (Z) < 0
2x 2 + 2y 2 = 25 UP PCS (Pre) 2000
25 5 5
x2 + y2 =  3 1   3 1 
Ans. (b) : Z =  + i + − i
2  2 2   2 2 
   
Dele: mhe<š nw efkeâ efceefßele mebKÙee z Skeâ Je=lòe heÇoefMe&le keâjleer nw~
5 5
155. If ω is a complex cube root of unity then = r 5 / 2  cos π + isin π  + r5 / 2  cos π − isin π 
ω100+ ω17+1 equals:  6 6  6 6
Ùeefo ω FkeâeF& keâe keâesF& meefcceße Ievecetue nw leye  5π 5π 5π 5π 
= r 5 / 2 cos + isin + cos − isin 
ω + ω +1 yejeyej nw:
100 17
 6 6 6 6
(a) 0 (b) 1
 5π  3 1
(c) –3 (d) 8 = r5 / 2  2cos  where r = r = + =1
UP PCS (Pre) 1999  6  4 4
Ans.(a) : ω100+ω17+1=(ω3)33.ω+(ω3)5.ω2+1 ⇒Im (Z) = 0
= ω+ω2+1 158. If the complex numbers Z1, Z2, Z3 are in
=0 ∵ ω3 = 1 ( ) arithmetic progression, then they lie on
Ùeefo meefcceße mebKÙeeSB Z1, Z2, Z3 meceevlej ßesCeer cebs nQ,
156. For real x, the complex numbers sin x+i cos 2x
and cos x–i sin 2x are conjugate to each other for: leye Jes efmLej jnles nQ Skeâ :
JeemleefJekeâ x kesâ efueÙes meefcceße mebKÙeeÙeW sin x+i cos 2x (a) circle/Je=òe hej (b) parabola/hejJeueÙe hej
Deewj cos x–i sin 2x Skeâ otmejs keâer mebÙegiceer nQ: (c) line/jsKee hej (d) ellipse/oerIe&Je=òe hej
(a) x = nπ / x = nπ kesâ efueÙes UP PCS (Pre) 2000
 1  1 Ans. (c) : 2Z2 = Z1 + Z3
(b) x =  n  π / x =  n  π kesâ efueÙes
 2  2 2(x2 + iy2) = (x1 + iy1) + (x3 + iy3)
(c) x = 0/ x = 0 kesâ efueÙes 2x2 + 2iy2 = x1 + x3 + iy1 + iy3
(d) no value of x/ x kesâ efkeâmeer ceeve kesâ efueÙes veneR (x1 + x3 –2x2) + i(y1 + y3 –y2) = 0
UP PCS (Pre) 1999 leye Skeâ jsKee hej efmLej jnles nw~
Ans. (d) : sinx +i cos2x leLee 159. The amplitude of the complex number
cos x– isin2x hejmhej mebÙegiceer nQ − 3i − 1 is:/meefcceße mebKÙee − 3i − 1 keâe keâesCeebkeâ nw:
ceevee x– iy keâe mebÙegiceer x+iy π 2π
(a) (b)
π π 3 3
lees x kesâ ceeve kesâ efueS, x=0, ,
4 6 4π 7π
(c) (d)
⇒ 0+i 3 3
[ Not conjugate
⇒ 1− 0 UP PCS (Pre) 2000

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Ans. (c) : − 3i − 1 = r ( cos θ + i sin θ ) Ans. (b) :
iz + 1 (1 − y) + ix
r=2 =
iz − 1 −(1 + y) + ix
− 3 1
sin θ = , cos θ = − Multiplying in numerator and dinominater by –(1+y)–ix
2 2
π π =
[(1 − y) + ix][(1 + y) − ix]
tan θ = 3, tan θ = tan , θ = (1 + y)2 + x 2
3 3
π 4π Equating real part equal to 2
keâesCeebkeâ = π + =
3 3 −(1 − y 2 ) + x 2
= =2 or –1+y2+x2=2(1+y2+2y)+2x2
160. In the complex plane, the equation (1 + y)2 + x 2
2 z − 1 = z − 2 represents a:/meefceße meceleue ceW, ⇒ x2+y2+4y+1=0 which is a circle
meceerkeâjCe 2 z − 1 = z − 2 ØeoefMe&le keâjlee nw Skeâ:
 2
(a) closed disc/mebJe=òe ieesuekeâ 163. If  z -  = 6 , then the greatest value |z| is:
 z
(b) circle/Je=òe
Ùeefo  z -  = 6 lees |z| keâe DeefOekeâlece ceeve nw:
2
(c) straight line/mejue jsKee
 z
(d) parabola/hejJeueÙe
UP PCS (Pre) 2001 (a) 36 (b) 11
Ans. (b) : 2 z − 1 = z − 2 (∵ z = x + iy ) (c) 3 + 11 (d) 3 − 11
2 ( x − 1) + iy = ( x − 2 ) + iy UP PCS (Pre) 2002
2
{ }
4 ( x − 1) + y 2 = ( x − 2 ) + y 2
2 2 Ans. (c) : z −
z
=6
4x + 4 – 8x + 4y2 = x2 + 4 – 4x + y2
2 2
z −6 z −2 = 0
3x2 + 3y2 – 4 x = 0
Represent a circle 6 ± 36 + 8
z=
161. The equation z 2 = z has: 2
meceerkeâjCe z = z kesâ:
2
z = 3 ± 11
(a) no solution/keâesF& nue veneR nw
DeefOekeâlece ceeve 3 + 11 nesiee
(b) two solutions/oes nue nQ
164. If ω ≠1 is a cube root of unity, then the value of
(c) four solutions/Ûeej nue nQ
the expression (1+2 ω+2 ω2)10+(2+ ω+2 ω2)10+
(d) infinit number of solutions/Devevle nue nQ
(2+2 ω+ ω2)10 is/ Ùeefo ω FkeâeF& keâe Skeâ Ievecetue nw,
UP PCS (Pre) 2002
Ans. (c) : z 2 = z
lees JÙebpekeâ (1+2 ω+2 ω2)10 + (2+ ω+2 ω2)10 +
(2+2 ω+ ω2)10 keâe ceeve nw:
( x + iy ) = ( x − iy )
2
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) ω (d) ω2

x 2 − y 2 + 2xyi = x − iy
UP PCS (Pre) 2002
⇒ x 2 − y 2 = x leLee 2xyi = −iy
Ans. (a) : (1+2ω+2ω ) +(2+ω+2ω ) +(2+2ω+ω2)10
2 10 2 10
Dele: Gmekesâ 4 nue nesieW~ (1+ω+ω2+ω+ω2)10+(2+ω2+ω+ω2)10+(1+ω+ω2+1+ω)10

162. The point z in Argand's plane moves such that (ω+ω2)10+(1+ω2)10+(1+ω)10 {1+ω+ ω2=0}
 iz + 1 
Re   = 2 where z = x+iy, the locus of is: (–1)10+(– ω)10+(– ω2)10
 iz - 1 
1+(ω3)3. ω+( ω6)3. ω2 {ω3=1}
efyevog z DeejieeB meceleue ceW Fme Øekeâej Ûeuelee nw efkeâ: Re 1+ω+ω2=0
 iz + 1 
  = 2 peneB efkeâ z = x+iy, keâe efyevogheLe nw: (sin θ + i cos θ)4 (sin θ + i cos θ)4
 iz - 1  165. is equal to : /
(a) A straight line/Skeâ meerOeer jsKee ( cos θ − i sin θ )3 ( cos θ − i sin θ )3
(b) a circle/Skeâ Je=òe yejeyej nw:
(c) an ellipse/Skeâ oerIe&Je=òe (a) cos θ – i sin θ (b) cos θ + i sin θ
(d) a hyperbola/Skeâ DeeflehejJeueÙe (c) sin θ – i cos θ (d) sin θ + i cos θ
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168. If x = 3 + i, then the value of the expression x3–
( sin θ + i cos θ )
4
Ans. (a) : efoÙee nw, 3x2–8x+15

( cos θ − i sin θ )
3
(a) 0 (b) –15 (c) 3 (d) –8
4 UP PCS (Pre) 2005
 3 1 i  Ans. (b) : efoÙee nw, x = 3+i
i  i3 sin θ + i3 cos θ  
 
= leLee, x3–3x2–8x+15 keâe ceeve
( cos θ – i sin θ )
3
= (3+i)3–3(3+i)2–8(3+i)+15
= 27–i+9i(3+i)–3(9–1+6i)–24–8i+15
i3 ( i sin θ – cos θ ) 
4
=
= 27–i+27i–9–24–18i–24–8i+15
( cos θ – i sin θ ) = 42–57=–15
3
 Z -1  π
( i sin θ – cos θ ) ( cos θ – i sin θ )
4 4
169. If arg   = , the locus of Z is:
= =  Z +1 4
( cos θ – i sin θ ) ( cos θ – i sin θ )
3 3
(a) straight line (b) circle
( 4–3) (c) ellipse (d) hyperbola
= ( cos θ – i sin θ ) = cos θ – i sin θ
UP PCS (Pre) 1998, 2005
166. If ω is an imaginary cube root of unity, then the  z −1 
Ans. (b) : arg  
value of– (1 + 3ω + 3ω ) 2 10
+ (3 + ω + 3ω ) 2 10
 z +1
+ (3 + 3ω + ω2 )10 is-/Ùeefo ω FkeâeF&  x + iy − 1  π
keâe Skeâ ⇒ arg  =
 x + iy + 1  4
keâeuheefvekeâ Ievecetue nes, lees (1 + 3ω + 3ω2 )10 +
 ( x − 1) + iy  π
2 10
(3 + ω + 3ω2 )10 + (3 + 3ω + ω ) keâe ceeve nw–
⇒ arg   =
 ( x + 1) + iy  4
(a) 0 (b) 1  ( x − 1) + iy × ( x + 1) − iy  π
⇒ arg  =
(c) 1 + ω (d) 1 + ω 2  ( ( x + 1) + iy ) ( x + 1 + iy )  4
 
UP PCS (Pre) 2003 2y
Ans. (a) tan 450 = 2
x + y2 − 1
2 10
(1 + 3ω + 3ω2 )10 + (3 + ω + 3ω2 )10 + (3 + 3ω + ω ) 1= 2
2y
x + y2 − 1
(1 + 3(ω + ω 2 ))10 + (3(1 + ω 2 ) + ω )10 + (3(1 + ω) + ω 2 )10
x 2 + y 2 − 1 = 2x
(1 3( 1))10 ( 2 )10 ( 2 2 10
)
x 2 + y 2 − 2x − 1 = 0 Ùen Skeâ Je=òe keâe meceerkeâjCe nw~
10 10 2 10
( 2) ( 2 ) ( 2 ) 170. If the complex numbers Z1, Z2, Z3 represent the
vertices of an equilateral triangle, such that
( 2)10 1 ( )10 20
Z1 = Z 2 = Z 3 then the value of Z1 + Z2+Z3 is:
(a) 1 (b) –1 (c) 0 (d) 3
( 2)10 1 ( 3 3
) . ( 3 6
) . 2
UP PCS (Pre) 2005
Ans. (c) :
( 2)10 1 2
1 + ω + ω2 = 0
Let ABC be a triangle such that the Complex numbers
( 2)10 0 0 ω3 = 1 Z1 , Z 2 and Z3 represent the Vertices A, B and C respectively
Z1 = Z2 = Z3
167. If a + ib is a zero of a real polynomial, then the
⇒ Z1 − 0 = Z2 − 0 = Z3 − 0
correct statement is–/ Ùeefo JeemleefJekeâ yengheo keâe
⇒ OA = OB = OC Where O is the origin, Origin is the Circumcentre of
Skeâ MetvÙekeâ a + ib nes, lees melÙe keâLeve nw– triangle ABC But the circumcentre of an equilateral triangle is same
(a) ib is also zero/ ib Yeer MetvÙekeâ nw as its centroid.
z +z +z
(b) –ib is also zero/–ib Yeer Skeâ MetvÙekeâ nw ⇒ 1 2 3 =0
3
(c) a is also zero/ a Yeer Skeâ MetvÙekeâ nw ⇒ z1 + z 2 + z3 = 0
171. If w is an imaginary cube root of unity, then
(d) a –ib is also zero/a–ib Yeer Skeâ MetvÙekeâ nw the common roots of the equations z3 + 2z2 + 2z
UP PCS (Pre) 2004 + 1 = 0 and z1985 + z100 + 1 = 0 are
Ans. (d) : JeemleefJekeâ yengheo keâe Skeâ MetvÙekeâ (a + ib) nes lees (a) 1, w (b) w, w2
2
(c) 1, w (d) none of the above
Fmekeâe mebÙegiceer (a − ib) Yeer Skeâ MetvÙekeâ nesiee~ UP PCS (Pre) 2007
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Ans : (b) meceerkeâjCe z3 + 2z2 + 2z + 1 = 0 Ans. (a) : The sum of nth roots of unity is 0.
z1985 + z100 + 1 = 0 Let, 1 + α + α2 +......αn-1
GYeÙeefve<" cetue ω2 leLee ω keâeuheefvekeâ cetue nw  i. 2π 
n
cube Root of unity 1− e n 

 
1−α n   1 −1
then ω , ω 2,1 (∴ω = w ) = = = =0
1−α 1−α 1−α
172. If w is an imaginary cube root of unity and x=a+b,
z-3
y=aw+bw2, z=aw2+bw, then x3+y3+z3 is equal to 176. Radius of the circle = 2 is
z+3
(a) a3 + b3 (b) 0
z-3
(c) 2(a3 + b3) (d) 3(a3 + b3) Je=òe = 2 keâer ef$epÙee nw
UP PCS (Pre) 2007 z +3
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) 5
Ans : (d) x + y + z = a(1 + w + w 2 ) + b(1 + w + w 2 ) = 0
met$e, x 3 + y3 + z 3 = 3xyz Ans. (c) : Let z = x+iy
⇒ 3(a + b)(aw + bw 2 )(aw 2 + bw) = 3(a 3 + b 3 ) z −3
then, = 2⇒ z −3 = 2 z+3
398 z+3
 1+ i 
173. If  
 1− i 
=x+iy, then (x, y) is equal to
( x − 3) + iy = 2 ( x + 3) + iy
(a) (–1,0) (b) (1,0)
( x − 3)+ y 2 = 4 ( x + 3 ) + y 2 
2 2
(c) (0,–1) (d) (0,1)  

2 2
398 3x + 3y + 30x + 27 = 0
 1+ i  x2 + y2 + 10x + 9 = 0
Ans. (a) :  1− i  = x + iy
  ≡ ( −g, −f ) = ( −5,0 ) ,c = 9
⇒ (i)398 = x + iy
( −5 )
2
raduis = + 02 − 9 = 25 − 9 = 16 = 4 unit
⇒ −1 = x + iy
⇒ x = −1, y = 0 177. If 3+4i is a root of the equation x2+px+q = 0, then
Ùeefo x2+px+q=0, meceerkeâjCe keâe Skeâ cetue 3+4i nes, lees
174. If z is a purely real number such that Re(z)<0,
(a) p = 6, q = 25 (b) p = 6, q = –15
then arg(z) is equal to
(c) p = –6, q = –7 (d) p = –6, q = 25
Ùeefo z Skeâ Megæ JeemleefJekeâ mebKÙee Fme Øekeâej nw efkeâ
Re(z)<0, lees arg(z) efkeâmekesâ leguÙe nw?
Ans. (d) : Since complex roots exists in conjugate pairs
(a) –π/2 (b) 0 (c) π/2 (d) π
∴ if 3+4i is one root of the equation
(GIC) ØeJeòeâe
hejer#ee, 2015
x2+px+q = 0 then other root will be 3–4i
Ans. (d) : If z is a purely real number such that and eqn obtained by these roots is
Re(z)<0, then
x 2 − ( 3 + 4i + 3 − 4i ) x + ( 3 + 4i )( 3 − 4i ) = 0
arg(z) = π
x 2 − 6x + ( 9 + 16 ) = 0
Note - (i)cos π + isin π = −1 <0
x 2 − 6x + 25 = 0
π π
(ii)cos + isin = i Comparing it with the given eqn, we have
2 2 p = –6 and q = 25
(iii)cos 0 + isin 0 = >0
z − 3z 2
 π  π 178. If 1 = 1, z 2 ≠ 1, then the value of z1 is
(iv)cos  −  + isin  −  = −i 3 − z1 z 2
 2  2
th z − 3z 2
175. The sum of n roots of unity is Ùeefo 1 = 1, z 2 ≠ 1, lees z1 keâe ceeve nw
FkeâeF& kesâ nJeW cetue keâe Ùeesie nw 3 − z1 z 2
(a) 0 (b) 1 1
(a) 3 (b)
(c) 2 3
(d) None of the above/GheÙeg&òeâ ceW mes keâesF& veneR (c) 0 (d)GheÙeg&òeâ ceW mes keâesF& veneR
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z1 − 3z 2 nπ nπ
Ans. (a) : Here =1 (a) 2n +1 cos (b) 2n cos
3 − z1 z2 6 6
nπ
⇒ z1 − 3z 2 = 3 − z1 z2 (c) 2n −1 cos (d) None of the above
6
2 2
⇒ z1 − 3z 2 = 3 − z1 z2 (GIC) ØeJeòeâe hejer#ee, 2015
( )
⇒ ( z1 − 3z 2 ) z1 − 3z 2 = ( 3 − z1 z2 ) 3 − z1 z2 ( ) Ans. (a) : Changing into polar form, we have
 3 1 
(∵ zz = z ) 2
( )
3 + i = 2  + i 
 2 2 
⇒ ( z1 − 3z 2 )( z1 − 3z2 ) = ( 3 − z1 z2 )( 3 − z1z 2 )  π π
= 2  cos + isin 
(∵ z ± z
1 2 = z1 ± z2 )  6 6
nπ nπ 
( ) n
n
⇒ z1 z1 − 3z1 z2 − 3z 2 z1 + 9z 2 z2 = 9 − 3z1z 2 − 3z1 z2 + z1 z1z2 z2 ∴ 3 + i = ( 2 )  cos + isin 
2 2 2 2
 6 6 
z1 + 9 z 2 = 9 + z1 z 2 nπ nπ 
( ) n
n
and 3 − i = ( 2 )  cos − isin 
⇒
2 2
z1 − z1 z 2 + 9 z 2 − 9 = 0
2 2
 6 6 
nπ
(1 − z ) + 9 ( z − 1) = 0 ( ) ( )
n n
3 − i + 3 − i = ( 2 ) .2cos
n
2 2 2 so that,
⇒ z1 2 2 6
nπ
⇒ (1 − z )( z − 9) = 0
2
2
1
2
= ( 2 ) cos
n +1
6
z2 − 1
2
But z 2 ≠ 1
181. Ùeefo z = eiθ leye keâe ceeve %eele keâerefpeS~
z2 + 1
⇒
2
⇒ z1 − 9 = 0 z1 = 3 (a) i tan θ (b) tan θ
30 (c) i cot θ (d) isec 2 θ
3 i 3 TGT 2013
179. If − = 315 (A + iB), then (A, B) =
2 2 Ans : (a) efoÙee nw – z = eiθ
30 z 2 − 1 (eiθ )2 − 1 (cos θ + i sin θ) 2 − 1
Ùeefo
3 i 3
− 15
= 3 (A + iB), lees (A, B) = ∴ = =
2 2 z 2 + 1 (eiθ ) 2 + 1 (cos θ + i sin θ) 2 + 1
{∵ eiθ = cos θ + isin θ}
(a) (0, 1) (b) (–1, 0)
(c) (1, 0) (d) (0, –1) cos 2θ + isin 2θ − 1
=
(GIC) ØeJeòeâe hejer#ee, 2015 cos 2θ + isin 2θ + 1
z 2 − 1 −1 + cos 2θ + i sin 2θ
3 i 3 3 3 i 3 =
Ans. (b) : Given, − = − z 2 + 1 1 + cos 2θ + i sin 2θ
2 2 2 2
−(1 − cos 2θ) + 2i sin θ cos θ
 3 1   π π =
= 3  − i  = 3  cos − isin  (1 + cos 2θ) + 2i sin θ cos θ
 2 2   6 6
−(1 − 1 + 2 sin 2 θ) + 2i sin θ cos θ
30 =
3 i 3 15  30π 30π  1 + 2 cos 2 θ − 1 + 2i sin θ cos θ
∴  −  = ( 3)  cos − isin 
2 2   6 6  −2sin 2 θ + 2isin θ cos θ
=
= 315 ( cos5π − isin 5π ) 2cos 2 θ + 2isin θ cos θ
−2sin θ (sin θ − i cos θ)
3 i 3
30 =
2 cos θ (cos θ + i sin θ)
 −  = 3 (1 − i.0 )
15
 2 2  − tan θ[sin θ − i cos θ]

=
Comparing it with the given identity . (cos θ + isin θ)
we get A= –1, B = 0 ⇒ (A,B) = (–1,0) i 2 tan θ [sin θ − i cos θ]
180. If n is a positive integer, then– =
(cos θ + i sin θ)
n n
( 3+i ) +( 3−i ) is equal to –
=
tan θ.i[cos θ + i sin θ]
{∵ i 2 = −1}
Ùeefo n Skeâ Oeveelcekeâ hetCee&keâ nw, lees (cos θ + i sin θ)
n n z2 − 1
( 3+i ) ( + 3−i ) keâe ceeve nw–
z2 + 1
= i tan θ

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182. Jen ef$eYegpe efkeâme mJeYeeJe keâe nesiee efpemekesâ Meer<e& kesâ (6i + 4){−3 + 3} = x + iy
efyevogg (keâeuheefvekeâ mebKÙee) 3+4i, 8-6i leLee 13+9i nQ~ 0 + i0 = x + iy
(a) meceyeeng ef$eYegpe (b) mecekeâesCe ef$eYegpe ⇒ x = 0 Deewj y = 0
(c) vÙetvekeâesCe ef$eYegpe (d) DeefOekeâ keâesCe ef$eYgepe 4
 cos θ + i sin θ 
TGT 2013 184.  i cos θ + sin θ  keâe ceeve nesiee–
 
Ans : (b) ceevee oer ieÙeer keâeuheefvekeâ mebKÙeeSW ›eâceMe:
(a) cos 4θ + isin 4θ (b) cos8θ + isin 8θ
A = 3 + 4i = (3, 4)
(c) cos8θ − isin 8θ (d) cos 4θ − isin 4θ
B = 8–6i = (8, –6)
TGT 2013
C = 13+19i = (13,19)
4
 cos θ + isin θ  (cos θ + isin θ) 4
Ans : (b)   =
 i cos θ + sin θ  (i cos θ − i 2 sin θ) 4
(cos θ + isin θ) 4
=
(i)4 (cos θ − isin θ)4
{i 4
}
=1
(eiθ ) 4
( ) { }
4
= = e 2iθ = e8iθ ∵ eiθ = cos θ + isin θ
efyevog A mes B kesâ yeerÛe keâer otjer AB = (8 − 3) 2 + (−6 − 4) 2 − iθ 4
(e )
= cos8θ + isin 8θ
= 52 + (−10) 2
185. Ùeefo x = cosα + i sinα Deewj y = cosβ + i sinβ nes
= 25 + 100 = 125 = 5 5
x–y
leye keâe ceeve keäÙee nesiee:
BC = (13 − 8) + (9 + 6) = 25 + 225
2 2
x+y
= 250 = 5 10 α  α −β 
(a) tan   (b) tan  
leLee AC = (13 − 3)2 + (9 − 4) 2 = 100 + 25 = 125 β  2 
 α −β 
=5 5 (c) i tan   (d) i tan(α − β)
 2 
( ) + (5 5 )
2 2
∴ AB2 + AC 2 = 5 5 = 125 + 125 TGT 2013
Ans : (c) x = cos α + isin α, Deewj y = cos β + isin β
AB2 = 250
x − y (cos α + isin α ) − (cos β + isin β)
AB2 + AC 2 = BC 2 ∴ =
x + y (cos α + isin α) + (cos β + isin β)
Dele: ef$eYegpe mecekeâesCe ef$eYegpe nesiee~ (cos α − cos β) + i(sin α − sin β)
=
6i -3i 1 (cos α + cos β) + i(sin α + sin β)
183. Ùeefo 4 3i -1 = x + iy nes leye x leLee y keâe ceeve  α+β β−α   α +β   α −β 
2 sin   sin   + 2i cos   sin  
20 3 i
=  2   2   2   2 
nesiee~  α+β  α −β   α+β  α −β 
2 cos   cos   + 2i sin   cos  
(a) x = 0, y = 0 (b) x = 0, y =1  2   2   2   2 
(c) x = 0, y = –1 (d) x = 1, y = –1  α −β   α+β  α + β 
TGT 2013 2sin   i cos   − sin  
 2   2   2 
=
6i −3i 1  α −β   α +β   α + β 
Ans : (a) meejefCekeâ −1 = x + iy
2cos   cos   + isin  
4 3i  2   2   2 
20 3 i  α −β    α +β   α + β 
tan   i cos   + isin  
R1 → R1 + R 2 x−y  2    2   2 
=
6i + 4 0 0 x+y   α +β   α + β 
cos   + isin  
4 3i −1 = x + iy   2   2 
20 3 i x−y  α −β
= i tan  
x+y  2 
R kesâ mehes#e Øemeej keâjves hej,
(6i + 4){3i × i + 3} − 0 + 0 = x + iy
186. Ùeefo i z3 + z2 – z + i = 0 leye |z| keâe ceeve–
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) –1 (d) 3
(6i + 4){3i 2 + 3} = x + iy TGT 2013
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Ans : (a) (a) Circle /Je=òe
iz3 + z2– z + i = 0 (b) Straight line /mejue jsKee
z2 (iz +1) + zi2 + i = 0 (c) Parabola /hejJeueÙe
z2 (iz+1) + i (iz + 1) = 0
(iz + 1) (z2 + i) = 0
UP PCS (Pre) 1997
iz + 1 = 0 Ùee z2 + i = 0
⇒ iz = –1 Ùee z2 = – i  2z + 1 
Ans : (b) Im   = −2
−1 3π 3π  iz + 1 
⇒ z = Ùee z 2 = cos + isin
i 2 2  (2x + 1) + i2y 
Im   =− 2
 3π 3π 
1/ 2
 (1 − y) + ix 
⇒ z = i Ùee z =  cos + isin 
 2 2   ( (2x + 1) + i2y ) × [(1 − y) − ix] 
Im    =− 2
3π 3π  (1 − y) 2 + x 2 
⇒ |z| = 02 +12 Ùee z = cos + isin
4 4
− x(2x + 1) + 2y(1 − y)
3π 3π =− 2
⇒ |z| = 1 Ùee |z| = cos 2 + sin 2 = 1 =1 (1 − y)2 + x 2
4 4 x+2y–2 = 0
187. Ùeefo ω FkeâeF& Ievecetue nes, leye Which is a equation of taraight line.
(1 – ω + ω2) (1 + ω – ω2) keâe ceeve nesiee 35 200
 1 3  1 3
(a) 1 (b) –1 (c) 4 (d) –4 190. If z =  − + i  +  − − i  then:
 2 2  2 
TGT 2013   2
Ans : (c) Ùeefo ω FkeâeF& Ievecetue nw leye  1 3  1 3
35 200
ω3 = 1 leLee 1 + ω + ω2 = 1 Ùeefo z =  − + i  +  − − i  leye:

 2 2   2 2 
(1– ω + ω2) (1+ω–ω2) = (–ω–ω) (–ω2–ω2)
(a) Re (z)<0 (b) Re(z) = 0
= 4ω3 = 4×1 = 4
(c) Re(z) > 0 (d) None of these
a + ib UP PCS (Pre) 1997
188. Ùeefo x + iy = leye x2 + y2 keâe ceeve nesiee–
c + id Ans : (a)
a 2 + b2 a 2 + b2  −1 + 3i   −1 − 3i 
(a) (b) ω =   , ω2 =  
c2 + d 2 c2 + d 2  2   2 
( )
200
a − ib ω35 + ω2 = ω2 + ω = − 1 = − 1 + 0i ⇒ Re ( z ) < 0
(c) ad − bc (d)
a + ib
191. The product of two complex numbers (a,b) and (c,d) is:
TGT 2013
oes efceefßele mebKÙeeDeeW (a,b) leLee (c,d) keâe iegCeveheâue nw
a + ib (a) (ac+bd, ad+bc) (b) (ac–bd, ad+bc)
Ans : (a) Ùeefo x + iy =
c + id (c) (ac+bd, ad–bc) (d) (ad+bc, ac–bd)
oesveeW he#eeW keâe ceeheebkeâ uesves hej UP PCS (Pre) 1997
a + ib Ans : (b) oes meefcceße mebKÙeeSb (a,b) leLee (c,d) keâe iegCeveheâue
x + iy = ( a + ib )( c + id ) = ac + ibc + aid + i 2 bd
c + id
1/ 2 = ( ac − bd ) + i ( bc + ad )
 a 2 + b2 
x +y =
2 2
 Dele: iegCeveheâue = ( ac − bd,bc + ad ) nesiee~
 c 2 + d 2 
1
oesveeW he#eeW keâe Jeie& keâjves hej 192. The conjugate of a complex number is .
i −1
a 2 + b2 1
x 2 + y2 = Then complex number is/ meefcceße mebKÙee
c2 + d 2 i −1
2z + 1 keâer mebÙegiceer (Conjugate) meefcceße mebKÙee nw :
189. If the imaginary part of is –2, then the 1 1
iz + 1 (a) − (b)
locus of a point representing z, is a: i −1 i +1
2z + 1 1 1
Ùeefo keâeuheefvekeâ Yeeie –2 nes, lees z Éeje (c) − (d)
iz + 1 i +1 i −1
ØeoefMe&le efyevog keâe efyevogheLe nesiee: TGT 2010
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Ans : (c) Ùeefo Z = (a+ib) lees mebÙegiceer Z = ( a − ib ) ± imθ
.e ∓ inφ + e ± inφ .e ∓ imθ
=e
1
ceevee Z = = e ± imθ∓inφ + e± inφ∓imθ
i −1
± i(mθ− nφ )
∴ Z=
1
{∵ i = −i} =e + e ± i(nφ− mθ)
−i − 1
1 cos( mθ−nφ) ±isin( mθ−nφ)  +[cos(nφ− mθ) ±isin(nφ−mθ)]
=−
i +1 = cos(mθ− nφ) ± isin ( mθ− nφ) + cos(mθ− nφ) ∓ isin ( mθ− nφ)
1−i 3 1−i 3
193. The argument of is/ keâe keâesCeebkeâ = 2 cos (mθ–nφ)
1+ i 3 1+ i 3
(1 + sin θ + i cos θ ) =
n
(argument) nesiee 195.
(1 + sin θ − i cos θ )
n
(a) 210° (b) 90° (c) 240° (d) 45°
TGT 2010
 nπ   nπ 
(a) cos  − nθ  + i sin  − nθ 
1− i 3 1− i 3 1− i 3  2   2 
Ans : (c) = ×
1+ i 3 1+ i 3 1− i 3  nπ   nπ 
(b) cos  + nθ  + i sin  + nθ 
1 − 3 − 2i 3 1 3  2   2 
= = − −i
1+ 3 2 2
 nπ   nπ 
(c) sin  − nθ  + i cos  − nθ 
−1 − 3  2   2 
∴ Real Part, x = ' imaginary part y =
2 2
π  π 
∴θ = tan −1 ( y \ x ) ⇒ θ = tan 3 = 600 ( ) (d) cos n  + 2θ  + i sin n  + 2θ 
2  2 
∴ Principal argument = 1800 + θ (IIIrd ÛelegLeeËMe) TGT 2009
0
= 180 + 60 = 2400 0 Ans : (a)
n n
1 + sin θ + icos θ   1 + cos(π / 2 − θ) + isin (π / 2 − θ) 
leye 
1 1
194. Ùeefo 2cos θ = x + Deewj 2cos φ = y + ,  = 
x y  1 + sin θ − i cos θ   1 + cos(π / 2 − θ) − isin (π / 2 − θ) 
xm y n n
+ keâe ceeve nw–  2 1 π  1 π  1 π 
y n xm 1+ 2cos 2  2 − θ  −1+ 2isin 2  2 −θ  cos 2  2 −θ  
     
(a) 2 cos (mθ – nφ) (b) 2 sin (mθ – nφ)  
1+ 2cos2 1  π  1  π  1  π 
−θ − 1 − 2isin −θ cos − θ
2  2  2  2  2  2  
(c) 2 cos (mθ + nφ) (d) 2 sin (mθ + nφ)

TGT 2009
Ans : (a) Ùeefo ∵ cos 2θ = 2 cos 2 θ − 1
 
2 cos θ = x +
1
⇒ x 2 + 1 = 2 cos θ.x ⇒ x 2 − 2 cos θ.x + 1 = 0 sin 2θ = 2sin θ cos θ 
x n
1π  1π  1π 
− b ± b 2 − 4ac 2n cos n  − θ   cos  − θ  + i sin  − θ  
x= mes, =
22  22  22 
2a  
1  π  1  π  1  π 
2n cos n  − θ   cos  − θ  − i sin  − θ  
− ( −2cosθ ) ± 4cos 2 θ− 4 2cos θ ± 2i sin θ 22   22  22  
x= = = cos θ± i sin θ
2 ×1 2
n
x = cosθ ± i sinθ ⇒ xm = (cosθ ± i sinθ)m  1π  1π 
cos  − θ  + i sin  − θ  
= cos mθ ± i sin mθ = e ± imθ 2 2  22 
=  −n
⇒ xm = e±imθ  1π  1π 
 cos − θ + i sin − θ 
1  2  2 
 2  2 
Fmeer Øekeâej, y + = 2cos φ⇒ y = ( cos φ± isin φ )
y 2n
 1 π  1 π 
⇒ yn = (cosφ ± i sinφ)n = cos nφ ± i sinφ ± = e ±inφ = cos  − θ  + isin  − θ  
Deye,  2  2  2  2 
x m y n e ± imθ e ± inφ  nπ   nπ 
+ = + = cos  − nθ  + i sin  − nθ 
y n x m e ± inφ e ± imθ  2   2 

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Re ( z ) 198. Ùeefo Z1 leLee Z2 oes meefcceße mebKÙeeSW Fme Øekeâej nQ efkeâ
efoÙee nw Z = ( 1 + i 3 )
100
196. , leye keâe ceeve
Im ( z ) |Z1| = |Z2| + |Z1 – Z2| leye
yejeyej nesiee : Z1
(a) Im =0
(a) 2100 (b) 250 Z2
1 Z 
(c) (d) 3 (b) Re  1  = 0
3  Z2 
TGT 2009
Z  Z 
(c) Re  1  = Im  1 
nw Z = (1 + i 3 )
100
Ans : (c) efoÙee  Z2   Z2 
( 3)
2
12 + = 2 mes iegCee leLee Yeeie keâjves hej TGT 2009
1 i 2  Ans : (c) ceevee Z1 = a + ib Deewj Z2 = x + iy leye
1+ i 3 = 2 + 
2 2 |Z1| = a 2 + b 2 ,| Z2 | = x 2 + y 2
 
100
(a − x ) + ( y − b)
2 2
100  1 3 100  π π
100
leLee | Z1 − Z2 | =
=2 +i =2  cos 3 + isin 3 
 2 
2   
 ∵ | Z1 | = | Z2 | + | Z1 − Z2 |
 π π
(a − x ) + ( y − b)
2 2
= 2100  cos100 + i sin100  a 2 + b2 = x 2 + y2 +
 3 3
(a − x ) + ( y − b)
2 2
(
= 2100 cos1000 × 600 + isin1000 × 600 ) a 2 + b2 − x 2 + y2 =
oesveeW he#eeW keâe Jeie& keâjves hej–
( ( ) (
= 2100 cos 32π + 2400 + i sin 32π + 2400 )) a 2 + b2 + x 2 + y2 − 2 (a 2
+ b 2 )( x 2 + y 2 )
= 2100  cos ( 240 ) + i sin 240 
0 0
  = a 2 + x 2 − 2ax + y 2 + b 2 − 2by
{∵cos ( nπ) = − cos θ{Ùeefo n = efJe<ece ⇒ −2 (a 2

+ b 2 )( x 2 + y 2 ) = −2 ( ax + by )
= cos θ {Ùeefo n = mece hegve: oesveeW he#eeW keâe Jeie& keâjves hej
Z=2 100 0
cos 240 + i 2 100
sin 240 0
(a 2
+ b 2 )( x 2 + y 2 ) = ( ax + by )
2
Re(z) 2100 cos2400 a 2 x 2 + a 2 y 2 + b 2 x 2 + b 2 y 2 = a 2 x 2 + b 2 y 2 + 2abxy

∴ =
Im(z) 2100 sin 2400
⇒ a 2 y 2 + b 2 x 2 = abxy + abxy
( ) (
= cot 2400 = cot 1800 + 600 = cot 600 = ) 1
3
Ùen leYeer mebYeJe nw peye a 2 y 2 = abxy leLee b 2 x 2 = abxy
a b Z  Z 
197. Ùeefo (x+iy)1/3 = a + ib. leye
x y
+ keâe ceeve nesiee– ay = bx ⇒ = ⇒ Re  1  = Im  1 
a b x y  Z2   Z2 
2 2 2 2
(a) 4(a + b ) (b) 4(a –b ) 199. (1+i) =(1–i) kesâ efueS n keâe vÙetvelece Oeveelcekeâ hetCeeËkeâ nw
3n 3n
(c) 4(b2– a2) (d) FveceW mes keâesF& veneR (a) 2 (b) 4
TGT 2009 (c) 5 (d) 6
Ans : (b) Ùeefo (x+iy) = a + ib 1/3
TGT 2009
⇒ (x + iy) = (a + ib)3 Ans : (b) (1+i)3n = (1–i)3n
= a3 + (ib)3 + 3a2(ib) + 3a(ib)2 (1 + i ) =1 ⇒  (1 + i)(1 + i)  =1
3n 3n
= a3 – ib3 + i 3a2b – 3 ab2 ⇒  

(1 − i)3n  (1 − i)(1 + i) 
= (a3–3ab2) + i(3a2b – b3)
3n
oesveeW he#eeW ceW JeemleefJekeâ leLee keâeuheefvekeâ Yeeie keâes Deueie keâjves hej 1 + i 2 + 2i   2i 
3n
3 2 2 3 ⇒   = 1 ⇒   =1
x = a – 3ab y = 3a b–b  1+1  2
x y ( − )+( − )
3 2 2 3
a 3ab 3a b b ⇒ (i) = 1 ⇒ n = 4 (efJekeâuhe mes)
3n
Deye, + =
a b a b ∵ (i)3×4 = i12
= a – 3b + 3a – b ⇒ 4(a – b )
2 2 2 2 2 2
= (i2')6 = (–1)6 =1
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200. ( 3 + ω + 3ω ) 2 4
keâe ceeve nw– Ans : (c) Principal argument of –1–i
−1 π π
(a) 16ω (b) 16ω2 ∴ = tan α ⇒ tan α = 1 = tan ⇒ α =
(c) ω (d) FveceW mes keâesF& veneR −1 4 4
TGT 2009 ∴Principal argument –π mes π kesâ yeerÛe neslee nw~
Ans : (a) i.e. −π < θ ≤ π
( 3 + ω+ 3ω ) = 3 (1 + ω ) + ω efyevog le=leerÙe ÛelegLeeËMe ceW nQ Dele:
4
2 4 2
 π 3π
∵1+ ω+ ω2 = 0  Principal Argument = −  π −  = −
= [ −3ω+ ω] = [ −2ω]
4 4
   4 4
⇒1 + ω = − ω 
2
204. ceevee ω ≠ 1 FkeâeF& Ievecetue nw~ leye n Jen keâewve mee

= 16ω4 ⇒ 16.ω3.ω {∵ ω3 = 1}
vÙetvelece Oeveelcekeâ hetCeeËkeâ nesiee efpemekesâ efueS (1+ ω2)n
= 16ω
= (1+ ω4)n kesâ nes peeÙe–
201. Ùeefo z Skeâ meefcceße mebKÙee nw pees Fme Øekeâej nes efkeâ
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 5 (d) 6
z -i
= 1, leye z efmLele nesiee : TGT 2004
z+i
Ans : (b) ω ≠ 1 leLee Ùen F&keâeF& Ievecetue nw~
(a) Skeâ mejue jsKee hej (b) Skeâ oerIe&Jeòe hej
∴ω = 1 Deewj 1 + ω + ω2 = 0
3
(c) Skeâ Je=òe hej (d) Skeâ DeeflehejJeueÙe hej
peye n=3 efueÙee peeÙesiee leye (1 + ω2 ) = (1 + ω4 ) yejeyej nesiee~
3 3
TGT 2004
Ans : (a) efoÙee nw z = x + iy
z−i x + iy − i x + i ( y − 1)
( )
∴ (1 + ω4 )3 = 1 + ω4 (1 + ω8 + 2ω4 ) = 1 + ω12 + 3ω4 + 3ω8
∴ = ⇒ =1 = 2 + 3ω + 3ω 2
z+i x + iy + i x + i ( y + 1)
(1 + ω ) = (1 + ω )(1 + ω )
3
2 2 4
x + i ( y − 1) + 2ω2 = 1 + ω6 + 3ω4 + 3ω2
=1
x + i ( y + 1) = 2 + 3ω + 3ω 2
( ) = (1 + ω )
n n
⇒ x 2 + ( y − 1) = x 2 + ( y + 1)
2 2
∴ 1 + ω2 4
when n = 3
⇒ x 2 + ( y − 1) = x 2 + ( y + 1)
2 2
1 3
205. ceevee ω=− +i leye meejefCekeâ
⇒ y2 + 1 − 2y = y 2 + 1 + 2y 2 2
1 1 1
⇒ 4y = 0 ⇒ y = 0 pees efkeâ Skeâ mejue jsKee nw
1 −1 − ω 2
ω2 keâe ceeve nesiee–
202. Imaginary root of a polynomial equation 2 4
always occur in pairs when the coefficients of 1 ω ω
the equation are : (a) 3ω (b) 3ω (ω – 1)
efkeâmeer yengheo meceerkeâjCe ceW ncesMee keâeuheefvekeâ cetue Ùegice (c) 3ω2 (d) 3ω (1 – ω)
(pair) ceW Øeehle nesles nw peye meceerkeâjCe keâe iegCeebkeâ nes : TGT 2004
(a) complex/meefcceße (b) real/JeemleefJekeâ
1 3 2 1 3
(c) rational/heefjcesÙe (d) irrational/DeheefjcesÙe Ans : (b) efoÙee nw ω = − + i ,ω = − − i Deewj
2 2 2 2
TGT 2004
1 + ω + ω2 = 0 Deewj ω3 = 1
Ans : (b) peye meceerkeâjCe keâe iegCeebkeâ JeemleefJekeâ neslee nw leye
1 1 1 1 1 1
meceerkeâjCe mes Øeehle keâeuheefvekeâ cetue Ùegice ceW Øeehle nesles nQ~
203. The principal argument of the complex number 1 −1 − ω2 ω2 = 1 ω ω2 c1 → c1 + c 2 + c3
–1 –i is/meefceße mebKÙee –1 –i keâe cegKÙe Deeiet&cesvš 1 ω2 ω4 1 ω2 ω
(Principal argument) keäÙee nesiee–
3 1 1 3 1 1
3π 5π 2 2
(a) (b) 1+ ω + ω ω ω = 0 ω ω2
4 4
3π 5π 1 + ω + ω2 ω2 ω 0 ω2 ω
(c) − (d) −
4 4
TGT 2004
{ }
= 3 ω2 − ω4 − 0 + 0 = 3 ω2 − ω = 3ω ( ω − 1) ( )
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Ans. (b) : 1/2 [1–cos 2x cosh (2y)]
2. Hyperbolic and We know cos2 (x + iy) = 1–2 sin2 (x + iy)
Logarithmic Function of 1 – cos 2 ( x + iy )
= sin2 (x+iy) =
2
a Complex Variable 1
⇒ sin 2 ( x + iy ) = 1 – cos 2x cosh ( 2y ) + i sin 2x sinh ( 2y ) 
2
206. If sin (θ + iφ) = tanα + i secα then cos 2θ cosh 1 – cos 2x cosh ( 2y )
2φ is equal to – Hence, real part of sin2(x + iy) =
2
Ùeefo sin (θ + iφ) = tanα + i secα lees cos 2θ cosh
2φ keâe ceeve yejeyej nw– 209. For all x ∈ ( )
–1,1 ,tan h –1
x is equal to
(a) 3 (b) 2 (c) 6 (d) 4 meYeer x ∈ ( –1,1) kesâ efueÙes tan h –1 x yejeyej nw
Ans. (a) : 3
UP PGT 2021
(
(a) log x + x 2 + 1 ) (
(b) log x – x 2 + 1 )
sin (θ + iφ) = tan α + i sec α 1 1+ x 1 x +1
sin θ cosh (φ) + i cos θ sinh (φ) = tan α + i secα (c) log (d) log
2 1– x 2 x –1
On comparing real and imaginary parts, we have
UP TGT 2021
sinθ cosh(φ) = tanα
cos θ sinh (φ) = sec α Ans. (c) : ceevee tan h −1
x = y
2 2
Squaring both sides, subtracting and using (sec α – tan e y − e− y
α = 1) give ⇒ x = tan hy = y
e + e− y
[cos θ sinh (φ)]2 – [sinθ cosh (φ)]2 = 1
2 2 2 1
cos θ sinh2 (φ) – sin θ cosh (φ) = 1 ey − y  2y
e e −1 
or ⇒x = =  2y 
ey + y  e + 1 
1
 cos 2θ + 1   –1 + cosh ( 2φ )   1 – cos 2θ   cosh ( 2φ ) + 1 
  –   =1 e
 2  2   2  2 
x(e + 1) = e 2y − 1
2y
or – cos2θ + cos2θ cosh (2φ) – 1 + cosh (2φ) – cosh
(2φ) –1 + cos2θ cosh (2φ) + cos 2θ = 4 xe 2 y + x = e 2 y − 1
or 2cos2θ cosh(2φ) –2 = 4 xe 2 y − e 2 y = −1 − x
or cos2θ cosh (2φ) = 3
e 2 y (x − 1) = −(1 + x)
207. If x = log (secθ + tanθ), then cosh x is equal to–
Ùeefo x = log (secθ + tanθ) lees cosh x keâe ceeve nw– −e 2 y (1 − x) = −(1 + x)
(a) tan θ (b) cos θ e 2 y (1 − x) = (1 + x)
(c) sin θ (d) sec θ
 1+ x 
UP PGT 2021 e =  1 − x 
2y
 
Ans. (d) : sec θ
 1+ x 
Given x = loge (secθ + tanθ) 2y log e = log  
x –x
⇒ e = sec θ + tan θ and e = secθ – tanθ 1− x 
e x + e –x 1  1+ x 
Now, cosh (x) = y = log  
2 2 1− x 
sec θ + tan θ + sec θ – tan θ 210. sinh(x + iy) is equal to–
= = sec θ
2 sinh(x + iy) yejeyej nw–
2
208. Real part of sin (x + iy) is – (a) sinx coshy + i coshx siny
sin2 (x + iy) keâe JeemleefJekeâ Yeeie nw– (b) sinhx cosy + i coshx siny
1 (c) sinx coshy – i coshx siny
(a) [1 + cos 2 x cosh 2y] (d) sinx coshy – i coshx siny
2
1 UP PGT 2021
(b) [1 – cos 2 x cosh 2y ]
2 Ans. (b) : sinh (x+iy) = sinh(x) cos(y) + i cosh (x)
1 sin(y)
(c) [1 + sin 2 x sinh 2y ] Using the definition of the hyperbolic sine in terms of
2
exponential we have
1
(d) [1 – sin 2 x cosh 2y ] e x + iy – e – x –iy
2 sinh(x+iy) =
UP PGT 2021 2

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2e x +iy – 2e – x –iy
sinx coshy
Ans. (a) : e [cos (cosx sinhy)]
= sin(x+iy) (sinx coshy + i cosx sinhy)
4 e =e
=
( ) ( )
2e x +iy + e x –iy – e – x +iy – e x –iy – e – x + iy – 2e – x –iy =e
sinx coshy
sinx coshy
.e
i cosx sinhy
4 =e [cos(cos x sin hy) + i sin (cosx sinhy)]

sinx coshy sinx coshy
= =e .[cos (cosx sinhy)] + i e [sin(cosx
 ex +iy + e x –iy – e – x –iy – e – x +iy   e x +iy – ex –iy + e – x +iy – e – x –iy  sinhy)]
 +  Thus, real part of e
sin(x+iy)
is e
sinx coshy
[cos(cosx sinhy)]
 4   4 
213. Which of the following option is correct?
 e x – e –x   eiy + e –iy   e x + e –x   eiy – e –iy 
=   + i   efvecve ceW mes keâewve-mee efJekeâuhe mener nw?
 2  2   2  2i  3tan h x
= sinh (x) cos (y) + i cosh (x) sin (y) (a) tan h 3x =
1 + 3tan h 2 x
211. If tan (θ + i φ) = cos α + i sin α, then the value 3tan h x
of θ is (b) tan h 3x =
1 − 3tan h 2 x
Ùeefo tan (θ + i φ) = cos α + i sin α, lees θ keâe ceeve
nw- 3tan h x − tan h 3 x
(c) tan h 3x =
1 − 3tan h 2 x
nπ π nπ π
(a) − (b) +
2 4 4 2 3tan h x + tan h 3 x
(d) tan h 3x =
nπ π nπ π 1 + 3tan h 2 x
(c) − (d) +
4 4 2 4 UK SSSC LT 2020
UPPSC GIC 2021 sin h 3x
Ans. (d) : tan h 3x =
nπ π cos h3x
Ans. (d) : +
2 4
3sin h x + 4sin h 3 x
We have, =
4cos h 3 x − 3cos h x
tan ( θ + iφ ) = cos α + isin α
(3sin h x + 4sin h x )  cos h x 
1
then tan ( θ – iφ ) = cos α – isin α 3
3
=  
Now. tan 2θ = tan{( θ + iφ ) + ( θ – iφ )}
( 4 cos h 3 x − 3cos h x )  cos h 3 x 
 1
tan ( θ + iφ ) + tan ( θ – iφ )  
=
1 – tan ( θ + iφ ) tan ( θ – iφ ) 3 tan h x
+ 4 tan h 3 x
cos α + isin α + cos α – isin α cos h 2 x
= =
1 – ( cos α + isin α )( cos α – isin α ) 4−
3cos h x
cos h 3 x
2cos α
=
1 – ( cos 2 α + sin 2 α ) =
3tan h x sec h 2 x + 4 tan h 3 x
4 − 3sec h 2 x
=∞
π  3tan h x (1 − tan h 2 x ) + 4 tan h 3 x
= tan  + nπ  =
2  4 − 3 (1 − tan h 2 x )
π 3tan h x − 3tan h 3 x + 4 tan h 3 x
⇒ 2θ = nπ + : n ∈ Z =
2 4 − 3 + 3tan h 2 x
nπ π
⇒θ= + :n∈Z 3tan h x + tan h 3 x
2 4 =
sin(x+iy) 1 + 3tan h 2 x
212. The real part of e is
e
sin(x+iy)
keâe JeemleefJekeâ Yeeie nw– 214. Consider the following statements –
sinx coshy efvecveefueefKele keâLeveeW hej efJeÛeej keâerefpeS :
(a) e [cos(cos x sinh y)]
sinx coshy d
(b) e [sin(cos x sinh y)] I: sech x= sech x tanh x
(c) e
cosx sinhy
[cos(cos x sinh y)] dx
(d) e
cosx sinhy
[sin(cos x sinh y)] d 1
II : sinh–1 x =
UP PGT 2021 dx x2 + 1

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efvecveefueefKele ceW keâewve mee/mes melÙe nw? ex + e − x dy
(a) only I/kesâJeue I 216. If y = then is equal to–
x −x dx
e −e
(b) only II/kesâJeue II
ex + e − x dy
(c) I and II both/ I Deewj II oesveeW Ùeefo y = nw, lees Fmekesâ yejeyej nw–
x −x dx
(d) neither I nor II/ve lees I vee ner II e −e
UP PGT 2021 (a) sec h 2 x (b) cos h 2 x
Ans. (b) : Only II (c) − sec h 2 x (d) − cosec h 2 x
d
dx
( sec h ( x ) ) = – sec h ( x ) tanh ( x ) DSSB TGT (SECTION-B) 28 DEC 2014
Ans. (d) :
d 1 1 ex + e− x
& sinh –1 ( x ) = = Let y=
dx 1 + sinh ( arcsinh ( x ) )
2
1 + x2 ex − e− x
215. If cos(x+iy) = cosα + isinα, then the value of ex + e− x
cos hx =
(cosh2y + cos2x) is? 2
Ùeefo cos(x+i) = cosα + isinα, lees (cosh2y + cos2x) e x − e− x
keâe ceeve nw? sin hx =
2
(a) 1 (b) 2
= cot hx
(c) –2 (d) 2
differentiating it w.r.t. x, we, get
LT 2018
dy
Ans : (b) cosec h 2 x
dx
cos ( x + iy ) = cos α + isin α
217. If f(x) = cos hx + sin hx, then which one of the
then following is correct?/ Ùeefo f(x) = cos hx + sin hx,
[ cosh 2y + cos 2x ] = ? lees efvecveefueefKele ceW mes keâewve mee Skeâ mener nw?
we get, (a) f(x) f(y) = f(x)+f(y) (b) f(x) f(y) = f(xy)
cos ( x + iy ) = cos α + isin α x
(c) f(x) f(y) = f(x+y) f (x)f (y) = f  
(d)
cos x cos iy − sin x sin iy = cos α + isin α  y
cosiy = cosh y  UP TGT-2016 (08-03-2019)
We know that  
sin iy = isinh y  Ans : (c) f(x) = cos hx + sin hx
compairing real any imagencry port f(y) = cos hy + sin hy
cos α = cos x cos hy .......... (i) f(x) f(y) = (cos hx +sin hx) (cos hy +sin hy)
sin α = –sinx sin hy .......... (ii) =cos hx cos hy+sin hx cos hy+coshx sinhy+sinhx sinhy
= cos h ( x+y) + sin h (x+y)
cos 2 α + sin 2 α = ( − sin x sinh y ) + ( cos x cos h y )
2 2
= f(x+y)
= sin 2 x sinh 2 y + cos 2 x cosh 2 y f(x) f(y) = f(x+y)
= sin 2 x sinh 2 y + cosh 2 y − sin 2 x cosh 2 y 218. Which one of the following is correct?
efvecveefueefKele ceW mes keâewve Skeâ mener nw?
(
= cosh 2 y − sin 2 x cosh 2 y − sinh 2 y )
(a) sinh −1 x = isin −1 (ix)
∴ ( cosh 2 2
y − sinh y = 1 )
2
1 = cosh y − sin x 2
......... (iii)
(b) cosh −1 x = log x + 1 − x 2( )
(c) cosh −1 x = i cos −1 ( ix )
cosh 2y + cos 2x = cosh 2 y + sinh 2 y + cos 2 x − sin 2 x
tanh −1 x = i tan −1 ( ix )
( ) (
= cosh 2 y + cosh 2 y − 1 + 1 − sin 2 x − sin 2 x ) (d)
UP PGT-2016 (02-02-2019)
= 2cosh 2 y − 2sin 2 x + 1 − 1
Ans : (d) (a) sinh −1 x = isin −1 (ix) incorrect
= 2  cosh 2 y − sin 2 x 
sinh −1 x = −isin −1 (ix) correct
( )
Then
cosh 2y + cos 2x = 2 (b) cosh −1 x = log x + 1 − x 2 incorrect

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(
cosh −1 x = log x + x 2 − 1 correct ) 220. sin h–1(cot x) is equal to/sin h–1(cot x) yejeyej
(a) log ( cos x + sin x ) (b)
nw
log ( cos x − sin x )
(c) cosh −1 x = i cos −1 ( ix ) incorrect (c) log ( cot x + cosec x ) (d) log ( tan x + cot x )
−1
cosh x = −i cos ( ix ) correct
−1
UP PGT-2016 (02-02-2019)
(d) tanh −1 x = i tan −1 ( ix ) correct −1
(
Ans : (c) Formula, sinh (x) = log x + 1 + x 2 )
x−i x−i then sinh −1 (cot x)
219. Value of i log is/ i log keâe ceeve nw
x+i x+i
π = log  cot x + 1 + cot 2 x 
(a) π + 2 tan x −1
(b) + 2 tan −1 x  
2 sinh −1 ( cot x ) = log [ cot x + cos ecx ]
π
(c) − 2 tan −1 x (d) π − 2 tan x −1
221. If sin (x+iy) = p+iq, then q=
2
Ùeefo sin (x+iy) = p+iq leye q=
UP PGT-2016 (02-02-2019)
(a) sinx cosy (b) cosx siny
x −i (c) sinx coshy (d) cosx sinhy
Ans : (d) i log 
 x + i  PGT 2011
  Ans : (d) ∵ sin (x+iy) = p+iq
⇒

i log 
( x − i )2

⇒ sinx. cosiy + cosx. sin iy = p+iq
2

 ( x2 + 1 
) But cosiy = coshy and siniy = isinhy
⇒ sin x.coshy + icosx.sinhy = p+iq
 comparing both the sides, we get
 
2
x i
i log  −   q = cos x.sinh y
 x 2 + 1 x 2
+ 1  
  222. log (1+i) is equal to :/log (1+i) yejeyej nw-
1 π 1
(a) log 2 (b) + log 2
2 4 2
1 π
(c) log 2 + i (d) None of these
2 4
PGT 2011
x −1
in ∆ABC cos θ = , sin θ = Ans : (c) Since log z = log | z | +i arg(z)
2
x +1 x2 +1 1
∴ log(1 + i) = log 12 + 12 + i tan −1
i log ( cos θ + isin θ ) 
2
⇒ 1
 
π
= log 2 + i
eiθ = cos θ + isin θ 4
π
⇒ ( )
i log e2θi
1
log(1 + i) = log 2 + i
2 4
⇒ i2θi log e 223. The value of log (–3) is :/log (–3) keâe ceeve nw
⇒ –2θ (a) log3 + πi (b) log3 − πi
then in∆ABC (c) log3 + 2πi (d) log 3 − 2πi
 −1 
tan θ =   PGT 2011
 x  Ans : (a) log ( −3) = log ( −3 + 0.i )
 −1 
θ = tan −1  
( −3)2 + 02 + i tan −1 
0 
 x  ⇒ log ( −3 + 0i ) = log 
 −3 
 −1 
Now ⇒ −2 tan −1   = log 9 + iπ
 x 
log ( −3) = log 3 + iπ
1
= 2 tan −1   = 2cot −1 x
x 224. tan −1 ( x + h ) = tan −1 x + ( h sin Z )
π 
= 2  − tan −1 x  = π − 2 tan −1 x sinZ
+ ( h sin Z )
2 sin2 Z
+
 2  1 2
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sin3 Z 228. sinh–1 (cot θ) is equal to:/sinh–1 (cot θ) yejeyej nw–
+ ( h sin Z )
3
+ ............ peyeefkeâ
3 (a) log (cot θ+cosec θ) (b) log (cot θ–cosec θ)
(a) Z = tan–1x (b) Z = Cos–1x (c) log (cosθ+sinθ) (d) log (cos θ–sinθ)
(c) Z = Cos–1x (d) FveceW mes keâesF& veneR PGT 2005
PGT 2013 Ans : (a) Let sinh −1 ( cot θ ) = y ⇒ cot θ = sinh y
Ans : (d)
2
⇒ e y − e − y = 2cot θ ⇒ e 2y − 2 cot θe y − 1 = 0
tan −1 ( x + h ) = tan −1 x +
h xh
− + ........ e y = cot θ + cos ecθ ⇒ y = log(cot θ + cos ecθ)
(
1 + x2 1 + x2 2
) π θ
229. If u = log tan  +  , then cos h u =
  1  4 2
225. sech −1   yejeyej nw:
2 (a) sec θ (b) sin θ
(a) log 3 ± 2 ( ) (b) log 3 ± 1 ( ) (c) cosθ (d) None of these
PGT 2002
(c) log 2 ± 3 ( ) (d) FveceW mes keâesF& veneR
Ans : (a) u = log tan  + 
π θ
PGT 2013  4 2
1 + 1 − x 2  π θ
⇒ tan  +  = e u
Ans : (d) sech ( x ) = log 
−1
  4 2
x
  θ
1 + tan
 2 
⇒ 2 = eu
1 + 1 −  1   θ
leye 1  2  1 − tan
sech −1   = log   2
2  1 
  θ
2 1 − tan
  2 = e− u
and
  θ
3 1 + tan
1 +  2
= log  2
 {
= log 2 + 3 }  θ 
2
θ
2
 1  1 + tan  +  1 − tan 
 2  u
e +e −u 
=
2  2
∴
226. cosh ( α + i β ) keâe keâeuheefvekeâ Yeeie nesiee? 2  2 θ 
2 1 − tan 
(a) cosh α cos β (b) sin h α sinβ  2
θ θ θ θ
(c) − sin h α sinβ (d) −cos h α cos β 1 + tan 2 + 2 tan + 1 + tan 2 − 2 tan
2 2 2 2
PGT 2013 cosh u =  θ  θ
2  1 − tan 1 + tan 
Ans : (b) cos h (α +iβ ) = cos i (α + i β )  2  2
= cos ( i α − β )  θ  θ
2 1 + tan 2  1 − tan 2 
= cos i α cos β + sin i α sinβ 
=  
2 2
cos θ = θ 
cos h α cosβ +i sin h α sin β  θ   2 
2  1 − tan  2
1 + tan
 2  2 
Dele: keâeuheefvekeâ Yeeie sinh α sinβ
1
227. 2–i kesâ cegKÙe ceeve keâe JeemleefJekeâ Yeeie nesiee? =
cos θ
 1 
(a) sin(log 2) (b) cos   cosh u = sec θ
 log 2 
  230. Which one of the following functions is not
(c) cos (log 2) (d) cos (sin 2) differentiable at any point of its domain?
PGT 2013 ef vecve heâueveeWs ceW mes keâewve Skeâ heâueve Deheves Øeevle kesâ
Ans : (c) 2−i = ( 2 + 0.i )
−i efkeâmeer Yeer efyevog hej DeJekeâueveerÙe veneR nw?
(a) f (z) = ez (b) g(z) = z
∵ ( 2 + 0.i )−i = e−i log( 2+0.i ) = e−i log 2
z2
= cos(log 2) − isin(log 2) (c) h(z) = sin z (d) φ(z) =
1− z
JeemleefJekeâ Yeeie = cos(log 2) Rajasthan TGT 2011
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Ans : (b) exponential function and trigonometrical ⇒ ea .eib = sin x cos(iy) + cos x sin(iy)
function are continuous and differentiable in
ea (cos b + isin b) = sin x cos h y + i cos x sin h y
its domain
∵ e = cos θ + isin θ 
iθ
so f (z) = e z and h(z) = sin z are
 
differentiable to its domain cos iy = cos h y & sin(iy) = isin h y 
And algebraic function always continuous ea cos b + iea sin b = sin x cos h y + i cos x sin h y
2
φ(z) = z
(1 − z)
oesveeW he#ees ceWs JeemleefJekeâ leLee keâeuheefvekeâ YeeieeW keâer leguevee keâjves hej-
ea cos b = sin x cos hy ..............(ii)
z2 ea sin b = cos x sin hy
> 0 ⇒ z 2 (1 − z) > 0 ..............(iii)
1− z meceerkeâjCe (iii) ceW meceer0 (ii) mes Yeeie osves hej
z 2 (z 1) 0 a
e sin b cos x sin hy
=
ea cos b sin x cos hy
tan b = cot x tan hy
domain of φ(z), z ∈ R − {1}
φ(z), is differentiable in domain b = tan −1 (cot x tan hy)
φ(z) = z is not diffentiable in its domain 234. sinh -1 3 keâe ceeve nw

{ } { }
–1
231. cos h x = (a) log 3 + 10 (b) log 3 − 2 2
(a) –i sin–1(ix) (b) –i tan–1(ix)
(c) –icos–1(ix) (d) cos–1(ix) (c) log {3 + 2 2 } (d) FveceW mes keâesF& veneR
Jharkhand TGT 2017
TGT 2011
Ans : (c) cos h–1x = –icos–1(ix)
232. The complex number z satisfying z2+z-2=2
constitute a/z2+z-2=2 keâes mebleg° keâjves Jeeueer meefcceßele
Ans : (a) ∵ sin h −1x = log x + x 2 + 1 { }
mebKÙee z efkeâme keâe efvecee&Ce keâjleer nw?
(a) Hyperbola/DeeflehejJeueÙe(b) Ellipse/oerIe&Je=òe
∴ {
sin h −1 3 = log 3 + 32 + 1 }
(c) Parabola/hejJeueÙe (d) Circle/Je=òe ⇒ (
sinh −1 3 = log 3 + 9 + 1 )
3 = log {3 + 10 }
Jharkhand TGT 2017
sin h −1
Ans : (a) z2 +z-2 = 2
2 235. The solution of the equation cos z = 2, where
1  1
⇒ z2 + −2 = 0 ⇒ z −  = 0 z=x+iy is/meceerkeâjCe cos z=2 peneB z=x+iy keâe nue nw
z2  z
1 1 (a) z=2nπ ∓ i log(2+ 3 ) (b) z=2nπ±i log(1+ 3 )
Possible only when, z − = 0 ⇒ z =
z z (c) z=2nπ±i log(2– 3 ) (d) z=2nπ±i log(1– 3 )
z = 1 ⇒ ( x + iy ) = 1 UP PCS (Pre) 1994
2 2
n
Ans. (c) : The solution of the equ
x2 – y2 + 2 ixy = 1 + i0
cosz =2 ⇒ cos (x+iy) =2
Comparing real and imaginary part from both the side
then cos xcosiy–sinx siniy= 2
So, x2 – y2 = 1 and xy = 0
cos x cosh y–i sin x sinh y = 2
xy = 0 (not possible)
So, x2 – y2 = 1 is represent equation of hyperbola cos x cosh y = 2
233. log sin (x + iy) keâe keâeuheefvekeâ Yeeie nesiee: i sinx sinh y = 0
(a) tan–1(cot x cot hy) (b) tan–1 (tan x tan hy) So that z= 2nπ±i log 2 − 3 ( )
(c) tan–1 (cot x tan hy) (d) tan–1 (tan x cot hy)
TGT 2013 ∂x ∂y
Ans : (c) ceevee log sin(x + iy) = a + ib − (i) ∂r ∂r
236. Ùeefo x = r cos θ , y = r sin θ lees nw–
∂x ∂y
∴ log sin(x + iy) = a + ib
∂θ ∂θ
peneB a JeemleefJekeâ leLee b keâeuheefvekeâ Yeeie nw~
1 1
a + ib ∵ log e x = b  (a) r (b) (c) 2r (d)
⇒ e = sin(x + iy)   r 2r
⇒ e = x 
b
UP PCS (Pre) 1994

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Ans. (a) : x = r cos θ, y = r sin θ 239. cosh 2 z − sinh 2 z keâe ceeve–
∂x ∂y (a) cosh(2z) (b) 1 (c) sinh(2z) (d) 0
∂r ∂r cos θ + sin θ TGT 2013
=
∂x ∂y − r sin θ r cos θ Ans : (b)
∂θ ∂θ cos h 2 z − sin h 2 z {Ùen hyperbolic functions keâe formula nw}
= r cos 2 θ + r sin 2 θ = r(cos 2 θ + sin 2 θ) = r ez + e− z e z − e− z
cosh z = , sin h z =
237. If (1 + i tanα)1+itanβ has real values only, then 2 2
one of them is given by: cosh 2 z − sinh 2 z = ( cos h z + sin h z )( cos h z − sin hz )
Ùeefo (1 + i tanα)1+itanβ kesâ ceeve kesâJeue JeemleefJekeâ neW,  ez + e−z ez − e− z  ez + e− z e z − e− z 
lees GveceW mes Skeâ efvecve Éeje efoÙee peelee nw– ⇒  + 

− 
 2 2  2 2 
2
α
(a) (sec β)sec (b) (sec α )sec β
2e z 2e− z
sec2 β ⇒ × = e z × e − z ⇒ e − z + z = e0 = 1
(c) (sec α ) (d) None of these 2 2
UP PCS (Pre) 1996 240. sin (x+iy) keâe JeemleefJekeâ Yeeie nw
Ans : (c) (1 i tan ) 1+ i tan β
e (1+ i tan β ) log(1+ i tan β ) (a) sin x (b) cos y
(c) sin x cos hy (d) sin x sin hy
(1+ i tan β ) 2 −1 tan α TGT 2010
e [log 1 tan i tan
1 Ans : (c) sin (x+iy) = sin x cos (iy) + cos x sin (iy)
e(1+ i tan β ) [log sec i ] = sin x coshy + icos x sin hy
2 ∵ cos(iy ) = cos h y
elog sec α + iα + i(log sec α ) tan β+ i α tan β  
 sin(iy) = i sinh y 
elog sec α −α tan β+ i( α + (log sec α ) tan β
∴ sin( x + iy) keâe JeemleefJekeâ Yeeie (Real part) = sin x coshy.
meceerkeâjCe ces keâeuheefvekeâ ceeve MetvÙe nw lees
α + tan β.logsec α = 0 keâeuheefvekeâ Yeeie =cos x.sin hy
241. sin hx keâe DeeJele&keâeue nw–
α = − tan β.log sec α.................(i)
(a) 2πi (b) –2πi
JeemleefJekeâ ceeve keâs efueS– (c) 2π (d) FveceW mes keâesF& veneR
(1 + i tan α )(1+ tan β ) = elog sec α −α tan β TGT 2009
log sec α+ tan 2 β log sec α
=e meceerkeâjCe (1) mes Ans : (a) sin hx = sin h (2πi + x)
log sec α (1+ tan 2 β ) log sec α .(sec2 β ) e x + 2 πi − e − ( x + 2 πi)
=e =e =
sec2 β 2
2
= elog(sec α ) = (sec α )sec β e .e − e − x .e −2 πi e x − e − x
x 2 πi
= = = sin hx
π π 2 2
238. Ùeefo Zr = cos + i sin , lees Z1.Z2.Z3....∞ yejeyej nw
2r 2r ∵e2 πi = cos 2π + isin 2π =1
 −2 πi
1 1 e = cos 2π − isin 2π =1
(a) –1 (b) 1 (c) – (d)
2 2 Dele: sin hx keâe DeeJele&keâeue 2πi nesiee~
UP PCS (Pre) 2003
π π
Ans. (a) : Zr = cos r + i sin r , ⇒ Z1 ⋅ Z2 ⋅ Z3 ........∞
3. Analytic Functions and
2 2 Power Series
π π π π ∞
cos + i sin . cos 2 + i sin 2 ................. zn
2 2 2 2 242. Series ∑nn =1
converges for-
π iπ π π  ∞ n
i  + +........... z
=e
i
2 .e 22 ................ =e  2 22  ßesCeer ∑ n DeefYemeejer nw-
n =1
 1 

iπ 2 
 (a) every z on z = 1 /ØelÙeskeâ z, z = 1 kesâ
efueS
1 1   1− 1 
iπ + 2 +...∞ 
=e 2 2 
=e  2
=e iπ
(b) every z on z = 1except z = 1 /z=1 keâes Úes[
Ì keâj,
= cos π + isin π = −1 z = 1 hej meYeer z, kesâ efueS

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(c) every z on z = 1except z = 1 and z= –1 / z=1 Proof- Suppose that z0 ∈ Ω is a limit point for the
Deewj z= –1 kesâ Deefleefjòeâ hej meYeer z kesâ efueS sequence {w k }∞k =1 and that f(wk) = 0. First, we show that
f is identically zero in a small disc containing z0.
UPPSC Polytechnic Lecturer 2021 (I) Choose a disc D centered at z and contained in Ω, and
0
∞
zn consider the power series expansion of f in that disc
Ans. (b) : Given ∑ . The ratio test for each n ∈ ℕ ∞
n =1 n
∑a (z − z )
n
f(z) = n 0
a n +1 1/ n + 1 n =0
gives that = → 1as n → ∞ .
an 1/ n If f is not identically zero, there exists a smallest integer
m such that am ≠ 0. But then we can write
So, the series converges for z < 1 and diverges for
f(z) = am(z–z0)m.(1+ g(z–z0))
z > 1. Now for z= –1 we have alternating series where g(z–z0) converges to 0 as z→z0. Taking z = wk ≠
z0 for a sequence of points converging to z0, we get a
( –1)
∞ n
∑
n =1 n
which converges using Leibnitz's test and for contradiction since am(wk – z0)m ≠ 0 and 1+g(wk – z0) ≠
0, but f(wk) = 0.
∞
1
z=1 we have harmonic series ∑ n which diverges.
n =1
Let U denote the interior of the set of points where f(z)
= 0 Then U is open by definition and non-empty. The
∞
zn set U is also closed since if zn∈ U and zn→z, then f(z) =
Hence ∑ converges for every z, on z ≤ 1 except
n =1 n 0 by continuity, and f vanishes in a neighborhood of z
z=1. by the argument above. Hence z∈U. Now if we let V
243. Every single valued differentiable function f(z) denote the complement of U in Ω, we conclude that U
of complex variable z, in a domain D, satisfy
and V are both open , disjoint, and
meefcceße Ûej z keâe ØelÙeskeâ Skeâue ceeve DeJekeâueveerÙe
Ω = U ∪ V.
heâueve f(z) (Skeâ Øe#es$e ceW) mebleg° keâjlee nwsince Ω is connected we conclude that either U or V is
Laplace's equation/ueehueeme meceerkeâjCe
(a) empty.
Legendre's equation /uesiesv[^ meceerkeâjCe
(b) Since z0 ∈ U, we find that U = Ω and the proof is
Laguerr's equation/uesiesj meceerkeâjCe
(c) complete.
Liouvile's equation/efueDeesefJeues meceerkeâjCe
(d) A complex number z0 is a zero for the holomorphic
UP Higher Asst. Prof. 2021 function if f(z0) = 0. In particular, above theorem
Ans. (a) : Laplace's equation (analytic continuation) shows that the zeros of a non-
Let f(z) = u(x, y) + iv(x, y); ∀z = x + iy ∈ D ⊆ C be a trivial holomorphic function are isolated.
single valued function of complex variable z. If f(z) is
∑
∞
245. The radius of convergence of an z n is R,
differentiable function then u and v satisfy Cauchy - n=1
Riemann equations i.e. then the sum function of it f(z) is analytic in the
ux = vy and vx = –uy region-
Ùeefo ∑ n=1 an z n keâer DeefYemeeefjkeâ ef$epÙee R nes, lees
∞
where subscripts denote partial derivative.
Now we have uxx = vyx and vxy = –uyy (partially
differentiating) Fmekeâe Ùeesie heâueve f(z) efkeâme #es$e ceW JewMuesef<ekeâ nesiee-
⇒ Laplace's equation ; uxx + uyy = 0 is satisfied. (a) z > R (b) z ≥ R
244. Zeros of an analytic function f(z) are (c) z < R (d) z ≤ R
Skeâ JewMuessef<ekeâ heâueve kesâ MetvÙekeâ nesles nw -
(a) Simple zeros/meeOeejCe MetvÙekeâ
∞
(b) Isolated singularities /efJeÙegòeâ efJeefÛe$elee Ans. (c) : The power series f ( z ) = ∑ a n z n defines a
(c) non-isolated singularities /DeefJeÙegòeâ efJeefÛe$elee n =0
holomorphic function in its disc of convergence z < R .

(d) isolated /efJeÙegòeâ
UP Higher Asst. Prof. 2021 The derivative of f is also a power series obtained by
differentiating term by term the series for f that is
Ans. (d) : isolated ∞
Theorem- Suppose f is a holomorphic function in a f '(z) = ∑ na n z n –1
region Ω that vanishes on a sequence of distinct points n =0
with a limit point in Ω. Then f is identically 0. Moreover, f' has the same radius of convergence as f.

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N N
Let R denote the radius of convergence of f and
∑ an ( Z + h ) – ∑ a n z on
n
o
suppose z° < r < R . Write
N
n =0 n =0
– ∑ n a n z nn –1 < ε
N ∞
h n =0
f (z) = ∑ a n z n + ∑ a n zn
n =0 n = N +1
Simply because the derivative of a polynomial is
Then if h is chosen so that z° + h < r we have obtained by differentiating it term by therm. Therefore,
f (z o + h) – f (z o ) N
f (z° + h) – f (z° ) ∞
– ∑ na n z n –1 – ∑ n a n z on 01 < 3ε
h h n =0
n =0
whenever h < δ .
 N N

 ∑ a n ( zo + h ) – ∑ a n z o N
n n
 Moreover, f' has the same radius of convergence as f i.e,
=  n =0 n =0
– ∑ n a n z on –1  z < ℝ. We have
 h n =0 
  1 1
  lim sup a n n = lim sup n a n h
∞
 N 
+  ∑ n a n z on –1 – ∑ n a n z on–1  1
 n =0 n =0  because lim n n = 1 .So that

n →∞
∑a n z n and ∑ n a n z n
∞ ∞
 
 ∑ a n ( zo + h ) – ∑ a n zo
n n
 have the same radius of convergence, and hance so do
+ n = N +1 n = N +1

 h  ∑a z n
n
and ∑na z n
n –1
.
 
 
246. The Taylor series expansion for the function
Since z
f(z) = 2 around z = 0is -
a – b = ( a – b ) ( a + a b + ... + ab + b ) , we see
n n n –1 n –2 n–2 n –1
z +1
z
that heâueve f(z) = 2 keâe z = 0 kesâ heefjle: šsuej ßesCeer
N N
z +1
∑ a n ( z o + h ) – ∑ a n z on
n
Øemeej nw-
n =0 n = N +1 (a) z + z3 + z5 + ... (b) z – z3 + z5 – ...
h
z 3 z5 z 3 z5
(c) z + + + ... (d) z – + – ...
3! 5! 3! 5!
( o ) o ≤
n
∞
z + h – z n ∞
≤ ∑ an ∑ a n nr n –1
n = N +1 h n = N +1 Ans. (b) : Using the geometric series we have
∞
= ∑ ( –z 2 ) = 1 – z 2 + z 4 – z 6 + ...
1 1 n
Therefore, given ∈> o we can find N1 so that N>N1 =
1 + z 1 – ( –z ) n =0
2 2
implies
N N Putting it all together, we get
∑ a n ( z o + h ) – ∑ a n z on
n
z
f (z) = = z – z 3 + z 5 – z 7 + ...
n =0 n = N +1
<ε 1 + z2
h
247. The minimum value of 27 tan2 θ + 3 cot2 θ is:
27 tan2 θ + 3 cot2 θ keâe vÙetvelece ceeve nw:
because of absolute convergenes of
∞
(a) 9 (b) 18
∑ n a n z , z o < r and z o + n < r . Also, since
n–1 (c) 27 (d) 30
n =0 Haryana PGT 2020
N ∞ Ans. (b) : By Arithmetic- Mean and Geometric-mean
lim ∑ n a n z on –1 = ∑ n a n z on –1 , inequality we have
N →∞
n =0 n =0
27 tan 2 θ + 3cot 2 θ
we can find N2 so that N>N2 implies. ≥ 27 tan 2 θ.3cot 2 θ
2
N ∞
∑ n a z
n o
n –1
– ∑ n a n z on–1 < ε ⇒ 27 tan2θ + 3cot2θ ≥ 2.9 = 18
n =0 n =0 ∴ Minimum value of 27 tan2θ + 3 cot2θ is 18.
If we fix N so that both N>N1 and N>N2 hold, then we 248. The nature of singularity of the function tan (1/z):
can find δ > 0 so that h < δ implies (a) z = 0 is a non –isolated essential singularity
(b) z = 0 is an isolated singularity
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(c) z = 0 is an isolated essential singularity
∵ z2 + 1 ≠ 0
(d) z = 0 is a removable singularity
∵ z − 2 = 0 and z − 1 = 0
NVS PGT 10-06-2019
π ⇒ z = 2 and z = 1
Ans : (a) Since tan z has poles at z = + kπ for every
2 Here at point |z| = 2 and |z| = 1, function not
integer k. defined so at point |z| = 2 and |z| = 1, function not
continuous.
1
Hence tan   has a pole at every point |z| = 1 is include th inside the circle |z| = 2 and
z |z| = 2 is include the outside the circle |z| = 1 so, clearly
1 π 2 that function is, continuous for all point at outside of
where = + kπ ⇔ z=
z 2 π (1 + 2k ) circle |z| = 2
as k → ∞, we get sequence of poles tending to z=0  u ( x, y ) + iv ( x, y ) , for z ≠ 0

251. If f ( z ) = 
So, by definition z=0 is not an isolated singularity.  0 , for z = 0
2
249. The function f (x) = z / heâueve f (x) = z
2 x3 − y 3 x3 + y 3
where u ( x, y ) = , v ( x, y ) =
x2 + y 2 x2 + y 2
(a) Everywhere analytic/meYeer efyevogDeeW hej efJeMuesef<ekeâ nw
f ( z ) − f (0)
(b) Nowhere analytic/ keâneR Yeer efJeMuesef<ekeâ veneR nw then lim the value of along y=x,
z →0 z−0
(c) Analytic only at z=0/ kesâJeue z=0 hej efJeMuesef<ekeâ nw
will be
(d) Analytic only at z= +i/kesâJeue z=1+i hej efJeMuesef<ekeâ nw
 u ( x,y ) + iv ( x, y ) , z ≠ 0 hej
Rajasthan TGT 2011 Ùeefo f ( z ) =  peneB
 0 , z = 0 hej
2
Ans : (b) Which the function f (z) = z x3 − y 3 x3 + y 3
u ( x, y ) = , v ( x, y ) = , lees keâe
 z − z along x − axis x2 + y 2 x2 + y 2
Then f ′(x) =  0 0
 z0 − z0 along y − axis ceeve, y=x kesâ efueS nesiee
This ⇒ f (z) is not differentiable at z = 0 but it 1− i
(a) 1-i (b)
is not analytic there as there exist no nighbourhood of 2
1+ i
∫
1
z = 0 where (z) dz is exist (c) 1+i (d)
2
250. For which one of the following conditions the LT 2018
z2 + 1  u ( x, y ) + iv ( x, y ) , for z ≠ 0
function f (z) = is continuous for all Ans : (d) If f ( z ) = 
z 2 − 3z + 2  0 , for z = 0
z?/
x 3 − y3 x 3 + y3
efvecve ØeefyeyebOeeW ceW mes efkeâme Skeâ kesâ efueS heâueve where u ( x, y ) = , v ( x, y ) = then
x 2 + y2 x 2 + y2
2
z +1 f (z ) − f (0)
f (z) =
2
kesâ meYeer ceeveeW kesâ efueS meblele nw? lim the value of along y=x, will be
z − 3z + 2 z →0 z−0
(a) Inside the circle |z| = 2/Je=òe |z| = 2 kesâDevoj x 3 − y3 + ix 3 + iy3
(b) Inside the circle |z–1| = 2/Je=òe |z–1|=2 kesâ Devoj f (z) =
x 2 + y2
(c) Outside the circle |z| = 2/Je=òe |z| = 2kesâ yeenj
f (z) − f (0) x 3 − x 3 + ix 3 + ix 3
(d) Outside the circle|z| = 1/Je=òe |z| = 1kesâ yeenj lim = lim 2
Rajasthan TGT 2011
z →0 z (
z →0 x + x 2 ( x + ix )
)
z2 + 1 2ix 3
Ans : (c) f (z) = = lim
z 2 − 3z + 2 z →0 2x 3 (1 + i )
for continuity, critical point i
= lim
2 2
(z + 1)(z − 3z + 2) = 0 z→0 (1 + i )
2
(z 2 + 1)( z − 2 z − z + 2) = 0 i (1 − i ) i +1 i +1
= lim
= lim =
z →0 2 z →0 2 2
(z 2 + 1)( z − 2)( z − 1) = 0 Hence the option (d) is correct.

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2 1
(a) (b)
4. Complex Integration, 3 3
Cauchy's Theorem and (c)
1
(d)
1
2 6
Calculus of Residue UPPSC GDC 2021
252. In the Laurent series expansion of the function e z sinh z

Ans. (a) : Given f(z) =
1 1 z4
f(z) = – , valid in the region |z| > 2,
ez ( e − e )
z −z
z –1 z – 2  ez − e− z 
1 = × ∵sinh z = 
the coefficient of 2 is z4 2  2 
z
1 1 1 e2z − 1
heâueve f(z) = – , kesâ ueejeB ßesCeer Øemeej ceW, =
z –1 z – 2 2 z4
1  ( 2z ) ( 2z ) 
2 3
1
pees #es$e |z| > 2 ceW ceevÙe nw, 2 keâe iegCeebkeâ nw = 4
1 + 2z + + + ..... − 1
z 2z  2! 3! 
(a) 0 (b) 1
1 1 21
(c) – 1 (d) 2 = + + + ........
UPPSC GDC 2021 z3 z 2 3 z
1 1 1
Ans. (c) : Given f(z) = – , |z| > 2 ...(i) Now residue at z = 0 is coefficient of in Laurent
z −1 z−2 z
f(z) can also be written as series expansion of f(z) about z = 0
1 1 1 1
f(z) =
 1 
−
 2
254. The value of the integral
2πi ∫ z =1
z 3cos dz is
z
z 1 −  z 1 −  equal to
 z  z
1 1
1 1 1
−1
 2
−1
∫ z 3cos dz keâe ceeve yejeyej nw-
⇒ f(z) = 1 −  − 1 −  2πi z
z =1
....(ii)
z z z  z (a) 0
1 1 (b) 1
∵ | z | >2 ⇒ < <1
z 2 1
(c) –
2 6
and <1 1
z (d)
24
1 1 1 1 
2 3
⇒ f(z) = 1 + +   +   + ......  UPPSC Polytechnic Lecturer 2021 (I)

z  z  z   z  
 Ans. (d) : We have that
1 2 2 2
2 3
 1
f (z) = z 3 cos  
– 1 + +   +   + ......  z
z z z z  has an isolated singularity at z=0. Using the Taylor
1 1 1 1  1
⇒ f(z) =  + 2 + 3 + 4 + ....  series for cos   we get
z z z z  z
 1 2 ( 2 )2 ( 2 )3   2 4

–  + 2 + 3 + 4 + ....  1 1 1 1 1
z z  z 3 cos   = z 3 1 –   +   + ... 
z z z  
   2!  z  4!  z  
1 3 7 1 11
⇒ f(z) = – − − − ...... = z3 – z + + .......
z 2 z3 z 4 2! 4! z
1 which gives that residue of f at z = 0 i.e.
∴ Coefficient of 2 is –1
z  1  1
Res  z 3 cos   ;0  = 2πi  
z
e sinhz    
z  4! 
253. For f (z) = , the residue at z = 0 is
z4 and hence
e z sinhz 1 1 1 1 1
2πi ∫ z =1
f (z) = kesâ efueÙes, z = 0 hej DeJeMes<e nw z 3 cos   dz = 2πi   =
z4  
z 2 πi  4!  24

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1   z2 z4 
sinz   z2 z4 
2
255. The residue of the function f(z)= at the
zcosz = 3 1 +  – + ...  +  – + ...  + ... 

z   3! 5!   3! 5!  
π  
pole z= is -
2 1  1 z 
= 3 + – + ...  + ...
sinz π z  3!z 5! 
heâueve f(z)= keâe OeÇgJe z= hej DeJeMes<e nw-
zcosz 2 which gives that for z ≠ 0 , residue of f at z=0 i.e.
(a) 0 (b) 1  1  1 1
Res  2 ;0  = =
2 π  z sin z  3! 6
(c) – (d)
π 2 257. Consider the following statements-efvecveefueefKele
keâLeveeW hej efJeÛeej keâerefpeS-
sin z
Ans. (c) : We have that f ( z ) = has a simple pole ez ez
z cos z I. f(z) = 2 is memorphic in C/ f(z) = 2 , C ceW
z z
at z= π / 2 . Then residue of f at z= π / 2 i.e.
Dehe™he nw~
 sin z π   π  sin z
Res  f ( z ) = ;  = lim  z –  1
 z cos z 2 π
 z→ 2  2  z cos z II. f(z)=(z2–4)–1 sin is memorphic in C then/
z
sin z + ( z – π / 2 ) cos z 2 1
= lim =– f(z)=(z –4) sin , C ceW Dehe™he nw leye-
2 –1
z →π / 2 cos z – zsin z π z
1 (a) I and II both are true/ I SJeb II oesveeW mener nQ
256. Consider the function f(z)= 2 . Which of
z sinz (b) I and II both are false/ I SJeb II oesveeW ieuele nQ
the following is correct? (c) I is true but II is false/ I mener nw uesefkeâve II ieuele nw
heâueve f(z)= 2
1
hej efJeÛeej keâerefpeS~ efvecveefueefKele (d) II is true but I is false/ II mener nw uesefkeâve I ieuele nw
z sinz UPPSC Polytechnic Lecturer 2021 (I)
ceW mes keâewve mener nw? Ans. (c) : A function f on an open set Ω is meromorphic
(a) f has pole of order 1 at z = 0 if there exists a sequence of points {z0,z1,z2,...} that has
z = 0hej f keâe 1 ›eâce keâe OeÇgJe nw no limit points in Ω, and such that the function f is
(b) f has pole of order 2 at z = 0 holomorphic in Ω–{z0,z1,z2,...} and f has poles at the
z = 0 hej f keâe 2 ›eâce keâe OeÇgJe nw points {z0,z1,z2,...}.
ez
(c) The residue of f at z = 0 is
1 I. f ( z ) = is meromorphic in ℂ because f(z) has a
3 z2
pole of order 2 at z=0 and f(z) is holomorphic every
1
z = 0 hej f keâe DeJeMes<e nw~ where except z=0.
3
1
II.f(z)= ( z 2 – 4 ) sin   is not meromorphic
–1
1 in ℂ
(d) The residue of f at z = 0 is z
6
1
1 because sin   has essential singualrity at z=0.
z = 0 hej f keâe DeJeMes<e nw~ z
6
UPPSC Polytechnic Lecturer 2021 (I) 258. The principal part of the Laurent series of
1
1 f(z) = in the annulus
Ans. (d) : We have f ( z ) = z(z – 1)(z – 2)
z 2 sin z
z3 {z : 0 < z < 1} is -
Now lim = 1 then, 0 is the pole of order 3.
2
z →0 z sin z
JeueÙe {z : 0 < z < 1} ceW heâueve
z 3 z5 1
Now as sinz = z – + + ... f(z) = keâe ueewjeb ßesCeer ceW cegKÙe Yeeie
3! 5! z(z – 1)(z – 2)
–1
1 1  z2 z4  1 1
we get 2
= 3 
1 – + – ...  (a) – (b)
z sin z z  3! 5!  z z
–1 1 1
1   z2 z4  (c) – (d)
= 3 1 –  – + ...   2z 2z
z   3! 5!  UPPSC Polytechnic Lecturer 2021 (I)
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1 M
Ans. (d) :The function f ( z ) = is analytic (a) f (n ) (a) ≤ n!
z ( z – 1)( z – 2 ) rn
in ℂ \ {0,1,2} and using partial fraction we get M
(b) f (n ) (a) ≥ n! n
1 1 1 1 r
f (z) = = + – M
z(z – 1)(z – 2) 2z 1 – z  z (c) f (n ) (a) = n! n
4 1 – 
 2 r
–1 (d) None of the above/GheÙeg&òeâ ceW mes keâesF& veneR
1 1 z
f (z) = + (1 – z ) – 1 – 
–1
⇒ UPPSC Polytechnic Lecturer 2021 (I)
2z 4 2
Ans. (a) : Cauchy's Inequality: If f(z) is analytic in an
1  z z2 
+ (1 + 2 + z + ...) –  1 + + + ... 
1
= 2 open set that contains the closure of a disc D centered at
2z 4 2 4  zo and of radius r, then
Hence the principal part of the Laurent series of f(z) is Mn!
1 f n ( z o ) ≤ n ;n = 1, 2,...
. r
2z where M denotes the supermum of f on the boundary
259. Let C be a circle z = that is oriented in the circle C i.e. f ( z ) ≤ M on C.
3
2
counter clockwise direction. The value of 'a' for Proof: By the generalized Cauchy integral formula we
have
 z +1 a 
which ∫  2 +  dz = 0 is- n! f (z)

C z – 3z + 2 z –1 f n ( zo ) = ∫ dz.
3 2πi ( z – z o )n +1
C
ceeve ueerefpeS z = Skeâ Je=òe nw, pees JeeceeJele& efoMee ceW

2 Hence, we get
nw~ 'a' keâe ceeve, efpemekesâ efueS n! f (z)
 z +1 a  f n ( zo ) ≤ ∫ dz
2π z – z o n +1
∫C  z 2 – 3z + 2 + z – 1 dz = 0 nw- C
n!M
πr n +1 ∫C
(a) 1 (b) –1 ≤ dz
(c) 2 (d) –2 2
UPPSC Polytechnic Lecturer 2021 (I) n!M Mn!
n +1 (
= 2πr ) = n
Ans. (c) :The residue formula gives us that for C, the 2πr r
circle z = 3/ 2 1
261. The coefficient of in the Laurent's series
 z –1
z +1 a 
∫c  ( z – 2 )( z – 1) + ( z – 1)  dz ez
  expansion of about z=1 is-
( z – 1)
2
 z +1 a  N
= ∫  + 
 = 2 πi ∑ res zk f ez
 ( z – 2 )( z – 1) ( z – 1)  kesâ z=1 kesâ heefjle: ueewjeb ßesCeer Øemeej ceW
c
k =1
( z – 1)
2
which gives that for the simple pole at z=1
 z +1 a  1
keâe iegCeebkeâ nw-
∫c  ( z – 2 )( z – 1) + z – 1  dz = 2πi ( resz=1f ) z –1
 
(a) 1 (b) e

= 2πi  lim
( z – 1)( z + 1) + lim ( z – 1) a  1
z →1 ( z – 2 )( z – 1)

z →1 ( z – 1) 
(c) (d) 0
  e
= 2πi (–2+a) UPPSC Polytechnic Lecturer 2021 (I)
 z +1  Ans. (b) : We have
Now if ∫  dz = 0 then we have
C (z – 2)(z – 1)  ez e z–1
  =e
2πi ( –2 + a ) = 0 ⇒ a = 2 ( z – 1) ( z – 1)
2 2
( z – 1) ]
∞ n
260. If f(z) is analytic in circle C : z – a < r and if e
2 ∑
=
f(z) ≤ M on C, then- ( z – 1) n =0 n!
Ùeefo C : z – a < r Je=òe kesâ Devoj JewMuesef<ekeâ nw Deewj C ( z – 1)

∞ n–2
= e∑
hej f(z) ≤ M nw, lees- n =0 n!

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 ∞ ( z – 1) n 1 1  Ans. (a) : We have, for a and b real with a > b that
= e ∑ + + 2
 n =0 ( n + 2 )! z – 1 ( z – 1)  2π dθ 2π
∫ 0 a + b cos θ
=
a – b2
2
1
Hence the coefficient of in the Laurent's series
z –1 So,
ez 2π dθ 2π 2π
expansion of about z=1 is e. ∫ 3 + 2cos θ
= =
( z – 1)
0
2 9–4 5
264. The order of a canonical product P(z) is equal
z2
262. If C is the unit circle z = 1 , ∫ dz to-
( )(
C 2z + 1 z + 2
) kesâveesefvekeâue (canonical) iegCeveheâue P(z) keâer keâesefš
is equal to- yejeyej nw
Ùeefo C FkeâeF& Je=òe z = 1 nes leye (a) convergence exponent of its zeros
z2 Fmekesâ cetueeW kesâ DeefYemeejer Ieeleebkeâ kesâ
∫ ( 2z + 1)( z + 2 ) dz yejeyej nesiee-
C (b) convergence exponent of its poles
Fmekesâ OeÇgJeeW kesâ DeefYemeejer Ieeleebkeâ kesâ
(a) 4 πi (b) 8πi
(c) 1 always/meowJe 1 kesâ
πi πi
(c) (d) (d) None of these/GheÙeg&òeâ ceW mes keâesF& veneR
6 12
UPPSC Polytechnic Lecturer 2021 (I) UPPSC Polytechnic Lecturer 2021 (I)
Ans. (c) : We have that if f is holomorphic in an open Ans. (a) : The order of a canonical product is equal to
set containing a circle C and its interior, except for the exponent of convergence of its zeros.
poles at the points z1, z2, ..., zn inside C. Then 265. A function f(z) has no singularity in the finite
part of the plane but has a pole of order m at
∫c f ( z ) dz = 2πi(sum of residues of f at z1 , z 2 ,..., z n ) infinity. then ,
Now efkeâmeer meceleue kesâ heefjefcele Yeeie ceW Skeâ heâueve f(z) keâer
z2 1 z2 keâesF& efJeefÛe$elee veneR nesleer nw efkeâvleg Devevle hej m keâesefš
∫c ( 2z + 1)( z + 2 ) 2 ∫c  1 
dz = dz
keâe Skeâ Devevlekeâ nes lees,
 z +  ( z + 2)
 2 (a) f(z) is a polynomial of degree m.
where C is the unit circle, z = 1 and so, z = –1/2 and z= f(z), m Ieele keâe Skeâ yengheo nw~
–2 are two simple poles of f(z). (b) f(z) has zero of order m.
Now because z= –2 lies outside the unit circle so it does f(z), keâe MetvÙe m keâesefš keâe nw~
not contribute to the integral and thus we have (c) f(z) has singularity.
1 z2 1 1  f(z) efJeefÛe$elee jKelee nw ~
2 ∫c 
dz =  2πi(residue of f at z = – ) 
1 2 2  (d) None of these/FveceW mes keâesF& venerb~
 z +  ( z + 2)
 2  UP Higher Asst. Prof. 2021
  1 z2  Ans. (a) : f(z) is a polynomial of degree m.
= πi  lim  z +  

z → –1/ 2
 2  ( z + 1/ 2 )( z + 2 )  If f is entire then f has a pole of order m at infinity if
and only if the function g defined on C\{0} by g(z) =
1
1
4 πi f   has a pole of order m at 0 i.e. there exists an entire
= πi = z
( –1/ 2 + 2 ) 6 function h such that
2π dθ 1 h(z)
263. The value of the integral ∫0 3 + 2cosθ
is- f   = g(z) = m and h(0) ≠ 0.
z z
2π dθ
meceekeâue ∫0 3 + 2cosθ
keâe ceeve nw- 1
h 
f ( z ) = − m  ≤ M z whenever z ≥ 1
z m
2π π Now
(a) (b) z
5 5
π
(c) (d) None of these where M = max h ( z )
2 5 z ≤1
UPPSC Polytechnic Lecturer 2021 (I) Now if r > 1 and k > m, then with γ(t) = reit we have
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k! f ( w ) heefjjsKeerÙe meceekeâue (keâvotj meceekeâue)
f k (0) =
2πi ∫γ w k +1
dw
∞ log (1 + x 2
) dx
∫ (1 + x ) keâe ceeve neslee nw -
f ( re ) ire dt
0 2
it
k! 2π
= ∫
it
(a) πlog2
2πi 0
( re )
it k +1 (b) –πlog2
π π
(c) log 2 (d) − log 2
f ( reit ) dt
k! 2 π
≤
2πr k ∫0
2 2
2π max f ( reit )
k!
≤ Ans. (a) : πlog2
2πr k 0≤ t ≤ 2 π
k! Mk!
≤ 2πMr m = k − m
2πr k
r
Since k > m it follows by letting r → ∞ that fk(0) = 0.
Summarizing that if k > m then fk(0) = 0. This implies log (1 + x 2 )
∞
that the power series representation of f at 0 is in fact a Here ∫ (1 + x )
0 2
dx
polynomial with degree ≤ m. Now the degree equals m
follows from that h(0) ≠ 0. log ( z + i )
zdz consider ∫ dz = ∫ f ( z ) dz
1 + z2
266. Value of integral ∫c ( g − z 2 ) ( z + i ) , where C is C C
where C is the contour consisting of a large semi-circle

the circle (Using Cauchy's integral γ of radius R in the upper half of the plane and the part
z =2
formula) equals to , of the real axis from x = –R to x = R
zdz By residue theorem, we get
meceekeâue ∫ keâe ceeve, peneB efkeâ C Je=òe
c (g − z )(z + i) ∫ f ( z ) dz = ∫ f ( x ) dx + ∫ f ( z ) dz = 2πi∑ R
R
2 +
−R
C γ
z =2 nw, (keâe@Meer meceekeâue met$e Éeje) yejeyej nesiee - iθ
Let z = Re , we get
(a) π/2 (b) π/3
π log ( Reiθ + i ) .Rieiθ
(c) π/5 (d) π/7 ∫ f ( z ) dz ≤ ∫
γ
0 1 + R 2 .e2iθ
dθ
Ans. (c) : π/5  i 
log Reiθ + log 1 + iθ 
Given ∫
zdz
; C is the circle z = 2 . ≤∫
π
 Re  Rdθ
C (9 − z )( z + i ) R 2 −1
2 0
Cauchy integral formula : ∵ R 2 e 2iθ + 1 = R 2 e 2iθ − ( −1) ≥ R 2 .e 2iθ − −1 = R 2 − 1

 
1 f (z)
π  R ( log R + θ )
2πi ∫C z − a
f(a) = dz for any point a ∈ D. R  i 
≤∫  + 2 log 1 + e − iθ   dθ
0
 R −1
2
R −1  R 
So, we have
1 zdz z → 0 as R → ∞
; f (z) =
2πi ∫C ( 9 − z 2 ) ( z + i )
f(–i) =
( z2 )
9 − Now since lim
R log R
R →∞ R 2 − 1
= lim
log R R 2
. =0
R →∞ R R 2 −1
−2πi 2 zdz
⇒ =∫ R i
(9 − ( −i ) )2
C( 9 − z 2
)(z + i) and lim 2
R →∞ R − 1
log(1 + e − iθ ) = 0
R
zdz π Hence when R→ ∞, we get
⇒ ∫ (9 − z )( z + i) = 5 ∞
∫ f ( x ) dx = 2πi∑ R
2 +
C .
−∞
Note : There is a typographical error in question, it Now f(z) has a simple pole at z = +i and a logarithmic
should be 9 in place of g. singularity at z = –i of which z = i lies inside C.
∞ log (1 + x 2 ) Residue of f(z)(at z = i)
267. Contour integration ∫ (1 + x ) 2
dx gives log ( z + i ) log 2i 1  iπ 
= lim ( z − i )
0
= = log 2 + 
value equals to,
z →i ( z + i )( z − i ) 2i 2i  2

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log ( x + i )
∞  iπ  Ans. (b) : Constant.
Therefore ∫ x +1
2
−∞
dx = π  log 2 + 
 2 Liouville's Theorem- Let f be an entire function that is
bounded then f is a constant function.
Equating real parts, we have
Proof :f is bounded i.e. there is a real number M ≥ 0
1 log (1 + x )
2
such that f ( z ) ≤ M for all z belonging to domain of f.
∞
∫−∞ 2 1 + x 2 dx = π log 2
Let a, b∈C. Consider γ(0,R) for a large R. By Cauchy
∞ log (1 + x 2 ) Integral formula, we have
Hence ∫0 1+ x2
dx = π log 2
1 f (z) 1 f (z)
268. Value of integration ∫
2π
e cos θ
.cos ( sin θ − nθ ) dθ =
f (a ) − f (b) =
γ ∫
2πi ( ) z − a
0,R
dz −
2πi ( ) z − b
γ 0,R ∫ dz
0
2π assuming a, b is in interior of γ(0,R). We have
meceekeâueve keâe ceeve - ∫0 ecos θ .cos ( sin θ − nθ ) dθ =
z − a ≥ R − a ; ∀z ∈ γ ( 0,R )
*
(a) 2πi/n (b) 2π / n

z − b ≥ R − b ; ∀z ∈ γ ( 0,R )
*
(c) 2π /n (d) 2πni
UP Higher Asst. Prof. 2021 1 f ( z )( a − b )
Ans. (b) :
2π
Now, f ( a ) − f ( b ) = ∫
2πi γ( 0,R ) ( z − a )( z − b )
dz
n!
1 f (z) a − b
∫
2π
ecos θ cos ( sin θ − nθ ) dθ ≤
Consider I = ∫ 0 2π γ( 0,R ) z − a z − b
dz
2π
= Real part of ∫ ecos θ .e −( nθ−sin θ)i dθ 1 1
2π
0 ≤
2π
M a−b ∫(γ 0,R ) z − a z − b
dz
=Real part of ∫ ecos θ+isin θ .e − nθi dθ
1 1
∫
0
≤ M a−b dz
=Real part of ∫ e .e
0
2π
e iθ − nθi
dθ 2π ( R − a )( R − b ) γ( 0,R )
1 ez 1 1
= M a −b 2πR
i ∫c z n +1 ( )( R − b )
= Real part of dz 2π R − a
1 1
= M a−b
i ∫c
= Real part of f (z)dz ; c = unit circle  a
1 −  ( R − b )
Clearly f(z) has a pole of order (n+1) at the origin  R
The residue of (z) at the origin 1
∴ f (a ) − f (b) ≤ M a − b
1  dn z   a
= .e
n!  dz n  z =0 1 −  ( R − b )
 R 
1  a
=
n! As R →∞ 1 −  → 1& ( R − b ) → ∞
 R
1 1 2π
Hence I = 2πi. . = So f ( a ) − f ( b ) becomes arbitrarily small & hence
i n! n!
Equating real and imaginary parts f(a) = f(b) i.e. f is a constant function.
2π 2π 270. Let G be a connected open set and let : G → f
∫0 e
cos θ
cos ( sin θ − nθ ) dθ =
n! be analytic. Then which of the following is not
2π an equivalent statements:
∫0 e sin ( n θ − sinθ ) dθ = 0
cos θ
and
(a) {z∈G: f (z) = 0 } has limit point in G
269. If an entire function is bounded then it is (b) there is a point a in G such that fn(a) = 0 for each
Ùeefo meJe&$e JewMuewef<ekeâ heâueve heefjyeæ neslee nw, leye n ≥ 0;
(a) f ( z ) ≥ M (c) f ≡0
(d) R > 0 is arbitrary, radius of convergence is
(b) Constant / efveÙeleebkeâ infinite
(c) Analytic/ JewMuesef<ekeâ DSSSB TGT 04-09-2021 Shift-I (Male)
(d) None of these/ FveceW mes keâesF& veneR Ans. (d) : Let G be a connected open set and let
UP Higher Asst. Prof. 2021 f : G → C be an analytic function. Then the following
UPPSC Polytechnic Lecturer 2021 (I) are equivalent statements:
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(i) f ≡ 0 ∂u 1 ∂v ∂u ∂v
(a) =− , = −r
∂r r ∂θ ∂θ ∂r
(ii) there is a point a in G such that f n
( a ) = 0 for each
∂u 1 ∂v ∂u ∂v
n ≥ 0; (b) = , =r
∂r r ∂r ∂θ ∂r
(iii) {z ∈ G : f ( z ) = 0} has a limit point in G. ∂u 1 ∂θ ∂u ∂v
(c) =− , =r
∂r r ∂v ∂θ ∂r
271. Find the residues of a function: f (z) = [ 1 ÷ {(z–
∂u 1 ∂v ∂u ∂v
2)(z+1)3}] (d) = , = −r
∂r r ∂θ ∂θ ∂r
(a) (1÷27)&(–1÷125) (b) (1÷27)&(–1÷27)
UK SSSC LT 2020
(c) (1÷27)&(1÷125) (d) (1÷125)&(–1÷125)
Ans. (d) : Cauchy Riemann equations in polar
coordinates r, θ defined by x = r cosθ, y=r sinθ and thus
1
Ans. (b) : Given f (z) = has a simple y
r = x 2 + y 2 , tanθ = for f(z) = u (x, y) + iv (x, y) is
( z − 2 )( z + 1)3 x
pole at z = 2 and a pole of third order at z = –1 ∂u 1 ∂v 1 ∂u −∂v
= & =
1 1 1 ∂r r ∂θ r ∂θ ∂r
Res
z=2 = lim ( z − 2 ) =
( z − 2 )( z + 1) 3 z → 2
( z − 2 )( z + 1) 27
3
274. Singularity of f (z) = sin
1
at z = 1 is:
and 1− z
1 1
Res z = 1 hej f (z) = sin keâer efJeefÛe$eleeSB nQ:
z =−1 1− z
( z − 2 )( z + 1)3
(a) isolated singularity/efJeueie efJeefÛe$elee
 d 2   
=
1
lim  2 ( z + 1)
3 1
 (b) essential singularity /DeefveJeeÙe& efJeefÛe$elee
2! z→−1  dz

 ( z − 2 )( z + 1)3   (c) isolated essential singularity/efJeueie DeefveJeeÙe& efJeefÛe$elee
(d) non-isolated essential singularity /DeefJeueie
1  2 
= lim   DeefveJeeÙe& efJeefÛe$elee
2! z →−1  ( z − 2 )3 
  KVS PGT 23-12-2018
1 1
=− Ans : (c) Singularity of f (z) = sin at z = 1 is
27 1− z
272. What is the analytic region of f (z) = (x- isolated essential singularity.
y)2+2i(x+y) ? π dθ
(a) x+y = 2 (b) x+y = -2 275. ∫ is equal to (where a<1)
0 1 − 2a cos θ + a 2
(c) x-y = -1 (d) x-y = 1
π 1
DSSSB TGT 04-09-2021 Shift-I (Male) (a) (b)
1− a 2
2
Ans. (d) : Given f(z) = (x – y) + 2i(x + y) 1− a
∴ u ( x, y ) = ( x − y ) & v ( x, y ) = 2 ( x + y )
2 π
(c) (d) 0
2
∂u ∂u 1− a
∴ = 2 ( x − y ) and = −2 ( x − y ) PGT 2003
∂x ∂y
π dθ π
∂v ∂v Ans : (c) ÛetBefkeâ ∫0 = 2 neslee nw
& = 2 and =2 a + b cos θ a − b2
∂x ∂y
π dθ π
Now, if f(z) is analytic on a region then Cauchy - leye ∫ =
Riemann equations are satisfied. 0(1+ a )
2 − 2a cos θ
(1 + a )
2 2
− 4a 2
∂u ∂v
Hence, = ⇒ ( x − y ) = 1 and π π
∂x ∂y = =
1 + a − 2a
4 2
1 − a2
∂v ∂u
=− ⇒ ( x − y) = 1 1
∂z ∂z
∂x ∂y 276. If z = sin −1
(x 2
)
2 5
+ y , then x
∂x
+y
∂y
is equal to
∴ Region of analyticity must satisfy (x – y ) = 1
1
∂z ∂z
273. Polar form of Cauchy Riemann condition is: Ùeefo z = sin−1 ( x2 + y2 ) 5 , lees x +y yejeyej nw
keâeBÛeer-efjcee@ve meceerkeâjCe keâe OeÇgJeerÙe ™he nw: ∂x ∂y

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(a)
1
sin z (b)
2
tan z (iii) sin iθ = isin h θ
5 5 (iv) cot iθ = −i cot h θ
2
(c) sin z (d) tan z but cot i θ = i cot h θ is not correct.
5
UP PGT-2016 (02-02-2019) 279. If esin( x + iy ) = A + iB, where A and B are real,
1 1
A 2 + B 2 is equal to /Ùeefo e (
sin x + iy )
(
Ans : (b) z = sin −1 x 2 + y 2 ) 5
(
⇒ sin z = x 2 + y2 ) 5 then =A+iB,
Euler's theorem peneB A Deewj B JeemleefJekeâ nw, lees A 2 + B 2 yejeyej nw

∂u ∂u (a) esin x cosh y (b) esinh x cos y
x +y = nu
∂x ∂y
(c) esinh x cosh y (d) esin x cos y
∂ ∂ 2
⇒ x sin z + y sin z = sin z UP PGT-2016 (02-02-2019)
∂z ∂z 5
Ans : (a) e ( ) = A + iB
sin x +iy
......... (i)
 ∂z ∂z  2
⇒ cos z  x + y  = sin z
e ( ) = A − iB
sin x −iy
........... (ii)
 ∂ x ∂y 5
∂z ∂z 2 sin z Formula sin ( A ± B ) = sin A cos B ± cos A sin B
⇒ x +y =
∂x ∂y 5 cos z equ (i) × (ii)
x
∂z ∂z 2
+ y = tan z ( A + iB )( A − iB ) = esin( x +iy )+sin( x −iy )
∂x ∂y 5
A 2 + B2 = e (
2 sin x cosh y )
∂z ∂z ∂z
277. If z=f(x–y, y–t, t–x), then + + is equal to A 2 + B2 = esin x cosh y
∂x ∂y ∂t
∂z ∂z ∂z 280. 2sinh ( x + y ) cosh ( x − y ) is equal to
Ùeefo z=f(x–y, y–t, t–x), lees + + yejeyej nw
∂x ∂y ∂t 2sinh ( x + y ) cosh ( x − y ) yejeyej nw
(a) x+y+t (b) x+y+y+1
(a) sin 2x + sin 2y (b) sin 2x + sinh 2y
(c) 1 (d) 0
UP PGT-2016 (02-02-2019) (c) sinh 2x + sinh 2y (d) sinh 2x + sin 2y
Ans : (d) z=f(x–y, y–t, t–x) UP PGT-2016 (02-02-2019)
∂z
then = f (1,0, −1) ............ (i) Ans : (c) 2sinh(x + y)cosh(x − y)
∂x
Formula- 2sin A cos B = Sin (A+B) +sin (A–B)
∂z
= f (−1,1,0) ............ (ii) then sin h (x+y+x–y) +sin h (x+y–x+y)
∂y
sin h (2x) +sin h (2y)
∂z
= f (0, −1,1) ............. (iii) = sin h 2x +sin h 2y
∂t
equn (i)+(ii)+(iii) x3 + y 3 ∂u ∂u
281. If u = log , then the value of x + y is
x+y ∂x ∂y
∂z ∂z ∂z
+ + = f {(1 − 1 + 0),(0 + 1 − 1), (−1 + 0 + 1)} x3 + y 3 ∂u ∂u
∂x ∂y ∂t Ùeefo u = log , leye x +y keâe ceeve nw
x+y ∂x ∂y
∂z ∂z ∂z (a) u (b) 2 (c) 0 (d) u+1
+ + =0
∂x ∂y ∂t LT 2018
278. Which one of the following is not correct? Ans : (b) Given,
efvecveefueefKele ceW mes keâewve Skeâ mener veneR nw? x 3 + y3
u = log
(a) tan i θ=i tan h θ (b) cos i θ = cos h θ x+y
(c) cot i θ= i cos h θ (d) sin i θ= i sin h θ
x 3 + y3 ∂u ∂u
UP PGT-2016 (02-02-2019) Then, eu = , x +y =?
Ans : (c) Formula x+y ∂x ∂y
Correct (i) tan iθ = i tan h θ ∂u ∂u
Euler, form x +y = n.u
(ii) cosiθ = cos h θ ∂x ∂y

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∂ u ∂ Ux = 1 Vx = 0
Then, x e + y e u = 2.e u Uy = 0 Vy = –1
∂x ∂y
ÙeneB hejUx ≠ Vy Dele: Ùen Sveeefueefškeâ veneR nw~
 ∂u ∂u 
e  x + y  = 2.e u
u
veesš– Sveeefueefškeâ HebâkeäMeve– C.R. equation is satisfies
 ∂x ∂y 
284. If f(z) = u (x,y) + iv (x,y), then Cauchy-
∂u ∂u Riemann equations are
x +y =2
∂x ∂y Ùeefo f(z) = u (x,y) + iv (x,y) nw, lees keâeBÛeer-jerceve
282. If f(z)=(x2+ay2)+ibxy is a complex analytic meceerkeâjCe nw
function of z=x+iy, then the value of a+b is ∂u ∂u ∂v −∂v
(a) = and =
Ùeefo f(z)=(x2+ay2)+ibxy, z=x+iy, keâe Skeâ meefcceße ∂x ∂y ∂x ∂y
JewMuesef<ekeâ heâueve nes, lees a+b keâe ceeve nw ∂u ∂v ∂u −∂v
(b) = and =
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) –1 (d) 2 ∂x ∂y ∂y ∂x
LT 2018 ∂u ∂v ∂u −∂v
Ans : (b) We know that (c) = and =
∂x ∂x ∂y ∂y
∂u ∂v
= ⇒ vx = v y ............. (i) (d) None of these/Ghejesòeâ ceW mes keâesF& veneR
∂x ∂y
∂v ∂u
= − ⇒ vx = −u y ............... (ii) Ans. (b) : if f(z) = u (x,y) + iv (x,y)
∂x ∂y
Cauchy-Riemann equations
f(z) = u+iv
∂u ∂v ∂u −∂v
u = x2+ay2, v= bxy = and =
∂x ∂y ∂y ∂x
ux=2x vx=by
uy = 2ay vy= bx 285. f (t) = e −2t + cos 3t Laplace transform of the
from (i) from (ii) function is–
ux = vy vx = –uy
f (t) = e −2t + cos 3t heâueve keâe ue@heuesme ™heevlejCe nw
2x = bx by = –2ay
b=2 b= –2a 1 3 1 S
(a) + (b) +
a = –1 S + 2 S2 + 9 S + 2 S2 + 9
then a+b = –1+2 = 1 1 3
(c) + 2
283. Which one of the following is false? S+ 2 S + 3
efvecveefueefKele ceW mes mes keâewve-mee Skeâ ieuele nw? (d) None of these/Ghejesòeâ ceW mes keâesF& veneR
(a) f ( z ) = z is no where analytic. SECTION B PGT TIER-I 31.11.2014
f ( z ) = z keâneR Yeer JewMuesef<ekeâ veneR nw Ans. (b) let
f (t) = e −2t + cos 3t
(b) f ( z ) = z 2 is analytic everywhere.
Then
f ( z ) = z 2 meJe&$e JewMuesef<ekeâ nw
(c) f ( z ) = z is analytic at z=0
2
{ }
L {f (t)} = L e −2t + L {cos 3t}
1 S
= + 2
f ( z ) = z , z=0 hej JewMuesef<ekeâ nw
2
S + 2 S + 32
(d) f ( z ) = e z is analytic everywhere. 1 S
= +
f ( z ) = e meJe&$e JewMuesef<ekeâ
z S + 2 S2 + 9
LT 2018 286. A real valued bounded function f(x) is Riemann

integrable on [a,b], then–/ Skeâ JeemleefJekeâ cetuÙeJeeve
Ans : (c) ØelÙeskeâ yengheo heâueve ØelÙeskeâ mLeeve hej Sveeefueefškeâ neslee yeefvOele f(x) heâueve [a,b] hej jerceve meceekeâueveerÙe nw, lees–
nw~ Dele: efJekeâuhe (b) mener nw~
b -b
keâesMeer efjceeve meceerkeâjCe mes– (a) f (x)dx and f (x)dx exist
U x = V y, Uy = –Vx −a a
efJekeâuhe (a) mes- b -b
f (z) = z = x − iy (b) f (x)dx ≠ f (x)dx
U=x V = –y −a a

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b -b
x3 x5
(c) f (x)dx = f (x)dx = ∵ sin x = x − + ...........
3! 5!
−a a
(d) None of these/Ghejesòeâ ceW mes keâesF& veneR 1 z3 z5 z 7
= 2
z − z − + − + ...........
SECTION B PGT TIER-I 31.11.2014 z 3! 5! 7!
Ans. (c) : A real bounded function f(x) is Riemann z z 3 z5 z 7
integral on [a,b], then = − + − + ...........
3! 5! 5! 7!
b -b
z = 0 is removable singutarity
f (x)dx = f (x)dx
−a a 289. The value of ∫ c tan z dz where C is the circle
z2 − z + 1 z = 2 is–
287. The value of c dz, where C is the
z −1 ∫ c tan z dz keâe cetuÙe peneB C Je=òe z = 2 nw–
z2 − z + 1 (a) 2 πi (b) 4 πi
circle z = 1 is–/ c dz, keâe cetuÙe peneB C
z −1 (c) −4πi
Ùen Je=òe z = 1 nw– (d) none of these/FveceW mes keâesF& veneR
(a) 0 (b) 2 πi JDD-75-PGT TIER II-X-15 28.06.2015
(c) −2πi Ans. (c) :
(d) none of these/FveceW mes keâesF& veneR Let I = ∫ tan zdz where C is the
C
JDD-75-PGT TIER II-X-15 28.06.2015
Circle z = 2
Ans. (b) :
By Residue theorem –
z2 − z + 1
Let I=∫ dz where C is tan z is meromorphic function with the only pole inside
C z −1
π π
The circle Z = 1 z = 2 being at z = and z = −
2 2
By cauchy’s integral formula by using argument principle
f (z) sin z −(cos z) ′
I=∫ dz = 2πi × f (a) tan z = =
C z−a
cos z cos z
Here f (z) = z 2 − z + 1 and so, ∫ z =2
tan zdz = −2πi × N
and z −1 = 0 ⇒ z = 1 ⇒ a = 1
(where N is number of zeros of cos z inside z = 2 )
z2 − z + 1
∴I = ∫ = −2πi × 2
C z −1
= −4πi
= 2πi × f (a) = 2πi × 1 = 2πi
290. The Laplace transform of
z −sinz e −3t ( 2cos 5t − 3sin 5t ) is–
288. For the function f(z)= 2
, at the point z=0 is
z
e −3t ( 2cos 5t − 3sin 5t ) keâe ue@heuesme šêbmeheâe@ce&
z − sin z
f (z) = , Heâueve kesâ efueS z = 0 efyevog nw– (efJehe#e™he) nw–
z2
(a) a pole of order 2/ßesCeer 2 keâe Úesj s −9 2s − 9
(a) (b)
(b) an essential singularity/Skeâ DeefveJeeÙe& efJeefMe°lee ( s + 3) + 5
2
( s + 3)2 + 25
(c) a removable singularity s+9 2s − 9
Skeâ mLeeveevlejCeerÙe efJeefMe°lee (c) (d)
( s + 3) − 5
2
( s − 3)2 − 25
JDD-75-PGT TIER II-X-15 28.06.2015
JDD-75-PGT TIER II-X-15 28.06.2015
Ans. (b) : By the linear property of Laplace
Ans. (c) : transformation
z − sin z
Let f (z) =
z2
{ }
L e−3t ( 2 cos 5t − 3sin 5t ) = 2L {e −3t cos 5t} − 3L {e−3t sin 5t
z − sin z s+3 5
Then =2 −3
( s + 3) + 25 ( s + 3) + 25
2 2
z2

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2s − 9 (a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 0
= UP PCS (Pre) 1995
( s + 3)
2
+ 25
y
Ans. (d) : sin −1 efpemekeâer keâesefš 0 nw~
∵ L {eat sin bt} =
b
s>a x
(s − a )
2
+ b2
294. An example of the function not analytic anywhere
s−a
& ∵ L {e cos bt} = at
s>a. 1 2
(s − a ) (b) z
2 (a)
+ b2
z
291. L ( t ) is (c) z
2
(d) log Z
3 1 PGT 2003
Γ  Γ 
 2  2 Ans : (c) f |x|= |z|2 C.R. equation is not satisfies
(a) (b)
s3 / 2 s1/ 2 295. sin ( x + 3iy ) = sin 2 z − z ( )
5
Γ  (a) Is a regular function
(c)  
2
(d) None of these (b) Is a not a regular function
s5 / 2 (c) Is a harmonic function
JDD-75-PGT TIER II-X-15 28.06.2015 (d) None of these
Ans. (a) : PGT 2003
( ) (s ′ + α) heâueve ncesMee jsieguej heâueve neslee nw~

1+ α Ans : (a) sin
∵ L tα =
296. The function f ( z ) = xy + iy is
(with generalized power function
(a) Continuous everywhere and analytic any where
∞ 1 (b) Not continuous but analytic
(1 + α ) = ο −x α
e x dx because = π
2 (c) Continuous but not analytic
(d) None of these
 1 3
1 +  PGT 2003
∵L t ( ) = L(
1
2
) 
t = 1+ 1
s 2
2
= 322
s Ans : (c) f ( z ) = xy + iy
−
x2 lees u ( x, y ) = xy Deewj v ( x, y ) = y
2
292. The Fourier transform of e is-
x2
ÛetBefkeâ u ( x, y ) Deewj v ( x, y ) Skeâ yengheo heâueve nw FmeefueS meblele
−
e 2
keâe heâesefjÙej šêvmeheâe@ce& nw– du du
nw~ uesefkeâve = y, =x
−s 2 s2 dx dy
π
(a) e 4 (b) e2
2 dv du
2
= 0, = 1,
s −s 2 dx dy
2π
(c) e4 (d) 2πe 2 dv − du du dv
4 leye ≠ , Deewj ≠
JDD-75-PGT TIER II-X-15 28.06.2015 dx dy dx dy
Ans. (d) : FmeefueS heâueve Ssveeefueeflekeâ veneR nw~
−x2
297. The function f ( z ) = xy
The Fourier transform of e 2
∞ (a) is regular and Cauchy–Riemann (C–R)
 2  2
f x  e− x / 2  = ∫ eixs e− x / 2dx equation are satisfied
  −∞ (b) is regular but C–R equations are not satisfied
S2 S2
(c) is not regular at z=0 and C–R equations are
∞ 1
− (x −is)2 − − not satisfied
= ∫ e 2 e 2 dx = 2π e 2
(d) is not regular at z=0 but C–R equations are
−∞
satisfied
y PGT 2003
293. sin −1 a homogeneous function of x,y of degree-
x Ans : (d) ceevee f ( z ) = u ( x, y ) + i v ( x,y ) = | xy |
−1 y
sin ,x leLee y keâe meceIeele heâueve nw, efpemekeâer keâesefš nw- lees u ( x, y ) = x × y , v ( x, y ) = 0
x
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leye cetue efyevog hej Ans : (b) In complex analysis if f(z)= u+iv is
differentiable then the Cauchy- Riemann equation hold
du u ( x,y ) − u ( 0,0) 0-0
= lim = lim =0 ∂u ∂v ∂u ∂v
dx x→0 x−0 x→0 x = and =−
∂x ∂y ∂y ∂x
du u ( x,y ) − u ( 0,0) 0-0
= lim = lim =0 ⇒ f(z) = u(x,y) +iv(x,y)
dx y →0 y−0 y →0 y be analytic in a region R that the four partial derivatives
dv v ( x,0) − v ( 0,0) 0-0 ux, uy, vx, vy are continuous in R. Hence Cauchy.
= lim = lim =0 Riemann equation is only necessary condition for
dx x →0 x x →0 x analyticity.
dv v ( 0,y ) − v ( 0,0) 0-0 300. efvecve ceW mes keâewve mee keâLeve ieuele nw ?
= lim = lim =0
dy y→0 y y→0 y Which of the following statement is false?
∴
du dv du
= , =−
dv  z 2 , z≠i
dx dy dy dx (a) f (z) =  z = i hej melele nw~
 0 , z=i
FmeefueS C–R meceerkeâjCe cetueefyevog hej mebleg<š nw Deye
 z 2 , z≠i
f ( z ) − f ( 0) ( x,y ) − 0 f (z) =  is continous at z = i
f ' ( 0 ) = lim = lim  0 , z=i
z →0 z z →0 x + iy
2
Ùeefo z → 0 nes jsKee y → mx kesâ heeme leye (b) f (z) = z meJe&$e melele nw~
2
mx 2 1m f (z) = z is continuous everywhere
f ' ( 0 ) = lim = lim
x→0 x (1+im ) x→0 1 + im (c) f (z) = z n , n ∈ z + meJe&$e DeJekeâueveerÙe nw~
pees Deueie–Deueie ceeve osiee m kesâ efYeVe ceeveeW kesâ efueS FmeefueS f(z)= z n , n∈z+ is differentiable everywhere.
heâueve jsieguej veneR nw~ 2
(d) f (z) = z keâe DeJekeâuepe kesâJeue cetue efyevog hej
298. Find f(z) = u + iv where
x
efJeÅeceeve nw~/ The derivative of f (z) = z 2 is
u(x, y) = e (xcosy - ysiny) exists only at origin.
z z Rajasthan TGT 2015
(a) f ( z ) = e + c (b) f ( z ) = ze +z+c
Ans. (a) : z = x+iy
z −1
(c) f ( z ) = ze +c (d) None of these 2
z = x + iy
2
PGT 2003 ZRe = x, Zim = iy

Ans : (d) u ( x, y ) = e x ( x cos y − y sin y )
z2 , z≠i
f (z) =
du
= e x ( x cos y − y sin y ) + e x cosy=φ1 ( x,y ) 0 , z=i
dx i is an imagenary part
du
= e x [ − x sin y − y cos y − sin y ] = φ ( x, y ) than, z = i is continuous
dy 2 so that
φ z,0 = e z z + e z = e z z + 1
1 ( ) ( ) z2 , z≠i
f (z) = z = i on continuous.
φ2 ( z,0) = 0 0 , z=i
f
(
z
)
=
x
y
f ( z ) = ∫ (φ1 ( z ,0) − iφ2 ( z ,0) dz 301. heâueve kesâ efueS efvecve ceW mes keâewvemee melÙe nw?
= ∫ ( z + 1) e dz + c
z Which one of the following is true for the
f
(
z
)
=
x
y
function ?
= ( z + 1) e − e + c = ze + c
z z z
(a) meJe&$e efJeMuesef<ekeâ/Analytic everywhere
299. The Cauchy -Riemann equations are: (b) cee$e (0,0) hej efJeMuesef<ekeâ/Analytic at (0,0) only
(a) Only sufficient condition for analyticity (c) (0,0) hej keâesMeer-jerceeve meceerkeâjCe mebleg° nesleer nQ~
(b) Only necessary condition for analyticity Cauchy–Riemann equations are satisfied at (0,0)
(c) Both necessary and sufficient condition for (d) (0,0) hej keâesMeer–jerceeve meceerkeâjCeW mebleg° veneR nesleer~
analyticity Cauchy–Riemannm equations are not
(d) None of these satisfied at (0,0)
PGT 2000 Rajasthan TGT 2015
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Ans. (c) : Let u + iv = f (z) = xy
1/ 2 M = e x sin y, N = −e x cos y
1/ 2 ∂M ∂N
Hence u (x,y) = xy , v(x,y) = 0 = e x sin y, = + e x sin y
∂x ∂y
∂u u(x, 0) − u(0, 0) 0−0 ∂M ∂N
At z = 0, = lim = lim =0 Hence Mdx+Ndy is exact
∂x x →0 x x →0 x
∂x ∂y
∂u u(0, y) − u(0, 0) 0−0 So, solution is
At z = 0, = lim = lim =0
∂y y→0 y y →0 y
∂u ∂u ∂u ∂v v = Mdx (taking y as constant)

Similarly = , =− at z = 0
∂x ∂y ∂y ∂x
Hence cauchy-Riemann equations are satisfied at + v = (Terms of N Free fromy) dy
at z = 0 = e x sin y dx + dy
for analycity at z = 0
f (z) − f (0) xy1/ 2 − 0 v = e x sin y + C
f ′(o) = lim = lim
z →0 z−0 z →0 x + iy 303. The analytic function whose real part is ex cosy is-
xm m Jen efJeMuesef<ekeâ heâueve efpemekeâe JeemleefJekeâ Yeeie ex cosy nw-
= lim = along y = mx (a) ze2z + ci (b) zez + ci
z →0 1 + im 1 + im
(c) e2z + ci (d) ez + ci
Evidently these limits deponds upon m and so on. it
Rajasthan TGT 2013
is not unique. It means that f ′(0) does not exist so that
Ans : (d) u=ex cos y
f (z) is not analytic at z = 0 ,
∂u ∂u
dυ = − dx + dy
302. Ùeefo heâueve u(x, y) = ex cos y ØemebJeeoer nw lees Fmekeâe dy dx
mebÙegiceer ØemebieJeeoer v(x, y) nw: = −e x (− sin y)dx + e x cos y.d y
If the function u(x, y) = ex cos y is harmonic integrating
υ= ∫e sin ydx (taking y as constant)
x
then its harmonic conjugate v(x, y) is
(a) e y cos x + C (b) e x sin y + C + ∫ (those which no contain) dy+C
(c) e y sin x + C (d) −e x cos y + C = ∫ e x sin y dx + ∫ 0.dy + C = e x sin y+C

Rajasthan TGT 2015 ƒ(z) = u+iυ
x
Ans. (b) : Let u = e cosy = e x cosy+ie x sin y + ic
∂u = e x eiy +ic
= e x cos y,
∂x = e x+iy +ic = e z +ic
∂u
= −e x sin y, 304. Cauchy-Riemann equations in polar form are-
∂y OeÇgJeerÙe ™he ceW keâewMeer-jerceeve meceerkeâjCeW nQ–
2
∂ u ∂u 1 ∂v 1 ∂u ∂v
= e x cos y, (a) = and =−
∂x 2 ∂r r ∂θ r ∂θ ∂r
∂u ∂v ∂u ∂v
∂2 u (b) =r and r = −
= −e x cos y ∂r ∂θ ∂θ ∂r
2
∂y
∂u 1 ∂v 1 ∂u ∂v
(c) = and =
∂ 2u ∂ 2u ∂r r ∂θ r ∂θ ∂r
∴ + =0
∂x 2 ∂y 2 ∂u ∂v ∂u ∂v
(d) =− r and r =
⇒ u is a harmonic function, v be its harmonic conjugate ∂r ∂θ ∂θ ∂r
Rajasthan TGT 2013
∂v ∂v ∂u ∂u
dv = dx + .dy = − dx − dy. Ans : (a) Cauchy–Riemann equation in polar form are :
∂x ∂y ∂y ∂x
∂u 1 ∂v 1 ∂u ∂v
dv = e x sin y.dx − e x cos ydy = and =−
∂r r ∂θ r ∂θ ∂r

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05.
kewâuekegâueme (CALCULUS)
2 1
1. Limit, Continuity and (a)
( x + 3)
2
(b)
( x – 1)
2
Differentiability of x–2 1
function of one variable (c) (d)
( x + 1)
2
x–3
xf ( 2 ) – 2f ( x ) UP PGT 2021
1. If f(2) = 4 and f' (2) = 1 then lim
x →2 x–2 1
is equal to – Ans. (b) :
( x – 1)
2
Ùeefo f(2) = 4 leLee f' (2) = 1 lees
Given f : A → B be a function defined by f(x) =
xf ( 2 ) – 2f ( x )
lim yejeyej nw– x+2
x →2 x–2 , A⊆R&B⊆R
(a) 2 (b) 0 x+3
(c) 1 (d) 4 Consider an arbitrary element y of B. By the definition
UP PGT 2021 of B, y = x + 2 , for some x in the domain A ⊆ R.
Ans. (a) : 2 x+3
xf ( 2 ) – 2f ( x ) 0 This shows that x =
2 – 3y
lim is of the form indeterminacy. y –1
x →2 x–2 0
So, by L Hospital's rule, we have –1 –1 2 – 3x
Define f : B → A by f (x) =
f ( 2 ) – 2f ' ( x ) x –1
lim = f ( 2 ) – 2f ' ( 2 ) = 4 – 2 = 2
x →2 1 –1 2 – 3x
Now if y = f (x) = , then we have
ae bx + beax x –1
2. If f(x) = , then f" (0) equals–
a+b dy –3 ( x –1) – ( 2 – 3x )
ae bx + beax
=
( x –1)
2
Ùeefo f(x) = lees f" (0) yejeyej nw– dx
a+b
(a) 0 (b) ab dy 1
or =
(c) a + b (d) ab (a+b) dx ( x –1)2
UP PGT 2021
y x x dy
Ans. (b) : ab 4. If x = y , then is equal to –
bx ax y dx
ae + be
f (x) = x dy
a+b Ùeefo xy = yx, lees yejeyej nw–
abe bx + abeax y dx
f '( x ) =
a+b x log y + y x log y – y
(a) (b)
2 bx
ab e + a be 2 ax
y log x + x y log x – x
& f "( x ) =
a+b y log x + x y log x – x
(c) (d)
ab 2 + a 2 b x log y + y x log y – y
so, f"(0) =
a+b UP PGT 2021
⇒ f "( 0 ) = ab
( x loge y – y )
x+2 dy Ans. (b) :
3. If f(x) = –1
and y = f (x), then is ( y log e x – x )
x+3 dx y x
equal to– x =y
x+2 dy taking loge on both sides, we have
Ùeefo f(x) = Deewj y = f –1(x), lees yejeyej y loge x = x loge y
x+3 dx
nw– upon differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
CALCULUS 454 YCT

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dy y x dy 7. If f(x) = x – 1 + x then f'(1) is equal to –
log e x + = log e y +
dx x y dx Ùeefo f(x) = x – 1 + x lees f'(1) keâe ceeve nw–
 x  dy y (a) 0
⇒  log e x –  = log e y –
 y  dx x (b) 1
(c) –1
 ( y log e x – x )  dy ( x log e y – y )
⇒   = (d) does not exist/DeefmlelJe ceW veneR
 y  dx ( x) UP PGT 2021
x dy ( x log e y – y ) Ans. (d) :
⇒ =
y dx ( y log e x – x ) We have
1 – 2x if x < 0
1 – cos x 
5. The function f(x) = , x ≠ 0 can be made f ( x ) = 1 if 0 ≤ x < 1
x2
 2x – 1 if x ≥ 1
continuous at x = 0 by defining f(0) to be equal 
to – and hence
, x ≠ 0 keâes x = 0 hej melele lim f ( x ) – f (1) = lim 2 ( x – 1) = 2
1 – cos x
Heâueve f(x) =
x2 x →1+ x –1 x →1+ x –1
yeveeÙee pee mekeâlee nw Ùeefo f(0) keâes heefjYeeef<ele keâjW,
f ( x ) – f (1) 2 ( x – 1)
1 lim = lim– =0
(a) 1 (b) x →1– x –1 x →1 x –1
2 Which clearly shows that f is not differentiable of x=1
(c) 0 (d) 2
8. For the function f(x) = x – 5 which of the
UP PGT 2021
following is not correct?
Ans. (b) : 1/2
1 – cos x
Heâueve f(x) = x – 5 kesâ efueÙes efvecveefueefKele ceW mes keâewve
For f(x) = 2
; x ≠ 0 to be continuous at x = 0, we mener veneR nw?
x
must have (a) The function f(x) is continuous at x = 5/Heâueve
2
1 – 1 + 2sin x / 2 x = 5 hej melele nw
lim 2
= f (0)
x →0 x (b) The function f(x) is not continuous at x = –
2 5/Heâueve x = –5 hej melele veneR nw
2sin x / 2
or lim = f (0) (c) The function f(x) is differentiable at x =
(
x →0 4 x 2 / 4
) 0/Heâueve x = 0 hej DeJekeâueveerÙe nw
1 (d) The function f(x) is differentiable at x = –
or f(0) =
2 5/Heâueve x = –5 hej DeJekeâueveerÙe nw
d3 y UP PGT 2021
6. If y = cos(3 cos–1 x), then is equal to –
dx 3 Ans. (b) : The function f(x) = x – 5 is not continuous at
dy3 x = –5
Ùeefo y = cos(3 cos–1 x), lees 3 yejeyej nw– Let g:R→R defined by g(x) = x–5 and h:R→R defined
dx
(a) 0 (b) 3 by h(x)= x be two functions. Then f:R→R defined by
(c) 16 (d) 24 f(x) = x − 5 = hog(x)
UP PGT 2021 Because g and h are both continuous everywhere then
Ans. (d) : 24 their composition hog = f is continuous everywhere.
1/ x
Given  a x + bx 
3
3 –1 –1
y = 4cos (cos x) –3cos cos x; (cos3x = 4cos x–3cosx) 9. The value of lim
x →0
  is-
3  2 
⇒ y = 4x – 3 x
1/ x
dy  a x + bx 
⇒  keâe ceeve nw–
2
= 12 x − 3 lim 
x →0
dx  2 
d2 y a+b
⇒ = 24 x (a) ab (b)
dx 2 2
d3 y (c) ab (d) a + b
⇒ = 24
dx 3 UPPSC GIC 2021
CALCULUS 455 YCT
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Ans. (c) : ab log e (1 + x)
lim log e y = lim , [0/0 form]
1/ x x →0 x →0
x
 a x + bx 
Let y =    1 
 2  ⇒ loge lim y = lim   [L' Hospital's Rule]
x →0 x →0
 1+ x 
Taking logarithm on both sides we have
∴ lim y = e
 a x + bx  x →0
loge y = 1/x loge  
 2   y –a πy 
12. lim  sin .tan  is equal to
Taking limit on both sides we have y →a
 2 2a 
 a x + bx   y –a πy 
log e   lim  sin .tan  yejeyej nw
 2  [ 0 from]
y →a
 2 2a 
lim log e y = lim (a) 0 (b) 1
x →0 x →0 x 0
1 π a
⇒ loge lim y = lim x (a logea + bx logeb)
x (c) (d) –
x →0 x →0 a + b x a π
UP TGT 2016,2021
∴ lim y= e e ( )
1/ 2
log ab
x →0 d   y – a 
sin  
⇒ lim y = ab. dy   2  
x →0 Ans. (d) : lim  L' Hospital's rule
10. Which function is not discontinuous at x = 0? y →a d   πy  
cot  
keâewve mee heâueve x = 0 hej Demelele veneR nw? dy   2a  
(a) sin (1/x) (b) 1/x2  y–a1
-1
(c) tan (1/x) (d) tan x cos  
lim  2  2 = –a
UPPSC GIC 2021 y→ a  πy  π π
Ans. (d) : tan x. –cosec 2  
 2a  2a
x →0
( )
(i) limsin 1 dose not exist
x 13. The function defined by
If xn = 1 and y n = 1 then lim (xn) = x
2nπ
( 2nπ + π
2 ) n →∞  , x≠0
f (x) =  x
 0, x = 0
lim (yn) = 0 
n →∞
at x = 0 is
However, sin (1/xn) = 0 for all n∈ N while sin (1/yn) =
heâueve f(x) Fme Øekeâej heefjYeeef<ele nw:
1. Thus, lim sin (1/xn) ≠ lim sin (1/yn)
x →0 x ( )
So, lim sin 1 dose not exist and hence sin 1 is
x ( ) x
 , x≠0
f (x) =  x
discontinuous at x = 0  0, x = 0

(ii) 1 2 is discontinuous at x = 0 lees x = 0 hej Ùen nw
x
(a) continuous/melele
x ( )
(iii) tan–1 1 is discontinuous at x = 0 ( similarly
(b) discontinuous at x = 0 and has discontinuity
proceed as in the case of sin 1 )
x ( ) of first kind
x = 0 hej Demelele nw leLee DemeelelÙe ØeLece Øekeâej keâer nw
sin x (c) discontinuous at x = 0 and has removable
(iv) tan x is continuous at x =0 because tan x =
cos x discontinuity
and sin x and cos x both are continuous at x = 0. x = 0 hej Demelele nw leLee DemeelelÙe nševes ÙeesiÙe nw
11. lim (1 + x)1/x is equal to - (d) discontinuous at x = 0 and has discontinuity
x →0
of second kind
lim (1 + x)1/x
x →0
kesâ yejeyej nw- x = 0 hej Demelele nw leLee DemeelelÙe efÉleerÙe Øekeâej keâer nw
(a) 1/e (b) e UP TGT 2021
(c) 1 (d) e –1 Ans. (b) : heâueve f(x), x = 0 hej Demeleled nw leLee DemeelelÙe ØeLece
UPPSC GIC 2021 Øekeâej keâer nw~
UPPSC Ashram Paddhati 2021 x = 0 hej
Ans. (b) : e
−x
Let y = (1+x)1/x (1∞) lim− f ( x ) = lim− = −1
Taking logarithm we have
x →0 x →0 x
(∞ × 0) x
loge y = 1/x loge(1+x) leLee lim+ f ( x ) = lim+ = 1
Taking limit on both sides we have x →0 x →0 x
CALCULUS 456 YCT

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x kesâ meehes#e DeJekeâueve keâjves hej
d
( )
tan ( cos –1 x ) is equal to
2
14.
dx 1 dy  x 
=  + log x 
d
( )
tan ( cos –1 x ) yejeyej nw y dx  x 
2
dx dy
= y (1 + log x )
–2 2 dx
(a) 3 (b) 3
x x = xx(1 + log x)
17. Function f(x) = (x + 1)cotx will be continuous at
1 – x2 –x
(c) (d) x = 0 if the value of f(0) is
x 1 – x2 heâueve f(x) = (x + 1)cotx efyevog x = 0 hej melele nesiee
UP TGT 2016,2021 Ùeefo f(0) keâe ceeve nw
Rajsthan TGT 2013 1
(a) (b) 0
d
(
tan ( cos x ) )
2
Ans. (a) : –1 e
dx (c) e (d) 1
2 UP TGT 2021
d  –1 1 – x
2 
cotx
hej melele nw Ùeefo
 tan tan  Ans. (c) : f(x) = (x + 1) ; x = 0
dx  x 
f (0) = lim f ( x ) = lim ( x + 1) ∞
cot x
(1 )
x →0 x →0
2
d  1 – x2  d  1 – x2  log ( x + 1) 0
  ⇒  2  ⇒ log lim f ( x ) = lim  
dx  x 
 dx  x  x →0 x →0 tan x 0
d  1  1
 2 – 1 ⇒
dx  x  dx
( x – 1) = – 3
d –2
x
2
= lim +2 1
x (L'Hospital's Rule)
x → 0 sec x
a x – xa =1
15. If lim = –1, then
x→a x x – aa ⇒ lim f ( x ) = e
x →0
x a
a –x ∴ f(0) = e
Ùeefo limx→a x x – a a
= –1, lees
18. If y = log 5 x + log x 5 , then what will be the value
(a) a = 1 (b) a = 0 dy
(c) a = e (d) none of these/FveceW mes keâesF& veneR of at x = 5?
dx
UP TGT 2021 dy
x a
Ùeefo y = log 5 x + log x 5 lees x = 5 hej keâe ceeve
a –x dx
Ans. (a) : lim x = –1 keäÙee nesiee?
x→a x – a a
a x log a – ax a –1 1
lim x = –1 (L'Hospital's Rule) (a) 5 (b)
x → a x ( log x + 1) 5
(c) 0 (d) 1
a a log a – a a UP TGT 2021
⇒ = –1
a (1 + log a )
a
Ans. (c) : y = log 5 x + log x 5
⇒ log x log 5
log a – 1 = – 1 (1 + log a) y= +
log 5 log x
⇒ log a –1 = –1 – log a
dy 1 1 log 5 1
⇒ 2 log a = 0 ⇒ a = eº = 1 = –
dx log 5 x ( log x )2 x
dy
16. If y = x x , then will be dy 1 1 log 5 1
dx = –
dx log 5 5 ( log 5 ) 2 5
dy
Ùeefo y = x x , lees keâe ceeve nesiee
dx 1 1 1 
=  – =0
(a) xx logx (b) xx(1– logx) 5  log 5 log 5 
x
(c) x (1+logx) (d) xx + logx x+4
x+6
UP TGT 2021 19. lim   is equal to

x →∞ x + 1

Ans. (c) : y = xx x+4
log y = log xx x+6
lim   yejeyej nw
log y = x. log x 
x →∞ x + 1

CALCULUS 457 YCT

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(a) 1 (b) e2 (a) αf '(α) − f (α) (b) αf '(α) + f (α)
(c) e4 (d) e5 (c) αf (α) − f '(α) (d) αf (α) − f '(α)
UP TGT 2021
Haryana PGT 2019 UKPSC Lecturer (Mains) 2020
Ans. (d) : Let Ans. (a) :
x+4 αf ( x ) − xf ( α )
 x+6 Given lim
y = lim   (1∞) x →α x −α
x →∞ x + 1
 
0
 x+6 which has indeterminacy of the form
log y = lim ( x + 4 ) log   ( ∞×0) 0
x →∞
 x +1  Thus by L'Hospital's rule, we have
  5  αf ( x ) − xf ( α )
= lim ( x + 4 ) log 1 + 
x →∞
  x + 1   lim
x →α x −α
 5 25  = l im α f ' ( x ) − f ( α ) = α f ' ( α ) − f ( α )
= lim ( x + 4 )  − + .... x →α
 x + 1 2(x + 1)
x →∞ 2
 y+ey+......∞ dy
 x2 x3  22. If x = e y+e then is equal to :
∵ log x = x − + − ....  dx
 2 3  y+......∞
y+ey+e dy
 x + 4 25(x + 4)  Ùeef o x = e , leye yejeyej nw:
= lim 5 × − + .... dx
 x + 1 2(x + 1)
x →∞ 2
 1 x
(a) (b)
 4 25  1 + 4   x (1 + x )
 1+    (1 − x ) (1 + x )
= lim 5 × x −  x  + .... (c) (d)
x →∞  1 2
 x x
 1
 1 + x 2 1 +   UKPSC Lecturer (Mains) 2020
  x 
(1 − x )
1+ 0  Ans. (c) :
= 5  − 25 × 0 + 0 = 5 x
1+ 0 
y+......∞
i.e. log y = 5 y+ey+e
x+4
Given x = e ;x ≥ 0
 x+6 y+ x
So, x = e ; x ≥ 0
⇒ y = lim   =e
5
x →∞ x + 1
  Taking logarithm on both sides gives
20. Which function is NOT discontinuous at x = 0 ? log x = y + x
keâewve-mee Heâueve x = 0 hej Demelele veneR nw ? e
which on differentiating w.r.t x gives

(a) sin(1/x) (b) 2/x2
(c) tan–1(1/x) 1 dy
(d) |x| = +1
UPPSC Ashram Paddhati 2021 x dx
Ans. (d) : Consider dy 1
⇒ = −1
– x , x < 0 dx x
f(x) = |x| =  dy 1 − x
x ,x >0 ⇒ =
lim– f(x) = lim– – x = 0 dx x
x →0 x →0
23. If 1 – x 2 + 1 – y 2 = a(x – y) then the value of
lim+ f(x) = lim+ x = 0
x →0 x →0
dy
∴ is:
lim | x | = 0 dx
x →0
Also f(0) = |0| = 0 dy
Ùeefo 1 – x 2 + 1 – y 2 = a(x – y) nw, lees keâe
⇒ lim | x | = f(0) = | 0 | dx
x →0
ceeve nw:
⇒ f(x) = |x| is continuous at x = 0
∴ |x| is not discontinuous at x = 0 1− x 2 1+ x 2
(a) (b)
21. If f(x) is a differentiable function, then 1− y 2 1− y 2
αf (x) − xf (α)
lim is : 1− x 2 1− y 2
x →α x −α (c) (d)
Ùeefo f(x) Skeâ DeJekeâueveerÙe Heâueve nw, leye 1+ y2 1− x 2
αf (x) − xf (α) UP TGT 2002
lim nw:
x →α x −α UKPSC Lecturer (Mains) 2020
CALCULUS 458 YCT
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Ans. (d) dy
x2x(2logx+2)–2xx(–cosec2y) –2xx(logx+1) coty = 0
Given 1− x + 1 − y = a ( x − y)
2 2 dx
Now at x= 1 we have
Let x = sin α and y = sin β then we have π
1–2coty –1 = 0 ⇒ y =
1 − sin α + 1 − sin β = a ( sin α − sin β )
2 2 2
and thus at x= 1
⇒ cos α + cos β = a ( sin α − sin β ) dy dy
2–2(–1) =0⇒ = −1
α+β α −β  α +β α −β  dx dx
⇒ 2 cos cos = a  2 cos ⋅ sin  26. Which of these functions is not uniformly
2 2  2 2 
continuous on (0,1)?
α −β (a) 1 ÷ x2 (b) x2
cos
⇒ 2 =a (c) sin(x) (d) sin(x) ÷x
α −β DSSSB TGT 04-09-2021 Shift-I (Male)
sin
2 Ans. (a) :
α–β 1
⇒ cot  =a (A) f (x) = 2 on ( 0,1)
 2  x
⇒ α − β = 2cot −1 a Consider
1 1 y2 − x 2  y+x 
⇒ sin −1 x − sin −1 y = 2cot −1 a f (x) − f ( y) = 2 − 2 = = y−x  2 2 
2 2
On differentiating w.r.t xwe get x y x y x y 
1 1 dy Now, if x and y are allowed to be arbitrarily close to
− =0 ( x + y ) is unbounded. Thus f is not uniformly
1− x 2
1 − y 2 dx zero then
dy 1 − y2
( )
x 2 y2
⇒ = continuous.
dx 1− x2 (B) f (x) = x2 on (0, 1)
1 – cos {2 ( x – 2 )} Now, f ( x ) − f ( y ) = x 2 − y2 = x − y x + y < ε
24. lim is equal to :
x→2 x–2 because (0, 1) is bounded and then x + y ≤ 1 and taking
1 – cos {2 ( x – 2 )} δ = ε for given ε > 0 for every x, y ∈ (0, 1). Thus, f
lim yejeyej nw : (x) = x2 is uniformly continuous on (0, 1)
x→2 x–2 (C) f (x) = sin x on (0, 1) is uniformly continuous.
(a) 2 sin x
(D) f (x) = is uniformly continuous
(b) − 2 x
1 27. This polynomial x3 + 4x + 8 has
(c) (a) no zeros
2 (b) three real zeros
(d) does not exist/ efJeÅeceeve vener nw (c) one positive and two imaginary zeros
Haryana PGT 2019 (d) one negative and two imaginary zeros
Ans. (a) : DSSSB TGT 04-09-2021 Shift-I (Male)
Ans. (d) : Given polynomial p (x) = x3 + 4x + 8 is
1 − cos {2 ( x − 2 )} 2sin 2 ( x − 2 ) positive at –1 i.e. p (–1) > 0 and negative at x = –2 i.e.
lim = lim p(–2) < 0 and p'(x) = 3x2 + 4 which clearly shows that
x →2 ( x − 2) x →2 ( x − 2) p'(x) > 0 for every real number and so, p(x) is an
2 sin ( x − 2 ) increasing function on all of R.
= lim = 2 Thus, continuity of p(x) and hence intermediate value
x→2 ( x − 2) property confirms that there exists a c∈ (–2, –1) such
25. Let y be an implicit function of x defined by that f(c) = 0.
x2x – 2xx cot y – 1 = 0, Then y'(1) equals: Hence, one real negative zero and two imaginary zeros.
ceevee y, x keâe Demhe° heâueve nw, pees efkeâ x – 2x cot y 28. If α, β are the roots of the equation
2x x
– 1 = 0, Éeje heefjYeeef<ele nw, leye y'(1) yejeyej nesiee: ax 2 + b 2 + c = 0 then:

(a) –1 (b) 1 Ùeefo α, β meceerkeâjCe ax 2 + b 2 + c = 0 kesâ cetue neW,
(c) log2 (d) –log2 lees
Ans. (a) : Given x2x–2xx cot y –1 = 0

Haryana PGT 2019
lim
(
1 - cos ax 2 + bx + c)=
(x - α)
x→α 2
Upon differentiating w.r.t x we get
CALCULUS 459 YCT
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a2 a tanx - sinx
(α − β) (α − β)
2 2
(a) (b) 30. lim =
2 2 x→ 0 x3
−a 2 −a (a) ∞ (b) 2
( α − β) ( α − β)
2 2
(c) (d) 1
2 2 (c) 1 (d)
Haryana PGT 2018 2
a2
(α − β) ] tan x − sin x
2
Ans. (a) : Ans. (d) : lim
2 x →0 x3
If α, β are the roots of the equation ax 2 2
+b +c = 0 then
 x 3 2x 5   x3 x5 
ax 2 + bx + c = a ( x − α )( x − β ) x + + + ...  −  x − + − .... 
3 15 3! 5!
= lim    
Now, lim
(
1 − cos ax 2 + bx + c ) x →0 x3
 x 3 2x 5 x 5 
( x − α)
x →α 2
 + + + ..... 
2 15 5!
1 − cos ( a ( x − α )( x − β ) ) = lim  
= lim
x →0 x3
(x − α)
x →α 2
1
=
2
 a ( x − α )( x − β ) 
2 sin 2   31. For the function f : [–4,2] → R defined by
 2  f(x)=|x–1|+|x+3|, which of the following is true?
= lim
x →α
(x − α)
2 f(x)=|x–1|+|x+3| mes heefjYeeef<ele heâueve f : [–4,2] → R
using the identity cos2x = 1–2sin2x
kesâ efueÙes efvecveefueefKele ceW mes keâewve mee melÙe nw:
(a) f is differentiable x = 1
 a ( x − α )( x − β ) 
2 x = 1hej f DeJekeâueveerÙe nw~
sin   2
 2  a 2  (b) f is differentiable at x = –3
= lim  ( x − β)  x = –3 hej f DeJekeâueveerÙe nw~
a ( x − α ) ( x − β)  2
x →α 2 2 2

(c) Rolle's theorem is applicable for the interval
2
[–3,1]/Devlejeue [–3,1] kesâ efueS jesues ØecesÙe
a2 2  sin 2 x 
= ( α − β ) ∵ lim 2
= 1 DevegØeÙeesÙepÙe nw~
2 → x
 x 0
 (d) None of these/FveceW mes keâesF& veneR
dy UKPSC Lecturer (Mains) 2020
29. If xyyx= 1, than is:
dx Ans. (c) : We have f : [ −4, 2] → R defined by
Ùeefo xyyx= 1 lees dy nw: −2x − 2 ; −4 ≤ x < −3
dx

y( x + y log e x ) f ( x ) = x −1 + x + 3 =  4 ; −3 ≤ x < 1
(a) y(y + x log e y) (b)  2x + 2 ; 1 ≤ x < 2
x (y + x log e y) 
–y( y + x loge y ) y –1 x – 1 Clearly f(x) is continuous everywhere on [ −4,2]
(c) (d) x y
x( x + y log e y) Now at x = −3,
UKPSC Lecturer (Mains) 2020 f ( x ) − f ( −3 ) −2x − 2 − 4
Ans. (c) : lim− = lim−
x →−3 ( x + 3 ) x →−3 ( x + 3)
Given x y = 1
y x
−2 ( x + 3)
So, x = y
y −x = lim− = −2
x →−3 ( x + 3)
Taking log on both sides
y log e x = − x log e y f ( x ) − f ( −3 ) 4−4
& lim+ = lim+ =0
Upon differentiating w.r.t x, we get
x →−3 ( x + 3) x →−3 ( x + 3)
dy y x dy So, f(x) is not differentiable at x = −3.
log e x + = − log e y − Similarly f(x) is not differentiable at x = 1
dx x y dx
Now with f ( −3) = 4 = f (1) , all the hypotheses of
 x  dy y
⇒  log e x +  = − loge y − Rolle's Theorem i.e. continuity on ( –3,1) , and
 y  dx x
dy − y ( y + x log e y ) differentiability on ( –3,1) are satisfied proving the
⇒ =
dx x ( x + y log e x ) applicability of Rolle's Theorem on [ −3,1]
CALCULUS 460 YCT

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32. The kind of discontinuity, the function 1
f(x)=[x]+[–x] has for integral values of x, is: Ans. (b) : Given 2f ( x ) − 3f   = x 2 ; x ≠ 0
x kesâ hetCeeËkeâ ceeveeW kesâ efueS heâueve f(x)=[x]+[–x] keâer x
Demelelelee keâer Øekeâej nw : 1
By replacing x by , we get
x
(a) removable /DehevesÙe
(b) first kind /ØeLece Øekeâej 1 1
2f   − 3f ( x ) = 2
(c) second kind /efÉleerÙe Øekeâej  x  x
(d) mixed/efceefßele Now
UKPSC Lecturer (Mains) 2020   1    1   3
2  2f ( x ) − 3f    + 3 2f   − 3f ( x )  = 2x 2 + 2
Ans. (a) :      
x x  x
f ( x ) = [ x ] + [ −x ] = 0 for integral values of x. 1 1 3
⇒ 4f ( x ) − 6f   + 6f   − 9f ( x ) = 2x 2 + 2
For any integral value of x = n we have  
x  
x x
lim− f ( x ) = lim− [ x ] + [ − x ] = n − 1 + ( − n ) = −1 3
x→n x →n
⇒ −5f ( x ) = 2x 2 +
& lim+ f ( x ) = lim+ [ x ] + [ − x ] = n + ( − n − 1) = −1 x2
x→n x→n
1 3 
which shows that lim− = lim+ ≠ f ( n ) ⇒ f ( x ) = −  2x 2 + 2 
x→n x→n 5 x 
proving that the f ( x ) = [ x ] + [ − x ] has removable 1 3 1  35  7
So, f ( 2 ) = −  8 +  = −   = −
discontinuity for integral values of x. 5 4 5 4  4
dy
33. If sin( x + y) = log e ( x + y), then = 35. If f : R → R be a positive increasing function
dx f(3x) f(2x)
such that lim = 1 , then lim is
→
∞
→
∞
Ùeefo sin( x + y) = log e ( x + y), lees dy = x f(x) x f(x)
dx
(a) –1 (b) 1 Ùeefo f : R → R Skeâ Oeveelcekeâ Jeæ&ceeve heâueve Fme
(c) –2 (d) 2 f(3 x ) f(2 x )
Øekeâej nw efkeâ meercee lim = 1 , leye lim
→
∞
→
∞
UKPSC Lecturer (Mains) 2020 x f( x ) x f( x )
Ans. (a) : If meercee nw:
sin ( x + y ) = log e ( x + y ) (a) 2/3 (b) 3/2
then upon differentiating w.r.t. x we have (c) 3 (d) 1
 dy  1  dy  UKPSC Lecturer (Mains) 2020
cos ( x + y ) 1 +  = 1 + 
 dx  x + y  dx  Ans. (d) : If f : R → R is a positive increasing function
dy 1 dy 1 Then for x ≥ 0 such that
⇒ cos ( x + y ) − = − cos ( x + y )
dx ( x + y ) dx ( x + y ) x ≤ 2x ≤ 3x
 1  dy 1 we have
⇒  cos ( x + y ) −  = − cos ( x + y )
( x + y ) dx ( x + y) f ( x ) ≤ f ( 2x ) ≤ f ( 3x )
 
1 f ( 2x ) f ( 3x )
− cos ( x + y ) ⇒1≤ ≤
dy ( x + y ) f (x) f (x)
⇒ = = −1
dx cos x + y − 1 f ( 2x ) f ( 3x )
( )
( x + y) ⇒ lim1 ≤ lim
x →∞ x →∞ f ( x )
≤ lim
x →∞ f ( x )
1
34. If 2f( x ) – 3f   = x 2 , x ≠ 0 then f(2) is equal f ( 2x )
 x  ⇒ 1 ≤ lim ≤1
to:
x →∞ f (x)
Ùeefo 2f( x ) – 3f   = x 2 , x ≠ 0 leye f(2) keâe ceeve nw because lim ( ) = 1 .
1 f 3x
 x f (x) x →∞
5 7 So, Sandwich (Squeez) theorem of functional limit

(a) (b) −
2 4 enables us to conclude that
(c) −1 (d) −
5 f ( 2x )
2 lim =1
x →∞ f ( x )
CALCULUS 461 YCT
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≤ ≤
≤
36. Let f(x+ y) = f(x) f(y) for all real values of x and k x + 1, 0 x 3
y. If f(5) = 2, f'(0) = 3 then f'(5) = If f(x) = 
38. is differentiable.
mx + 2, 3x 5
xleLee y kesâ meYeer JeemleefJekeâ ceeveeW kesâ efueS ceeefveÙes efkeâ
then k+m =
f(x+ y) = f(x) f(y) nw~ Ùeefo f(5) = 2, f'(0) = 3 lees 
f'(5) =
Ùeefo f (x) = k x + 1,0 ≤ x ≤ 3 DeJekeâueveerÙe nes,
 mx + 2, 3x ≤ 5
(a) 1 (b) 3 k+m lees keâe ceeve nesiee:
(c) 6 (d) 9 16
(a) 2 (b)
UKPSC Lecturer (Mains) 2020 5
Ans. (c) : We have 10
(c) (d) 4
f (5 + h ) − f (5) 3
f ( 5 ) = lim
'
Haryana PGT 2019
h →0 h
Ans. (a) : Given,
f (5) f ( h ) − f (5)
= lim by definition of f(x).  k x + 1,0 ≤ x ≤ 3
h →0 h f (x) = 
 mx + 2, 3x ≤ 5
f ( 5 ) f ( h ) − 1 For f(x) to be continuous at x= 3 we must have
= lim
h →0 h f(3) = lim− f (x) = lim+ f (x)
x →3 x →3
f (h ) − f (0)
= f ( 5 ) lim because f (0) =1 which gives
h →0 h 2k = 2k = 3m+2
= f (5) f '( 0) ⇒ 3m – 2k = –2 ... (1)
Now for f(x) to be differentiable at x = 3 we must have
= 2.3 = 6 f (x) − f (3) f (x) − f (3)
⇒ lim = lim+
 x 2 − 1, 0 < x < 2 x → 3− x −3 x →3 x −3
37. f (x) =  , then the quadratic
 2x + 3, 2 ≤ x < 3 k x + 1 − 2k mx + 2 − 2k
⇒ lim = lim+
equation whose roots are lim− f (x) and x →3− x − 3 x →3 x −3
x →2 k
⇒ lim = lim+ m
lim f (x) is : x →3− 2 x + 1 x →3
x → 2+
k
 2
⇒ =m
Ùeefo f (x) =  x − 1, 0 < x < 2 , nes, lees Jen efæIeele 4
 2x + 3, 2 ≤ x < 3 ⇒ k = 4m ... (2)
Now , on solving (1) and (2) we get
meceerkeâjCe efpemekesâ cetue lim− f (x) Deewj lim+ f (x) 8 2
x →2 x →2
k = and m =
nQ, nw: 5 5
2 2 and thus k + m = 2
(a) x – 6x + 9 = 0 (b) x – 7x + 8 = 0
39. At what value or values of x this function is
(c) x2 – 14x + 49 = 0 (d) x2 – 10x + 21 = 0 discontinuous: f (x) = x + 4 if x ≤ – 1 & x2 if –1 <
Haryana PGT 2019 x 1; 2 – x if x ≥ 1?
Ans. (d) : Given, (a) 2 (b) –1
(c) 0 (d) 1
 x 2 − 1, 0 < x < 2 DSSSB TGT 04-09-2021 Shift-I (Male)
f (x) =  ,
 2x + 3, 2 ≤ x < 3 Ans. (b) :
Then  x + 4 if x ≤ −1

lim f (x) = lim− x 2 − 1 = 3 Given f (x) =  x 2 if − 1 < x < 1
x →2 − x →2 2 − x if x ≥ 1
and 
lim f (x) = lim+ 2x + 3 = 7 Now, to check continuity at x = –1, we observe that
x →2+ x →2
lim − ( x + 4 ) ≠ lim + x 2 and hence x = –1 is a point of
Hence, quadratic equation whose roots are lim− f (x) x →−1 x →−1
x →2
discontinuity.
and lim+ f (x) is Again, at x = 1,
x →2
x2–(3+7)x+(3×7) = 0 we observe that lim− x 2 = lim+ 2 − x = f (1) = 1 and hence
x →1 x →1
⇒ x2–10x+21 = 0 f(x) is continuous at x = 1
CALCULUS 462 YCT
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40. The function f ( x ) =| x − 1 | + | x − 2 |,x ∈ [ 0,3] is Ans. (b) : Given f(x) = x sinx
Upon differentiating w.r.t. x, we have
not differentiable at point:
f'(x) = sinx + x cos x
heâueve f ( x ) =| x − 1 | + | x − 2 |,x ∈ [ 0,3] DeJekeâueveerÙe
π π π π
veneR nw: ∴ f '   = sin   + cos  
2 2 2 2
(a) x = 0 =1
(b) x = 2 log x
(c) x = 3 42. The value of lim is:
x →∞ x
log x
UK SSSC LT 2020 lim
x →∞
keâe ceeve nw:
x
Ans. (b) : Given function is
(a) 0 (b) ∞
−2x + 3 : x < 1
 (c) –∞ (d) 1
f (x) = 1 :1 ≤ x < 2 UK SSSC LT 2020
2x − 3 : x ≥ 2
 log e x ∞
Ans. (a) : lim = (Indeterminacy)
x →∞ x ∞
Clearly function is differentiable at every point in ∴ By L' Hospital's rule, we have
[0, 1)∪(1, 2)∪(2, 3]. log e x 1
lim = lim = 0
Now at x=1 x →∞ x x →∞ x
f (x) − f (1) dy
lim 43. If y = log [log(log x)], then the value of will
x →1− x −1
dx
−2x + 3 − 1 be:
lim
x →1− x −1 dy
−2(x − 1) Ùeefo y = log [log(log x)] lees keâe ceeve nesiee:
lim =–2 dx
x →1− x −1 1
f (x) − f (1) (a)
and lim log ( log x )
x →1+ x −1
1
1−1 (b)
lim+
x →1 x − 1
=0 x log x.log ( log x )
Hence, function is not differentiable at x =1. 1
(c)
Now at x=2 x log ( log x )
f (x) − f (2) (d) None of the above/GheÙeg&òeâ ceW mes keâesF& veneR
lim
x → 2− x−2 UK SSSC LT 2020
1−1 Ans. (b) : Given y = log [log (log x)]
lim =0
x → 2− x − 2 By chain rule, we get
f (x) − f (2) dy
=
d
(log [log (log x)]) d (log (log x)) d (logx)
and lim+
x→2 x−2 dx dx dx dx
2x − 3 − 1 dy 1
lim =
x → 2+ x−2 dx x log x.log ( log x )
2(x − 2) 44. The function f(x) = |x| at x = 0 is:
lim =2
x → 2+ x−2 heâueve f(x) = |x| at x = 0 hej nw:
Hence, function is not differentiable at x =2 (a) Differentiable/DeJekeâueveerÙe
π (b) Discontinuous/Demelele
41. If f(x) = x sin x, then f'   is equal to:
2 (c) Continuous but not differentiable
melele uesefkeâve DeJekeâueveerÙe veneR
Ùeefo f(x) = x sin x, leye f'  π  yejeyej nw: (d) None of the above/GheÙeg&òeâ ceW mes keâesF& veneR
2
UK SSSC LT 2020
(a) 0
Ans. (c) : By definition
(b) 1
(c) –1 − x, if x < 0
f (x) = 
(d) 1/2  x, if x ≥ 0
UK SSSC LT 2020 Clearly the function is defined at 0 and f(0) = 0.
CALCULUS 463 YCT

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Left hand limit of f at 0 is Upon differentiating w.r.t. θ, we get
lim f ( x ) = lim− ( − x ) = 0
= 2b ( 2 sin θ cos θ − 2.4 sin 3 θ cos θ )
dy
x → 0− x →0
Similarly, the right hand limit of f at 0 is dθ

lim+ f ( x ) = lim+ ( x ) = 0
= 2b (2sinθ cosθ – 4.2 sinθ cosθ sin2θ)
x→0 x→0 = 2b (sin2θ – 4sin2θ sin2θ)
Thus, f is continuous at x = 0 = 2b sin2θ (1 – 4sin2θ)
2b sin 2θ (1 − 4sin 2 θ )
Now, consider the left hand derivative
dy dy / dθ
f ( 0 + h ) − f ( 0 ) −h So, = =
lim
h → 0−
= = −1 dx dx / dθ 4a cos 2 θ ( cos 2 θ − 3sin 2 θ )
h h
The right hand derivative b.2sin θ cos θ (1 − 4sin 2 θ )
f (0 + h ) − f (0) h =
lim
h → 0+ h
= = +1
h (
2a cos 2 θ (1 − sin 2 θ ) − 3sin 2 θ )
b sin θ (1 − 4sin θ )
Thus, f is not differentiable at x = 0 2
b
45. If f(x) = xx, x > 0 is strictly increasing, then: = = tan θ
a cos θ (1 − 4sin θ )
2
a
Ùeefo f(x) = xx, x > 0 efvejblej JeOe&ceeve nes, lees:
1 dy
(a) x > (b) x > e 47. If sin y = (1 + x) sin (1 + y), then =
e dx
1 dy
(c) x > e + 1 (d) x >1 + Ùeefo sin y = (1 + x) sin (1 + y), lees =
e dx
Haryana PGT 2020 sin 2 (1 + y )
x (a) sin (1 + y) (b)
Ans. (a) : If f(x) = x ; x > 0 is strictly increasing then sin1
f' (x) = xx (logx + 1) > 0 : x > 0 sin (1 + y ) sin y
⇒ logx + 1 > 0 ⇒ log x + loge > 0 (c) (d)
sin y sin (1 + y )
⇒ log (xe) > 0
⇒ xe > 0 Haryana PGT 2020
Ans. (b) : Given siny = (1 + x) sin (1 + y)
1
⇒x> . sin y
e ⇒ 1+x =
sin (1 + y )
46. If x = a(1 + cos 2θ) sin 2θ; y = b(1 – cos2θ) cos
dy on differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
2θ, then = dy dy
dx cos y. .sin (1 + y ) − sin y cos (1 + y )
Ùeefo x = a(1 + cos 2θ) sin 2θ; y = b(1 – cos2θ) cos 1= dx dx
sin 2 (1 + y )
dy
2θ, lees = sin 2 (1 + y )
dx dy
⇒ =
b b dx cos y sin (1 + y ) − sin y cos (1 + y )
(a) cot θ (b) tan θ
a a dy sin 2 (1 + y )
=
dx cos y sin1cos y + cos y sin y cos1 − sin y cos y cos1 + sin y sin1sin y
b sin 2θ − cos 2θ a
(c) . (d) sin θ
a cos θ b dy sin 2 (1 + y )
⇒ =
Haryana PGT 2020 dx (
cos 2 y + sin 2 y sin1 )
Ans. (b) : Given x = a sin2θ (1 + cos2θ)
dy sin (1 + y )
2
⇒ x = 2a sinθ cosθ (1 + 2cos2 θ – 1) ⇒ =

dx sin1
⇒ x = 4a sinθ cos3θ
Upon differentiating w.r.t. θ, we get 48. Let f : ( 0, ∞ ) → R be a differentiable function,
such that f'(x2) = 1 – x3 for all x > 0 and f(1) = 0,
= 4a ( cos θ cos 3 θ + sin θ.3cos 2 θ ( − sin θ ) )
dx
dθ then f(4) =
= 4a (cos4θ – 3sin2θ cos2θ) ceeve ueerefpeS f : ( 0, ∞ ) → R Skeâ DeJekeâueveerÙe heâueve
= 4a cos2θ (cos2θ – 3sin2θ) Fme Øekeâej nw efkeâ f'(x2) = 1 – x3 ØelÙeskeâ x > 0 leLee
And y = b cos2θ (1 – cos2θ) f(1) = 0, lees f(4) =
⇒ y = b (1 – 2sin2θ) (1 – 1 + 2sin2θ) −5 −8
(a) (b)
⇒ y = 2b (sin2θ – 2sin4θ) 8 5
CALCULUS 464 YCT

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−47 −5 (a) 5 (b) –5
(c) (d) (c) –10 (d) 10
5 47
Haryana PGT 2018 Haryana PGT 2018
Ans. (c) : We have f' (x2) = 1 – x3 g ( x ) f ( p) − g (p) f ( x )
⇒ ( )
2xf ' x 2 = 2x − 2x 4
Ans. (b) : lim
x→p x−p
has indeterminacy
⇒
d
dx
( f ' ( x )) = 2x − 2x
2 4
of
0
0
form.
⇒ ( )
f x2 = x2 −
2 5
5
x +c
L' Hospital's Rule gives
g ( x ) f ( p) − g ( p) f ( x )
Now when x = 1, f (1) = 0 then from above we get lim =
x →P x−p
−3
c= lim g ' ( x ) f ( p ) − g ( p ) f ' ( x ) = g' (p) f (p) – g(p) f' (p)
5 x →p
( ) 2
So, f ' x 2 = x 2 − x 5 −
5
3
5
= (–1) (3) – (–1) (–2)
= –3 – 2 = – 5
2 3 xn
which gives f ( 4 ) = ( 2 ) − ( 2 ) −
2 5
51. lim = 0, (n integer), for:
5 5 x →∞ e x
2 × 32 3 −47 xn
= 4− − =
5 5 5 (n hetCeeËkeâ) kesâ efueS, lim = 0,
x →∞ ex
1 x -1 (a) No value of n/n kesâ efkeâmeer ceeve kesâ efueS veneR
sin 2 x ∫x
49. lim+ sin t dt =
x→0
(b) Only positive values of n
2
n kesâ kesâJeue Oeveelcekeâ ceeveeW kesâ efueS
1 1
(a) (b) (c) Only negative values of n
4 8 n kesâ kesâJeue ]$e+Ceelcekeâ ceeveeW kesâ efueS
3 (d) All values of n/ n kesâ meYeer ceeveeW kesâ efueS
(c) (d) 0
8 Haryana PGT 2018
Haryana PGT 2018
Ans. (d) :
Ans. (c) : Given
x xn
1 0 We have lim x ; n is an integer
sin ( t ) dt is of the
x →0 + sin 2 x ∫
−1 x →∞ e
lim form, hence L'
0
x/2 1
Hospital's Rule and Leibniz integral rule for Now if n = 0, we get lim x = 0
x →∞ e
differentiation under the integral sign gives
If n > 0, we have by the power series of ex for x > 0
sin −1 ( x ) −
sin −1
( x / 2 )
1
x
x x n +1
sin ( t ) dt = lim
x →0 + sin 2 x ∫
−1 2 e >
lim
x/2
x →0+ 2sin x cos x. ( n + 1)!
1 1 1 x n ( n + 1) !
− . Hence 0 < <
1− x2 4 − x2 2 ex x
= lim
x →0 + 2 cos 2 x − 2sin 2 x which implies
1 1 1 xn
− ⋅ lim x = 0
x →∞ e
1− x 2
4−x 22
lim
x →0 + 2 cos 2 2x 1
If n < 0 we get lim n x = 0
1 x →∞ x e
1−
4 = 3 d
=
2 8
52. ( log a x ) is
dx
50. If f and g are twice differentiable function and keâe ceeve nw :
f(p) = 3, f'(p) = –2, g(p) = –1, g'(p) = 4, then:
1 1
Ùeefo f leLee g oes yeej DeJekeâueveerÙe heâueve nw leLee f(p) (a) (b) log e a
x x
= 3, f'(p) = –2, g(p) = –1, g'(p) = 4, lees:
1 a
g ( x) f (p ) − g (p) f ( x) (c) log a e (d)
lim = x x
x →p x−p UKPSC GIC 2018
CALCULUS 465 YCT
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log e x k π
Ans. (c) : we have logax = ⇒ sin = 3
log e a 2 2
⇒k =3
d d  log x  1 d 2
∴ ( log a x ) =  e  = ( loge x ) ⇒k=6
dx dx  log e a  log e a dx
55. If f(x) = loge (loge x), then f'(e) is
1 1
= = log a e Ùeefo f(x) = loge (loge x) leye f'(e) nesiee
x log e a x
1
(a) (b) e (c) 1 (d) 0
53. If the function f:R→R where R is the set of real e
numbers, is defined as PGT 2010
f(x)= x -1 + x - 5 Ans : (a) f ( x) = log e (log e x)
Then the value of f' (3) is 1 1
f '( x) = .
Ùeefo heâueve f:R→R peneB R JeemleefJekeâ mebKÙeeDeeW keâe log e x x
mecegÛÛeÙe nw, f(x)= x -1 + x - 5 Éeje heefjYeeef<ele nw, lees f '(e) =
1 1
.
f' (3) keâe ceeve nw : log e e e
1
(a) 0 (b) 2 Ûetbefkeâ logee= 1 ⇒ f '(e) =
(c) –2 (d) 4 e
x −1 dy
UKPSC GIC 2018 56. If f (x) = and y = f −1 ( x ) , then is equal to
Ans. (a) : f : R → R defined as f(x) = x − 1 + x − 5 can x + 2 dx
x −1 dy
be described as Ùeefo f (x) = Deewj y = f −1 ( x ) leye yejeyej nw
x+2 dx
−2x + 6 ; x ≤ 1 2 3
 (a) (b)
f(x) =  4 ; 1≤ x ≤ 5 1− x 1+ x
 2x − 6 ; x ≥ 5
 (c)
3
(d)
3
Now f'(x) = 0 ∨ x ∈ [1,5] (1 − x ) 2
(1 + x )2
f'(3) = 0 UP PGT-2016 (02-02-2019)
x + 1
54. The function f is defined as Ans : (c) f (x) = , y = f −1 (x)
heâueve f efvecveJeled heefjYeeef<ele nw : x + 2
ceevee f(x) = y
 kcosx π
x −1
 π - 2x , when x ≠
2 y=
f ( x) =  x+2
 3, π xy + 2y = x–1
when x =
 2 2y+1 = x–xy
π 2y+1 = x(1–y)
If f(x) is continuous at x = , then the value of
2 2y + 1
x=
k is 1− y
π 2x + 1
Ùeefo f(x), x = hej meleled nw, lees k keâe ceeve nw : leye f −1 ( x ) = efoÙee nw~ f–1(x) = y
2 1− x
(a) 3 (b) –3 2x + 1
y=
(c) 6 (d) –6 1− x
UKPSC GIC 2018 DeJekeâueve keâjves hej
Ans. (c) : If f(x) is continuous at x = π/2 then d d
dy (
1 − x ) ( 2x + 1) − ( 2x + 1) (1 − x )
lim f (x) = f π
x→π
( )
2 = dx dx
2 dx (1 − x )2
k cos x 0 dy (1 − x ) 2 − ( 2x + 1)( −1)
⇒ lim =3  
π
x→
2 π − 2x 0 =
dx (1 − x )2
Using L-Hospital's rule
− k sin x dy 2 − 2x + 2x + 1 dy 3
⇒ lim =3 = ⇒ =
x→
π
2
−2 dx (1 − x )2 dx (1 − x )2
CALCULUS 466 YCT

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57. If f'(x)=g(x) and g'(x)=f(x2), then f"(x2) is equal to  1 
Ùeefo f'(x)=g(x) Deewj g'(x)=f(x2), lees f"(x2) yejeyej nw  − cos(x + y) 
( x + y)
=  
dy
(a) g(x2) (b) f(x4) ⇒
dx  1 
(c) f(x3) (d) g(x4) − − cos(x + y) 
UP TGT-2016 (08-03-2019) ( x + y ) 
Ans : (b) f'(x) = g(x) dy
⇒ = −1
f" (x) = g'(x) dx
efoÙee nw g' (x) = f(x2) 60. If x = sec θ − cos θ and y = secn θ − cosn θ , then
= f" (x) = f(x2) 2
f"(x2) = f(x4) dy
the value of (x 2 + 4) is–
2
dx
dy
58. If y = 3x , then is– Ùeefo x = sec θ − cos θ leLee y = secn θ − cosn θ , lees
dx 2
2
d2 y dy
Ùeefo y = 3 , nw, lees 2 nw–
x
(x 2 + 4) keâe ceeve nw–
dx dx
(a) x(x − 1)3x − 2 (b) 1 (a) n 2 (y 2 + 4) (b) x 2 (y 2 + 4)
(c) log 3 (d) y (log3)2 (c) y 2 + 4
JDD-75-PGT TIER II-X-15 28.06.2015 (d) None of the above/GheÙeg&òeâ ceW mes keâesF& veneR
Ans. (d) : Given, y = 3x (GIC) ØeJeòeâe hejer#ee, 2015
⇒ log y = x log 3 Ans. (a) : Given, x= secθ–cosθ and y=secnθ–cosnθ
1 dy dy
⇒ = log 3 then = n sec n −1 θ.sec θ tan θ + n cos n −1 θ.sin θ
y dx dθ
dy
dy = n secn θ.tan θ + n cos n −1 θ.sin θ
⇒ = y log 3....................(i) dθ
dx
dx
Again differentiating w.r.t. x we get and = sec θ.tan θ + sin θ
dθ
d 2 y dy 2
=  dy 
dx 2 dx
log 3 So that, ( x 2
+ 4 )  
 dx 
= n 2 ( y2 + 4)
= (y log 3)(log 3) [ from(i)]

61. If f (x) = beax + aebx , then f ′′ (0) is equal to–
d2 y Ùeefo f (x) = beax + aebx , nw, lees f ′′ (0) Fmekesâ
= y ( log 3)
2
dx 2 yejeyej nw–
(a) 0 (b) 2ab
dy
59. If sin (x + y) = log (x + y), then is equal to– (c) ab ( a + b) (d) ab
dx DSSSB TGT (SECTION-B) 28 DEC 2014
dy
Ùeefo sin (x + y) = log (x + y), nw, lees Fmekesâ Ans. (c) : Given, f (x) = beax + aebx
dx
differentiating w.r.t., x, we get
yejeyej nw–
f ′ (x) = abeax + abebx
(a) 1 (b) –1
again differentiating, we get
(c) 2 (d) –2
JDD-75-PGT TIER II-X-15 28.06.2015 f ′′ (x) = a 2 beax + ab2 c bx (∴ x = 0 )
Ans. (b) : Given, sin (x + y) = log (x + y) ∴ f ′′(0) = a 2 be0 + ab 2 c0 = a 2 b + ab2 = ab(a + b)
Differentiating it w.r.t. x, we get
dy
cos (x + y) (1+dy/dx) = 1/(x + y) {1+dy/dx} 62. If 2x + 2 y = 2x + y then is equal to :
dx
dy 1 1 dy
cos(x + y) + cos(x + y) = + dy
dx (x + y) (x + y) dx Ùeefo 2x + 2y = 2x + y leye kesâ yejeyej nw
dx
 1  dy 1 2x + 2y 2x + 2y
⇒ cos(x + y) −  = − cos(x + y) (a) (b)
 (x + y)  dx (x + y) x
2 −2 y
1 + 2x + y
CALCULUS 467 YCT

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2y − 1 2x + y − 2 x  1 
(c) 2x − y (d) Ans : (b) Let y1 = sec −1  2 
1 − 2x 2 y
 2x − 1 
PGT 2011 put x = cos θ
Ans : (c) Given that 2 x + 2 y = 2 x + y  1 
⇒ y1 = sec −1  
differentiating w.r.t. x; we get 2
 2 cos θ − 1 
dy  dy  ⇒ y1 = sec −1 ( sec 2θ )
2x log 2 + 2 y log 2 = 2 x + y log 2  1 + 
dx  dx 
⇒ y1 = 2θ ⇒ y1 = 2 cos −1 x
dy dy
⇒ 2x + 2y = 2x +y + 2x +y dy1 −2
dx dx = and y2 = 1 − x 2
( )
dy dx 1− x 2
⇒ 2x + y − 2 y = 2x − 2 x + y
dx dy2 −x
=
⇒
x
dy 2 1 − 2
=
y
( ) dx 1 − x2
dx 2 y 2x − 1( ) dy1
dx = 2
∴
dy  2y − 1  dy 2 x
⇒ = 2x − y 
dx  1 − 2x  dx
 
 dy1 
dy  
63. If x y = e x − y then is equal to : ⇒ dx =
2
=4
dx  dy 2 
  1/ 2
dy  x = 1
Ùeefo x y = e x −y leye yejeyej nw dx
2
dx
 x2 + 5 
(a) (1 + log x )−1 (b) (1 + log x )−2 65. Deiej lim  − ax − b  = ∞, lees a Deewj b kesâ
log x
x →∞
 +
2x 3 
(c) (d) None of these ceeve keäÙee nesieW ?
(1 + log x )2
1 1
PGT 2011 (a) a ≠ , b ∉ R (b) a = , b ∉ R
2 2
Ans : (c) Given that x y = e x − y 1 1
Taking log on both the sides (c) a = , b ∈ R (d) a ≠ , b ∈ R
2 2
y log x = x – y ............. (i)
Differentiating both the sides w.r.t. x, we get
y dy dy  x2 + 5 
+ log x = 1− Ans : (d) lim  − ax − b  = ∞
x →∞ 2x + 3
x dx dx  
dy
(1 + log x ) = 1 −
dx
y
x
............(ii)
lim 
( )
 x 2 + 5 − a 2x 2 + 3x − b ( 2x + 3 ) 
=∞
x →∞  2x + 3 
from (i) y (1 + log x) = x  
x  (1 − 2a ) x 2 − ( 3a + 2b ) x − 3b + 5 
⇒ y=
1 + log x lim  =∞
x →∞ 
 2x + 3 
dHence (ii) becomes
1
dy x /1 + log x Which implies that we must have 1 – 2a ≠ 0 ⇒ a ≠
(1 + log x ) = 1 − 2
dx x
dy log x  x
⇒ = heâueve  2 , x≠0 hej
66. f ( x ) =  3x − 5x x=0
dx (1 + log x )2  0,
 x=0
64. The derivative of sec − 1  1  with respect melele veneR nw, keäÙeeWefkeâ
(a) lim f ( x ) ≠ f ( 0 )
2
 2x − 1 
x →0
1 1
to 1−x 2
at x= is :/ x= hej (b) lim f ( x ) DeefmlelJe ceW veneR nw
2 2 x →0+

sec − 1  2
1  keâe 1 − x 2 kesâ meehes#e DeJekeâueve nw (c) lim f ( x ) DeefmlelJe ceW veneR nw
 x →0−
 2x − 1 
(a) 2 (b) 4 (c) 3 (d) –2 (d) limf ( x ) DeefmlelJe ceW veneR nw
x →0
PGT 2011 DSSSB 23 SEP 2018 (9 AM-11 AM)
CALCULUS 468 YCT
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Ans : (d) 1 1
ex − 1 ex − 1
 x 69. lim is equal to/ lim+ yejeyej nw
 , x≠0 x →0+
1
x →0
1
Function f ( x ) =  3x 2 − 5x ex + 1 ex + 1
 0, x = 0
 (a) –1 (b) 1 (c) 0 (d) 2
Since at x = 0 LT 2018
1 1
Left hand limit = and Right hand limit = − 1
5 5 ex −1
Ans : (b) lim
⇒ LHL ≠RHL x → 0+
1
ex +1
⇒ lim f (x) does not exist
x →0 By L.H. Rule
n n
 a  a 1 x
1
67. lim  1 + sin  is equal to/ lim  1 + sin  yejeyej nw −e
n→∞
 n  n→∞
 n  2
lim+ x 1 = 1
(a) e (b) ea x →0 1
(c) e2a (d) 0 − 2 ex
x
LT 2018
n 70. If x = a ( cos t + t sin t ) y = a ( sin t − t cos t ) then
 a
Ans : (b) Given, lim 1 + sin 
n →∞
 n d2y
the value of is/Ùeefo x = a ( cos t + t sin t )
We know that, dx 2
g( x )
⇒ lim f ( x ) d2y
x →∞ y = a ( sin t − t cos t ) lees keâe ceeve nw
when, f(x) = 1, g(x) = ∞ dx 2
lim  f ( x ) –1×g( x )
then, e x →∞  
=e t
(a) sec3 t (b) at sec3 t
from question a
a 1 sec3 t a sec3 t
f ( x ) = 1 + sin , g ( x ) = n (c) (d)
n a t t
 a 
lim 1+ sin –1×n
then, e x →∞  n  LT 2018
lim n sin
a
lim
a sin a / n
 sin1/ x  Ans : (c) Given, x = a ( cos t + t sin t )
= e x →∞ n
= e x →∞ a/n
∵ lim = 1
  y = a ( sin t − t cos t )
x →∞ 1/ x
= ea
dx
Hence lim (1 + sin a / n ) = ea = a [ − sin t + t cos t + sin t ]
n
x →∞ dt
68. Let f : R→R be a differentiable function such dx
that f'(x2)=4x2–1 for x > 0 and f(1)=1. Then f(4) is = at cos t ............. (i)
ceeve ueerefpeS f:R→R Skeâ DeJekeâueveerÙe heâueve Fme Øekeâej nw dt
efkeâ f'(x2)=4x2–1, x> 0 kesâ efueS, Deewj f(1)=1 leye f(4) nw dy
Now, = a [ cos t + t sin t − cos t ]
(a) 64 (b) 30 dt
(c) 42 (d) 28 dy
= at sin t .............. (ii)
LT 2018 dt
Ans : (d) f ' ( x 2 ) = 4x 2 – 1 dy
2
On putting x = y we have dy dt at sin t
= ⇒ = tan t
f'(y)=4y–1 dx dx at cos t
which on integration gives dt
f(y) = 2y2–y+c diff. with respect to x
or f(x2) = 2x4–x2+c
d2 y d dt 1
where c is the constant of integration
2
= ( tan t ) = sec2 t ×
Now if f(1) = 1 = 2+c dx dt dx at cos t
⇒ c=0
Hence, f(x2) = 2x4–x2 d 2 y sec3 t
=
So, at x = 2 we have dx 2 at
f(x) = 2(2)4–2(2)2
= 2.16 – 4 71. Which of the following limit does not exist?
= 28 efvecve ceW mes keâewvemeer meercee DeefmlelJe ceW veneR nw?
CALCULUS 469 YCT
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x sin x 74. The number of points at which the function
(a) lim (b) lim 1
x→0 x x→0 x f (x) = is not continuous is–
x − [ x]
x
(c) lim (d) None these 1
x → 0 cos x f (x) = heâueve Fve efyevogDeeW hej efvejblej veneR nw–
DSSSB TGT (SECTION-B) 28 DEC 2014 x − [ x]
x (a) 1 (b) 2
Ans. (a) : ∴ is signum function and whose limits (c) 3
x (d) None of these/FveceW mes keâesF& veneR
does not exist
x Ans. (d) :
lim = does not exist
x→0 x 1
1 , x>0
Given function is f (x) =
x − [x]
(∵{x} = x − [ x ])
x
lim = 0 , x=0 At all integral point denominator becomes zero
x→0 x and hence function is not defined and hence the
−1 , x < 0
function is discontinuous at infinitely many points.
Hence L.H.L. ≠ R.H.L (∵1 ≠ −1)
log x
if x ≠ 1
x+1 −1 75. If f (x) = x − 1 is continuous at
72. Value of the lim is–
x→ 0 x K if x = 1
x = 1 then the value of K is–
x+1 −1
meercee lim keâe cetuÙe nw– log x
x→ 0 x if x ≠ 1
(a) 1 (b) 2
Ùeef o f (x) = x − 1 Ùen x = 1 hej efvejblej
K if x = 1
1
(c) (d) FveceW mes keâesF& veneR nw, lees K keâe cetuÙe nw–
2
(a) 0 (b) –1 (c) 1 (d) 0
DSSSB TGT (SECTION-B) 28 DEC 2014 DSSSB TGT (SECTION-B) 28 DEC 2014
Ans. (c) : Ans. (c) : Given function is
x +1 −1 0 log x
lim form if x ≠ 1
x→0 x 0 f (x) = x − 1
if x = 1
byLH Rule K
since function is continuous, so
x +1 −1 1 1 1
lim = lim = = lim f (x) = f (1) by L.H. Rule
x→0 x x→0 2 x + 1 2 0 +1 2 . x →1
1 + 2 + 3 + ... + n log x
73. Value of lim ,n ∈ N is equal to lim = f (1)
n→∞ n2 x →1 x − 1
1 + 2 + 3 + ... + n ⇒1= K ⇒ K =1
lim ,n ∈N keâe cetuÙe Fmekesâ yejeyej nw-
n→∞ n2 76. Value of the limit lim 2x sin
1
is equal to–
1 1 x→∞ 2x
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c)
(d)
2 4 1
lim 2x sin meercee keâe cetuÙe Fmekesâ yejeyej nw
DSSSB TGT (SECTION-B) 28 DEC 2014 x→∞ 2x
Ans. (c) : (a) 1 (b) 0
1 + 2 + 3 + .... + n (c) Not defined/heefjYeeef<ele veneR efkeâÙee
lim (d) none of these/FveceW mes keâesF& veneR
n →∞ n2
n
(n + 1) Ans. (a) :
= lim 2 2 (Sum of n natural numbers) 1
n →∞ n sin
1 2x 1
n(n + 1) lim (2x).sin = lim 2x
= lim x →∞ 2x x →∞ 1 2x
n →∞ 2n 2 2x
1 1 1 1 1 1
= lim 1 + = . 1+ = = lim 2x =1
2 n →∞ n 2 ∞ 2 x →∞ 2x
CALCULUS 470 YCT

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4 − x2 Ans. (d) :
77. The function f (x) = is discontinuous at 1
4x − x 3 Here f ( x ) = x sin ∵ f (0) = 0
2 x
4−x
heâueve f (x) = Ùen Fme hej Demelele jnlee nw 1
4x − x 3 And f ( 0 + h ) = h sin ⇒ f (0+ ) = 0
h
(a) Only one point/kesâJeue Skeâ efyevog
(b) Exactly two points/"erkeâ "erkeâ oes efyevog Also ( )
f 0− = 0
(c) Exactly three points/"erkeâ "erkeâ leerve efyevog Hense f(x) is continuous at x = 0
(d) None of these/FveceW mes keâesF& veneR 1
SECTION B PGT TIER-I 31.11.2014 ∴ f ( α + 0) = α.sin = f (α − 0)
α
4 − x2 So, the function is continuous at x = α ≠ 0,
Ans. (c) : Give function is f (x) = Thus the function is continuous for all
4x − x 3
Hence clearly at x = 0, x = –2 and x = 2 points in the interval (0,1)
function is undefined so, f(x) is clearly Hence the function is uniformly continuous.
discontinuous at exactly three points  x5 − 32
78. Which of the following is not an indeterminate 81. lf f ( x ) =  x − 2 , x ≠ 2 is continuous at
form?/ efvecve ceW mes keâewve efveefMÛele ™he veneR nw?  k , x=2

(a) ∞ + ∞ (b) ∞ − ∞
x=2, then k equal to–
(c) ∞ / ∞ (d) 0 × ∞
(a) 16 (b) 80 (c) 32 (d) 8
JDD-75-PGT TIER II-X-15 28.06.2015
Ans. (a) : Indeterminate forms are
Ans. (b) :
0 ∞
, ,0 × ∞,1∞ , ∞ − ∞, ∞º and 00.  x 5 − 32
0 ∞  , x≠2
Hence ∞ + ∞ is not an indeterminate form Let f ( x ) =  x − 2
 , x=2
 1 1   k
79. lim  2 − 2  is equal to–
x →0 x
 sin x  Since f(x) is continuous at x = 2
 1 1  ∴ lim f (x) = f (2)
lim  2 − Fmekes â yejeyej nw – x →2
x →0 x
 sin 2 x 
x 5 − 32
(a) 0 (b) 3 ∴ lim =k
(c) 3/2 (d) -1/3 x →2 x − 2
JDD-75-PGT TIER II-X-15 28.06.2015 x 5 − 25
∴ lim =k
 1 1  x →2 x − 2
Ans. (d) : let lim  2 − 2 

x →0 x sin x  lim5x 5–1 = k {by L.H. rule}
x →2
 sin x − x 
2 2
0
= lim  2 2  .   ⇒ 5.25−1 = k
x →0
 x sin x  0
By applying L’ hospital’s rule 4 times we get ⇒ 5.24 = k ⇒ k = 80
4 cos 2x  e2x − 1 
= lim 2
x → 0 4x cos 2x + 16x sin 2x − 12 cos 2x 82. The value of lim 
x →∞ sin(4x)
 is equal to–
 
4 cos 2.0
=  e2x − 1 
4.0.cos 2.0 + 16.0sin 2.0 − 12 cos 2.0 lim   keâe cetuÙe Fmekesâ yejeyej nw–
x →∞ sin(4x)
4 1  
= =− (a) 0 (b) 0.5 (c) 1 (d) 2
−12 3
JDD-75-PGT TIER II-X-15 28.06.2015
80. Which of the following is unifon continuous on (0,1)
efvecve ceW mes keâewve (0,1) hej Skeâmeceeve efvejblej nw? Ans. (b) :
1 1 e2x − 1 0 
(a) f ( x ) = sin (b) f ( x ) = lim  form 
x x x →0 sin 4x  0 
1 1 By L-hospital Rule
(c) f ( x ) = (d) f ( x ) = x sin
x 2 x e2x − 1 2e2x
lim = lim
JDD-75-PGT TIER II-X-15 28.06.2015 x →0 sin 4x x →0 4 cos 4x
CALCULUS 471 YCT

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(c) continuous for all x except x = 0
2.e0 2 1
= = = meYeer x kesâ efueS efvejblej efmeJeeÙe x = 0 kesâ
4.cos 0 4 2
(d) continuous for all x except x = 1
e2x − 1 meYeer x kesâ efueS efvejblej efmeJeeÙe x = 1 kesâ
⇒ lim = 0.5
x →0 sin 4x JDD-75-PGT TIER II-X-15 28.06.2015
1 + x2 − 1 − x2 x− x
83. The value of lim is equal to– Ans. (b) : Let f (x) =
x→0 x x
Since lim f (x) ≠ f (0)
1 + x2 − 1 − x2 x →0
x→0
lim keâe cetuÙe Fmekesâ Flevee nw– Hence f(x) is discontinuous for all x
x
1 3sin 2 x − 2sin 2 x
(a) 0 (b) 86. The value of lim
2 x→0 3x 2
(c) 2 (d) FveceW mes keâesF& veneR 3sin x − 2sin x
2 2
lim keâe cetuÙe nw–
JDD-75-PGT TIER II-X-15 28.06.2015 x→0 3x 2
Ans. (a) : 1
(a) (b) 0
3
1 + x2 − 1 − x2 (c) 1
Given, lim
x →0 x (d) none of these/FveceW mes keâesF& veneR
 1 + x2 − 1 − x2  1 + x2 +
  ( ) (1 − x 2 ) JDD-75-PGT TIER II-X-15 28.06.2015
= lim   Ans. (a) :
x →0
x  1 + x 2 + 1 − x 2  lim
3sin 2 x − 2 sin 2 x
= lim
sin 2 x
  x →0 3x 2 x →0 3x 2
= lim
(1 + x 2 − 1 + x 2 ) =
1
lim
sin 2 x 1
= .1
3 x →0 x 2 3
x →0
x  1 + x 2 + 1 − x 2 
 
3sin 2 x − 2sin 2 x 1
2 = lim =
2x x →0 3x 2 3
= lim
x →0
x  1 + x 2 + 1 − x 2  dy
  87. If sin y = xsin (a +y), then equal to
dx
2x 2× 0 0
= = = =0 Ùeefo sin y = xsin (a +y) leye
dy
yejeyej nesiee :
2
1+ x + 1− x 2 1+ 0 + 1− 0 2 dx
84. The points of discontinuity of the function (a) sin (a + y) (b) sin2 (a + b)
1 sin(a + y) sin 2 (a + y)
f (x) = is– (c) (d)
log x sin a sin a
TGT 2003
1 Ans : (d) Ùeefo sin y = x sin (a+y)
Heâueve f (x) = ceW Demebieefle kesâ efyevog nw–
log x
sin y
(a) 2 (b) 1 (c) 4 (d) 3 x=
sin(a + y)
JDD-75-PGT TIER II-X-15 28.06.2015 y kesâ meehes#e DeJekeâueve keâjves hej,
1 d d
Ans. (b) : The given function is f (x) = sin(a + y) sin y − sin y sin(a + y)
log x dx dy dy
=
Since x = 1 dy sin 2 (a + y)
the function hence number dx cos y sin(a + y) − sin y cos(a + y)
=
Of points of discontinuity is 1 dy sin 2 (a + y)
x− x x− x sin(a + y − y)
85. The function f(x) = is-/ f(x) = Heâueve nw =
x x sin 2 (a + y)
(a) continuous everywhere/nj peien efvejblej dy sin 2 (a + y)
∴ =
(b) discontinuous for all x/meYeer x kesâ efueS Demebiele dx sin a
CALCULUS 472 YCT
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88. The set of all point, where the function 1 − cos x dy
x 90. If y = tan −1 , the is
f (x) = is differentiable, is 1 + cos x dx
( x)
a −
1 − cos x dy
Gve efJevogDeeW keâe mecegÛÛeÙe peneB Heâueve Ùeefo y = tan −1 lees =
1 + cos x dx
x
f (x) = DeJekeâueveerÙe nesiee : (a) 1/4 (b) 1/2
(a − x ) (c) 1 (d) 2
(a) (–∞,∞) (b) (0, ∞) TGT 2003
(c) (–∞, 0) ∪ (0, ∞) (c) (0,∞) Ans : (b) Ùeefo
TGT 2003
x
x 1 − 1 + 2sin 2
Ans : (a) Heâueve f(x) = −1 1 − cos x −1 2
y = tan ⇒ y = tan
(a − x ) 1 + cos x 2 x
1 + 2cos − 1
mechetCe& JeemleefJekeâ mebKÙee jsKee hej DeJekeâueveerÙe nesiee DeLee&le (–∞,∞) 2
efvecveefueefKele efÛe$e keâes osefKeS  x x
y = tan −1  tan  =
 2 2
dy 1
∴ =
dx 2
dy
91. If sin (x + y) = log (x + y) then equal to
dx
dy
Ùeefo sin (x + y) = log (x+ y) leye =
89. The number of points at which the function dx
f ( x ) = x − 0.5 + x − 1 + tan x does not have (a) 2 (b) -2 (c) 1 (d) –1
derivative in the interval [0, 2] is. TGT 2003
Devlejeue [0,2] ceW Heâueve Ans : (d) Ùeefo sin(x+y) = log(x+y)
f ( x ) = x − 0.5 + x − 1 + tan x efkeâleves efyevogDeeW hej oesveeW he#eeW keâe x kesâ meehes#e DeJekeâueve keâjves hej,
DeJekeâueveerÙe (derivative) veneR nesiee :  dy  1  dy 
cos(x + y) ⋅ 1 +  = 1 + 
(a) 1 (b) 2  dx  ( x + y )  dx 
(c) 3 (d) 4  dy   1 
⇒  1 +  cos(x + y) − =0
y) 
TGT 2003
 dx  (x +
Ans : (b) Heâueve f (x) = x − 0.5 + x − 1 + tan x
dy  1 
1 ⇒ 1+ =0 ∵ cos(x + y) − ≠ 0
= x − + x − 1 + tan x dx  (x + y) 
2
dy
 3 1 ⇒ = −1
−2x + 2 + tan x, x<
2
dx
 sin 2x
 1 1 = yejeyej nesiee–
f (x) =  + tan x, ≤ x ≤1 92. lim
x→0 x
 2 2
 3 (a) 0 (b) 1
 2x − 2 + tan x, x >1 (c) 1/2 (d) 2

TGT 2001
 1
−2 + sec x, x<
2
sin 2x  sin 2x  sin 2x

2 Ans : (d) lim = lim 2   = 2lim =2
 1 x →0 x x → 0
 2x  x → 0 2x
f ' ( x ) =  sec2 x, ≤ x ≤1
 2 1 1 d2y
 2 + sec 2 x, x >1 93. Ùeefo x = t + , y = t − leye yejeyej nesiee:

t t dx 2
 (a) – 4t(t -1)–2
2
(b) – 4t3(t2-1)–3
1
mhe° nw efkeâ x = Deewj x = 1, hej heâueve DeJekeâueveerÙe veneR nw~ (c) (t2+1)(t2–1) –1 (d) – 4t2 (t2–1)–2
2 TGT 2001
Dele: kesâJeue 2 efyevog hej DeJekeâueveerÙe veneR nesiee PGT 2000
CALCULUS 473 YCT
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1 1 x − sin x 0 
Ans : (b) Ùeefo x = t + , y= t− Ans : (b) lim 3  form 
t t x →0 x 0 
dx 1 dy 1 1 − cos x
= 1− 2 , = 1+ 2 = lim
x → 0 3x 2
( By L.Hospital's Rule )
dt t dt t
dy t 2 + 1 dy  2  0 + sin x  0  cos x 1
= 2 ⇒ = 1 + 2  = lim form  = lim =
dx t − 1 dx  t − 1  x→0 6x  0  x →0 6 6
d 2 y d  dy  d  dy  dt f (x) − f (2)
=   =  ⋅ 97. Ùeefo f(x)=log(x2+1)leye lim
x→ 2 yejeyej nesiee
dx 2 dx  dx  dt  dx  dx x−2
(a) 0 (b) 4/5
−1 t2
= −4t 3 ( t 2 − 1)
−3
= 2⋅ ⋅ 2t × (c) 1/2 (d) 5/4
( t − 1) t −1
2 2 2
TGT 1999
2
94. Ùeefo y 2 = P(x), Skeâ leerve Ieele keâe yengheo nw leye Ans : (b) f (x) = log (x +1)
f (x) − f (2)
d  3 d2y  leLee lim
x →2 = f '(x)at x = 2
2 y · x−2
2 
dx  dx  1 2x
∴ f '(x) = 2
(2x) = 2
(a) P (x) + P (x)
''' '
(b) P (x) + P (x)
''' '''
x +1 x +1
2× 2 4
(c) P(x)P (x) '''
(d) Skeâ efveÙeleebkeâ ∴ f '(x) = = at x= 2
4 +1 5
TGT 2001
lim f ( x ) − f ( 2) 4
Ans : (c) Ùeefo P(x) = y 2
x →2 x − 2 =
5
P '' (x) = 2yy'' + 2 ( y' )
2
leye P ' (x) = 2yy' , 2x
98. ceevee y = sin-1 peneB 0 < x < 1 Deewj 0 < y <
Deewj P ''' (x) = 2yy ''' + 2y ' y'' + 4y' y'' 1 + x2
π dy
P ''' (x) = 2yy ''' + 6y ' y '' leye yejeyej nesiee :
2 dx
d  3 d2 y 
= 2 ( y3 y '' )
d 2 2x
∴2 y 2 
(a) (b)
dx  dx  dx 1+ x2 1+ x2
= 2  y3 y''' + 3y 2 y' y''  1 −x
(c) (d)
1+ x2 1+ x2
= y  2yy + 6y y  = y P (x) = P(x)P (x)
2 ''' ' '' 2 ''' '''
TGT 1999
nw : y = sin −1 
  dy  2 
3/ 2 2x 
DeJekeâue meceerkeâjCe d2y keâer keâesefš nw : Ans : (a) efoÙee 
95. 1 +    = 2
1+ x 
  dx   dx 2
(a) 1 (b) 2
ceevee x = tan θ leye θ = tan-1x
(c) 3 (d) 6  2 tan θ 
∴ y= sin-1  2

TGT 2001  1 + tan θ 
Ans : (b) DeJekeâue meceerkeâjCe kesâ oesveeW he#eeW keâe Jeie& keâjves hej y = sin-1 (sin2θ)
3 y = 2θ
  dy 2   d 2 y 
2
1 +    =  2  y = 2tan-1x
  dx    dx  dy 2
∴ dx = 1 + x 2 .
Dele: keâesefš·2 leLee Ieele·2
veesš : efkeâmeer DeJekeâue meceerkeâjCe keâer keâesefš Gmekesâ GÛÛelece  ex − (1 + x ) 
DeJekeâuepe keâer keâesefš nesleer nw peyeefkeâ Ieele GÛÛelece keâesefš kesâ 99. The value of lim   :
x →0
 x2 
DeJekeâuepe keâer Ieele nesleer nw~
 e − (1 + x ) 
x
x − sin x lim   keâe ceeve nw
96. lim keâe ceeve nw– x →0 x2
x→0 x3  
(a) 1/2 (b) 1/6 (a) 0 (b) 1/2
(c) 1/8 (d) 1/4 (c) 2 (d) e
TGT 1999 PGT 2011
CALCULUS 474 YCT
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|x|
 e − (1 + x ) 
x
0  102. The value of lim is :
Ans : (b) lim    form  x →0 x
x →0
 x2  0  |x|
lim keâe ceeve nw
(using L. Hospital rule) x →0 x
 e x − 1  (a) 1 (b) –1
= lim   (c) 0 (d) None of these
x →0  2x 
  PGT 2011
0 −x
{again form, using L. Hospital rule} Ans : (d) L.H.L. = lim− = −1 (for x < 0)
0 x →0 x
ex − 0 1 x
= lim = R.H.L. = lim+ = 1 (for x > 0)
x →0 2 2 x →0 x
∵ L.H.L. ≠ R.H.L. ⇒ Limit does not exist.
 a − b 
x x
100. The value of lim   is :  1
x→0 
 x  sin , x≠0
103. If f ( x ) =  x is continuous at x =
 a − b   k
x x
, x=0
lim   keâe ceeve nw :
x→0 
 x  0 then the value of k is :
a b  1
sin , x≠0
(a) log  
b
(b) log  
a
Ùeef o f ( x ) =  x , x = 0 hej melele nw lees
 k , x=0
(c) log (ab) (d) None of these
PGT 2011 k keâe ceeve nw
UP PCS (Pre) 1995 (a) ∞ (b) 1
Ans : (a) (c) –1 (d) None of these
PGT 2011
a x − bx 0 
lim  from  Ans : (d) ∵ − 1 ≤ sin
1
≤1 For x ≠ 0 and For x = 0,
x →0 x 0 
x
using L. Hospital rule f (x) = 0
x x
a log a − b log b 1
= lim Therefore lim sin does not exists and hence f (x) is
x →0 1 x →0 x
not continuous at x = 0. Hence no value of k exists.
a 0 log a − b0 log b
=
 f ( x ) − f ( 4 ) 
= log a – log b
1 104. If f ( x ) = x 2 + 9 then lim   have
a x →4 
 x − 4 
= log  
b the value :
 f ( x ) − f ( 4 ) 
 b 
101. The value of lim ax sin  x  is (a > 1) : Ùeefo f ( x ) = x 2 + 9 leye lim   keâe
x →∞ a 
x →4 
 x − 4 
 
b ceeve nesiee–
lim ax sin  x  (a > 1) keâe ceeve nw 5 4
x →∞ a  (a) (b) −
(a) b log a (b) a log b 4 5
(c) b (d) None of these 4
PGT 2011 5
PGT 2011
 b  b
Ans : (c) lim a x sin  x  as a > 1, x → ∞ , x → 0 Ans : (c) Since f ( x ) = x + 9 2
x →∞  
a a
 b  Differentiating w.r.t. x; we get
∴ lim a x sin  x  1 2x x
x →∞ a  f '(x) = = and we know that
2 x2 + 9 2
x +9
 b 
sin  x 
  f (x ) − f (4)
= lim b   = b.1 f ' ( 4 ) = lim
a sin x
∵ xlim = 1
x →∞  b   →∞ x  x →4 x−4
 x 4 4 4
a  ∴ f '( 4) = = =
=b 4 +92 16 + 9 5
CALCULUS 475 YCT

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4 d2 y 1 d3 y 2
⇒ f ' (4) = =− 2, =
5 dx 2
x dx 3 x 3
f ( x ) − f ( 4) 4 n −1
d n y ( −1) ( n − 1)!
⇒ lim = ⇒ =
x→4 x −4 5 dx n xn
105. If y = sinn x cos nx then
dy
is equal to : 108. If y = a sin (log x) then x2y2 + xy1 + y is equal to :
dx Ùeefo y = a sin (log x) leye x2y2 + xy1 + y keâe ceeve nw
dy (a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 0 (d) –1
Ùeefo y = sinn x cos nx leye yejeyej nw: PGT 2011
dx
(a) n sinn –1 x cos (n + 1) x Ans : (c) Given that y = a sin (log x)
(b) n sinn –1 x sin (n + 1) x dy 1
= a cos ( log x ) .
(c) n sinn –1 x cos (n – 1) x dx x
(d) n sinn –1 x cos nx ⇒ x y1 = a cos (log x) (where
dy
= y1 )
PGT 2011 dx
Again differentiating, we get
Ans : (a) Given that y = sinn x cos nx 2
differentiating w.r.t. x we get x2y2 + xy1 + y = 0 (where y 2 = d y2 )
dx
dy
= sin n x ( − sin nx ) .n + n cos nx sin n −1 x cos x 109. If x = θ − sin θ, y = 1 − cos θ then the value of
dx
d2y
= n sin n −1 x.sin x ( − sin nx ) + n sin n −1 x cos x.cos nx at the point ( π, 2 ) is :
dx 2
= n sin n −1 x ( − sin nx.sin x + cos x.cos nx ) d2y
Ùeefo x = θ − sin θ, y = 1 − cos θ leye keâe ceeve
dy 2
⇒ = n sin x ( cos x.cos nx − sin nx.sin x )
n −1 dx
dx ( π, 2 ) hej nw
= n sin n −1 x cos ( n + 1) x 1 1
(a) − (b) −
106. The differential coefficient of log tan x is : 4 2
log tan x keâe DeJekeâue iegCeebkeâ nw 1 1
(c) (d)
(a) 2 sec 2x (b) 2 cosec 2x 2 4
PGT 2011
(c) 2 sec3 x (d) 2 cosec3 x
Ans : (a) Given that x = θ − sin θ
PGT 2011
dx
Ans : (b) Let y = log tan x ⇒ = 1 − cos θ
dθ
Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
dy sin θ
dy 1 ⇒ =
= sec 2 x dx 1 − cos θ
dx tan x
d 2 y d  dy  dθ
cos x 2 sec x and =  
= sec x = dx 2 dθ  dx  dx
sin x sin x
2 d  sin θ 
= = 2 cosec 2x  1 − cos θ 
2sin x.cos x =
dθ   =− 1
dn y
dx (1 − cos θ )2
107. If y = log x then is equal to : dθ
dxn 2
d y 1 1 1
dn y ∴ at ( π, 2 ) = − =− =−
Ùeefo y = log x leye n
dx
dx 2
(1 − cos π ) 2
(1 + 1) 2
4
n −1 110. Ùeefo heâueve f (x) pees keâer
( −1) ( n − 1)! ( −1) ( n − 1) !
n
(a) (b)  3ax + b if x > 1
xn xn 
n −1 n −1
f ( x) =  11 if x = 1
( −1) n! ( −1) ( n − 1) !  5ax − 2b if x < 1
(c) (d) 
xn x n +1 Éeje Øeoòe nw, hej meblele nw x=1, lees a Deewj b keâe ceeve
PGT 2011 %eele keâerefpeS
Ans : (b) Given that y = log x (a) a = 2, b = 3 (b) a = 1, b = 4
dy 1 −1 (c) a = 3, b = 2 (d) a = 4,b = 1
∴ = =x
dx x PGT 2013
CALCULUS 476 YCT
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Ans : (c) lim f ( x ) = lim f (1 − h ) C keâe Jen ceeve efpemekesâ efueS heâueve
x→1 h→0
 9x − 3sin3x
= lim 5a (1 − h ) − 2b = 5a − 2b  =C x≠0
h →0 f ( x) =  5x3 x = 0 hej melele nww
lim+ f ( x ) = lim f (1 + h )  x=0
x→1 h→0
(a) 0 (b) 4
= lim 3a (1 + h ) + b = 3a + b
h →0 (c) 27
⇒ 5a − 2b = 11 (d) None of these/ FveceW mes keâesF& veneR
3a + b = 11 PGT 2010
nue keâjves hej a = 3 Je b = 2 9 x − 3sin 3 x
Ans : (d) lim =C
111. The function f(x) = |x|+3 is/heâueve f(x) = |x|+3 nw x → 0 5 x3
(a) continuous as well as differentiable on R
 ( 3x ) 
3
R hej melele meeLe ner meeLe DeJekeâueveerÙe 9x − 3 3x − + ....

 3! 
(b) continuous on R but not differentiable lim =C
→ 3
anywhere on R x 0 5x
R hej melele uesefkeâve R hej keâneR Yeer DeJekeâueveerÙe veneR 27x 3
(c) continuous on R but not differentiable + ....
3! 9
somewhere on R lim 3
=C ⇒ =C
x →0 5x 10
R hej melele uesefkeâve R kesâ kegâÚ efyevog hej DeJekeâueveerÙe vener
 1 
(d) not continuous on R/R hej melele veneR 114. Function f ( x ) = sin   at point x = a
PGT 2010  x−a 
Ans : (c) efÛe$e mes meeheâ nw efkeâ R hej melele uesefkeâve R kesâ kegâÚ
heâueve f ( x ) = sin 
1 
efyevog hej DeJekeâueveerÙe vener~  efyevog x = a hej
 −a 
x
(a) is continuous /melele nw
(b) is discontinuous and has discontinuity of first
kind / Demelele nw SJeb ØeLece ßesCeer keâer Demelelee nw
(c) is discontinuous and has discontinuity of
second kind/Demelele nw SJeb efÉleerÙe ßesCeer keâer Demelelee nw
(d) is discontinuous and has infinite discontinuity
Demelele nw SJeb Devevle Demelelee nw~
PGT 2010
112. Differentiation of sin–1x with respect to
Ans : (c) The given function is
cos −1 1 − x 2 is  1 
f ( n ) = sin  
sin–1x keâe cos −1 1 − x 2 kesâ meehes#e DeJekeâueve nw–  x−a 
1 For continuity of a function there must be LHS=RHS=f(a)
(a) (b) sin–1x
1− x 2
Now, LHS = lim f ( a − h )

(c) cos–1x (d) 1 h → 0−
PGT 2010
 1 
Ans : (d) ceevee y= sin x Deewj z = cos 1 − x = sin −1 x
–1 −1 2
= lim sin  
h → 0−  a − h − a 
dy 1 dz 1
lees = Deewj =
dx 1− x 2 dx 1 − x2  1 
= lim − sin  
dy h→0  −h 
dy dx
⇒ = =1 lim − sin   = −k
1
dz dz =
h → 0− h
dx
113. The value of C for which the function lim f ( a + h )
Now, RHS =
 9x − 3sin 3x h → 0+
 =C x≠0
f (x) =  5x 3 is continuous
 x=0 = lim sin  1 

h → 0+  a + h − a 
at x = 0, is
CALCULUS 477 YCT
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1 1
+
1
= lim + sin  
h→0 h 2 (1 + x ) 2 (1 – x )
lim
RHS = +k x →0 1
∵ LHS ≠ RHS 1 – x2
So function is discontinuous at point x = a Put the limit
1 1
115. At the point x=1, the given function = + =1
2 2
 x 3 − 1, 1 < x < ∞
f (x) =  is dn dn
 x − 1, −∞ < x ≤ 1 117. If In= n
(xn logx), then/ Ùeefo In= (xn logx), lees
dx dxn
x=1 efyevog hej, efoÙee ngDee heâueve (a) I n = nIn −1 + (n − 1)!
 x 3 − 1, 1< x<∞ I n = (n + 1)I n −1 + n!
f (x ) =  nesiee (b)
 x − 1, −∞ < x ≤ 1 (c) I n = nI n−1 + (n + 1)!
(a) continuous and differentiable (d) I n = In −1 + (n − 1)In +1
melele Deewj DeJekeâueveerÙe PGT 2009
(b) continuous and not differentiable n
d
melele Deewj DeJekeâueveerÙe veneR Ans : (a) Given that I n = (x n log x)
dx n
(c) discontinuous and differentiable
d n −1  d n
Demeblele Deewj DeJekeâueveerÙe = n −1 
dx  dx
( 
x log x 

)
(d) discontinuous and not differentiable
Demeblele Deewj DeJekeâueveerÙe veneR d n −1  n −1 xn 
=  nx log x + 
PGT 2010 dx n −1  x 
3x , 1< x < ∞
2
d n −1 n −1 d n −1 n −1
Ans : (b) f '( x) =  =n x log x + x
 1 −∞ < x ≤1 dx n −1 dx n −1
for continuity = nI n −1 + ( n − 1)!
I n = nIn −1 + (n − 1)!
x − sin x x − sin x
at x = 1 118. lim is/ lim nw~
x →∞ x3 x →∞ x3
LHL of f(x) = 0 & RHL of f(x) = 0 (a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 1/6 (d) 6
for differentiability PGT 2009
Ans : (c)
 x3 x5 
LHD of f(x) (at x = 1) = 3 x −  x − + ....
x − sin x  3! 5! 
RHD of f(x) (at x = 1) = 1 lim 3
= lim
x→∞ x x →∞ x3
Hence the function f(x) is continuous at x = 1 but not
differentiable at x = 1. x3 x5 x7
− + .......
 (1 + x) − (1 − x)  = lim 3! 5! 3 7!
x →∞ x
116. The value of lim   is
x→0 
 sin −1 x  1 x2 x4
= lim − + ....
 (1 + x) − (1 − x)  x→∞ 3! 5! 7!
lim   keâe ceeve nesiee 1 1
x→0 
 sin −1 x  = =
3! 6
(a) 1 (b) –1 (c) –2 (d) 2
 5
PGT 2009  2 x, when x < 2

 (1 + x ) − (1 − x )   0 119. If f (x) =  1, when x = 2 then the
Ans : (a) lim    from  
x →0 
 sin −1 x   0 3
 x − , when x > 2
Use the L.H. rule  2
CALCULUS 478 YCT

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 5  x2 
 2 x, when x < 2 121. f  can be expanded in the form of series

Ùeefo f (x) =  1, when x = 2  1+ x 
 3  x2 
 x − , when x > 2 f  keâe efJemleej ßesCeer kesâ ®he ceW nesiee
 2  1+ x 
(a) function is continuous at x = 2
heâueve f(x) meblele nw x = 2 hej x 1 x2
(a) f ( x) + f '(x) + f ''(x) + ....
(b) function is discontinuous at x = 2 1+ x 2! (1+ x)2
heâueve f(x) Demeblele nw x = 2 hej x 1 x2
(b) f ( x) − f '( x) + f ''( x) + ....
lim 1+ x
x → 2 f ( x) = 2
(c) 2! (1 + x)2
(d) None of these/FveceW mes keâesF& veneR x2 1 x4

(c) f ( x) + f '( x) + f ''( x) + ....
PGT 2009 1+ x 2! (1 + x)2
Ans : (b) Given function is x2 1 x4
(d) f ( x) − f '( x) + f ''( x) + ....
 5 1+ x 2! (1 + x)2
 2 x, when x<2
 PGT 2009
f (x) =  1, when x=2
 x2 
 Ans : (b) f 
 1 + x 
3 can be expanded in the from by
 x − , when x>2  
 2
Maclaurin's series.
5
L.H.L = limf ( 2 − h) = lim (2 − h) = 5  x2  x 1 x2
h→0 h→0 2 f = f (x) − f '(x) +
 1 + x 
f "(x)......
  1+ x 2! (1 + x )2
R.H.L. = limf(2 + h) = limf(2 + h)
h→0 h→0
3 3 1  xe x − log(1 + x ) 
= lim ( 2 + h ) −
= 2− = 122. The value of lim   is
h →0 2 2 2 x →0 
 x2 
∵ L.H.S. ≠ R.H.L. Limit does not exist at x = 2  xe x − log(1 + x ) 
Hence the function is discontinuous at x = 2 lim   keâe ceeve nesiee
x →0 
 x2 
 
d  −1  (1 + x ) + (1 − x )  
2 2
(a) 1/3 (b) 2/3
120. tan   keâe ceeve nesiee
dx   (1 + x 2
) − (1 − x 2
)  
(c) 3/2 (d) 3/4
  PGT 2009
x 1
 xe − log(1 + x) 
(a) (b) x
4
(1 − x ) 2 (1 − x 4 ) Ans : (c) lim  
x→0 
 x2 
1 x
(c) − (d) −  x x 1 
 xe + e − 1 + x  (By L.H. Rule)
4
2 (1 − x ) (1 − x 4 )
= lim  
PGT 2009 x →0
 2x 
 
d  −1  1 + x 2 + 1 − x 2 
Ans : (d) tan    x x x
 xe + e + e +
1 

dx   1 + x 2 − 1 − x 2   (1 + x )2 
 = lim   ( Again By L.H.Rule )
x →0 2
ceevee x 2 = cos 2θ  
 
 
d  −1  1 + cos 2θ + 1 − cos 2θ  1+1+1 3
 tan   = =
dx   1 + cos 2θ − 1 − cos 2θ  2 2
d  −1  cosθ + sinθ   x + 1, when x < 2
= tan   123. If f (x) =  then f' (2) equals
dx   cosθ − sinθ   2x − 1, when x ≥ 2
d  −1 1 + tanθ  d  −1   π   x + 1, when x < 2
=  tan   = tan tan  + θ  Ùeefo f (x) =  lees f'(2) yejeyej nesiee
dx  1 − tanθ  dx   4   2x − 1, when x ≥ 2
d π 1  x (a) 0 (b) 1
=  + cos −1 ( x 2 )  = − (c) 2 (d) does not exist
dx  4 2  1 − x4 PGT 2009
CALCULUS 479 YCT
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d  −1 1 + x + 1 − x − 2 1 − x 2 
Ans : (d)
 x + 1, when x < 2 = tan  
f (x) =  dx   1+ x −1+ x 
 2x − 1, when x ≥ 2 
d  −1 1 − 1 − x 2 
LHS = 1 RHS = 2 =  tan 
dx  x 
LHS ≠ RHS 
Hence f'(2) does not exists. dθ 1
Let x=sinθ , θ = sin −1 x ⇒ =
dy dx 1 − x2
124. If y = sin −1 x + sin −1 1 − x2 then =?
dx  θ 

1 − 1 + 2sin 2  
−1
Ùeefo y = sin x + sin −1
1− x 2
lees
dy
=? d  −1  1 − cos θ   d  −1  2 
= tan    = dx  tan  
dx dx   sin θ   θ
 2sin cos   θ
(a) 0 (b) 1   2 2  
(c) sin x (d) None of these/FveceW mes keâesF& veneR
PGT 2009 = d  tan −1  tan θ   = d  θ 
dx   2   dx  2 
−1 −1 2
Ans : (a) Given that y = sin x + sin 1− x
d  θ  dθ 1 1 1
= sin −1 x + cos −1 x (
∵ cos −1 x = sin −1 1 − x 2
= .
) = . =
dθ  2  dx 2 1 − x 2 2 1 − x 2
π 1
= 127. If f(x) is defined as f(x) = x2 sin , x ≠ 0 f(0)= 0 then
2 x
dy Ùeefo f(x) efvecve Øekeâej mes heefjYeeef<ele nw
⇒ =0
dx 1
f(x) = x2 sin , x ≠ 0 f(0)= 0 leye–
125. Points of discontinuity of function tan x + cot x is x
heâueve tan x + cot x keâewve mes efyevog hej Demeblele nw (a) lim f ( x) does not exist
x →0
π π
(a) (b) (b) lim f ( x) exists but f '(0) does not exist
3 6 x →0
nπ (c) lim f ( x) and f '(0) both exist
(c) ± (d) None of these/FveceW mes keâesF& veneR x →0
2
PGT 2009 (d) f '(x) is continuous at x = 0
Ans : (c) f(x) = tan x + cot x PGT 2005
f(x) is discontinuous at infinitely many points i.e. Ans : (c) Given that
π  nπ  1
integral multiples of  ±  f ( x ) = x 2 sin , x ≠ 0
2 2  x
=0 x=0
d 1+ x − 1− x
126. tan −1 is equal to: Limit of the given function is exists, continuous and
dx 1+ x + 1− x differentiable at x= 0.
d 1+ x − 1− x 128. lim ( x + 2 ) tan −1 ( x + 2 ) − x tan −1 x  is
tan −1 yejeyej nw–
dx 1+ x + 1− x x →0
1 1 lim ( x + 2 ) tan −1 ( x + 2 ) − x tan −1 x  nw–

(a) (b) x →0
1− x 2 2 1− x 2 (a) 0
1 1 (b) π
(c) − (d) −
2 1 − x2 1 − x2 (c) ∞
PGT 2005 (d) does not exist
d  −1 1 + x − 1 − x  PGT 2005
Ans : (b)  tan 
dx  1 + x + 1 − x  Ans : (a) lim ( x + 2 ) tan −1 ( x + 2 ) − x tan −1 x 
x →∞  

( 
)
2
1+ x − 1− x  tan −1 ( x + 2 ) tan −1 x 
d  −1  =  − 
= tan lim
dx  2
( ) −1 −1
( ) ( ) x →∞  
2
 1+ x − 1− x   x + 2 x


CALCULUS 480 YCT
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( by L.H.Rule ) f "( x )
(a) (b) f "( x )
h
 1 

1
 (c) 2 f " ( x ) (d) does not exist
= lim 
1 + ( x + 2 ) 2
− 1+ x
2

x →∞  1 − 1  PGT 2005
 −  Ans : (b) We know that
 ( x + 2 )
2
x2
 f ( x + 2h ) − 2f (x + h) + f (x) 0
 − ( x + 2 )2 2 
lim from  
x h →0 h2 0
= lim  + 
 ( ) 1 + x 
x →∞  1 + x + 2 2 2 L.H. Rule
2f ' ( x + 2h ) − 2f '(x + h) + 0 0
  2
2  lim from  
 − 1 +   h →0 2h 0
= lim   x
+
1 
= –1 + 1 = 0 L.H. Rule
x →∞  1 2  1+ 1 
2

 2 + 1 +  4f '' ( x + 2h ) − 2f ''(x + h)
2  lim
 x  x  x 
 h →0 2
129. The non-zero value for the constant k so that Put the limit
the function f(x) defined by 4f '' ( x + 0 ) − 2f ''(x + 0) 2f " ( x )
= = = f "( x )
 tankx 2 2
 ,x < 0
f(x) =  x will be continuous at x=0, is: 131. If f(x)=xn, then the value of
3x + 2k , ≥ 0
2
f ' ( 1) f " ( 1) f '" ( 1) f n (1 )

f (1) + + + + ...... + is
MetvÙe kesâ Deefleefjòeâ efveÙeleebkeâ k keâe Jen ceeve efpemekesâ 1! 2! 3! n!
efueS heâueve f(x) efvecve Øekeâej mes heefjYeeef<ele nw Ùeefo f(x)=xn leye
 tan kx f ' (1) f " (1) f '" ( 1) f n (1 )
 ,x < 0 f (1) + + + + ...... + keâe
f (x) =  x , x=0 hej melele nw– 1! 2! 3! n!
 3x + 2k 2 , ≥ 0 ceeve nw

(a) π (b) 2n+1
(a) 1 (b) 2 n–1
(c) 2 (d) 2n
PGT 2005
PGT 2005
Ans : (d) If f(x)=xn, then
Ans : (d) Given that the function By Taylor's series
 tan kx
 ,x < 0 h2 h3 hn n
f (x) =  x will be continuous at x=0 f (1 + h) = f (1) + hf '(1) + f "(1) + f "'(1) + .... + f (1)
2! 3! n!
3x + 2k 2 , ≥ 0
 Putting h = 1, then
tan k ( 0 − h ) (1) (1) (1)
f (1 + 1) = f (1) + f ' + f " + f "' + .... + f n ......
(1)
∴ LHL = f (0 − h) = lim
h →0 (0 − h ) 1! 2! 3! n!
(1) (1) (1) (1)
1 2 2n = f (1) + f ' + f " + f "' + .... + f n ......
kh + ( kh ) + ( kh ) + .....
3 5
1! 2! 3! n!
tan kh 3 15
= lim = lim =k
d  −1  1 − cos x  
1/ 2
h →0 h h →0 h 132. The value of  tan    is :
and RHL = lim f (0 + h) = lim 3 ( 0 + h ) + 2k 2  = 2k 2 dx 
  1 + cos x  
h →0 
h →0 
d  −1  1 − cos x 
1/ 2 

∵function is discontinuous at x = 0  tan    keâe ceeve nw–
dx 
  1 + cos x  
∴ LHL = RHL = f(0)
1 ( sin x ) ( cos x )
⇒ k= 2k2 ⇒ k = ,0 (a) (b)
2 (
2 1 − cos 2 x ) (
2 1 − cos 2 x )
f (x + 2h) − 2f ( x + h ) + f (x)
130. lim is equal to ( sin x ) ( cos x )
h →0 h2 (c) (d)
f (x + 2h) − 2f ( x + h ) + f (x) (
2 1 + cos 2 x ) (
2 1 + cos 2 x )
lim yejeyej nw
h →0 h2 PGT 2005
CALCULUS 481 YCT

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d  −1  1 − cos x 
1/ 2  sin x cos x tan x
Ans : (a) 
 tan    f ( x)
dx 
  1 + cos x   135. If f(x) = x 3 x2 x (x) then lim
x →0 x2
 1/ 2  2x 1 1
d  −1  1 − 1 + 2sin 2 x / 2  
=   
 1 + 2cos 2 x / 2 − 1  
tan is equal to
dx     (a) 3 (b) –1

(c) 0 (d) 1
d  −1  2 x  
1/ 2
=  tan  tan   PGT 2004
dx   2  
sin x cos x tan x
d x 1 Ans : (d) f(x) = x3 x2 x
= =
dx  2  2 2x 1 1
sin x
= = ( x 2 − x)sin x − ( x3 − 2 x 2 ).cos x + (x3 - 2x3) tanx
2 1 − cos 2 x
= x (x - 1) sinx - x2 (x - 2) cosx - x3 tanx
133. If x = secθ - cosθ and y = secnθ - cosnθ, then the
f ( x)
 dy 
2 lees lim 2
value of (x 2 + 4)   is
x→0 x
 dx 
x( x −1)sin x − x2 ( x − 2)cos x − x3 tan x
(a) n 2 ( y 2 + 4) (b) x 2 ( y 2 + 4) = lim
x→0 x2
(c) ( y 2 + 4) (d) None of the above  sin x 
x2 ( x − 1) − ( x − 2)cos x − x tan x 
PGT 2004
= lim  
x
Ans : (a)
dx
= sec θ tan θ+ sin θ = tan θ[sec θ+ cos θ]
x→0 x2
dθ sin x tan x
= lim ( x − 1) − lim ( x − 2 ) cos x − lim x 2
dy
= n secn−1 θ.sec θ tan θ− n cosn−1 θ(−sin θ) x →0 x x →0 x →0 x
dθ = (0–1) – (0–2).1–0 . 1 = –1 + 2 = 1
= n tanθ [secnθ + cosnθ]
x x2 x3 d2y
dy dy / d θ n tan θ[sec n θ + cos n θ] 136. If y = 1 + + + + ... then is
= = 1! 2! 3! dx 2
dx dx / d θ tan θ[sec θ + cos θ] (a) x (b) x2
2 2n 2n (c) y (d) y2
 dy  2 [sec θ + cos θ + 2]
 dx  = n PGT 2004
  (sec2 θ + cos 2 θ + 2)
Deewj x 2 + 4 = (sec 2 θ + cos 2 θ + 2) x x 2 x3
Ans : (c) y = 1 + + + + ...........
2 1! 2! 3!
 dy  x x 2 x3
lees ( x2 + 4)   = n2[sec2n θ + cos2n θ + 2]
∵b ex = 1+ + + + .....
 dx  1! 2! 3!
2 2
= n ( y + 4) ∴ y = ex
1 d2y
(1 − cos 2 x ) =y
134. The value of lim 2 dx 2
x →0 x dy
(a) is 1 137. If 2x + 2y = 2x + y, then is equal to
dx
(b) is –1
(c) does not exist / DeefmlelJe vener nw 2x + 2 y 2x + 2 y
(a) (b)
(d) None of the above / FveceW mes keâesF& veneR 2x − 2 y 1 + 2 x+ y
PGT 2004  2 y −1  2 x+ y − 2 x
(c) 2 x − y 
 1 − 2 x 
(d)
1   2y
(1 − cos 2 x)
sin 2 x
Ans : (c) lim 2 = lim PGT 2004
x→0 x x→0 x x y x y
Ans : (c) 2 + 2 = 2 .2
sin x dy
= lim =1 2 x log e 2 + 2 y log e 2.
x→0 x dx
LHL = –1, RHL = 1 dy
= 2 x log e 2 × 2 y + 2 x.2 y log e 2
LHL ≠ RHL (limit does not exist) dx
CALCULUS 482 YCT
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dy dy  x 2 (1 − a) − x(a + b) − b + 1 
2x + 2 y = 2 x+ y + 2 x+ y ⇒ lim   = 0
dx dx x→∞  x +1
 
x x+ y y dy x
2 −2 =2 (2 − 1) Ùen efJeÅeceeve nesieer Ùeefo 1 - a = 0 Deewj a+b=0
dx
dy x ⇒ a=1 ⇒ b = –1
2 x (1 − 2 y ) = 2 y (2 − 1) 140. If y = sin px and yn is the nth derivative of the
dx
y1 y2
dy  2 y −1  function, then the value of will be
= 2 x− y 
dx  1 − 2 x  y 4 y5
 
(a) p4 (b) -p4
d2y dy (c) p6 (d) -p6
138. If y= ( x + 1 + x 2 )2 , then (1 + x 2 ) 2 + x
dx dx PGT 2004
then is equal to Ans : (c) y = sin px
(a) 22y (b) -x2y y1 = p cos px, y2 = -p2 sin px,
(c) -y (d) 2x2y y3 = -p3cos px, y4 = p4 sin px,
PGT 2004 y5 = p5 cos px
Ans : (a) y = ( x + 1 + x 2 ) 2 y1 y2 p cos px − p 2 sin px
lees =
dy  1 2x  y4 y5 p 4 sin px p 5 cos px
= 2( x + 1 + x 2 ) ×  1 + × 
dx  
 2 1 + x2  = p 6 cos 2 px + p 6 sin 2 px = p6
 ( x + 1 + x2 )  1 − tan x
= 2( x + 1 + x 2 ) ×   141. lim = is equal
 1 + x 2  1 − 2 sin x
x →π / 4

(a) 0 (b) 1
2y
= (c) –1 (d) 2
1 + x2 PGT 2003
dy 1-tanx 0
( 1 + x2 ) = 2y
dx Ans : (d) lim  
x →π / 4 1- 2 sin x 0
2
 dy  3
(1 + x 2 )   = 4 y 2 Jeie& keâjves hej   π 
sec  
 dx  -sec 2 x sec3 x   4  
efheâj mes x kesâ meehes#e DeJekeâueve keâjves hej = limπ = lim =
x→ − 2 cos x x →π 2 2
2 4 4
2 dy d 2 y  dy  dy
(1+ x ) × 2 × 2 + 2x   = 4.2 y. 2 × 2× 2
dx dx  dx  dx =2
2
d2y dy
(1 + x 2 ) 2
+x = 4 y = 22 y 1
dx dx  sin x  x
142. lim   is equal to
 x +1
2 
x →∞+
 x 
139. If lim  − ax − b  = 0 , then the value of a (a) 0 (b) –1
x →∞  x + 1 
  (c) 1 (d) None of these
and b are? PGT 2003
(a) a = 1, b = -1 (b) a = 1, b = 1 1
(c) a = -1, b = 1 (d) a = -1, b = -1  sin x  x
Ans : (c) lim  
PGT 2004 x →∞+  x 
 x2 + 1  1
Ans : (a) lim  − ax − b  = 0  x 3 x5 x 7 x
x→∞  x + 1  = lim  x − + − + .....
  x →∞+
 3! 5! 7! 
 ( x 2 + 1) − (ax + b)( x + 1)  1
⇒ lim   = 0  x2 x4 x6 x
x→∞  ( x + 1)
  = lim 1 − + − + .....
x →∞+
 3! 5! 7! 
 x2 (1 − a) − x(a + b) + (−b + 1) 
⇒ lim   = 0 1  x2 x4 x6 
x→∞ 
lim log1− + − +..... 
 x +1  =e
x →∞+ x
 3! 5! 7! 
= e0 = 1
CALCULUS 483 YCT

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d
143. ( x x ) is equal to 4x
+4 a+x
dx
⇒ lim 2 a+x =1
x →0 2sin x + ( 2a + 2x ) cos x + sin x
x
(a) x log x (b) x log x
x 2x + 4a + 4x
(c) log x (d) x (1+log x ) ⇒ lim =1
PGT 2003
x →0 {2sin x + ( 2a + 2x ) cos x + sin x} a + x
x 4a
Ans : (d) ceevee y = x ⇒ =1
log y = x log x a .2a
1 dy 1 ⇒ a =2
= x. + log x = 1 + log x
y dx x ⇒ a=4
f (x) − f (2)
dy
dx
=x
x
(1 + log x ) 147. If (
f (x) = log x 2 + 1 then ) lim
x →2 x−2
is
144. If f''(x) is continuous at x=a, then equal to:

f ( a + h) − 2 f ( a ) + f ( a − h) 4
lim (a) 0 (b)
h→0 h2 5
(a) f '( a ) (b) f ''( a ) 1 5
(c) (d)
(c) 0 (d) ∞ 2 4
PGT 2003 PGT 2002
Ans : (b) If f" (r) is continuous at x = a Ans : (b) Ùeefo, f(x) = log(x2+1) leye
f (a + h ) f (a ) + f (a − h )
then lim = f''(a) f (x) − f (2) log(1 + x 2 ) − log(5)
h →( a ) h2 lim = lim
x →2 x−2 x →2 x−2
log x − 1 1
145. lim is equal to .2x − 0
x →e x−e 2 2× 2 4
(a) e (b) e–1 = lim 1 + x = =
2
x →2 1 1 + 22 5
(c) e (d) e–2
PGT 2003  1 for x ≤ 0 2
log x-1 0 
148. If f (x) = 
1 + x for x > 0
then ∫−2
f (x)dx is
Ans : (b) lim
x→e x-e  Øekeâej keâe nw  equal to :
0 
(a) 0 (b) 6
1 (c) 8 (d) 10
−0
1 1 −1
lim x = lim = = = e PGT 2002
x→e 1 − 0 x→e x e
 1 for x ≤ 0
Ans : (b) If f (x) =  then,
1 x t 2dt + for x > 0
∫
146. If lim = 1 , then the value of a 1 x
x →0 x − sin x 0 a+t 2 0 2
is:
(a) 2 (b) 3
∫
−2
f (x)dx = ∫−2
f (x)dx + ∫ 0
f (x)dx
0 2
∫ ∫ (1 + x ) dx
(c) 4 (d) 5 = 1dx +
PGT 2002 −2 0
2
1 x t 2 dt 0   x2 
Ans : (c) lim
x →0 x − sin x ∫ 0 a+t
=1  0 form 
 
= [ x ]−2 +  x +  = 2+2+2=6
0
 2 
0
x2
⇒ lim a + x = 1 149. Let f (x) =
( ) : x ≠ 0,f (0) = 0 . then f (x) is :
sin x 2
x →0 1 − cos x x
x 2 (a) Continuous and derivable at x = 0
⇒ lim =1 (b) discontinuous at x = 0
x →0 a + x (1 − cos x )
(c) Con. but not differentiable at x = 0
2x.2 a + x (d) None of these
⇒ lim =1
x →0 2 ( a + x ) sin x + 1 − cos x PGT 2002
CALCULUS 484 YCT
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Ans : (a) Given that
 sin x 2
151. Let f (x) = x { x− ( x + 1) } , then f is:
 ;x ≠ 0 (a) continuous but not differentiable at x= 0
f (x) =  x
0 ;x = 0 (b) discontinuous at x = 0

(c) continuous and differentiable both at x= 0
then at x=0
(d) None of these
sin(0 − h) 2
L.H.L = lim f (0 − h) = lim =0 PGT 2002
h →0 h →0 0−h Ans : (c) Given that the function
sin(0 + h) 2
R.H.L = lim f (0 + h) = lim
h →0 h →0 0+h
=0 f (x) = x { x − x +1 }
∵ R.H.L = L.H.L = f(0) The function is continuous and differentiable both at x = 0
∵ LHL = RHL = f(0)
Thus the function is continuous at x = 0
2 and RHD = LHD = f'(0)
sin ( 0 − h )
−0 2 152. Let f(x) be defined by:
0−h sin h
L.H.D = lim = lim =1  π
h→0 −h h→0 h 2 sin 2x : 0 < x ≤ 6
f (x) =  The value of a and b
sin ( 0 + h )
2
−0 ax + b : π < x ≤ 1
0+h sin h 2  6
R.H.D. = lim = lim 2 =1
h →0 h h →0 h such that f and f' are continuous, are :
function is differential at x = 0
3 π 1 3
x ( 1 + acos x ) − bsin x (a) a = 1, b = − (b) a= ,b =
150. Let f (x) = , x ≠ 0,f (0) = 1 if 2 6 2 2
x3
1 3 π
f(x) is continuous at x=0, a and b are given by: (c) a = ,b = + (d) None of these
5 3 2 2 6
(a) , (b) –5,–3 PGT 2002
2 2
5 3 Ans : (d) The function f(x) be defined by
(c) − , − (d) None of these
2 2  π
PGT 2002 sin 2x : 0 < x ≤ 6
f (x) = 
ax + b : π < x ≤ 1
Ans : (c) Given that
 x (1 + a cos x ) − bsin x  6
 ,x ≠ 0
f (x) =  x3  π
 1 ,x =1 2cos 2x : 0 < x ≤ 6
 f '(x) = 
And the function is continuous x = 0, then a : π < x ≤ 1
x (1 + a cos x ) − b ( sin x )  6
lim =1
x →0 x3 Given that function f and f' both are continuous then
  x2 x4 x6    x3 x5  π π
x 1 + a 1 − + − + .....   − b  x − + ...... sin 2.  = a × + b
  2! 4! 6!    3! 5!  6 6
lim  =1
x →0 x3 3 aπ
= +b ........... (i)
(1 + a − b) x +  −  x3 +  −  x5......
b a a b 2 6
lim  3! 2!   4! 5! 
= 1.......(ii)
and 2cos 2x = a
3
x→0 x π
⇒ 2 cos 2   = a
Let 1+a–b≠ 0. Then x →0 the L.H.S. term →∞ 6
We obtain the L.H.S. = 1 when 1+a–b=0 and
⇒ a=1 ......... (ii)
b a
− =1 From eqn (i) and (ii) we get
3! 2!
⇒ 1+a= b and 2b–6a = 12 1× π 3 3 π
+b= ⇒ b= −
⇒ 2(1+a)–6a= 12 6 2 2 6
⇒ –4a= 10 ⇒ a =
−5
2
and b =
−3
2
153. If f (x) = ( 9 − x ) , then lim f (2)x −− f2(x) is:
2
x →2
CALCULUS 485 YCT

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2 −2   
(a) (b) x3
5 5   x+ + ......  
1  3 
= lim log  
x →0 x 
(c) 0 (d) None of these  x 
   
PGT 2002  
 x2 
Ans : (a) If f (x) = (9 − x ) 2
then
 x2 
log  1 + 
3 
= lim
1
log  1 + + .....  = lim 
f (2) − f (x) 5 − 9 − x2 x →0 x
 3  x →0 x
lim = lim
x →2 x−2 x →2 x−2 2
x2 1  x2 
−   + ........
5 − 9 − x2 5 + 9 − x2 3 2  3 
= lim × log y = lim
x →2 x−2 5 + 9 − x2 x →0 x
x+2 2+2 2 x 1 x  3 
= lim = = = lim −   + ........
x →2
5 + 9−x 2 5+ 5 5 x →0 3 2  9 
−
1 logey = 0
154. The value of lim x x is given by:
x →1
⇒ y = e0=1 ⇒ y =1
(a) 1 (b) 0 156. For differentiability of a function, continuity is:
(c) e (d) 1/e (a) Sufficient (b) Necessary
PGT 2000 (c) Sufficient and Necessary
(d) None of these
Ans : (d) efoÙee nw, PGT 2000
1
− Ans : (b) Continuity is necessary for differentiability of
lim x x = A (ceevee)
x →1 a function. As absolute value function f(x)= x is
1 continuous everywhere but non-differentiable at x=0.
log uesves hej, log A = lim log ( x )− x 157. If lim kxcot x = lim xcot kx, then value of k is to
x →1
x →0 x →0
 1 Ùeefo lim kxcot x = lim xcot kx, lees k keâe ceeve nw
= lim  −  log x x →0 x →0
x →1  x 
(a) only 1/kesâJeue 1 (b) only –1/kesâJeue –1
log x 0  (c) ±1 (d) ±1/2
= − lim  form 
x →1 x 0  Rajasthan TGT 2016
1 − log x Ans : (c) Given that lim kx.cot x = lim x cot kx
= − lim x →0 x →0
x →1 x2 kx x
⇒ lim = lim
x →0 tan x x → 0 tan kx
1
log A = –1 ⇒ A= e ⇒ A = –1
x 1 kx
e ⇒ k lim = lim
x → 0 tan x k x → 0 tan kx
1
 tan x x 1 1 1
155. The value of lim  ⇒ k lim = lim
x →0  x 
 is equal to: x → 0 tan x k x → 0 tan kx
x kx
(a) 1 (b) 0
1
(c) e (d) None of these ⇒ k.1 = .1
k
PGT 2000
⇒ k2 = 1
1
 tan x x ⇒ k = ±1
Ans : (a) y = lim  
x →0  x  158. If the function f(x) = min {x, x2}, then f(x) is
oesveeW he#eeW keâe log uesves hej Ùeefo heâueve f(x) = vÙetvelece {x, x2} leye f(x) nesiee
(a) continuous and differentiable ∀x∈R
 1
  tan x  x  melele SJeb DeJekeâueveerÙe ∀x∈R
log y = log lim 
 x →0  x   (b) continuous ∀x∈R /melele ∀x∈R
  (c) discontinuous at x=1 only/Demelele kesâJeue x=1 hej
= lim
1
log
tan x (d) discontinuous at x=0 and x=1/Demelele x=0 leLee x=1 hej
x →0 x x Rajasthan TGT 2016
CALCULUS 486 YCT
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Ans : (b)  1
 − x
, x >1

 1
f (x) =  + , x < −1
 x
ax 2 −b , −1 ≤ x ≤ 1


Since f(x) is differentiable at x = 1, so it is
continuous at x = 1
∴ lim f (x) = lim f (x) = f (+1)
x →1− x →1
We have
1
 x x < 0 and x > 1 lim f (x) = lim = a − b ⇒ a − b = −1
x →1− x →1+ x
2
f(x)=min{x, x }=  2
x x < x < 1 f(x) is differentiable at x = 1, there fore
and at x=0 and 1, x = x2
so, f(x) is continuous everywhere but non differentiable
at x=0 and 1.
2x LHD = 2a RHD = 1
 x 
159. lim   yejeyej nw 1
x →∞  1 + x  ⇒ LHD = RHD ⇒ 2a = 1 ⇒ a =
2x 2
 x  and a − b = −1
lim   is equal to
x →∞  1 + x 
1 1 3 3
(a) e (b) 2e − b = −1 ⇒ − b = −1 − = − ⇒b=
2 2 2 2
1 1
(c) (d) Hence a = 1 , b = 3
e e2 2 2
Rajasthan TGT 2015
 3a 2 x − x 3  dy
Ans. (d) : 161. Ùeefo y = tan −1   , lees yejeyej nw:
2 2 dx
 x 
2x
 x +1−1 
2x  a(a − 3x ) 
⇒ lim   ⇒ lim  
x →∞  1 + x  x →∞  1 + x   3a 2 x − x 3  dy
If y = tan −1   , then is equal to
2 2 dx
 a(a − 3x ) 
2x
 −1 
⇒ lim 1 + 
x →∞  1+ x  3 a
(a) (b)
2 2
lim 2x
−1 a +x a + x2
2
−1 x →∞ 1
lim 2x x +1 1 3a 3x
⇒ e x →∞ 1+x = e x = e −2 = (c) (d)
e2 a2 + x2 a2 + x2
2x Rajasthan TGT 2015
 x  1
⇒ lim   =  3a 2 x − x 3 
x →∞  1 + x  e2 Ans. (c) : Given that y = tan −1  
2 2
160. heâueve f Fme Øekeâej heefjYeeef<ele nw efkeâ  a(a − 3x ) 
 ax 2 − b, x <1 Put x = a tan θ
x = 1 hej f (x) =  − 1  3a 3 tan θ − a 3 tan 3 θ 
 x ≥1 then y = tan −1  
3 2
 x  a (1 − 3 tan θ) 
DeJekeâueveerÙe nw, lees a Deewj b kesâ ceeve nQ:  3 tan θ − tan 3 θ 
(a) a = 1, b = −1 (b) a = b = 1/2 = tan −1  −1
 = tan [ tan 3θ]
2
 1 − 3 tan θ 
(c) a = 1/2, b = 3/2 (d) a = 1/2, b = –1
x
Rajasthan TGT 2015 = 3θ = 3 tan −1  
Ans. (c) : a
ax 2 − b, x <1 dy 1 1 3a 2 1 dy 3a
 ∴ =3 . = . ⇒ =
Given function is f (x) =  −1 dx x
2 a 2
a +x 2 a dx a + x 2
2
 x x ≥1 1+
 a
CALCULUS 487 YCT

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1− x 1− x x 2 − 3x + 2
162. lim is equal to / lim yejeyej nw Ans : (b) f (x) = , x≠2
x →1 cos −1 x x →1 cos −1 x x 2 − 2x
(a) 0 (b) 1/2 x= 2 is function continuous
(c) 1/4 (d) 1 x 2 − 3x + 2 0
UP TGT-2016 (08-03-2019) f (x) = , from  
x 2 − 2x 0
1− x 0 x=2
Ans : (a) lim from  
x →1 cos −1 x 0 2x − 3
f '(x) =
L.H. Rule 2x − 2
( )
1 x=2
0− −1 1 − x 2 4−3 1
lim 2 x , lim f '(2) = =
x →1 −1
2
x →1
(
−1 2 x ) 4−2 2
1− x then
1
f (2) =
put the limit 2
=
( 1 −1 ) = 0 =0 166. The function f(x) is defined by
| x |
2 2  , x≠0
n+1 n+1
f (x) =  x then, at x=0 it is
 1  1   0, x = 0
163. lim 1 −  is equal to/ lim  1 −  yejeyej nw
n→∞  2n  n→∞  2n  heâueve f(x) Fme Øekeâej heefjYeeef<ele nw
(a) e (b) 1/ e | x |
(c) e (d) 1/e  , x≠0
f (x) =  x lees x=0 hej Ùen nw
UP TGT-2016 (08-03-2019)  0, x = 0
n +1
 1  (a) Continuous /melele
Ans : (b) lim 1 −  from 1∞
n →∞  2n  (b) Discontinuous at x=0 and has discontinuity
 1  of first kind
lim 1− −1×( n +1)
= e n →∞2n  x=0 hej Demelele nw leLee DemeelelÙe ØeLece Øekeâej keâer nw
 − n +1  −1 (c) Discontinuous at x=0 and has removable
lim   1
= e n→∞ 2n 
=e2 = discontinuity
e x=0 hej Demelele nw leLee DemeelelÙe nševes ÙeesiÙe nw
164. The derivative of the function y =3|x|+1 at the (d) Discontinuous at x=0 and has discontinuty of
point x=0 is second kind / x=0 hej Demelele nw leLee DemeelelÙe
heâueve y =3|x|+1 keâe efyevog x=0 hej DeJekeâue iegCeebkeâ nw efÉleerÙe Øekeâej keâer nw
(a) 3 (b) –3 UP TGT-2016 (08-03-2019)
(c) 0 (d) not existing /DeefmlelJe efJenerve | x |
 , x≠0
UP TGT-2016 (08-03-2019) Ans : (b) f (x) =  x at x =0
3x + 1 x ≥ 0 3 x≥0 
 0, x = 0
Ans : (d) y =  , y' = 
 –3x + 1 x < 0  –3 x < 0 L. H. L. ≠ R. H. L.
but function is discontinuous at x= 0 and has dis
Hence, y is non-differentiable at x = 0.
continuity of fist kind.
x 2 − 3x + 2 167. Let f(x) be a continuous function defined for all
165. If f (x) = , x ≠ 2 is defined and
x2 − 2x x>0 that satisfy f(x/y)= f(x)–f(y) for all x, y and
function f(x) be continuous at x=2, then the f(e)=1. Then:
value of f(2) is 1
(a) xf(x)→1as x →0 (b) f   → 0 as x →0
2
x − 3x + 2 x
Ùeefo f (x) = 2 , x ≠ 2 heefjYeeef<ele nw leLee
(c) f(x) = log x (d) f(x) is bounded
x − 2x
x=2 hej heâueve f(x) melele nes, lees f(2) keâe ceeve nw NVS PGT 10-06-2019
1 Ans : (c) Given that f(x) is continuous function depend
(a) 0 (b) for all x > 0 and satisfies f(x/y) = f(x) – f(y) for all x, y
2 and f(e) = 1
3 let f(x) = log x
(c) 1 (d)
4 then f(x/y) = log (x/y) = log x – log y
UP TGT-2016 (08-03-2019) = f(x) –f(y)
CALCULUS 488 YCT

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and also f(e) = loge e= 1 f (x) = xf '(x) − x 2
⇒ f(e) = 1 f(2) = 2f'(2) – 22
Hence f(x) is logarithmic function i.e., f(2) = 2 × 4 – 4, f(2) = 8 – 4, f(2) = 4
f(x) = log x
dy
168. lim
(
sin π cos 2 x ) equals: 170. If y = log y x, then
dx
is equal to:
x→0 x2 Ùeefo y = log y x, nw, lees

dy
yejeyej nw:
(a) π (b) 1 dx
(c) π/2 (d) –π 1 1
(a) (b)
NVS PGT 10-06-2019 x + log y log x (1 + y )
Ans : (a) Let ℓ = lim

(
sin π cos 2 x ) 0  (c)
1
(d)
1
2  from  x (1 + log y ) y + log x
x →0 x 0 
using L. Hospital rule , we get KVS PGT 23-12-2018
ℓ = lim
( 2
2π cos π cos x cos x sin x ) Ans : (c) given y = log y x
x →0 2x log e x
⇒ y=
= lim
(
π sin 2x cos π cos x 2
)  0 
log e y
again from  ⇒ ylog e y = log e x
x →0 2x  0 
differentiating it w.r.t., x, we get
ℓ = lim
( ) (
+π2 sin 2x sin π cos 2 x 2cos x.sin x − 2π cos π − cos 2 x cos 2x ) 1 dy dy 1
x →0 2 y. + log e y =
−2π. ( −1) .1 y dx dx x
= =π dy 1
2 ⇒ (1 + log e y ) =
dx x
So, = lim
(
sin π cos 2 x )=x dy 1
2 ⇒ =
x →0 x dx x (1 + log e y )
169. Let f :[1, ∞[→ [2, ∞[ be a differentiable function
such that f '(2) = 4 . If sinx2
 , x≠0
x
171. The function f, given by f(x) =  x is:
 0 x=0
6 ∫ f (t)dt = 3xf (x) − x − 5, ∀x ≥ 1 then the value
3

1  sin x 2
f (2) of is:  , x≠0
f (x) =  x Éeje heefjYeeef<ele heâueve f:
ceevee f :[1, ∞[→ [2, ∞[ Skeâ DeJekeâueveerÙe heâueve Fme  0
 x = 0
Øekeâej nw efkeâ f '(2) = 4 nw~ Ùeefo
(a) continuous and derivable at x=0
x
x=0 hej meblele leLee DeJekeâueveerÙe nw~
6 ∫ f (t)dt = 3xf (x) − x 3 − 5, ∀x ≥ 1 nw, lees f (2) keâe
1
(b) neither continuous nor derivable at x=0
ceeve nw: x=0 hej ve lees meblele Deewj ve ner DeJekeâueveerÙe nw~
(a) 6 (b) 4 (c) continuous but not derivable at x=0
(c) 1/4 (d) 1/6 x=0 hej meblele nw hejvleg DeJekeâueveerÙe veneR nw~
KVS PGT 23-12-2018 (d) none of these /FveceW mes keâesF& Yeer veneR nw~
Ans : (b) Given that f:[1, ∞) → [ 2, ∞) be a KVS PGT 23-12-2018
differentiable function such that f(1) = 2 and
 sin x 2
x  ,x ≠ 0
6∫ f (t)dt = 3xf (x) − x 3 − 5 ∀x ≥ 1 Ans : (a) Given function is f (x) =  x
0 ,x = 0
1 
differentiating it we get 2
sin x x − sin x 2
 d d  (LHD at x = 0 ) lim = lim =0
6 f (x) ( x ) − f (1) (1)  = 3xf '(x) + 3f ( x ) − 3x 2 x →0 − x x →0 − x2
 dx dx 
sin x 2 x.sin x 2
(Lebinitz theorem) (RHD at x = 0) lim+ = lim+ =0
6{f (x) − 0} = 3xf '(x) + 3f ( x ) − 3x 2
x →0 x x →0 x2
Hence f(x) is differentiable at x = 0
3f (x) = 3xf '(x) − x 2 ⇒ f(x) is continuous at x =0
CALCULUS 489 YCT

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( x + 1) − 1
5 equn (i) from
172. lim is equal to  −x 
( )
x →0 x + 1 7 − 1
lim −  
x →1
 4 − x 
2
lim
( x + 1)5 − 1 yejeyej nw put the limit
( )
x →0 x + 1 7 − 1
1 1
(a) 7/5 (b) 5/7 = =
4 −1 3
(c) 2/7 (d) 2/5
UP PGT-2016 (02-02-2019) 175. If y = sec −1 x + 1 + sin −1 x − 1 , then value of
x −1 x+1
Ans : (b) lim
( x + 1) − 1
5
0
from   dy
x →0 ( x + 1)7 − 1 0 at x=2 is
dx
L.H. Rule
x+1 x −1 dy
5 ( x + 1) − 0
4 Ùeefo y = sec −1 + sin −1 , lees keâe
lim x −1 x+1 dx
x →0 7 ( x + 1)6 − 0 x=2 hej ceeve nw
put the limit (a) 1 (b) 2
5 ( 0 + 1) 5 (c) 0 (d) 3
= =
7 ( 0 + 1) 7 UP PGT-2016 (02-02-2019)
173. Number of pints, where the function x +1 x −1
Ans : (c) y = sec−1 + sin −1 ,x = 2
f (x) =| x + 3 | + | x 2 − 4 | is not differentiable, is x −1 x +1
efyevogDeeW keâer mebKÙee, peneB heâueve x −1 x −1
+ sin −1
then y = cos −1
f (x) =| x + 3 | + | x 2 − 4 | DeJekeâueveerÙe veneR nw, nw x +1 x +1
(a) 0 (b) 1 π
we know cos −1 x + sin −1 x =
(c) 2 (d) 3 2
UP PGT-2016 (02-02-2019) π
Then, y =
Ans : (d) f(x) = |x+3| +|x2–4| 2
leye |x + 3| = 0 f(x) = 0
dy
x + 3 = 0, x = –3 =0
2
|x – 4| = 0 dx
x2 = 4 , x=±2 dy dy
x = –2, 2 leLee 3 hej heâueve DeJekeâueveerÙe veneR nw~ 176. If xy = 1, then + is equal to
4
1+ y 1 + x4
DeLee&le heâueve leerve efyevogDeeW hej DeJekeâueveerÙe veneR nw~
dy dy
f (1) − f (x) Ùeefo xy = 1, lees + yejeyej nw
174. If f ( x ) = 4 − x2 , then lim is equal to 1+ y 4
1 + x4
x →1 x −1
f (1) − f (x) (a) 0 (b) 1
Ùeefo f ( x ) = 4 − x2 , lees lim yejeyej nw
x →1 x −1 (c) y (d) not defined
1 UP PGT-2016 (02-02-2019)
(a) (b) 3
3 Ans : (a) xy = 1 ........... (i)
2 dy
(c) 0 (d) Dif. x +y=0
3 dx
UP PGT-2016 (02-02-2019) −y
dy = dx ............. (ii)
2
x
Ans : (a) f (x) = 4 − x dy dx
1 −2x −x then +
4
f '(x) = × = ....... (i) 1+ y 1 + x4
2 4−x 2
4 − x2
y
f (1) − f (x) 0 − dx
dx
lim
x →1 x −1
from
0 ⇒ x + equn (i) (ii)
4 4
1 1+ x
0 − f '(x) 1+  
lim x
x →1 x − 1
CALCULUS 490 YCT

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− xydx dx 1
⇒ + Now lim x sin   = B
4 4
1+ x 1+ x x →∞ x
−dx dx 1
⇒ + equn (i) sin  
1+ x 4
1+ x 4
B = lim x
=0 x →∞ 1
x
3a 2 x − x 3 dy
177. If y = tan −1 , then is equal to B=1 (by properties)
(
a a − 3x 2 2
) dx So that A = 0 , B= 1
sin x − x
−1 3a 2 x − x 3 dy 179. What is lim equal to?
Ùeefo y = tan , lees yejeyej nw x →0 2x 3
(
a a 2 − 3x2 ) dx
sin x − x
3x 3a
lim efkeâmekesâ yejeyej nw?
(a) (b)
x →0 2x 3
x + a2
2
x + a2 2 (a) –1/2 (b) –1/4
3 a (c) –1/12
(c) (d) (d) does not exist/ DeefmlelJe veneR nw
x + a2
2
x + a2
2
UP PGT-2016 (02-02-2019) UP PGT-2016 (02-02-2019)

  sin x − x 0
3a 2 x − x 3  Ans : (c) lim from  
−1 
Ans : (b) y = tan x →0 2x 3 0
 (
 a a 2 − 3x 2 
 ) L.H. Rule
Put x = a tan θ cos x − 1
lim
 3  x →0 6x 2
3a tan θ − a 3 tan 3 θ  − sin x
then y = tan −1 
(
 a a 2 − 3a 2 tan 2 θ 
  ) Again lim
x →0 12x
− cos x
 3tan θ − tan θ3  lim
y = tan −1  2  x →0 12
 1 − 3tan θ  Put the limit
y = tan −1 [ tan 3θ] − cos 00 −1
=
y = 3θ 12 12
x ′
180. Ùeefo f (c) efJeÅeceeve nw Deewj DeMetvÙe nw, leye
y = 3tan −1  
a  f (c + h) + f (c − h) − 2f (c)
lim yejeyej nw :
dy 1 1 h→0 h
=3 2
× If f ′(c) exists and non-zero, then
dx x a
1+   f (c + h) + f (c − h) − 2f (c)
a limis equal to
2 h→0 h
dy 3a 1 dy 3a
= × , = (a) 0 (b) f ′(c)
dx x 2 + a 2 a dx a 2 + x 2
(c) 2f ′(c) (d) f ′(c) + f (c)
1 1
178. If lim x sin = A and lim xsin = B, then Rajasthan TGT 2015
x →0 x x →∞ x Ans. (a) : Given that
1 1
Ùeefo lim x sin = A SJeb lim xsin = B, lees f (c + h) + f (c − h) − 2 f (c) 0 
x →0 x x →∞ x lim  form 
(a) A=1, B = 0 (b) A =0, B=1 h →0 h  0 
(c) A= 1, B = ∞ (d) A=∞, B = 1 by L.H. Rule
UP PGT-2016 (02-02-2019), LT 2018 f ′(c + h).1 + f ′(c − h)( −1) − 0
= lim
1 h→0 1
Ans : (b) lim x sin   = A f ′(c) + f ′(c)(−1)
x →0 x = = f ′(c) − f ′(c) = 0
1
1
sin   dy
A = lim x 181. Ùeefo xp y q = (x + y)p + q , lees yejeyej nw:
x →0 1 dx
dy
x If xp y q = (x + y)p + q , then is equal to
A=0 (by properties) dx
CALCULUS 491 YCT

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y x sin −1 x dy
(a)
x
(b)
y 183. Ùeefo y = lees (1 − x 2 ) yejeyej nw :
1− x 2 dx
(x + y) (x + y) −1
(c) (d) sin x dy
x y If y = then (1 − x 2 ) is equql to
1− x 2 dx
Rajasthan TGT 2015
p q p+q (a) x + y (b) xy + 1
Ans. (a) : Given that x y = (x+y)
taking log on both the sides (c) 1 − xy (d) xy − 2
p log x + q log y = (p+q) log (x + y) Rajasthan TGT 2015
differentiating w.r.t., x we get sin −1 x
p q dy 1  dy  Ans. (b) : Given that y =
+ = (p + q) 1 +  1− x2
x y dx x + y  dx 
Differentiating it w.r.t. x we get
p + q  p + q  dy 1 1 −2x
= +  1− x2 . − sin −1 x
x + y  x + y  dx dy 1− x 2 2 1− x2
=
dy  q p + q   p + q p  dx (1 − x 2 )
⇒  − = − 
dx  y x + y   x + y x  dy sin −1 x
⇒ (1 − x 2 ) = 1 + x.
dy qx + qy − py − qy px + qx − px − py dx
⇒ = 1 − x2
dx y(x + y) x(x + y)
dy
⇒ (1 − x 2 ) = 1 + x.y.
dy y dx
⇒ =
dx x
f (x)
1 1
184. heâueve g(x) = , x ≠ 0 keâe Ûejce ceeve nw, peyeefkeâ
182. Ùeefo x + y = t − ; x4 + y 4 = t 2 +
2 2
lees x
t t2 f (x)
The function g(x) = , x ≠ 0 has an extreme
dy 1 x
yejeyej nw:/ If x 2 + y 2 = t − ; value when
dx t
1 dy (a) f ′(x) = f (x) (b) g ′(x) = f (x)
4 4 2
x +y =t + then is equal to
t2 dx (c) f (x) = 0 (d) g(x) = f ′(x)
1 1 Rajasthan TGT 2015
(a) (b) f (x)
x3 y xy3 Ans. (d) : Given function is g(x) =
x
1 1
(c) − (d) − differentiating g(x) w.r.t., x, we get
3
x y xy3 x.f ′(x) − f (x)
g ′(x) =
Rajasthan TGT 2015 x2
Ans. (a) : Given that for Extreme g ′(x) = 0
1 1 x.f ′(x) − f (x)
x 2 + y 2 = t − ; .....(1) & x 4 + y 4 = t 2 + ......(2) ⇒ =0
t t2 x2
From (1) x 4 + y 4 + 2x 2 y2 = t 2 +
1
− 2 ..........( 3) But x ≠ 0
t2 ⇒ x.f ′(x) − f (x) = 0
From (2) and (3), we get ⇒ xf ′(x) = f (x)
1 1
t2 + 2
+ 2x 2 y 2 = t 2 + −2 ⇒ f ′(x) =
f (x)
t t2 x
x 2 y2 = − 1 ⇒ f ′(x) = g(x)
1
= − x −2
1
⇒ y2 = −  f (x)  x 3
 = e , then f(x) =
2 185. If lim 1 + x +
x x→ 0
 x 
Differentiating w.r.t., x we get
1
dy
= 2 / x3 ⇒
dy
=
1  f (x)  x 3
2y
dx dx x 3 y
Ùeefo lim 1 + x +
x→ 0
 =e lees then f(x) =
 x 
CALCULUS 492 YCT

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(a) 2x (b) –4x 63a − 72a
(c) 2x2 (d) –4x2 =−5
7
Rajasthan TGT 2013 – 9 a = – 35
Ans : (c) Given that–
35 10  35 10 
1 a = , b= ⇒  , 
 f (x) x 3 9 3  9 3
lim 1 + x +  =e
x →0 x 
 sin 3x + Asin 2x + Bsinx
1 f (x) 
187. If f(x) = , x ≠ 0 is
1+x+ −1 x5
⇒e x x
=e
 3
continuous at x = 0, then the values of A, B and
( ∵ lim 1 + {f (x) − 1}
x →a ) g( x )
=e
lim {f ( x ) −1}g (x )
x →a f(0) are respectively-
Ùeefo f(x) =
sin 3x + Asin 2x + Bsinx
, x ≠ 0; x = 0
1 
 1 +x+
f (x )
−1  x5
⇒ e x x 
=e 3
hej meblele nw lees A, B leLee f(0) kesâ ›eâceMe: ceeve nw–
f (x) (a) 4, –5 and –1 (b) 2, –3 and –1
⇒ 1+ 2 =3
x (c) 3, –2 and 1 (d) –4, 5 and 1
f (x) Rajasthan TGT 2013
⇒ 2 = 2 ⇒ f (x) = 2x 2
x Ans : (d)
ax 2 - bx + 2, if x < 3 sin 3x + A sin 2x + Bsin x
186. If f(x) =  2 is differentiable Given, that f(x) = , x ≠ 0 is
if x ≥ 3 x5
bx - 3,
0 
everywhere, then (a, b) = continuous at x = 0.  form 
0 
ax 2 - bx + 2, if x < 3
Ùeefo f(x) =  2 ØelÙeskeâ peien 3cos3x + 2Acos2x + Bcosx
bx - 3, if x ≥ 3 By L.H. Rule Limf (x) = Lim
x →0 x →0 5x 4
DeJekeâueveerÙe nes, lees (a, b) = 3 + 2A+ B= 0⇒ 2A + B = –3 .......(i)
 25 30   30 25  0 
(a)  − ,  (b)  ,−  again  form  , by L.H. Rule
 117 117   117 117  0 
 25 30   30 25  −9sin 3x − 4Asin 2x − Bsin x  0 
(c)  ,−  (d)  − ,  Lim f (x) = Lim  form 
 117 117   117 117  x →0 x →0 20x 3
0 
Rajasthan TGT 2013 By L.H. Rule
ax − bx + 2,if x < 3 −27 cos 3x − 8A cos 2x − B cos x
2
Ans : (*) f(x) =  2 Lim f (x) = Lim

 bx − 3, if x ≥ 3 x →0 x →0 60x 2
it is given that f(x) is continuous and differentiable – 27 – 8A – B = 0
everywhere. 8A + B = –27 .........(ii)
At x = 3 we have From (i) & (ii), we get-
L.H.L = lim− ax − bx + 2 2 2A + B = − 3
x →3
8A + B = − 27
= 9a – 3b + 2
− − +
and R.H.L = lim+ bx 2 − 3 = 9b − 3
x →3
− 6A = 24
and f(3) = 9b – 3
⇒ A=–4⇒B=5
⇒ L.H.L = R.H.L = f(3)
and f(0) = 1
9a – 3b + 2 = 9b – 3
Hence A = –4, B = 5, f(0) = 1
9a – 12 b = –5 ...........(i)
188. The function f(x) = a0 + a1 |x| + a2 |x|2 + a3 |x|3 is
L.H.D (at x = 3) = 6a – b, R.H.D (at x = 3) =6b
differentiable at x = 0
heâueve f(x) = a0 + a1 |x| + a2 |x|2 + a3 |x|3, x = 0 hej
DeJekeâueveerÙe nw–
L.H.D = R.H.D ⇒ 6 a – b = 6 b
(a) if both a1 = 0 and a3 = 0
⇒ 6 a = 7 b .........(ii)
(b) if a1 = 0
From (i) and (ii), we get
(c) for any values of a0, a1, a2, a3
6  (d) for no value of a0, a1, a2, a3
9a −12  a  = − 5
7  Rajasthan TGT 2013
CALCULUS 493 YCT
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Ans : (b) function f(x) = a0 + a1 |x| + a2 |x|2 + a3 |x|3 is (a) All rational numbers/meYeer heefjcesÙe mebKÙeeDeeW hej
differentiable at x = 0 ⇒ it is continuous at x = 0 (b) Zero only/kesâJeue MetvÙe hej
L.H.L = a0 – a1x + a2 x2 – a3x3 = a0 (c) ½ only/ kesâJeue ½ hej
R.H.L = a0 + a1x + a2x2 + a3x3 = a0
(d) No where/keâner veneR
f(0) = a0
L.H.D = –a1 & R.H.D = a1 Rajasthan TGT 2011
⇒ L.H.D = R.H.D Ans : (c)
⇒ –a1 = a1  x, when is rational
Given, f (x) = 
⇒ 2a1 = 0 ⇒ a1 = 0 1-x, when x is irrational
1
dy let at x = (option)
189. If xy + yx = ab, then = 2
dx
 1
 2 − h, h is rational
dy
Ùeefo xy + yx = ab, lees = 1 
dx L.H.L.= f  − h  = lim 
(a) ( yx + y log y ) / ( xy + x log x )
y x x y 2  h →0 1 −  1 − h  , h is irrational
  2 
e e

(b) ( yx + y log y ) / ( xy + x log x )
y −1 x
e
x −1 y
e
 1
(c) – ( yx + y log y ) / ( xy + x log x )
y x x y  2 − h, h is rational
= lim 
e e
h →0  1 
(d) – ( yx + y log y ) / ( xy + x log x )
y −1 x x −1 y
+ h  , h is irrational
 2
e e

Rajasthan TGT 2013
Ans : (d) Given that– 1/ 2, h is rational
=
xy + yx = ab 1/ 2, h is irrational
differentiating w.r.t.x, we get 1
 y dy   x dy  1   2 + h, h is rational
x  + log x  + y x 
y
+ log y  = 0 R.H.L.= f  + h  = lim 
 x dx   y dx  2  h →0  1
− h, h is irrational
dy dy  2
yx y−1 + x y log x + xy x −1 + y x log y = 0
dx dx 1/ 2 1 1
= and f   =
⇒ ( yx y −1 + y x log y ) + dx ( x y log x + xyx −1 ) = 0
dy 1/ 2 2 2
hence L.H.L.=R.H.L.= f (1/ 2 )
⇒
dy
=
(
− yx y −1 + y x log e y ) Therefore f is continuous at 1/ 2 only
dx ( xy x −1 + x y log e x ) 192. The set of points where f (x) = x x ∀x ∈ R is twice
x−2 x−2 differentiable, will be/ Gve efyevogDeeW keâe mecegÛÛeÙe pene@
190. lim is equal to/ lim yejeyej nw
x→2 x−2 x→2 x − 2 f (x) = x x ∀x ∈ R oes yeej DeJekeâueveerÙe nw, nesiee–
(a) 1 (a) (−∞, ∞) (b) [0, ∞)
(b) -1
(c) [−∞, 0] (d) (−∞,0) ∪ (0, ∞)
(c) 0
(d) Does not exist/efJeÅeceeve veneR Rajasthan TGT 2011
Rajasthan TGT 2011 Ans : (d) We have f (x) = x x
Ans : (d)  x(− x) , x < 0
x−2 ⇒ f (x) = 
Given that lim  x(x) , x ≥ 0
x →2 x − 2
− x 2 , x < 0
For which limit does not exist. ⇒ f (x) = 
 x , x ≥ 0
2
Since LHL= –1and RHL= +1
⇒ L.H.L. ≠ R.H.L. Which is an algebraic function and
Hence Limit does not exists. differentiable everywhere in its domain
x, when x is rational But at x = 0 it is not twice differentiable
191. If f(x) = {1-x, when x is irrational , then f is continuous
Hence the set of points is
x, Ùeefo x heefjcesÙe nw
at/ Ùeefo f (x) = {1-x, Ùeefo x DeheefjcesÙe
lees f meblele nw ( −∞,0 ) ∪ ( 0, ∞ )
CALCULUS 494 YCT
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193. Function f (x) = x − 1 ∀x ∈ R is not differentiable = −9 [ A cos3x + Bsin 3x ]
at/heâueve f (x) = x − 1 ∀x ∈ R DeJekeâueveerÙe veneR nw- d2 y
= −9y
(a) 1 (b) ±1 dx 2
(c) 0, ±1 (d) -1 d2y
+ 9y = 0
Rajasthan TGT 2011 dx 2
Ans : (c)We have f (x) = x − 1
196. For a>0, b>0, b≠1, lim
(a x
− 1)
=
 x − 1 , x ≥ 0
=
x →0
(b x
− 1)
 x + 1 , x < 0
a>0, b>0, b≠1 kesâ efueS lim
(a x
− 1)
=
x →0
(b x
− 1)
(a) a/b (b) logea
log e a
(c) loge ab (d)
log e b
 x −1 , x≥0
 1− x , 0 ≤ x <1
Jharkhand TGT 2017

⇒ f (x) =  a −1
x
 0
 x +1 , −1 ≤ x ≤ 0 Ans : (d) lim  From 0 
 − x − 1
x →0 bx − 1
, x < −1
a x log e a
From the graph it is clear that the function f(x) = lim
x →0 b x log b
in not differentiable at 0,+1 and -1 e
Put the limit

dy log e a
194. If y=log (sec x + tan x) then = =
dx log e b
dy 197. If f(–x)= –f(x) for all x ∈R then the function f is
Ùeefo y=log (sec x + tan x) leye =
dx called / Ùeefo meYeer x ∈R kesâ efueS f(–x)= –f(x) nw leye
(a) sec x+ tan x (b) sec x f kesâ keâeÙe& keâes keäÙee keâne peelee nw?
(c) tan x (d) log |sec x| (a) an even function /Skeâ meceheâueve
Jharkhand TGT 2017 (b) an odd function /Skeâ efJe<ece heâueve
Ans : (b) y = log(sec x + tan x) (c) inverse function /JÙegl›eâceer heâueve
dy 1 (d) identity function /henÛeeve heâueve
= (sec x tan x + sec 2 x)
dx sec x + tan x Jharkhand TGT 2017
sec x(tan x + sec x) Ans : (b) an odd function
= = sec x
sec x + tan x
198. If x = sin −1 (3t − 4t 3 ) and
195. If for 'A' and 'B' are two parameters y = A
cos3x + B sin 3x, then/ y = A cos3x + Bsin3x dy
y = cos −1 1 − t 2 then is equal to–
peneB 'A' Deewj 'B' oes ceeveoC[ nQ, leye dx
d2 y Ùeefo x = sin −1 (3t − 4t 3 ) leLee
(a)
dx 2
+ 9y = 0 (b) (x 2
− y2 )
dy
dx
–xy=0
dy
2
y = cos −1 1 − t 2 nw, lees yejeyej nw–
dy d y dx
(c) x +y=0 (d) + x2y = 0 (a) 1/2 (b) 2/5
dx dx 2
Jharkhand TGT 2017 (c) 3/2 (d) 1/3
KVS TGT DEC 2017
Ans : (a) y = A cos3x + Bsin 3x
Ans. (d) : x = sin–1 (3t – 4t3)
dy
= −3Asin 3x + 3Bcos3x Put t = sinθ
dx x = sin–1(sin3θ)
= 3[ − Asin 3x + Bcos3x ] x = 3θ
d2 y dx
= 3[ −3A cos3x − 3Bsin 3x ] = 3................(1)
dx 2 dθ
CALCULUS 495 YCT

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y = cos–1 1 − t 2 sec θ − 1
And then, tan −1 = tan −1 ( tan θ / 2 )
Put t = sinθ tan θ
y = cos–1(cosθ) 1
= θ
y=θ 2
dy 1
= 1............(ii) = tan −1 x equation(i)
dθ 2
then equation (i) and (ii) Derivative of w.r.t. tan–1x
dy 1 then
=
dx 3
1
D. =
x2 − 1 2
199. lim is equal to–
x→∞ 2x + 1
d 1
201. (cos −1 x) = − Where–
x2 − 1 dx 1 − x2
lim yejeyej nw–
x→∞ 2x + 1
d 1
(a) 1 (b) 0 (cos −1 x) = − nw, peneB
(c) –1 (d) 1/2 dx 1 − x2
KVS TGT DEC 2017 (a) −1 < x < 1 (b) −1 ≤ x < 1
(c) −1 ≤ x ≤ 1 (d) −1 < x < 1
x2 − 1
Ans. (d) : lim KVS TGT DEC 2017
x →∞ 2x + 1
the condition. Ans. (c) :
 π π
a 0 x m + a1x m −1......a n x m cos–1x: [–1,1] →  – , 
lim  2 2
x →∞ b0 yn + b1 y n −1.......b n yn
Therefore, we must have –1 ≤ x ≤ 1
a0
, m=n
b0 202. Ùeefo f(a)=2, f'(a)=1, g(a)=–1, g'(a) = 2, leye
= ∞ , m>n g(x)f(a) - g(a)f(x)
lim keâe ceeve nesiee–
1 , m<n x→a x-a
1
(a) –5 (b)
x2 − 1 x2 − 1 5
lim lim (c) 5 (d) 0
x →∞ (2x + 1) x2 −1 x →∞ (2x + 1)(x 2 − 1)1/ 2
TGT 2011
then condition of m = n
Ans : (c)
So, that = 1/2
f(a)=2, f'(a)=1, g(a)=–1, g'(a) = 2
1 + x2 − 1 g(x)f (a) − g(a)f (x) 0 
200. Derivative of tan −1 w.r.t. ∴ lim  0 form 
x x →a x−a  
using LH. rule
tan −1 x is–
g '(x)f (a) − g(a)f '(x)
lim
1 + x2 − 1 x →a 1− 0
tan −1 keâe tan −1 x kesâ meehes#e
x = g '(a)f (a) − g(a)f '(a)
DeJekeâuepe nw : = 2×2–(–1)×1
(a) 1 (b) 2 = 4+1 =5
(c) 1/2 (d) 1/4 dy
KVS TGT DEC 2017 203. Ùeefo y = x + x + x + ........∞ leye =
dx
Ans. (c) :
1
(a) 1 (b)
1 + x2 −1 xy
tan −1
x 1 1
(c) (d)
Let x = tanθ 2y − x 2y − 1
θ = tan–1x ...................(i) TGT 2011
CALCULUS 496 YCT

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| x |
Ans : (d) y = x + x + x + ........∞  ; x≠0
205. If f : R → R is defined by f ( x ) =  x
oesveeW he#eeW keâe Jeie& keâjves hej  k; x = 0
y 2 = x + x + x + ........∞ | x |
; x≠0
Ùeefo f ( x ) =  x
y2 = x + y  k; x = 0
x kesâ meehes#e DeJekeâueve keâjves hej (a) f is not continuous at any point
2y
dy
= 1+
dy f efkeâmeer efyevog hej meblele veneR nw
dx dx (b) for k = 0, f is continuous everywhere
dy dy 1 k = 0 nesves hej f meJe&$e meblele nw
( 2y − 1) = 1 ⇒ =
dx dx 2y − 1 (c) for k = 1, f is continuous everywhere
k = 1 nesves hej f meJe&$e meblele nw
x 3 sinx cosx
(d) f is continuous at all points except at x = 0
204. Ùeefo f ( x ) = 6 -1 0 , peneB P Skeâ efveÙeleebkeâ x = 0 kesâ Deefleefjòeâ meYeer efyevogDeeW hej f meblele nw
2
p p p3 UP PCS (Pre) 1998,2001
3 Ans. (d) : We have
nQ, leye x=0 hej 3 {f ( x )} keâe ceeve nw–
d
dx 1 x > 0
x 
(a) P (b) p+p 2 = k x = 0
x 
(d) p mes mJelev$e  –1 x < 0
3
(c) p+p
TGT 2011 Which clearly shows that f is continuous for every x > 0
Ans : (d) and x < 0. Now for continuity at x = 0 we have
|0−x |
x 3 sinx cosx L.H.L. = lim− = −1
x →0 0 − x
f (x) = 6 −1 0 ,
|0+x |
p p 2
p3 R.H.L. = lim+ =1
x →0 0 + x
x 3 sinx cosx R.H.L. ≠ L.H.L.

d d then the function is not continuous at 0.
∴ f (x) = 6 −1 0
dx dx 206. A function with a removable discontinuity at x
p p2 p3 = a is:
ef yevog x = a hej nševes ÙeesiÙe DemeeblelÙe jKeves Jeeuee
3x 2 cosx −sinx
d heâueve nw:
f (x) = 6 −1 0
dx x2 − a2 1
p p2 p3 (a) ,x ≠ a (b) sin ,x ≠ a
x −a | x −a |
6x −sinx −cosx
d2 x2 − a2 x+a
∴ 2 f (x) = 6 −1 0 (c) ,x ≠ a (d) ,x ≠ a
dx x − a x −a
p p2 p3 UP PCS (Pre) 1998
6 −cosx sinx x2 − a 2
3 Ans. (c) : For option (c), f ( x ) = , x≠a
d x −a
⇒ 3 f ( x ) = 6 −1 0
dx 2 lim ( f ( x ) ) = 2a
p p p3 x →a
if we define f(x) = 2a for x = a then the function
3
6 −1 0 becomes continuous.
d
∴ 3 f ( 0 ) = 6 −1 0 at x = 0 2
dx 1 x t dt
x → 0 x − sin x ∫0 a + t
p p 2 p3 207. If lim = 1 then the value of a
{ } {
6 − p3 − 0 + 1 6p3 − 0 + 0 } is:
2
1 x t dt
= −6p3 + 6p3 = 0 Ùeefo lim ∫
x → 0 x − sin x 0 a + t
=1 nes, leye a keâe ceeve
DeLee&le p mes mJelev$e nesiee:
CALCULUS 497 YCT
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(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) 5 (a) 1 (b) 0
UP PCS (Pre) 1998 (c) –1 (d) –2
2 UP PCS (Pre) 1998
1 x t dt
x →0 x − sin x ∫0
Ans. (c) : lim = 1 then a = ?
a+t 2sin x − sin 2x
Ans. (a) : f (x) keâe meceekeâue nw ,x ≠ 0 lees
t dtx 2 x3
∫0 a + t lim f ( x ) = ?
⇒ lim =1 Leibniz theorom x →0
x →0 x − sin x
L.H.S. applying L-Hospital's Rule, we have 2sin x − sin 2x  0 
lim  form 0  
x2 x →0 x3  
x2 L.H. Rule
lim a + x = 1 ⇒ lim =1
x →0 1 − cos x x →0 a + x (1 − cos x ) 2 cos x − 2 cos 2x
= lim
2x x →0 3x 2
⇒ lim =1
( )
1
x →0 −1/ 2 Again L.H. Rule
( a + x ) (1 − cos x ) + a + x sin x
2 −2sin x + 4 sin 2x
hegve: L.H. Rule mes = lim
x →0 6x
2
⇒ lim =1 Again L.H. Rule
1 1 1
x →0
( a + x ) sin x − ( a + x )−3 / 2 (1 − cos x ) +
−1/ 2
−2 cos x + 8 cos 2x −2 + 8 6
2 4 2 = lim ⇒= = =1
x →0 6 6 6
( a + x )−1/ 2 sin x + a + x cos x
2  sin x
= 1 ⇒ a1/ 2 = 2 ⇒ a=4 , x≠0
( ) =  | x |
. 1/ 2
a 210. The function f x , at x = 0 is:
208. If a function f is continuous for x ≥ 0 and  x=0
 0,
x 1 1
satisfices ∫ f ( t ) dt = − + x 2 + x sin 2x + cos 2x  sin x
, x≠0
heâueve f ( x ) =  | x |
0 2 2
, x = 0 hej nw:
π  0,
then the value of f '   is:  x=0
4
Ùeefo heâueve f, x ≥ 0 kesâ efueÙes, meblele nw SJeb (a) discontinuous/Demeblele
x 1 1 (b) continuous but not differentiable
∫0 f ( t ) dt = − 2 + x + x sin 2x + 2 cos 2x keâes
2
melele hejvleg DeJekeâueveerÙe veneR
π
mevleg° keâjlee nw, leye f '   keâe ceeve nw:
(c) continuous and differentiable
4 meblele leLee DeJekeâueveerÙe
(a) π – 2 (b) π + 2 (d) differentiable but not continuous
(c) 0 (d) 2 – π DeJekeâueveerÙe hejvleg Demeblele
x 1 1
∫0 f ( t ) dt = − 2 + x  sinx
2
Ans. (d) : + x sin 2x + cos 2x , x≠0

2 Ans. (a) : f ( x ) =  | x |
uewJeveerpe ØecesÙe mes-  0,
f (x) = 2x + sin 2x + 2x cos 2x – sin 2x  x=0
f'(x) = 2 + 4x (–sin 2x) sin x x
f'(x) = 2 – 4x sin 2x lim f ( x ) = lim .
x →0 x →0 x |x|
π x  sin x 
f '  = 2 − π lim f ( x ) = lim ∵ lim = 1
4 x →0 x →0 | x
|  x → 0 x 
2sin x − sin 2x Hence function is continuous at x = 0 for differentibility
209. If f (x) is the integral of ,x ≠ 0
x3 x
lim
then lim f ( x ) equals: x →0 x
x →0
2sin x − sin 2x |x| limit does not exist
Ùeefo f (x) meceekeâue nw ,x ≠ 0 leye L.H.L ≠ R.H.L.
x3
lim f ( x ) yejeyej nw: So that
x →0 Function discontinuous.
CALCULUS 498 YCT
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211. The function f (x) =
1, x irrational
is– a 2 b2 ab
(c) (d)
−1, x rational p 3
p3
1, xDeheefjcesÙe UP PCS (Pre) 1994
heâueve f (x) =
−1, x heefjcesÙe Ans. (c) : p 2 = a 2 cos 2 θ + b 2 sin 2 θ
(a) discontinous at x = 0 only 2pdp
= 2a 2 cos θ( − sin θ) + b 2 2 sin θ.cos θ
kesâJeue x = 0 hej Demeblele nw dθ
(b) discontinuous at rationals only pdp
= (b 2 − a 2 ) sin θ.cos θ .........(i)
kesâJeue heefjcesÙe efyevogDeeW hej Demeblele nw dθ
(c) discontinuous at irrationals only hegve: DeJekeâueve keâjves hej
kesâJeue DeheefjcesÙe efyevogDeeW hej Demeblele nw pd 2 p dp
2
(d) none of these/FveceW mes keâesF& veneR + = (b 2 − a 2 )(cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ)
2 dθ
dθ
UP PCS (Pre) 1994
Ans. (a) : Consider two sequences (xn) and (yn) oesveeWs he#eeW ceW p 2 mes iegCee keâjves hej
converging to such that each xn is rational and each yn is 2
p3 d 2 p dp
irrational than lim f(xn)= –1 and lim f(yn)=1 which
dθ 2
( )
= P 2 b 2 − a 2 (cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ) − P 2
dθ
clearly shows the discontinuity of f at 0.
x−− −∞ dy oesveeW he#eeW ceW P 4 peesÌ[ves hej
212. If y = xx , then x is–
p 3d 2 p
x−− −∞
dx
dy
p4 +
dθ2
= P 4 + P 2 b2 − a 2 ( )
Ùeefo y = xx , leye x nw
dx 2
 pdp 
y 2
x 2 (cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ) −  
(a) (b)  dθ 
1- ylogx 1- ylogx
meceer. (1) mes 
pdp 
y2 x2  keâe ceeve jKeves hej
(c) (d)  dθ 
1+ ylogx 1+ ylogx p3 d 2 p
UP PCS (Pre) 1994 p4 +
dθ 2
( )
= P 2 [P 2 + b2 − a 2 (cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ)]
Ans. (a) : 2
y=x x x −−−∞ (
− b2 − a 2 ) sin 2 θ.cos 2 θ
p2 = a 2 cos 2 θ + b 2 sin 2 θ jKeves hej

y = xy
oesveeW he#ees ceW log uesves hej = (a 2 cos 2 θ + b 2 sin 2 θ)
log y = y log x (a 2 cos 2 θ + b 2 sin 2 θ + (b2 − a 2 )(cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ)
x kesâ meehes#e DeJekeâueve keâjves hej
−(b2 − a 2 )sin 2 θ.cos 2 θ
1 dy y dy
log x = (a 2 cos 2 θ + b2 sin 2 θ )(b2 cos 2 θ + a 2 sin 2 θ)
y dx x dx
dy 1 y − (b 2 − a 2 )sin 2 θ .cos 2 θ
log x
dx y x = a 2 b2 [cos 4 θ + sin 4 θ + 2sin 2 θ.cos 2 θ]
xdy y2 = a 2 b 2 (cos 2 θ + sin 2 θ )2

dx 1 − y log x d2 p
= a 2 × b 2 × 1 = a 2 b2 = p4 + P3 = a 2 b2
2
d2p dθ
213. If p 2 = a 2 cos 2 θ + b 2 sin 2 θ , p + is–
dθ 2 d2 p d 2 p a 2 b2
= p3 P + 2 = a 2 b2 = P + = 3
d2p dθ dθ2 p
Ùeefo p 2 = a 2 cos 2 θ + b 2 sin 2 θ , lees p + nw–
dθ 2 214. What is the limit of the product
1 1 1
ab a 2 b2  1 n  2 n  n n
(a) (b) lim  1 +   1 +  .....  1 +  ?
p p2 n →∞  n  n  n 
CALCULUS 499 YCT

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1 1 1  α2x 2 α4x 4  1
1− + −1
iegCeveheâue lim  1 +  n  1 +  n .....  1 +  n ?
1 2 n 2
lim e  2! 4!  x
n →∞  n  n  n x →0
keâe meerceevle ceeve keäÙee nw?
α2x 2  α2 x2  1
− 1− ....... α2
2 2  2 −
(a) 1 (b) lim e
12  x =e 2
e x →0
3 4
(c) (d) log ax − b x
e e 216. The value lim of is equal to–
UP PCS (Pre) 1994 x→0 x
Ans. (d) : ax − b x
1/ n
lim keâe ceeve yejeyej nw–
1 2 3 n x→0 x
1+ 1+ 1 + .............. 1 + a b
n n n n (a) log (b) log
1/ n b a
1 2 n (c) 0 (d) 1
A = lim 1 + 1+ + .............. 1 +
n →∞ n n n UP PCS (Pre) 1995
1  1  2   n  x
a −b x
log A = lim log  1 + 1 +  + .............. 1 +   Ans. (a) : lim
n →∞ n  n  n   n  x →0 x
n by L-hospital rule–
1  r 
= lim ∑  log  1 +  
n →∞ r =1 n   n  a x log ea − b x log eb
lim
r 1 x →0 1
Let = x ⇒ = dx, ∑ = ∫
n n a
log a log b log
1 1 b
x
= ∫ log(1 + x).1dx = [ log(1 + x). x]0 − ∫
1
dx
1+ x 1 − sin 3 x 1 − sin 3 x
0 0 217. lim is − / lim nw–
1 1 1 π cos 2 x π cos 2 x
x + 1 −1 1 x → x →
= log 2 − dx = log 2 − 1dx + dx 2 2
1+ x 1+ x (a) 2/3 (b) 0
0 0 0
(c) 3/2 (d) –3/2
= log 2 – [ x ]0 + log (1 + x )  0
1 1
UP PCS (Pre) 1995
= log 2 − 1 + log 2 = 2 log 2 − log e Ans. (c) :
4 1 − sin 3 x
= log 4 − log e = log lim
e x→
π cos 2 x
2 2
215. lim (cos αx)1/ x is equal to–
x→0 (1 + sin 2 x + sin x)(1 − sin x)
2
lim
π (1 − sin x)(1 + sin x)
lim (cos αx)1/ x keâe ceeve yejeyej nw x→
x→0 2
(a) eα 2 (b) e − a
2
1 + sin 2 x + sin x 1 + sin 2 π / 2 + sin π / 2
lim =
2 2/2 x→
π 1 + sin x 1 + sin π / 2
(c) e −2a (d) e −2a 2
UP PCS (Pre) 1995 1+1+1 3
2
= =
Ans. (*) : lim (cos αx)1/ x 1+1 2
x→0 B
1/ x 2
218. The limit of A x sin when x → ∞ and
f (x) (cos x) Ax
f (x) cos x.....................(i) 0 < A < 1 is–
g(x) x B
A x sin keâer meercee peyeefkeâ x → ∞ Deewj
then Ax
 α2x 2 α4x4  1 0 < A < 1 nw–
1− + −1
 2! 4!  x
2 (a) B (b) 1 (c) A (d) 0
lim e
x →0 UP PCS (Pre) 1995
CALCULUS 500 YCT
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Ans. (a) R.H.L–
B 1+ h 1+ h
A x sin = =1 lim
A x h→0 1 + h 1+ h +
when x → ∞ and 0 < A < 1 is B L.H.L ≠ R.H.L does not exist.

219. If y = x − 2 + x − 4 for all x ∈ R then the value 222. The function is continuous at a point, if :
heâueve efkeâmeer efyevog hej melele neslee nw, Ùeefo:
dy
of at x = 1 is equal to: (a) The right hand limit exists only
dx kesâJeue oeÙeeR meercee keâe DeefmlelJe nes
Ùeefo y = x − 2 + x − 4 ØelÙeskeâ x ∈ R kesâ efueÙes nes (b) The left hand limit exists only
leye x = 1 hej
dy
keâe ceeve yejeyej nw– kesâJeue yeeÙeeR meercee keâe DeefmlelJe nes
dx (c) Both limits exist and are equal to the value of
(a) 1 (b) 2 the function at the point
(c) –2 (d) efJeÅeceeve veneR nw oesveeW meerceeDeeW keâe DeefmlelJe nes SJeb oesveeW meerceeDeeW keâe
UP PCS (Pre) 1995 ceeve Gme efyevog hej heâueve kesâ ceeve kesâ yejeyej nes
Ans. (b) : y = x − 2 + x − 4 (d) both limits exist and are equal
oesveeW meerceeDeeW keâe DeefmlelJe nes SJeb Gvekesâ ceeve yejeyej neW
 −2x + 6 , x<2
UP PCS (Pre) 1996

y= 2 , 2<x<4 Ans. (c) :
 2x − 6 , x>4
 The function f(x) f:A→R is continuous at point α ∈A
at x = 1 if
dy
=2 lim f ( x ) = lim f (x) = f (α )
dx x →α + x →α −
 x2 , when x ≠ 1
220. The function f (x) =  is– log x2
 3, when x = 1 223. The value of lim is:
x→ 0 cot x2
2
heâueve f (x) = x peyeefkeâ x ≠ 1 nw– log x2
3 peyeefkeâx = 1 lim keâe ceeve nw:
x→ 0 cot x2
(a) Continous on the left only, at x = 1
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 0 (d) 1/2
x = 1 hej kesâJeue yeeF& Deesj meblele
Ans. (a) :
(b) Continuous on right only, at x = 1
x = 1 hej kesâJeue oeF& Deesj meblele d 2
( 2 log x ) −1
(c) Continuous at x = 1/ x = 1hej meblele lim dx = lim x
2
= 2
(d) None of the above is true
x →0 d
cot x 2
x → 0 − cos ecx × 2x x cos ecx 2
GheÙeg&òeâ ceW mes keâesF& Yeer melÙe veneR nw~ dx
UP PCS (Pre) 1995 −
d
dx
( )
sin x 2
+ cos x 2 2x
Ans. (d) : lim = = lim =1
x 2 peyeefkeâ x ≠ 1
x →0 d 2
dx
x ( ) x →0 2x
f (x) =
3 peyeefkeâ x = 1 1
224. The function f (x) = xsin , x ≠ 0 = 0, x = 0
L.H.L ≠ R.H.L x
then the function is discontinuous. 1
at x = 0 is :/heâueve f (x) = xsin , x ≠ 0
x x x
221. lim is / lim nw– = 0, x = 0 efyevog x = 0 hej
x→0 x x→0 x
(a) Continuous and differentiable
(a) –1 (b) 1
(c) 0 (d) does not exist
meblele SJeb DeJekeâueveerÙe nw
UP PCS (Pre) 1995 (b) Continuous but not differentiable
meblele hejvleg DeJekeâueveerÙe veneR nw
x
Ans. (d) : lim (c) Discontinuous but not differentiable
x →0 x
Demeblele SJeb DeJekeâueveerÙe veneR nw
1− h 1− h (d) None of these/FveceW mes keâesF& veneR nw
L.H.L– lim = = −1
− 1− h − 1− h
h→0 UP PCS (Pre) 1996
CALCULUS 501 YCT
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Ans. (b) : 1
1 sin
f (x) = x sin x≠0 R.H.S. = lim x
x x → 0+ 1 + 1
=0 x=0 e1/ x
 1   1 1 1
LHS = lim  ( 0 − h ) sin  = lim−  h sin  = lim lim sin
1 x → 0+
h →0 − 0 − h  h →0  h x →0+ 1 + x
1 e1/ x
= 0×k ∵ −1 ≤ < 1 = 1.k = k
n
1
=0 sin
L.H.S. = lim x
1 1
RHS = lim ( 0 + h ) sin = lim h sin x → 0− 1 + 1
h →0 + 0 + h h →0+ h
e1/ x
= 0×k = 0 1 1
LHS = RHS = f (0) = 0 = lim lim − sin
−
x →0 1 + 1 x →0 − x
f(x) is continuous function, at x = 0 for differentiable e −1/ x
f (0 − h) − f (x) = − k × 0 = 0 , L.H.S. ≠ R.H.L.
f (0 − h) = lim
x →0 − 0−h Hence, f(x) has removable discontinuity at x = 0
 1  x if x is rational
−h sin  −  − 0 226. Let f(x) = 
 h 1 1 - x if x is irrational
= lim = lim − sin  
x →0− −h x → 0− h Then f is:
 1   x Ùeefo x heefjcesÙe nw
= − k ∵ −1 ≤ < 1 ceeve ueW f(x) =  leye nw:
 h  1 - x Ùeefo x DeheefjcesÙe nw
similarly (a) continuous everywhere on IR
f (0 + h) − f (0) IR ceW meJe&$e meblele
= f (0 + h) = lim =k
h →0 + 0+h (b) continuous at rational points only
Such that = f (o − h) ≠ f (0 + h) kesâJeue heefjcesÙe efyevogDeeW hej meblele
then f(x) is not differentiable function at x = 0 (c) continuous at irrational points only
kesâJeue DeheefjcesÙe efyevogDeeW hej meblele
 1/x 1 (d) continuous at only one point
 e sin x x ≠ 0 kesâJeue Skeâ efyevog hej meblele
225. Let f(x) =  1/x
, then:
 1 +0e x=0 UP PCS (Pre) 1999

 x Ùeefo x heefjcesÙe nw
 1/x 1 Ans. (b) : f(x) = 
 e sin x x ≠ 0 1- x Ùeefo x DeheefjcesÙe nw
Ùeefo f(x) =  1/x
, leye heâueve kesâJeue heefjcesÙe efyevogDeeW hej ner meblele nw~
 1 +0e x=0
 L.H.L. = R.H.L.
(a) f(x) is continuous at x = 0 227. lim x log x equals:
x →0
x = 0 hej f(x) meblele nw
lim x log x yejeyej nw:
(b) f(x) has removable discontinuity at x = 0 x →0
x = 0 hej f(x) DehevesÙe DemeeblelÙe nw (a) 1 (b) 0
(c) f(x) has discontinuity of second kind at x = 0 1 1
(c) (d)
x = 0 hej f(x) efÉleerÙe Øekeâej keâe DemeeblelÙe nw 2 3
(d) f(x) has infinite discontinuity at x = 0 UP PCS (Pre) 1999
x = 0 hej f(x) Devevle DemeeblelÙe Ans. (b) :
UP PCS (Pre) 1996 d
log x
log x dx
Ans : (b) lim x log x = lim = lim
x →0 x →0 x −1 x →0 d
x −1
e1/ x sin1/ x
f (x) = ,x ≠ 0 dx
1 + e1/ x 1
e1/ x sin1/ x x2
f (x) = = lim x−2 = − = −x = 0
1 + e1/ x x →0 − x x
CALCULUS 502 YCT

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228. The value of lim
{1 − 1 − x2 } is equal to Ans. (c) : lim
x 4 sin
1
x
+ x2
x →0 x2 x →– ∞ 1+ | x |3
{1 − 1 − x2 } keâe ceeve yejeyej nw: x 4 sin
1
+ x2
lim
x →0 x2 lim
x →– ∞
x
1 – x3
{∵ x = –x, x < 0
1 1 1
(a) 1 (b) x sin +
2 x x
lim
1 1 x→– ∞ 1
(c) (d) −1
4 8 x3
UP PCS (Pre) 2000 1
sin
1 − 1− x2  0 x+1
Ans. (b) : lim  from  1 x  1 
x →0 x 2
 0  sin 
x x = –1
2x lim
x →– ∞ 1 ∵ xlim
→– ∞ 1
by L.H. Rule lim −1  
x →0
2 1 − x 2 × 2x x3  x 
1 1 1
= lim = –1 –
–1 – 0
x →0 ∞ = =1
2 1 − x2 2 lim
x →– ∞ 1
– −1 –0 − 1
 tan x − x  ∞
229. The value of the limit lim  2  is equal
x → 0  x tan x 
1
to: f ( x ) = xp sin ( x ≠ 0 ) is both
231. The function x
tan x − x 
meercee lim  2  keâe ceeve nw: =0 (x = 0)
x → 0  x tan x 
continuous and differentiable at x = 0 if:
(a) 0 (b) –1 1
1 1 f ( x ) = xp sin ( x ≠ 0 ) , x = 0 melele leLee
(c) − (d) heâueve x
2 3 =0 (x = 0)
UP PCS (Pre) 2000 DeJekeâueveerÙe oesveeW nQ, Ùeefo:
Ans. (d) : lim
{tan x − x} (a) –1 < p < 0
x →0x 2 tan x (b) 0 ≤ p ≤ 1
x 3 2x 5 (c) 1 < p
x+ + .... − x
lim 3 15 (d) none of these/Fvecebs mes keâesF& veneR
x →0  x 3 2x 5  UP PCS (Pre) 2000
x2  x + + + ..... 
 3 15  1
f ( x ) = x p sin ( x ≠ 0)
 1 2x 2  Ans. (c) : x
x  +
3
+ .... 
 3 15  1 =0 (x = 0)
lim =
x →0  1 2x 4
 3
x 3 1 + x 2 + + .....  for differentiabilty the function is always continuous-
 3 15 
f (0 − h) − f (0)
 4 1 2 L.H.D. f (0− ) = lim
h →0 −h
 x sin x + x 
230. The value of the lim   is equal to: 1
3 h p sin
x→−∞
 1+ | x |  − − h
  f (0 ) = lim−
x →0 −h
 4 1 2 for differentiblty P>1 let P= 2
 x sin x + x  1
meercee lim  3  keâe ceeve yejeyej nw: h 2 sin
x →−∞
 1 + | x |  −h = 0
f (0− ) = lim−
  x →0 h
(a) –1 (b) 0 1
h p sin
(c) 1 (d) none of these/Fvecebs mes keâesF& veneR +
R.H.D. f (0 ) = lim+ h ( LetP = 2 )
UP PCS (Pre) 2000 x →0 h
CALCULUS 503 YCT

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1 Ans. (a) : f (x) 2 = x 3
h 2 sin
+
f (0 ) = lim+ h =0
h
x →0 2x. f ′(x 2 ) = 3x 2
L.H.D= R.H.D. = f(x) then the function continous and 3
f ′(x 2 ) = x
differentiable at P > 1 2
f(x) - f(2) 3
232. If f(x) = log(x 2 + 1) then lim is equal to: f ′(4) = × 2
x →2 x-2 2
f(x) - f(2) f ′ (4) = 3
Ùeefo f(x) = log(x 2 + 1) nes lees lim yejeyej nw:
x →2 x-2
(a) 0 (b) 4/5 ex - 1
235. The value of lim is equal to:
(c) 1/2 (d) 5/4 x →0 x
UP PCS (Pre) 2001
ex - 1
Ans. (b) : f (x) = log(x + 1) 2 lim keâe ceeve nw:
x →0 x
f (x) − f (2) 0  (a) –1 (b) 0 (c) 1 (d) 2
lees, lim  form 
x →2 x−2  0  UP PCS (Pre) 2001
f ′(x) − 0  ′ 2x  ex − 1 0 
lim ∵ f (x) = 2  Ans. (c) : lim  form 
x→2 1  x + 1 x →∞ x 0 
2x 2×2 4 by L–Hospital Rule
lim = =
x →2 x 2 + 1 4 +1 5 ex
lim = e0 = 1
log cos ax x →0 1
233. lim is equal to:
x →0 log cos bx
 log(1 - x 2 ) 
log cos ax 236. The value of the lim   is:
lim keâe ceeve yejeyej nw: x→0  log cos x 
 
x →0 log cos bx
 log(1 - x ) 
2
a a
2
meercee lim   keâe ceeve nw:
(a) (b)   x→0  log cos x 
 
b b
2
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) –2 (d) 2
b b UP PCS (Pre) 2001
(c)   (d)  
a a
UP PCS (Pre) 2001 Ans. (d) : lim  (
 log 1 − x 2  )  0 
   form 
Ans. (b) x → 0
 log cos x  0 
log cos ax 0  by L – HOSPITAL RULE–
lim  form 
x →∞ log cos bx  0 
 2x 
−a sin ax  − 1 − x 2  0 
cos ax a sin ax cos bx = lim    form 
= lim = lim x →0
− sin x   0 
x →0 − bsin bx x →0 bsin bx cos ax
 cos x 
cos bx
again applying L.H. rule
 sin ax 
a  ax ( cos bx ) 2{− x sin x + cos x} 2 cos x
= lim
lim 
ax  = lim
x →0 cos x − x cos x + ( −2x ) sin x
2 x →0 cos x
x →0  sin bx 
b  bx × ( cos ax ) Put the limit ⇒2
 bx 
2 1/x2 1/x2
a2 1 1 a2  a   tan x   tan x 
→ 2 × × = 2 =  237. lim  is equal to:/ lim   yejeyej nw:
b 1 1 b b x→0  x  x→0  x 
234. A function f(x) is defined for all x>0 and satisfies (a) 1 (b) e1/2 (c) e1/3 (d) 0
f(x)2=x3 for all x>0. The value of f'(4) is: UP PCS (Pre) 2002
Skeâ heâueve f(x) meYeer x>0 kesâ efueÙes heefjYeeef<ele nw leLee 1
f(x)2=x3 meYeer x>0 kesâ efueÙes mevleg° neslee nw~ f'(4) keâe ceeve nw: Ans. (c) : Given, lim  tan x 
x2
(a) 3 (b) 4 (c) 5 (d) 64

x →0
 x 
UP PCS (Pre) 2001 by properties
CALCULUS 504 YCT

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 x3 x5  x
 x + + .........− x  1
 3 5  Ans. (b) : A(x) = ∫ ( f (x) + 2 ) dx
  x2 c
 tan x  1 x
lim  −1 2 lim  
then, e x →0  x x
=e x →0  
A '(x) = f ( x ) + 2.
d d
.x − {f ( c ) + 2} .c
 x3 x5 1 dx dx
lim  + 3 + 5 +....  x 3
=e x →0  
= ( f (x) + 2 ) .1 − 0
 1 x2 
lim  + +............. 
x → 0 3 5
  = f(x) +2
= e
Put the limit 241. If f(x) = 1 - x 2 and g(x) = 1 - x ,
= e1/ 3
where –1≤ x≤ 1, then Rolle's theorem is:
sin x (a) applicable to both f(x) and g(x)
238. lim =
x→∞ x (b) applicable to f(x), but not to g(x)
(a) 1 (b) 0 (c) applicable to g(x), but not to f(x)
(c) neither 1 nor 0 (d) ∞ (d) applicable neither to f(x) nor to g(x)
sin x
Ans. (b) : =
lim Ans. (a) : f ( x ) = 1 − x 2
x
x →∞
( −1to + 1) −1to + 1 f (1) = 0
lim = =0
x →∞ ∞ 1 f ( −1) = 0
0
Dele: heâueve x=0 hej melele SJeb DeJekeâueveerÙe nesiee Dele: Ùen jesues
1 ØecesÙe keâe heeueve keâjlee nw~
xcos , x≠0
239. At x = 0 , the fuction f (x) = x is
1 + x x<0
0 , x=0 g(x) = 
1 − x x≥0
1
x = 0 , Hej, heâueve f (x) =
x cos
x
, x≠0
nw: Dele: Ùen f(a) leLee f(b) oesveeW keâe heeueve keâjsiee~
0 , x=0 DeLee&le f(x), g(x) oesveeW heâueve jesues ØecesÙe keâe heeueve keâjles nw~
(a) undefined/DeheefjYeeef<ele  1
x
242. lim  1 +  is equal to:
(b) discontinuous/Demelele x→∞  x
(c) continuous but not differentiable (a) 1 (b) 0 (c) e (d) 1/e
melele hejvleg DeJekeâueveerÙe veneR UP PCS (Pre) 2005
(d) differentiable/DeJekeâueveerÙe x
UP PCS (Pre) 2004 Ans. (c) : lim  1+ 1 
x →∞  x
Ans. (c) : x = 0 hej heâueve
x
1  1
x cos x≠0 y = 1 + 
f (x) = x  x
0 x=0 oesveeW he#eeW ceW log uesves hej
L.H.L  1
log y = x log 1 + 
1  x
lim f (0 − h) = lim f (0 − h) cos =0
h →0 −
h →0 − − h
 1 1 
R.H.L log y = lim  x  − 2 + ....  
x →0
  x 2x 
1
lim (0 + h) = lim f (0 + h)cos log y = 1, y=e
+ + h
h →0 h →0
=0 cos x − sin x
243. lim is equal to:
Limit are exist the function will be continuous but not x→
π π
4 x− 
differentiable 4
x
240. If A(x) = ∫ (f(t) + 2)dt. then A' (x) is: 1
c (a) –1 (b) −
(a) f(x) (b) f(x)+2 2
(c) f(c) (d) f(c)+2 (c) 2 (d) – 2
CALCULUS 505 YCT
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cos x − sin x 0 Put in limit
Ans : (d) limπ from  
π 0 0 + log e 4
x→
4 x −  log y =
4 1
L.H. Rule log y = log e 4
limπ ( − sin x − cos x ) y=4
x→
4
2
π π 1 1 246. The value of lim(cos x)cot x is–

= − sin − cos = − − = − 2 x →0
4 4 2 2 −
1
(a) e −1 (b) e 2
1 
f (x) =  (c) 1 (d) non-existent
244. The function f(x) defined by 1 + 21/ x  is
 UP PCS (Pre) 2007
f (0) = 1 2
discontinuous at: Ans. (b) : lim(cos x)cot x

x →0
(a) x=0 (b) x=1 2
(c) x=–1 (d) x=2

ceevee y = [cos x]cot x
oesveeW he#eeW ceW log uesves hej
2
UP PCS (Pre) 2006 log y = cot x log cos x
1 log cos x
Ans : (a) f ( x ) = 1 log y =
tan 2 x
1+ 2 x
f(0) = 1 log cos x  0

log y = lim  from 
x → 0 tan 2 x
1  0 
R.H.L. lim = ≠1
h →0 1 + 21/ x Deye L.H. Rule
so it is discontinuous at x = 0 − sin x / cos x
log y = lim
1
2 tan x sec 2 x
x →0
245. lim(3x + 4 ) is equal to –
x x
x→ ∞ −1
(a) 3e (b) 4e (c) 3 (d) 4 log y = lim cos 2 x
x→0 2
(∵Limit Put )
UP PCS (Pre) 2007 1 1
1 log y = − × 1 ⇒ log y = −
2 2
Ans. (d) : lim(3x + 4x ) x
x →∞ 1
−
ceevee y = xlim(3 +4 ) x x 1/ x y=e 2
→∞
oesveeW he#eeW ceW log uesves hej  x 2 + 3x + a : x ≤ 1 

247. If the function f(x) =   is
1  bx + 2 : x > 1 
log y = lim log(3x + 4x ) x differentiable for all real x, then the values of a
x →∞
1 and b are
log y = lim log(3x + 4x ) (a) 5 and 3 (b) 3 and 5
x →∞ x
(c) 3 and 2 (d) 2 and 3
log(3x + 4x )
= lim UP PCS (Pre) 2008
x →∞ x
Ans. (b) :
LH Rule
1  x 2 + 3x + a, x ≤ 1
log y = lim .3x log e 3 + 4x log e 4 b f(x) = 
3 + 4x
x →∞ x  bx + 2, x > 1
 3  x  L.H.L. = R.H.L. f is continuous at x = 1
4x   log e 3 + log e 4 x2+3x+a = bx + 2
 4  
lim  a+4 = b+2
x →∞  3  x
 a–b+2 = 0 ..... (i)
4x   + 1
 4   L.H.D. = R.H.D. f is differentiate at x = 1
x 2x+3 = b,
3
  log e 3 + log e 4 b=5
log y = lim  
4
x
put the value of equation (1)
x →∞
3 a–5+2 = 0
  +1
4 a = 3, b = 5
CALCULUS 506 YCT
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248. If f (3) = 4 and f'(3) = 1, then 2 ( − sin x )
xf(3) - 3f(x)2 limπ
lim x→ 1 − cos ec 2 x − 1
4
x →3 x-3
(a) –1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 1 − 2 sin x 1
⇒ lim =
UP PCS (Pre) 2008 x →π / 4 − cos ec 2 x 2
xf(3) - 3f(x)  0  x + 2,when x ≤ 1
Ans. (d) : lim  from  251. If f(x) =  then
x →3 x -3  0 4x - 1, when x > 1
L.H. Rule (a) f is discontinuous at x = 1
f(3) - 3f '(x) (b) lim f(x) = 3
lim , f ' (3) = 1 x →1
x →3 1 (c) f is discontinuous at x = 0
f (3) = 4 (d) None of the above
put the limit– UP PCS (Pre) 2009
f(3)–3f '(3)
x + 2 when x ≤ 1
put the value = 4–3×1 = 1 Ans. (b) 
 4x − 1 when x > 1
1
249. If f(x) = sin x , x ≠ 0 f(0) = 0, x =0 then at ⇒
2
lim− = ( x + 2 ) = 1 + 2 = 3
x x →1
x = 0 which of the following is true? ⇒ lim = ( 4x − 1) = 4 − 1 = 3
(a) f is continuous and differentiable. x →1+
(b) f is continuous but not differentiable. Thus f(x) is continous at x = 1

(c) f is neither continuous nor differentiable. 252. The function f(x) = loge x is
(d) f is differentiable but not continuous. (a) discontinuous at x = 1
UP PCS (Pre) 2008 (b) differentiable at x = 1
1 (c) not differentiable at x = 1
Ans. (b) : f (x) = sin x 2 , x ≠ 0
x (d) None of the above
f (0) = 0, x=0 UP PCS (Pre) 2009
1 3 1 5 Ans. (c) f (x) = | logex|
expention of sin x = x − x + x ........
3! 5! is not differentiable
Then at x = 1
1 1 1  253. If u = emx (y–z)
f (x) =  x 2 − x 6 + x10 ........ y = m sin x, z = cos x
x 3! 5! 
du
1 1 then is
f (x) = x − x 5 + x 9 ........ dx
3! 5!
(a) emx(m3+1) cos x (b) emx(m+1) cos x
x=0 f(0) = 0 mx
(c) e (m+1) sin x (d) emx(m2+1) sin x
5
f '(x) = 1 − x 4 + ........ UP PCS (Pre) 2009
3! mx
Ans. (d) u = e (y–z)
f '(0) = 1
y = m sin x, z = cos x
f is continuous but not differentiable
u = emx (m sin x –cos x)
2cos x - 1 du
250. lim equals = emx (m cos x +sin x)+ memx (m sin x –cos x)
x→
π cotx - 1 dx
4
=emx(m2+1) sin x
1 1
(a) (b) π
2 2 2 sin x
254. If f (x) = 2 then
1 π π
(c) (d) 1 sin x + cos x
2 2 2
UP PCS (Pre) 2009
 1   2   30 
Ans. (c) f   + f   + ............f   is equal to
   
31 31  31 
2 cos x − 1  0 (a) 100 (b) 30
lim ∵ from 
cot x − 1
x →π / 4
 0 (c) 15 (d) 1
By. L.H. Rule UP PCS (Pre) 2009
CALCULUS 507 YCT
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π tan x 3
sin x Ans. (a) : f (x) = , f (0) = 0
Ans. (c) : f (x) = 2 x2
π π
sin x + cos x tan x 3 tan x 3
2 2 lim+ 2
= lim−
x →0 x x →0 x2
Now
tan x 3 tan x 3
π 1  lim+ .x = lim .x
sin 1 −  x →0 x3 x → 0− x3
 30  2  31 
f = 0 = 0
 31  sin π  1 − 1  + cos π 1 − 1 
2  31  2  31 
Thus, f(0–h) = f(0+h) = f(0) (Continuous)
f (h) − f (0) f (−h) − f (0)
R f '(0 − h) = lim+ , L f '(0 − h) = lim− ,
π 1  x→0 h x →0 −h
cos  . 
=  2 31  tanh 3 tanh 3
−
π 1  π 1  2
h2
cos  .  + sin  .  = lim+ h = lim−
 2 31   2 31  x →0 −h x →0 −h
 1   30  tanh 3 tan h 3
Thus f   + f   = 1 = lim+ = lim−
 31   31  x →0 h3 x →0 h3
=1 =1
 1   30 
like that f   + ........f   = 15 Rf ' ( 0 + h ) = Lf ' ( 0 − h )
 
31  31 
Thus f(x) is continuous and derivable at x=0
255. The value of lim (tan x)tan 2x is
x→ π/4 257. The differential coefficient of
1  2x 
(a) e (b) tan −1   with respect to
e  1 − x2 
1 1
(c) (d) 2  2x 
1+ e e sin −1   is equal to
 1 + x2 
UP PCS (Pre) 2009
Ans. (b) : y = lim (tan x)tan2x
x →π/4 (a)
(
2 1+ x2 ) (b)
(
2 1 − x2 )
2 2
1− x 1+ x
log y = lim tan 2x log tan x
x →π/4 (c) 0 (d) 1
log tan x 0  UP PCS (Pre) 2009
= lim  from 
x →π/4 cot 2x 0   2x 
Ans. (d) : u = tan −1  2 
log tan x 1− x 
log y = lim
x →π / 4 cot 2x u = tan −1 ( tan 2θ ) {∵ x = tan θ}
by L.H rule u= 2θ
sec x 2 Now,
tan x  2x 
= lim = −1 v = sin −1  2 
x →π / 4 − cos ec 2 2x.2 1+ x 
⇒ log y = –1 , y = e–1  2 tan θ 
v = sin −1  
 1 + tan θ 
2
1
y=
e v = sin −1 ( sin 2θ )
256. A function f is defined as v = 2θ
3 du 2θ
f (x) =
tan x
for x ≠ 0 and f(0) = 0. Then = =1
x2 dv 2θ
(a) f is continuous and derivable at x = 0 258. The derivative of sin–1x with respect to
(b) f is continuous but not derivable at x = 0 cos-1 1 - x2 is equal to
(c) f is neither continuous nor derivable at x = 0
(d) None of the above
sin–1x keâes cos-1 1 - x2 kesâ meehes#e DeJekeâueve yejeyej
UP PCS (Pre) 2009 nesiee
CALCULUS 508 YCT
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1 Ans. (a) : Geven that y = x , x ∈ R
3
(a) (b) tan x
1 − x2
y = −x 3 , y = +x3
(c) cot x (d) 1
 dy  dy
Ans. (d) : Let u= sin–1x and v = cos −1 1 − x 2   at x = 0 at x = 0 = 3x 2
 dx  dx
du 1 = –3x2
then = ......... (i)
dx 1− x2 =0 =0
dy
for v = cos −1 1 − x 2 ∴ at ( x = 0 ) = 0
dx
dx
let x= sinθ ⇒ = cos θ = 1 − sin 2 θ
dθ 83x - 2x - 4 2x + 1
261. lim is equal to
= 1 − x 2 ....... (ii)
x →0 sin 2 x
then –1
v= cos (cosθ) 83x - 2x - 4 2x + 1
lim leguÙe nw
v =θ x →0 sin 2 x
dv (a) loge4 (b) loge2
⇒ =1
dθ (c) 2(loge2)2 (d) logeg
dv dv dθ 1 1 (GIC) ØeJeòeâe hejer#ee, 2015
= . = 1. = ......... (iii)
dx dθ dx 1− x 2
1 − x2 83x − 2x − 42x + 1 0 
From (i) and (iii), we get
Ans. (c) : lim  form 
x→0 sin 2 x  0 
du du dx By L.H. Rule
= .
dv dx dv 3.8x log 2 − 2x log 2 − 2.4x log 2 + 0
1 lim
= . 1− x2 = 1 x →0 2sin x.cos x
1− x
{3.8 − 2x − 2.4 x }
2
x
du lim log e 2
x →0
=1 sin 2x
dv  0 
again form 
dy  0 
259. If ey =xy, then value of is equal to
dx Again applying L.H. Rule
Ùeefo ey =xy, lees
dy
keâe ceeve yejeyej nw = ( log e 2 ) lim
{9.8 x
log e 2 − 2x log e 2 − 4.4x log e 2}
dx x →0 2cos 2x
y xy
(a) xe (b) 9.8x − 2 x − 4.4x
= ( log e 2 ) lim
2
y -1 x →0 2 cos 2x
y y
(c) (d)  9.8 0
− 20 − 4.40 
= ( log e 2 ) 
2
x(y +1) x(y -1) 
 2cos 0 
= ( log e 2 )
(9 −1 − 4) = 4
Ans. (d) : Given that ey= xy ( log e 2 )
2 2
taking log on both sides 2 2

= 2 ( log e 2 )
2
y = logx + log y
dy 1 1 dy  1  dy 1
⇒ = + ⇒ 1 −  = 262. If f(x) =
1 - sin x π
, x ≠ is continuous at
dx x y dx  y  dx x (π - 2x) 2
2
 y − 1  dy 1 dy y π π
⇒   = ⇒ = x = , then f   is equal to
 y  dx x dx x ( y − 1) 2 2
∈
1 - sin x π π
260. If y = x , x
3
R, then
dy
at x = 0 is equal to Ùeefo f(x) = 2
, x≠ efyevog x = , hej meleled
dx (π - 2x) 2 2
∈
dy π
Ùeefo y = x 3 ,x R, nes, lees x=0 hej keâe ceeve keäÙee nesiee? nw, leesf   kesâ efueS keâewve mee keâLeve mener nw?
dx 2
(a) 0 (b) 1 (a) –1 (b) 1
(c) 3 (d) GheÙeg&òeâ ceW mes keâesF& veneR (c) 2/3 (d) 1/8
CALCULUS 509 YCT
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1 − sin x  1 − x2  πx
Ans. (d) : Given that f ( x) = = lim   tan
(π − 2x)
2
x →1 1 + x 2
 
π πx
lim (1 − x 2 ) tan
4
and f(x) is continuous at x =
2 =
x →1 2 = =2
π
π lim (1 + x ) 2 π
∴ limπ f ( x ) = f   x →1
x→ 2  
2 dy
265. If y = log2(logex), then is equal to –
π 1 − sin x 0 
⇒ f   = limπ  form 
dx
(π − 2x)
2
 
2 x →  0  dy
2
Ùeefo y = log2(logex) nes, lees yejeyej nesiee–
By L.H. Rule. dx
π − cos x sin x 1 1
f   = lim = lim (a) log 2 e log x e (b) log 2 x
 
2 x → (
π 2 π − 2x
2
)( − 2 ) x →
π 8
2
x x
{again apply L.H.Rule} 1
(c) log 2 e
1
(d) log e 2
x x
π 1 (GIC) ØeJeòeâe hejer#ee, 2015
f  =
2 8
Ans. (a) : Given that y = log 2 ( log e x )
263. What is the value of f(0) for which the function
dy 1 1
f (x) =
2− x+4
is a continuous at x = 0? So, = .log 2 e
sin 2x dx log e x x
f(0) keâe keäÙee ceeve nesiee, efpemekesâ efueS heâueve dy 1  1 
2− x+4
= log 2 e log x e  ∵ log n m = 
dx x  log m n
f (x) = , x = 0 hej melele nw?
sin 2x
1 1 1 + ( −1)n
(a) − (b) − 266. lim is equal to–
2 4 n →1 1 − n 2
1 1 + ( −1)n
(c) − (d) −1 lim yejeyej nw–
8 n →1 1 − n 2
(a) 1 (b) i
Ans. (c) : f(x) is continuous then its limit exist
π 1
2 − x + 4 0  (c) (d) πi
∴ lim f (x) = lim  form  2 2
x →0 x →0 sin 2x 0  (GIC) ØeJeòeâe hejer#ee, 2015
By. L.H. Rule.
1 + ( −1)
n
1
0− Ans. (d) : Given that lim
2 x+4 n →1 1 − n 2
lim f (x) = lim
x →0 x →0 2cos 2x ∵ i2=–1 ⇒ (–1)n = i2n
1 1
− 1 1 + i 2n
= 2 0 + 4 = 4 =− ∴ lim
2 cos ( 0 ) 2 8 n →1 1 − n 2
1 Changing it into polar form

πx π π
264. lim (1 − x) tan has the value– ∵ i = cos + isin
x →1 2 2 2
πx ⇒ i 2n = cos nπ + isin nπ
lim (1 − x) tan keâe ceeve nw–
x →1 2
then lim 1 + cos nπ +2isin nπ 0 
(a) 2/π (b) π/2 n →1 1− n
 form 
0 
(c) π (d) 0 By L.H. Rule
(GIC) ØeJeòeâe hejer#ee, 2015 −π sin nπ + iπ cos nπ
lim
πx −2n
Ans. (a) : Let lim (1 − x ) tan
n →1
x →1 2 Put the limit,
= lim
(1 − x )(1 + x ) tan πx −1πi πi 1
= 0+ = = πi
x →1 (1 + x ) 2 −2 2 2
CALCULUS 510 YCT

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dy  − x, x≤0
267. ceevee y=|x|+|x–2| nes leye keâe x=2 hej ceeve nesiee– 
dx Ans : (a) Heâueve f ( x ) =  x, 0 < x <1
(a) 2 (b) 0 2 − x, x ≥1

(c) DeefmlelJe ceW veneR nw (d) 1
TGT 2013
Ans : (c) efoÙee ieÙee Heâueve
y = |x|+ |x–2|
∵ |x| = x Ùeefo x > 1
= –x Ùeefo x < 1
∵ nce peeveles nw efkeâ efkeâmeer Yeer efvejhes#e Heâueve keâe DeJekeâueve
DeefmlelJe ceW veneR neslee nw~
GoenjCe kesâ efueS ceevee, Ùen efoÙes ieÙes heâueve keâe «eeheâ nw Fme «eeheâ ceW keâneR Yeer Break Ùee
y = |x|
hole veneR nw Dele: Ùen heâueve x kesâ ØelÙeskeâ ceeve kesâ efueS meblele nesiee
dy (y + h) − y
∴ = lim Dele: x = 0 Deewj x = 1 hej meblele nw~
dx h →o h
dy |x+h|−|x| ex −1 − x
= lim = 1 if x > 1 270. lim is:
( x − 1)
x →1 2
dx h →o h.
= −1 if x < 1 (a) –1/2 (b) 0 (c) 1/2 (d) 1
dy UP PCS (Pre) 1997
Dele: Heâueve y = |x| + |x–2| keâe x = 2 hej DeefmlelJe ceW veneR nw~
dx e x −1 − x
Ans : (c) lim by L.H. Rule
 xcos x − log(1 + x)  x →1
( x − 1)
2
268. lim 
x2  keâe ceeve–
x →0
 
e x −1 − 1
(a) 1 (b) 1/2 (c) 3 (d) 0 = lim again by L.H. Rule
x →1 2 ( x − 1)
TGT 2013
 x cos x − log(1 + x)  e x −1 eo 1
Ans : (b) lim   = lim = =
x →0
 x2  x →1 2 2 2
 1   2 + x,x ≥ 0
 cos x − x sin x − 1 + x  0  271. The function f ( x ) =  is:
= lim    0 form   2 − x, x,0
x →0 2x
 
   2 + x,x ≥ 0
heâueve f ( x ) =  nw:
L. Hospital Rule  2 − x, x,0
 1  (a) discontinuous at x=0 / x=0 hej Demeblele
 − sin x − x cos x − sin x + (1 + x) 2  (b) continuous and differentiable at x=0
lim  
x →0
 2  x=0hej meblele SJeb DeJekeâueveerÙe
 
(c) continuous but not differentiable at x=0
−0 − 0 − 0 + 1 1 x=0 hej meblele nw hejvleg DeJekeâueveerÙe veneR
= =
2 2 (d) continuously differentiable at x=0
269. Heâueve f(x) efvecveefueefKele Øekeâej mes heefjYeeef<ele nw x=0hej mebleleerÙe DeJekeâueveerÙe
 − x, x≤0 UP PCS (Pre) 1997

f ( x ) =  x, 0 < x <1 2 + x x≥0
 2 − x, Ans : (c) f ( x ) = 
 x ≥1  2 − x x<0
Fme oMee ceW, Heâueve f(x) nesiee– L.H.L. = 2 = R.H.L
(a) meleled x = 0 Deewj x = 1 hej Hence function are continuous
(b) meleled x = 0 hej Deewj Demelele x = 1 hej R.H.D. = 1
(c) Demelele x = 0 hej Deewj melele x =1 hej L.H.D . = –1
(d) x = 0 Deewj x =1 oesveeW hej Demelele R.H.D. ≠ L.H.D.
TGT 2013 Then not differentiable.
CALCULUS 511 YCT

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1
1
cot x − 275. The function f (x) = 2 x is not continuous when x is
272. The value of lim x is:
1
x→0 x heâueve f (x) = 2 x melele veneR nesiee peye x=
1
cot x − (a) 0 (b) 1
lim x keâe ceeve nw: (c) –1
x→0 x (d) None of these/ FveceW mes keâesF& vener~
1 TGT 2010
(a) 1 (b)
2 1
1 1 Ans : (a) heâueve f ( x) = 2 , x = 0
x
hej melele veneR nesiee ~
(c) (d) −
3 3 ∵ f(0) = does not exists.
UP PCS (Pre) 1997  1 − sin x π
Ans : (d)  π − 2x , x ≠ π
276. ceevee f (x) = 
2 , x= hej melele nw,
1 1 1 π 2
cot x − − λ , x=
lim x = lim tan x x = lim x − tan x  2
x →0 x 2 tan x
x →0 x x →0 x leye λ keâe ceeve nw :
 x 3
2  3 (a) –1 (b) 1 (c) 0 (d) 2
x −x + + x 3 ..........  – x − 2 x 5 – .......
 3 15  = 3 15 TGT 2010
lim
x →0  x 3   x2  π
x2  x + + .........  x 3 1 + + .........  Ans : (c) Ùeefo heâueve f(x), x =
hej melele nw leye
 3   3  2
 1 2  π
x 3  – − x 2 – ........  LHL = RHL = f  
lim 
3 15  2
x →0  x2  1 − sin x
3
x 1 + + ........  ∴ lim f (x) = lim
 3  x →π / 2 x →π / 2 π − 2x
 1 2 2  π 
 – – x .........  1 − sin  − h 
 3 15   2 
lim λ = lim
x →0 x3 h →0 π 
1+ + .......... π − 2 − h 
3
2 
put the lim it
1 − cosh
1 λ = lim
=– h →0 2h
3 0 + sinh
273. The limit of xx as x→0 is:/xx keâer meercee, peyeefkeâ x→0 nw: λ = lim ⇒ λ=0
h →0 2.1
(a) 1 (b) 0 277. If f(x) is a differentiable function then
(c) ∞ (d) None of these af (x) − xf (a)
UP PCS (Pre) 1997 lim
x
x →a x−a
Ans : (a) lim x x = elog x Ùeefo f(x) Skeâ DeJekeâueveerÙe (differentiable) heâueve
x →0
af (x) − xf (a)
= e x log x = e
log x leye, lim
1/ x x →a x−a
By L.H. rule (a) af ' (a) – f(a) (b) a f (a) – f ' (a)
(c) a f ' (a) + f(a) (d) a f (a) + f ' (a)
1 2 TGT 2010
1 −x
x = e x × 1 ⇒ e − x = eo = 1
af (x) − xf (a)  0 
,L.H. Rule mes 
1
− 2 Ans : (a) lim
e x x −a 
x →a 0 
274. The function f(x) differentiable at the origin is ' '
lim af (x) − f (a) = af (a) − f (a)
cetueefyevog hej heâueve f(x) DeJekeâueveerÙe nw: x →a
 1  x − 3 ,x ≥ 1
 x sin , x ≠ 0 
(a) f(x) = |x| (b) f (x) =  x 278. The function f (x) =  x4 3 at x =1
 13
0, x = 0  − x + ,x < 1
2
4 2 4
(c) f(x)= x2/3 (d) f (x) = e −1/ x  x − 3 ,x ≥ 1
UP PCS (Pre) 1997 heâueve  x =1 hej nw :
f (x) =  x 4 3 13
−1/ x 2  − x + ,x < 1
Ans : (d) f (x) = e is diff. 4 2 4
CALCULUS 512 YCT

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(a) continuous and differentiable π π π π
meleled Deewj DeJekeâueveerÙe (a) , (b) ,−
6 12 6 12
(b) continuous and not differentiable π π
meleled uesefkeâve DeJekeâueveerÙe veneR (c) ,
3 6
(d) None of these
(c) discontinuous and differentiable FveceW mes keâesF& veneR
Demelele Deewj DeJekeâueveerÙe
TGT 2010
(d) discountinuous and not differentiable
meleled Deewj DeJekeâueveerÙe oesveeW veneR π
Ans : (b) ∵ heâueve f (x), 0 ≤ x < kesâ yeerÛe melele nw DeLee&led
TGT 2010 4
π π
 x - 3 , x ³1 x= Deewj x = hej heâueve melele nesiee~
 4 2
Ans : (b) f(x) =  x 4 3 13
 - x + ,x <1 π
x = hej
4 2 4 4
x = 1 hej π π π
LHL = + a 2 sin = + a...............(i)
RHL =lim lim
h →o f (1 + h) = h →o 1 + h − 3 = 2 4 4 4
π π π
lim  (1 − h)  3
4
LHL =lim
13 RHL = 2. cot + b = + b.................(ii)
h →o f (1 − h) = h →o 
 4  2
− (1 − h) + = 2 4 4 2
  4
meceer0 (i) leLee meceer0 (ii) mes,
leLee f(a)= f(1) = |1-3|=2
π π π
LHL= RHL = f(a) + a = + b ⇒ a − b = ................ (iii)
⇒ Dele: x=1 hej heâueve melele nw~ 4 2 4
Deye, π
Fmeer Øekeâej x = hej
2
(1− h)
4
3 13
− (1− h) + − 2 π π π π
f(1− h) − f(1) 4 2 4 2 cot + b = a cos 2. − bsin
LHD = lim = lim 2 2 2 2
h→0 −h h→0 −h
⇒ 0 + b = −a − b ⇒ 2b = −a..............(iv)
1 + h 4 + 6h 2 − 4h 3 − 4h − 6 + 6h +13 − 8
4
meceer. (iii) leLee meceer. (iv) mes,
= lim π −π π
h →0 −h −2b − b = ⇒b= ,a =
= lim
(
h h 3 + 6h − 4h 2 + 2
=−
1 ) 4 12 6
280. The value of k for which the function
h →0 −4h 2
f (1 + h) − f (1) | 1 + h − 3 | −2 x 3 + x 2 − 16x + 20
RHD = lim = lim f (x) = ,x ≠ 2
h →0 h h →0 h (x − 2)2
3 − (1 + h) − 2 = k, x=2
= lim may be continuous at x = 2 is
h →0 h
k kesâ efkeâme ceeve kesâ efueS heâueve
3 – x, 1 ≤ x < 3
x –3 = x 3 + x 2 − 16x + 20
 x – 3, x ≥1 f (x) = ,x ≠ 2
=-1 (x − 2)2
∵ LHD ≠ RHD ⇒ heâueve f(x), x = 1 hej DeJekeâueveerÙe veneR nw~ = k, x=2
279. The function x = 2 hej meleled nesiee ?
 π (a) 5 (b) 6 (c) 7 (d) 8
 x + a 2 sin x 0≤x<
4 TGT 2010

 π π Ans : (c) x = 2 hej
f (x) =  2xcot x + b, ≤x≤
 4 2
 π lim f (x) = lim f (2 + h)
x→2 h →0
acos 2x − b sin x, 2 < x ≤ π

is continuous for 0 ≤ x ≤ π then, a, b are ( 2 + h )3 + (2 + h)2 − 16 ( 2 + h ) + 20
= lim
 π h →0 (2 + h − 2)2
 x + a 2 sin x 0≤x<
4
heâueve  8 + h3 + 12h + 6h 2 + 4 + h 2 + 4h − 32 − 16h + 20
 π π = lim =7
f (x) =  2x cot x + b, ≤x≤
 4 2 h →0 h2
 π ∵ x = 2 hej heâueve melele nw~
acos 2x − bsin x, 2 < x ≤ π

∴ k=7
0≤x≤π kesâ yeerÛe melele nw lees a, b kesâ ceeve nesieW :
CALCULUS 513 YCT
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281. heâueve f:R|{0} → R, leLee y cot x y 2 cot x
(a) (b)
f (x) =
1
−
2
, x = 0 hej melele nes leye f(0) keâe
(1 − y log sin x ) (1 − y log sin x )
x e 2x − 1 y3 cot x
heefjYeeef<ele ceeve nesiee– (c) (d) FveceW mes keâesF& veneR
1 − ylog sin x
(a) 2 (b) –1
TGT 2009
(c) 0 (d) 1
( sin x )(sin x )...... ∞
TGT 2009 Ans : (b) ceevee y = ( sin x )
Ans : (d) If f(x) is continuous at x = 0 leye y = ( sin x ) y
then lim f (x) = f ( 0 )
x →0 oesveeW he#eeW keâe log uesves hej
1 2 e 2x − 1 − 2x 0  log y = log (sin x)y
= ⇒ lim − 2 x = lim  from 
x →0 x e −1 x→0 x ( e 2x − 1) 0  log y = y log sin x
oesveeW he#eeW keâe x kesâ meehes#e DeJekeâueve keâjves hej
by L. Hospital Rule
1 dy dy 1
2e 2x − 0 − 2 = .log sin x + y .cos x
= lim y dx dx sin x
( )
x →0 x 2e 2 x − 0 + e 2x − 1
dy dy
= ylogsin x + y 2 cot x
2e − 2 2x
 0 dx dx
= lim again from
x2e 2x + e2 x − 1
x →0
 0 dy dy dy y 2 cot x
− y log sin x = y 2 cot x ⇒ =
by L. Hospital Rule dx dx dx 1 − y log sin x
4e 2x − 0
= lim  1
x → 0 x.4e + 2e 2x + 2e 2x − 0
2x 284. cos  asin −1  keâe x kesâ meehes#e DeJekeâueve keâjves hej
 x
4e2 x 4.e0 4 ceeve nesiee–
= lim = = =1
x →0 4xe 2x
+ 4e 2 x
4.0.e + 4e
0 0
4
a cos ( a cos −1 x ) a sin ( a cosec −1x )
 1 (a) (b)
Ùeefo f(x) = ( x − 1 ) sin x − 1 , Ùeefo x ≠ 1, ( x −1) (x −1)
2 2
282. x x
 Ùeefo x = 0,
a cos ( a cosec x )
0, −1
leye efvecveefueefKele ceW mes keâewve mener nw– (c) (d) FveceW mes keâesF& veneR
2
x ( x −1)
(a) f, x = 0 Deewj x = 1 oesveeW hej DeJekeâueveerÙe veneR nw~
(b) f, x = 0 Deewj x = 1 oesveeW hej DeJekeâueveerÙe nw~ TGT 2009
(c) f,x=0 hej DeJekeâueveerÙe leLee x=1 hej DeJekeâueveerÙe veneR nw~ Ans : (b) cos  a sin −1 1  keâe x kesâ meehes#e DeJekeâueve keâjves hej
 
(d) f,x=1 hej DeJekeâueveerÙe leLee x=0 hej DeJekeâueveerÙe veneR nw~  x
TGT 2009 d   1  d
∴  cos  a sin −1   = cos a cosec −1x 
f (1 − h ) − f (1) dx   x   dx
Ans : (a) Lf '(1) = lim
h →0 −h
−1 −1 a sin ( a cos ec−1 x )
= − sin (a cos ec x).a =
(1 − h − 1) sin 
1 
−0 x x2 −1 x x2 −1
= lim  h −1 
1 −
x
h →0 −h  3
1 285. Lim  1 +  keâe ceeve–
= lim− sin Which is indefined
x→∞
 x
h →0 h (a) 3 (b) e (c) e3 (d) 3e
f (1+ h ) − f (1) TGT 2009
Rf '(1) = lim
h →0 h Ans : (c) nce peeveles nw–
(1 + h − 1) sin 
1  1 x

− 0
1 + h −1  1 ∵ Lim (1+ x ) x = e Ùee Lim  1 + 1  = e
= lim = limsin x →∞ x→∞ x  
h →0 h h →0 h
x
which is also indefined  3
Fmeer Øekeâej, Lim  1+  = e
2
similarly Lf ' ( 0 ) ≠ Rf ' ( 0 ) x →∞

 x
x
(sin x )...... ∞ dy  3
283. Ùeefo y = ( sin x ) (sin x ) leye = ∴ Lim 1+  = e3
dx x →∞
 x
CALCULUS 514 YCT
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1 Ans : (d)
Trick – Lim (1+ x )
a/x
= ea DeLee&le kesâ iegCeebkeâ keâes e keâer Ieele
x →∞ x  1 
ceW efueKe osles nQ~
lim
( x − 1) = lim x 
2 1− 
x 2 
(x common uesves hej)
  a
x
x →∞ 2x + 1 x →∞  1
Ùee Lim 1 +  nesves hej Yeer Ùener Øeef›eâÙee Deheveeles nQ~ x2+ 
x →∞
 x   x
sin 5θ  1 
286. lim keâe ceeve 1 − 2 
θ→0 θ  x  1− 0 1
= lim = =
(a) 0 (b) 4 (c) 5 (d) ∞ x→∞  1 2+0 2
 2 +
TGT 2009  x 
1/ x
Ans : (c)  π 
sin 5θ sin 5θ 289. lim  tan  + x   is equal to :
lim = lim5 [5 mes nj Deewj DebMe ceW iegCee keâjves hej] x →0
 4 
θ→ 0 θ θ→ 0 5θ 1/ x
 π 
 sin 5θ  lim  tan  + x   keâe ceeve yejeyej nesiee:
= 5lim   = 5×1= 5 x →0
  4 
θ→ 0
 5θ 
(a) 1 (b) –1
287. Let f be real-valued function such that f (2) = 2 (c) e2 (d) e
4t 3 f ( x) TGT 2005
and f' (2) = 1 then lim ∫ dt is equal to :
x→2 2 x−2 Ans : (c)
ceevee f Skeâ JeemleefJekeâ ceeve heâueve (Real valued 1 1
 π  x  π x
function) Fme Øekeâej nw efkeâ f (2)=2 Deewj f'(2)=1 leye, lim  tan  + x   = lim  tan + x 
3
x →∞  4  x →0  4 
f ( x) 4t
lim ∫ keâe ceeve keäÙee nesiee: 1
x→2 2 x−2  π x
(a) 6 (b) 12  tan 4 + tan x 
= lim  
(c) 32 (d) None of these/FveceW mes keâesF& veneR x →0
 1 − tan π tan x 
 4 
TGT 2005 1
Ans : (c) eqoÙee nw : f (2)=2 leLee f '(2) = 1 leye  1 + tan x  x
= lim  
x → 0 1 − tan x 
f ( x) 4t 3 f ( x) t3
lim
x →2 2 ∫ x−2
dt = lim 4
x→2 ∫ 2 x−2
dt
 1  x

tan x
(1 + tan x ) tan x 

4 {f ( x )} f ' ( x ) − ( 2 ) .0 
3 3
 
   0 = lim 
= lim . from  x →0 tan x
x →2 1− 0  0  1  x

(1 − tan x ) tan x 
L. Hospital Rule  
= lim 4 { f ( x )} f ' ( x ) − 0 
x→2  
3

e
= −1 = e 2
e x →0
(
∵ lim (1 + x ) = e
1/ x
)
Tricky method
= 4.{ f ( 2 )} . f ' ( 2 )
3
  π  
1/ x
lim  tan  + x   (1 ∞
form )
( )
= 4. 23.1 = 4 × 8 = 32 x →0
  4  
lim  π   1
( x 2 − 1) = e x →0  tan  + x  − 1 .
288. lim is equal to :   4   x
x →∞ 2x +1
lim 1 + tan x  1
lim
( x2 − 1 ) keâe ceeve nw: = e x →0  − 1 . if lim f (x)g( x ) is1∞ form
1 − tan x  x x →0
x→∞ 2x + 1 lim  2 tan x  1

then = e x→0 {f (x) − 1} .g(x)
lim
= e x →0  .
(a) 1 (b) 0  1 − tan x  x
(c) –1 (d) 1/2  tan x   1 
lim  .  
x   1− tan x 
TGT 2005 = e2 x →0 
= e2
CALCULUS 515 YCT

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 2
x
 2
x
 sin x + cos x 
290. lim  1 +  is equal :/ lim  1 +  292. If y = tan −1 
keâe ceeve nw:  then the value of
x →∞
 x  x →∞
 x   cos x − sin x 
(a) e (b) ∞ (c) e2 (d) 1/e dy
is :
TGT 2005 dx
sin x + cos x 
Ùeefo y = tan −1 
Ans : (c) dy
x
−  leye dx keâe ceeve nesiee:
 2  cos x sin x 
lim  1 + 
x →∞  x 1
(a) 0 (b)
put the limit 2
= 1∞ (c) 1 (d) None of these
properties TGT 2005
 2   2x   sin x + cos x 
lim 1+ −1×x lim  
Ans : (c) y = tan −1  
= en →∞  x 
= e n →∞ 
x 
= e2  cos x − sin x 
 1 − x2  dy  sin x 
291. If y = tan −1  2
then is equal to :  1+ 
 1 + x  dx = tan −1  cos x 
 1 − x2   1 − sin x 
dy  cos x 
Ùeefo y = tan −1  2
leye keâe ceeve nw :
 1 + x  dx
 π
+ tan x  tan
1 −2 x −1  1 + tan x  4 −1 
(a) (b) = tan   = tan  
(1 + x ) (1 + x 4 )  1 − tan x   1 − tan π .tan x 
4
–1  4 
(c) (d) None of these  π
(1 + x 4 )  π
y = tan −1  tan  + x   = + x
TGT 2005  4  4
1 − x  2 dy dy
Ans : (b) ceevee y = tan −1  ∴ = 0 +1 ⇒ =1
2 dx dx
 1 + x 
x2 dy
u=
1 − x2 293. Ùeefo y = ( x ) leye keâe ceeve nesiee:
dx
1+ x2
( 2ln x + 1) x x
2
∴ y = tan ( u )
−1
……….(i) (a)
( 2ln x + 1) x( )
2
dy 1 x +1
= (b)
du 1 + u 2
x 2 −1
(c) y1 = ( 2ln x + 1)( x )
du
=
(
1+ x 2
) ( −2x ) − (1 − x ) ( 2x ) 2

(1 + x )
2
dx 2
TGT 2005
x2
Ans : (b) ceevee y = ( x )
3 3
−2x − 2x − 2x + 2x −4x
= =
(1 + x ) (1 + x )
2 2
2 2
oesveeW he#eeW keâe log uesves hej
x2
dy dy du log y = log ( x ) ⇒ log y = x 2 log x
∴ = .
dx du dx oesveeW he#eeW keâe x kesâ meehes#e DeJekeâueve keâjves hej
1 −4x
= × 1 dy 1
= x 2 + log x.2x
( )
2 2
 1 − x2  1 + x2 y dx x
1 +  2 
 1+ x  1 dy
= ( x + 2 x log x )
(1 + x ) 2
2 y dx
−4x
= × dy x2
= y.x ( 2 log x + 1) = ( x ) .x ( 2log x + 1)
(1 + x ) + (1 − x ) (1 + x )
2 2 2
2 2 2
dx
dy −2x dy x 2 +1
= = ( 2 log x + 1)( x )
dx 1 + x 4 dx
CALCULUS 516 YCT

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2 θ θ
294. Ùeefo y 2 = ae −2x +   ( cos x − 2sin x ) leye 2sin cos
5 dy 2 2
=
2 dx 2 θ
d y 2cos
sin x yejeyej nesiee: 2
dx 2 dy θ
(a) -1 (b) 1 = − tan
dx 2
d2y d  θ
TGT 2005 ∴ 2
=  − tan 
dx dx  2
Ans : (d) efoÙee nw :
d  θ  dθ θ 1 1
2 =  − tan  . = − sec 2 .
y 2 = ae −2x + ( cos x − 2sin x ) ......( i ) dθ  2  dx 2 2 a (1 + cos θ )
5
meceer. (i) keâe x kesâ meehes#e DeJekeâueve keâjves hej θ
sec 2
1 2 1 θ
dy 2 =− . = sec4
2y = − ae −2 x .2 + ( − sin x − 2 cos x ) θ
2a 1 + 2cos 2 − 1 −4a 2
dx 5
2
dy 1
y = −ae −2 x + ( − sin x − 2 cos x ) ......( ii ) π d2y  π
4
1 1
( 2) 1
4
dx 5 ∴ at (θ ) = , = . sec  = × =−
meceer. (i) leLee meceer (ii) keâes peesÌ[ves hej, 2 dx 2
−4a  4  −4a a
−1 −1
dy 2
y + y 2 = cos x − sin x −
4 sin x 2
− cos x 296. Ùeefo y = elog sin x
+ elog cos ;0 < x < 1 (leye)
x
dx 5 5 5 5 (a) y1=0 (b) y2=5

dy (c) y1 DeefmlelJe ceW veneR nQ (d) y1=y2
y + y 2 = − sin x....... ( iii )
dx TGT 2005
meceer. (iii) keâe x kesâ meehes#e DeJekeâueve keâjves hej Ans : (a) efoÙee nw:
−1 −1
y = elogsin x + elogcos x
2 2
d y  dy  dy
y +   + 2y = − cos x
{∵ e }
2
dx  dx  dx
y = sin −1 x + cos −1 x log e x
=x
2 2
d y 1  dy  dy − cos x
+   +2 = π π
dx 2
y  dx  dx y ⇒ y = ∵ sin −1 x + cos −1 x = 
2 2
2
d2y sin x  dy  dy − cos x sin x oesveeW he#eeW keâe x kesâ meehes#e DeJekeâueveeW keâjves hej
sin x + + 2sin x =
dx 2 y  dx  dx y dy d  π 
= =0 ⇒ y1 = 0
d y 2
− cos x sin x sin x  dy  dy
2
dx dx  2 
sin x = −  dx  − 2sin x dx
dx 2
y y   297. k keâe ceeve keäÙee nesiee pees heâueve
d2y  1
295. Ùeefo y = a (1 + cos θ ) , x = a ( θ + sin θ ) leye sin
f ( x ) =   x 
, x≠0
keâes x=0 hej melele yeveelee nw~
dx 2
 k, x=0
π 
yejeyej keäÙee nesiee Ùeefo θ =
2 (a) 8 (b) 1
(a) -1/a (b) -1 (c) -1 (d) FveceW mes keâesF& veneR
(c) 0 (d) FveceW mes keâesF& veneR TGT 2005
TGT 2005 sin (1/ x ) , x ≠ 0
Ans : (d) heâueve f ( x ) = 
Ans : (a) efoÙee nw:  k, x=0
y = a (1 + cos θ ) ..... ( i ) x = 0 hej,
x = a (θ + sin θ ) ....... ( ii ) yeeÙeeB he#e meercee (LHL) = lim f ( x )
x →0
meceer. (i) leLee (ii) keâe θ kesâ meehes#e DeJekeâueve keâjves hej,  1 
= lim f ( 0 − h ) = lim sin  
dy
= a ( 0 − sin θ ) ,
dx
= a (1 + cos θ )
h →0 h →0  0−h 
dθ dθ 1
= lim − sin   = does not exists
dy dy dθ −a sin θ − sin θ h →0 h
∴ = . = =
dx dθ dx a (1 + cos θ ) 1 + 2 cos 2 θ − 1
2 {∵ sin x keâe ceeve – 1 mes +1 keâs yeerÛe cesW neslee nw}
CALCULUS 517 YCT
CLICK HERE -
Fmeer Øekeâej RHL = lim+ − f ( x ) Ans : (c) nce peeveles nQ efkeâ meYeer Øekeâej kesâ cenòece hetCeeËkeâ heâueve
h →0
hetCeeËkeâ efyevogDeeW hej Demelele nesles nQ DeLee&le x=0,1,2,3,.......hej
1 heâueve Demelele neslee nw~
= lim f ( 0 + h ) ≠ lim sin =does not exists
h →0 h →0 0+h
∴ f ( x ) =  tan 2 x  , x = 0 hej Demelele nesiee~ Deewj Ùeefo keâesF&
∵LHL≠RHL≠f (0)  
Dele: k kesâ ceeve keâes Øeehle veneR efkeâÙee pee mekeâlee nw~ heâueve Demelele nw lees Jen DeJekeâueveerÙe (differentiable) veneR nesiee~
∴ f ( x ) =  tan 2 x  , x = 0 hej DeJekeâueveerÙe veneR nesiee~
 −1 : x < −1  
298. heâueve f ( x ) =  − x : −1 ≤ x ≤ 1 melele nesiee  x 3 − 1, 1< x< ∞
1 : x>1
300. x=1 hej, heâueve f ( x ) =  nes leye
  x − 1, −∞ < x ≤ 1
(a) x=1 hej uesefkeâve x= –1 hej veneR (a) melele leLee DeJekeâueveerÙe nw~
(b) x= –1 hej uesefkeâve x=1 hej veneR (b) melele nw leLee DeJekeâueveerÙe veneR nw~
(c) x=1 leLee x= –1 oesveeW hej (c) Demelele leLee DeJekeâueveerÙe nw~
(d) x=1 leLee x= –1 oesveeW hej veneR (d) melele Deewj DeJekeâueveerÙe oesveeW veneR nw~
TGT 2005 TGT 2005
 −1; x < −1  x3 − 1, 1 < x < ∞
 Ans : (b) heâueve f ( x ) = 
Ans : (d) heâueve f ( x ) =  − x; −1 ≤ x ≤ 1
 1;  x − 1, −∞ < x ≤ 1
 x >1
x=1 hej
x=1 hej heâueve kesâ melelee keâe hejer#eCe:-
LHL = lim− f ( x ) = lim f (1 − h ) = lim {(1 − h ) − 1} = 0
LHL = lim− f ( x ) = lim f (1 − h ) x →1 h →0 h →0
x →1 h →0
RHL = lim+ f ( x ) = lim f (1 + h ) = lim {1 + h} − 1 = 0
3
= lim − (1 − h ) = −1
h →0
{∵ f ( x ) = − x, −1 ≤ x ≤ 1} x →1 h →0 h →0
Deewj f (1) = [1 − 1] = 0
RHL = lim+ f ( x ) = lim f (1 + h )
x →1 h →0
∵ LHL = RHL = f (1)
= 1 {∵ x > 1 then f ( x ) = 1}
Dele: x=1 hej heâueve f (x) melele nesiee~
∵ LHL ≠ RHL hegve: x=1 hej DeJekeâueveerÙe keâe hejer#eCe :-
∴heâueve f (x), x=1 hej melele veneR nesiee~
f ' ( x ) = lim
f (1 − h ) − f (1)
= lim
{(1 − h ) − 1} − {1 − 1}
x=-1 hej heâueve kesâ melelee keâe hejer#eCe :- h →0 −h h →0 −h
LHL = lim+ f ( x ) = lim f ( −1 − h ) = −1 {1 − h − 1} − 0 −h
x →1 h→∞ lim = lim =1
−h −h
{∵ f ( x ) = −1, if x < −1
h →0
Lf ' ( x ) = 1
h →0
{veesš : Ùeefo x → −1− efueKee peeÙe leye Fmekeâe DeLe& ngDee x kesâ Jees
f (1 + h ) − f (1)
meYeer ceeve pees -1 mes keâce nes Ùee –1 kesâ yejeyej nes Ùee yeÌ[e veneR} Rf ' ( x ) = lim
h →0 h
Deye,
RHL = lim + f ( x ) = lim f ( −1 + h ) = lim − ( −1 + h ) = +1
x →−1 h →0 h →0 = lim
{(1 + h ) − 1} − {1 − 1}
3
h →0 h
{veesš:- x→-1+keâe DeLe& nw x=-1 mes LeesÌ[e yeÌ[e ceeve}
∵LHS≠RHS = lim
{1 + h 3
+ 3h + 3h 2 − 1 − 0 }
h →0 h
∴x=-1 hej Yeer heâueve f(x) melele veneR nesiee~
 3 + 3h + h 
2
Fme Øekeâej heâueve f(x),x=1 leLee x=-1 oesveeW hej Demelele nesiee~ = lim h   =3
h →0 
299. Ùeefo [.] cenòece hetCeeËkeâ heâueve keâes ØeoefMe&le keâjlee nw  h 
Deewj Ùeefo f ( x ) = tan 2 x  nes leye, ∵ Lf ' ( x ) ≠ Rf ' ( x )
Dele: x=1 hej heâueve DeJekeâueveerÙe veneR nesiee~
(a) lim f ( x ) does not exists
x→0 dy
(b) f(x) is continuous at x = 0
301. Ùeefo y = log x , x ≠ 0 leye keâe ceeve nesiee:
dx
(c) f(x) is not differentiable at x = 0 (a) 1/|x| (b) 1/x
(d) f(0) = 1 (c) 1/–x (d) DeefmlelJe ceW veneR nw~
TGT 2005 TGT 2005
CALCULUS 518 YCT
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Ans : (b) oesveeW he#eeW keâe x kesâ meehes#e DeJekeâueve keâjves hej
 log ( x ) ; x > 1 1
Ùeefo y = log x ⇒ y = log x =  ( )
dy 1 − x
= 1 + x2 2
(2x) =
log ( − x ) ; x < 1 dx 2 1 + x2
dy d 1 dy
∴ = log x = peye, x > 1 304. Ùeefo y = sin x + sin x + sin x + .......... leye
dx dx x  dx
dy d 1 1 keâe ceeve :
Deewj = log ( − x ) = × ( −1) = , x < 1
dx dx −x x 2 y −1 cos x
(a) (b)
dy 1 cos x 2 y −1
∴ =
dx x 2x −1 cos y
(c) (d)
302. p keâe ceeve efvecve heâueve ceW keäÙee nesiee peye heâueve cos y 2x −1
TGT 2005
(4 )
3
x
−1
f (x) = x≠0 = 12(log 4)3,x=0 Ans : (b) efoÙee
x  x2 
sin   log  1 +  y = sin x + sin x + sin x + ......... ............. ( i )
p  3 

hej melele nesiee : ⇒ y = sin + y
(a) 1 (b) 2 meceer. (i) kesâ oesveeW he#eeW keâe Jeie& keâjves hej
(c) 3 (d) FveceW mes keâesF& veneR y 2 = sin x + y ............(ii) [meceer. (i) mes]
TGT 2005
meceer. (ii) keâe x kesâ meehes#e DeJekeâueve keâjves hej
Ans : (d)
dy dy dy
⇒ ( 2 y − 1)
(4 ) = cos x + = cos x
3
x
–1 2y
dx dx dx
f (x) =
(
sin ( x / p ) log 1 + x 2 / 3 ) ⇒
dy cos x
=
given =f (x) = 12(log4) 3 dx 2 y − 1
3 dy
 4x − 1  3 305. Ùeefo x 1 + y + y 1 + x = 0 leye keâe ceeve yejeyej
 x  × x dx
f (x) =   nesiee :
 x2 
log  1 +  (a) 1/ (1+ x ) -1/ (1+ x )
2 2
sin ( x / p ) 3  x x2 (b)
.  2 × ×
( x / p) x  p 3 (c) 1/ (1+ x ) (d) FveceW mes keâesF& veneR
 
 3  TGT 2005
met$e
sin x
= 1, log
(1 + x ) = 1 Ans : (b) efoÙee nw: x 1+ y + y 1 + x = 0
x x
or x 1 + y = − y 1 + x
f (x)
( log 4 )3 .x 3 = 12 oesveeW he#eeW keâe Jeie& keâjves hej
= ( log 4 ) 3
x 3 / 3p
x 2 (1 + y ) = y 2 (1 + x )
3P ( log 4 ) = 12 ( log 4 ) (∵ L.H.Rule )
3 3
x2 + x2 y = y2 + y2 x
12
p= , p=4 ⇒ x 2 − y 2 + x 2 y − xy 2 = 0
3
303. sec tan-1x keâe DeJekeâue iegCeebkeâ nw : ⇒ ( x − y )( x + y ) + xy ( x − y ) = 0
x ( x − y )( x + y + xy ) = 0
(a) (b) x 1+ x 2
(1+ x ) 2
x + y + xy = 0 ⇒ y (1 + x ) = − x ⇒ y =
−x
.....( i )
1+ x
−1 x
(c) (d) but x − y ≠ 0 ⇒ x+y+xy= 0
2
1+ x 1+ x 2 meceer. (i) kesâ oesveeW he#eeW keâe x kesâ meehes#e DeJekeâueve keâjves hej
TGT 2005
dy (1 + x )( −1) + x × (1 + 0 ) −1 − x + x −1
Ans : (d) ceevee y = sec tan −1 x = = =
dx (1 + x ) 2
(1 + x ) 2
(1 + x )2
(
= sec sec−1 1 + x 2 ) {∵ tan −1
x = sec −1 1 + x 2 } ∴
dy
=
−1
y = 1+ x 2 dx (1 + x )2
CALCULUS 519 YCT

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306. If f(x) be a quadratic expression which is Ans : (c) efoÙee nw xy= ex–y
df d 2f oesveeW he#eeW keâe log uesves hej
positive for all x, and if g(x) = f (x) + +
then for any real x

dx dx 2 log x y = log e x − y ( ) ( )
y log x = x − y ⇒ y log x + y = x
Ùeefo f(x) Skeâ efÉIeeleerÙe Øemeej nw pees efkeâ x kesâ meYeer
(1 + log x ) .1 − x  0 +
1
ceeveeW kesâ efueS Oeveelcekeâ nw Deewj Ùeefo g(x) =
x dy  x 
df d 2f ⇒y= ⇒ =
f (x) + +
dx dx 2
nes, leye x kesâ meYeer ceevees kesâ efueS 1 + log x dx (1 + log x ) 2
1
(a) g (x) < 0 (b) g (x) > 0 1 + log x − x ×
dy x
(c) g (x) ≤ 0 (d) g (x) ≥ 0 ⇒ =
TGT 2004
dx (1 + log x ) 2
Ans : (b) efoÙee nw f(x) Skeâ efÉIeeleerÙe Oeveelcekeâ JÙebpekeâ nw, x kesâ ⇒ dy = log x
meYeer ceeveeW kesâ efueS dx (1 + log x )2
ceevee f (x) = ax 2 + bx + c. > 0, ∀x ∈ R sin

x
309. If lim 3 = k , then the value of k is
df d2f
∴f(x) > 0 Deewj = 2ax + b > 0 Deewj = 2a > 0 x →0 x
dx dx 2 x
sin
2 3 = k , leye k keâe ceeve nw–
Dele: g(x) = f (x) +
df d f
+ >0 Ùeefo lim
x →0 x
dx dx 2
(a) 9 (b) 3
∴ g(x) > 0 (c) 1/3 (d) 1
TGT 2004
2x - π Ans : (c)
307. The value of the limit given by lim is
π cos x
x→ x
2
sin
2x - π lim 3 =k
meercee limπ keâe ceeve nesiee– x →0 x
x→ cos x
2 x
sin
(a) 2 (b) 4 3 =k
⇒ lim
1 x →0 x
(c) – (d) –2 3.
2 3
TGT 2004  x
sin 
1  3 =k
Ans : (d) efoÙee nw = lim .  
x →0 3
 x 
2x − π 2.1 − 0 0   3 
lim = lim  form 
π cos x π − sin x 0 
x→ x→ 1 1
2 2 ⇒ ×1 = k ⇒ k =
using L Hospital Rule 3 3
310. Let f be a strictly increasing and differentiable
2 2 2
lim = = = −2 f(x 2 ) -f (x)
x → − sin x
π π −1 function. Then lim equals–
2 − sin x → 0 f(x) - f(0)
2
ceevee Heâueve f strictly increasing and differentiable
dy
308. If xy= ex–y then is equal to f(x 2 ) -f (x)
dx Heâueve nw~ leye lim
x →0
yejeyej nesiee–
f(x) - f(0)
dy
Ùeefo xy= ex–y leye keâe ceeve yejeyej nesiee – (a) 1 (b) 2
dx (c) 0 (d) –1
1 1 TGT 2004
(a) (b)
1 + log e x (1 + log e x)2 f (x 2 ) − f (x)
Ans : (d) lim (L Hospital Rule mes)
log e x log e x x →0 f (x) − f (0)
(c) (d)
(1 + log e x)2 (1 + log e x) f '(x 2 ).2x − f '(x) f '(x 2 ) × 2x
lim = lim − 1 ⇒ 0 − 1 = −1
TGT 2004 x →0 f '(x) − 0 x →0 f '(x)
CALCULUS 520 YCT

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311. If n is a non-zero integer and  −1 x 2  
x x3
sin ( nx )  ( a − n ) nx − tan ( x )  x2 × x  + + ...  −1 − + + ...
lim = 0 then a = lim  2! 4!   2! 4! 
x →0 x2 x →0 n
x
equal
Ùeefo n Skeâ DeMetvÙe hetCee&keâ nes Deewj ∴ Ùeefo n =3 leye
sin ( nx )  ( a − n ) nx − tan ( x )   −1 x 2  x x 
lim =0 leye a keâe x3  + + ...  −1 − + ...
 2 4!   2! 2!  1
x2 = lim 
x →0
3
=
ceeve nesiee– x →0 x 2
1 Dele: n = 3 kesâ efueS meercee Skeâ efveefMÛele DeMetvÙe ceeve Øeoeve keâjsiee~
(a) (b) 0
n 313. If f''(x) is continuous at x = 0 and f'' (0) = 4,
(c)
(n + 1)
(d) n+
1 2f ( x ) − 3f ( 2x ) + f ( 4x )
then value of lim is
n n x →0 x3
TGT 2004 equal to
sin(nx) [ (a − n)nx − tan x ] Ùeefo f''(x),x = 0 hej melele leLee f''(0)=4 nw leye
Ans : (d) lim =0
x →0 x2 2f ( x ) − 3f ( 2x ) + f ( 4x )
lim yejeyej nesiee–
sin ( nx )  n ( a − n ) x − tan x  n x →0 x3
lim lim  =0 (a) 12 (b) 10
x →0 nx x →0 x
(c) 8 (d) 3
 x3 x5 
n ( a − n ) x − x + − .... TGT 2004

 3 5 
1. lim =0 2f (x) − 3f (2x) + f (4x)
x →0 x Ans : (a) lim (LH Rule mes)
x →0 x2
 x2 x4  2f '(x) − 3f '(2x).2 + f '(4x).4
lim  n ( a − n ) − 1 + − .... = 0 lim
x →0  3 5 
 x →0 2x
1 2f ''(x) − 3 × 2 × 2f ''(2x) + 4 × 4f ''(4x)
n (a − n ) −1 = 0 ⇒ a = n + lim
x →0 2 ×1
n
f'' (0)–6f''(0)+8f''(0) = 4–6×4+8×4=36–24=12
312. The integer n for which
px + q px + q
( cos x − 1) ( cos x − e x
) 314. If the lim
x →∞ qx + p
=l and lim
x →∞ qx + p
= m, where p,
lim is a finite non-zero
x →0 xn
q ≠ 0 then the value of l.m is
number is
px + q px + q
( cos x − 1) ( cos x − ex ) Ùeefo lim
x →∞ qx + p
=l leLee lim
x →∞ qx + p
=m nes, peneB p,
n kesâ efkeâme ceeve kesâ efueS lim
x →0 n
x
q≠0 nw leye l.m keâe ceeve nesiee–
Skeâ efveefMÛele DeMetvÙe ceeve Øeehle nesiee–
(a) 0 (b) p2/q2
(a) 1
(c) 1 (d) q2/p2
(b) 2
TGT 2004
(c) 3
px + q px + q
(d) 4 Ans : (b) Ùeefo lim =l leLee lim = m nes leye
TGT 2004 x →∞ qx + p x →∞ qx + p
(cos x - 1)(cos x - e ) x px + q px + q
Ans : (c) lim leye l × m = lim . lim
x →0 xn x →0 qx + p x →∞ qx + p
2
 x2 x4   q
1 − + + ..... − 1 cos x − e x ( ) ( px + q ) 2 x2  p + 
= lim 
 2! 4!  x
= lim  = lim
x →0 x n
(
x →∞ qx + p 2
) x →∞
 p
x2  q + 
2
 x
 −1 x 2   x 2 x 4 x2 
x 2  + .... 1 − + ...... − 1 − x − + .....
 2! 4!   2! 4! 2!  ( p + 0)
2
p2
= lim  = =
x →0 x n (q + 0)2 q2
CALCULUS 521 YCT

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So, f '(C) = 2C – 3
2. Rolle's Theorem and 2C – 3 = – 2
Lagrange's Mean Value 2C = 1
1
Theorem C=
2
315. Writing Lagrange's mean value theorem as 317. The value of 'C' from Lagrange's mean value
f (b)- f(a) = (b - a) f'(c), a < c <b, the value of c, theorem for the function f(x) = x(x – 1) (x – 2)
1  1
if f (x) = x (x - 1), a = 0, b = isin the interval  0,  is equal to:
2  2 
uew«eevpe kesâ ceOÙe ceeve ØecesÙe keâes ues«eebpe kesâ ceOÙeceeve ØecesÙe mes, Heâueve f(x) = x(x – 1)
f (b)- f (a) = (b - a) f'(c), a < c <b efueKeves hej, c  1
(x – 2) leLee Devlejeue  0,  kesâ efueS 'C' keâe ceeve nw:
1  2 
keâe ceeve, Ùeefo f (x) = x (x - 1), a = 0, b = , nw-
2 1 1
(a) (6 + 2 3) (b) (6 − 21)
1 1 6 6
(a) (b)
4 3 1 1
(c) (6 + 21) (d) (6 − 2 3)
1 1 6 6
(c) (d)
UPPSC GIC 2021 UP PCS (Pre) 1999,2006
Ans. (a) : 1/4 Ans. (b) :
The function f(x) = x(x–1) is continuous on [0,1/2] and Given f ( x ) = x ( x − 1)( x − 2 ) = x 3 − 3x 2 + 2x is
differentiable on (0,1/2) as its derivative f '(x) = 2x – 1
 1  1
is defined in (0 , 1/2). continuous on  0,  and differentiable on  0,  .
Now, f(1/2) = –1/4 and f(0) = 0.  2  2
f (b) − f (a) −1/ 4 − 0 So, f ' ( x ) = 3x 2 − 6x + 2
Hence, = = −1/ 2
b−a 1/ 2 Now, Lagrange's mean value theorem gives that there
Now, by Lagrange's Mean Value theorem there is a  1
point c ∈ (0,1/2) such that f ' (c) = –1/2 then exist some c ∈  0,  such that
 2
2c–1= –1/2 ⇒ c = 1/4
f (1 2 ) − f ( 0 ) 1 8 − 3 4 + 1 3
316. Applying Lagrange's mean value theorem to f ' (c) = = =
the function f(x) = (x – 1)(x – 2) in the interval 12 12 4
[0, 1], the value of 'c' is obtained as ⇒ 3c 2 − 6c + 2 = 3 4
Devlejeue [0, 1] ceW Heâueve f(x) = (x – 1)(x – 2) kesâ
⇒ 12c2 − 24c + 5 = 0
efueS uew«eevpe ces ceeOÙe ceeve ØecesÙe keâe ØeÙeesie keâjves hej
6 ± 21
'c' keâe ceeve efceuelee nw ⇒c=
6
1 1
(a) (b) 6 – 21  1 
2 3 c= ∈  0, 
1 1 Hence 6  2
(c) (d)
4 5 318. Let f''(x) be continuous on [a, b] and f(x) has
UPPSC Ashram Paddhati 2021 three zeros is (a, b), then the minimum number
Ans. (a) : The function f(x) = (x – 1)(x – 2) is of zeros of f"(x) is :
continuous on [0, 1] and differentiable on (0, 1). Ùeef o f''(x), [a, b] hej melele nw leLee (a, b) ceW f(x) kesâ
Now f (1) = 0 and f (0) = 2 leerve MetvÙe nw lees f"(x) kesâ MetvÙeeW keâer vÙetvelece mebKÙee nw:
Hence,
f (b) – f (a) f (1) – f (0) 0 – 2
= = =–2 (a) 2/2
b–a 1– 0 1 (b) 3/3
Now, by Lagrange's mean value theorem there is a point
(c) 4/4
C ∈ (0, 1) such that f '(C) = – 2
∵ f (x) = (x – 1)(x –2) = x2 – 3x + 2 (d) None of these/FveceW mes keâesF& veneR
∴ f '(x) = 2x – 3 UKPSC Lecturer (Mains) 2020
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Ans. (d) : If f'' (x) is continuous on [a,b] then f(x) and f Ans. (a) :
'(x) both are continuous on [a , b]. Now if f ( x ) has For Rolle's theorem to be applicable for a function
f : [ a,b] → R,f must be continuous on [ a, b ] ,
three zeros in ( a,b ) then we have that there exist
differentiable on ( a, b ) and f ( a ) = f ( b )
x, y, z ∈ ( a, b ) such that f ( x ) = f ( y ) = f ( z ) = 0 .
 x 2 + ab 
So by Rolle's theorem for f(x) there exists at least an Now f ( x ) = log   in the interval
x ' ∈ ( x, y ) ⊆ ( a, b ) and at least a  (a + b) x 
y ' ∈ ( y, z ) ⊆ ( a, b ) such that f ' ( x ') = 0 and f ' ( y') = 0 . [ a, b] ; 0 < a < b satisfies all the hypotheses of Rolle's
theorem, so Rolle's theorem is applicable.
Similarly, by Rolle's Theorem for f ' ( x ) there exists at
For f ( x ) = ( x − 1)( 2x − 3) in [1,3] we have f (1) ≠ f ( 3) .
an x " ∈ ( x '' y ' ) ⊆ ( a, b ) such that f " ( x " ) = 0
For f ( x ) = 2 + ( x − 1) in [ 0, 2 ] we have f ( 0 ) ≠ f ( 2 )
23
Thus, minimum number of zeros of f ( x ) in ( a,b ) is 1.

"
1 1
For f ( x ) = cos   in ( −1,1) we have that cos   is not
319. Let the function f be differentiable for all x. If x x
f(1) = –2 and f'(x) ≥ 2 for all x ∈ [1,6], then continuous at x = 0 because if
ceeve ueerefpeS efkeâ heâueve f, x kesâ meYeer ceeveeW kesâ efueS 1 1
xn = and y n =
DeJeuekeâveerÙe nw~ Ùeefo f(1) = –2 leLee meYeer x ∈ [1,6] 2nπ π
2nπ +
kesâ efueS f'(x) ≥ 2, leye 2
(a) f(6) ≥ 6 (b) f(6)< 6  1 
then lim x n = lim y n = 0 but cos   =1 while
(c) f(6) ≥ 8 (d) f(6)< 8  xn 
UKPSC Lecturer (Mains) 2020  1 
cos   = 0 for all n ∈ N .
Ans. (c) : Lagrange's mean value theorem asserts that  yn 
f ( 6 ) − f (1)
there exists an x ∈ [1,6] where f ' ( x ) =  1 
Thus, lim cos   ≠ lim cos  
 1 
5 x
 n  yn 
and now because f ' ( x ) ≥ 2 for all x ∈[1,6] , we get
1
So, lim cos   does not exist.
f ( 6 ) − f (1) x →0
x
≥2
5 321. If a curve is continuous between two points A
⇒ f ( 6 ) − ( −2 ) ≥ 10 and B on the curve and possesses a unique
tangent at each of its point, then there exists at
⇒ f ( 6) ≥ 8 least one point on the curve lying between A
320. The function, in which Rolle's theorem is and B, where the tangent is parallel to the
applicable, is chord AB.
Jen heâueve, efpemeceW jesues keâer ØecesÙe DevegØeÙeespÙe neslee nw, This result is known as:
nw: Ùeefo Skeâ Je›eâ, Fme hej efmLele oes efyevogDeeW A leLee B kesâ
yeerÛe melele nes leLee Je›eâ kesâ ØelÙeskeâ efyevog hej DeeefÉleerÙe
 x 2 + ab 
(a) f(x) = log   in the interval [a, b], 0 < mheMe& jsKee jKelee nes, lees Je›eâ ceW efyevogDeeW A leLee B kesâ
 (a + b) x 
  yeerÛe keâce mes keâce Skeâ Ssmes efyevog keâe DeefmlelJe neslee nw,
 x 2 + ab  peneB mheMe& jsKee, peerJee AB kesâ meceevlej nesleer nw : Ùen
a < b/Devlejeue [a, b] ceW f(x) = log  
 (a + b) x  efve<keâ<e& peeve peelee nw:
 
(b) f(x) = (x– 1) (2x – 3) in [1, 3]/Devlejeue [1, 3] ceW (a) Rolle's theorem/je@ues-ØecesÙe
f(x) = (x– 1) (2x – 3) (b) Lagrange's mean value theorem
(c) f(x)=2+(x–1)2/3 in [0,2]/Devlejeue [0,2] ceW ues«eebpe keâer ceOÙeceeve ØecesÙe
f(x)=2+(x–1)2/3 (c) Cauchy's mean value theorem
1
(d) f(x)=cos in [–1,1]/Devlejeue [–1,1] ceW keâe@Meer keâer ceOÙeceeve ØecesÙe
x (d) Maclaurin's theorem /ceskeäueewefjve keâer ØecesÙe
1 UP PGT 2009
f(x)=cos
x UP PCS (Pre) 2000
CALCULUS 523 YCT
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Ans. (b) : Lagrange's mean value theorem. 1
Ans. (c) : f(x) = ; x ∈ [ 0, 2 ]
If f : [ a, b] → R is continuous on [a, b] and x +1
differentiable on (a, b) , then there exists a point f(x) is continuous on [0,2] and f(x) is differentiable on
c ∈ (a, b) where (0,2). By mean value theorem we have for some c∈
(0,2)
f (b) − f (a )
f '( c ) = 1 −1
b−a f (b) − f (a) f (2) − f (0)
f'(c) = = = 3 = −1 –––(i)
b−a 2 2 3
−1
Now f'(x) = 2 Thus from (i)
( x + 1)
−1
= −1
( c + 1) 3
2
⇒ (c+1)2 = 3
sinx ⇒ c = 3 −1
322. If f(x) = , then the value of x in (0, π) for
e x 324. In the Lagrange's Mean value theorem
which Rolle's theorem is verified , is f(b) - f(a)
= f'(c) of f(x) then c is equal to
sinx b -a
Ùeefo f(x) = x nw, lees Devlejeue (0, π) ceW x keâe ceeve
e f(b) - f(a)
efpemekesâ efueS jesueerpe heücesÙe mevleg° nesleer nw, nw: uee«eebpe kesâ ceOÙeceeve ØecesÙe = f'(c) ceW Ùeefo
b -a
π -11 13
(a) π (b) f(x) = x2–3x–1, a = , b= lees c yejeyej nw:
4 7 7
π 3π (a) 1/7 (b) 2/7
(c) (d)
2 4 (c) 3/7 (d) 4/7
UKPSC GIC 2018 (GIC) ØeJeòeâe hejer#ee, 2015
sin x
Ans. (b) : Given f(x) = x ; x ∈ [ 0, π ] Ans. (a) : Given that f(x) = x –3x–1 2
e
f(x) is continuous on [0, π] and differentiable on ⇒ f'(x) = 2x –3
(0,π)and f(0) = 0 = f(π) ⇒ f'(c) = 2c–3
2
So by Rolle's Theorem we must have some x∈(0,π)  11   11   11 
such that f'(x) = 0 ––––(i) f (a) = f  −  =  −  − 3  −  − 1
 7   7   7
cos x e x − e x sin x 121 + 231 − 49 303
Now f'(x) = –––(ii) = =
e 2x 49 49
From (i) ; e–x (cos x – sin x) = 0
 13 
⇒ cos x – sin x = 0 f (b) =  
7
⇒ cos x = + sin x 2
 13   13  169 − 273 − 49
⇒ x = π because x∈(0, π) =   − 3  − 1 =
4 7 7 49
1 153
323. For the function f(x)= , defined on the =−
x+1 49
interval[0, 2], the point at which the derivative
13 11 24
satisfies mean value theorem is b−a = + =
7 7 7
heâueve f(x)= 1 pees efkeâ Devlejeue [0, 2], hej f (b) − f (a )
x+1
f '( c ) = ⇒ 2c − 3 =
( −153 − 303) / 49
heefjYeeef<ele nw kesâ efueS Jen efyevog efpeme hej DeJeuekeâve b−a 24 / 7
ceeOÙe-ceeve ØecesÙe keâes mevleg<š keâjlee nw, nQ : −456
2c − 3 =
(a) 3 (b) 2 −1 168
(c) 3 −1 (d) 1 1
⇒ c=
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325. The value of C in Rolle’s theorem, where Ans : (a) Given that the function
π π f(x) = 2+(x–1)
− < C < and f (x) = cos x, is equal
2 2 By the rule of ordinary differentiation, we have
π π f '(x) = 1
jesume ØecesÙe ceW peye − < C < Deewj
Now,
2 2
f (x) = cos x, leye keâe ceeve nw– lim f '(x) = lim f ' (1 + h ) = 1
x →1 h →0
(a) π/4 (b) π/3 (c) π (d) 0
(GIC) ØeJeòeâe hejer#ee, 2015 ∴ f '(x) does exist i.e. is finite at x=1, where x∈(0,2).
Hence we find f '(x) does exists at each point in the
Ans. (d) : Given f(x) = cosx
interval [0,2]
f' (x) = –sinx
329. If f(x) = 3x4–4x2+5, then the interval for which
If f(x) satisfies Rolle's theorm
f(x) satisfy all the conditions of Rolle's theorem, is
then f'(c) = 0 ⇒ sin c= 0
Ùeefo f(x) = 3x4–4x2+5 lees Devlejeue efpemeceW f(x) jesues
 π π ØecesÙe keâer meYeer MeleeX keâes mebleg° keâjlee nw, nesiee
⇒ C = 0 ∈ − , 
 2 2
(a) [0, 2] (b) [–1, 1]
326. Given f ′ (2) = 6 and f ′ (1) = 4 then (c) [–1, 0] (d) [1, 2]
2
f (2h + 2 + h ) − f (2) Rajasthan TGT 2016
lim is equal to– Ans : (b) Given function is f(x)= 3x4
–4x2+5
2
h → 0 f (h − h + 1) − f (1)
rd
let us first check the 3 condition of Rolle's theorem on
efoÙee nw f ′ (2) = 6 leLee f ′ (1) = 4 leye the given intervals.
f (2h + 2 + h 2 ) − f (2) i) [0 ,2] ⇒ f(0) = 5, f(2) = 37
lim yejeyej nw–
2
h → 0 f (h − h + 1) − f (1) clearly f(0)≠ f(2)
(a) 3/2 (b) 5/2 (c) –3 (d) 3 ii) [–1,1] ⇒ f(–1)=4 & f(1)= 4
(GIC) ØeJeòeâe hejer#ee, 2015 clearly ⇒ f(–1) = f(1).
iii) [–1,0] ⇒ f(–1)= 4, f(0) = 5
Ans. (d) : Let
clearly f(–1)≠f(0)
f ( 2h + 2 + h 2 ) − f ( 2 ) 0  iv) [1,2] ⇒ f(1) = 4, f(2) = 37
lim  0 form 
( ) ()
h →0 f h − h 2 + 1 − f 1
clearly f(1) ≠ f(2)
Using L.H. rule we get Hence Rolle's theorem is applicable on [–1,1]
f ' ( 2h + 2 + h 2 ) ( 2 + 2h ) − 0 φ(x) = (x − a) (x − b)
m n
330. The function satisfies
lim
h →0 f ' ( h − h 2 + 1) (1 − 2h ) − 0 the conditions of Rolle's theorem, when
heâueve φ ( x ) = ( x − a ) ( x − b ) je@ue kesâ ØecesÙe keâer
m n
f ' ( 2 )( 2 ) − 0 6 × 2
= = =3 MeleeX keâes mebleg° keâjlee nw, peye
f ' (1)(1) − 0 4
(a) m, n are positive integers / m, n Oeve hetCeeËkeâ nes
327. In case of Rolle’s Theorem which of the
following statement is false? (b) m, n are positive integers and a n
(d) None of these LT 2018
PGT 2003
Ans : (b) φ ( x ) = ( x − a ) ( x − b ) jesues ØecesÙe mevleg° keâjW lees
m n
Ans : (a) je@ueer ØecesÙe ceW heâueve f keâes yevo Devlejeue [a, b] hej
meblele nesvee ÛeeefnS~ m, n OevehetCeeËkeâ nes leLee a< b
328. The function f(x) = 2+(x–1) satisfies condition 331. lf f ( x ) = x and g ( x ) = x − 4x in −2 ≤ × ≤ 2,
3 3
of Rolle's Theorem on the interval: then consider the statements–

(a) [0, 2] (b) [0,4] 1. f(x) and g(x) satisfy mean value theorem
 3 3  1 1 2. f(x) and g(x) both satisfy Rolle's theorem
(c)  − ,  (d)  − , 
 2 2  2 2 3. only g(x) satisfies Rolle's theorem of these
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Ùeefo −2 ≤ × ≤ 2, ceW f ( x ) = x 3 Deewj g ( x ) = x 3 − 4x 0+0
For g(x) : g ′(c) = 3c2 − 4 = =0
nw, lees Fve keâLeveeW hej efJeÛeej keâerefpeS– 2+2
1. f(x) Deewj g(x) oesveeW ceeOÙe cetuÙe efmeæeble keâe heeueve ⇒ 3c 2 − 4 = 0
2
keâjles nQ ⇒c=± ∈ (−2, 2)
3
2. f(x) Deewj g(x) oesveeW jesue kesâ efmeæeble keâe heeueve
Hence (i) f(x) and g(x) satisfy mean value theorem
keâjles nQ (ii) but only g(x) satisfies Rolle’s theorem.
3. Fve keâLeveeW ceW kesâJeue g(x) jesue kesâ efmeæeble keâe 2
332. Ùeefo f ( x ) = ( x − 1 ) 3 − 1 lees jesue keâe ØecesÙe
heeueve keâjlee nw
(a) (1) and (2) are correct (a) [ 0,1] ceW mevleg<š nw~
(b) (1) alone is correct (b) [ 0, 2] ceW mevleg<š nw~
(c) none is correct (c) [ −1, 1] ceW mevleg<š nw~
(d) (1) and (3) are correct
(d) Thej efoÙes ieÙes efkeâmeer Yeer Devlejeue ceW mevleg<š veneR nw~
JDD-75-PGT TIER II-X-15 28.06.2015
PGT 2013
Ans. (d) : Given, f(x) = x3 and g(x) = x3–4x and UP PCS (Pre) 2000
interval is [–2,2]
Ans : (d) ÛetBefkeâ jesue kesâ ØecesÙe ceW f (a) = f (b)Devlejeue [a, b] ceW
f(–2) = – 8 and f(2) = 8
nesvee ÛeeefnS uesefkeâve efoÙes ieÙes efkeâmeer Yeer Devlejeue ceW Ùen Mele& hetje
g(–2) = –8+8 and g(2) = 8–8
veneR nes jne nw~
=0 =0
333. heâueve f ( x ) = x kesâ efueS uee«eebpe ceOÙe–ceeve ØecesÙe
For f(x)
f(x) = x3 –4x is a polynomial function hence it Devlejeue ceW melÙe veneR nw:
is continuous and differentiable in the closed interval  1
(a) [ −1, 0] (b) 0, 
[–2,2]  2
But f(–2)≠f(2) (c) [ 0,1] (d) [ −1,1]
Hence f(x) = x3 does not satisfy the Rolle’s theorem
PGT 2013
For g(x) since g(x) = x3–4x, which is a
polynomial function. Hence continuous and Ans : (d) uee«eeb p e ceOÙe – ceeve Øeces
Ù e kes â Deveg meej heâueve f(x) keâes
differentiable in the closed interval [–2,2] and also DeJekeâueveerÙe nesvee ÛeeefnS (a, b) ceW ÙeneB f ( x ) = x DeJekeâueveerÙe
g(–2) = g(2) veneR nw efyevog x=0 hej pees nw Devlejeue [–1,1] ceW FmeefueS Devlejeue
Hence g(x) = x3– 4x satisfies Rolle’s theorem. [–1,1] ceW uee«eebpe ceOÙe–ceeve ØecesÙe melÙe veneR nw~
Lagrange’s mean value theorem : 334. Let f be a function defined as [a,a + h];h > 0 so that
Since f(x) and g(x) both are polynomial (i) f is continuous of [a,a+h]
function hence are continuous and differentiable in [– (ii) f is derivable on (a,a +h)
2,2] Then there exist a point c ∈ (–2,2) such that then there exist θ, 0 <θ<1 so that f(a+h) =
f (b) − f (a) f(a)+hf' (a+θh) is known as
f ′(c) =
b−a Ùeefo heâueve f, [a,a + h];h > 0 hej Fme Øekeâej
g(b) − g(a) heefjYeeef<ele nw efkeâ –
and g′(c) =
b−a (i) f, [a,a+h] hej melele nw
For f(x) (ii) f , (a,a +h) hej DeJekeâueveerÙe nw
f ′ (c) = 3c 2 =
8+8
=4
leye Skeâ θ, 0 <θ<1 keâe DeefmlelJe Fme Øekeâej nw efkeâ
2+2 f(a+h) = f(a)+hf' (a+θh) keânueelee nw
4 (a) Rolle's Theorem/ je@ume ØecesÙe
⇒ c2 =
3 (b) Taylor's Theorem/ šsuej ØecesÙe
2 (c) Newton's Theorem/vÙetšve ØecesÙe
⇒c=± ∈ (−2, 2)
3 (d) Lagrange's theorem/ ue«eebpeer ØecesÙe
Hence Lagrange's mean value theorem is satisfied for PGT 2010
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335. If two functions f and g/Ùeefo oes heâueve f Deewj g −1 − x 4 − 2 x 2 + 2 x 2 + 4 x 2 )
(i) are continuous in [a,b] / [a,b] ceW melele nw =−
(1 + x 2 )2
(ii) are derivable in ]a, b[/ ]a, b[ceW DeJekeâueveerÙe nw
⇒ f "'(0) = −1
(iii) f' (x) = g' (x) ∀ x∈ ]a,b[
then which is correct? By Maclaurin's series.
f' (x) = g' (x) ∀ x∈ ]a,b[ leye keâewve -mee melÙe nw x3 x5
(a) f and g differ by a constant f (x) = x − + ..........
3 5
f Deewj g ceW efveÙeleebkeâ keâe Devlej nw
(b) f and g are always equal 338. The value of C (0 < c < π ) in Rolle's theorem
f Deewj g meowJe meceeve nQ for the function f(x) = sinx is
(c) f and g can never equal (a) π/4 (b) π/3
f Deewj g keâYeer meceeve veneR nes mekeâles nQ (c) 0 (d) π/2
(d) None of these/FveceW mes keâesF& veneR PGT 2004
PGT 2010 π
Ans : (d) f '(c) = cos C = 0 = cos
Ans : (a) Ûetbefkeâ f' (x) = g' (x) ∀ x∈ ]a,b[ FmeefueS f Deewj g 2
ceW efveÙeleebkeâ keâe Devlej nesiee~ π
⇒ C=
336. Rolle's theorem is true for the function 2
f (x) = x 2 − 4 in the interval 339. jesueer ØecesÙe keâe ØeÙeesie keâjles ngÙes meceerkeâjCe
jesues keâe ØecesÙe melÙe nw heâueve f (x) = x 2 − 4 kesâ efkeâme a0 xn + a1 xn −1 + ... + an = 0 keâe keâce mes keâce Skeâ
Devlejeue hej cetue 0 Deewj 1 kesâ ceOÙe nesiee, Ùeefo
(a) [−2, 0] (b) [−2, 2] Using Rolle's theorem the equation
 1 a0 xn + a1 xn −1 + ... + an = 0 has atleast one root
(c) 0,  (d) [0, 2]
 2
between 0 and 1, if
PGT 2009
a a
Ans : (b) Rolle's theorem is true for an interval [a,b] (a) 0 + 1 + ... + a n −1 = 0
If f(a) = f(b) n n −1
and here only for the interval [–2,2] the function a0 a
(b) + 1 + ... + a n −2 = 0
f(x)= x2–4 has f(–2)= f(2) n −1 n − 2
i.e., f(–2)=0 and f(2)=0 (c) na 0 + (n − 1)a1 + ... + a n −1 = 0
337. Expansion Maclaurin's theorem of tan–1 x will be
a0 a
cewkeâuee@efjve ØecesÙe mes tan–1 x keâe efJemleej nesiee (d) + 1 + ... + a n = 0
n +1 n
x3 x5 x3 x5 Rajasthan TGT 2015
(a) x + + + ... (b) − x − − − ...
3 5 3 5 Ans. (d) : Given that
x3 x5 x3 x5
(c) − x + − + ... (d) x − + − ... f ′ (x) = a 0 xn + a1 xn −1 + ......... + a n
3 5 3 5
PGT 2009
a 0 n +1 a1 n a
Ans : (d) f ( x) = tan −1 x ⇒ f (0) = 0 f (x) = x + x + 2 .x n −1 + ....... + a n x
n +1 n n −1
1
f '( x) = ⇒ f '(0) = 1 ∴ The function has at, least one roots between 0 and 1.
1 + x2 Then all the three condition of Rolle's theorem will
f ''( x) =
(1+ x) 0 −1
2
⇒ f ''(0) = 0
satisfy.
2 2
(1 + x ) ∴ f (0) = f (1)
(1 + x 2 ) 2 2 x − x 2 2(1 + x 2 ).2 x ⇒ f (0) = 0

f '''( x) = −
(1 + x 2 )4 a0 a a
f (1) = + 1 + 2 + ......... + a n
5
= 2x + 2x + 4x − 4x − 4x 3 3 5 n +1 n n −1
−(1 + x 2 )2 + 12(1 + x 2 ).2 x a0 a a

f '''( x) = − ⇒ + 1 + 2 + ......... + a n = 0
(1 + x 2 )2 n +1 n n −1
CALCULUS 527 YCT

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340. If f (x) = 3x 3 − 5x 2 + 2x, then the interval for Ùeefo f(x) = 4x2 lees c keâe ceeve Deblejeue [–1, 3] peyeefkeâ
which ƒ satisfied all the conditions of Roll’s f (3) − f ( −1)
f ′ (c) = nw, nesiee–
3 2 4
theorem is/ Ùeefo f (x) = 3x − 5x + 2x, lees Jen
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 3
Devlejeue efpeme hej ƒ jesue ØecesÙe kesâ meYeer ØeefleyebOeeW keâes UP PCS (Pre) 1994
mebleg° keâjlee nQ, nesiee–
Ans. (b) : f (x) = 4x 2 ⇒ f ( −1) = 4
(a) [0,1]
⇒ f (3) = 36 ⇒ f ′ (x) = 8x
(b) [-1,1]
(c) [-1,0] f ′ (c) = 8c.......................(i)
(d) [1,2] f (3) − f ( −1)
f ′ (c) = =8
Ans : (a) Since polynomial function is everywhere Put the value, 8 = 8c c =1
continuous and differentiable, therefore f(x) is f (4) − f (0)
continuous is [0, 1] and differentiable on (0,1). 344. If f (x) = x3 + 3x, then = f (c) the
4−0
Also f(0) = 0 and f(1) = 0.
value of C∈ (0,4) such that–
Hence all the three conditions are satisfied
f (4) − f (0)
341. If f (x) = x ∀x ∈ R, then the interval for which
Ùeefo f (x) = x3 + 3x leeefkeâ = f (c) nw lees
4−0
ƒ satisfies all the conditions of Lagrange’s C∈ (0,4) keâe ceeve nw–
mean value theorem is/ Ùeefo f (x) = x ∀x ∈ R, lees 19 4
(a) (b)
Jen Deblejeue efpeme hej ƒ uee«eebpe ceOÙeceeve ØecesÙe kesâ 3 3
meYeer ØeefleyebOeeW keâes mebleg° keâjlee nw, nesiee– (c) 4/3 (d) FveceW mes keâesF& veneR
(a) [-1,1] (b) [-2,1] UP PCS (Pre) 1995
(c) [-1,2] (d) [1,2] Ans. (b) : f (x) = x 3 + 3x
Rajasthan TGT 2011 lees C ∈ (0, 4)
Ans : (d) From given options.
f (0) = 0
Given function is f (x) = x
f (4) = 64 + 12 = 76
Which is not differentiable at x = 0 and all the
interval contains 0, except [1,2]. Hence satisfies all the f (c) = c3 + 3c ....... (i)
condition of Lagrange’s mean value theorem. f (4) − f (0) 76 − 0
f ′ (c) = =
342. The Lagrange's mean value theorem is 4−0 4
1 76
applicable to f ( x ) = sin in the interval : f ′(c) = = 19
x 4
1 put the value in equation (1)
heâueve f ( x ) = sin kesâ efueÙes ues«eeBpe ceeOÙeceeve ØecesÙe
x 19 = 3c2 + 3
DevegØeÙeespÙe nw Devlejeue : 16 4
c2 = ⇒ c=
(a) [–3, 3] (b) [–2, 5] 3 3
(c) [2, 3] (d) [–1, 4] 345. Let f be a continuous function on the closed
UP PCS (Pre) 1998 interval [a, b], a<b, such that f is differentiable
Ans. (c) : In (A), (B), (D) there is zero in the interval in the open interval (a, b) and f(a) =f(b).Then:
1
ceeve ueW f efkeâ mebJe=òe Devlejeue [a, b], a<b hej Skeâ Ssmee
then only (c) option is applicable for f ( x ) = sin meblele heâueve nw efkeâ efJeJe=òe Devlejeue (a, b) hej f
x
1 DeJekeâueveerÙe nw SJeb f(a) =f(b)nw~ leye:
as f ( x ) = sin is not continuous at 0. (a) f'(c)=0 for infinitely many c in the interval (a, b)
x
2
343. If f(x) = 4x , then the value of c in the interval
Devlejeue (a,b) ceW c kesâ Devevle ceeveeW kesâ efueÙes f'(c)=0 nesiee
f (3) − f ( −1) (b) f'(c)=0 for exactly one c in (a, b)
[–1, 3] for which f ′ (c) = is : (a, b)ceW cee$e Skeâ c kesâ efueÙes f'(c)=0 nesiee
4
CALCULUS 528 YCT
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(c) f'(c)=0 for at least once c in (a, b) (c) Every continuous function on a closed
(a, b)ceW keâce mes keâce Skeâ c kesâ efueÙes f'(c)=0 nesiee interval [a, b] is bounded/ mebJe=òe Devlejeue [a, b]
(d) none of (a), (b), (c) is true hej ØelÙeskeâ meblele heâueve heefjyeæ nw
(a), (b), (c) ceW mes keâesF& melÙe veneR nw (d) Every continuous function on a open interval
UP PCS (Pre) 1999 [a, b] is bounded/efJeJe=òe Devlejeue [a, b] hej ØelÙeskeâ
Ans. (c) (a,b) ceW keâce mes keâce Skeâ c kesâ efueS f ' ( c) = 0 nesiee~ meblele heâueve heefjyeæ nw
UP PCS (Pre) 1999
1
346. If a = 0, b = and f(x)=x(x–1)(x–2), then the Ans. (c) If f: [a, b] →R is continuous, then f attains a
2
value of c in (a, b) for the mean value theorem is: maximum and minimum value i.e. f is bounded.
1 348. Let f(x) = (1 − x2 ) and g(x) = 1 − x ; −1 ≤ x ≤ 1. Then
Ùeefo a = 0, b = Deewj f(x)=x(x–1)(x–2) nw, leye
2 Rolle’s theorem is
ceOÙeceeve ØecesÙe kesâ efueÙes (a, b) ceW c keâe ceeve nw:
ceevee efkeâ f(x) = (1 − x2 ) leLee
1 1
(a) (6 + 2 3) (b) (6 − 21) g(x) = 1 − x ; −1 ≤ x ≤ 1. lees jesue keâe ØecesÙe
6 6
1 1 (a) applicable to both f(x) and g(x)
(c) (6 + 21) (d) (6 − 2 3)
6 6 f(x) Deewj g(x) oesvees kesâ efueÙes DevegØeÙeespÙe nw~
UP PCS (Pre) 1999 (b) applicable to f(x) but not to g(x)
Ans. (b) : f(x) kesâ DevegØeÙeespÙe nw uesefkeâve g(x) kesâ efueÙes veneR~
( )
f ( x ) = x − x ( x − 2)
2
(c) applicable to g(x) but not to f (x)
f ( x ) = x 3 − x 2 − 2x 2 + 2x g(x) kesâ efueÙes DevegØeÙeespÙe nw ueskeâve f(x) kesâ efueÙes veneR~
(d) neither applicable to f (x) nor to g(x)
f ' ( x ) = 3x 2 − 6x + 2
ve lees f(x) kesâ efueÙes Deewj ve ner g(x) kesâ efueÙes
1 1 3 3
f (0) = 0 , f   = − + 1 = DevegØeÙeespÙe nw~
2 8 4 8
UP PCS (Pre) 2004, 2007
 
1
f   − f (0) UP PGT 2013
f '(c) =  
2
1  Ans. (a) : f (x) = 1 − x 2 ; −1 ≤ x ≤ 1.
 − 0
 2 
Clearly f(x) is continuous on [–1,1] and differentiable
3
2 8 on (–1,1) and f (1) = 1 − 12 = 0 , f ( −1) = 1 − 1 = 0 .
3c − 6c + 2 =
1 Hence Rolle's theorem is applicable to f(x).
2
Now
3
3c2 − 6c + 2 = ⇒ 12c2 − 24c + 8 = 3 ⇒ 12c2 − 24c + 5 = 0 1+ x x < 0
4 g(x) =
1− x x ≥ 0
c=
1
6
(
6 ± 21 ⇒ c =
1
6
)6 − 21 ( ) is continuous on [–1,1] and differentiable on (–1,1). As
 1
 0, keâs yeerÛe cesW nw 
 2  f (x) − f (0) 1 − x − 1
R.H.D. f ′(x) = lim = = −1
347. Amongst the following the correct statement is: x →0 x−0
− x
efvecve ceW mes melÙe ØekeâLeve nw: f (x) + f (0) 1 + x − 1
L.H.D. f ′(0) = lim = = −1
(a) Every bounded function on a closed interval x →0 − −x − 0 −x
[a, b] is continuous Hence Rolle's theorem is applicable to g(x).
mebJe=òe Devlejeue [a, b] ØelÙeskeâ heefjyeæ heâueve meblele nw 349. The value of c in the Lagrange’s mean value
(b) Every bounded function on a open interval [a, theorem f (b) − f (a) = (b − a) f ′ (c),
b] is continuous if f (x) = Ax 2 + Bx + C, where A, B, C are
efJeJe=òe Devlejeue [a, b] ØelÙeskeâ heefjyeæ heâueve meblele nw constants and A≠0, is :
CALCULUS 529 YCT

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Ùeefo f (x) = Ax 2 + Bx + C, peneb A, B, C DeÛej nQ  x2 + 1,0 ≤ x ≤ 1
352. If f(x) =  then Rolle's theorem
Deewj A≠0 nw, lees ueeb«espe-ceeOÙeceeve ØecesÙe  3 - x,1 < x ≤ 2,
f (b) − f (a) = (b − a) f ′ (c), ceW c keâe ceeve nw: in [0, 2] is
a+b a−b (a) applicable to this function
(a) (b) (b) not applicable to this function
2 2
(c) a − b (d) a + b (c) not applicable because f is discontinuous at x
UP PCS (Pre) 2004, 2005 =1
2
Ans. (a) : Given function f(x) = Ax +Bx+C .....(i) (d) None of the above
f (b) − f (a ) UP PCS (Pre) 2009
f '( c ) = ........ (ii)
b−a  x 2 + 1 0 ≤ x ≤ 1
n Ans. (b) f(x) = 
From eq (i)  3 − x 1 < x ≤ 2
f'(x) = 2Ax+B
since a polynomial function is every where continuous
f'(c) = 2Ac+B
and differentiable therefore f(x) is continuous and
put the value from the eqn (ii)
differentiable at all point except possibly at x = 1
Ab 2 + Bb + C − ( Aa 2 + Ba + C ) Now we consider the differentiability of f(x) at x=1 we
2Ac + B =
b−a have
A ( b − a ) + B(b − a )
2 2
f(x) - f(1)
2Ac + B = (L.H.S. at x = 1) lim−
b−a x → 1 x -1
2Ac+B =A(a+b)+B (L.H.S. at x = 1)
A(2c)+B = A(a+b)+B x 2 +1 - (1+1) x2 - 1
comparing the eq n lim = lim = lim x +1= 2
x →1 x -1 x →1 x - 1 x→1
2c= a+b
f(x) − f(1) 3 − x − (1 + 1)
a+b (R.H.S. at x = 1) lim+ = lim
c= x→1 x −1 x →1 x −1
2
-(x - 1 )
350. The interval in which Lagrange's lim = −1
x→1 x - 1
mean value theorem is applicable, for the
function ∴ (L.H.S. at x = 1) ≠(R.H.S. at x = 1)
1 So, f(x) is not differentiable at x = 1. Thus the condition
f(x) = , x ≠ 0 f(0) = 0
x of differentiability at each point of the given interval is
(a) [–3, 3] (b) [–2, 2] not satisfied. Hence Rolle's theorem is not applicable to
(c) [–1, 1] (d) [0.01, 1] the given function on the interval [0, 2].
UP PCS (Pre) 2009
353. The value of θ in the mean value theorem f(x+h)
1
Ans. (d) : f ( x ) = is discontinuous at x = 0 so = f(x) + hf ' (x+θh) for the function f(x)=ax2+bx+c is
x (a) 1
Lagrange's theorem is applicable at [0.01,1]
1
351. If f(a) = 2, f'(a) = 1 and g(a) = –1, g'(a) = 2, then (b)
2
 g(x)f(a) - g(a)f(x) 
lim   is 1
x→a  x-a  (c)
3
(a) 3 (b) 4
1
(c) 5 (d) 6 (d)
UP PCS (Pre) 2009 4
g ( x ) f (a ) − g (a ) f ( x ) Ans. (b) : f '(x) = ax2+bx+c
0
Ans. (c) Here lim from   f '(x)=2ax+b
x →a x−a 0
a(x + h)2 +b(x + h)+c = ax2+bx+c+h{2a(x+θh)+b}
Use L.H. Rule
a(x + h + x)(x + h – x)+ bh = 2axh + 2aθh2 + bh
g '( x ) f ( a ) − g ( a ) f '( x )
lim ah2 = 2aθh2
x →a 1
2 × 2 − ( −1) × 1 θ=
1
= =5 2
1
CALCULUS 530 YCT

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356. The shortest distance between the parabola
3. Tangent, Normal, y=x2 and the straight line x–y=5 is-/ hejJeueÙe
y=x2 Deewj mejue jsKee x–y=5 kesâ yeerÛe keâer vÙetvelece otjer
Increasing, Decreasing and
nw-
Maxima/Minima of a 2
Function of one variable (a) 19 2 (b)
8
354. The minimum value of 4 cosθ + 3 is 19 19 2
(c) (d)
4 cosθ + 3 keâe vÙetvelece ceeve nw 8 8
(a) –3 (b) –1 UPPSC Polytechnic Lecturer 2021 (I)
(c) 0 (d) 1 Ans. (d) : Given line x- y=5 has slope m=1.Now slope
of the tangent to the parabola y=x2 is given by
UP TGT 2021
dy 1 1
Ans. (b) : 4 cosθ + 3 = 2x if this equals to 1 we get ( x, y ) =  ,  on the
dx 2 4
cosθ keâe vÙetvelece ceeve –1 nw~ parabola and hence the equation of tangent to y=x2
Dele: 4 (–1) +3 = –1 1 1 1
parallel to the given line is y – = x – or x–y= .
355. The angle of intersection of the curves y = 4 – 4 2 4
2 2
x and y = x is 1
Now the distance between x–y=5 and x–y= gives the
Je›eâ y = 4 – x2 leLee y = x2 kesâ yeerÛe keâe ØeefleÛÚso 4
keâesCe nw required shortest distance between the line and the
1
–1  2 

–1 4 2
 5–
(a) tan   (b) tan   parabola which is given by d = 4 = 19 2
7  7  2 8
3 2  π
(c) tan –1   (d) 357. The radius of curvature of the curve s = a log
 7  2
π ψ
UP TGT 2021 tan  +  is –
4 2
Ans. (b) : y = 4 − x 2 .....(i)
Je›eâ s = a log tan  +  keâer efyevog (s, ψ ) hej
π ψ
y = x2 .....(ii) 4 2
dy
Je›eâlee ef$epÙee nw–
Dele: m1 = = 0 − 2x (a) a tanψ (b) a secψ
dx
(c) a sec2ψ (d) a secψ tanψ
m1 = −2x
UP PGT 2021
dy d 2
m2 = = x = 2x Ans. (b) : a secψ
dx dx ds
hegve: meceerkeâjCe (i) leLee (ii) mes Radius of curvature ρ =
dψ
x 2 = 4 − x 2 ⇒ 2x 2 = 4 For the curve s= a log (tan (π/4 + ψ/2) we have
ds a sec ( π 4 + 2 )
ψ
⇒ x2 = 2 ⇒ x = ± 2 2
=
m1 = −2 2, m 2 = 2 2 dψ 2 tan ( π 4 + ψ 2 )
m1 − m 2 a cos ( π 4 + ψ 2 )
θ = tan −1 =
1 + m1m 2 2 sin ( π 4 + ψ 2 ) cos 2 ( π 4 + ψ 2 )
a a
−2 2 − 2 2 = =
θ = tan −1 sin ( π 2 + ψ ) cos ψ
1− 2 2 × 2 2
= a secψ
−1 4 2 ∴ ρ = a sec ψ
θ = tan
7 358. If the normal to curve y = f(x) at the point (a, b)
4 2 3π
makes an angle with the positive x axis
θ = tan −1   4
 7  then f'(a) is equal to –
CALCULUS 531 YCT

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Ùeefo Je›eâ y = f(x) kesâ efyevog (a, b) hej DeefYeuecye 361. If y = 42 x – 53 is equation of the tangent to a
curve y = ax + b at (2, 3), then (a, b) is equal
3π
Oeveelcekeâ x De#e mes keâesCe yeveelee nw, lees f'(a) keâe
to
4 Ùeefo y = 4x – 5 Je›eâ y2 = ax3 + b kesâ efyevog (2, 3) hej
ceeve yejeyej nw– mheMe& jsKee keâe meceerkeâjCe nes, lees (a, b) yejeyej nw–
(a) 1 (b) –1 (a) (2, 7) (b) (2, –7)
a b (c) (–2, 7) (d) (–2, –7)
(c) (d)
b a UP PGT 2021
UP PGT 2021 Ans. (b) : (2, –7)
Ans. (a) : 1 Given curve y2 = ax3 + b
If the normal to the curve y = f(x) at the point (a,b) upon differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
3π dy 2
makes an angle with the positive x-axis then slope 2y dx = 3ax
4
 3π  dy 3ax 2
of the normal to the curve mN = tan   = –1 ⇒ =
 4  dx 2y
Now, tangent and normal to the curve y = f(x) at point  dy 
(a, b) are perpendicular to each other. Hence, slope of ⇒   = 2a
 dx ( 2,3)
1
tangent mT = – ∵ y = 4x – 5 is tangent to the curve y2 = ax3 + b
MN ⇒ 2a = 4 (equality of slopes)
that gives mT = 1 at (a, b) ⇒ a = 2 and also (2, 3) lies on y2 = ax3 + b
dy hence, 9 = 2.8 + b ⇒ b = –7
⇒ ( a,b )
= 1 or f' (a) = 1 ∴ (a, b) = (2, –7)
dx
362. Sum of maximum and minimum values of
359. The line y = mx + 1 is a tangent to the parabola
4(sin2θ + cos4θ) is
y = 4x, if
2
4(sin2θ + cos4θ) kesâ DeefOekeâlece SJeb vÙetvelece ceeveeW keâe
jsKee y = mx + 1 hejJeueÙe y2 = 4x keâer mheMe& jsKee nw, Ùeesie nw–
Ùeefo (a) 3 (b) 4
(a) m = 1 (b) m = 2 (c) 5 (d) 7
(c) m = –1 (d) m = –2 UP PGT 2021
UP PGT 2021 Ans. (d) : 7
Ans. (a) : m = 1 y = 4 (sin2θ + cos4θ)
Given parabola y2 = 4x has focus = (1, 0) and a tangent upon differentiating w.r.t. θ we get
line y = mx +
m
1
with slope m. Now if y = mx+1 is a
dy
dθ
(
= 4 2sin θ cos θ – 4 cos3 θ sin θ )
1 = 8 sinθ cosθ (1–2cos2 θ)
tangent line to the parabola then we must have =1
m = – 4 sin2θ cos2θ
⇒ m =1 = –2 sin 4θ
360. Asymptotes of the curve x y = a (x + y ) are– Now, when dy = 0; we have sin4θ =0
2 2 2 2 2
Je›eâ x2y2 = a2 (x2 + y2) keâer Deveble mheefMe&ÙeeB nw– dθ

nπ
(a) x = 0, y = 0 (b) x = ± a, y = 0 ⇒θ= ; n∈ Z
4
(c) x = 0, y = ± a (d) x = ± a, y = ± a
d2 y nπ
UP PGT 2021 and = –8 cos 4θ at θ = , n ∈ Z is –8cos nπ
dθ2 4
Ans. (d) : x = ± a, y = ± a
2 2 2 2 2 So, second derivative is negative for even values of n &
Given curve x y = a (x + y ) positive for odd values of n.
2 2
The co-efficient of the highest power y2 of y is x –a Thus, y = 4 (sin2θ + cos4θ) is maximum for even values
2 2
also, x – a = (x + a) (x – a) of n and minimum for odd values of n.
Hence x + a = 0, x – a = 0 Hence, the maximum of
are the two asymptotes parallel to y – axis. y = 4(sin2θ + cos4θ) in [0, π/2 ]
Similarly: y + a = 0, y – a = 0 are two asymptotes π π
= 4 (sin2( )+cos4( )) = 4
parallel to x – axis. 2 2
CALCULUS 532 YCT
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and the minimum of y = 4 (sin2θ + cos4θ) in [0, π/2 ] 365. If x is a real number, then the function f(x) = x3
2 π 4 π
+ x2 + x + 1 has
= 4(sin ( ) + cos ( ) ) = 3 Ùeefo x Skeâ JeemleefJekeâ mebKÙee nw, lees heâueve f(x) = x3 +
4 4
∴ Sum = 4 + 3 = 7 x2 + x + 1 keâe ceeve nw
363. The function sinpθ cosqθ attains its maximum (a) maximum value at x = 0/x = 0 hej GÛÛelece
value, when- /heâueve sin θ cos θ Dehevee cenòece
p q
(b) minimum value at x = 1/x = 1 hej efvecvelece
ceeve Øeehle keâjlee nw, peye- (c) maximum value at x = –1/x = –1 hej GÛÛelece
(a) θ = tan −1
p/q (b) θ = tan −1
q/p (d) neither maximum nor minimum value
keâesF& GÛÛelece Ùee efvecvelece ceeve veneR
(c) θ = tan −1 ( p / q ) (d) θ = tan −1 ( q / p )
UP TGT 2021
UP PGT 2009
Ans. (d) : f (x) = x 3 + x 2 + x + 1
UPPSC GIC 2021
Ans. (a) : θ = tan −1 p / q f '(x) = (3x 2 + 2x + 1)
Given f(θ) = sinpθcosqθ 0 = 3x 2 + 2x + 1
Upon differentiating w.r.t. θ, we have −2 ± 4 − 4 × 3 × 1
x=
f'(θ) = psinp–1θcosθcosqθ+qcosq–1θ(–sinθ)sinpθ 2×3
= sinp–1θ cosq–1θ(pcos2θ–qsin2θ)
−2 ± 4 − 12
Now f'(θ) = 0= sinp–1θcosq–1θ (pcos2θ–qsin2θ) gives x=
6
Either θ = 0 , π, 2π, when sinp–1θ = 0
or θ = π/2, 3π/2, when cosq–1θ = 0 −2 ± −8
p
x=
or θ = tan –1 q , when pcos θ–q sin θ = 0
2 2 6
−2 ± 2 2i
as critical points of the function f(θ) x=
p 6
Clearly θ = tan –1 q is the point of maxima.
x kesâ cetue keâeuheefvekeâ nw Dele: keâesF& GÛÛelece Ùee efvecvelece ceeve mebYeJe
π  veneR nw~
364. When we expand sin  + θ  in powers of θ,
4  2at 2 2at 3
366. The tangent to the curve x = , y = at
θ π 
3
the coefficient of is- /peye nce sin  + θ  1 + t2 1 + t2
3! 4  the point for which t = , is
1
θ3 2
keâe Øemeej θ keâer IeeleeW ceW keâjles nQ, lees keâe iegCeebkeâ 2 3
3! 2at 2at 1
nw- Je›eâ x = ,y = kesâ efyevog t = hej, mheMeea
1 + t2 1 + t2 2
1 1 keâe meceerkeâjCe nw
(a) − (b)
2 2 (a) 13x – 16y = 2a (b) 13x + 16y = 2a
(c) 13x – 8y = 4a (d) 13x + 8y = 4a
1 1
(c) − (d) UP TGT 2021
2 2
Ans. (a) :
UPPSC GIC 2021
2
UPPSC Ashram Paddhati 2021 1 1 2a
2a   2a ×
−1
x | 1 =  2 = 4 = 4 = 2a
2
Ans. (a) :
2 t =
1 1 5 5
2
1+   1+
π  π π 2 4 4
We have sin  + θ  = sin cos θ + cos sin θ
 4  4 4 1
3
1 a
2a   2a
1 3
( sin θ + cos θ ) =   = 8 =4 =
2at 2 a
= y| 1=
2 t= 1+ t 2
 1 5 5 5
1 + 
2
1  θ3 θ5 θ2 θ4   4 4 4
=  θ − + + ...... + 1 − + + ... 
2 3! 5! 2! 4! 
dx
= 2a  ( )
 2t 1 + t 2 − t 2 × 2t 
 = 4at
1 1 1 θ 2
1 θ 3
  1+ t2 2
( ) ( )
2
= + θ− − .... dt 1+ t 2
2 2 2 2! 2 3! 
 
θ 3
1 dy  (1 + t )3t − t 2t 
2 2 3
So, coefficient of is − Deewj = 2a  

3! 2 dt  (1 + t 2 )2 
CALCULUS 533 YCT

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 3t 2 + 3t 4 − 2t 4  Je›eâ y2 = x hej Jen efyevog, efpeme hej Je›eâ keâer mheMe& jsKee
= 2a   π
 (1 + t )
2 2
 x- De#e mes
keâesCe yeveeleer nw,
4
 3t + t 
2 4
= 2a  2 2   1 1 1 1
 (1 + t )  (a)  – ,  (b)  , 
 4 2  4 2
 dy  2at(3t + t 3 )
  1 =m=  1 1 1 1
 dx  t = 4at (c)  – , –  (d)  , – 
2  4 2 4 2
1 1 1  UP TGT 2021
3
1
= (3t + t 3 ) =  3 × +   
2 2  2  2   Ans. (b) : y2 = x ⇒ 2y
dy
=1
dx
1  13  13
=  = dy 1
2  8  16 ⇒ =
dx 2y
Dele: mheMeea keâe meceerkeâjCe
dy π
y − y1 = m(x − x1 ) ØeMveevegmeej = tan   = 1
dx 4
a 13  2a 
y− = x −  1 1
5 16  5  ⇒ =1⇒ y =
2y 2
5y − a 13  5x − 2a 
=  
2
∴ x =   =
5 16  5  1 1
⇒ 80y − 16a = 65x − 26a 2 4
65x − 80y − 10a = 0 1 1
 , 
5(13x − 16y − 2a) = 0 4 2
Dele: Jen efyevog  , 

13x − 16y − 2a = 0 1 1
367. For all real x, the minimum value of   4 2
2
1–x+x 1
2
is 369. If the function f(x) = a sinx + sin3x has
1+ x + x 3
1 – x + x2 π
x kesâ meYeer JeemleefJekeâ ceeveeW kesâ efueS 2
keâe maximum value at x = , the value of a is
3
1+ x + x
efveefcve‰ ceeve nw Ùeefo x =
π 1
hej Heâueve f(x) = a sinx + sin 3x keâe
1 3 3
(a) 0 (b) ceeve Deef O ekeâlece nw , lees a keâe ceeve nw
3
(c) 1 (d) 3 1
(a) 3 (b)
UP TGT 2021 3
1 – x + x2 1
Ans. (b) : f ( x ) = (c) 2 (d)
1+ x + x 2 2
UP PGT 2011
(1 + x + x ) dxd (1 – x + x ) – (1 – x + x ) dxd (1 + x + x )
2 2 2 2
f '(x) = UPPSC Ashram Paddhati 2021

(1 + x + x ) 2 2
1
Ans. (c) : If f(x) = a sin x + sin 3x has maximum
f '( x ) =
(1 + x + x ) ( –1 + 2x ) – (1 – x + x ) (1 + 2x )
2 2
π
3
value at x = , then
(1 + x + x ) 2 2
3
2x + 2x 2 + 2x 3 − x − x 2 − 1 –  2x – 2x 2 + 2x 3 + 1 – x + x 2  π
f'(x)= f '  = 0
(1 + x + x ) 2 2
3
0 = 2(x – 1) ⇒ x = 1 ⇒ x = ± 1
2 2 Now f '(x) = a cos x + cos 3x
1–1+1 1 π π  π
Dele: efveefcve‰ ceeve f = = f '   = a cos   + cos  3 ×  = 0
1+1+1 3  
3  
3  3
368. The point on the curve y2 = x, the tangent at a
–1 = 0
π 2
which makes an angle with x- axis, is
4 a=2
CALCULUS 534 YCT

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370. The equation of the tangent to the curve 1
x = a(θ + sinθ), y = a(1 + cosθ) at the point which is equal to – at x = 2 and y = 1.
2
π Hence, equation of normal to the curve is
θ = , is
2 1
Je›eâ x = a(θ + sinθ), y = a(1 + cosθ) kesâ efyevog y –1 = – ( x – 2 ) or x – 2y – 4 = 0
2
π which passes through (4, 0)
θ = , hej mheMe& jsKee keâe meceerkeâjCe nw
2 372. The angle between the curves
(a) 2(x + y) = a(π + 4) 6y = –x2 + 7 and y = x3 is:
(b) 2(x – y) = a(π + 4) Je›eâeW 6y = –x2 + 7 leLee y = x3 kesâ yeerÛe keâe keâesCe nw:
(c) x + y = 0
(a) π / 4 (b) π / 3
(d) x + y = aπ
UPPSC Ashram Paddhati 2021 (c) π / 2 (d) π
LT 2018 UKPSC Lecturer (Mains) 2020
Ans. (a) : Given x = a (θ + sin θ), y = a (1 + cos θ) Ans. (c) :
dx dy For the intersection point(s) of the curves
= a (1 + cos θ) and = a (– sin θ) 6y = − x 2 + 7 and y = x 3 we have
dθ dθ
dy sin θ 6x3 + x 2 − 7 = 0
=–
dx 1+ cos θ ⇒ x = 1 and hence y = 1
slope (m) at θ =
π (We have 6x 3 + x 2 − 7 = ( x − 1) ( 6x 2 + 7x + 7 ) . and
2
dy π
6x 2 + 7x + 7 has complexroots).
m= at θ = dy x
dx 2 Now for 6y = − x 2 + 7 we have = m1 = − and
dx 3
π
– sin
2 = –1
hence m1 = −1 3 at (1,1) and for y = x we have
3
m=
π dy
1+ cos = m2 = 3x 2 and hence m 2 = 3 at (1,1) which gives
2 dx
π  π 1
At θ = x = a 1+  and y = a m1m2 = − ⋅ 3 = −1
2  2 3
  Thus, both the curves intersect perpendicularly.
∴ equation of tangent at  a  1+  , a  with
π
  2   373. If the curves x = y2 and xy = k intersect at right
angle, then:
slope m = – 1 is
Ùeefo Je›eâ x = y2 Deewj xy = k Skeâ-otmejskeâes mecekeâesCe hej
  π 
y – a = (– 1)  x – a  1+   keâešles nwb , lees:
  2 
(a) 8k2 = 3 (b) 8k2 = 1
 π 2
(c) 8k = 5 (d) 8k2 = –1
x + y = a 2 + 
 2 Haryana PGT 2019
2(x + y) = a(π + 4) Ans. (b) : For the intersection point (s) of the curves
371. A normal to y = (x–1)2 at x = 2 also passes x = y2 and xy = k
through the point: we have x= k2/3 and y = k1/3
y = (x–1) kesâ efyevog x = 2 hej KeeRÛee ieÙee DeefYeuecye Now slope of tangent to the curve x = y2 is given by
2
efvecveefueefKele efyevog mes Yeer neskeâj peelee nw: dy 1

(a) (0, 4) (b) (0, 0) =
dx 2y
(c) (4, 0) (d) (1, 2)
Haryana PGT 2019 which at (k2/3, k 1/3) equals to 1
Ans. (c) : Given curve y = (x – 1) 2 2k1/ 3
dy Similarly slope of tangent of the curve xy = k is given
⇒ = 2 ( x – 1) by
dx
Now slope of the normal to the curve = dy − y
=
1 –1 dx x
– =
dy 2 ( x – 1) −1
which at (k2/3,k1/3) equals to 1/ 3
dx k
CALCULUS 535 YCT
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If curves intersect at right angles, we must have 1 2 4 2
⇒ V2 = π r h
1 −1 9
⇒ 1/ 3
. 1/ 3 = −1
⇒ V 2 = π2 r 4 ( l 2 − r 2 ) (∵ l = r2 + h2 )
2k k 1 2
1 9
⇒ 2/3
= 1 ⇒ 8k 2 = 1
1 2 4  ( S − πr )
2k  2 2 
2 
⇒V = π r
2
− r
≤
≤
374. The maximum value of the function y = sin x (1

9  π2 r 2 
+ cos x), 0 x 2π is :  
≤
≤
heâueve y = sin x (1 + cos x), 0 x 2π keâe 1 2 4  S 2 + π 2 r 4 − 2S πr 2 − π 2 r 4 
DeefOekeâlece ceeve nw : ⇒ V2 = π r  
9  π2 r 2 
3 3 2 3
(a)
4
(b)
5
9
( r S − 2πSr 4 )
1 2 2
⇒ V2 =
(c) 3 3 (d) 2 Upon differentiating w.r.t. r we get
UKPSC Lecturer (Mains) 2020 dV 2r S2 4r 3 2πS
2V = −
Ans. (a) : Given y = sin x (1 + cos x ) ,0 ≤ x ≤ 2π dr 9 9
Now
dy
dx
= sin x ( − sin x ) + (1 + cos x ) cos x ⇒ 2V
dV 2rS
dr
=
9
(S − 4πr 2 )
= − sin 2 x + cos x + cos 2 x = cos 2x + cos x For maximum value of volume we must have
= 2cos x − 1 + cos x = 2cos x + 2cos x − cos x − 1 dV 2rS
(S − 4πr 2 ) = 0
2 2
=0⇒
= 2cos x ( cos x + 1) − 1( cos x + 1) dr 9
⇒ r = 0 or S-4πr 2 = 0
= ( 2cos x − 1)( cos x + 1)
Since r can not be zero we must have s = 4πr 2
1
which on equating to 0 gives either cos x= or cos x= ⇒ 4πr 2 = πrl + πr 2
2
π ⇒ l = 3r
–1 and hence either x= or x= π r 1
3 Now we have sin α = ⇒ sin α =
π l 3
Clearly maximum occurs at x = .
3  1 
⇒ α = sin −1  
Hence maximum value of y = sin x (1 + cos x ) is 3
π π 3 3
sin 1 + cos  =
3 3 4
375. The semi-vertical angle of right circular cone of
given surface area and maximum volume is:
efoÙes ieÙes he=‰erÙe #es$eheâue Deewj DeefOekeâlece DeeÙeleve Jeeues
uecyeJe=òeerÙe Mebkegâ kesâ Deæ&Meer<e& keâesCe keâe ceeve nw :
2  2
(a) sin -1   (b) sin -1  
 3   3 
3 1
(c) sin -1   (d) sin -1   376. Given that x + y = 20 and P = x2y3. Then P is
 4   3 
maximum when?
UKPSC Lecturer (Mains) 2020 efoÙee nw efkeâ x + y = 20 leLee P = x2y3 leye P keâe
Ans. (d) : Let r be the radius, l be the slant height, α be DeefOekeâlece ceeve leye nesiee peyeefkeâ ?
the semi-vertical angle and h be the height of the cone
(a) x= 6, y =14 (b) x= 15, y =5
of given surface area S.
(c) x = 12, y =8 (d) x= 8, y =12
Then S = πrl + πr 2 UKPSC Lecturer (Mains) 2020
S − πr 2 Ans. (d) :
⇒l =
πr Given that x + y = 20 and P = x y .
2 3
1
Now volume of the cone is given by V = πr 2 h Now P = x 2 ( 20 – x ) is maximum when
3
3
CALCULUS 536 YCT
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dP dy
= 2x ( 20 − x ) − 3x 2 ( 20 − x ) = 0
3 2 2n 2m+1
379. If = ( x – a) .( x – b ) , where n and m are
dx dx
positive integers and a > b, then which of the
⇒ 2 ( 20 − x ) = 3x ⇒ x = 8 following is true for the function y?
which gives y = 12 dy 2n 2m+1
Ùeefo = (x – a) .(x – b) peneB, n leLee m
dx
Thus p = x y is maximum when x= 8, y = 12
2 3
Oeveelcekeâ hetCeeËkeâ nw leLee a > b leye efvecveefueefKele ceW mes
(5 + x )(2 + x ) keâewve mee heâueve y kesâ efueS melÙe nw?
377. The minimum value of is :
1+ x (a) Maxima at x = a / x = a hej GefÛÛe‰
(5 + x )(2 + x ) (b) Minima at x = a / x = a hej efveefcve‰
vÙetvelece ceeve nw :
1+ x (c) Maxima at x = b / x = b hej GefÛÛe‰
(a) 4 (b) 5 (d) Minima at x = b / x = b hej efveefcve‰
(c) 9 (d) 10 UP PCS (Pre) 1996
Ans. (c) : Clearly Ans. (d) : We have
dy
f (x) =
( 5 + x )( 2 + x ) = 1 + 4 + 5 + x 2n
= ( x – a ) .( x – b)
2m+1
( ) dx
(1 + x ) 1+ x
dy
= ( x − a ) ( x − b)
2n 2m +1
⇒
4
= (6 + x ) + dx
(1 + x )
Which clearly shows that derivative does not change its
4
So, f ' ( x ) = 1 − =0 sign at x = a but changes its sign from negative to
(1 + x )
2
positive at x = b because 2n and 2m are even positive
integers.
⇒ x 2 + 2x − 3 = 0 ⇒ x = –3,1 Thus x = a is neither a point of maxima nor minima and
8 x = b is a point of minima.
and f " ( x ) = is negative at –3 and positive at 380. Ùeefo xy = c2 leye ax + by keâe DeefOekeâlece ceeve keäÙee nesiee:
( )
3
1+ x
x=1 (a) 2abc (b) 2c ab
Hence, the minimum value of f (c) −2c ab (d) −2c abc
TGT 2001
( 6 )( 3) = 9
at x = 1 is f (1) = Ans : (c) ceevee s = ax + by ...... (i)
2
leLee xy = c2 ...... (ii)
378. The absolute maximum of function g(t) =8t –t4
on the interval [–2, 1] is:
meceer. (i) leLee meceer. (ii) mes,
Devlejeue [–2, 1] hej, heâueve g(t) =8t –t4 keâe hejce c2
s = ax + b × ...... (iii)
GefÛÛe‰ nw: x
ds bc 2 ds
(a) 0 (b) 31/8 ∴ =a− 2 ⇒ =0
(c) –32 (d) 7 dx x dx
UKPSC Lecturer (Mains) 2020 bc 2
⇒a− 2 =0
Ans. (d) : Given function g : [ −2,1] → R defined by
x
bc 2 b
g ( t ) = 8t − t 4 x2 = ⇒ x = ±c
a a
1 meceer . (iii) mes ,
Now, g ' ( t ) = 8 − 4t 3 = 0 gives t = 2 3
d 2s 2bc2
1 = 0 +
g''(t)= –12t 2 < 0 at t = ( 2 ) 3 dx 2 x3
b
1
∴ at x = −c , s keâece ceeve DeefOekeâlece nesiee~
So, t = 2 3 is the point of maxima in ( –2,1) . a
Now, b c2
Dele: DeefOekeâlece ceeve = −a × c − b×
g ( −2 ) = −32, g (1) = 7 and g ( 2 )( 13
) = 6 ( 2)
13
≃ 7.56 a
c
b
a
1
Hence, the absolute maxima of g(t) is 7.56 at t = 2 3 . = −c ab − c ab = −2c ab
CALCULUS 537 YCT

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2
381. The slope of the tangent to the curve (a) 84 meter/sec2/84 ceeršj/mes
2 2
represented by x=t +3t–8 and y=2t –2t–5 at the 2
(b) 96 meter/sec2/96 ceeršj/mes
point (2,–1) is/ Je›eâ x=t2+3t–8 Deewj y=2t2–2t–5 kesâ 2
efyevog (2,–1) hej mheMe& jsKee keâer ØeJeCelee nesieer– (c) 194 meter/sec2/194 ceeršj/mes
2
7 6 (d) 110 meter/sec2/110 ceeršj/mes
(a) (b) UP PCS (Pre) 2001
6 7
3
8 1 Ans. (b) : x = 4t + 2t + 5
(c) (d) –
5 2 dx
= 12t 2 + 2
TGT 2004 dt
Ans : (b) Je›eâ keâe meceerkeâjCe
d2x
x = t2 + 3t –8 = 24t , Now, t = 4 is acclration
y = 2t2–2t –5 dt 2
dy dx d2x 2
∴ = 4t − 2 Deewj = 2t + 3 then, 2
= 24 × 4 = 96 m/sec
dt dt dt
dy dy dt 4t − 2 384. The point lying on y2 = 8x and at a minimum
∴ = × =
dx dt dx 2t + 3 distance from x2 + (y + 6)2 = 1 will be
4× 2 − 2 6 y2 = 8x hej Gme efyevog kesâ efveosb&Meebkeâ, efpemekeâer
∴efyevog (2,–1) hej  
dy
= =
 dx ( 2,−1) 2 × 2 + 3 7 x2 + (y + 6)2 = 1 mes otjer vÙetvelece nw, nesiee :
382. The orthogonal trajectories of the family of (a) (2, –4) (b) (2, 4)
curves xy=c2 are: (c) (18, –12) (d) (8, 8)
Je›eâ kegâue xy=c2 kesâ uecyekeâesCeerÙe mebÚsoer nw: Haryana PGT 2019
(a) 2x 2 − 3y 2 = a 2 (b) 2x + 3y = a
2 2 2
Ans. (a) : Let the required point be (2t2, 4t) on the
(c) x 2 + y 2 = a 2 (d) x 2 − y 2 = a 2 parabola y2 = 8x. Now for the parabola y2 = 8x we have
dy 4
Where a is a constant = so the slope of normal to the parabola is
penebB keâer a Skeâ DeÛej nw~ dx y
UP PCS (Pre) 1997 – y which is equal to t at (2t2, 4t).
Ans : (d) xy= c2 4
dy
x +y=0
dx Hence, equation of normal to the parabola y2 = 8x is
dy y y – 4t = – t (x – 2t2)
=−
dx x Now for minimum distance, this normal will pass
dy dx through the centre of the circle x2 + (y + 6)2 = 1
uecyekeâesCeerÙe meb#esoer kesâ efueS →− jKeves hej~ i.e. (0, –6) and hence we get
dx dy
dx y – 6 – 4t = – t (0 – 2t2)
− =− ⇒ 2t3 + 4t + 6 = 0
dy x
⇒ t3 + 2t + 3 = 0
∫ xdx = ∫ ydy ⇒ (t + 1)(t2 – t + 3)= 0
x 2 y2 ⇒ t=–1
= +C
2 2 So, the required point on the parabola is (2, – 4).
2
x y2 385. If x is real, the maximum value of
− =C
2 2 2x 2 + 3x + 17
x2–y2 = 2C is :
3x 2 + 9x + 7
x 2 − y 2 = a 2 {ceevee a2=2c=efveÙeleebkeâ}
2x 2 + 3x + 17
Ùeefo x JeemleefJekeâ nes, lees keâe
383. A particle moves in a straight line according to 3x 2 + 9x + 7
the equation x=4t3+2t+5 where x is in meters DeefOekeâlece ceeve nw:
and t in seconds. The average acceleration of
the 4th second is:/meceerkeâjCe x=4t3+2t+5 kesâ Devegmeej (a) 41 (b) 1
Skeâ keâCe Skeâ meerOeer jsKee ceW ieefleceeve nw, peneB x ceeršj (c)
17
(d)
1
ceW leLee t meskesâC[ ceW veehee ieÙee nw~ ÛeewLes meskesâC[ keâe 7 4
Deewmele lJejCe nw: Haryana PGT 2019
CALCULUS 538 YCT

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3x 2 + 9x + 17 Ans. (c) : Given,
Ans. (a) : f(x) = : x∈R x2y2 = a2 (x2 + y2)
3x 2 + 9x + 7 The co-efficient of the highest power y2 of y is x2 – a2
⇒ f (x) = 1 + 2
10 Also, x2 – a2 = (x – a) (x + a)
3x + 9x + 7 Hence (x – a) = 0, (x + a) = 0
−10 ( 6x + 9 ) are the two asymptotes parallel to y-axis.
⇒ f '(x) = Similarly (y –a) = 0, (y + a) = 0
( )
2
3x 2 + 9x + 7 are the two asymptotes parallel to x-axis.
388. If the parametric equation of a curve is given
⇒ f '' ( x ) = 60 ( 3x + ax + 7 ) + 20 ( 6x + 94) ( 3x + 9x + 7 )
2 2 2 2
by x = et cost, y = et sint, then the tangent to the
(3x 2 + 9x + 7 ) π
curve at the point t = makes with the axis of
4
–3
Now f '(x) = 0 gives 6x+9 = 0 ⇒ x = and f''(x) is x the angle:
2 Skeâ Je›eâ keâer ØeeÛeue meceerkeâjCe x = et cost, y = et mes
–3
negative at x = . π
2 oer ieF& nw, lees Je›eâ kesâ efyevog t = hej mheMe& jsKee Éeje
4
−3 x-De#e mes yeveeÙee peeves Jeeuee keâesCe:
So, maximum value of f(x) at x = is
2 π
(a) π (b)
 −3  10
f(   = 1 + 2
4
 2   −3   −3  π π
3  + 9   + 7 (c) (d)
 2   2  2 6
10 Haryana PGT 2018
= 1+ Ans. (c) : Given
27 27
− +7
4 2 x = e t cos t and y = e t sin t
10 dx dy
= 1+ So, = e t cos t − e t sin t and = e t sin t + e t cos t
27 + 28 − 54 dt dt
4 dy e t sin t + e t cos t sin t + cos t
= 41 ⇒ = =
dx e t cos t − e t sin t cos t − sin t
386. Slope of normal to the curve x = a cos3θ, y = a
π dy
sin3θ at the point θ = π/4: At t = , = 0 which gives that the slope of tangent
Je›eâ x = a cos3θ, y = a sin3θ kesâ efyebog θ = π/4 hej 4 dx
π π
DeefYeuecye keâer ØeJeCelee nesieer: at t = is
4 2
(a) 1 (b) –1
389. If f(x) = |x2 – 25| for all x ∈ R. The total number
(c) 0 (d) 3 of points on R at which f attains a local
UK SSSC LT 2020 extremum (minimum or maximum) is:
Ans. (a) : Given curve x = a cos θ & y = a sin θ
3 3 ceeve ueerefpeS meYeer x ∈ R kesâ efueS f(x) = |x2 – 25|, R
dx dy hej f Éeje mLeeveerÙe Ûejce (efveefcve‰ Ùee GefÛÛe°) Øeehle
∴ = −3a cos 2 θ sin θ & = 3a sin 2 θ cos θ keâjves Jeeuee efyevogDees keâer mebKÙee nw:
dθ dθ
dy (a) Four/Ûeej (b) Three/leerve
⇒ = − tan θ (slope of tangent)
dx (c) Two/ oes (d) One/Skeâ
dy Haryana PGT 2018
∴ = −1 Ans. (b) : Given
dx x = π
4
 25 − x 2 −5 < x < 5
Slope of normal = 1 f (x) = | x 2 − 25 |=  2
 x − 25 x ≤ −5or x ≥ 5
387. Number of asymptotes of the curve x2y2 = a2(x2
+ y2) is: −2x −5 < x < 5
f '( x ) = 
Je›eâ x y = a (x + y ) kesâ Devevle-mheefMe&ÙeeW keâer mebKÙee  2x x < −5or x > 5
2 2 2 2 2
nw: Thus, f is decreasing in (–∞, –5), increasing in [–5, 0 ),

(a) 3 (b) 1 decreasing in [0,5] and increasing in [5,∞)
(c) 4 (d) 2
Haryana PGT 2020
CALCULUS 539 YCT

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390. The function f defined by f(x) = x1/x has a 1 2x   y 2  3a
maximum at: lim  xy 2  + lim  =
y→0 4 y  y → 0  2x  2
f(x) = x1/x Éeje heefjYeeef<ele heâueve f efkeâme hej GÛÛelece 
nw? or ρ=
3a
(a) loge2 (b) e 2
(c) 2 (d) 1 Similarly we get the radius of curvature for the branch
Haryana PGT 2018 which touches the y = 0 which is also equal to 3a .
1/x 2
Ans. (b) : The function f (x) = x on taking logarithm
1 392. On the interval [0, 1] the function x (1 – x)7525
gives log f (x) = log x which on differentiating with takes its maximum value at the point:
x
respect to x gives Deb lejeue [0, 1] hej heâueve x25 (1 – x)75 kesâ DeefOekeâlece
f '( x ) ceeve Jeeuee efyevog nw:
1 1  1  1 − log x
= . + log x  − 2 =
f (x) x x  x  x2 (a) 0
1
(b)
3
which on equating to 0 gives
1– loge = 0 1 1
(c) (d)
⇒ loge x = 1 2 4
⇒ x=e Haryana PGT 2018
25 75
Now Ans. (d) : Given function f(x) = x (1– x) ; x∈[0, 1]
24 75 25 74
f '( x ) 2f ( x ) f (x) So, f' (x) = 25x (1 – x) – 75x (1– x)
(1 − log e x ) − 3 (1 − log e x ) + 2  − 
1
f''(x) = 2 Which on equating to 0 gives
x x x  x
(1 - x) = 3x
which on x = e is
1
e1/ e  1  ⇒x=
f" (e) = 2  −  4
e  e 1
Because f (0) = 0 = f (1), x = is the point of
e1/ e 4
=– 3 <0
e maximum for f (x) in the interval [0, 1]
1/x 393. The point of inflexion on the curve
So, x = e is the point of maximum value of f (x) = x .
y 2 = x ( x + 1 ) is:
2
391. The radii of curvature at the origin for the
curve x 3 + y 3 = 3axy are each equal to: Je›eâ y 2 = x ( x + 1 )2 hej veefle heefjJele&ve efyevog nw:
Je›eâ x 3 + y 3 = 3axy keâer cetue efyevog hej ØelÙekesâ Je›eâlee 1 1 
ef$epÙeeSB yejeyej nw: (a) ( 3, ±2 3 ) (b)  , ±
3 2 2 

a a
(a) (b)  1 3 1 1 
2 3 (c)  ,±  (d)  , ± 
2 2 2 
2a 3a  3 2 3 
(c) (d) Haryana PGT 2018
3 2
Haryana PGT 2018 1 4 
Ans. (d) :  , ± 
Ans. (d) : The curve x + y = 3axy passes through
3 3
 3 3 3
origin. Here xy = 0 gives x = 0, y = 0 as tangents at the Given y2 = x (x + 1)2
origin. Upon differentiating, we get
To find, ρ, the radius of curvature, for the branch which dy
= ( x + 1) + 2x ( x + 1)
2
2y
 y2  dx
touches x = 0, we find lim   = ρ.
x → 0 2x
  dy ( x + 1)( x + 1 + 2x ) ( 3x + 1)
⇒ = =
To do this we have dx 2 ( x + 1) 2 2 x
x 2 y 2 3a Upon differentiating again, we get
+ = (on dividing by 2xy)
2y 2x 2
1 2x y 2 3a 2 ( 3x + 1)
3.2 x −
or
4
xy 2 +
y
=
2x 2 d2 y
=
2 x = 6x − ( 3x + 1) = 3x − 1
Taking limit y→0 we get
dx 2 2 ( x + 1) 2 4x 3 / 2 4x 3 / 2
CALCULUS 540 YCT

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d 2 y 3x − 1 1 so, slope of normal at (x1, y1) to the given curve is given
now 2
= 3/ 2
= 0 gives x = as
dx 4x 3
 dx  x
3   = 1 –––(i)
3.4x 3 / 2 − 4. x ( 3x − 1) 3 ( x − 1)  dy ( x1 ,y1 ) y1
d3 y 2
and 3
= 3
=− ≠ 0 at
dx 16x x 5/ 2 Now if ax + by + c = 0 is normal to the curve xy = 1 at
1 − a x1
x = (x1, y1) then we must have =
3 b y1
1 and also x1y1 = 1
Hence x = gives the point of inflexion on the curve. Which gives a<0, b>0 from the given alternatives.
3
396. If the tangent to the curve 3y3 = kx2 + x3 at the
1 4 
So  , ±  is the point of inflexion on the curve. k k 
3 3 3  point  ,  passes through the point (1, 1),
2 2
394. The minimum value of 3x4 – 2x3 – 6x2 + 6x + 1 then the value of k is
= 0 in the interval (0, 2) is
Ùeefo Je›eâ 3y3 = kx2 + x3 kesâ efyevog  ,  hej mheMe&-
k k
3x4 – 2x3 – 6x2 + 6x + 1 = 0 keâe Devlejeue (0, 2) ceW
2 2
vÙetvelece ceeve nw: jsKee efyevog (1, 1), mes neskeâj peeleer nw, lees k keâe ceeve nw:
(a) 1 (b) 1/2
(a) 0 (b) 1
(c) 2 (d) 3
(c) –1 (d) 2
UKPSC GIC 2018
UKPSC GIC 2018
Ans. (c) : Let f(x) = 3x4 – 2x3 – 6x2 + 6x + 1 3 2 3
Ans. (d) : Given curve 3y = kx + x
Now f'(x) = 12x3– 6x2 –12x + 6 Upon differentiating w.r.t x we get
For maxima or minima f'(x) = 0
9y2 dy = 2kx + 3x 2
⇒ f'(x) = 2x3 – x2 – 2x + 1 = 0 dx
⇒ f'(x) = (2x – 1) (x2 – 1) = 0
dy 2kx + 3x 2
1 Slope of tangent =
⇒x= or x = ± 1 as critical points of f(x) dx 9y 2
2 2
(Because x∈(0,2) ; x = –1 is not included) dy k 2 + 3k
Now = 4 =7
−36 dx 9k 2 9
2
Now f"(x) = 6(6x – 2x – 2) is equal to < 0 at ( 2, 2)
k k
4
4
1 Because tangent passes through (1,1) then we have the
x= 7
2 equation of tangent as y –1 = (x –1)
1 9
Thus x = is point of maxima. And at x = 1, f" (1) = ⇒ 7x – 7 = 9y – 9
2
12 > 0 so, x = 1 is point of minima and f (1) = 2 7x – 9y + 2 = 0 –––(i)
Hence x = 1 is the point of minima of f(x) and Now (i) passes through k , k
minimum of f(x) is equal to 2.
( 2 2 )
as well then
395. If the line ax + by + c = 0 is normal to the curve 7k – 9k = –4

xy = 1, then ⇒ k=2
Ùeefo jsKee ax + by + c = 0 Je›eâ xy = 1 keâe DeefYeuecye 397. If A is the area formed by the positive x-axis,
nw lees and the normal and tangent to the circle
(a) a > 0, b > 0
(b) a >0, b < 0
(
x2 + y2 = 4 at 1, 3 , then ) A
3
equals:
(c) a < 0, b < 0 (a) 4 (b) 2

(d) None of these/ Ghejsòeâ ceW mes keâesF& veneR 2
(c) (d) 1
UP PGT 2004,2016 3
UKPSC GIC 2018 NVS PGT 10-06-2019
Rajsthan TGT 2013
Ans : (b) Given equation of circle is
Ans. (b) : Given curve xy = 1
Upon differentiating w.r.t x we have x 2 + y2 = 4
dy − y ⇒ 2x + 2y
dy
=0
=
dx x dx
CALCULUS 541 YCT

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dy x Since both the curves cuts orthogonally so,
⇒ =− m1.m2 = –1
dx y
−2
dy 1 × 3 = −1 ⇒ a=6
sSlope of tangent = m1 = =− a
dx (1, ) 3
3
399. f (x) = sin x + cos 2x,(x > 0) has minima for x=
slope of normal = m2 = 3 heâueve f (x) = sin x + cos 2x,(x > 0) x kesâ efpeme ceeve
1 kesâ efueS, efvecvelece nw, Jen nw:
equation of tangent y − 3 = − ( x − 1)
3 nπ 3 ( n + 1) π
(a) (b)
3y − 3 = − x + 1 2 2
x + 3y = 4 (c)
( 2n + 1) π (d) nπ
2
equation of normal y − 3 = 3 ( x − 1)
KVS PGT 23-12-2018
3−y=0 Ans : (c) Given f(x) = sin x + cos 2x
⇒ f' (x) = cos x –2sin2x
& f" (x) = – sin x – 4cos2x
for maxima / minima

f ' (x) = 0
cos x –4sinx cosx = 0
cos x ( 1–4 sin x)=0
When cosx = 0
π
A = Required Area = area of ∆OBC ⇒ x = ( 2n + 1)
1 2
= × OC × BC When, 1–4 sin x = 0
2
1
1
= ×2×2 3
⇒ sin x = ,
4
2
 1
=2 3 x = sin −1  
4
A 2 3
⇒ = =2 π
and f" ((2n + 1) ) = 3 > 0
3 3 2
A 1
=2 15
f" (sin – 1 4 ) = – < 0
3 6
398. If the curve ay + x 2 = 7 and x 3 = y , cut π
hence, x =(2n + 1) is the point of minima
orthogonally at (1,1), then the value of a is: 2
Ùeefo Je›eâ ay + x 2 = 7 leLee x 3 = y , efyebog (1,1) hej minimum value of x = ( 2n + 1) π
uebcyeJele ØeefleÛÚso keâjles nQ, lees a keâe ceeve nw: 2
(a) 1 (b) 0 400. The equation of the tangent at the point P(t),
(c) 6 (d) –6 where t is any parameter, to the parabola
KVS PGT 23-12-2018 y = 4ax is:/ hejJeueÙe y = 4ax kesâ efyevog P(t)hej,
2 2
Ans : (c) Given equation of curves are ay+x2=7 and peneB t Skeâ ØeeÛeue (parameter) nw, KeeRÛeer ieF& mheMe&
x3=y and they cut orthogonally. jsKee keâe meceerkeâjCe nw:
Now, differentiating both the curves one by one and
finding their slopes at (1, 1) i.e., m1 & m2 respectively. (a) y = xt + at 2 (b) yt = x + at 2
dy a
a + 2x = 0 (c) y = tx (d) y = tx +
dx t
dy −2x −2 KVS PGT 23-12-2018
⇒ = ⇒ m1 =
dx a a Ans : (b) The parametric coordinate of the parabola is
and from x3=y given by p(t) ≡ (at2, 2at)
dy equation of parabola is
⇒ = 3x 2 ⇒ m2 =3. at (1,1)
dx y2=4ax
CALCULUS 542 YCT

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differentiating it w.r.t., x we get Ans : (d) f (x) = x 2 + ax + 1 is an increasing function on
dy [1, 2] if
2y = 4a
dx f' (x) = 2x + a > 0
dy 2a −a
= ⇒ x>
dx y 2
Which clearly shows that the least value of a must be –
 dy  2a 1
Now slope m =   = = 2 among the given set of alternatives.
 dx ( at 2 ,2at ) 2at t
404. If a hyperbola, whose parametric equations are
So, the equation of tangent is given by c
x=ct, y = , meets any circle with centre at
1
(
y − 2at = x − at 2
t
) t
(0,0) in four points, determined by the
parametric values t1, t2, t3 and t4, then the value
⇒ yt − 2at = x − at 2
2
of t1.t2.t3.t4 is
⇒ yt = x + at 2 Ùeefo Skeâ DeeflehejJeueÙe, efpemekesâ ØeeÛeefuekeâ meceerkeâjCe
c
401. Maximum value of the function f (x) = 31+ 2x − x
2
x=ct, y = nQ, kesâvõ (0,0) Jeeues efkeâmeer Je=òe mes efkeâvneR
t
is equal to Ûeej efyevogDeeW, efpevekesâ ØeeÛeue ceeve t1, t2, t3 Deewj t4 mes
2
heâueve f (x) = 31+ 2x− x keâe DeefOekeâlece ceeve yejeyej nw efveOee&efjle nQ, ceW efceuelee nw, lees t1.t2.t3.t4 keâe ceeve nw
(a) 3 (b) 9 (a) c2 (b) –c2
(c) 27 (d) 81 (c) –1 (d) 1
UP PGT-2016 (02-02-2019) LT 2018
Ans : (b) For maximum of f (x) = 31+ 2x − x we nust
2
Ans : (d) Equation of circle with centre at origin is
maximize g(x) = 1 + 2x – x2 x 2 + y2 = a 2
which gives that x = 1 is the point of maxima for g (x) and if the hyperbola with parametric equations
and maximum of g (x) is 2. c
Therefore, maximum of f (x) is 32 = 9. x = ct, y = meets the above circle then we must
t
402. If 2y=x+3 is a tangent line to the curve y3= have
ax2+b at the point (1,2), then 3b–5a is equal to 2
( ct )2 + 
Ùeefo Je›eâ y3=ax2+b kesâ efyevog (1, 2) hej mheMe& jsKee c 2
 =a
2y=x+3 nes, lees 3b–5a yejeyej nw t
(a) 0 (b) 2 c2
c2 t 2 + − a2 = 0
(c) 3 (d) 4 t2
UP PGT-2016 (02-02-2019)
t 4 c 2 − a 2 t 2 + c2 = 0
Ans : (a) So, equation of tangent to the curve is
 a2 
a
(y – 2) = ( x − 1) t 4 −  2  t 2 + 1 = 0
6 c 
⇒ ax – 6y – a + 12 = 0 which is an equation of degree four.
and if x – 2y + 3 = 0 is tangent to the curve then we Then,
must have t1.t 2 .t 3 .t 4 = 1
a −6 −a + 12
= = 405. If x+2y=8, then the maximum value of xy is
1 −2 3 Ùeefo x+2y=8, leye xy keâe DeefOekeâlece ceeve nw
⇒ a = 3 and b = 5 using a + b = 8 at (1, 2)
(a) 20 (b) 16
Therefore, 3b – 5a = 0.
(c) 24 (d) 8
403. The least possible value of 'a' for which the LT 2018
function f(x)=x2+ax+1 may be increasing in the
interval [1, 2] is Ans : (d) We have
'a' keâe mebYeJe vÙetvelece ceeve, efpemekesâ efueÙes heâueve x + 2y = 8
x
f(x)=x2+ax+1 Deblejeue [1, 2] ceW JeOe&ceeve nes, nw ⇒ g=4–
2
(a) 2 (b) 1
(c) 0 (d) –2  x −x 2
and hence xy = x  4 −  = 4x
UP PGT-2016 (02-02-2019)  2 2
CALCULUS 543 YCT

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So, to maximize xy we have (a) sin 2x (b) tan x
4 – x =0 (c) cos x (d) cos 3x
⇒ x=4 SECTION B PGT TIER-I 31.11.2014
Ans. (c) : By the graph of cos x we see that cos x is
⇒ y=2
decreasing in the interval (0, π/2)
Thus maximum of xy is 8.
406. The local maximum value of the function
f (x) = 3x 4 + 4x 3 − 12x 2 + 2 is
f (x) = 3x 4 + 4x 3 − 12x 2 + 2 heâueve kesâ mLeeveerÙe
DeefOekeâlece cetuÙe nw– 409. The two curves
(a) 1 (b) 2
x 3 − 3xy 2 + 2 = 0 and 3x 2 y − y 3 = 2
(c) –2 (d) 0
DSSSB TGT (SECTION-B) 28 DEC 2014 x 3 − 3xy 2 + 2 = 0 Deewj 3x 2 y − y 3 = 2 Ùen oes Je›eâ
Ans. (b) : (a) touch each other/Deeheme keâes mheMe& keâjles nQ
Given function is (b) cut at right angle/mecekeâesCe hej keâšles nQ
f (x) = 3x 4 + 4x 3 − 12x 2 + 2 (c) cut at an angle π/3/π/3keâesCe hej keâšles nQ
differentiating it w.r.t. x, we get
(d) cut at an angle π/4/π/4keâesCe hej keâšles nQ
f ′ (x) = 12x 3 + 12x 2 − 24x
for maximum f ′ (x) = 0 JDD-75-PGT TIER II-X-15 28.06.2015
12x 3 + 12x 2 − 24x = 0 Ans. (b) :
x(x 2 + x − 2) = 0 Given curves x 3 − 3xy 2 + 2 = 0 and 3x2y – y3 – 2 = 0
have slope of tangents at the point (α,β) m1 and m2
−1 ± 12 + 8 −1 ± 3 respectively then we get
x = 0, x= =
2 2 α 2 − β2
x = −2, x = 1 m1at(α , β) =
2αβ
Thus we get x = −2, 0,1
2αβ
f ′′ (x) = 36x 2 + 24x − 24 and m 2 at(α , β) = − 2
α − β2
f ′′ (0) = −24 < 0 Point of local maxima.
α 2 − β2 −2αβ
f ′′ (1) = 36 + 24 − 24 = 36 > 0 Point of local minima. But Here m1m 2 = × = −1
2αβ 2 2
f ′′ ( −2) = 144 − 48 − 24 = 72 > Point of local minima.
Hence x = 0 is a point of local maxima and local Hence the angle between the curve is π/2. Then curve
maximum value = 2 cuts at right angle.
407. The maximum value of sin x + cos x is– 410. If x is real, the minimum value of x 2 − 8x + 17 is
sin x + cos x keâe DeefOekeâlece cetuÙe nw Ùeefo x JeemleefJekeâ nw lees x2–8x+17 keâe vÙetvelece cetuÙe nw
(a) 2 (b) 1 (a) –1 (b) 0
(c) 2 (d) 0 (c) 1 (d) 2
SECTION B PGT TIER-I 31.11.2014 SECTION B PGT TIER-I 31.11.2014
Ans. (c) : Ans. (c) : The function is
f (x) = x 2 − 8x + 17...........(i)
Since − a 2 + b 2 ≤ a sin x + b cos x ≤ a 2 + b 2
differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
therefore − 12 + 12 ≤ sin x + cos x ≤ 12 + 12 f ′ (x) = 2x − 8
2 sin x cos x 2 for maxima and minima f ′ (x) = 0
Hence maximum value of sin x + cos x is 2 2x 8 0
408. Which of the following function is decreasing x 4 (which is real)
π differentiating again
on 0, ?
2 (i) w.r.t x we get
π f ′′ (x) = 2
efvecve ceW mes keâewve mee heâueve 0, hej Iešlee nw? ∵ f ′′(x) > 0, ∀x ∈ R
2
CALCULUS 544 YCT

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Hence f(x) is minimum at x = 4 Ans. (b) : Let y = xx
2
and minimum value is f (4) = 4 − 8 × 4 + 17 Then log y = x log x
= 16 − 32 + 17 = 1 differentiating it with respect to x, we get
411. The function f (x) = 2x 3 − 3x 2 − 12x + 4, has– 1 dy
= 1 + log x
y dx
heâueve f (x) = 2x 3 − 3x2 − 12x + 4, kesâ nw–
dy
(a) two points of local maximum ⇒ = y(1 + log x) = x x (1 + log x)
meerefcele GefÛÛe‰ kesâ oes efyevog dx
For stationary point
(b) two points of local minimum
meerefcele Deefuhe‰ kesâ oes efyevog dy
=0
(c) one maxima and one minima dx
Skeâ DelÙeefOekeâ Deewj Skeâ vÙetvelece ⇒ x x (1 + log x) = 0
(d) no maxima or minima But x x ≠ 0
keâesF& DelÙeefOekeâ Ùee vÙetvelece veneR ⇒ (1 + log x) = 0
3 2 ⇒ log x = −1 ⇒ x = e −1
Ans. (c) Given functions is f (x) = 2x − 3x − 12x + 4
1
differentiat it w.r.t. x we get ⇒ x=
e
f ′ (x) = 6x 2 − 6x − 12
For local maxima/minima f ′ (x) = 0 414. The absolute maximum of y = x 3 − 3x + 2 in
0 ≤ x ≤ 2 is–
⇒ 6x 2 − 6x − 12 = 0 y = x 3 − 3x + 2 keâe 0 ≤ x ≤ 2 ceW Ûejce DelÙeefOekeâ nw–
x2 x 2 0 (a) 4 (b) 6
(x 2)(x 1) 0 (c) 2 (d) 0
x 1, 2 JDD-75-PGT TIER II-X-15 28.06.2015
since at x = –1 f(x) changes its sign from +ve to –ve Ans. (a) : Given,
hence x = –1 a point of maxima. y = x3 – 3x + 2 , x∈[0,2]
and at x = 2, f(x) changes its sign from –ve to +ve. Then y ′=3x – 3
2
hence x = 2 is a point of minima For stationary point y ′ = 0

hence f(x) has one maxima and one minima. 3x2 – 3 = 0
412. The function y = x 4 − 6x 2 + 8x + 11 has a x2 – 3/3 = 0 ⇒ x2 – 1= 0 ⇒ x = ± 1
But x = – 1 does not belongs to the interval
minimum at x equal to–/ y = x 4 − 6x 2 + 8x + 11 [0,2] .
Heâueve vÙetvelece neslee nw peye Fmekesâ yejeyej neslee nw– Now f (0) = 2
(a) 1 (b) –2 (c) 3 (d) 4 f (1) = 0
JDD-75-PGT TIER II-X-15 28.06.2015
and f (2) = 8 − 6 + 2 = 4
Ans. (b) : Let f(x) = x4 – 6x2 + 8x +11
Hence absolute maximum is = 4
then f ′(x) = 4x 3 − 12x + 8
logx
For maxima/minima f ′(x) = 0 415. The function attains its maximum at the point-
x
= 4x 3 − 12x + 8 = 0 log x
Heâueve Fme efyevog hej DeefOekeâlece heelee nw–
x 3 – 3x + 2 = 0 ⇒ x = −2, x = 1 x
(a) x = e
(b) x = 1/e
(c) x = e
At x = –2 f(x) changes its sign from –ve to +ve (d) none of these/FveceW mes keâesF& veneR
Hence at x = –2, f(x) is minimum JDD-75-PGT TIER II-X-15 28.06.2015
413. x x has a stationary point at– log x
x x keâe efmLej efyevog ÙeneB neslee nw– Ans. (a) : Let f (x) =
x
(a) x = e (b) x = 1/e 1
x. − log x
(c) x = 1 (d) x = e 1 − log x
Then f ′(x) = x =
2
JDD-75-PGT TIER II-X-15 28.06.2015 x x2
CALCULUS 545 YCT
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For maxima and minima f ′(x) = 0 So, when acceleration is 0, t = 2
⇒ 1 − log x = 0 ⇒ log x = 1  ds 
∴ velocity =   = 3(2)2 − 12(2) − 15
⇒ x = e, since at x = e, f ′′(x) is negative  t =2
dt
Hence f(x) is maximum at x = e = 12 − 24 − 15 = −27

2
416. A stone is dropped into a quiet lake and waves 418. The slope of the normal to the curve y = x + 3x
move in circles at the speed of 5 cm/sec, At that + 2 at the point (–2, 0) is–/(–2, 0) efyevog hej meeceevÙe
instant, when the radius of circular wave is 8 mes y = x2 + 3x+2 Je›eâ lekeâ keâer {ueeve nw–
cm, how fast is the enclosed area increasing? (a) –1 (b) 1
Skeâ Meevle leeueeye ceW Skeâ helLej heWâkeâe peelee nw, Gmemes 1 −1
5mesceer/mes. ieefle keâer Je=òeekeâej uenjW GlheVe nesleer nQ~ Gme (c) (d)
2 2
#eCe ceW peye Je=òeekeâej uenj keâer ef$epÙee 8 mesceer. nesleer nw, JDD-75-PGT TIER II-X-15 28.06.2015
leye efkeâme ieefle mes heefjyeæ #es$e keâe efJemleej yeÌ{lee nw? Ans. (b) : Given equation of curve is
y = x2 + 3x +2
(a) 6πcm 2 / s (b) 8πcm 2 / s
dy
8 ⇒ = 2x + 3
(c) πcm 2 / s (d) 80πcm 2 / s dx
5
Slope of tangent at (–2,0) = 2×(–2) + 3
JDD-75-PGT TIER II-X-15 28.06.2015
= −4 + 3
Ans. (d) : Let the radius of circular wave is r
m = −1(say)
dr
Then = 5m / s −1 −1
dt Then slope of normal = = =1
Let A is the area enclosed by surface. m −1
419. The function f defined by f(x) = (x + 2) e–x is
Then A = πr 2
Heâueve f Fme Øekeâej heefjYeeef<ele nw efkeâ f(x)=(x+2)e–x leye,
Differentiating it w.r.t. r we get
(a) decreasing for all x
dA dr
= 2πr. x kesâ meYeer ceeveeW kesâ efueS ÜemeMeerue nw~
dt dt (b) decreasing in (–∞, –1) and increasing in (–1, ∞)
dA Devlejeue (–∞, –1) ceW ÜemeMeerue Deewj Devlejeue
at r =8 , = 2.π.8.5
dt (–1, ∞) ceW Je=efæMeerue nw
Hence the enclosed surface area increases at the rate of (c) increasing for all x
80π cm2/sec. x kesâ meYeer ceeveeW kesâ efueS Je=efæMeerue nw~
417. The distance moved by a particle in time t is (d) decreasing in (–1, ∞ ) and increasing (–∞,-1)
given by s = t 3 − 6t 2 − 15t + 12 The velocity Devlejeue (–1, ∞ ) ceW ÜemeMeerue Deewj Devlejeue (–∞,-1)
when the acceleration becomes zero is– ceW Je=efæMeerue nQ
Skeâ keâCe Éeje t meceÙe ceW heej keâer ieF& otjer Fme Øekeâej TGT 2003
efoKeles nw s = t 3 − 6t 2 − 15t + 12 Gme keâCe keâe Jesie, Ans : (d) Heâueve f (x) = (x + 2)e − x
peye lJejCe MetvÙe neslee nw leye nw–
df (x)
(a) 15 (b) –27 f (x) = xe − x + 2e − x ⇒ = − xe − x + e − x − 2e − x
(c) 6/5 dx
(d) none of these/FveceW mes keâesF& veneR Heâueve f(x) kesâ ÜemeMeerue Ùee Je=efæMeerue keâes peeveves kesâ efueS,
df (x)
JDD-75-PGT TIER II-X-15 28.06.2015 = 0 ⇒ − xe − x − e − x = 0 ⇒ x = −1
Ans. (b) : Given equation of distance is dx
s = t 3 − 6t 2 − 15t + 12 d 2 f (x)
∴ = xe − x − e − x + e − x ⇒ xe − x
ds dx 2
Then velocity = = 3t 2 − 12t − 15 ⇒ at po int x = −1 ,–1e1 ($e+Ceelcekeâ)
dt
x f(x)=(x+2)e–x x f(x)
d 2s
And acceleration = = 6t − 12 x=0 y=2 x = –1 y=e
dt 2 x=1 y = 3/e x = –2 y=0
d 2s x=2 y = 4/e2 x = –3 y = –e3
When acceleration = 0 ⇒ =0
dt 2 x=3 y = 5/e3 x = –4 y = –2e4
⇒ 6t − 12 = 0 Ghejesòeâ leeefuekeâe mes mhe° nw efkeâ (–∞,-1) ceW Je=efæMeerue Deewj
⇒ t = 2sec Devlejeue (–1, ∞ ) ceW ÜemeMeerue nw~
CALCULUS 546 YCT
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420. If x lies in the interval [0, 1], then the minimum 422. If the tangent to the curve x = a ( θ + sin θ ) ,
value of x2 + x +1 is :
π
Ùeefo x keâe ceeve Devlejeue [0, 1] ceW nes leye x2 + x +1 y = a ( 1 + cos θ ) at θ = makes an angle α
keâe vÙetvelece ceeve keäÙee nesiee : 3
π
3 with x–axis, then α equal to :/efyevog θ = hej
(a) (b) 1 3
4
(c) 3 (d) None of these Je›eâ x = a ( θ + sinθ ) , y = a ( 1 + cos θ ) keâes mheMe& jsKee
TGT 2003 x–De#e kesâ meeLe α keâesCe yeveeleer nw lees α=
Ans : (b) ceevee, y = x + x + 1 ......... (i)
2
π 2π
(a) (b)
x kesâ meehes#e DeJekeâueve keâjves hej, 3 3
dy π 5π
= 2x + 1 (c) (d)
dx 6 6
dy PGT 2011
y kesâ vÙetvelece ceeve kesâ efueS, =0
dx Ans : (d) Given that x = a ( θ + sin θ ) , y = a(1 + cosθ)
∴ 2x + 1 = 0 dx
∴ = a (1 + cos θ ) &
−1 dθ
x = ∉ [0,1]
2 dy
⇒ = −a sin θ
Dele: Devlejeue [0, 1] ceW x2+x+1 keâe vÙetvelece ceeve x=0 jKeves hej dθ
Øeehle nesiee~ dy
∴ vÙetvelece ceeve = 0+0+1=1 dy
= dθ = − tan and
θ
421. For the curve y = xex, the point dx dx 2
Je›eâ y = xex kesâ efueS efyevog : dθ
(a) x = –1 is a point of minima  dy  π  π 5π
tan α =   = − tan = tan  π −  = tan
x = –1 vÙetvelece efyevog nw~  θ =
dx π 6  6  6
3
(b) x = 0 is a point of minima
x = 0 vÙetvelece efyevog nw~ 5π
⇒ α=
(c) x = –1 is a point of maxima 6
x = –1 DeefOekeâlece efyevog nw~ 423. The normal at the point (1, 1) on the curve
(d) x = 0 is a point of maxima 2y = 3 – x2 is :
x = 0 DeefOekeâlece efyevog nw~ efyevog (1, 1) hej Je›eâ 2y = 3 – x2 keâe DeefYeuecye nw
TGT 2003, UP PGT 2010 (a) x + y = 0 (b) x + y + 1 = 0
Ans : (a) Je›eâ keâe meceerkeâjCe (c) x – y + 1 = 0 (d) x – y = 0
x PGT 2011
y = xe
dy Ans : (d) Given equation of curve is 2y = 3 – x2
∴ = xe x + e x
dx dy dy
⇒2 = −2x ⇒ = −x
dx dx
y kesâ DeefOekeâlece leLee vÙetvelece efyevog kesâ efueS,
 dy 
dy  dx  at (1, 1) = m1 = –1
=0  
dx
−1 −1
⇒ xe x + e x = 0 ⇒ e x ( x + 1) = 0 Slope of normal = m2 = = =1
m 1 −1
⇒ e ≠ 0 ⇒ x + 1 = 0 ⇒ x= –1
x
⇒ m2 = 1
hegve:
Equation of normal :
d2 y +x
= xe x
+ e x
+ e x
⇒ xe + 2e x
⇒ xe x
+ 2e x
y – 1 = 1 (x – 1)
dx 2 ⇒ x−y=0
−1 −1 −1 1
at x = −1, = −1e + 2e = e = 424. The minimum value of (x – a) (x – b) is :
e
(x – a) (x – b) keâe efveefcve<" ceeve nw–
(Oeveelcekeâ)
Dele: x= –1 hej Heâueve efvecvelece nesiee~ (a) ab (b)
( a − b)
2
∴ x = −1 efveefcve‰ efyevog nw~ 4
CALCULUS 547 YCT

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(c) 0 (d) −
( a − b)
2
⇒ −6 x = 0 ⇒ x = 0 leye
d 2z
= −6
4 dx 2
PGT 2011 z keâe cenòece
· –3(0) +18 =18
Ans : (d) Let y = (x – a) (x – b) 427. R ceW efmLele x kesâ efueS 1
( sin x − cos x ) keâe cenòece
dy 2
⇒ = ( x − a ) + ( x − b ) = 2x − ( a + b ) ceeve nesiee?
dx
d2 y (a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 2 (d) 1
and =2 PGT 2013
dx 2
UP PCS (Pre) 1998
dy
For maxima/minima =0 1
dx Ans : (d) f ( x ) = ( sin x-cos x )
a+b 2
⇒ 2x – (a + b) = 0 ⇒ x= 1
2 f '( x ) = ( cos x + sin x )
a+b d y 2 2
at x = , 2 >0 cenòece leLee vÙetvelece ceeve kesâ efueS f ' ( x ) = 0
2 dx
a+b 1
∴ x= is a point of minima ( cos x + sin x ) = 0
2 2
(a − b) 2 cos x = − sin x
a + b  a + b 
minimum value =  − a  − b = − tan x = −1
 2  2  4
3π
2
425. The slope of the normal at the point (at , 2at) of x=
the parabola y2=4ax is: 4
hejJeueÙe y2=4ax efyevog (at2, 2at) mes KeerÛes ieÙes Dele: cenòece ceeve nesiee
1
DeefYeuecye keâer ØeJeCelee nw- ( sin x − cos x )
2
1
(a) (b) t 1   3π   3π  
t =
 sin  − cos 
 
1 2  4   4 
(c) –t (d) −
t 1  1 1 
=  +  =1
PGT 2011 2 2 2
Ans : (c) Equation of parabola is y2=4ax 428. efkeâmeer r ef$epÙee Jeeues Je=òe kesâ Devleie&le meceefÉyeeng ef$eYegpe
dy 2a keâe cenòece #es$eheâue nesiee
⇒ =
dx y
r2
(a) r2
⇒ m=
dy 2
dx
(
at , 2at = )
2a 1
=
2at t
(b)
2
1 r2 r2
⇒ Slope of normal = − = − t (c)
4
(d)
8
m
PGT 2013
426. Je›eâ y = − x 3 + 18 x + 7 Éeje Øeehle cenòece {ueeve nw: Ans : (a) cenòece #es$eheâue kesâ efueS Skeâ Yegpee Je=òe kesâ JÙeeme kesâ
(a) –1 (b) –3 yejeyej nesvee ÛeeefnS~
(c) 18 (d) 20
ceevee AC = BC = x
PGT 2013
x2+x2=(2r)2
3
Ans : (c) y = − x + 18 x + 7
2x2=4r2 ⇒ x = 2 r
dy
= −3x 2 + 18 1
#es$eheâue · × 2 r × 2r = r 2
dx 2
ceevee z = −3x 2 + 18 Je›eâ keâer {ueeve nw, 429. Tangent to the curve
dz
= −6 x x 3 - y 3 + 7x 2 - 8y 2 + 12x - 6y = 0 at the origin is
dx (a) x3–y3=0 (b) 2x–y=0
Deye cenòece Je vÙetvelece {ueeve kesâ efueS dz
=0 (c) 14 x–16y=0 (d) FveceW mes veneR
dx PGT 2013
CALCULUS 548 YCT
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Ans : (b) x3 − y 3 + 7 x 2 − 8 y 2 + 12 x − 6 y = 0 ⇒ x2 –cos2 x = 0
⇒ (x–cosx)(x+cosx) =0
dy dy dy
3x 2 − 3 y 2 + 14 x − 16 y + 12 − 6 =0
dx dx dx
3x 2 + 14 x + 12 =
dy
dx
(
3 y 2 + 16 y + 6 ) Since at x=cosx sign changes negative to positive.
Hence at x= cosx, f(x) will be maximum.
dy 3 x 2 + 14 x + 12 432. The maximum points on the curve x=exy is:
= 2
dx 3 y + 16 y + 6 Je›eâ x=exy keâe cenòece efyevog nw–
(b) (1,e–1)
lees   = = 2
dy 12 (a) (1, e)
 dx ( 0,0 ) 6 (c) (e, 1) (d) (e–1, 1)
PGT 2005
Dele: mheMe& jsKee (0,0) hej nesiee
Ans : (b) Given that the curve
y − 0 = 2 ( x − 0) x=exy
2x − y = 0 ⇒ y = e–xx
5 4 3
430. The curve u = x – 5x + 5x –1 on the origin dy
⇒ = − xe − x + e − x = e − x (1 − x )
will be dx
Je›eâ u = x5 – 5x4 + 5x3 –1 cetue efyevog hej dy
For maximum or minimum point, =0
(a) maximum /GefÛÛe‰ nesiee dx
(b) minimum/ efveefcve‰ nesiee ⇒ x= 1
(c) neither maximum nor minimum 2
d y
ve lees GefÛÛe‰ nesiee Deewj ve ner efveefcve‰ nesiee At point x = 1, < 0, i.e. maximum point
dx 2
(d) None of the above/ FveceW mes keâesF& veneR~ ∴ Maximum point = (1, e–1)
PGT 2010 433. Water runs into a conical tank at the rate of
du 9metre3/sec. The tank stands point down and
Ans : (c) = 5x 4 − 20x 3 + 15x 2
dx has height of 10 metres and base radius of 5
du 2
d u2 metres. How fast will be water level rise when
2
= 20x 3 − 60x 2 + 30x ⇒  2  = 0 the water is 6 metres deep?
dx  dx  x =0
(a) π metres/ sec (b) 1/π metres /sec
FmeefueS cetue efyevog hej Je›eâ ve lees GefÛÛe‰ nesiee Deewj ve ner efveefcve‰ nesiee~ (c) 2π metres/sec (d) 2/π metres /sec
x PGT 2005
431. Value of is maximum when
1 + x tan x Ans : (b) Given that
x r 5 1 dv
heâueve keâe GÛÛelece ceeve nw peye = ⇒ r = h and =9
1 + x tan x h 10 2 dt
(a) x = cos x (b) x = sec x The volume of conical tank is
(c) x = cot x (d) None of these
PGT 2009
x
Ans : (a) ceevee f ( x) =
1 + x tan x
differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
(1 + x tan x )1 − x ( x.sec2 x + tan x ) 1
V = πr 2 h
f '(x) = 3
(1 + x tan x )2 1 1 
2
1
= π  h  h = πh 3
1 + x tan x − x 2 sec2 x − x tan x 3 2  12
=
(1 + x tan x) 2 dv π dh
∴ = × 3h 2
1 − x 2 sec2 x dt 12 dt
= π 2 dh
(1 + x tan x) 2 9 = ( 6)
4 dt
Deye GÛÛelece Ùee vÙetvelece kesâ efueS f ' ( x ) = 0 dh 1
⇒ = meters/sec.
⇒ 1–x2 sec2x = 0 dt π
CALCULUS 549 YCT

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434. A rectangle is to be drawn inside a semicircle 436. The minimum value of | x 2 − 3 x + 1 | is
of radius 2 cm. What is the largest area of the
rectangle it can have? (a) -4 (b) 0
2 mesceer. ef$epÙee Jeeues Deæ& Je=òe kesâ Debleie&le Skeâ DeeÙele yevee (c) -3 (d) None of the above
nw~ DeeÙele keâe DeefOekeâlece mecYeJe #es$eheâue keäÙee nesiee- PGT 2004
(a) 5cm2 (b) 4cm2 Ans : (d) ceevee y = | x 2 − 3x + 1|
(c) 3.6cm2 (d) 3.2cm2
dy
PGT 2005 = 2x − 3 = 0
Ans : (b) The area of the largest rectangle that can be dx
inscribed in a semicircle of radius 2 is 3
⇒ x=
2
d2y
=2>0
dx 2
3
∴ y vÙetvelece nesiee x =
hej
x2+y2 = 4 ............(i) 2
Area, A= 2xy {∵Base of rectangle= 2x} 9 9 9 − 18 + 4 5
y = − +1 = =
⇒ A = 2x 4 − x 2 4 2 4 4
1 437. If f(x) = x5 - 20x3 + 240x, then f(x) is
Now, A ' = 2 4 − x 2 + 2x
2
( −2x ) (a) monotonically, decreasing everywhere
2 4−x
Skeâ leeue, Üemeceeve nj peien
2 4x 2
A' = 2 4− x − (b) monotonically, decreasing only in (0,∞)
2 4 − x2 Skeâ leeue, Üemeceeve kesâJeue (0,∞) ceW
For maximum area, A'=0
(c) monotonically, increasing everywhere
∴ 2(4–x2)–2x2= 0
⇒ 8–2x2–2x2 = 0
Skeâ leeue, Je=efæceeve nj peien
⇒ x2=2 ⇒ x = 2 (d) monotonically, increasing only in(0,∞)
Skeâ leeue, Je=efæceeve kesâJeue (0,∞) ceW
Now, y = 4 − 2 = 2
PGT 2004
∴ The maximum area of rectangle
Ans : (c) Given, f ( x) = x5 − 20 x 3 + 240 x
A = 2xy = 2 × 2 × 2 = 4cm 2
435. The normal to the curve x2 – xy + y2 = 7 at the f I ( x) = 5 x 4 − 60 x 2 + 240
point (–1,2) is f II ( x) = 20 x3 − 120 x
efyevog (–1,2) hej Je›eâ x2–xy+y2 = 7 keâe DeefYeuecye nw–
(a) 5y=4x+14 (b) 4y=5x+3 f III ( x) = 60 x 2 − 120
(c) 5y+4x=14 (d) 4y+5x=3 f IV ( x) = 120 x
PGT 2005
Ans : (d) Given that the curve f V ( x) = 120
x 2 − xy + y 2 = 7 ÛetBefkeâ fV (x)≥ 0 FmeefueS heâueve Skeâ leeue, Je=efæceeve nj peien
dy dy 438. The slope of the tangent to the curve
2x − y − x + 2y =0
dx dx x 4 dt
⇒
dy
( 2y − x ) = y − 2x
y= ∫
0 1 + t3
dt the point where x = 1, is
dx (a) 2 (b) 1
 dy  y − 2x 2 + 2 4 (c) 0 (d) 1/4
⇒  dx  = = =
 at( −1,2) 2y − x 4 + 1 5 PGT 2004
5 Ans : (a) uee@iejWpe ØecesÙe mes,
∴ slop of normal = −
4 dy 4x 3
4 x3
Equation of normal is = =
dx 1 + ( x 4 )3 1 + x12
5
( y − 2 ) = − ( x + 1)  dy  4
4
 dx  = 2 = 2
4y–8=–5x–5 ⇒ 5x+4y–3=0   x =1
CALCULUS 550 YCT

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439. The length of the subnormal of the rectangular Heâueve kesâ GefÛÛe<" Deewj efveefcve<" ceeve kesâ efueS f '( x ) = 0
hyperbola x2 - y2 = a2 at the point (a , a 2 ) is −2
1 − 36( x − 10) =0
(a) a 2 (b) a / 2
(c) 2a (d) a x 2 − 20 x + 64 = 0 ⇒ x = 4,16
PGT 2004 meceerkeâjCe (1) keâe x kesâ meehes#e Deekeâueve keâjves hej
Ans : (d) x2 – y2 = a2 f ''( x) = 72( x − 10) −3
dy
2x − 2 y = 0 peye x= 4 leye f ''( x) = (72)(−6)−3 = $e+Ceelcekeâ jeefMe
dx
dy x
=
Dele: x=4 hej GefÛÛe<" nesiee~, GeqÛÛe<"ceeve = 1
dx y peye x= 16 f" (16) → +ve, Dele: x= 16
 dy  a 1 hej heâueve efveefcve‰ nesiee, efveefcve‰ ceeve = 25
 dx  = =
 a, a 2 a 2 2 1
Lenth of subnormal = y.
dy 442. If f (x) = 3 x 2 ( ) 3 − x 2 then the maximum and
dx minimum values of f(x) are respectively:
1 1
= a 2. =a (a) +1and –1 (b) 1 and
2 2
2 250 (c) 2 and 0 (d) 0 and –2
440. The function f (x) = x + has as minimum
x PGT 2002
value at Ans : (c) Given that the function
(a) x = 2 (b) x=3 1
2 3
(c) x=4 (d) x=5 f (x) = 3(x ) − x2 ........(i)
PGT 2003 1
1 −1
Ans : (d) f ( x ) = x +
2 250 ⇒ f '(x) = 3 (x 2 ) 3 . ( 2x ) − 2x
x 3
1
250 −
f '( x) = 2 x − ..............(1) = 2x 3 − 2x
x2 For maximum or minimum value of f(x),
Heâueve kesâ GefÛÛe<" Deewj efveefcve‰ ceeve kesâ efueS f '( x) = 0 f'(x)=0
250 1
−
⇒ 2x − =0 ⇒ 2x 3 − 2x = 0
x2
3
⇒ x = 125 1
⇒ 1
−x =0
⇒ x=5 x3
meceerkeâjCe (1) keâe x kesâ meehes#e DeJekeâueve keâjves hej 4
500 ⇒ 1− x 3 = 0
f ''( x) = 2 + 3
x ⇒ x = ±1
500
peye x=5 leye f ''( x) = 2 + (Oeveelcekeâ jeefMe)
 1 − −8
4
125 Now f "(x) = 2. −  x 3 − 2, at x = 1, <0
Dele: x=5 hej heâueve efveefcve<" nw~  3 3
441. Find the maximum and minimum value of the Hence the function f(x) is maximum at x=1 and the
x2 − 7 x + 6 function is minimum at x= –1
function f (x) = Put x = 1 and x = –1 in the function, we get
x − 10
(a) 0.1 (b) 1, 25 maximum value = 2
(c) 1, 20 (d) None of these minimum value = 0
x
PGT 2003 443. Greatest Value of (1/x) is :
1
Ans : (b) f ( x) =
x2 − 7 x + 6
= x + 3+
36 (a) e (b) (e) e
( x − 10) x − 10 e
1
x kesâ meehes#e DeJekeâueve keâjves hej (c)   (d) None of these
−2 e
f '( x ) = 1 + 0 + 36( −1)( x − 10) .........(1) PGT 2002
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Ans : (b) Let the given function is
445. The minimum value of e
( 2x2 −2x +1) sin2 x is :
x
1 (a) e (b) 1/e
y= 
x (c) 1 (d) 0
Taking log on both the sides, we get PGT 2002
1
log y = x log   = − x log x Ans : (c) Let Y = e
( 2x −2x +1) sin
2 2
x
x
dy
=e
( 2x2 −2x +1) sin2 x × [(2x2–2x+1)2sinx.cosx
1 dy 1
∴ = − x. − log x dx
y dx x +(4x–2) sin2x]
dy dy
for maximum of y, =0 For maximum or minimum value of y. =0
dx dx
− (1 + log x ) = 0 ⇒ log x = −1
⇒e
( 2x 2 − 2x +1) sin 2 x
≠0
1 ⇒ [(2x2–2x+1)sin2x+(4x–2)sin2x] =0
⇒ e −1 = x ⇒ x =
e ⇒when x = 0
Then the minimum value of function, y = e0=1
d2 y 1 1
And also we get, < 0 for x = i.e. is a point 446. The length of the sub-normal to the curve y2=x3
2
dx e e at the point (4, 8) is:
of maxima. 8
Hence the maximum value of function is (a) 24 (b)
3
1
3
 e (c) (d) None of these
1 1 8
y =   ⇒ y = (e) e PGT 2002
 1  Ans : (a) Given that y2 = x3
e
Differentiating w.r. to x. we get
444. Two positive numbers whose sum is 16 and
dy dy 3x 2
sum of whose cubes in maximum are given by: 2y = 3x 2 ⇒ =
(a) 8, 8 dx dx 2y
(b) no such numbers exist  dy  3.16
at point (4,8)   = =3
(c) 0, 16  dx ( 4,8) 2.8
(d) None of these dy
PGT 2002 ∴ Subnormal = y.
dx
Ans : (a) ceevee oesveeW mebKÙeeSW ›eâceMe: x leLee y nw~ dy
= x3 .
∴ x+y=16 .......... (i) dx
ceevee oesveeW mebKÙeeDeeW kesâ IeveeW keâe Ùeesie S nw, leye = 43 .3 = 8 × 3 = 24
S = x3+y3 1
1
Ùee S=x3+(16–x)3 ......... (ii) 447. The greatest value of y = ( x + 1 ) 3 − (x − 1) 3 on
meceer. (ii) keâe x kesâ meehes#e DeJekeâueve keâjves hej, [0,1] is :
dS (a) 1 (b) 0
= 3x 2 – 3(16 − x) 2 ........(iii) 1
dx
(c) 2 3 (d) None of these
S kesâ GefÛÛe‰ leLee efveefcve‰ ceeve kesâ efueS,
PGT 2002
dS
=0 1 1
dx Ans : (d) y = ( x + 1) 3 − ( x − 1) 3
⇒ 3x2–3(16–x)2=0 2 2
dy 1 − 1 −
⇒ x2–(16–x)2 = 0 = ( x + 1) 3 − ( x − 1) 3
dx 3 3
⇒ 16(2x–16)=0 For maximum or minimum value of y,
⇒ x=8 dy
put x = 8 in equation (i), we get =0
dx
y=8 2 2
Dele: mebKÙeeÙeW efpevekeâs Ievees keâe Ùeesie DeefOekeâlece nesiee (8, 8) neWieer~ ⇒ ( x + 1) 3 = ( x − 1) 3
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⇒ ( x + 1)2 − ( x − 1)2 = 0 ⇒ cosx+cos2x–sin2x= 0
⇒ cosx +cos2x = 0
⇒ ( x + 1 − x + 1) .( x + 1 + x − 1) = 0 ⇒ cos2x=–cosx = cos ( π – x )
⇒ 2.2x = 0 ⇒ x = 0 ⇒ 2x= π-x
Again differentiating w.r. to x, we get ⇒ x = π/3
2 5 5
d y 2 −
= − ( x + 1) + ( x − 1)
3
2 −
3
meceerkeâjCe (ii) mes,
dx 2 9 9
d2 y
4 = − sin x − 2cos x sin x − 2sin x cos x
=− <0 dx 2
9
= – (sinx +4sinx cosx), (–ve), at x = π/3
Hence we obtained the greatest value of y at x=0 is 2
Hence at x = π/3, the function is maximum in the
448. The straight line x+y=a will be tangent to the interval (0, π).
x2 y 2 450. A particle moves along a straight lines so that
ellipse + = 1 if a=
9 16 the distance covered it in t second is given by-
(a) 8 (b) ±5 (c) ±10 (d) ±6 S=(t–1)2 (t–2) where S is in meters.
PGT 2002 It's velocity after 3 second is :
Ans : (b) Given that the eqn of straight line. (a) 8m/sec (b) 16m/sec
x+y = a .......(i) (c) 4m/sec (d) None of these
and eqn of ellipse PGT 2000
n
x 2
y 2 Ans : (a) Given that the distance eq of particle is
+ =1 ......... (ii) S = (t–1)2 (t–2)
9 16
dS
= ( t − 1) .1 + 2 ( t − 1)( t − 2 )
2
The eqn of tangent at point (x1, y1) on ellipse is ⇒
xx1 yy1 dt
+ =1 ⇒ v = t2 +1–2t+2t2–6t+4
9 16
⇒ v = 3t2 –8t+5
⇒ 16xx1+9yy1= 144 .......... (iii)
When t = 3 second then velocity of particle is
According to the question eqn (i) is also a tangent of
ellipse then. v = 3×(3)2 –8×3+5
1 1 a = 32–24= 8m/sec
= = 451. The slope of the tangent to the curve x=t2+3t–8,
16x1 9y1 144
y = 2t2–2t–5 at point (2,–1) is:
9 16
⇒ x1 = and y1 = (a)
22
(b) –6
a a 7
 9 16  6
Hence the point of contact  ,  Which also lies on (c) (d) None of these
a a  7
equation (i), we get PGT 2000, 2011
9 16 25 Ans : (c) Given that,
+ =a⇒ =a
a a a dx
x= t2+3t–8 ⇒ = 2t + 3
⇒ a 2 = 25 ⇒ a = ±5 dt
449. The function sinx(1+cos x) is maximum in the and dy
y = 2t2–2t–5 ⇒ = 4t − 2
interval (0,π). Then: dt
2π dy 4t − 2
(a) x = π / 3 (b) x = ∴ = ........(i)
3 dx 2t + 3
(c) x = π / 2 (d) x = π / 4 Given that the point (2,–1)
PGT 2000 i.e. x= 2 and y=–1
Ans : (a) ceevee efoÙee ieÙee heâueve, ∴ 2=t2+3t–8 ⇒ t2+3t–10 = 0
y= sinx (1+cosx) .......(i) ⇒ t = –5, 2
oesveeW he#eeW keâe x kesâ meehes#e DeJekeâueve keâjves hej and –1= 2t2–2t–5 ⇒ 2t2–2t–4=0
dy ⇒ t = 2, –1
= cos x (1 + cos x ) + sin x ( − sin x ) ........(ii) Hence the slope of curve at t=2 is
dx
dy  dy  4× 2 − 2 6
For maximum or minimum of y, =0  dx  = 2 × 2 + 3 = 7
dx   t =2
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452. For all real values of x, the minimum value of ⇒ α = 2β .................. (1)
1 − x + x2 But (α, β ) is on the curve.
is equal to /x kesâ meYeer JeemleefJekeâ ceeveeW kesâ
1 + x + x2 ∴ 3α2+6β 2 = 18
1 − x + x2 3(2β)2+6β2= 18 (from (1))
efueÙes, keâe vÙetvelece ceeve yejeyej nw–
1 + x + x2 ⇒ 12β2+6β2 = 18
(a) 0 (b) 1 β = ±1
(c) 3 (d) 1/3 ∴ α=±2
Rajasthan TGT 2016
⇒ (α,β ) = (2,1)
1− x + x2
Ans : (d) Let f (x) = x4
1+ x + x2 454. heâueve f (x) = − x efkeâme Devlejeue ceW Jeæ&ceeve nw?
4
⇒ f '(x ) =
(1 + x + x ) ( −1 + 2x ) − (1 − x + x ) (1 + 2x )
2 2
x4
(1 + x + x )
2
2
Function f(x) = − x is increasing in the interval
4
−1 − x − x 2 + 2x + 2x 2 + 2x 3 − 1 + x − x 2 − 2x + 2x 2 − 2x 3 (a) −1 < x < 1 (b) −1 ≤ x ≤ 1
=
(1 + x + x )
2 2
(c) x ≤ 1 (d) x ≥ 1
Rajasthan TGT 2015
2x 2 − 2 2(x 2 − 1)
f '(x) = =
(1 + x + x 2 ) 2 (1 + x + x 2 ) 2 x4
Ans. (d) : Given function is f(x) = −x
for maxima & minimum f'(x) = 0 4
⇒ 2x2–2 = 0 differentiating it w.r.t., x, we get
⇒ x2–1=0 ⇒ x= ±1 4x 3
f ′(x) = −1
4
for increasing f ′(x) ≥ 0
⇒ x3 − 1 ≥ 0
at x= 1 the function is minimum
1−1+1 1 (x − 1)(x 2 + x + 1) ≥ 0
and minimum value = =
1+1+1 3 But x 2 + x + 1 > 0∀x ∈ R
453. From a point P, normal is drawn to the curve
3x2+6y2=18, which is perpendicular to the line
x+y=8. Co-ordinates of P are:/Skeâ efyevog P mes Je›eâ
3x2+6y2=18 hej DeefYeuecye KeeRÛee peelee nw pees efkeâ Hence x ∈[1, ∞)
jsKee x+y=8 kesâ uecyeJele nw~ kesâ efveoxMeebkeâ nQ: ⇒ x ≥1
(a) (1,1) (b) (2,1) (c) (8,1) (d) (9,1) 1/ x
Rajasthan TGT 2016 455. f (x) = x nemeceeve heâueve nw Ùeefo
Ans : (b) Let the point P is (α, β). f (x) = x1/ x is a decreasing function if
2 2
Given equation of curve is 3x +6y = 18............(i)
(a) x > e (b) x < e
differentiating w.r.t. y, we get
(c) x = e (d) x>1/e
dx
6x + 12y = 0 Rajasthan TGT 2015
dy 1/x
Ans. (a) : f(x) = x taking log on both side
dx 2y
=− 1
dy x log f (x) = log x differentiating w.r.t. x, we get.
x
 dx 
Slop of normal = m1 =  −  at (α, β ) 1 1 1 1
f ′(x) = . − log x =
1
(1 − log x)
 dy  f (x) x x x 2
x2
2β
⇒ = m1 = f (x) x1/ x
α f ′(x) = (1 − log x) = (1 − log x)
Slope of the line is = m2 = –1 x2 x2
But they are perpendicular for f (x) to be decreasing f ′(x) < 0
∴ m1.m2 = –1
x1/ x
2β (1 − log x) < 0
⇒ = .(−1) = −1 x2
α
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x1/ x for decreasing
(log x − 1) > 0 f ′(x) ≤ 0
2
x
2
1− ≤0
2x + 1
for decreasing x > e 2x + 1 − 2
≤0
π 2x + 1
456. Je›eâ x = a( θ + sin θ), y = a(1 − cos θ) kesâ θ = hej
2 2x − 1
DeefYeuecye keâer uecyeeF& nw ≤0
2x + 1
The length of the normal to the
 1 1
π x ∈− , 
curve x = a( θ + sin θ), y = a(1 − cos θ) at θ = is  2 2
2
(a) 2a (b) a/2 458. If the tangent to the curve f(x) = x2 at any point (c,
f(c)) is parallel to the line joining the points (a,
(c) 2a (d) a/ 2
f(a)) and (b, f(b)) on the curve, then a, c, b are in-
Rajasthan TGT 2015
Ans. (c) : Given equation of curve is
Ùeef o Je›eâ f(x) = x2 kesâ efkeâmeer efyevog (c, f(c)) hej mheMe&
x = a (θ+sinθ) y = a(1-cosθ) jsKee Je›eâ hej efmLele efyevogDeeW (a, f(a)) leLee (b, f(b))
differentiating x and y w.r.t. θ, we get keâes efceueeves Jeeueer jsKee kesâ meceevlej nw, lees a, c, b nQ–
dx dy (a) A.P./me.ßes. ceW (b) G.P./ieg.ßes. ceW
= a + a cos θ and = a sin θ
dθ dθ (c) H.P./n.ßes. ceW (d) None of these
dy dy / dθ a sin θ Rajasthan TGT 2013
∴ = = ∵ [θ = π / 2]
dx dx / dθ a + a cos θ Ans : (a) Given that ƒ(x) = x2
dy a
1 ⇒ ƒ′(x) = 2x
dx a slope at (c, f (c)) = 2c
and y =a (1–cosθ) = equation of tangent at (c, f(c))
 π y – ƒ(c) = 2c (x–c)
a 1 − cos  = a ∵ [θ = π / 2]
 2  2cx – y + ƒ(c) – 2c2 = 0..............(1)
and equation of line joining the points
2
 dy  (a, ƒ(a)) and (b, ƒ(b)) is
y 1+  
 π  dx  f (b) − f (a)
length of normal  θ =  = y – ƒ(a) = (x − a) ....(2)
 2 dy b−a
dx if eqn (1) and (2) are parallel then
a 1+1
their slopes will be same [∵ m 1 = m2 ]
= = a 2 = 2a f (b) − f (a)
1 Hence 2c =
b−a
 1   1
457. If f(x) = x – loge|2x +1|, x∈  -100,  - -  , b2 − a 2
 2   2 = = b+a
then the function f(x) is monotonically b−a
decreasing in the interval ........... b+a
⇒c=
Ùeefo f(x) = x – loge|2x +1|, x∈  -100,  - -  ,
1 1 2
 2   2 ⇒ a, c, b are in A.P.
lees heâueve f(x) ........Devlejeue ceW Skeâefo<š Üemeceeve nw–
a2 b2
 1 1  1 459. If y = + , then y is maximum at x =
(a)  − ,  (b)  −100, −  x a-x
 2 2  2
a2 b2
1   1  Ùeef o y = + , lees y GefÛÛe<" nw peye x =
(c)  ,100  (d)  ,1 x a-x
2  2  a a
Rajasthan TGT 2013 (a) (b)
a−b a+b
Ans : (a) f (x) = x − log 2x + 1
a2 a2
2 (c) (d)
f ′(x) = 1 − a+b a−b
2x + 1 Rajasthan TGT 2013
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Ans : (d) Ans : (b) Given that f (x) = x 2 e− x
2 2
a b
y= + f ′(x) = − x 2 e− x + 2xe− x
x a−x
∴ − x 2 e− x + 2xe− x > 0 ⇒ x 2 e − x − 2xe− x < 0
dy −a 2 b2
= 2 + xe − x (x − 2) < 0
dx x (a − x)2
+ +
dy
For maxima =0 0 - 2
dx For monotonic increasing 0 < x < 2
(a − x)2 x2 462. Function f(x)=(1-x)2ex is minimum at
⇒ =
b2 a2 heâueve f(x)=(1-x)2ex vÙetvelece nw–
(a) x = −1 (b) x = 1
⇒ a 2 (a − x) 2 = b 2 x 2 (c) x = 0 (d) x = 2
a(a − x) = ± bx Rajasthan TGT 2011
a 2 − ax = ± bx Ans : (b) Given function is f (x) = (1 − x)2 e x
a2 a2 f ′(x) = (1 − x) 2 e x + 2e x (1 − x)(−1)
⇒x= or x =
a−b a+b For max or min f ′(x) = 0
2a 2 2b2 ⇒ (1 − x) 2 e x − 2e x (1 − x) = 0
Now, y′′ = +
x3 (a − x)3 ⇒ (1 − x)e x {1 − x − 2} = 0
2
a ⇒ (1 − x)e x {− x − 1} = 0
at x = , y′′ = '− ' ve
a−b
⇒ (1 − x)e x ( x + 1) = 0
a2
Hence fucntion has maximum at x = .
a−b
460. Function f(x)=x3-3x2-24x+5 is increasing in the
interval/ heâueve f(x)=x3-3x2-24x+5 efvecve ceW mes efkeâme Which clearly shows that x=1 is the point of minimum
Deblejeue ceW JeOe&ceeve nw– because f'(x) changes its sign from negative to positive.
(a) (−∞, −2) ∪ (4, ∞ ) (b) (−2, ∞)
(c) (−2, 4) (d) (−∞, 4) 463. The maximum value of sin θ.cos θ is–
sin θ.cos θ keâe DeefOekeâlece ceeve nw–
Rajasthan TGT 2011
1
Ans : (a) Given function is (a) 1 (b)
2
f (x) = x 3 − 3x 2 − 24x + 5 1
(c) (d) 2
f ′(x) = 3x 2 − 6x − 24 2
For incresing f ′(x) > 0 KVS TGT DEC 2017
Ans. (b) : We have
⇒ 3x 2 − 6x − 24 > 0 ⇒ x 2 + 2x − 8 > 0 1
sinθcosθ = sin 2θ and hence maximum value of
⇒ x 2 − 4x + 2x − 8 > 0 2
(x-4)(x+2) > 0 sinθcosθ is 1/2 because maximum value of sin 2θ is 1.
1
464. If f (x) = − log(1 + x), x > 0 then f is–
x+1
x ∈ (−∞, −2) ∪ (4, ∞) 1
Ùeefo f (x) = − log(1 + x), x > 0 nw, lees f Skeâ
Interval for Incracasing function f(x) is x+1
(−∞, −2) ∪ (4, ∞ ) (a) an increasing function/JeOe&ceeve heâueve nw~
(b) a decreasing function/nemeceeve heâueve nw~
461. Function f(x)=x2e-x is monotonic increasing
(c) both increasing and decreasing fucntion
when/ heâueve f(x)=x2e-x Skeâefo° JeOe&ceeve nw peyeefkeâ–
JeOe&ceeve leLee nemeceeve oesveeW Øekeâej keâe heâueve nw~
(a) x ∈ R − [0, 2] (b) 0<x<2 (d) neither increasing nor decreasing function
(c) 2 < x < ∞ (d) x < 0 ve JeOe&ceeve Deewj ve ner nemeceeve heâueve nw~
Rajasthan TGT 2011 KVS TGT DEC 2017
CALCULUS 556 YCT
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Ans. (b) : dy
m= =1
1 dx
f (x) = − log(1 + x)
x +1 tan θ = 1 [ m = tanθ ]
−1 1 o
f ′ (x) = − θ = π = 180 = 450
(x + 1) 2 x +1 4 4
467. efoÙes ieÙes Je›eâ keâe DeefYeuecye x–De#e kesâ meceevlej nw Ùeefo
2+ x
f ′ (x) = − [ x > 0 given ] dy
=0
dy
=1
(x + 1)2 (a)
dx
(b)
dx
f ′ (x) < 0 dx dx
(c) =0 (d) =1
Therefore, function is decreasing. dy dy
465. The maximum value of TGT 2011
x Ans : (c) Je›eâ keâe Deef Y euecye x- De#e kes â meceevlej nw~ DeLee&led
f (x) = on [ −1,1] is–
4 + x + x2 1 dx
x DeefYeuecye keâer ØeJeCelee = =0⇒ =0
f (x) = keâe [ − 1,1] DeefOekeâlece ceeve nw–  dy  dy
−  dx 
4 + x + x2  
1 1 468. Je›eâ y= –x 3
+3x 2
+9x–27 keâe cenòece Ì{eue nw–
(a) − (b) −
4 3
(a) 0 (b) 12 (c) 16 (d) 32
1 1 TGT 2011
(c) (d)
6 5 Ans : (b) Given that y=–x +3x +9x–27 3 2
KVS TGT DEC 2017 dy

Ans. (a) : slope = = −3x 2 + 6x + 9 =m(say)
dx
x dm
f (x) = m kesâ DeefOekeâlece ceeve Ùee vÙetvelece ceeve kesâ efueS =0
4 + x + x2 dx
(4 + x + x 2 ) − x(1 + 2x) dm
f ′ (x) = = −6x + 6
(4 + x + x 2 )2 dx
dm
f ′ (x) = 0 ⇒ = 0 ⇒ −6x + 6 = 0 ⇒ x=1
2 2
dx
4 + x + x = x + 2x
d2m
x = ±2 ∉ [–1,1] leLee = −6 ( − ve )
dx 2
1 1
Now f(–1)= and f (1) = Dele: x = 1 hej m DeefOekeâlece nesiee~
4 6
1 Dele: x=1 hej DeefOekeâlece {eue =–3(1)2 + 6 (1) + 9 = 12
hence maximum value of f is
6 ⇒ DeefOekeâlece {eue =12
466. What angle the tangent to the parabola x2 = 2y 469. Ùeefo heâueve f(x) = x 1x ,x > 0 keâe ceevex=e hej cenòece nw, leye
1
at the point 1,
2
makes with x – axis? (a) e π > πe (b) e π < πe
(c) e π = πe (d) e π ≤ πe
1
hejJeueÙe x = 2y kesâ efyebog 1, hej KeeRÛeer ieF& mheMe&-
2
TGT 2011
2 1
jsKee, x–De#e mes efkeâlevee keâesCe yeveeleer nw? Ans : (a) f (x) = x x Taking log on both side.
(a) 00 (b) 450 1 1 dy 1 − log x
∴ log y = log x ⇒ =
(c) 300 (d) 600 x y dx x2
KVS TGT DEC 2017 dy
Ans. (b) : Equation of the parabola is x2=2y ∵ = 0 ⇒ 1 − log x = 0 ⇒ log x = 1 ⇒ x = e
dx
On differentiating we get Again, given that at x=e the function has maximum.
dy dy Thus we have
2x = 2 ⇒ =x
dx dx 1 1
ee > ππ
 1
Slope of tangent at 1,  is
 2 ⇒ e π > πe
CALCULUS 557 YCT

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470. The angle of intersection of the curves y = 4 – dx y
x2 and y = x2 is: − =−
dy x
Je›eâeW y = 4 – x2 SJeb y = x2 keâe ØeefleÛÚsove keâesCe nw:
4 -1 -1
∫ x dx = ∫ y dy + c
(a) tan (b) tan 2 2
7 x 2 y2
− =c
-1  4 
( )
2 2
(c) tan -1 −2 3 (d) tan  2
7  x 2 − y 2 = 2c
UP PCS (Pre) 1998 we take 2c = k2
Ans. (d) : y = 4 – x2 .......(i)
x 2 − y2 = k 2
y = x2 .......(ii)
solving we get 472. The area of the greatest rectangle, which can
x2 = 4 – x2 be inscribed in the circle x2 + y2 – 2ax + 2by +
2x2 = 4 b2 = 0 is:/ Je=òe x2 + y2 – 2ax + 2by + b2 = 0 kesâ
x= 2 Devleie&le cenòece DeeÙele keâe #es$eheâue nw:
y=2 π
Differentiating (i) (a) ab (b) 2ab
2
dy π 2
= 0 − 2x (c) 2a2 a (d)
dx 2
at ( 2, 2 ) UP PCS (Pre) 1998
Ans. (c) : Given circle is (x – a)2 + (y + b)2 = a2
dy1
= −2 2 = m 1
dx1
dy
= 2x (from (ii))
dx
at ( 2, 2 )
 dy2  Let AB = 2x, BC = 2y
  = 2 2 = m2 (OA)2 = (AL)2 + (LO)2
 dx 2 
a2 = x2 + y2
m1 − m 2 −2 2 − 2 2
tan θ = , tan θ = y = a2 − x2
1 + m1m 2 1− 8
4 2 Area A = 4xy = 4x a 2 − x 2
tan θ =
7 dA
for max/min =0
−1  4 2 
dx
θ = tan  
( )
4x 2 −1/ 2
 7  = 4 a2 − x2 + a − x2 ( −2x ) = 0
471. The orthogonal trajectories of the hyperbolas 2
xy = c2 are:
⇒
(
4 a 2 − x 2 − 4x 2
=0
) ⇒ x=
a
DeeflehejJeueÙeeW xy = c kesâ uecyekeâesCeerÙe mebÚsoer nQ:
2
2 2
(a) x2 + y2 = c2 (b) x2 – y2 = k2 a −x 2
a
x2 y2 Hence for x = area is maximum
(c) + =1 (d) xy = k2 2
a2 b2
UP PCS (Pre) 1998 a a
2
x= , y=
Ans. (b) : xy = c 2 2
c 2
dy c 2 A = 4xy
y= ⇒ = − 2 {c2 = xy}
x dx x a2
A=4 = 2a 2
dy y 2
=−
dx x 473. The Cartesian sub tangent at any point of the
dy dx parabola y2 = 4ax:/ hejJeueÙe y2 = 4ax kesâ efkeâmeer
for orthogonal triajectories change to −
dx dy efyevog hej keâeleeaÙe Deæ&:mheMeea:
CALCULUS 558 YCT
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(a) varies as the abscissa of the point Ans. (d) :
efyevog kesâ Yegpe keâe Deveg›eâceevegheeleer nw
(b) is of constant length/DeÛej uecyeeF& keâe nw
(c) varies as the square of ordinate of the point
efyevog keâer keâesefš keâe Deveg›eâceevegheeleer nw
(d) does not satisfy any of (a), (b), (c)
(a), (b), (c) cebs mes efkeâmeer keâes mevleg° veneR keâjlee nQ~
UP PCS (Pre) 1998 y
Ans. (c) : y2 = 4ax sin ψ =
TP
dy dy 2a y
⇒ 2y = 4a ⇒ = TP = = y cosec ψ
dx dx y sin ψ
y y2 TP = y 1 − cot 2 ψ
sub tangent =
dy 2a
1
dx TP = y 1 −
tan 2 ψ
∴sub tangent varies as square of the ordinate of the point.
1
474. The abscissae of points on the curve x3 – 6x2 + TP = y 1 −
2
8x – y = 0 at which the normals to the curve are dy
−
parallel to the axis of y, are: dx
Je›eâ x3 – 6x2 + 8x – y = 0 kesâ efpeve efyevogDeeW hej 2
dx
DeefYeuecye y-De#e kesâ meceeveevlej nw, Gvekesâ Yegpe nQ: TP = y 1 +
dy
2 4
(a) 2 ± (b) 2 ± 476. The angle of intersection of the curves xy = a 2
3 3
and x 2 + y 2 = 2a2 is–
(c) 2 ±
1
3
(d)
1
3
2± 3 ( ) Je›eâeW xy = a 2 leLee x 2 + y 2 = 2a2 kesâ ØeefleÛÚsefole
UP PCS (Pre) 1998 efyevog hej keâesCe nw–
Ans. (b) : x3 – 6x2 + 8x – y = 0 (a) π/4 (b) π/2 (c) 0 (d) π
y = x3 – 6x2 + 8x UP PCS (Pre) 1994
dy Ans. (c) : Je›eâ xy = a 2 .......(i) Deewj x 2 + y 2 = 2a 2 .......(ii)
= 3x 2 − 12x + 8
dx The intersection point
If normals are parallel to y axis then we must have x=a
⇒ 3x2 – 12x + 8 = 0 y=a
meceer. (i) keâe DeJekeâueve keâjves hej
12 ± 144 − 96
x= dy dy
6 +y=0, x = m1 = −1
dx dx
12 ± 48 4 meceerkeâjCe (ii) keâe DeJekeâueve nw~
= 2±
6 3 dy dy
2x + 2y =0 x+y =0
475. The tangent to a curve at the point P(x,y) meets dx dx
x-axis in T, then PT is:/Skeâ Je›eâ kesâ efyevog P(x,y) dy x dy
= − at (a, a) = −1 = m 2
hej mheMe&-jsKee x-De#e mes T hej efceueleer nw, lees PT nw– dx y dx
2 Note m1 = m2 which implies that
dx dy
(a) y (b) y 1 + m − m2
dy dx tan θ = 1
1 + m1m2
2
dy dx −1 + 1
(c) y (d) y 1 + tan θ =
dx dy 1+1
UP PCS (Pre) 1994 tan θ = 0 θ = 0
CALCULUS 559 YCT

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477. The orthogonal trajectory of family of curve Now condition of parallelity gives that we must have
y = ax2 is– 3x2 = 3
Je›eâ kegâue y = ax2 keâer uecyekeâesCeerÙe mebÚsoer nw– ⇒ x = ±1
2
(a) x + 2y = a 2 2 2
(b) x + y = a 2 2 ⇒ y = ±1
479. A particle moves in a straight line and describe
x 2 y2
(c) − =1 (d) 2x 2 + y 2 = a 2 a distances s in time t given by s = t3 − 6t2 + 2t + 1
a2 a2 Its acceleration becomes zero after–
UP PCS (Pre) 1994 Skeâ keâCe Skeâ mejue jsKee ceW Ûeuelee nw leLee
Ans. (a) : efoÙee nw, y = ax 2 s = t3 − 6t2 + 2t + 1 meceerkeâjCe kesâ Devegmeej t meskesâC[ ceW
leye,
y
=a s otjer leÙe keâjlee nw~ Gmekeâe lJejCe MetvÙe nes peelee nw–
x2 (a) 2 seconds/meskeâC[ kesâ yeeo
x kesâ meehes#e DeJekeâueve keâjves hej (b) 4 seconds/meskeâC[ kesâ yeeo
x 2 dy (c) 6 seconds/meskeâC[ kesâ yeeo
− 2yx
dx =0 (d) 8 seconds/meskeâC[ kesâ yeeo
x4 UP PCS (Pre) 1995
dy 2y 3 2
= Ans. (a) : S = t − 6t + 2t + 1
dx x
ds
dy − dx = 3t 2 − 12t + 2
for orthogonal trajectory dt
dx dy
d2s
−dx 2y = 6t − 12 if accelration is zero
= dt 2
dy x
d 2s
xdx = −2 ydy then =0
dt 2
x 2 −2y2 0 = 6 × t − 12
= + C2
2 2 12
t= = 2 sec
x 2 + 2y2 = 2C2 let a2 = 2C2 6
Dele: 2 sec yeeo lJejCe 0 nes peeSiee~
x 2 + 2y2 = a 2
480. On the curve y2 = ax2 + ax3 (a > 0) the origin is–
478. The point at which the tangent to the curve
y = x3 is parallel to the chord through points Je›eâ y 2 = ax2 + ax 3 (a > 0) hej cetue efyevog nw–
A (–1, –1) and B (2,8) is–
(a) a node/Skeâ keâševe efyevog (vees[)
Je›eâ y = x3 keâe efyevog, efpeme hej KeeRÛeer ieF& mheMe& jsKee,
(b) a cusp/Skeâ GYeÙee«e
efyevog A (–1, –1) leLee B (2,8) mes neskeâj peeves Jeeueer
(c) a conjugate point/Skeâ mebÙegiceer efyevog
peerJee kesâ meceevlej nw, lees Jen efyevog nw–
(a) (1,1) (b) (1,2) (d) an isolated point/Skeâ efJeieefuele efyevog
(c) (–1, 1) (d) (1, –1) UP PCS (Pre) 1995
UP PCS (Pre) 1994 Ans. (b) : The curve y2 ax2+ax3, a>0
=
Ans. (a) : Je›eâ y = x3 or (ax2 – y2) + ax3=0 ; a>0
Now on equating lowest degree term to zero i.e.
ax2 – y2=0
we get
y = ± ax
two distinct real tangents at origin. Hence, origin is a
cusp.
481. The maximum rectangle, inscribed in a circle
Equation of the chord joining A(–1,1) and B(2,8) is of radius 1, is of area:/Skeâ Je=òe keâer ef$epÙee 1 nw~
3x –y + 2 = 0 which has slope 3. Fmekesâ Devoj DevleefJe&° cenòece DeeÙele keâe #es$eheâue nw:
dy (a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 4 (d) 8
Now the slope of tangent to the curve y=x3 is = 3x 2
dx UP PCS (Pre) 1995
CALCULUS 560 YCT

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Ans. (b) dy 2 × 2 − 2 × 2 + 2
= = −2
dx 2 × 2 − 2 × 2 − 1
dy
= −2
dx
nceW %eele nw efkeâ Skeâ Je=òe kesâ Deboj cenòece #es$eheâue Jeeuee Skeâ Equation of the tangent at point (2, 2)
DeeÙele Jeie& neslee nQ~ = y – 2 = –2(x – 2)
Deye Je=òe keâer ef$epÙee · 1 y – 2 = –2x + 4
2x + y – 6 = 0
Je=òe kesâ Devoj efmLele Jeie& keâe efJekeâCe& · 2(Je=òe keâe JÙeeme)
2x + y = 6
a 2=2
484. The equation of the normal at the point (1, 1)
a= 2 on the curve 2y + x2 = 3 is/ Je›eâ 2y + x2 = 3 kesâ
Jeie& keâe #es$eheâue · a 2 efyevog (1,1) hej DeefYeuecye keâe meceerkeâjCe nw
(a) x+y = 0 (b) x+y+1 = 0
Jeie& keâe #es$eheâue · ( 2 )2 = 2 (c) x–y=0 (d) x–y = 1
UP TGT-2016 (08-03-2019)
482. For the curve y 2 = (x − a)(x − b)(x − c) where
Ans : (c) Je›eâ 2y+x2 =3
a > 0,b > 0,c > 0 the incorrect statement is–
dy
2 + 2x = 0
Je›eâ y 2 = (x − a)(x − b)(x − c) peyeefkeâ dx
a > 0,b > 0,c > 0 kesâ efueÙes DemelÙe keâLeve nw– dy  dy 
= − x,   = −1
(a) the curve is not passing through origin dx  dx (1,1)
Je›eâ cetueefyevot mes neskeâj veneR peelee nw DeefYeuecye keâe meceerkeâjCe,
(b) the curve cuts the axis of x in points −1
(a, 0) (b, 0) (c, 0)
y − y' =
dy
( x − x ')
Je›eâ x De#e keâes (a, 0) (b, 0) (c, 0) hej keâešlee nw dx
(c) the curve cuts the y–axis/Je›eâ y–De#e hej keâešlee nw −1
y − 1 = ( x − 1) ,
y −1 = x −1
–1
(d) the curve is symmetric about x-axis
Je›eâ x-De#e kesâ heefjle: meceefcele nw x−y=0
UP PCS (Pre) 1995 485. If the tangent of the curve x1 / 2 + y1 / 2 = c1 / 2 at
Ans. (c) :If the curve cuts the y-axis then we must have any point on it cuts the axes OX, OY at P, Q
x=0 i.e. y2 =(–a)(–b)(–c) which is clearly not possible. respectively. Then OP+OQ is equal to :
Ùeefo Je›eâ x1 / 2 + y1 / 2 = c1 / 2 hej efkeâmeer efyevog hej
483. The equation of the tangent at the point (2, 2)
mheMe&-jsKee De#eeW OX, OY keâes ›eâceMe: P, Q hej
to the curve x 2 − 2xy + y 2 + 2x + y − 6 = 0 is– keâešleer nw, lees OP+OQ yejeyej nw:
Je›eâ kesâ efyevog hej mheMe& jsKee keâe meceerkeâjCe nw: (a) c1/ 2 (b) c (c) c3 / 2 (d) c2
(a) 2x + y = 6 (b) x + 2y = 6 UP PCS (Pre) 1996
(c) x + y = 3 Ans. (b) : x1/2 + y1/2 = c1/2................................(i)
(d) x − 2y = 3
x kesâ meehes#e DeJekeâueve keâjves hej-
UP PCS (Pre) 1996
1 1 dy
Ans. (a) : x 2 − 2xy + y 2 + 2x + y − 6 = 0 + =0
2 x 2 y dx
diff. w.r.t. x
dy − y
2xdy 2ydy dy =
⇒ 2x − − 2y + +2+ =0 dx x
dx dx dx
Let any point on the curve be M (x1, y1)
dy
2x − 2y + 2 = ( 2x − 2y − 1)  dy  − y1
dx   =
dy 2x − 2y + 2  dx M x1
=
dx 2x − 2y − 1 Now, x- intercept = OP = x1 –
y1
Putting the value of (x, y), then dy / dx
CALCULUS 561 YCT

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y1 489. If xy = c2, the maximum value of ax +by is:
= x1 + = x1 + x1 y1
y1 Ùeefo xy = c2, nes, lees ax+by keâe cenòece ceeve nw:
x1 (a) -2c ab (b) 2abc
dy y (c) -2c abc (d) 2c ab
y - intercept = y1 − x1 = y1 + x1 1 = y1 + x1 y1
dx x1 UP PCS (Pre) 2002
Thus, OP + OQ Ans. (a) : xy = c , nes,
2
lees ax+by=?
= x1 + x1 y1 + y1 + x1 y1 c2
y=
= x1 + y1 + 2 x1 y1 x
( ) meceer. (i) mes bc 2

2
x1 + y1 lees ax+by ⇒ ax +
x
( c)
2
= =c differentiating w.r.t.
dy bc 2
486. The maximum slope attained by the curve =a− 2 =0
y = –x3+18x+7 is dx x
Je›eâ y = –x3+18x+7 Éeje Øeehle cenòece {ueeve nw: b
(a) –1 (b) –3 x = ±c
a
(c) 18 (d) 20
d 2 y bc 2
UP PCS (Pre) 1999 = 3
Ans. (c) : Je›eâ y = – x + 18x + 7
3 dx 2 x
x kesâ meehes#e DeJekeâueve b
at x = −c the value is maximum
dy a
m= = −3x 2 + 18
dx b 1
d2 y value = −ac + bc 2 × = −c ab − c ab
= −6x a b
dx −c
a
–6x = 0
x =0 Maximum value = −2c ab
DeefOekeâlece {ueeve m= –3x2+18 = –3(0)2 +18 = 18
2x
487. For the curve rθ = a, the polar subtangent at 490. Maximum value of f(x) =  1  is
 
(r, θ) equals:/ Je›eâ rθ = a kesâ efueÙes (r, θ) hej OeÇgJeerÙe x
Deæ& mheMeea yejeyej nw: (a) e (b) e
(a) r (b) θ (c) –a (d) 2a 1
UP PCS (Pre) 1999 (c) (d) None of the above
e
Ans. (c) : rθ = a
UP PCS (Pre) 2009
dr −a dθ θ2
⇒ = ⇒ = 2x
dθ θ2 dr −a 1
Ans. (d) f(x) =  
dθ x
Polar subtangent = r 2
dr 2x
1
 −θ2  a 2  −θ2  ⇒ y =   = x -2x
= r 2   x
 = 2   = −a
 a  θ  a  log y = –2xlog x
488. The least value of f (x) = x3–x2+x+1 on [0, 1] is: 1 dy  1 
[0, 1] hej f (x) = x3 – x2 + x + 1 keâe vÙetvelece ceeve nw: = -2  x. + log x.1 = –2[1+log x] = –2[1+log x]
y dx  x 
(a) 0 (b) 1/2 (c) 1 (d) 2
dy
UP PCS (Pre) 2000 For maximum and minimum we must have =0
Ans. (c) :We have that dx
f'(x)=3x2–2x+1>0 ⇒ 1+ log x = 0
Which clearly implies that f(x) is always increasing on loge x = −1
[0,1] and hence minimum of f must occur at x=0 which
is 1. x = e–1 ⇒ x =1/e
CALCULUS 562 YCT

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xn y n x y x keâe ceeve meceer. (i) ceW jKeves hej s keâe efveefcve<" ceeve,
491. Je›eâ n
+ n = 2 jsKee + = 2 keâes efyevog P hej
a b a b ac c 2 a 2 = abc + abc ⇒ s = 2abc
s = b2 × +
mheMe& keâjlee nw leye efyevog P keâe efveoxMeebkeâ nesiee : b ac
(a) (a,b) (b) (b,a) b
(c) (1,1) (d) (1/a, –b) 493. For the curve x=t2–t, y=t2–1 the tangent is
TGT 2013 perpendicular to x-axis where:/ Je›eâ x=t2–t,
Ans : (a) ceevee P efyevog keâe efveoxMeebkeâ (x1,y1) nw~ y=t2–1 ceW mheMeea x-De#e kesâ uecyeJele nw peyeefkeâ:
x n yn (a) t=0 (b) t=∞
∴ n
+ n =2 1
a b (c) t = (d) t=1
x kesâ meehes#e DeJekeâueve keâjves hej– 2
UP PCS (Pre) 1997
nx n −1 ny n −1 dy
∴ + = 0 Ans : (c)
an b n dx
dy −nx n −1 b n
= . =
− b n x n −1 ( )
x = t2 − t , y = t2 −1
dx an ny n −1 a n y n −1 dx dy
n n −1
= ( 2t − 1) , = 2t
 dy  −b x 1 dt dt
∴ P(x1,y1) hej   = n n −1 dy 2t
 dx ( x1 ,y1 ) a y1 =
dx 2t − 1
x y −b
Deye, jsKee + = 2 keâer ØeJeCelee m = 2t
a b a m=
2t − 1
∵ Je›eâ leLee jsKee Skeâ otmejs keâes mheMe& keâjleer nw~
n n −1
m = tan θ , θ = 900
 dy − b − b x
∴
1
 dx  =m ⇒ = = n n −1 so
 ( x1 ,y1 ) a a y1
m=∞
n −1
 bx1  b so
1=   ⇒ ay1 = bx1 ⇒ y1 = x1
ay
 1 a 2t 1
∞= ⇒ 2t − 1 = 0 ⇒ t =
x1 y1 2t − 1 2
y1 keâe ceeve jsKee + = 2 ceW jKeves hej
1
a b 494. The supremum of the function f ( x ) = x − in
b x
x1
x1 a
+
2x
= 2 ⇒ 1 = 2 ⇒ x1 = a 1 
the interval  , 2  is:
a b a 2 
b
leLee y1 = × a = b Devlejeue  , 2  ceW heâueve f ( x ) = x − keâe megØeerceced nw:
1 1
a
 2  x
Dele: P(x1 , y1 ) = (a, b)
(a) 2 (b) 1
492. Ùeefo xy = a2 Deewj s = b2x + c2y peneB a, b leLee c 3
efveÙeleebkeâ nw leye s keâe efveefcve<" ceeve nesiee– (c) (d) Does not exist
2
(a) abc (b) 2abc UP PCS (Pre) 1997
(c) 3abc (d) a + b + c 1
TGT 2013 Ans : (d) We have f'(x)=1+ x 2 > 0 ∀ x ∈ R.
Ans : (b) ∵ s = b 2 x + c2 y Deewj xy = a 2 Which clearly implies that f(x) is an increasing function
c2a 2 1 
∴ s = b2 x + ...(i) on  , 2  .
2 
x
meceer. (i) kesâ oesveeW he#eeW keâe x kesâ meehes#e DeJekeâueve keâjves hej Thus, maximum of f must occur at x=2 which is
f(2)=3/2
ds 1
= b 2 + c 2 a 2 (−1) 2 495. The normal to curve at P(x,y) meets the x-axis
dx x at G. If the distance of G from origin is twice
ds the abscissa of P, then the curve is
s ceW efveefcve<" Ùee GefÛÛe<" ceeve kesâ efueS =0
dx efyevog P(x,y) mes KeeRÛee ieÙee DeefYeuecye x- De#e keâes
a 2c 2 a 2c2 ac efyevog G-hej keâešlee nw~ Ùeefo cetueefyevog mes efyevog G keâer
∴ b2 − 2 = 0 ⇒ b2 = 2 ⇒ x =
x x b ot jer efyevog P(x,y) kesâ Yegpe keâe ogiegvee nes, leye Je›eâ nw :
CALCULUS 563 YCT
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(a) ellipse/oerIe&Je=òe (b) parabola/hejJeueÙe dy
∴ = f ' ( x ) − − − (1)
(c) circle/Je=òe (d) hyperbola/DeeflehejJeueÙe dx
TGT 2010 ∴ Je›eâ keâer mheMeea kesâ Éeje yeveeÙee ieÙee keâesCe
Ans : (a/d) DeefYeuecye keâe meceerkeâjCe dy −1
= {∵ m1m2 = −1}
dx  3π 
−dx  dy  tan 
Y−y= (X − x) ⇒ G =  x + y   4 
dy  dx 
⇒ f '(x) = 1 {meceer (1) mes}
dy
∴ x+y = 2x ⇒ f '(3) = 1
dx
{∵ efyevog G mes cetueefyevog keâer otjer efyevog p(x,y) kesâ Yegpe keâe ogiegvee nw~} 498. heâueve x3 – 2x2 + x + 6 keâe GefÛÛe<" ceeve nesiee
dy dy 166 166 4
⇒y =x or y = −3x (a) (b) (c) 6 (d) 6
dx dx 12 25 27
⇒ ydy = xdx. or ydy = –3xdx. TGT 2009
y2 x 2 y2 3x 2 Ans : (c) ceevee y = x – 2x + x + 6 ......(i)3 2
⇒ = +c ⇒ =− + c.
2 2 2 2 meceerkeâjCe (i) keâe x kesâ meehes#e DeJekeâueve keâjves hej,
⇒ x2–y2=–2c ⇒ 3x2+y2=2c. dy
= 3x 2 − 4x +1 ..... (ii)
DeLee&led oerIe&Je=òe Ùee DeeflehejJeueÙe oesveeW nes mekeâlee nw~ dx
dy
496. The slope of the tangent to the curve heâueve kesâ GefÛÛe<" DeLeJee efveefcve<" ceeve kesâ efueS, =0
x = 3t2 +1, y = t3 –1 at x = 1 is/Je›eâ x = 3t2 +1, y = dx
∴ 3x2 – 4x + 1 = 0 ⇒ 3x2 – 3x – x + 1 = 0
t3 –1 kesâ efyevog x=1 hej mheMeea keâer Ì{eue Ùee ØeJeCelee nw :
⇒ 3x (x–1) – 1 (x–1) = 0
(a) 0 (b) 1/2 (c) ∞ (d) –2 1
TGT 2010 ⇒ ( x − 1)( 3x − 1) = 0 ⇒ x = 1,
3
Ans : (a) x=3t2+1 y=t3–1 meceerkeâjCe (ii) keâe hegve: x kesâ meehes#e DeJekeâueve keâjves hej,
dx dy
] = 6t, = 3t 2 d2 y 1  d2 y  1
dt dt = 6x − 4,x = hej   = 6 × − 4 =− 2( $e+Ceelcekeâ )
dx2 3  dx2  3
dy
dy dt d2 y
= x=1 hej = 6 ×1 − 4 = 2 > 0
dx dx dx 2
dt Dele: x = 1/3 hej Heâueve GefÛÛeve<" nesiee leLee heâueve keâe GefÛÛe‰
3 2
dy 3t 2
ceeve =   − 2   + + 6 ⇒ =
dy 3t 1 1 1 166 4
∴ = ⇒ = =6
dx 6t dx 6 3 3 3 27 27
∵ x = 1 ⇒ x = 3t 2 + 1 ⇒ 1 = 3t 2 + 1 ⇒ t = 0 499. The greatest value assumed by the function
 dy  3t 0 f(x)= 5- x - 3 is
∴  = = =0
 t = 0
dx 6 2 Heâueve f(x)= 5- x - 3 keâe cenòece ceeve nesiee–
497. If the normal to the curve y = f(x) at the point (a) 3 (b) 8 (c) 6 (d) 5
3π TGT 2004
(3,4) makes an angle with the positive
4
Ans : (d) Heâueve f(x)= 5- x - 3 keâe cenòece ceeve y–De#e kesâ
x-axis, then f' (3) is equal to/Ùeefo Je›eâ y = f(x) keâe
DeefYeuecye efyevog (3,4) hej x-De#e kesâ Oeveelcekeâ efoMee ceW meehes#e nesiee DeLee&le Ùeefo x=3 jKee peeÙe lees f(x) keâe cenòece ceeve
Øeehle efkeâÙee pee mekeâlee nw~
3π
keâe keâesCe yevee jne nw leye f' (3) yejeyej nesiee : ∴x = 3 hej, f(x) = 5– |3–3| = 5–0 = 5
4
(a) –1 (b) –3/4 (c) 4/3 (d) 1
TGT 2010
3π
Ans : (d) ∵ DeefYeuecye Oeve x-De#e mes keâe keâesCe yevee jne nw~
4
leLee Je›eâ y=f (x)
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Ans. (c) :
4. Limit, Continuity and We have,
Differentiability of dz ∂z dx ∂z dy
= . + .
dt ∂x dt ∂y dt
function of two variable
 dy 
= e xy ( y 2 ) ( cos t – sin t ) + e xy ( x )  2y  ( sin t + t cos t )
2 2
and Partial  dt 
Differentiation = e xy ( y 2 ) ( cos t – t sin t ) + e xy 2xy ( sin t + t cos t )
2 2 2
x3 + y 3 Now at t= π / 2 we have cost=0 and sint=1 and hence

500. lim
( x, y )→( 0, 0 ) x – y x=0 and y= π / 2 .
2 3
(a) Exists and equals to zero dz  π   π   π  π3
which gives =  – =–  = –
keâe DeefmlelJe nw Deewj MetvÙe kesâ yejeyej nw dt  2   2   2  8
(b) Exists but not equal to zero x 2 (x 2 – y 2 )3 ∂u ∂u
502. If u = , the value of x +y is
keâe DeefmlelJe nw hejvleg MetvÙe kesâ yejeyej veneR nw
(x 2
+y )
2 3 ∂x ∂y
(c) Exists but not unique
keâe DeefmlelJe nw hejvleg DeefæleerÙe veneR nw x 2 (x 2 – y 2 )3 ∂u ∂u
Ùeefo u = , lees x +y keâe ceeve
(d) Does not exist/keâe DeefmlelJe veneR nw (x 2
+y )
2 3 ∂x ∂y
UPPSC GDC 2021 nw

Ans. (d) : Take y=0. Then we have (a) 6 (b) 2u
x +y 3 3 (c) 6u (d) 2
lim = lim x 2 = 0 UPPSC Ashram Paddhati 2021
( x,y )→(0,0) x–y x →0
Take y = sin x. Then we have x 2 (x 2 – y2 )3

Ans. (b) : Given u =
(x + y2 )
2 3
x 3 + sin 3 x
lim
x →0 x – sin x
Which is a homogeneous function of x , y of degree 2.
3x + 3sin x cos x
2 2
∴ By Euler's homogeneous theorem
= lim
x →0 1 – cos x ∂u ∂u
x +y = 2u
6x + 6sin x cos 2 x – 3sin 3 x ∂x ∂y
= lim
x →0 sin x 503. If u is a homogeneous function of x and y of
 6x  degree n, the value
= lim  + 6cos 2 x – 3sin 2 x 

x →0 sin x
 ∂ 2
u ∂ 2
u ∂ 2
u
of x 2 2 + 2xy + y 2 2 is
=12 ∂x ∂x∂y ∂y
Since limits are different on different paths to the origin, Ùeefo u Ieele n keâe x Deewj y ceW meceIeele Heâueve nw, lees
the conclusion is that limit does not exist.
∂ 2u ∂ 2u 2 ∂ u
2
xy 2 x2 + 2xy + y keâe ceeve nw

501. If z = e ,x = t cos t, y = t sint, then the value of ∂x 2 ∂x∂y ∂y 2
dz π (a) nu (b) (n – 1)u
at t = is -
dt 2 (c) n(n – 1)u (d) n(n – 2)u
2 π UPPSC Ashram Paddhati 2021
Ùeefo z = e xy ,x = t cos t, y = t sint, nes, lees t = hej
2 Ans. (c) : u(x, y) is said to be homogeneous function
dz with variable x and y of degree 'n' if
keâe ceeve nw- u(λx, λy) = λnu(x, y) ; λ is some constant
dt
By Euler's homogeneous function theorem, We have
π2 π2
(a) (b) – ∂u ∂u
4 8 x +y = nu
∂x ∂y
π3 π3
(c) – (d)
∂2u ∂2u ∂2u
8 8 and x2 + 2xy + y 2 2 = n ( u – 1) u
UPPSC Polytechnic Lecturer 2021 (I) ∂x 2
∂x∂y ∂y
CALCULUS 565 YCT

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∂V ∂V ∂V Ans. (a) : 0
504. If V = (x2 + y2 + z2)–1/2, then x +y +z
is equal to
∂x ∂y ∂z We have u = f y ( x)
∂V ∂V ∂V ∂u  y  y 
Ùeefo V = (x2 + y2 + z2)–1/2, lees x +y +z ∴ = f '   . − 2 
∂x ∂y ∂z ∂x x  x 
yejeyej nw– ∂u  y  1 
and = f '   
1 ∂y  x  x 
(a) V (b) v
2 ∂u ∂u − y  y  y  y 
(c) –V (d) 0 Thus x +y = f '  + f '  = 0
∂x ∂y x  x  x  x 
UP PGT 2021
Ans. (c) : –V  x2 + y2  ∂u ∂u
507. If u = sin–1   , then x +y is equal
Euler's Homogeneous Function Theorem:  x+y  ∂x ∂y
If f(x, y, z) is homogeneous function of variable x, y, z to –
of degree n
then,  x2 + y2  ∂u ∂u
Ùeefo u = sin–1   , lees x +y keâe ceeve
∂f ∂f ∂f  x + y  ∂ x ∂y
x + y + z = nf
∂x ∂y ∂z yejeyej nw–
1
− (a) cos 2u (b) tan u
Here, f = v = (x 2 + y 2 + z 2 ) 2 is homogeneous function
(c) tan 2u (d) cot u
of degree n = 1
UP PGT 2021
so,
∂v ∂v ∂v UP PCS (Pre) 1994
x + y + z = −v Rajsthan TGT 2011
∂x dy ∂z
Ans. (b) : tan u
505. If u = x+ y, then the value of
 x2 + y2 
∂ 2u ∂ 2u 2 ∂ u
2
u = sin–1  
x 2
+ 2 xy + y , is -
∂x 2 ∂x∂y ∂y 2  x+y 
Write z = sin u =
Ùeefo u = x + y lees
  y 2    y 2 
x
∂ 2u
2
+ 2xy
∂ 2u
+y 2 ∂ u
2
, keâe ceeve nw~  x ( )
x 2 1 +     1+
  x  

∂x 2 ∂x∂y ∂y 2 x 2 + y2    
= =x
x+y  y   y 
(a) u/4 (b) 4u ( )
x 1 +  1 +  x  
u u 2  x    
(c) − (d)
4 4 so that z is a homogeneous function of x, y of order 1.
UPPSC GIC 2021 Now,
Ans. (c) : − u ∂z ∂u ∂z ∂u
4 = cos u ; = cos u ____(i)
∂x ∂x ∂y ∂y
 
Given u = x + y = x 1 + y  is a homogeneous ∴ By Euler's theorem for homogeneous functions, we
 x  have
function of x, y of degree 1 . Therefore by Euler's ∂z ∂z
2 x +y =z
theorem on Homogeneous functions we have ∂x ∂y
∂2u ∂2u 2 ∂ u −u  ∂u ∂u 
( )
2
x2 + 2xy + y = 1 1 −1 u = ⇒ cos u  x + y  = sin u (substituting from (i))
∂x ∂x∂y ∂y 2 2
 ∂x ∂y 
2 2
4
∂u ∂u ∂u ∂u
506. If u = f (y/x), then the value of x +y is – ⇒ x +y = tan u
∂x ∂y ∂x ∂y
∂u ∂u sin(x 2 + y 2 )
Ùeefo u = f (y/x) nes, lees x +y keâe ceeve nw- 508. If L= lim and
∂x ∂y (x,y)→(0,0) x2 + y 2
(a) 0
(c) 2u
(b) u
(d) x + y M = lim
( x2 – y 2 )
,then -
(x,y)→(0,0) x 2 + y 2
UPPSC GIC 2021
CALCULUS 566 YCT
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sin(x 2 + y 2 ) sin –1 ( xy – 2 )
Ùeefo L= (x,y)lim leLee 510. lim is equal to –
→(0,0) x2 + y 2 ( x,y ) →( 2,1) tan –1 ( 3xy – 6 )
(x 2
– y2 )
, lees- sin ( xy – 2 )
–1
M= lim lim keâe ceeve nw–
(x,y)→(0,0) x2 + y 2 ( x,y ) →( 2,1) tan –1 ( 3xy – 6 )
(a) L does not exist but M exists
1 1
L keâe DeefmlelJe veneR nw uesefkeâve M keâe DeefmlelJe nw (a) (b)
3 2
(b) L exists but M does not exist
(c) 1 (d) 2
L keâe DeefmlelJe nw uesefkeâve M keâe DeefmlelJe veneR nw
UP PGT 2021
(c) both L and M exist
Ans. (a) : 1/3
L SJeb M oesveseb keâe DeefmlelJe nw
(d) both L and M do not exist sin –1 ( xy – 2 )
lim is equivalent to the
L SJeb M oesveeW keâe DeefmlelJe veneR nw~ ( x,y ) → ( 2,1) tan –1 ( 3xy – 6 )
UPPSC Polytechnic Lecturer 2021 (I) sin –1 ( t – 2 )

Ans. (b) : Assuming x=rcosθ and y= r sin θ we have lim
t → 2 tan –1 ( 3t – 6 )
, t = xy → 2 as x → 2 & y → 1
sin ( x 2 + y 2 )  sin r 2 
L = lim = 1  lim = 1 sin –1 ( t – 2 )
( x ,y )→(0,0) ( x + y ) 2 2 r →0 r 2 Now, in lim the numerator and
  t → 2 tan –1 ( 3t – 6 )
x 2 – y2 denominator both tend to zero as t→2 and they both are

M = lim = lim ( cos 2 θ – sin 2 θ ) differentiable, so by L' Hospital's rule, we have
( x,y )→(0,0) x 2 + y 2 ( x,y )→( 0,0 )
and
sin –1 ( t – 2 ) 1 + ( 3t – 6 )
2
= lim cos 2θ 1
( x,y )→( 0,0 ) lim = lim =
t → 2 tan –1 ( 3t – 6 ) t →2  2 
which clearly shows that M does not exist. 3 1 – ( t – 2)  3
 
509. If u = x2+y2 , v= x3+y3 and x= f(u,v), y=g(u,v),
∂x 511. For the function f(x,y) defined as
then is equal to-/Ùeefo u = x2+y2 , v= x3+y3  2
∂u xy
 2 ,if ( x, y ) ≠ 0
∂x f (x, y) =  x + y
4
at the origin
leLee x= f(u,v), y=g(u,v), lees yejeyej nw- 
∂u 0 ,if ( x, y ) = 0
x y directional derivative
(a) (b)
2y(x + y) 2x(y – x) heâueve f(x,y) pees efkeâ Fme Øekeâej heefjYeeef<ele nw -
x y  xy 2
(c)
2y(x – y)
(d)
2x(x + y)  2 , Ùeeof ( x, y ) ≠ 0
f (x, y) =  x + y
4
UPPSC Polytechnic Lecturer 2021 (I)  , Ùeefo ( x, y ) = 0

Ans. (b) : Jacobian of the transformation is 0
Fmekesâ cetue efyevog hej efokeâd DeJekeâuepe keâe -
 ∂u ∂u 
 ∂x ∂y   2x 2y  (a) exists and f(x) is continuous.
J= = DeefmlelJe nw SJeb heâueve f(x) melele nw~
 ∂v ∂v  3x 2 3y 2  (b) exists and f(x) is not continuous.
 ∂x ∂y 
  DeefmlelJe nw SJeb heâueve f(x) melele veneR nw~
Now inverse of the Jacobian J, which is also the (c) dose not exists and f(x) is continuous. /
Jacobian of the inverse transformation is DeefmlelJe veneR nw SJeb heâueve f(x) melele nw~
 ∂x ∂x  (d) dose not exists and f(x) is not continuous./
 ∂u ∂v  1  3y 2 −3x 2 
T
DeefmlelJe veneR nw SJeb heâueve f(x) melele veneR nw~
J −1 =  =  
 ∂y ∂y  det ( J )  −2y 2x  UP Higher Asst. Prof. 2021
 ∂u ∂v  Ans. (b) : exists and f(x) is not continuous.
Let u = ( cosθ, sinθ ) .
1  3y 2 −2y 
=   Then directional derivative at the origin
6xy ( y − x )  −3x 2 2x 
f (t cos θ , t sin θ) − f (0,0)
which yields that Duf(0,0) = lim (−∞ < t < ∞)
t →0 t
∂x 3y 2 y t 3 cos θ sin 2 θ
= =
∂u 6xy ( y − x ) 2x ( y − x ) = lim 3
t →0 t cos 2 θ + t 5 sin 4 θ
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cos θ sin 2 θ Ans. (b) : Given z = f (x + ay) + φ (x – ay)
= lim Upon partially differentiating w.r.t. x we get
t →0 cos 2 θ + t 2 sin 4 θ
∂z
cos θ .sin 2 θ sin 2 θ
= = = f ' ( x + ay ) + φ ' ( x − ay )
cos 2 θ cos θ ∂x
Now, if cos θ ≠ 0 then directional derivative at origin Upon differentiating partially again w.r.t x we get
exists. ∂2z
= f " ( x + ay ) + φ " ( x − ay )
If cosθ = 0 then sinθ ≠ 0 so the Duf(0,0) = 0. ∂x 2
Thus directional derivative at origin exists. Similarly we get upon partially differentiating w.r.t. y
Now, if we put x = my 2 and let y → 0 , we get ∂z
= af ' ( x + ay ) − a φ ' ( x − ay )
∂y
my 4 m
lim = 2
y →0 m 2 y 4 + y 4 m +1 ∂2 z
and = a 2 f " ( x + ay ) + a 2 φ "( x − ay )
which is different for different value of m. ∂y2
xy 2 Which gives
Hence the lim does not exist.
∂2 z 2 ∂ z
2
(x, y)→( 0,0 ) x + y
( )
2 4
= a 2
f " ( x + ay ) + φ " ( x − ay ) = a .
Thus, f(x, y) is not continuous at origin. ∂y 2 ∂x 2
512. Find the maximum value from the extreme xy - y x
values of this function: 514. lim =
x→y xx - y y
2 2 2 2
u = x y – 5x –8xy–5y
1 + log e y 1 − log e y
(a) (–1,1) (b) (0,0) (a) (b)
(c) (3,3) (d) (1,–1) 1 − log e y 1 + log e y
DSSSB TGT 04-09-2021 Shift-I (Male) −1 + log e y −1 − log e y
(c) (d)
Ans. (b) : u ( x, y ) = x 2 y 2 − 5x 2 − 8xy − 5y 2 1 + log e y 1 − log e y
Haryana PGT 2018
∂u 
= 2xy 2 − 10x − 8y = 0  x y − y2 0
∂x  Ans. (b) : Given lim x at x = y gives , so by L'
 ... ( i ) x → y x −y y
0
∂u
& = 2yx 2 − 10y − 8x = 0  Hospital's Rule we get
∂y 
x y − yy yx y −1 − y x log e y yy y −1 − y y log e y
which on solving simultaneously gives lim x = lim = y
( ) ( )( )( )( ) (
x, y ≡ 1, − 1 , − 1, 1 , 0, 0 , 3, 3 , −3, − 3 ) as critical
x →y x − yy
(
x → y x x 1 + log x
e ) y (1 + log e y )
points. Now y − y log e y 1 − log e y

y y
= y =
∂2u ∂2u ∂2u ∂2u
y (1 + log e y ) 1 + log e y
= 2y 2 − 10 & = 2x 2 − 10 & = = 4xy − 8 1
∂x 2 ∂y 2 ∂x∂y ∂y∂x  13 
1 2
We observe that -1
 x + y3  ∂u ∂u
515. If u = sin  1 1  then x +y is:
2  x2 + y 2  ∂x ∂y
 ∂ 2u  ∂ 2u ∂2u  
  − 2 ⋅ 2 = −36 < 0 and
 ∂x∂y  ∂x ∂y
1
 13 
1 2
 x + y3  ∂u ∂u
∂2u Ùeefo -1
u = sin  1 1  lees x nw:
= −10 < 0 at (0, 0) so (0, 0) is the point of  x2 + y 2 
+y
∂x 2 ∂x ∂y
 
maximum.
Others are saddle points. 12 −12
(a) (b)
513. If z = f(x + ay) + φ(x – ay), then. tan u tan u
Ùeefo z = f(x + ay) + φ(x – ay), lees: 1 −1
(c) tan u (d) tan u
12 12
∂2z ∂2z ∂2z ∂2z
(a) = a2 2 (b) = a2 2 Haryana PGT 2018
∂x 2
∂x ∂x 2
∂x 1
∂ z −1∂ z
2 2
∂ z
2
∂ z 2  13 1
2
+
Ans. (d) : Given u = sin −1  1 
3
(c) = (d) = 2a 2 2 x y
∂x 2 a 2 ∂y2 ∂x 2 ∂y 1 
 x2 + y2 
Haryana PGT 2018  
CALCULUS 568 YCT

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1/ 2 Ans : (b) Given that u = φ(y + ax) + ψ (y − ax)
 1

 1+  y  
3
Differentiating partially w.r.t. x, we get
−1
  
z = sin u = x 12  x  ∂u
Write  = φ'(y+ax).a–ψ'(y–ax)(–a)
 1 +  y 1/ 2  ∂x
 x  again differentiating
 
so that z is a homogeneous function of x, y of order ∂2u
= φ"(y+ax).a2–ψ"(y–ax)a2 ............ (i)
−1 ∂x 2
.
12 Now, differentiating partially w.r.t. y, we get
Hence, Euler's theorem on homogeneous function states ∂u
that = φ'(y+ax)–ψ'(y–ax)
∂y
∂z ∂z −1 −1
x +y = z = sin u again differentiating
∂x ∂y 12 12
∂2u
∂z ∂u ∂z ∂u = φ"(y+ax) –ψ"(y–ax) .........(ii)
But = cos u ; = cos u ∂y 2
∂x ∂x ∂y ∂y
From (i) and (ii) we get
∂u ∂u −1 sin u −1
So, we get x +y = = tan u ∂2u 2
2 ∂ u
∂x ∂y 12 cos u 12 − a =0
∂x 2 ∂y 2
516. The number of solutions of z 3 + z = 0 is:
 x2 − y2  ∂u ∂u
(a) 3 (b) 2 (c) 5 (d) 4 518. If u = sin −1  2  then x +y equal to
NVS PGT 10-06-2019  x + y2 ∂x ∂y
 
Ans : (c) Given that z3 + z = 0  x2 − y2  ∂u ∂u
Let z = reiθ then above equation can be written as Ùeefo u = sin −1  2 

leye x + y =
 x 2
+ y  ∂x ∂y
r 3ei3θ + r eiθ = 0 ⇒ r 3ei3θ = −r eiθ
(a) 0 (b) 2
∵ eiπ = −1 So above eqn. can be written as (c) 3 (d) None of these
PGT 2011
r 3ei3θ = r e ( )
i π−θ
 x 2 − y2 
Comparing the magnitude we get Ans : (a) Here u = sin −1  2 
r3 = r  x + y2
 
⇒ r(r2–1)=0
∂u ∂u
⇒ r = 0 , 1, –1 Euler's theorem x +y = nu
comparing arguments we home ∂x ∂y
3θ = π–θ +2πk (for some integer k ≠0) then, n = 0
Thus for some integer k we have. ∂u ∂u
⇒ x +y = 0.u = 0
π π ∂x ∂y
θ= +k
4 2  x3 + y3  ∂u ∂u
there are four values of θ ∈ [ 0, 2π] 519. Ùeefo u = tan −1   lees x +y yejeyej nw
that satisfy the equation  x+ y  ∂x ∂y
π 3π 5π 7π (a) sin 2u (b) cos 2u
viz., , , & (c) tan 2u (d) cot 2u
4 4 4 4
Thus the complex number satisfying original equation PGT 2013
i
π
i
3π
i
5π
i
7π UP PCS (Pre) 2000
are, 0,e 4 , e 4 ,e 4 & e 4 . x3 + y3
Hence total number of solution is 5. Ans : (a) We have tan u = , homogeneous
x+ y
∂ 2u ∂ 2u function of degree 2.
517. If u = φ ( y + ax ) + ψ ( y − ax ) then − a2
∂x 2
∂y 2 ∂u ∂u
Euler's theorem- x + y = nu for homogeneous
equal to :/ Ùeefo u = φ ( y + ax ) + ψ ( y − ax ) leye ∂x ∂y
function of degree n.
∂ 2u 2
2 ∂ u
− a yejeyej nw : ∂ ∂
∂x 2 ∂y 2 then, x ( tan u ) + y ( tan u ) = 2 tan u
∂x ∂y
(a) u (b) 0
∂u ∂ u 2 tan u
(c) a (d) None of these x +y = = 2sin u cos u=sin 2u
PGT 2011 ∂x ∂y sec 2 u
CALCULUS 569 YCT

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1 1 equn x(i) + y(ii)
520. Minimum value of function f(x,y) = xy + + is
x y then, xz x + yz y
1 1 y y2 y
heâueve f (x, y) = xy + + keâe vÙetvelece ceeve nw– = y.f ′(x + y) − f (x + y) + f ′(x + y) + f (x + y)
x y x x x
(a) 3 (b) 2 y2
(c) 1 (d) 0 = f ′ (x + y) y +
x
Rajasthan TGT 2011
y
1 1 xz x + yz y = (x + y) f ′ (x + y)
Ans : (a) Given function is f (x, y) = xy + + x
x y
 x
∂f 1 522. Ùeefo f ( x ) = cos ( log x ) lees f   + f ( x× y) yejeyej nesiee
p≡ = 0 ⇒ y − 2 = 0.........(1)   y
∂x x
∂f 1 (a) f ( x) f ( y) (b) 2 f ( x) / f ( y)
q≡ =0⇒x− = 0.........(2)
∂y y2 (c) f ( x) / f ( y) (d) 2 f ( x) f ( y)
Solving (1) & (2), we get stationary point as (1,1) PGT 2013
2
∂ f 2 UPPCS (Pre) 2000
r= =+ UP TGT 2003
2
∂x x3
Ans : (d) efoÙee nw f ( x ) = cos ( log x )
∂2f
s= =1 x 
∂x∂y x
f   = cos  log  = cos(log x − log y)
y  y
∂2f 2
t= =+ and f (x.y) = cos log(x.y) = cos(log x + log y)
2
∂y y3
Then,
2 4
rt − s = −1 x
x 3 y3 f   + f (x.y) = cos(log x − log y) + cos(log x + log y)
y
At (1,1) rt − s 2 = 4 − 1 = 3 > 0 ( log x − log y ) + ( log x + log y ) 
Hence at (1,1) rt − s 2 > 0 & r > 0 = 2 cos  ×
2
Function has minima at (1,1) ( log x − log y ) − ( log x + log y ) 
1 1 cos 
And f min = 1.1 + + = 3 2
1 1
= 2 cos(log x).cos(log y)
= 2f (x).f (y)
y y
521. If z =   f ( x + y ) then   ( x + y ) f ' ( x + y ) =
x x x
f   + f (x.y) = 2f (x).f (y)
y
Ùeefo z =   f ( x + y ) leye   ( x + y ) f ' ( x + y ) =
y y
  x  x ∂u ∂u ∂u
(a) yzx+xzy (b) xyz(xy) 523. If u=x3+y3 + z3 + 3xyz, then x +y +z
∂x ∂y ∂z
(c) xzx+yzy (d) zx + zy
is equal to/ Ùeefo u = x + y + z + 3xyz lees
3 3 3
Jharkhand TGT 2017
∂u ∂u ∂u
Ans : (c) x +y +z yejeyej nesiee
∂x ∂y ∂z
y
z= f (x + y) (a) 2u (b) 3u
x
(c) 4u (d) None of these/FveceW mes keâesF& veneR
y −y
zx = .f ′(x + y) + f (x + y) 2 PGT 2009
x x 3 3 3
Ans : (b) u=x +y + z + 3xyz, is a homogeneous
y y function degree and hence Euler's theorem dictates
zx f ′(x y) f (x y) ..........(i)
x x2 that
∂u ∂u ∂u
and z y =
y 1
.f ′ (x + y) + f (x + y). ................(ii) ⇒ x + y + z = 3u
x x ∂x ∂ y ∂z
CALCULUS 570 YCT

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∂u ∂u 527. If x = rcosθ, y = rsinθ, Then the value of
524. If u = xy tan −1 (ex / y ), then x
+ y is equal to
∂x ∂y ∂ 2θ ∂ 2θ
+ is:
−1 x / y ∂u ∂u ∂x 2 ∂y 2
Ùeefo u = xy tan (e ), leye x + y yejeyej nw–
∂x ∂y (a) 1 (b) 0
(a) 0 (b) u ∂z ∂x
(c) (d)
(c) 3u (d) 2u ∂x ∂y
PGT 2005 PGT 2000
Ans : (d) If u = xy tan e −1 x / y
( ) Ans : (b) Given that,
x= r cosθ, y = r sinθ
Homogenous function of degree = 2
y y
By Euler's theorem, ⇒ tan θ = ⇒ θ = tan −1  
∂u ∂u x x
⇒ x +y = 2u
∂x ∂y ∂θ ∂  −1  y  
∴ =  tan   
3 ∂x ∂x   x 
∂ u
525. If u = exyz, then is equal to:
∂x∂y∂z 1  −y  y
= 2  2 
=− 2
 y  x  x + y2
∂ 3u 1+  
Ùeefo u = e leye
xyz
yejeyej nw– x
∂x∂y∂z
∂ θ ∂  −y 
( )
2
(a) e xyz 1 + 3xyz + x 2 y 2 z 2 and =  
∂x 2 ∂x  x 2 + y 2 
(
(b) e xyz 1 + xyz + 3x 2 y 2 z 2 ) (
x 2 + y 2 × 0 + y ( 2x + 0 ) ) 2xy
(c) e xyz
(
1 + xyz + x y z
3 3 3
) =
2
x +y 2
2
(
=
x + y2
2
2
) ( )
(
(d) e xyz 1 + 3xyz + x 3 y3z3 ) Similarly,
PGT 2005 ∂ 2θ −2xy
=
Ans : (a) Given that u = e
( )
xyz 2 2
∂y x + y2
2
∂u ∂ 2u
⇒ = e xyz .xy ⇒ = e xyz .xz.xy + e xyz .x ∂ 2θ ∂ 2θ 2xy 2xy
∂z ∂y∂z ∴ + 2 = − =0
( ) (x )
2 2 2
3 ∂x ∂y x 2 + y2 2
+ y2
∂ u
= e xyz .xy.yz.zx + 2e xyz .xyz + e xyz xyz + e xyz
∂x∂y∂z y
z = tan −1
(1 + 3xyz + x y z )
528. For the function consider the
=e xyz 2 2 2
x
following statements:
∂ 2u ∂ 2u y
526. If u=x y f(y/x), then x 2 + y
n-1
is equal to? heâueve z = tan−1 kesâ efueS efvecve keâLeveeW hej efJeÛeej keâjW:
∂x ∂x∂y x
(a) nu (b) n(n - 1) u ∂z ∂z
∂u ∂u S1 ≡ x + y =0
(c) (n − 1) (d) (n − 1) ∂x ∂y
∂x ∂y
∂ 2z ∂ 2z ∂ 2z
PGT 2004 S2 ≡ x2 + 2xy +y 2 =0
∂x 2
∂x∂y ∂y
Ans : (c) u = xn-1y f(y/x)
Euler's theorem- ∂ 2z ∂ 2z
S3 ≡ + =0
∂u ∂u ∂x 2 ∂y 2
x +y = nu.........(1)
∂x ∂y Which of the following is true?
eqheâj mes meceerkeâjCe (1) keâes x kesâ meehes#e DeJekeâueve keâjves hej keâewve mee /mes keâLeve melÙe nw/nQ?
(a) only S1/kesâJeue S1
∂ 2u ∂u ∂ 2u ∂u
x + + y =n (b) only S1 and S2/kesâJeue S1 leLee S2
∂x 2
∂x ∂x∂y ∂x
(c) All S1, S2, S3 /meYeer S1, S2, S3
∂ 2u ∂ 2u ∂u
⇒ x + y = (n − 1) (d) None of these /FveceW mes keâesF& veneR
∂x 2
∂x∂y ∂x
Rajasthan TGT 2016
CALCULUS 571 YCT
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y Ans. (a) : Given that u = tan-1(y/x)
Ans : (c) Given function is z = tan −1
x then tan u = y/x
Differentiating partially we get f(u) = tan u, n = 1–1 = 0
∂z x2 y y φ(u) = n
f (u)
= n.
tan u
= 0.
tan u
=0
=− 2 . =− 2
∂x x + y2 x 2 x + y2 f ′(u) 2
sec u sec2 x
∂z x2 1 x ∂u ∂u
= 2 . = x +y = φ(u) = 0
∂y x + y 2 x x 2 + y 2 ∂x ∂y
∂z ∂z xy xy ∂u ∂u
∴ x +y =− 2 + 2 =0 x y 0
∂x ∂y x +y 2
x + y2 ∂x ∂y
∂z ∂z 530. If F(u) = f(x,y,z) is the homogeneous function of
⇒ S1 ≡ x +y =0
∂x ∂y ∂u
degree n in x,y,z and ux= etc, then, xux+yuy+zuz =
∂2z ∂  +2y ∂x
−y ( x 2 + y2 )  =
−1 2xy
= = Ùeefo F(u) = f(x,y,z), x,y,z keâe n Ieele keâe meceIeele
 
∂x ∂x  
( x + y ) ( x + y2 )
2 2 2 2 2 2
∂u
heâueve nw leLee ux= Je DevÙe, lees xux+yuy+zuz=
∂ z ∂ 
2
x  2xy ∂x
=  =
∂y 2
∂x  ( x + y )  ( x + y 2 ) 2
2 2 2 F'(u)
  (a) nF(u) (b) n
F(u)
∂ 2z ∂ 2z 2xy 2xy F(u) F(u)
∴ + = − =0
∂x 2 ∂y 2 ( x 2 + y 2 )2 ( x 2 + y 2 ) (c) n
F'(u)
(d)
F'(u)
Rajasthan TGT 2013
∂ 2z ∂ 2z
⇒ S3 ≡ + =0 Ans : (c) By standard result
∂x 2 ∂y 2
if F(u) = F(x, y, z) is a homogeneous
∂  x  ( x + y ) − x(2x) ∂u
2 2
∂2z function of degree n in x and u x ≡
=  2  =
∂z
∂x∂y ∂x  x + y 2  ( x 2 + y2 )
2
F(u)
y2 − x 2 then, xu x + yu y + zu z = n
= F'(u)
(x + y2 )
2 2
x 3 + y 3 + x 2 y − xy 2
531. If u = tan −1 the value of
∂2z ∂2z ∂2z x 2 − xy + y 2
∴ S2 = x 2 + 2xy + y2 2
∂x 2
∂x∂y ∂y ∂u ∂u x 3 + y 3 + x 2 y − xy 2
x +y is:/Ùeefo u = tan −1
2x 3 y 2xy3 2x 3 y 2xy3 ∂x ∂y x 2 − xy + y 2
= + − −
(x ) (x
2 2
) (x
2 2
) (x
2 2
+ y2 )
2
2
+y 2
+y 2
+y 2
∂u ∂u
leye x +y keâe ceeve nw:
∂x ∂y
2x 3 y − 2x 3 y + 2xy3 − 2xy3
= =0
(x + y2 )
1
2 2
(a) sin 2u (b) sin 2u
2
∂2z ∂2z ∂2z (c) sin u (d) 0
∴ S2 ≡ x 2 + 2xy + y2 2 = 0
∂x 2
∂x∂y ∂y UP PCS (Pre) 1998
Hence all S1, S2 & S3 are correct x 3 + y3 + x 2 y − xy 2

Ans. (a) : f = tan u = =
y ∂u ∂u x 2 − xy + y 2
529. Ùeefo u = tan −1   , leye x +y keâe ceeve nw
x ∂x ∂y Homogeneous function of degree 1
∴ Euler's theorem
y ∂u ∂u
If u = tan−1   , then the value of x + y is ∂f ∂f
x ∂x ∂y x + y = 1.f
∂x ∂y
(a) 0 (b) u
(c) tan u (d) sec2u ∂u ∂u
or x.sec 2 u + y sec 2 u =f
Rajasthan TGT 2015 ∂x ∂y
CALCULUS 572 YCT

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∂u ∂u tan u ∂ 2f
x +y = 534. If f(x,y) = x4 + x2y2 + y4 , then is equal to-
∂x ∂y sec 2 u ∂x∂y
∂u ∂u ∂ 2f
x +y = sin u.cos u Ùeefo f (x, y) = x4 + x2 y 2 + y 4 , lees keâe ceeve nw-
∂x ∂y ∂x∂y
∂u ∂u 1 (a) 4xy (b) 12x2 + 2y2
x +y = sin 2u (c) 2x2 + 12y2 (d) 4x2 +2xy2
∂x ∂y 2
UP PCS (Pre) 1994
y ∂z ∂z Ans. (a) : f (x, y) = x 4 + x 2 y2 + y4
532. 3. If z = xyf then x +y is equal to–
x ∂x ∂y ∂f ∂ 2f
⇒ = 2x 2 y + 4y3 ⇒ = 4xy
y ∂z ∂z ∂y ∂x∂y
Ùeefo z = xyf lees x + y yejeyej nw–
x ∂x ∂y
535. If u = 3x2 yz + 2yz 3 + 6x4 then
(a) z (b) 2z (c) xz (d) yz
∂u ∂u ∂u
UP PCS (Pre) 1994 x +y +z is equal to–
∂x ∂y ∂z
y
Ans. (b) : z = xyf
x
Ùeefo u = 3x2 yz + 2yz 3 + 6x4 lees
∂u ∂u ∂u
∂z y −y y x +y +z keâe ceeve yejeyej nw:
= y xf ′ +f ∂x ∂y ∂z
∂x x 2 x
x
(a) 6x 2 yz + 4yz3 + 12x 4
2
−y y y
= f′ + yf (b) 3x 2 yz + 4yz3 + 6x 4
x x x
(c) 12x 2 yz + 6yz3 + 12x 4
∂z y y
x = − y2f ′ + xyf ........(i) (d) 12x 2 yz + 8yz3 + 24x 4
∂x x x
UP PCS (Pre) 1995
∂z y 1 y
= x yf ′ . +f Ans. (d) : u = 3x 2 yz + 2yz3 + 6x 4
∂y x x x
∂u
y y = 6xyz + 24x 3
= yf ′   + xf   ∂x
 
x x 
∂u
∂z y y = 3x 2 z + 2z3
y = y2f ′ + xyf ........(ii) ∂y
∂y x x
∂u
From equation (i) and (ii) = 3x 2 y + 6yz 2
∂z
∂z ∂z y
x + y = 2xyf   ∂u ∂x ∂u
∂x ∂y x  ⇒x +y +z
∂x ∂y ∂z
∂z ∂z
x +y = 2z 6x 2 yz 24x 4 3yx 2 z 2yz3 3x 2 yz 6yz3
∂x ∂y
12x 2 yz 8yz3 24x 4
∂u ∂u ∂u
533. If u = f (x − y, y − z, z − x) then + + is
∂x ∂y ∂z 536. If x x y y z z = c, where c, is a constant, then at
equal to–/ Ùeefo u = f (x − y, y − z, z − x) lees ∂ 2z
x = y = z, is equal to:
∂u ∂u ∂u ∂x∂y
+ + keâe ceeve nw–
∂x ∂y ∂z Ùeefo x x y y z z = c, peneB c Skeâ DeÛej nw, leye
(a) 3 (b) 0
∂ 2z
(c) 1 (d) FveceW mes keâesF& veneR x = y = z, hej keâe ceeve nw–
∂x∂y
UP PCS (Pre) 1994
Ans. (b) : u = f (x − y, y − z, z − x) (a) −(x log e x )−1 (b) (x log e x )−1
(c) −(x log e x )
∂u ∂u ∂u
then, + + =0 (d) None of these/FveceW mes keâesF& veneR
∂x ∂y ∂z
UP PCS (Pre) 1996
CALCULUS 573 YCT
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Ans. (a) : x x y y z z = c Ans. (d) : r2= x2 +y2
Taking log of both side ∂ 2r ∂  ∂r  ∂  x 
=  =  
x logx + y log y+z log z= log c ∂x 2 ∂x  ∂x  ∂x  r 
Diff. w.r.t. x partially, we get
∂  x 
1  1  ∂z =  
x. + ( log x ) .1 +  z. + log z  = 0 ∂x  x 2 + y 2 
x  z  ∂x 
∂z ∂ 2r y2
1 + log x + (1 + log z ) = 0 = ......... (i)
∂x ∂x 2 ( x 2 + y 2 )3/ 2
∂z
=−
(1 + log x ) Similarly
∂x (1 + log z ) ∂ 2r x2
= .............. (ii)
similarly ∂y 2 ( x 2 + y 2 )3/ 2
∂z
=−
(1 + log y )
eqn (i) and (ii)
∂y (1 + log z )
∂ 2r ∂ 2r x 2 + y2 1
+ = =
∂z 2
∂  ∂z  ∂  (1 + log y )  ∂x 2 ∂y 2 ( x 2 + y 2 )3/ 2 x + y2
2
Now =  = − 
∂x∂y ∂x  ∂y  ∂x  (1 + log z ) 
∂ 2r ∂ 2r 1
∂  1  + =
= − (1 + log y )   ∂x 2 ∂y 2 r
∂x  1 + log z 
538. If x = r cos θ, y = r sin θ, then the value of
 1  ∂(x, y)
  ∂z is:/ Ùeefo x=r cos θ, y=r sin θ nes, leye keâe
= − (1 + log y )  z
 ∂(r, θ)
( z)  ∂x
2
 1 + log
∂(x, y)
  ceeve nesiee:
1 + log y ∂z ∂(r, θ)
= (a) r (b) 1/2 r
z (1 + log z ) ∂x
2
(c) 3/2 r (d) 0
 1 + log x 
1 + log y UP PCS (Pre) 1999
=−  
z (1 + log z )  1 + log z  ∂x ∂x
2
so at x = y= z we have ∂ ( x, y )
∂r ∂θ
Ans. (a) : =
∂2z 1 −1 ∂ ( r, θ ) ∂y ∂y
=− = ∂r ∂θ
∂x∂y x (1 + log x ) x ( log e + log x )
cos θ −r sin θ
= − {x log e x }
−1
=
sin θ r cos θ
(
= r cos 2 θ + sin 2 θ = r)
∂ 2r ∂ 2r 539. If u =2(ax+by)2–(x2+y2) and a2+b2 = 1, then the
2 2 2
537. If r = x + y , then + is equal to– ∂2u ∂2u
∂x 2 ∂y 2 value of + is:/ Ùeefo u =2(ax+by)2–
∂x 2 ∂y 2
∂ 2r ∂ 2r
Ùeefo r 2 = x 2 + y 2 , leye + efvecve kesâ ∂2u ∂2u
∂x 2
∂y 2 (x2+y2) Deewj a2+b2 = 1 leye+ keâe ceeve nw:
∂x 2 ∂y 2
yejeyej neslee nw: (a) 1 (b) a (c) b (d) 0
2 2 UP PCS (Pre) 1999
1 ∂r ∂r
(a) + Ans. (d) : u =2(ax + by)2–(x2+y2)
r2 ∂x y
u =2(a2x2+b2y2)+4abxy–x2–y2
∂r
2
∂r
2 ∂u ∂2u
(b) + ⇒ = 4a 2 x + 4aby − 2x ⇒ = 4a 2 − 2.......(i)
∂x y ∂x ∂x 2
∂u ∂ 2u
2 2 ⇒ = 4b2 y + 4abx − 2y ⇒ 2 = 4b2 − 2.......(ii)
1 ∂r ∂r ∂y ∂y
(c) +
r 2 ∂x y meceerkeâjCe (i) Je (ii) keâes peesÌ[ves hej–
(d) FveceW mes keâesF& veneR ∂2u ∂2u
+ = 4(a 2 + b2 ) − 4 = 4 ×1 − 4 = 0
UP PCS (Pre) 1996 ∂x 2 ∂y 2
CALCULUS 574 YCT

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540. If u = log(x3+y3+z3–3xyz), then the value of  y  x ∂u ∂u
2 542. If u = sin   + tan   then x + y is
 ∂ ∂ ∂   x  y ∂x ∂y
 + +  u is:/Ùeef o u= log(x 3
+y 3
+z 3
–3xyz)
 ∂x ∂y ∂z  equal to:
2
 x ∂u ∂u
 ∂ ∂  Ùeefo u = sin  + tan  lees x + y keâe ceeve nw:
∂ y
lees  + +  u keâe ceeve nw: ∂x ∂y
 ∂x ∂y ∂z   x  y
3 9 (a) 3u (b) 2u
(a) (b) − (c) u (d) zero
(x + y + z) 2
(x + y + z) 2
UP PCS (Pre) 2001
9 −3
(c) (d) − y x ∂u ∂u
( x + y + z )2 ( x + y + z )2 Ans. (d) : u = sin
x
+ tan
y
lees x + y
∂x ∂y
UP PCS (Pre) 1999
Ans. (c) : u = log (x3+y3+z3–3xyz) ∂u y y 1 x
= - 2 cos + sec2
∂u 2
3x − 3yz ∂ x x x y y
= 3
∂x x + y3 + z3 − 3xyz ∂u 1 y x x
= cos − 2 sec 2
∂ y x x y y
∂u 3y 2 − 3zx
= 3
∂y x + y3 + z3 − 3xyz ∂u ∂u
x +y =0
∂x ∂y
∂u 3z 2 − 3yz
= 3
∂z x + y3 + z3 − 3xyz 543. If f(x,y,z) = 3x2yz+5xy2z+4z4 then the value of
∂f ∂f ∂f
∂u ∂u ∂u 3(x 2 + y 2 + z 2 − xy − yz − zx) x + y + z is:
+ + = ∂x ∂y ∂z
∂y ∂y ∂z x 3 + y3 + z3 − 3xyz
2
Ùeefo f(x,y,z) =3x2yz+5xy2z+4z4 lees
 ∂ ∂ ∂  9 ∂f ∂f ∂f
then  + +  u= x + y + z keâe ceeve nw:
 ∂x ∂y ∂z  ( x + y + z )2 ∂x ∂y ∂z
∂ 2θ (a) f (b) 2f (c) 4f (d) 3f
541. If x = r cos θ, y = r sin θ, then is: UP PCS (Pre) 2001
∂x ∂y
Ans. (c) : f (x, y, z) = 3x 2 yz + 5xy 2 z + 4z 4
∂ 2θ
Ùeefo x = r cos θ, y = r sin θ nw lees ∂f ∂f ∂f
∂x ∂y x +y +z =?
cos θ sin θ ∂ x ∂ y ∂z
(a) (b)
r2 r2 ∂f ∂f
⇒ x = (6xyz + 5y 2 z)x ⇒ y = (3x 2 z + 10xyz)y
sin 2θ cos 2θ ∂x ∂y
(c) − 2 (d) − 2
r r ∂f
⇒ z = (3x 2 y + 5xy2 + 16z3 )z
UP PCS (Pre) 2000 ∂z
Ans. (d) : x= r cosθ y = r sinθ ∂f ∂f ∂f
y ⇒ x +y +z = 12x 2 yz + 20xy2 z + 16z 4
−1 y ∂ ∂ ∂
tan θ = , θ = tan x y z
x x
∂f ∂f ∂f
∂θ 1  y  y x +y +z = 4f
= . − = −
y 2  x 2 
∂x ∂y ∂z
∂x x 2 + y2
1+ 2
x y ∂u
544. If u= x2 y2 sin-1 , then at x=y=1 the value of is:
 ( x 2 + y 2 ) − 2 ( 2y )  x ∂y
∂  ∂θ  ∂  y   
  = −  = −  ∂u
∂y  ∂x  ∂y  x 2 + y 2  ( x 2 + y2 )  y
2
 Ùeefo u = x 2 y 2 sin-1 , lees x=y=1 hej keâe ceeve nw:
x ∂y
 ( x 2 − y2 )  r 2 ( cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ )
∂ 2θ   (a) 1
= −  = −
(b) π
∂x∂y  ( x + y ) 
2 4
2 2 r
(c) 0
∂ 2θ cos 2θ (d) none of these
=− 2
∂x∂y r UP PCS (Pre) 2001
CALCULUS 575 YCT

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y ∂u ⇒
∂u x
Ans. (d) : u = x 2 y2 sin −1 lees x = y = 1 hej = ? =
x ∂y ∂x x 2 + y 2
∂u  x 2 y 2  ∂2u y2 − x 2
= + 2y sin −1 y / x  , x = y = 1 = ..................(i)
∂y  x 2 − y2  ∂x 2 (x 2 + y 2 )2
 
∂u  1  ∂u Deye, y kesâ meehes#e DeJekeâueve keâjves hej
= + 2 × π / 2 ⇒ = [∞ + π] = ∞
∂y  0  ∂y ∂u
= 2
y
545. If x = a cosh ξ cos η , y = a sinh ξ sin η then the ∂y x + y 2
∂(x, y) ∂ 2u x 2 − y2
value of is:/ Ùeefo x = a cosh ξ cos η , = ...............(ii)
∂(ξ, η) ∂y 2 (x 2 + y 2 ) 2
∂(x, y)
y = a sinh ξ sin η lees keâe ceeve nw: meceerkeâjCe (i) Je (ii) keâes peesÌ[ves hej
∂(ξ, η)
1 ∂ 2 u ∂2 u y2 − x 2 + x 2 − y 2
(a) a 2 cosh 2ξ + = =0
2 ∂x 2 ∂y2 (x 2 + y 2 )2
1 x4 + y 4 ∂u ∂u
(b) a 2 cosh 2η 547. If u = log then the value of x +y
2 x+y ∂x ∂y
1
(c) a 2 (cosh 2ξ − cos 2η) is equal to –
2 (a) 3 (b) 4
1 2 (c) 1 (d) 2
(d) a (cosh 2ξ − cosh 2η)
2 UP PCS (Pre) 2007
UP PCS (Pre) 2002 4 4
x +y
Ans. (d) : x = a cosh ξ cos η , y = a sinh ξ sin η Ans. (a) : u = log e
x+y
∂x ∂x
x + y4
4
∂ ( x, y ) ∂ξ ∂ξ
u
e = Homogeneous of degree 3.
nce peeveles nQ, = x+y
∂ ( ξ, x ) ∂y ∂y
∂u ∂u
∂η ∂η So, x + y = 3.
∂x ∂y
a sinh cos η − a cosh ξ sin η
= 1 ∂2u ∂2u ∂2u
a cosh ξsinη a sinh ξ cos η 548. If u = then 2 + 2 + 2 is equal to
x2 +y2 +z2 ∂x ∂y ∂z
 ( cosh h2ξ − 1) (1 + cos 2η)  1 + cosh 2ξ  1 − cos 2h  
= a2  −   (a) 3u3 (b) 0
 2 2  2  2 
(c) –3u3 (d) u3
∂ ( x, y ) 1 2
= a ( cos h2ξ − cosh 2η ) UP PCS (Pre) 2008
∂ ( ξη ) 2 1
( )
−1/ 2
Ans. (b) : u = ⇒ u = x 2 + y2 + z 2
∂ u2 2
∂ u x +y +z
2 2 2
546. If u = log x2 + y 2 , then + =

2 2 ∂u
= − 2x ( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 )
∂x ∂y 1 −3/ 2
1 ∂x 2
(a) x 2 + y 2 (b)
x+y
x + y2
2 ∂2u
∂x 2 {
= − ( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 ) − 3 ( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 ) x 2 ....(i)
−3/ 2 −5 / 2
}
(c) (d) 0 Fmeer Øekeâej,
x 2 + y2
UP PCS (Pre) 2003
∂2u
∂y 2 {
= − ( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 ) − 3 ( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 ) y 2 ...(ii)
−3/ 2 −5 / 2
}
2 2
Ans. (d) : Ùeefo u = log x + y lees
= − {( x + y + z ) z } ..(iii)
∂u
2
2 −3/ 2
− 3( x 2 + y2 + z2 )
2 2 −5 / 2 2
2 2
∂ u ∂ u ∂z 2
+ =?
∂x 2 ∂y 2 leerveeW meceerkeâjCeeW keâes pees[Ì ves hej
1 2∂u 2x ∂ 2u ∂ 2u ∂ 2u
⇒ u= log(x 2 + y 2 ) ⇒ = 2 + + =0
2 ∂x x + y2 ∂x 2 ∂y 2 ∂z 2
CALCULUS 576 YCT

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∂u ∂u ∂u ∂z ∂z ∂x ∂z ∂y
549. If u = loge(x3+y3+z3) than + + Ans. (a) : = . + .
∂x ∂y ∂z ∂θ ∂x ∂θ ∂y ∂θ
is equal to = 2x(− r sin θ) + 4y.(r cos θ)
1 = −2r 2 sin θ cos θ + 4r 2 sin θ cos θ
(a)
x+ y+z
∂z
2 = r 2 sin 2θ
(b) ∂θ
x+ y+z
y y
(c)
3 552. If u = φ   + ψ   , then the value of
x+ y+z x x
3 ∂ u
2
∂ u
2
∂ 2u
(d) x 2 2 + 2xy + y 2 2 , is:
∂x ∂x∂y ∂y
( x + y + z )2
(a) 0 (b) u
UP PCS (Pre) 2008
(c) 2u (d) –u
Ans. (c) : u = log ( x 3 + y3 + z3 − 3xyz ) UP PCS (Pre) 1997
e u = ( x 3 + y3 + z 3 − 3xyz ) x
Ans : (a) u = xφ   + ψ  
y
.........(i)
∂u ∂u  y x
⇒ eu = 3x 2 − 3yz ⇒ eu = 3y 2 − 3xz diff. w.r.t. x1 we get
∂x ∂y
∂u ∂u ∂u ∂u 3 ∂u x y y  y 
⇒ eu = 3z 2 − 3xy ⇒ + + = = xφ '   + ψ   + ψ   . − 2 
∂z ∂x ∂y ∂z x + y + z ∂x  
y  x  x  x 
550. If z = f(x, y) is a homogeneous function of x ∂u x 2  x   y y y
x = φ '   + xφ   − φ '   ..... (ii)
∂z ∂z ∂x y  y  x x x
and y of degree n, then x + y is equal to
∂x ∂y Diff. (i) w.r.t. y, we get
(a) 0 ∂u x2  x  y  y 
(b) m y = − φ '  + ψ '  ...... (iii)
∂x y y x x
(c) n f(x, y)
(d) (f(x, y))n adding (ii) and (iii)
UP PCS (Pre) 2009 ∂u ∂u x
x +y = xφ '   ......... (iv)
Ans. (c) If z be a homogeneous function of x, y of order ∂x ∂y  y
n, then x ∂∂zx + y ∂∂zy = nz. Diff. (iv) partically w.r.t., x we get
We have ∂2u ∂u ∂ 2u x  x   x 
x + 1. + y 2 = φ   + φ  
z=x f( n y
x ). ∂x 2
∂x ∂y y y  y
∂z y  y y multiply x we get
∴ = nx n –1f   + x n f '   × – a
∂x  
x  
x x ∂ 2u ∂u ∂2u x 2  x  x
x 2 2 + x + xy 2 = φ   + xφ   ....(v)
 y y ∂x ∂x ∂y y  y  y
nx n –1f   – yx n –2 f '   .
x x Diff. (iv) w.r.t. y we get
∂z  y 1  y ∂2u ∂ 2 u ∂u  x  x 
and = x n f '   . = x n –1f '  –  x +y 2 + = xφ '   − 2 
∂y x x  x ∂y∂x ∂y ∂y  y  y 
Thus multiply y, we get
∂z ∂z y ∂2u ∂ 2u ∂u x2  x 
x + y = nx n f   = nz. xy +y 2 +y = − φ '  ....(vi)
∂x ∂y x ∂y∂x ∂y ∂y y y
∂z adding (v) and (vi) we get
551. If z = x2 + 2y2, x = r cosθ, y = r sinθ then is
∂θ  2 ∂2u ∂2u 2 ∂ u 
2
∂u ∂u  x
x + 2xy + y + x + y  = xφ  
2 
(a) r2 sin 2θ  ∂x
2
∂x∂y ∂y   ∂x ∂y   y
(b) 2r2 sin 2θ using relation (vi) in L.H.S. we get
(c) r2 cos 2θ
∂2u ∂2u ∂ 2u
(d) 2r2 cos 2θ x2 + 2xy + y2 2 = 0
∂x 2
∂x∂y ∂y
UP PCS (Pre) 2009
CALCULUS 577 YCT

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3π 3π
5. Integration, applications (c) (d)
16 2 8
of integration and area UP PGT 2021
bounded by a curve 3π
Ans. (c) :
16 2
3 π/ 4
∫ ∫0 ( cos 2θ ) cos θ dθ
3/ 2
553. Value of xdx 3 is equal to- I=
0
3
∫ xdx 3 keâe ceeve yejeyej nw- π/ 4
∫0 (1 – 2sin θ )
0 2 3/ 2
= cos θ dθ
162 27
(a) 3 (b) 3
7 7 1
Let 2 sin θ = sin t ⇒ cosθdθ = cos t dt
(c) 162 3 (d) None of the above 2
UPPSC Polytechnic Lecturer 2021 (I) π π
3
When θ = 0, t = 0 and θ = , t =
Ans. (a) :I = ∫ xdx 3 4 2
0 π/ 2
1
Let u=x then I = ∫ 3 27
(u)
1
6 du
∴I=
2
∫0 cos 4 t.dt
0
27 π/2
∫0 ( 2 cos t )
27 × 6 1 2
6 7 6
( 3) 162
7 2
= ( u ) 6  = = 3= 3 = dt
7 0 7 7 7 4 2
π/ 2
1 1
∫0 (1 + cos 2t ) dt
2
x7 =
554. The value of ∫ 16
dx is equal to – 4 2
0 1+ x
π/2
1 1
x7
∫0 1+ x16 dx keâe ceeve nw– =
4 2
∫0 1 + 2 cos 2t + cos 2 2t  dt
 
π/ 2 π/ 2 π/ 2
1  
(a)
π
(b) 0 =  ∫ [1] dt + ∫ ( 2cos 2t ) dt + ∫ cos 2t dt 
4 2  0
2

( )
4 0 0
π 1  π/ 2 1
π/ 2

π/ 2
[ t ]0 + [ sin 2t ]0 + ∫ (1 + cos 4t ) dt 
(c) (d) 1
32 =
4 2  2 0 
UP PGT 2021
π/ 2
Ans. (c) : π/32 1 π 1 1  
=  + 0 +  t + sin 4t  
1 4 2  2 2 4  0 
x7
I= ∫0 1 + x16 dx 1 π π 1  3π  3π
= + = =
Let x = t ⇒ 8x dx = dt and at x = 0, t = 0 & x = 1,
8 7 4 2  2 4  4 2  4  16 2
a
t=1
1 dt
1 556. If f(a – x) = f(x) then ∫o xf ( x ) dx is equal to –
∴I= ∫
8 0 1+ t2 a
Ùeefo f(a – x) = f(x) lees ∫ xf ( x ) dx keâe ceeve nw–
1 1
⇒ I =  tan –1 t  o
8 0 a a
a
(a) ∫ f ( x ) dx (b) a ∫ f ( x ) dx
1 π π 2o
=   = o
8 4 32 a
π/4 3
(c) o (d) 2 ∫ f ( x ) dx
555. ∫o ( cos 2θ ) 2 cos θ dθ is equal to – o
UP PGT 2021
π/ 4 3
a
∫o ( cos 2θ ) 2 cos θ dθ keâe ceeve nw– Ans. (a) : a/2 ∫0 f ( x ) dx

a
π π
(a)
2
(b)
4 2
I= ∫0 xf ( x ) dx
CALCULUS 578 YCT
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a Ans. (d) : 17/4 square unit
or I = ∫0 ( a – x )f ( a – x ) dx
a a
or I = ∫ af ( a – x )dx – ∫ xf ( a – x ) dx
0 0
a a
or I = a ∫ f ( x ) dx – ∫ xf ( x ) dx (∵ f ( a – x ) = f ( x ) ) Required area = ar ( OABO ) + ar ( OA 'B'O )
0 0
a 1 0 1
∫ x dx = ∫ x dx + ∫ x dx
3 3 3
or 2I = a ∫ f ( x )dx ∴
0 –2 –2 0
a 0 1
a  x4   x4 
f ( x )dx
2 ∫0
or I = =   + 
 4  –2  4  0
∞ ∞
2 2
∫ e dx is equal to / ∫ e dx keâe ceeve nw– 1 17
–x –x
557. =4+ = square unit.
0 0 4 4
1 π 559. The area inside the cardioid r = a (1+cosθ) and
(a) π (b) outside the circle r = a is –
2 2
π
keâeef[&ÙeeÙe[ r = a (1 + cosθ) kesâ Devoj kesâ Gme Yeeie
(c) (d) π keâe #es$eHeâue pees Je=òe r = a kesâ yeenj nw, nw –
2
π 
UP PGT 2021 (a) a2 (π + 2) (b) a2  + 2 
4 
1
Ans. (a) : π (c) a2 (π – 2) (d) None of these
2 FmeceW mes keâesF& veneR
∞
− x2
I= ∫0 e dx
π 
UP PGT 2021
1 –1/ 2 Ans. (b) : a2  4 + 2 

Let x2 = t, then x = t1/2 & dx = t , when x = 0, t =
2 Intersection point of the cardioid r = a (1+cos θ) & the
0, & x → ∞, t → ∞ circle r = a is given by 1 + cos θ = 1
∞ ∞
1 –1 ⇒ cos θ = 0
∫0 e dx = ∫ e – t . t 2 dt
– x2
Now we have, I =
2 π 3π
0 ⇒ θ = , ,......
1 1 2 2
= Γ  ; ∴ The required area is given by
2 2
∞ π/ 2 1 π/ 2

(Gamma function Γ ( x ) = ∫ t x–1 –t
e dt ; x>0) A = 2  ∫ a 2 (1 + cos θ )  dθ – ∫

2

1 2
a dθ  ( )
0  0 2 0 2 
π/2
1 1
∫0 (1 + cos θ ) – 1 dθ
2
= π
Γ  = π ; ⇒ A = a2
2  2
558. The area of the region bounded by the curve y π/2
⇒ A = a2 ∫0 ( cos θ + 2 cos θ ) dθ
2
= x3, x axis and the ordinates x = –2 and x = 1 is
–
Je›eâ y = x3, x De#e leLee keâesefšÙeeW x = –2, x = 1 mes  π / 2  cos 2θ + 1  π/ 2

⇒ A = a2  ∫   dθ + 2 ∫ cos θ dθ
efIejs #es$e keâe #es$eHeâue nw–  0  2  0 
(a) 1 square unit/1 Jeie& FkeâeF& π/ 2
1 2  sin 2θ  π/2
1 1 ⇒A= a θ+ + 2a 2 [sin θ]0
(b) square unit / Jeie& FkeâeF& 2  2  0
4 4
 π
(c)
3 3
square unit/ Jeie& FkeâeF& ⇒ A = a2  2 + 
4 4  4
17 17 560. A function f(x) is defined in [0, 2] as follows-
(d) square unit/ Jeie& FkeâeF&  x;if x is rational
4 4 f(x) =  2
UP PGT 2021  x ;if x isirrational
CALCULUS 579 YCT
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The value of the upper Riemann integral of f(x)  d2 v d2 u 
over [0, 2] is- 562. The value of the integral ∫  u 2 − v 2  dx is-
[0, 2] ceW Skeâ heâueve f(x) efvecveJele heefjYeeef<ele nw-  dx dx 
 x, Ùeefo x heefjcesÙe nw  d2 v d2 u 
f(x) =  2 meceekeâue ∫  u 2 − v 2  dx keâe ceeve nw-
 x , Ùeefo x DeheefjcesÙe nw  dx dx 
[0, 2] hej f(x) kesâ Gheefj jerceeve meceekeâueve keâe ceeve nw dv du dv du
(a) − (b) u +v
(a) 14/3 (b) 4 dx dx dx dx
(c) 8/3 (d) 17/6 dv du dv du
UPPSC GIC 2021 (c) u −v (d) +
dx dx dx dx
UPPSC GIC 2021
Ans. (d) : 17/6
For every x ∈[0,1] ; x ≥ x and every x∈[1,2] ; x ≥ x
2 2
Now f(x) is monotonic so, upper Riemann integral is Ans. (c) : u dv − v du

1 2
dx dx
given by ∫ x dx + ∫ x 2 dx
 d v2
d u
2
∫ u 2 − v 2  dx
0 1
1 2 
x2 x3  dx dx 
= +
2 0 3 1 d2v d2u
= ∫ u 2 dx − ∫ v 2 dx
= 1 + 7 = 17 dx dx
2 3 6 Now on integrating by parts we have
561. The value of the integral dv du dv du dv du
= u −∫ dx − v + ∫ dx
π/ 2 ( sin x )dx dx dx dx dx dx dx
∫0 (sin x ) + ( cos x ) is
dv du
= u −v .
dx dx
π/ 2 ( sin x )dx
meceekeâue ∫0 keâe ceeve nw- 563. The value of the integral
( sin x ) + ( cos x ) π
+ sin −1 x
3π 3/ 4
2
(a) π (b)
4
∫1/ 4 2 cos−1 x + 3sin −1 x + sin −1 (1 − x ) dx is-
π π π
(c) (d) + sin −1 x
2 4 3/ 4
2
UPPSC GIC 2021
meceekeâue ∫
1/ 4 2 cos −1 x + 3sin −1 x + sin −1 (1 − x )
dx
Ans. (d) : π/4
π/ 2
keâe ceeve nw-
sin xdx
Given I = ∫ sin x + cos x (a)
1
(b)
1
0 4 8
a a
Then, by ∫ f (x)dx = ∫ f (a − x)dx we have (c)
3
(d) 1
0 0 4
π/ 2
sin(π / 2 − x)dx UPPSC GIC 2021
I= ∫
0 sin(π / 2 − x) + cos(π / 2 − x) UP PGT 2004
π/ 2
Ans. (a) : 1/4
cos xdx
I= ∫ cosx + sin x I=∫
3/ 4 π / 2 + sin −1 (x) dx
0 1/ 4 2 cos x + 3sin −1 x + sin −1 (1 − x)
−1
π/ 2
sin x + cos x dx
⇒ 2I = ∫ sin x + cosx I=∫
3/ 4 π / 2 + sin −1 (x) dx
0 1/ 4 π + sin −1 (x) + sin −1 (1 − x)
π/ 2
(∵ sin −1 + cos −1 x = π / 2)
⇒ 2I = ∫ dx
0 b b
Then by [ ∫ f (x)dx = ∫ f (a + b − x)dx] we have
2I = [ x ]0
π/ 2
⇒ a a
⇒ 2I = π/2
3/ 4 π / 2 + sin −1 (1 − x) dx
I=∫
⇒ I = π/4
1/ 4 π + sin −1 (1 − x) + sin −1 (x)
CALCULUS 580 YCT

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3/ 4 π + sin −1 (x) + sin −1 (1 − x) dx (a) 15 sq. units/15 Jeie& FkeâeF&
⇒ 2I = ∫ (b) 18 sq. units/18 Jeie& FkeâeF&
1/ 4 π + sin −1 (x) + sin −1 (1 − x)
3/ 4 (c) 24 sq. units/24 Jeie& FkeâeF&
⇒ 2I = ∫ dx
1/ 4 (d) 27 sq. units/27 Jeie& FkeâeF&
⇒ 2I = [ x ]1/ 4
3/ 4
UP TGT 2021
Ans. (d) :
⇒ I = 1/ 4
564. An appropriate substitution for the integral
1 + x1/ 2 1 + x1/ 2
∫ 1 + x1/ 3 dx is- /meceekeâue ∫ 1 + x1/ 3 dx kesâ efueS
GheÙegòeâ ØeeflemLeeheve nw–
(a) x = t2 (b) x = t3
(c) x = t6 (d) x = t12
UPPSC GIC 2021
Ans. (c) : x = t6
Substituting x = t6 in the integral we have efoÙee ieÙee hejJeueÙe 4y = 3x2
& dx = 6t5dt Deewj jsKee 2y = 3x + 2
1
1+ x2 1 + t3 5 t5 + t8 keâs ØeefleÛÚsove efyevog kesâ efueS
∫ 1
dx = ∫
1+ t2
.6t dt = 6 ∫ 1 + t 2 dt 2 (3x + 12) = 3x2
1+ x 3
3x2 – 6x – 24 = 0
which can be integrated using partial fractions (x – 4) (x + 2) = 0
7 x10 x = –2, 4
565. The value of the integral ∫4
x10 + (11 − x )
10
dx is- ⇒ y = 3, 12
Dele: ØeefleÛÚsove efyevog (–2, 3) (4, 12) nw~
7 x10
meceekeâue ∫ dx keâe ceeve nw-  3x + 12 3 2 
4
4
x10 + (11 − x )
10 #es$eHeâue · ∫ 
 2
−2
− x  dx
4 
(a) 3 (b) 310 4  3x + 12  4 3
3 =∫   dx − ∫−2 x dx
2
(c) 710 – 410 (d) −2

 2  4
2 3 4 3 4
UPPSC GIC 2021 = ∫ (x + 4)dx − ∫ x 2 dx
2 − 2 4 −2
4 4
Ans. (d) : 3/2 3  x2  3  x3 
=  + 4x  −  
7
x10 dx 2 2  −2 4  3  −2
Given I = ∫4 x10 + (11 − x)10
3  ( 4 )   ( −2 ) 2   3  ( 4 )3 ( −2 )3 
2
=  + 4× 4 −  + 4 × (−2)   −  − 
b b
2  2   2
 
 4  3
  3 
Then, by ∫ f (x)dx = ∫ f (a + b − x)dx we have  
3  ( 4 )   ( −2 ) 2   3  ( 4 )3 ( −2 )3 
a a 2
(11 − x)10 dx
7 =  + 4× 4 −  + 4 × (−2)   −  − 
I= ∫ 2  2  
  2

  4  3 3 
(11 − x)10 + x10 
4
3 3 1
7
x10 + (11 − x)10 dx = [ 24 + 6] − × [ 64 + 8]
⇒ 2I = ∫4 x10 + (11 − x)10 2 4 3
= 45 – 18
7
= 27 Jeie& FkeâeF&
⇒ 2I = ∫ dx
4
567. The area of the region bounded by the curves
y2 = x and x2 = y is
2I = [ x ]4
7
⇒ Je›eâeW y2 = x leLee x2 = y mes efIejs #es$e keâe #es$eheâue nw
⇒ I = 3/2 (a) 1 (b) 2
566. The area of cut off the parabola 4y = 3x2 by the 1 2
straight line 2y = 3x + 12 is (c) (d)
3 3
hejJeueÙe 4y = 3x2 keâes jsKee 2y = 3x + 12 Éeje keâešs UP TGT 2016,2021
ieÙes Yeeie keâe #es$eheâue nw UP PCS (Pre) 1998
CALCULUS 581 YCT
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Ans. (c) : The points of intersection of two parabolas y cotx dx = dt
= x2 and y2 = x are O (0, 0) and A (1, 1). dt
Here, setting y2 = x or y = x and y = x2 in [0, 1]
∫ t = log t = log ( log sin x ) + C
3 3
Therefore, the required area of the shaded region
∫ (e + 1) dx is equal to / ∫ ( elogx + 1) dx yejeyej nw
logx
570.
1 1
(a) 2 (b) 6
(c) 0 (d) –2
UP TGT 2021
3
∫ (e +1) dx
logx
Ans. (b) :
1
1 3
2 x3 
3
 x2 
(∵ e )
1
∫1 ( x +1) dx =  2 + x 
1 log x = x
∫
=  x − x  dx =  x 3/ 2 −  =
2
0
3 3 0 3 1
9  1  15 3 12
e x ( x – 1) = + 3 –  + 1 = – = = 6
568. ∫ ( x + 1) 3
dx equal to 2 2  2 2 2
1 1
tan –1 x tan –1 x
e x ( x – 1) 571. ∫0 (1 + x2 ) dx is equal to /∫
0 (1 + x )
dx keâe ceeve nw
∫ ( x + 1) yejeyej nw
2
3
π2
ex ex (a) 1 (b)
(a) +C (b) +C 8
( x + 1) x +1
2
π2 π2
(c) (d)
–e x ex 32 3
(c) +C (d) +C
( x + 1) ( x – 1) UP TGT 2021
2 2
1 –1
UP TGT 2021 Ans. (c) : ceevee I = tan x dx
∫0 1+ x 2 ceevee tan–1x = t
 x –1 
Ans. (a) : ∫ e x   dx 1
 ( x + 1)3  dx = dt
  1+ x2
 x +1 – 2  Ùeefo x = 0, t = 0
= ∫ ex   dx π
 ( x + 1)3  x=1 t=
  4
 1 2  π π
 t 2  4 π2
∫  ( x + 1) ( x + 1)3  dx
4
= e x
 2
– ∴ I = ∫ t dt =   =
  0  2 0 32
ex π π
= + C (∵ ∫ex(f(x)+f'(x))dx = ex f(x)+c) 3
dx 3
dx
( x + 1) ∫ is equal to/ ∫ keâe ceeve nw
2
572. 2 2 2 2
π sin xcos x π sin xcos x
4 4
cotx
569. Integral of ∫ log sinx dx is (a) 1 (b) 0
2 1
cotx (c) (d)
∫ log sinx dx keâe meceekeâue nw 3 3
UP TGT 2021
(a) log(sinx) + C (b) log(cosx) + C π π
3
dx 3
sin 2 x + cos 2 x
(c) log(log tanx) + C (d) log(log sinx) + C Ans. (c) : ∫ sin x cos x 2 2
= ∫ sin 2 x .cos 2 x
dx
UP TGT 2021 π
4
π
4
cotx π π
Ans. (d) : ∫ dx 3
sin 2 x 3
cos 2 x
log sinx = ∫
π
2 2
sin x .cos x
dx + ∫ 2 2
π sin x .cos x
dx
ceevee log sinx = t 4 4
1
cos x dx = dt
sin x
CALCULUS 582 YCT
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π π b b
3 3
= ∫ sec
2
x dx + ∫ cos ec x dx
2 Using property ∫ f (x) dx = ∫ f (a + b – x) dx
a a
π π
4 4 We have
π π
= [ tan x ]π 3 – [ cot x ]π 3
π
π 
2
4 4 I1 = ∫ log cos  2 – x  dx
 π π  π π 0
=  tan – tan  –  cot – cot  π
 3 4  3 4 2
 1 
⇒ I1 = ∫ log ( sin x ) dx .............. (ii)
= 3 –1–  – 1 0
 3  form (i) and (ii)

π π
1 3 –1 2 2 2
+1 = =
∫ log ( cos x ) dx + ∫ log ( sin x ) dx
= 3 –1– 2I1 =
3 3 3
0 0
π/2
sinx cosx π
573. ∫
0
2
cos x + 3cosx + 2
dx is equal to
=
2
∫ {log ( cos x ) + log ( sin x )}dx

0
π/2
sinx cosx π
∫ dx keâe ceeve nw 2
∫ log ( sin x ⋅ cos x ) dx

2
0
cos x + 3cosx + 2 =
3 9 0
(a) log (b) log π
2 8 2
 sin 2x 
(c) log 2 (d) 1 = ∫ log 
0
2 
 dx
UP TGT 2021 π
2
∫ {log ( sin 2x ) – log (2)} dx

π/2
sinx.cosx =
Ans. (b) : I = ∫
0
cos 2 x + 3cosx + 2
dx
0
π π
ceevee cosx = t leye –sinx dx = dt 2 2
π
= ∫ {log ( sin 2x ) dx – log (2)} ∫ dx
Ùeefo x = 0, t = 1 leLee x = , t = 0 0 0
2 π
0 1 = I 2 – × log (2) ................ (iii)
t dt t dt 2
I = −∫ =∫
1
t + 3t + 2 0 ( t + 1)( t + 2 )
2 π
2
1
 1 2 
Where I 2 = ∫ log (sin2x) dx
∫0  – t + 1 + t + 2  dt Let 2x = t
0
 2log ( t + 2 ) – log ( t + 1)  0
1 ⇒ 2 dx = dt
when x = 0, t = 0 and x = π ,t=π
2 log (1+2) – log(1+1) – (2 log2 – log1) 2
2 log3 – log2 – log22 1
π
2 ∫0
∴ I2 = log (sin t) dt
9
log32 – log2 – log4 = log9 – log8 = log  
8 π
2
1
π
2 = ×2
2 ∫ log (sin t) dt
574. The value of the integral ∫ log cosx dx is 0
π
2
0
(∵ ∫ 2a
0
a
f ( x ) dx = 2 ∫ f ( x ) dx
0 )
meceekeâue ∫ log cosx dx keâe ceeve nw π
2
0 = ∫ log (sin x) dx
π π 0
(a) – log 2 (b) log 2 = I1
2 2
(c) – π log 2 (d) π log 2 ∴ From (iii)
UPPSC Ashram Paddhati 2021 π
2I1 = I1 – log (2)
π
2
2
Ans. (a) : Let I1 = ∫ log cosx dx ................. (i) ⇒ I1 = –
π
log (2)
0 2
CALCULUS 583 YCT
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575. If [x] is the greatest integer function, then 1
(a) φ(0) + 4φ   + φ(1)
2  2 
∫  x  dx is:
2
 1 1 
0
(b) φ(0) + 4φ   + φ(1)
2 2  
2  
Ùeefo [x] cenòece hetCeeËkeâ heâueve nw leye ∫  x  dx nw:
2
 1 1 
0 (c) φ(0) + 4φ   + φ(1)
3  
2  
(a) 2 2 (b) 2 + 2
1 1 
(c) 2 −1 (d) 2 + 1 (d) φ(0) + 4φ   + φ(1)

6 
2  
Ans. (c) : We have UKPSC Lecturer (Mains) 2020
∫ φ ( x ) dx = ∫ ( a x + a1x + a 2 ) dx
1 1
 0 ; 0 ≤ x < 1
2
Ans. (d) : We have
 x  = 1;1 ≤ x < 2
2 0
0 0
  x 3 a1 x 2 
1
2 1 2 = a 0 + + a 2x 
Hence ∫ 0
 x 2  dx = ∫  x 2  dx + ∫  x 2  dx
0 1
 3 2 0
a 0 a1 2a 0 + 3a1 + 6a 2
1
= ∫ 0 ⋅ dx + ∫ 1dx
2
= + + a2 =
0 1 3 2 6
= 0 +1 ( 2 −1 ) =
a 0 + a1 + a 2 + a 0 + 2a1 + 4a 2 + a 2
6
= 2 −1 1 1 
= φ ( 0 ) + 4φ   + φ (1) 
a-
1
n
6 2 
x
576. ∫ a-x + x
dx = θ
578. If ∫ sin x dx = sin 2 θ , then the value of θ

1
n π/2
a 1 a 1 satisfying 0 < θ < π is:

(a) + − (b) θ
2 n 2 n
Ùeefo ∫ sin x dx = sin 2θ, nes, lees 0<θ<π keâes mevleg°
2 a 2
(c) a + (d) − π/2
n 2 n keâjves Jeeuee θ keâe ceeve nw :
UKPSC Lecturer (Mains) 2020 2π π
1 (a) (b)
a− x a −1 n 3 6
Ans. (b) : We have I = ∫ n
dx = ∫
1n
a−x + x 1n
(c)
5π
(d)
π
1 1 6 2
a−
1 a− + −x UKPSC Lecturer (Mains) 2020
=∫ n n n dx θ
1n
1 1 1 1
a −a – + + x + a − + −x
Ans. (d) : For 0 <θ <π ∫π2
sin xdx = sin 2θ gives
n n n n
⇒ ( − cos x ) π 2 = sin 2θ
θ
a−
1
a−x
=∫ n
dx ⇒ − cos θ + cos π 2 = sin 2θ
1n
x + a−x
Now ⇒ sin 2θ + cos θ = 0
a−x + xa −1 n a −1 n
⇒ 2cos θ sin θ + cos θ = 0
dx = [ x ]1 n
a −1 n
2I = ∫ dx = ∫ ⇒ cos θ ( 2sin θ + 1) = 0
a−x + x
1n 1n
1 1 2 ⇒ either cos θ = 0 or 2sinθ+1=0

=a− − =a−
n n n π 7π
which gives either θ= or θ = which is greater than π.
a 1 2 6
⇒I= −
2 n Thus, we have θ = π 2
1
577. Let φ( x ) = a 0 x 2 + a 1 x + a 2 , then ∫ φ( x )dx = 2 x +1

0
579. ∫ ( x +1)2( x + 2) dx is equal to:
1
2 x +1
ceevee φ( x ) = a 0 x 2 + a1 x + a 2 , lees ∫ φ( x )dx = ∫ ( x +1)2( x + 2) dx yejeyej nw :
0
CALCULUS 584 YCT

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−1
(a) 3log e | x + 1 | + ( x + 1) − 3log e x + 2 + c  1 1 dx 
= 2  x ∫ sin πxdx − ∫
0 dx ∫
sin πxdx dx 
−1
(b) 3log e | x + 1 | − ( x + 1) − 3log e x + 2 + c  0

 32 3 2 dx 
−  x ∫ sin πx dx − ∫
dx ∫
−1
(c) log e | x + 1 | −( x + 1) − log e x + 2 + c sin πx dx 
 1 1

−1
(d) 3log e | x + 1 | + 2 ( x + 1) − 3log e x + 2 + c 1
 x cos πx  1 sin πx   x cos πx 1 sin πx 
32
= 2  − + − − +
Where c is an arbitrary constant.  π  π π  0  π π π 1
peneB c Skeâ mJewefÛÚkeâ DeÛej nw~
 1 1 
UKPSC Lecturer (Mains) 2020 = 2  − cos π + 2 sin π 
 π π 
Ans. (a): On performing partial fraction decomposition
we get  3  3π  1  3π  cos π 1 
−  − cos   + 2 sin   + − 2 sin π
   2 π  2 π  2 π π 
2x + 1 3 3 1
∫ ( x + 1) ( x + 2 ) dx = ∫
2
− + −
 x + 2 x + 1 ( x + 1)2
 dx.
  1  1 1 3 1 3π + 1
= 2  + 2 + = + 2 =
 
π π π π π π2
1
= −3log e x + 2 + 3log e x + 1 + +c 1
x +1 582. Solution of ∫ 4 dx is:
x −1
 2 − x 
1
580. The value of ∫ log  1

 2 + x  dx
is:
−1
∫ x −1
4
dx keâe nue nw :
1
 2− x  1  x −1  1 −1
∫ log  2 + x  dx keâe ceeve nw : (a) log e   − tan x + c /j
−1
4  x + 1 2
(a) 2 (b) 1 1  x + 1 1 −1
(b) log e   − tan x + c /j
(c) –1 (d) 0 4  x −1  2
UP TGT 2016 1  x − 1  1
UKPSC Lecturer (Mains) 2020 (c) log e   + tan x + c /j
−1
4  x + 1 2

 (2 − x ) 
Ans. (d) : Here f ( x ) = log   (d) None of these /FveceW mes keâesF& veneR
(2 + x) where c is an arbitrary constant.
2 + x  2 − x  peneB c Skeâ mJewefÛÚkeâ DeÛej nw~
Now f ( − x ) = log   = − log   = −f ( x )
2− x 2 + x  UKPSC Lecturer (Mains) 2020
and hence, f ( x ) is an odd function. Ans. (a) : We have
x 4 − 1 = ( x 2 − 1)( x 2 + 1) = ( x − 1)( x + 1) ( x 2 + 1)
1 2 − x 
Thus, ∫ log  dx = 0
−1
 2 + x  so, 4
1
=
A
+
B Cx + D
+ 2
581. The value of the integral x − 1 x − 1 x + 1 x +1
3/2
this gives
∫ x sin πx dx is : A( x +1) ( x2 +1) + B( x −1) ( x2 +1) +( Cx + D)( x −1)( x +1) = 1
−1
3/2
and hence we get system of equations
A+B+C =0
meceekeâue ∫ x sin πx dx keâe ceeve nw:
A−B+D =0
−1
1 (3π + 1) A+B−C =0
(a) 2 (b) A − B − D =1
π π2
on comparison of coefficients which reduces to
(3π −1) 3
(c) (d) A + B = 0 and 2A–2B =1
π2 π which on solving gives
1 1
 x sin πx –1 ≤ x ≤ 1 A = and B =
Ans. (b) : We have x sin πx =  4 4
 –xsinπx 1<x ≤ 3 2 1
32 1 32
and thus C = 0 and D = −
So, ∫ x sin πx dx = ∫ x sin πxdx + ∫ ( − x sin πx ) dx 2
−1 −1 1
1  A B Cx + D 
now because xsinπxis an even function we have So, ∫ 4 dx = ∫  + + 2  dx
32 1 32
x −1  x −1 x +1 x +1 
∫−1 x sin πx dx = 2∫0 x sin πxdx − ∫1 x sin πx dx 1
= ∫
1 1
dx − ∫
1 1
dx − ∫ 2
1
dx
Now on integrating by parts we have 4 x −1 4 x +1 2 x +1
CALCULUS 585 YCT

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1 1 1 Ans. (d) : Given curves y = 2x 2 and y = x 4 − 2x 2
= log x − 1 − log x + 1 − tan −1 x + c
4 4 2 For points of intersection we have
1 x −1 1 −1 2x 2 = x 4 − 2x 2
= log − tan x + c
4 x +1 2 ⇒ x = 0, −2,2
and hence y = 0,8,8
π/4
583. If I(n) = ∫ tan n x dx . Then I(n) + I(n - 2) =

0
π/4
Ùeefo I(n) = ∫ tan n x dx

0
leye I(n) + I(n - 2) =

1 1
(a) (b)
n −1 n
1
(c) (d) n −1
n +1
UP PCS (Pre) 2000
So, the required area = 2  ∫ 2x 2 dx − ∫ ( x 4 − 2x 2 ) dx 
2 2
UKPSC Lecturer (Mains) 2020  0 0 

π4 π4
Ans. (a) : I ( n ) = ∫
2
tan n xdx = ∫ tan n − 2 tan 2 x dx  x 5 4x 3  64 128
= 2 ∫ ( − x 4 + 4x 2 ) dx = 2  − +
2
0 0
 = 2 ⋅ 15 = 15
π4 π4 0
 5 3 0
=∫ tan n − 2 sec 2 x dx − ∫ tan n − 2 x dx
586. The area of the region {(x,y):0 ≤ y ≤ x2+1,0
0 0
π4
n −1
tan x ≤ y ≤ 1+x,0 ≤ x ≤ 2} is:
= − I ( n − 2)
( n − 1) 0 #es$e {(x,y):0 ≤ y ≤ x2+1, 0 ≤ y ≤ 1+x,0 ≤ x ≤ 2} keâe
1 #es$eheâue nw:
So, I ( n ) = − I ( n − 2)
n −1 (a) 23/6 (b) 23/7
1 (c) 31/6 (d) 43/6
I ( n ) + I ( n − 2) =
n –1 UKPSC Lecturer (Mains) 2020
1 Ans. (a) : y=x2+1 and y=1+xhave their intersection at
584. ∫ sin 2πx dx is equal to : (0,1) and (1,2) , y=x2+1 and x=2 have their intersection
0 at (2,5), and y=1+xand x=2 have their intersection at
1 (2,3).
∫ sin 2πx dx yejeyej nw : Now the required area
0
1
(a) 0 (b) −
π
1 2
(c) (d)
π π
Ans. (d) : We have
1 12 1
I = ∫ sin 2πx dx = ∫ sin 2πxdx + ∫ − ( sin 2πx ) dx = ∫ ( x 2 + 1) dx + ∫ (1 + x ) dx
1 2
0 0 12
0 1
1/ 2 1
 − cos 2πx   cos 2πx   x3
1
  x2 
2
=  + 
4 5 23
 2π  0  2π 1/ 2 =  + x   + x +  = 3 + 2 = 6 sq.unit
 3 0  2 1
1 1 2
= + = x
π π π 587. The solution of the ∫ dx is :
585. The area bounded by the curves y = 2x and y= 2 1 + x
x4–2x2 is : x
Je›eâeW y = 2x2 leLee y= x4-2x2 mes efIeje ngDee #es$eheâue nw: ∫ 1+ xdx keâe nue nw :
(a) 16/15 (b) 32/15
(c) 64/15 (d) 128/15 (a) x − tan−1 x + c
UKPSC Lecturer (Mains) 2020 (b) x + tan−1 x + c
CALCULUS 586 YCT

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(c) 2 ( x − tan−1 x + c ) Ans : (b) ∵ f (x) + f (− x) = 0 ⇒ f (x) efJe<ece Heâueve nw~
(d) 2( x + tan−1 x )+ c uesefkeâve ∫ f (x)dx = mece Heâueve nesiee~ keäÙeeWefkeâ f (x) = x 3 efJe<ece nw
Where c is an arbitrary constant. x4
⇒ ∫ f (x)dx = mece Heâueve nw
peneB c Skeâ mJewefÛÚkeâ DeÛej nw~ 4
UKPSC Lecturer (Mains) 2020 590. If f '(x) =2x∀x and f (0)=0 then the value of f(2)
x will be /Ùeefo f '(x) =2x∀x Deewj f (0)=0 leye f(2) keâe
Ans. (c) : Given ∫ dx ceeve nesiee
1+ x
(a) 16 (b) 2 (c) 6 (d) 4
Making the substitution t = x gives
PGT 2010
1
dt = dx ⇒ 2tdt = dx Ans : (d) f'(x) =2x∀x
2 x
f (x) = x2+C Deewj f(0) = 0
So, integral becomes
⇒ f(x) = x2
t2
2∫ dt ⇒ f(2) = (2)2 = 4
1+ t2
591. β(m,n) =
t2 + 1 −1
⇒ 2∫ dt Γ(m) + Γ(n) Γ(m)Γ(n)
1+ t2 (a) (b)
Γ (mn) Γ(m + n)
t2 +1 1
= 2 ∫ 2 dt − 2 ∫ dt Γ(m).Γ (n)
t +1 1+ t2 (c) (d) None of these
−1
= 2t − 2 tan t + c Γ(m − n)
= 2 x − 2 tan −1 x + c JDD-75-PGT TIER II-X-15 28.06.2015
Ans. (b) : Since
1 x3 + x + 1
588.
∫ -1 x
2
+ 2 x +1
dx is equal is : ∞
n = ∫ x n yn −1e− xy dy..........(i)
0
1 x3 + x + 1
∫ -1 x
2
+ 2 x +1
dx yejeyej nw:
And m =
∞
x m −1e − x dx..........(ii)
(a) log 2 (b) 2log 2 0
1 Multiplying both sides of (i) by xm–1e–xwe, get
(c) log 2 (d) 4log2 ∞
2
Haryana PGT 2019 x m −1e− x n = ∫ x n + m −1y n −1e − x(y +1) dy
JDD-75-PGT TIER-II-X-15 28.06.2015 0
1
3
x + | x | +1 Integrating both sides with respect to x under the Limit
Ans. (a) : I = ∫ dx x = 0 to ∞ we have
–1 x 2 + 2 | x | +1
∞ ∞ ∞ 
=∫
1 x3 1
dx + ∫ 2
| x | +1
dx n ∫ x m −1e− x dx = ∫  ∫ x n + m −1e−1(y +1)x dx y n −1dy ..(iii)
0  0 
2
–1 x + 2 | x | +1 –1 x + 2 | x | +1
0
x3 ∞
n+m
Now because
x 2 + 2 | x | +1
is an add function and but ∫ x (n + m) −1e− (y +1)x dx =
0 (1 + y)m + n
| x | +1
2
is an even function we have Now equation (iii) becomes
x + 2 | x | +1
∞
1 | x | +1 yn −1
I = 2 ∫0 2 | x | +1 dx = 2∫0 ∫ ( n + m ). (1 + y)m+ n dy
1
dx n. m =
(| x | +1)
2
x + 2 | x | +1 0
1 ∞
dx = 2 log (| x | +1)  0 = 2log 2 y n −1
1 1
= 2∫
(
0 | x | +1
) = m+n
(1 + y) m + n
dy
x
0
589. Ùeefo f(x)+f(–x)=0 leye ∫ a
f (t)dt nesiee?
n. m = m + n.B(m, n)
(a) efJe<ece Heâueve (b) mece Heâueve
n. m
(c) DeJeleea Heâueve (d) FveceW mes keâesF& veneR ⇒ B(m, n) =
TGT 2013 m+n
CALCULUS 587 YCT

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∞ we have,
e − st
592. Value of the integral ∫
0 t
dt –
(x + x ) − (x
2 2
+ x 3 ) = x − x 3 = x (1 − x 2 )
∞
e − st Hence,
∫
0 t
dt Fme hetCe&meebefKÙekeâ keâe cetuÙe nw– (x + x ) − (x
2 2
+ x 3 ) > 0 if 0<x<1
π and (x + x ) − (x
2 2
+ x 3 ) < 0 if 1< x<2
(a) (b) π
s let Mr and mr be the upper and lower bounds of the
s given function in the interval given
(c) (d) none of these Therefor
π
Mr = x+x2 if 0<x<1
JDD-75-PGT TIER II-X-15 28.06.2015
= x2+x3 if 1< x < 2
Ans. (a) : and mr = x2+x3 if 0<x<1
∞ −st = x+x3 if 1< x < 2
e
I= ∫ dt ∴ upper riemann – integral
t 0 1 2
Let st = u = ∫ ( x + x 2 ) dx + ∫ ( x 2 + x 3 )dx
du 0 1
dt = 1 2
s x x   x3 x 4 
2 3
= +  + + 
Then, the above integral becomes 2 3 0  3 4 1
∞ ∞
1 e−u s  1 1   8 16   1 1   83
u −1/ 2 e− u du
s∫ u s ∫
I= du = =  +  +  +  −  +   =
0 0  2 3   3 4   3 4   12
s and lower Riemann integral
∞ 1 2
1
u −1/ 2 e− u du = ∫ ( x 2 + x 3 ) dx + ∫ ( x + x 2 )dx
s ∫0
=
0 1
1 2
1 1 1 π x x   x 2 x3 
3 4
s= . = π = = +  + + 
s 2 s s 3 4 0  2 3 1
 1 1   8   1 1 
=  +  +  2 +  −  +  
 3 4   3   2 3 
593. If a function f(x) is defined in internal (0,2) as
follows:– f (x) = x + x 2 , when x is rational. 7 14 5 7 + 56 − 10 53
= + − = =
12 3 6 12 12
= x 2 + x 3 , when x is irrational. 2a a
594. If ∫ f(x) dx = 2 ∫ f(x) dx , then
Then the values of upper and lower Riemann 0 0
integrals in internal (0,2) are respectively– 2a a
Deblejeue (0, 2) ceW Skeâ heâueve f(x) efvecve ™he ceW Ùeefo ∫0 f(x) dx = 2 ∫0 f(x) dx , leye,
heefjYeeef<ele efkeâÙee ieÙee nw (a) f(x) is even (b) f(x) is odd
(c) f(x) is periodic (d) f(2a–x) = f (x)
f (x) = x + x 2 , peye x heefjcesÙe nw~
TGT 2004
= x 2 + x 3 , peye x DeheefjcesÙe nw~ Ans : (d) We have
leye Deblejeue (0,2) ceW GÛÛe SJeb efvecve jerceeve meceekeâue 2a a a
kesâ ceeve ›eâceMe: nw:

∫
f (x)dx = f (x)dx + f (2a – x)dx
0 ∫ 0 ∫ 0
Now, if f(2a–x)=f(x), then

83 53 20 14 2a a a a
(a) , (b) ,
12 12 3 3 ∫
0
f (x)dx = ∫ f (x)dx + ∫ f (x)dx = 2∫ f (x)dx,
0 0 0
49 5
GheÙeg&òeâ ceW mes keâesF& veneR 1
(c) ,
12 6
(d) 595.
∫ ( x + 5) 7/8
( x – 3 )9/8
dx is equal to :
1
Ans. (a) : Function f(x) is defined in the interval (0,2)
as below. ∫ ( x + 5) 7/8
( x – 3 )9/8
dx yejeyej nw:
 x + x , when x is rational
2 1/ 8 1/ 8
f (x) =  2  x+5 x+4
(a)   +c (b)   +c
 x + x , when x is irrational
3
 x −3  x−4
CALCULUS 588 YCT

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1/ 8 1/ 8 3 2x5
 x +5  x+4 + x4 – 2x 3 + 2x 2 + 1
(c) −  
 x −3
+c (d) − 
x−4
 +c 597.
∫ 2 ( )(
x 2 + 1 x4 – 1
dx is equal to:
)
Haryana PGT 2019
3 2x5 + x4 – 2x 3 + 2x 2 + 1
Ans. (a) : I = ∫
1
( x + 5 ) ( x – 3)
78 98
dx ∫ 2 ( )(
x 2 + 1 x4 – 1
dx yejeyej
)
nw:
1 1 1 1 1
=∫ 78
dx (a) +  log 6 +  (b) +  log 6 − 
 x +5 2 5 2 5
 ( x – 3)
2

 x – 3  1 1 1 1
x +5 2 (c) −  log 6 +  (d) −  log 6 − 
Now let =t ⇒ dx = dt 2 5 2 5
( x – 3)
2
x –3 Haryana PGT 2019
1 1 1 1 Ans. (b) :
So, I= ∫
2 ( t )7 8
dt I = ⋅ 8t 8 + c
2 3 2x 5 + x 4 – 2x 3 + 2x 2 +1
1 ∫ 2 (x 2 +1 x 4 – 1 )(
dx
)
I = 4 t8 + c
1 3
2x 3 (x 2 − 1) + (x 2 + 1) 2
 x + 5 8
I = 4
 x –3
 +c
=
∫ ( x +1) ( x − 1)
2 2 2 2
dx
596. The area of the region described by 3

2x 3 (x 2 − 1) 3
(x 2 + 1) 2
R = {(x,y) x2 + y2 ≤ 1 and y2 ≤ 1 – x} is:
R = {(x,y) x2 + y2 ≤ 1 SbJe y2 ≤ 1 – x} Éeje JeefCe&le
=
∫ ( x +1) ( x − 1) ∫ ( x +1) ( x − 1)
2 2 2 2
dx +
2 2 2 2
#es$e keâe #es$eheâue nw: 3 2x 3 3 dx

(a)
π 2
−
2 3
(b)
π 2
+
2 3
=
2 2
x +1
∫(2
dx +
2 ( x +1)( x − 1)
) ∫
π 4 π 4 10 ( t − 1) dt
(c) + (d) + 3
1
2 3 2 3
Haryana PGT 2019
=
5 t 2 ∫ +
2 ( x +1)( x − 1)
dx
∫
Ans. (c) : For intersection points of the curves x2 + y2 = =
1 and y = 1– x we have
2
10 1 10 1 1 3 1 1 3 1
2
x +1–x = 1 =
5 t
dt
∫−
5 t
2
dt +
∫
2 2 ( x − 1)
dx −
∫
2 2 ( x + 1)
dx
∫
⇒ x(x–1) = 0
10 3 3
⇒ either x = 0 or x = 1 10 1  1  1 
Now when x = 0, y = ± 1 and when x = 1, y = 0 = [ log t ]5
+ t +  log ( x − 1 ) −
 2 log ( x + 1) 
 5  2 2  2
Hence intersection points are
(0, 1), (0, –1), (1, 0) 1 1 1 4
= log 2 − + log 2 − log
10 2 2 3
 −1/ 2 
4 1 1 1
= log  2.21 2   − = log 6 −
  
3  10 2 10
π x
598.
∫ 0 a cos x + b 2 sin 2 x
2 2
dx is equal to:
π x
Hence the required are is ∫ 0 a cos x + b 2 sin 2 x
2 2
dx yejeyej nQ:
1 2
( ) π2 π2
1
πr + 2∫ 1 – y 2 dy (a) (b)
2 0
ab 2ab
1
1  y3  π2 π2
= π + 2 y –  (c) (d)
2  3 0 4ab 9ab
π 4 UP PGT 2011
= +
2 3 Haryana PGT 2019
CALCULUS 589 YCT
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Ans. (b) : 1  1/ 2 2 5 / 2 
π
⇒ I=  2t + t  + c
x 2 
∫
5
I= dx
0 a 2 cos 2 x + b 2 sin 2 x 2 5/ 2
π ⇒ I = 2t1/ 2 + t +c
π−x b b
=
∫
0 a 2 cos2 x + b2 sin 2 x
dx ;
∫
a
f (x)dx =
∫
a
f (a + b − x)dx

5
1 
π Hence, I = 2  tan x + tan 5 / 2 x  + c
π  
∫
5
⇒ 2I = dx
0 a cos x + b 2 sin 2 x
2 2
600. The area of the region bounded by the
π π/ 2 sec x dx 2 parabola (y – 2)2 = x–1, the tangent to the
⇒I=
2
2
∫ 0 a + b 2 tan 2 x
2
dx parabola at the point (2, 3) and the x-axis is:
π/2
hejJeueÙe (y – 2)2 = x–1,hejJeueÙe kesâ efyevog (2,3) hej
sec2 x dx
⇒ I= π
0 ∫
a + b 2 tan 2 x
dx
2
KeeRÛeer ieF& mheMe&jsKee SbJe x-De#e Éeje heefjyeæ #es$eheâue
nw:
Now put btanx = t which gives b sec2x dx = dt and limit
(a) 6 (b) 9
of integration changes to [0, ∞)Thus integral becomes
(c) 12 (d) 3
π ∞ dt
I=
b ∫ 0 a + t2
2
Ans. (b) : Given parabola
Haryana PGT 2019
∞ (y – 2)2 = x–1
π 1 t π  π  π2
=  tan −1  =  − 0  =
b 2 a 0 ab  2  2ab dy
So, 2(y–2) =1
dx
1
599.
∫ cos x sin 2x dx is equal to :
3 ⇒
dy
=
1
dx 2(y − 2)
1
∫ cos x sin 2x dx yeejyej nw:
3 and hence at (2,3)
dy 1
=
dx 2
 1  thus equation of tangent line to the parabola at (2,3) is
(a) 2  cot x + tan 5 / 2 x  + c
 5  1
y–3 = ( x − 2 ) or x − 2y + 4 = 0
 1  2
(b) 2  tan x + tan 5 / 2 x  + c
 5  3
+ 1 − ( 2y − 4 )  dy
∫ ( y − 2)
2
Now, the required area =
 1 5/ 2  0 
(c) 2  cot x − tan x  + c
 5 
∫( )
3
= y3 − 6y + 9 dy
 1  0
(d) 2  cot x + tan x  + c
 5  3
= ∫ ( y – 3 ) dy
2
0
Haryana PGT 2019
making the substitution y–3 = t gives dy = dt and t =
Ans. (b) : We have
–3 when y = 0, t = 0 when y = 3
1
I=
∫
cos3 x sin 2x
dx 0  t3 
0
( −3)3 = 9
∫
2
= t dt =   = −
1 −3  3  −3 3
=
cos3 x
∫
2 tan x
dx
 2 
1 + tan 2 x  x – x +1  x
2 2
sec x.sec xdx
601. If 
 x +1 2
3/2  ∫(
e dx = exf(x) + c , then,
)
=
∫
2 tan x
dx 
 2


Now let tanx = t which gives sec2xdx = dt and sec2x =  x – x +1  x
1+t2 Ùeefo 
 x +1 
2
3/2 
e dx = exf(x) + c lees:
∫( )
So,  
1 1+ t2 (a) f(x) is an even function.
I=
2 t
dt
∫ (b) f(x) is not bounded.
(c) Range of f(x) is [0, 1].
1  1 3/ 2 
⇒ I=
2  t
 + t  dt
 ∫ (d) None of these
Haryana PGT 2019
CALCULUS 590 YCT

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Ans. (c) : We have a
 4
=  x 2 + 5x + 
∫ e ( f (x) + f (x) ) dx = e f (x) + c
x ' x
 x 1
4
 2  = a + 5a + − (1 + 5 + 4 )
2
 x − x +1  x a
Now if
∫(  2
 x +1
3/ 2 

e dx = ex f (x) + c
)
4
= a 2 + 5a + − 10
  a
  604. A function g: [0, π÷2]→R by
2
 x +1 x  x g(x)=(
then
∫(
 2
 x +1
3/ 2
−
2
x +1
3/ 2 
) 
e dx = ex f (x) + c
( ) cos2 x, if x∈Q
  0, otherwise.)
  Find the upper Riemann integrals of gover [0,
 1 x x π÷2]
⇒ 
∫(
 x +1
2 1/ 2
−
2
x +1 )
3/ 2 

e dx = ex f (x) + c
( ) (a) π (b) π÷3
  (c) π÷4 (d) π÷2
1 DSSSB TGT 04-09-2021 Shift-I (Male)
⇒ ex + c = e x f (x) + c
π
( )
2 1/ 2
x +1 Ans. (c) : Given, g(x) : [0, ] → R defined by
2
which gives
cos x ; if x ∈ Q
2
1 g(x) = 
f(x) = 0 ; otherwise
( x + 1)
2 1/ 2
Let P = {0 = x 0 < x1 < ... < x n = π / 2} be a partition of
which is an even function, bounded. It has range [0,1] [0, π/2]
∫ cot ( x) cos ec x dx Now, upper integral U(g) = inf {U (g, P) : P is a

3 4
602. Find the value of
partition of [0, π/2]} & upper sum of g with respect to
–[cosec (x) ÷4+ cot6x÷ 6]
(a) 4
n −1
–[cosec4(x) ÷ 4+cosec6(x) ÷ 6]
(b)
4 6
partition P, U (g, P) = Mg i x i +1 − x i ; ∑ ( )
(c)
–[cot (x)÷ 4 + cosec ÷6] i = 0
–[cot4(x) ÷ 4 + cot6 (x) ÷ 6]
(d) where Mgi is the supremum of g in [xi , xi+1]
DSSSB TGT 04-09-2021 Shift-I (Male) Now cos x ≥ 0 and cos x is decreasing on [0, π/2]
2 2
2
Ans. (d) : so Mgi = cos xi
n −1
∫
I = cot 3 x cos ec4 x dx ∴ U (g, P) = ∑ cos 2
(
x i ( x i +1 − x i ) = U cos 2 x, P )
i=0
Let cot x = t ⇒ – cosec x dx = dt 2
π/2
∫ (
∴ I = − t 3 1 + t 2 dt ) So, ∫0
cos 2 x dx ≤ U ( g, P )
∫( t )
π/ 2
∫
3
=– + t 5 dt ⇒ cos2 x dx is lower bound for U (g, P)
0
 t4 t6   cot 4 x cot 6 x  π/ 2
= −  +  + C = − 
4 6  4
+
6 
+C ∴ U (g) = ∫ 0
cos2 x dx = π / 4
603. What is the area inside function (2x3+5x–4) ÷x2 605. A funtion on [ 0,1] by
from x = 1 to a. f (x) (
(a) a ÷2 + 5a – 4 ln (a)
2 1, if x= 1 ÷ n for some n ∈ N,
2
(b) a +5a+4÷a–10 0, otherwise)
(c) a ÷2+4ln (a)– 11÷2
2 find ∫f with limits 0 to 1.
(a) –1 (b) n
(d) a ÷2 + 5a – 11 ÷2
2
(c) 0 (d) 1
a  2x 3 5x 2 4 
∫
Ans. (b) : Required area A =  2 + 2 − 2  dx Ans. (c) : Given,
1  x x x 
  1
1 if x = for some n ∈ N
f (x) = 
∫( )
a n
= 2x + 5 − 4x −2 dx 
1  0 otherwise
CALCULUS 591 YCT

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on [0, 1]  1 
Every interval contains points where f(x) = 0, and thus y = x ( log e x ) − 2  x log e x − ∫ x .x dx 
2
 
if follows that lower sum of f, L (f, P) = 0 for every y = x(log x)2 – 2x log x + 2x + c.
e e
partition P. This implies that lower integral of f, L(f) =
Now because y passes through (1, 2) so,
0.
2=2+c⇒c=0
Now let ε > 0 be arbitrary and consider the finite set
∴ y = x(logex)2 – 2x logex + 2x
 1 1 1
1, , , ...,  consisting of points of the form 1/n ⇒ y – 2x = x(logex) – 2x logex
2
 2 3 N
y
that satisfy 1/n > ε/2. Because this set is finite, ⇒ − 2 = log e x [ log e x − 2]
construct a set of disjoint intervals around each of these x
points with the property that the sum of the lengths of 608. The area bounded by the parabola (y – 2)2 = x –
these intervals comes to less than ε/2. Letting P be the 1, the tangent to the parabola at (2, 3), x = 0
partition that results from taking the union of these and y = 0 is:
intervals together with the interval [0, ε/2]. It follows that hejJeueÙe (y – 2)2 = x – 1, hejJeueÙe hej efmLele efyevog (2,
ε ε 3) hej KeeRÛeer ieF& mheMe& jsKee SJeb De#eeW (x = 0, y = 0)
U (f , P) < + = ε
2 2 mes heefjyeæ #es$e keâe #es$eHeâue nw:
and f integrates to zero. (a) 4 sq. unit/4 Jeie& FkeâeF&
sin x − cos x
2 2
(b) 5 sq. unit/5 Jeie& FkeâeF&
606. The value of ∫ dx is:
2
sin x.cos x2 (c) 3 sq. unit/3 Jeie& FkeâeF&
sin x − cos x
2 2 (d) 2 sq. unit/2 Jeie& FkeâeF&
∫ sin2 x.cos2 x dx keâe ceeve nw: Haryana PGT 2020
(a) tan x + cot x + c (b) tan x + cosec x + c Ans. (2) :
(c) –tan x + cot x + c (d) tan x + sec x + c Given parabola (y – 2)2 = x – 1
UK SSSC LT 2020
sin 2 x − cos 2 x
Ans. (a) : I = ∫ dx
sin 2 x.cos 2 x
⇒ I = ∫ 
1 1 
− dx
 cos 2 x sin 2 x 
⇒ I = ∫ sec 2 x dx − ∫ cosec 2 x dx
⇒ I = tan x − ( − cot x ) + c
⇒ I = tan x + cot x + c dy
So, 2(y – 2) =1
dx
∫ ( log x )
2
607. If y = e dx satisfies the point (1, 2),
dy 1
then: ⇒ =
dx 2 ( y − 2 )
Ùeefo y = ∫ ( log e x )2 dx efyevog (1, 2) keâes mevleg° keâjlee
 dy  1
nw, lees: ∴   = : slope of tangent line to the
 ( 2,3) 2
dx
y
(a) − 2 = log e x ( log e x + 2 ) parabola at (2, 3)
x ∴ Equation of tangent line at (2, 3) is given by
y 1
(b) + 2 = log e x ( log e x + 2 ) (y – 3) = ( x − 2 )
x 2
y or x – 2y + 4 = 0
(c) − 2 = log e x ( log e x − 2 ) ∴ The area bounded by the given parabola, the tangent
x
and the x-axis is
y
(d) + 2 = log e x ( log e x − 2 ) 3
∫ [( y − 2 ) + 1 − ( 2y − 4 )]dy
2
x
Haryana PGT 2020 0
3
∫(y − 6y + 9 )dy
Ans. (c) :
⇒ 2
Given y ∫ ( log e x ) dx : on integrating by parts

2
0
3
 1 
∫ ( y − 3) dy
2
y = ( log e x ) .x − ∫  2 log e x. .x  dx ⇒
2
 x  0
CALCULUS 592 YCT

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 ( y − 3 )3 
3 which gives us
⇒   1/ 2
 1 − u m −1  1 − u n −1  m + n − 2
 3  0 I = − ∫   +  u du
1   u   u  
⇒ 9 sq. unit
1
 1 − u  m −1  1 − u  n −1  m + n − 2
Now the required area is 9 sq. unit - ar(OAB) or I= ∫  u   u   u du
1/ 2 
1 
= 9 – (4)(2) = 5 sq. unit. 1 1
2
( ) ∫1/ 2 (1 − u ) u du
m −1 n −1 n −1 m −1
609. The area bounded by the curve y2 = x3 and the

or I = ∫1/ 2 1 − u u du +
line y = 2x is: Now for I2, we make substitution 1 – u = z ⇒ –du = dz
Je›eâ y2 = x3 Deewj jsKee y = 2x Éeje heefjyeæ #es$eHeâue and
yejeyej nw: 1
z = 1/2 when u =
16 16 2
(a) (b) z = 0 when u = 1
3 5
which gives us
8 8 0 1/ 2
(c) (d)
I 2 = − ∫ ( z ) (1 − z ) dz or I2 = ∫ (1 − z ) z n −1dz
n −1 m −1 m −1
3 5
1/ 2 0
Haryana PGT 2020
1/ 2
Ans. (b) : Given curves y2 = x3 and y = 2x intersect at or I2 = ∫ (1 − u ) u n −1du
m −1
(0, 0) and (4, 8). 0
1/ 2 1 m −1
∫ (1 − u ) u n −1 du + ∫ (1 − u )
m −1
Thus I= u n −1du
0 1/ 2
1
I = ∫ (1 − u )
m −1
⇒ u n −1du, m > 0, n > 0
0
1
I = B ( n, m ) = ∫ (1 − u )
m −1
⇒ u n −1du : Beta function
0
4 : m > 0, n > 0
∫ ( 2x − x ) dx
3/ 2
Hence the required area = 1
x m −1 + x n −1 m. n
0 ⇒ I=∫ dx = B ( n, m ) =
(1 + x )
m+n
4 0 m+n
 2 
= x 2 − x5 / 2  : m > 0, n > 0
 5 0
( x - 1)
2
16 611. If ∫ dx = tan -1 x + g ( x ) + c, then g(x) =
=
(x + 1)
2 2
5
( x - 1)
1
x m-1 + x n-1 2
610. ∫ (1 + x ) m +n
dx, m > 0, n > 0 = Ùeefo ∫ dx = tan -1 x + g ( x ) + c, lees g(x) =
(x + 1)
2 2
0
Γ (m) Γ (n ) 2Γ ( m ) Γ ( n )
(a) (b) 1 x
Γ (m + n) Γ (m + n) (a) (b) tan −1  
x +1 2
2
Γ (m) Γ (n ) Γ (m) Γ (n ) 1 1
(c) (d) (c) (d)
2Γ ( m + n ) Γ (m) Γ (n ) 2 ( x 2 + 1) 2 ( x + 1)
Haryana PGT 2020 Haryana PGT 2020
Ans. (a) : Ans. (a) :
( x − 1)
2
x m −1 + x n −1
1
Given I = ∫ (1 + x ) m+n
dx, m > 0, n > 0 Given ∫ dx = tan −1 ( x ) + g ( x ) + c
(x + 1)
2 2
0
1 1 x + 1 − 2x
2
Making the substitution 1 + x = and dx = − 2 du dx = tan −1 ( x ) + g ( x ) + c
u u or ∫
(x + 1)
2 2
and u = 1 when x = 0, u = 1/2 when x = 1
CALCULUS 593 YCT

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π/ 4
∫ tan ( sec )
1 2xdx
∫ x 2 + 1 dx − ∫ x 2 + 1 2 = tan ( x ) + g ( x ) + c
−1 n −2
or = 2
x − 1 dx
( ) 0
π/4 π/4
1
∫ tan n − 2 sec 2 x dx − ∫ tan
n −2
or tan (x) + 2 –1
+ c = tan −1 ( x ) + g ( x ) + c = x dx
x +1 0 0
1 π/4
which gives, g ( x ) = 2  tan n −1 x 
x +1 =   − A n − 2 (by definition of An)
b  n −1 
612. If d f ( x ) = g ( x ) ,for a ≤ x ≤ b, then ∫ f ( x ) g ( x ) dx = a which gives
dx a
d 1
≤ x ≤ b kesâ efueS Ùeefo f ( x) = g ( x) , lees An + An-2 =
n −1
dx
b For n = 10 we get
∫ f ( x ) g ( x ) dx =
a A10+A8 =
1
(a) g(b) – g(a) (b) f(b) – f(a)
9
{g ( b )}2 − {g ( a )}2 {f ( b )}2 − {f ( a )}2
4
(c)
2
(d)
2
614. The value of ∫0 [ x] dx, where[x] is greatest
Haryana PGT 2018 ineger less than x, is
b 4
Ans. (d) : Given I = ∫ f ( x ) g ( x ) dx.
a
∫ [ x] dx, keâe ceeve, peneB [x] cenòece hetCeeËkeâ nw pees x mes
0
On integrating by parts we have keâce nw, nesiee :
b
 d
)
b
I = f ( x ) ∫ g ( x ) dx  − ∫  f ( x ) ∫ g ( x ) dx dx (a) 6 (b) 5
 a
a  dx (c) 8 (d) 10
Now if g : [a,b] → R is integrable, then UKPSC GIC 2018
d Ans. (a) :
f ( x ) = g ( x ) ⇒ ∫ g ( x ) dx = f ( x )
∫ [ x ] dx = ∫ [ x ] dx + ∫ [ x ] dx + ∫ [ x ] dx + ∫ [ x ] dx
4 1 2 3 4
dx
and hence we get 0 0 1 2 3
b =0+1+2+3
I = f ( x ) .f ( x )  a − ∫ f ( x ) .g ( x ) dx.
b
=6
a
615. Area bounded by the curve y = x and axis of x
{f ( b )} − {f ( a )}
2 2
⇒ 2I =
between x = –4 and x = 2 is
{f ( b )} − {f ( a )}
2 2
x = –4 Deewj x = 2 leLee Je›eâ y = x kesâ yeerÛe heefjyeæ
⇒I=
2 #es$eheâue nw :
π
4 (a) 16 sq. unit/16 Jeie& FkeâeF&
∫ tan x dx, then A10 + A8 =
n
613. Let An = (b) 12 sq. unit/ 12 Jeie& FkeâeF&
0
π (c) 8 sq. unit/ 8 Jeie& FkeâeF&
(d) 10 sq. unit/ 10 Jeie& FkeâeF&
4
ceeve ueerefpeS An = ∫ tann x dx, lees A10 + A8 =
0 UKPSC GIC 2018
1 1 Ans. (d) :
(a) (b)
8 9
1 1
(c) (d)
11 13
Haryana PGT 2018
Ans. (b) :
π/4 0 2
An = ∫ tan
n
x dx Required area = ∫
−4
− xdx + ∫ xdx
0
0 0 2
π/ 4  −x  x 
2
16 4 2
=   +  = + = 10
= ∫
0
tan n − 2 tan 2 x dx  2  −4  2  0 2 2
CALCULUS 594 YCT

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b
f(x)dx 1 5
616. The value of ∫ f(x) + f(a + b - x) is
a
618. If f'(x) =
x
+ x and f(1)= , then f(x) is
2
b
f(x)dx Ùeefo f'(x) = + x Deewj f(1)= 5 , lees f(x) nw :
1
∫a f(x) + f(a + b - x) keâe ceeve nw: (a) x2 + 2

x 2
a+b x2
(a) (b) b – a (b) log x + +2
2 2
b−a x2
(c) (d) a+b (c) x + +1
2 2
UKPSC GIC 2018 (d) None of these / Ghejesòeâ ceW mes keâesF& veneR
b
f (x)dx UKPSC GIC 2018
Ans. (c) : I = ∫
a
f (x) + f (a + b − x) Ans. (b) : f'(x) = 1 + x
x
f (a + b − x)dx
b
Integrate
I=∫
a
f (a + b − x) + f (x)
(
⇒ f(x) = ∫ 1 + x dx
x )
f (x) + f (a + b − x)
b
⇒ 2I = ∫ dx ⇒ f(x) = log x + x + c
2
a
f (x) + f (a + b − x) 2
b
Now if x = 1 ; f(x) = 5
⇒ 2I = ∫ dx = b − a 2
a ∴ 5 = log 1 + 1 +c
b−a 2 2
⇒I= ⇒c=2
2 2
617. The area of the region bounded between the ∴ f(x) = log x + x 2 + 2
2
line x = 4 and the parabola y = 16x is
jsKee x = 4 Deewj hejJeueÙe y2 = 16x kesâ ceOÙe efIejs #es$e
keâe #es$eheâue nw : sin 2 x sin 2 x
619. ∫ dx, nw:/ ∫ dx, is
112 112 cos6 x cos6 x
(a) sq.unit / Jeie& FkeâeF& (a) sin x ceW Ieele 5 keâe Skeâ yengheo
3 3
128 128 a polynomial of degree 5 in sin x
(b) sq.unit / Jeie& FkeâeF&
3 3 (b) e x ceW Ieele 4 keâe Skeâ yengheo
138 138 a polynomial of degree 4 in ex
(c) sq.unit / Jeie& FkeâeF& (c) cos x ceW Ieele 5 keâe Skeâ yengheo
3 3
98 98 a polynomial of degree 5 in cos x
(d) sq.unit / Jeie& FkeâeF& (d) tan x ceW Ieele 5 keâe Skeâ yengheo
3 3
UKPSC GIC 2018 a polynomial of degree 5 in tan x
Ans. (b) : Rajasthan TGT 2015
Ans. (d) : Givan that
sin 2 x
I=∫ dx
cos6 x
= ∫ tan 2 x.sec2 x.sec 2 x.dx
4 = ∫ tan 2 x(1 + tan 2 x)sec 2 x.dx
Required area is = 2 ∫ ydx
0
4 = ∫ (tan 2 x + tan 4 x)sec2 x.dx
⇒ 2 ∫ 4 x dx
0 put tan x = t
4
 3  ⇒ sec 2 x.dx = dt
x2 
⇒ 8  t3 t5 t5 t3
∫ (t
2
 3  + t 4 )dt = + +C = + +C
 2  0 3 5 5 3
4 tan 5 x tan 3 x
16  32  16 128 I= + +C
⇒ x  = × 8 = sq.unit . 5 3
3  0 3 3 Which is polynomial of degree 5 in tan x
CALCULUS 595 YCT
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(1 - cos x ) 7 = ∫ sec x ( sec x − tan x ) dx
2 n
(∵ sec 2 x − tan 2 x = 1)
620. ∫ 1 + cos x 9 7 dx =
( ) Let sec x – tan x = t
−37 11 ⇒ (sec x.tan x – sec2x) dx = dt
4 x 7 x 7
(a)  tan  +c (b)  tan  +c ⇒ – sec x (sec x – tan x) dx = dt
7 2 11  2
dt
11 −3 ⇒ dx = −
7 x 7
4 x 7 sec x (sec x − tan x)
(c)  cos  +c (d)  sin  + c
11  2 7 2
sec x (sec x − tan x) n
Rajasthan TGT 2013 ⇒ I= ∫− sec x (sec x − tan x)
dt
(1 − cos x) 2/7
Ans : (b) ∫ (1 + cos x) 9/7
dx
tn
= −∫ dt = − ∫ t n −1dt
2/7 t
  2 x 
1 −  1 − 2sin 2   t n −1+1 tn
  = − +c = − +c
=∫ 9/7
dx n −1 +1 n
  2 x 
1 +  2 cos 2 − 1  1
= − ( sec x − tan x ) + c
n
   n
4/7
 x dx
sin 
1 
= ∫
2
dx
  x 
4/7
 Divided by cos  

622. If 2x > 3, then ∫ 9 - 4x 2
=
18 / 7
2  x   2  1 3 − 2x 1 3 + 2x
 cos  (a) log e +c (b) log e +c
 2 12 3 + 2x 12 3 − 2x
2x + 3 2x − 3
4/7
 x
(c)
1
log e +c (d)
1
log e +c
tan 
1  2 12 2x − 3 12 2x + 3
= ∫ dx
2  2 x Rajasthan TGT 2013
 cos 
 2 dx
1  x
4/7
x
Ans : (c) let I = ∫ 9 − 4x 2
= ∫
2 
 tan 
2
× sec 2
2
dx
dx 1 dx
4
= ∫ 3 − ( 2x )
2 2
= ∫
4  3 2
  −x
+1 2
1 t7 7 2
= ∫ 2t 4 / 7 dt = = t11/ 7
2 4 11
+1 1 1 3 + 2x
7 = . log +c
11/ 7 4 2. 3 3 − 2x
7 x
=  tan  + C 2
11  2
1 2x + 3
sec x = log +c
621. ∫ ( sec x + tan x ) n
dx = 12 2x − 3
623. If [x] denotes the greatest integer function of x
1
( sec x − tan x ) + c
n
(a) b a
n
1
then ∫ [ x] dx + ∫ [-x] dx = / Ùeefo [x], x kesâ cenòece
(b) – ( sec x + tan x ) + c
n a b
b a
n
1 hetCeeËkeâ keâes oMee&lee nw, lees ∫ [ x] dx + ∫ [-x] dx =
(c) – ( sec x − tan x ) + c
n
a b
n
(a) 2(a – b) (b) a – b
1
( sec x − tan x ) + c
−n
(d) (c) 2(b – a) (d) 0
n
Rajasthan TGT 2013
Rajasthan TGT 2013
Ans : (c) If (x) denotes the greatest integer function of x
sec x
Ans : (c) I = ∫ then
( sec x + tan x )
n
b a
∫ [ x ] dx + ∫ [ −x ] dx = [ x ] + [ −x − 1]
b a
sec x ( sec x − tan x )

n a b
=∫ a b
( sec x − tan 2 x )
n
2
= b − a + (−a − 1) − (−b − 1) = 2(b − a)
CALCULUS 596 YCT

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ex xe x Ans : (c)
624. If I1 =∫ dx, I2 = ∫ dx,
(1+x ) 2 2
(1 + x ) 2 2 ex − 1 e x / 2 (e x / 2 − e − x / 2 )
∫ e x + 1dx = ∫ e x / 2 (ex / 2 + e− x / 2 )dx
x2ex
I3 = ∫ dx, then I1 –2I2 + I3 =/ Ùeefo ex / 2 − e− x / 2
(1 + x ) 2 2
=∫ x/2
dx
x x 2 x (e + e− x / 2 )
e xe xe
I1 = ∫ dx, I2 = ∫ dx, I3 = ∫ dx, let e x / 2 + e− x / 2 = t
(1+x ) 2 2
(1+x ) 2 2
(1+x ) 2 2
1 x / 2 −x / 2
lees I1 –2I2 + I3 = (e −e )dx = dt
2
ex ex 2dt
(a) +c (b) +c =∫ = 2 log t + C
(1 + x 2 ) (1 + x ) 2 2 t
= 2 log(e x / 2 + e− x / 2 ) + C
xe x 2e x
(c) +c (d) +c
(1 + x 2 ) (1 + x 2 ) 626.
dx dx
∫ x(x4 − 1) is equal to/ ∫ x(x4 − 1) keâe ceeve nw–
Rajasthan TGT 2013
Ans : (a) (a)
1
4
(
log e (x 4 /(x 4 − 1) + C )
ex xe x x 2e x
I1 = ∫ dx, I 2 = ∫ dx, I3 = ∫
(1 + x ) 2 2
(1 + x ) 2 2
(1 + x ) 2 2 (b)
1
4
(
log e (x 4 − 1) / x 4 + C )
∴ I1 − 2I 2 + I3 = ∫
ex − 2 x ex + x 2ex
dx (
(c) log e (x 4 − 1) / x 4 + C )
(1 + x ) 2 2
(d) log e ( x 4 /(x 4 − 1) ) + C
e (1 − 2x + x )
x 2
Rajasthan TGT 2011
= ∫ dx
(1 + x ) 2 2
Ans : (b) let I = ∫
dx
=∫
x 3dx
e (1 + x ) − 2x 
x 2 x(x 4 − 1) x 4 (x 4 − 1)
=∫  dx put x 4 = t ⇒ 4x 3dx = dt
(1 + x ) 2 2
1
⇒ x 3dx = dt
ex e x ( −2x ) 4
= ∫ (1 + x 2 ) dx + ∫ dx
(1 + x ) 2 2 1 1
⇒ − ∫ dt + ∫
1 1
dt + c
4 t 4 t −1
1 e x ( 2x ) e x ( 2x ) 1 1
= ex + ∫ dx − ∫ dx + c ⇒ I = − log t + log(t − 1) + C
(1 + x ) 2
(1 + x ) 2 2
(1 + x ) 2 2 4 4
 t −1  (x 4 − 1)
e x ( 2x ) e x ( 2x )
1 1
1 I= log   + C = log +C
= ex + ∫ dx − ∫ dx + c 4  t  4 x4
(1 + x )
2
(1 + x 2 )
2
(1 + x 2 )
2
sin a
627. Deiej ∫ dx = Ax + Blog sec(x − a) + c,
e x
cos(x − a)
= +c peneb A Deewj B JeemleefJekeâ efmLejebkeâ nw, lees
(1 + x 2 )
(a) A = cos a, B = sin a, c ∈ ℝ
ex − 1 ex − 1 (b) A ∈ ℝ, B = cos a,C = sin a
625. ∫ ex + 1dx is equal to/ ∫ ex + 1dx keâe ceeve nw
(c) A = sin a, B ∈ ℝ, C = cos a
(a) log e (e x + 1) + C (d) A = sin a, B = cos a, c ∈ ℝ
(b) log e (e x − 1) + C sin a
x
−
x Ans : (d) = ∫
cos(x − a) ∫
dx = sin a sec(x − a)dx
(c) 2 log e (e 2 + e 2 ) + C
= x sin a + cos a log sec(x − a) + 2 ......... (1)
x x
1 − by using the formula, product of two functions
(d) log e (e 2 − e 2 ) + C comparing (1) with the given solution we get
2
Rajasthan TGT 2011 A = sin a, B = cos a, c∈ R
CALCULUS 597 YCT

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628. The anti-derivative F(x) of the function π
2  1 + tan θ 1 
f (x) =
1
+ log(log x) such that F(e)=e,
= ∫ 0
 − dθ
 1 + tan θ 1 + tan θ 
( log x )
2
π π
1
will be.
(a) log(log x) − x log x − e
= ∫ 2 dθ −
0 ∫ 0
2
1 + tan θ
dθ
π π
cos θ
(b)
 1 
x log(log x) − x   + 2e
= [ θ]02 − ∫ 0
2
sin θ + cos θ
dθ
 log x 
π π π
(c) x log(log x) − x log x − 2e = − = (by properties)
2 4 4
(d) log(log x) + x log x + e
[ ]
1000 x − x

630. The value of ∫ 0
e dx is
1 [ ]
1000 x − x
Ans : (b) Let f (x) = + log(log x) ∫ e dx keâe ceeve nw
( log x )2
0
e1000 − 1
(a) e1000 − 1 (b)
then anti-derivative of f(x) is F ( x ) = f ( x ) dx ∫ e −1
1 e −1
∫ ( log x ) ∫
⇒ = dx + log log xdx (c) 1000(e–1) (d)
2 1000
LT 2018
⇒ 1000 x −[ x ]
1 x 1 Ans : (c) ∫ e dx
= ∫ ( log x ) dx + x log log x − − ∫ ( log x ) dx + C 0
2 2
log x ∴  x − [ x ] = {x}
x
= 1000 ∫ e{x}dx = 1000  e x  = 1000 ( e − 1)
1 1
⇒ F(x) = x log log x − +C
log x 0 0
But given that F(e)= e

∫ x e dx is/ ∫ x e dx keâe ceeve nw
2 x 2 x
631. The value of
e
∴ e = elog log e − +C (a) 2ex + c
log e
⇒ e=0–e+C
(b) (x 2
+ 2 ) ex + c
⇒ C = 2e (c) (x2 + 2x + 2)ex + c

(d) (x2– 2x + 2)ex + c
x
∴ F(x) = x log ( log x ) − + 2e LT 2018
log x
∫ x e dx
2 x
Ans : (d)
∞ xdx
629. The value of ∫
0
(1 + x ) (1 + x2 )
is = x 2 e x − 2∫ xe x dx = x 2e x − 2  xe x − ∫ e x dx 
 
∞ xdx = x 2e x − 2xe x + 2e x = e x x 2 − 2x + 2 + c ( )
∫0
(1 + x ) (1 + x2 )
keâe ceeve nw
 π
632. If x =t, y= loge(cost), t ∈ 0,  , then the value
π π  4
(a) (b)
2 4 π 2 2
 dx   dy 
(c)
π
(d)
π of ∫ 0
4
 dt  +  dt  dt is
   
3 8
π
LT 2018 Ùeefo x =t, y= loge(cost), t ∈ 0,  , lees
∞ xdx  4
Ans : (b) ∫0 (1 + x ) (1 + x 2 ) π
 dx   dy 
2 2
∫0
4
 dt  +  dt  dt keâe ceeve nw
   
Let, x = tan θ
dx = sec2θdθ (a) log e ( 2 +1 ) (b) log e ( 2 −1 )
π
( ) ( )
2
tan θ sec θdθ
then, = ∫ 0
2
(1 + tan θ ) (1 + tan 2 θ )
(c) 2 log e 2 +1 (d) 2 log e 2 −1
LT 2018
CALCULUS 598 YCT
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 π Ans. (c) : Given,
Ans : (a) If x =t, y= loge(cost), t ∈ 0,  then the value
 4 x3 x3 + 1 − 1
π 2 2
I= dx = dx
 dx   dy  x +1 x +1
of ∫ 0
4
  +   dt
 dt   dt  x3 + 1 1
x = t, y= loge(cos t) = dx − dx
x +1 x +1
dx dy 1 dy
=1, = ( − sin t ) , = – tan t (x + 1)(x 2 − x + 1) 1
dt dt cos t dt = dx − dx
2 2 (x + 1) x +1
 dx   dy 
  = 1 ,   = ( − tan t ) = tan t
2 2
 
dt  
dt x3 x 2
= − + x − log x + 1 + c
2 2 3 2
 dx   dy  2
  +   = 1 + tan t = sec t
2
then,
 dt   dt  x 2 x3
= x− + − log x + 1 + c
2 2 2 2
 dx   dy 
Now,   +   = sec t et et
 dt   dt  635. If
1
dt = a then
1
dt is equal to –
π 2 2 π 0 1+ t 0 (1 + t)2
 dx   dy 
∫0
4
  +   dt = 0
 dt   dt  ∫ 4 sec tdt
Ùeefo
et
1
dt = a nw,lees
1 et
dt Fmekesâ yejeyej nw
 π π 0 1+ t 0 (1 + t)2
= log sec + tan  − log [sec0 + tan 0]
 4 4 e e
(a) a − 1 + (b) a + 1 −
= log  2 + 1 − log [1 + 0] 2 2
−e e
= log  2 + 1 (c) a − 1 + (d) a + 1 +
2 2
dx SECTION B PGT TIER-I 31.11.2014
633. is equal to–
sin x cos 2 x
2
Ans. (b) :
dx 1
Fmekesâ yejeyej nw– et
2
sin x cos x 2 dt = a
1+ t
(a) tan x + cot x + c (b) (tan x + cot x) 2 + c 0
1
(c) (tan x − cot x) 2 + c (d) tan x − cot x + c (1 + t) −1 e t dt = a
DSSSB TGT (SECTION-B) 28 DEC 2014 0
Ans. (d) : Let, 1
1 et
I=
dx (1 + t) −1 + 2
dt = a
0
sin x.cos 2 x 0 (1 + t)
2
(sin 2 x + cos 2 x) e et
1
then, I= dx −1+ dt = a
2 2
sin x.cos x 2 2
0 (1 + t)
= (sec2 x + cosec2 x dx
1
et e
= [ tan x − cotx ] + c 2
dt = a + 1 −
2
0 (1 + t)
x 3dx x 3dx
634. is equal to–/ Ùen Fmekesâ yejeyej nw 636. The area of the region bounded by the curve
x+1 x+1
y = x2 and the line y = 4 is –
x 2 x3
(a) x + + − log 1 − x + c
2 3 Je›eâ y = x2 Deewj jsKee y = 4 mes yebOee ngDee #es$e nw–
x 2 x3 32 64
(b) x + − − log 1 − x + c (a) (b)
2 3 3 3
x 2 x3 256 128
(c) x − + − log 1 + x + c (c) (d)
2 3 3 3
(d) None of these/FveceW mes keâesF& veneR UP PGT 2013
DSSSB TGT (SECTION-B) 28 DEC 2014 SECTION B PGT TIER-I 31.11.2014
CALCULUS 599 YCT
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Ans. (a) : Given equation of curve and line is y = x2 ∞
x 2 dx
and y = 4 Ùeefo ∫0 (x2 + a2 )(x2 + b 2 )(x 2 + c2 ) =
then, area of the region ABCOA
∞
= 2×Area of the region ABOA (by symmetry) π dx
2(a + b)(b + c)(c + a)
nw, lees ∫ (x
0
2
+ 4)(x 2 + 9)
keâe
ceeve nw–
π π
(a) (b)
60 20
π π
(c) (d)
2 40 80
Area ABCOA = 2 (y1 − y 2 )dx JDD-75-PGT TIER II-X-15 28.06.2015
0 Ans. (a) :
2 ∞ x 2 dx
∫0
2
x3 Given that
= 2 (4 − x 2 )dx = 2 4x − (x 2 + a 2 )(x 2 + b2 )(x 2 + c2 )
3
0 0 π
=
8 16 32 2(a + b)(b + c)(c + a)
= 2 8− −0 = 2 × = sq.unit.
3 3 3 ∞ dx
2x
leye, ∫0
(x + 4)(x 2 + 9) 2
637. Value of the integral ( x + 2y ) dy.dx is– Multiplying by x2
10 ∞ x 2 dx
2x
( x + 2y ) dy.dx hetCe& meebefKÙekeâ keâe cetuÙe nw
∫ 0
(
x2 x2 + 4 x2 + 9 )( )
10 π π
= =
(a)
14
(b)
12 2 ( 0 + 2 )( 2 + 3)( 3 + 0 ) 60
3 5 ∞ dx π
8 3 ∴ 2 2
=
(c) (d) 0 (x + 4)(x + 9) 60
3 14
SECTION B PGT TIER-I 31.11.2014 639. The area enclosed within the curves
Ans. (a) : x + y = 1 is–
2x x + y = 1 Je›eâ DeOeerve JÙeeefhele #es$e nw–
(x + 2y)dy.dx
10
(a) 2 (b) 2
2 x x (c) 2 2 (d) 4
= x dy + 2 ydy dx JDD-75-PGT TIER II-X-15 28.06.2015
1 0 0 Ans. (b) : Given curve is x + y = 1
2
=
x
x [ y ]0 + y 2
x
dx Graph of x + y =1
0
1
2 2 2
= x 2 + x 2 dx = 2x 2 dx = 2 x 2 dx
1 1 1
2 2 2 14
= x3 = [8 − 1] = 3
3 1 3
∞
x 2 dx
638. If ∫ (x
0
2
+ a )(x 2 + b 2 )(x 2 + c 2 )
2
=
Area bounded by curve x + y = 1 is
π Area of the square ABCD
then the value of
2(a + b)(b + c)(c + a) So, Area of square ABCD = (side)2 (AB = 2 )
∞ 2
dx =( 2)
∫ (x
0
2
+ 4)(x 2
+ 9)
is–
= 2 sq.unit
CALCULUS 600 YCT

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π/2 π/ 2
cos x π/2  t3 
640. The value of the integral ∫
0 sin x + cos x
is–
I= ∫
2
t .dt =  
0  3  0
π/2
cos x
∫ sin x + cos x
Fme hetCe& meebefKÙekeâ keâe cetuÙe nw– ( π / 2 )3 π3
0 I= =
3 24
1 π
(a) (b) π3
2 2 I=
1 π 24
(c) (d)
4 4 a x 
JDD-75-PGT TIER II-X-15 28.06.2015 642. The value of ∫  x dx is :
 
Ans. (d) :
π/2
a x 
cos x ∫  x dx keâe ceeve nw :
Let I = ∫ sin x + cos x
.........(i)  
0 x x
(a) a loge a + c (b) 2 a loge a + c
By using the property of definite integral x x
(c) 2 a log10 e + c (d) 2 a loga e + c
π 
π/ 2 cos  − x  TGT 2003
I= ∫  2 
π π
dx Ans : (d) ceevee x =t
  
0 sin  − x  + cos  − x 

1 1 1
2  2  dx = dt ⇒ dx = 2dt
π
2 x x
sin x
I= ∫
x
2 .......(ii) a 2.a t
0 cos x + sin x ∴∫ dx = ∫ a t .2dt = +c
x log e a
Adding equations (i) and (ii), we get
π/2 = 2a x
log a e + c.
sin x + cos x
2I = ∫ sin x + cos x
dx π/ 2 1
0 643. ∫0 1 + tan x
dx =
π/2 π
π/ 2 (a) π
2I = ∫ 1dx = [ x ]0 (b)
2
0 π π
(c) (d)
π π 3 4
⇒ 2I = , I=
2 4 TGT 2003
1π2
1
(sin −1 x)2 Ans : (d) ceevee I=∫ dx
641. The value of the integral ∫
0 1 − x2
is– 1 + tan x
0
π2 cos x
=∫ dx ....... (i)
(sin −1 x)2
1
0 sin x + cos x
∫ 1 − x2
Fme hetCe& mebeefKÙekeâ keâe cetuÙe nw– a a
0
3 2
meceekeâueve ØeiegCe, ∫0
f (x)dx = ∫ f (a − x)dx
0
mes
π π
(a) (b) π 
24 24 cos  − x 
I=∫
π2
 2  dx
π3 π2 0  π  π 
(c) (d) sin  − x  + cox  − x 
12 12 2  2 
JDD-75-PGT TIER II-X-15 28.06.2015 π sin x
=∫ 2
dx .......... (ii)
Ans. (a) : 0 cos x + sin x
meceer. (i) leLee meceer. (ii) keâes peesÌ[ves hej

(sin −1 x)2
1
Let I = ∫ dx π sin x + cos x
1 − x2 2I = ∫ 2 dx
0 0 sin x + cos x
Put sin–1x = t π π
1 = ∫ 2 1dx =
⇒ dx = dt 0 2
1 − x2 π
I=
Then the above integral can be written 4
CALCULUS 601 YCT

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dx 646. Area lying between the parabola y2 = 4ax and
644. ∫ 1 + 2sin x + cos x = its latus rectum is
hejJeueÙe y2 = 4ax Deewj Fmekesâ veeefYeuecye kesâ yeerÛe keâe
  x 
1 + 2 tan    + c #es$eHeâue nw :
(a) log   2 
8 8
(a)   a2 (b)  a
3 3
  x 
(b) log 1 − 2 tan    + c 4a 4a 2
  2  (c) (d)
3 3
1   x  TGT 2003
(c) log 1 + 2 tan    + c
2   2  Ans : (a) hejJeueÙe keâe meceerkeâjCe
(d) None of the above y2=4ax ...... (i)
a
TGT 2003 DeYeer° #es$eHeâue = 2∫0 y1dx
dx
Ans : (c) ∫ a
1 + 2sin x + cos x = 2∫ 2 axdx.
0
dx
=∫
a
 3
x x x x x x x2 
sin 2 + cos 2 + 2 × 2sin .cos + cos 2 − sin 2 8 8
2 2 2 2 2 2 =4 a  = a × a a = a2
3 3 3
x  
sec 2 dx  2 0
=∫ 2
 x
2  1 + 2 tan 
 2
x
ceevee, 1 + 2 tan = t
2
2 x 1
2sec × dx = dt
2 2 647. Area bounded by the curve y=x sinx and x–
x axis, where x=0 to x=2π
sec 2 dx = dt
2 Je›eâ y=xsinx Deewj x De#e mes efIejs #es$e keâe #es$eHeâue
1 1 1 keäÙee nesiee peneB x=0 mes x=2π nw :
Deye, = ∫ dt = log t + c
2 t 2 (a) 2π (b) 3π
1  x (c) 4π (d) None of these
= log 1 + 2 tan  + c FveceW mes keâesF& veneR
2  2
π/ 2
TGT 2003
645. ∫ sin 2 xcos 2 x ( sin x + cos x ) dx = Ans : (a) DeYeer° #es$eHeâue
−π/ 2
2 4 2π d 
(a) (b) = ∫ x sin xdx = x ∫ sin xdx − ∫  x ∫ sin xdx  dx
15 15 0
 dx 
= [ − x cos x + sin x ]0 = [ −2πcox2π + sin 2π − 0]
6 8 2π
(c) (d)
15 15
= 2π
TGT 2003
π/ 2
648. The area between x-axis and curve y =cosx,
Ans : (d) ∫ −π / 2
sin 2 x cos 2x (sin x + cos x)dx where 0 ≤ x ≤ 2π is/Je›eâ y=cosx Deewj x De#e, 0 ≤
π/ 2 x≤ 2π mes efIejs #es$e keâe #es$eHeâue keäÙee nesiee :
= 2.∫ sin 2 x cos 2 x (sin x + cos x)dx
0 (a) 0 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4
π/ 2 π/ 2 TGT 2003
= 2.∫ sin 3 x cos 2 x dx + 2∫ sin 2 x cos 3x dx
0 0 2π
By gamma function Ans : (d) DeYeer° #es$eHeâue = ∫0 cos xdx
3 +1 2 +1 2 +1 3 +1
2 2
= 2 2 + 2 2 = 2× 4
3+ 2+ 2 3+ 2+ 2 15 π
2 2 = 4∫ 2 cos xdx
2 2 0
=
8
15
{
∵ n = (n − 1) n − 1 } π
= 4 [sin x ]02 = 4 (1 − 0 ) = 4
CALCULUS 602 YCT

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649. For 0 ≤ x ≤ π, the area bounded by y = x and dx
=∫
y=x + sin x, is x x
sin + cos
Je›eâ y = x Deewj y=x + sin x, 0 ≤ x ≤ π mes efIejs #es$e 2 2
keâe #es$eHeâue keäÙee nesiee ? =∫
dx
(a) 2 (b) 4  1 x 1 x
2 cos + sin 
(c) 2π (d) 4π  2 2 2 2
TGT 2003 1 dx
π π
= ∫
2 cos  x − π 
Ans : (b) DeYeer° #es$eHeâue = 2  ∫0 y1dx − ∫0 y 2 dx   
  2 4
π π
= 2  ∫ (x + sin x)dx − ∫ xdx  ceevee
x π
− =t ⇒ dx = 2dt
 0 0 
2 4
π π
 x2   x2   1 2dt 2
= 2   − cos x  −   
  2  0  2  0 
Deye, = ∫
2 cos t
=
2
∫ sec tdt
 π2 π2  2 π t 
= 2 − cos π − 0 + cos 00 − + 0  = log tan  + 
2 2 
2  4 2
= 2  − ( −1) + 1 = 4  π 1  x π 
= 2 log tan  +  −  
 4 2  2 4 
2 x
650. The value of ∫ −1 x
dx is  x π
= 2 log tan  + 
4 8
2 x
∫−1 x
dx keâe ceeve nw
652. ∫x e
2 2x
dx =
(a) 2 (b) 3 1 2x
(c) 7 (d) 5 (a) e 2x [2x 2 − 2x +1] + c (b) e [2x 2 − 2x +1]
2
TGT 2003
1 2x
2 x 0 x 2 x (c) e [2x 2 + 2x +1] (d) None of the above
4
Ans : (b) ∫ −1 x
dx = ∫
x −1 0 x
dx + ∫ dx
TGT 2003
0 ( − x) 2 x
=∫ dx + ∫ dx = [ x ]0 + [ x ]0
1 2
d 
∫x e dx =x 2 ∫ e 2x dx − ∫  .x 2 ∫ e 2x dx  dx
2 2x
−1 x 0 x Ans : (d)
 dx 
= 1− 0 + 2 − 0 = 3
x 2 e 2x e 2x
dx = − ∫ 2x. dx
651. ∫ (1 + sin x ) 2 2
x 2 e 2x d 
1  x π = − x ∫ e 2x dx + ∫  x ∫ e 2x dx dx
(a) log tan  +  2  dx 
2 4 8
x 2 e 2x xe 2x e 2x
 x π = − +∫ dx
(b) 2 log tan  +  2 2 2
4 8
x 2 e 2x xe 2x e 2x 1 2x
 x π = − + = e  2x 2 − 2x + 1
(c) 2 2 log tan  +  2 2 4 4
4 8
π4
(d)
1  x π
log tan  + 
653. The value of ∫0
1 + sin 2xdx
2 2 4 8 π4
TGT 2003 ∫ 0
1 + sin 2xdx keâe ceeve nw :
Ans : (b) π π
(a) (b)
dx dx 2 4
∫ 1 + sin x = ∫ x x x x (c) 1 (d) 0
sin 2 + cos 2 + 2sin cos
2 2 2 2 TGT 2003
CALCULUS 603 YCT

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Ans : (c) 32 π π
Ans : (d) efoÙee nw, ∫0 cos6 xdx = 32 ∫0 cos6 xdx
π4 π4
∫ 1 + sin 2xdx = ∫ sin 2 x + cos 2 x + 2sin x.cos xdx
0
π4  π π
0

= 32.2∫
π/ 2
0
cos 6 xdx {∴ ∫ f ( x ) dx = 2∫
a
0
a/2
0 }
f (x)dx
=∫ (sin x + cos x)dx = sin − cos − sin 00 + cos 00  π/ 2
0
 4 4  = 64 ∫ cos 6 x ⋅ sin 0 xdx.
0

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Yeeie-1 : yeerpe ieefCele (ALGEBRA)

yeerpe ieefCele (ALGEBRA) .................................................................................................................................9-289

◘ Sets, Relations and functions ...............................................................................................................106-161

◘ Modern Algebra ..................................................................................................................................162-191

◘ Matrices and Determinants ..................................................................................................................192-270

Yeeie-2 : JeemleefJekeâ efJeMues<eCe (REAL ANALYSIS)

JeemleefJekeâ efJeMues<eCe (REAL ANALYSIS)...................................................................................................290-322

Yeeie-3 : meefoMe efJeMues<eCe (VECTOR ANALYSIS)

meefoMe efJeMues<eCe (VECTOR ANALYSIS) ..................................................................................................323-391

Yeeie-4 : meefcceße efJeMues<eCe (COMPLEX ANALYSIS)

meefcceße efJeMues<eCe (COMPLEX ANALYSIS) ..............................................................................................392-453

◘ Analytic Functions and Power Series ...................................................................................................438-440

Yeeie-6 : pÙeeefceefle (GEOMETRY)

Yeeie-9 : efmLeefle efJe%eeve Deewj ieefleefJe%eeve (STATICS AND DYNAMICS)

Yeeie-10 : DebkeâieefCele (ARITHMETIC)

Ans. (c) : (a) f(x) = 0 ∀ x ∈ R (b) f(x) > 0 ∀ x ∈ R

 x x Let α, β be the roots of (i)

(c) x∈ (–∞, –13)∪(7, ∞) (

6x–12y+15 = 0 then β2 = α put the equn (ii)

(a) rational /heefjcesÙe = ( x − x + x − 1) = x

x2 + ax + bc = 0 (d) a1b1 + a 2 b 2 ≤ a12 b12 + a12 b 22 + a 22 b12 + a 22 b 22

x > 1000 are: LT 2018

⇒ > 103 log 2 ( x − 1) 2 = log 2 ( x − 3)

then ( a0 + a 2 + a4 + .... + a 2n ) is equal to

75. If the roots of the equation

87. If the roots of the quadratic equation

(d) none of these/FveceW mes keâesF& veneR

Ans : (b) Ùeefo 2, 3, meceerkeâjCe 2x3+mx2-13x+n = 0 kesâ oes x x2 −1

PGT 2011 leye α + β = 2 Deewj αβ = 3

⇒ k = −2 roots of this equation are in geometric

(a) –1, 5 (b) –2, 5 (p+q+r)2 = p2+q2+r2+2(pq+pr+rp)

162. If α1 , α2 , α 3 be the roots of the equation has three roots equal.

Ans. (a) : x3–x+1= 0 kesâ cetue α, β, γ nw lees, r 2β1β2 = pqr 2

α2 −α 1 Ghejeskeäle meceer. (i) keâs cetue

meceer. ces x = α jKeves hej [x2–(–1)x+w3] = 0 {∵ w+w2+1=0 ⇒ w3=1}

c / α2 a ac Ans. (a) : meceer0 x 2 + 5 x + 6 = 0

Ans. (c) x -1 3 ⇒–3≤x–1≤3⇒–2≤x≤4 ⇒ x∈[–2, 4] 49

α+ β+γ+ δ=0 ......... (i) ∴ ∑ a 2 (b − c) = a 2 (b − c) +b 2 (c − a ) + c 2 (a − b)

x2 − − −  x + = 0 ⇒ bcx2 + (b2 + ac)x + ab = 0 keâer mebKÙee nesieer–

∴cetueeW keâe Ùeesieheâue (α+β)=6 leLee cetueeW keâe iegCeveheâve (α.β)=6, 1

Ans : (c) meejefCekeâ 2 x 2 =0

∵ b Oeveelcekeâ Ùee $e+Ceelcekeâ nes, b2 ncesMee Oeveelcekeâ ner nesiee~

last term ℓ = 190

Ans : (d) ßesCeer keâe ØeLece heo a =

∴ l = a+(n–1)×d ⇒ 101= a+(50–1)×2 y an − bm y ma − nb

Let B be the first term and R be the common ratio of

3y2 + 2zy + 6yz – 4z2 k y = k x .k z

341. Ùeefo a = b = c Deewj b =ac leye y=

leLee b =ac mes

(d) (q + p) th term / (q + p) JeeB heo = 1 + 8 

Tq= a+(q–1)d ⇒ a+(q–1) d= p ..... (ii) =

(a) n +1C r (b) n C r +1 n ( n − 1)( n − 2 ) !

(a) 10 2 (b) 210 ⇒ n 2 − 7n = 0

⇒ n = 14 and n = – 1(impossible) (a) 10 (b) 11

'DANGER' kesâ De#ejeW kesâ meYeer mebYeJe lejerkeâeW kesâ

If x P3 + x Cx − 2 = 14x , then x is equal to

A B C D (a) 20 (b) 12 (c) 6 (d) 30

 1 430. The value of n

4. Binomial Theorem 439. ∑

given by (a) 5n (b) 6n

Now for this to contain x 3 , we observe that heo nw :

Ans. (a) : (1+2x+x ) = (x+1) = 2 n

Hence by Binomial Theorem, we have