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SIMPLE Biology 7-9 ~ part 3
EVOLUTION
The development of life on earth occurs

through evolution. The word evolution roughly means change
in the hereditary characteristics of animals,
plants and other organisms . That is, how living organisms
have developed, as well as how species change and arise as time goes by.
All living things have a common origin

All life on earth has a common origin. All animals, including
humans, have common ancestors several hundred million

years ago .
By studying and comparing the DNA of animals, with the DNA of plants,
fungi , bacteria and archaea, it has been understood that
everything living on earth is related to each other from a very long
distance.
The family tree here next to shows how the earth's various
organisms have developed from the same primordial cell. As you can
see , the family tree begins with two different groups developing
from the primordial cell.
ORIGINAL CELL
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Evolution is the slow

development from simple creatures
to more developed creatures.
Bacteria
PROKARYOTES
First there are bacteria and then come archaea.
Both of these groups are organisms that lack a cell

nucleus. They are usually called prokaryotes , which means
before a nucleus. For most of Earth's history, there have only
been bacteria and archaea.
About two billion years ago , the precursors

to today's plants, animals and fungi developed .
They are called eukaryotes .
Eukaryotes are all organisms that have a cell nucleus.
Originally , eukaryotes were single-celled organisms. Over
time , multicellular organisms began to develop, as different
types of cells joined together and began to cooperate .
The cells that had chlorophyll then developed into plants,

while those that lacked chlorophyll developed into animals
and fungi.
Of course , both bacteria and archaea still exist today and they
both groups count, as two of the three domains
of the earth . The third domain is all eukaryotes, that is ,
all animals, plants, fungi and unicellular organisms with
cell nucleus.
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Archaea
Animal
Mushrooms
Plants
EUKARYOTES
The family tree shows how the earth's various organisms have developed from the same primordial cell.
Item No. 539

2
The story of life
Earth was formed approximately 4.5 billion years ago. With

the help of the timeline on the right , we divide the earth's
life into primeval, ancient, medieval and modern times.
The first living cells
The very first traces of life can be traced to the vast oceans. They
were very small organisms, consisting of a single cell . These
organisms may have formed 4 billion years ago and were
probably very similar to bacteria and archaea .
Cyanobacteria - blue-green bacteria

Millions of years passed. With the help of the sun's
light , some organisms began to manufacture their own food.
It was bacteria called cyanobacteria, or blue -green
bacteria .
These bacteria could manufacture energy-rich sugar from

carbon dioxide and water. At the same time , they released the gas
oxygen , which had not existed on Earth before . Thanks to

photosynthesis , the atmosphere and oceans got oxygen.
The first plants
About 1.6 billion years ago , Earth's first plants had formed. The
very first were unicellular green algae, which lived
in water.
These algae had cell nucleus and chlorophyll inside the cells.
In addition , they were much larger than bacteria and archaea. It is from
these algae that all plants on earth come.
The first animals
Gradually , there was plenty of oxygen in the sea.
The oxygen made it possible for the first animals to

evolve. They ate from algae and breathed oxygen.
Over time , completely new animals were formed . Some were

small and some were larger. Already a billion years ago, at the end of
prehistoric times, there were jellyfish and worms. On page 44 there is
an enlargement of the last 600 million years.
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The first traces of life can be traced to
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4.5 billion
PRIMITIVE TIMES
4 billion
The first living cells were
probably like bacteria.

3 billion
Cyanobacteria manufactured sugar and oxygen.
Green algae were the first plants on Earth .
Jellyfish already existed a billion years ago .

2 billion
1 billion
Item No. 539

THE PAST
THE MEDIEVAL TIMES
THE NEW TIME
The first vertebrates

Already 500 million years ago there were mussels ,
trilobites and coral animals, as well as other animals with shells
and hard skin skeletons. There swam large octopuses that lived in
shells that looked like thin cones .
Over a long period of time , the small animals found in the

oceans changed and developed . Some animals became really big
and could swim well . They had both fins and teeth. During ancient
times, the very first fishes were developed . The fishes were the first
the vertebrates.
Plants and animals begin to live on land
Millions of years passed. The plants learned to live on

land . The plants on land then gave oxygen to the air. The
oxygen in the air also made it possible for the animals to live
on land.
The first animals on land were scorpions, spiders

and dragonflies. Eventually , animals developed that could live
both on land and in water.
They breathed with lungs. We call these animals amphibians.
They resemble today 's amphibians .
The first reptiles
About 250 million years ago , a new group of animals began

to evolve. It was the reptiles. They coped with life on land much
better than amphibians and other early amphibians.
An important group of reptiles were the dinosaurs.
Reptile eggs had hard shells. The eggs were on

thus protected from drying out . _ The females among the
reptiles could therefore lay their eggs on land.
It was the hard eggs that allowed the reptiles to become
our first real land animals.
The first mammals

About 200 million years ago, the very first mammals evolved on
Earth. They looked a lot like the little shrews of our time . They
didn't freeze because they had a nice and
warm fur on the body.
The mammals gave birth to live young. In addition , the

cubs could drink milk from the mother's body. This was
something completely new in the animal world.
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Animal life in the sea
500 million years ago
The dragonfly was one of the first animals on land.
19
44
600 million years

since
THE PAST
500 million
400 million
300 million
Amphibians were similar to

today's amphibians.
250 million
An important group of reptiles were the dinosaurs.
The first mammals were similar to today's shrews .

200 million
THE MEDIEVAL TIMES
100 million
65 million
Item No. 539

THE NEW TIME
Can you answer these questions ?
1. Explain in your own words what is meant by evolution.
2. What is meant by prokaryotes?
3. What is meant by eukaryotes?
4. What are the three domains?
5. Which organisms are included in eukaryotes?
6. In what order did these organisms appear on Earth?
Number the organisms so they come in the correct order !
TRILOBITES
JELLYFISH
O
DINOSAURS
YOUR
MAMMAL
OCYANOBACT
ERIE
ARCHES
7. In which four different eras do we divide life on earth ?
8. In what way have cyanobacteria been decisive for the development of life
on Earth?
9. What were the earth's first plants?
10. What were Earth's first vertebrates?

11. What is meant by amphibians?
12. What were the first true land animals?
13. Why did this group of animals do well on dry land?

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Trilobite
14. Tell two things about mammals, which differed from previous animal groups on Earth.
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Item No. 539
The dinosaurs rule the earth

About 200 million years ago, during the
Earth's Middle Ages, the reptiles became
rulers of the earth. Some were large and clumsy . Other
were smaller and faster.

We usually call these reptiles dinosaurs .
Dinosaur means scary lizard.
The dinosaurs are among the largest land
animals that have ever existed on earth. The largest were called
for sauropods, meaning lizard -footed.

The largest dinosaurs were peaceful and ate only plants.
The largest sauropods included Argentinosaurus,
Brachiosaurus and Diploducus .
But some dinosaurs were dangerous . They were carnivores and

had long claws and sharp teeth. Among the most famous
are Tyrannosaurus Rex, as well as the huge Gigantosaurus and
Spinosaurus.
Mass death
Life on Earth has been affected by major disasters, then

many animals and plants have become extinct. The last cataclysm
occurred 65 million years ago . Then a giant asteroid collided
with Earth. It is believed that the asteroid was about 1 mile wide and hit the
Earth's surface at a speed of 40,000 km/h.
The impact itself kicked up a dense cloud of dust and particles

that spread across the Earth. Presumably the cloud eclipsed the
sunlight a long time ago . Scientists believe that over 60 % of all
Earth's species became extinct at this time. It was included
all certainty at this point, as all dinosaurs became extinct. Only certain
species came to survive as birds.
When the dinosaurs disappeared, there were more and

more mammals. Lots of new ones
species evolved,
as
rodent,
ungulates, predators and our own

group
of primates. If the asteroid hadn't hit
the earth, the dinosaurs might still have ruled
the earth .
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46
Spinosaurus is the largest carnivorous animal to ever walk the earth. So far ,
no predatory dinosaur has been found with certainty that would have been larger. Most strange about Spinosaurus
still enough the two meter high
sail it had on its back. Perhaps it
was used to regulate
body heat .
A dinosaur that Brachiosaurus could

become huge .
It could weigh almost 75,000 kg .

It is believed that a Brachiosaurus
may have reached a length of 25
meters and a height of 14 meters.
Brachiosaurus was a herbivore and
could probably stand up on

its hind legs to graze
tree tops.
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2
SIMPLE Biology 7 - 9 ~ part 3
Human development
About seven million years ago lived _
a group of monkeys that lacked tails in Africa.
Scientists believe that this group of monkeys
split into two groups .
One group remained in the rainforest and evolved

into chimpanzees . The other group chose to live on the
savannah. It is this group that, over a long period of time,
has developed into humans.
When researchers compare human and chimpanzee DNA

to each other, they have found that approximately only 1 %
of the DNA separates the two species .
The ape-man on the savannah

The very first human-like creatures lived in Africa. This one
ancestor was a kind of ape-man. It lived about 3 million years
ago and is called Australopithecus . These ape-men differed
from the apes in that they walked reasonably upright . So
they walked on two legs.
In this way , the ape-men had good visibility and could

scout for dangerous predators. In addition , they could carry their
young, but also fruit and other food . The ape-men were
probably able to use simple stone tools to carve out pieces of
meat from animal bones .
The first people

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Human evolution
Australopithecus
About 2 million years ago they evolved

first people. There were several species among the first
LA
the people. The most famous species was Homo erectus. The word
erectus means they walked erect .
Homo erectus had a larger brain than

Australopithecus had . Therefore , they were better than
these at using tools. In addition , it is believed that they
could use weapons. With all certainty , these were
the first people who could use fire. They probably
also made clothes.
All this allowed them to cope in colder climates . _ Homo erectus

spread to Europe, Asia and Australia .
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Homo erectus
Item No. 539
Neanderthal man
About 150,000 years ago , a new human developed ,

which has been named Neanderthal man.
The name comes from a small valley in Germany,
where finds of this particular person have been found .
Neanderthals were not very tall. But they were

strong and had a lot of muscle on their bodies. They
could reach a length of 160 cm and weigh up to 100 kg.
The Neanderthals were skilled hunters who could use

fire. Most often they lived in caves. Scientists believe that
Neanderthals had some form of language.
They were also the first to have their dead buried .
About 30,000 years ago , all Neanderthals

suddenly disappeared . Presumably they became
extinct due to competition with Homo sapiens .
The modern man

Modern man , Homo sapiens, evolved in

Africa about 200,000 years ago . _ Sapiens means
knowledgeable or wise. About 50,000 years ago , a group
of these people left Africa and spread to Europe, Asia and
Australia .
After the last ice age 20,000 years ago , Homo sapiens
also spread to present -day North America and South America .
Homo sapiens has given rise to all the people who live on
earth today.
About 30,000 years ago , Homo sapiens lived in _

Europe at the same time as the Neanderthals. They were a
bit taller than the Neanderthals, but they didn't have as
much muscle.
Homo sapiens could make stone knives, bows,

throwing spears, as well as fishing hooks and sewing needles made of bone.
Probably these people were the first people who could make a fire
themselves.
In Europe, cave paintings have been found that show which

animals Homo sapiens hunted . It could be reindeer,
mammoth, cave bear and horse.
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Neanderthal man
A group of people of
Homo sapiens by the fire
The Neanderthal was more muscular and more

heavily built than Homo sapiens.
Item No. 539
1. What does the word dinosaur mean ?
2. What does the word sauropod mean ?
3. What is the largest known carnivorous dinosaur to date ?
4. What event do you think caused the dinosaurs to become extinct ?
5. What kind of dinosaurs lived on after the disaster?
6. To which ape is man most closely related ?

7. What advantages did Australopithecus have from walking upright ?
8. What characteristics characterized Homo erectus?
9. What do you know about Neanderthal man?
10. What could be the reason why the Neanderthal man died out?
11. From which continent does Homo sapiens come?
12. What tools and weapons do you think Homo sapiens used ? _
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Charles Darwin
Charles Darwin is one of the world's most famous natural scientists. Darwin
became famous for his theory of how species develop and arise through
natural selection .
During a long journey around the world, Charles collected

various plants and animals . When he returned home and
began studying his findings, he came to a conclusion.
Plants and animals slowly evolve into new species.
In 1859 , Darwin published the book On the Origin of

Species . In the book , he explained that the animals and
plants within a species that best adapt to their
environment have the easiest time surviving. Darwin's thoughts
on how different species have evolved are still valid today .
The natural selection
The individuals who can adapt , do best and they

can reproduce more easily . The baby animals that survive the
often tough competition for food, space and shelter, but can also
avoid being eaten, are the ones that survive. Their inheritance is
therefore passed on to future generations.
You can say that nature sorts the individuals and in this way
decides who will do best in life . It is usually called natural selection .
Natural selection leads to an evolution of the species . It is

this we call evolution .
The sexual selection
It is not always the case that the individuals who are the best at
adapt and survive , become the individuals who will
multiply . Darwin believed that there are also some

characteristics, which are decisive when the animals choose their partner. He
meant that there is also a sexual selection.
In the animal world, many males fight over females. At the same time ,
some females may choose those males who are beautiful, strong or
calm in temperament. In this way , sexual selection determines
which animals have young, and natural selection determines which
young survive.
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Charles Darwin
The baby animals that cope best with

the competition will survive.
Some males try to attract females by appearing beautiful . _ _ _
In the animal world, many fight

males about females.
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Item No. 539

Evidence for evolution
When scientists have examined the different layers of a mountain, one has
understood that the oldest layers are at the bottom. The various
layers often contain petrified animals and plants. These fossilized
organisms are extinct plants and animals. They are called fossils.
When examining the different layers, it has been seen that in the
oldest layers there are often simple animals , such as
invertebrates . But higher up in the layers, fish and reptiles have been found .
At the very top are birds and mammals. Therefore, the fossil is
important evidence for evolution.
Fossils
The researchers have found quantities of fossils in the rocks that

were once seas, lakes and rivers. The fossil was formed over a very long
time. When an animal died millions of years ago and sank to the bottom of a
river, it was covered over time by mud and sand . Eventually the flesh rotted
away and the skeleton was buried under more layers of sand . The calcium
in the skeleton was replaced by hard minerals .
The skeleton petrified and became a fossil .
Fetal development
Evolutionary researchers can see when they study different
animal fetal development, that there is a clear relationship.
Especially in the beginning , the fetuses are so similar to each other
that you can hardly tell them apart. This is proof that we all have a
common origin .
DNA shows kinship
You can compare DNA between different plants and animals,

to show how closely related they are to each other .
The smaller the difference in DNA, the more closely related

the species are . As we mentioned earlier, there is only a 1 %
difference between a chimpanzee's and a human's DNA.
On the other hand, if you compare human DNA with different

plants , it shows a similarity in DNA of around 40 % . But if you compare
human DNA with different fungi, the similarity is closer to 60 % . This
means that humans are more related to fungi than to plants. Scientists
have also been able to see that fungi are more closely related to animals
than to plants.
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ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ
51
Fossils of trilobites, flowers and dinosaurs.
FISH
FROG
LIZARD
BIRD MAN
Fetal development in some different vertebrates

With the help of DNA analysis, it is

possible to reliably show kinship
between different organisms.
Item No. 539

How does evolution work ?

Evolution leads to a development of the species. The
environment that animals and plants live in is decisive .
The individuals that can best adapt to their environment will
survive . These individuals will pass on theirs
characteristics, when they multiply . As we mentioned
earlier , it is called natural selection .
For example , the cheetah and the antelope live in the

savannah. For the antelope to survive, it is important to be
able to run fast. Otherwise it will be eaten . Antelopes that are
fast will pass on the genes that give them long and fast
legs. Thus , the antelopes that can best adapt to this cruel
environment will survive .
The same goes for the cheetah . If it ca n't run fast enough ,
it will starve . Therefore , it happens that the fastest
cheetahs will survive and pass on their genetic traits .
Mutations can be important

Sometimes there can be small changes in the genetic makeup. This is called
mutations. Mutations often lead to impaired characteristics. Then
they are sorted out by natural selection . But sometimes it can happen that
a mutation gives an improved trait. When the individual then
reproduces , the mutation will spread and lead to a change in the
species .
Through mutations, all individuals become slightly different. You then
get a variation of characteristics within the species. This is called

genetic variation.
New species may emerge
Sometimes different groups within a species can be isolated from

each other and end up in different environments. Then they can
develop in completely different directions.
The picture on the right shows a number of finches that Darwin

studied in the Galapagos Islands. The finches have adapted , so that the
shape of the beak fits whatever food has been available to eat . When a very
long time has passed, the finches may have become so different from each other
that they cannot breed with each other anymore . Then new species
have arisen .
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52
For both the antelope and the cheetah , evolution has favored the fastest individuals .
The hare's genetic predisposition for white fur in winter has meant that it has fared well through evolution .
TIME AXIS
For a long time , giraffes with longer necks have evolved, because it has been good for its survival.
leaf
--------
insects
grass
fruit
seeds
larvae
Finches have adapted to whatever food has been available to eat . In this way , new species can arise.
Item No. 539
1. Who first proposed the theory of natural selection?
2. What famous book did he publish in 1859 ?
3. What does natural selection mean ?
4. What does sexual selection mean ?
5. What evidence is there for evolution?
6. What is a fossil ?? _
7. How is a fossil formed ?
8. Explain how natural selection has developed the antelope and the cheetah .
9. In what way can mutations be important for evolution?
10. Give examples of how new species can arise.
11. What events do you think can lead to one species eventually becoming two different species ?
53
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C o pie rin gsunde rla g
Art no 5 3 9

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Machine Translated by Google

SIMPLE Biology 7-9 ~ part 3

The development of life on earth occurs

All living things have a common origin

humans, have common ancestors several hundred million

Evolution is the slow

First there are bacteria and then come archaea.

Both of these groups are organisms that lack a cell

About two billion years ago , the precursors

The cells that had chlorophyll then developed into plants,

Item No. 539

SIMPLE Biology 7-9 ~ part 3

The story of life

Earth was formed approximately 4.5 billion years ago. With

The first living cells

Cyanobacteria - blue-green bacteria

These bacteria could manufacture energy-rich sugar from

oxygen , which had not existed on Earth before . Thanks to

The first plants

The first animals

Gradually , there was plenty of oxygen in the sea.

The oxygen made it possible for the first animals to

Over time , completely new animals were formed . Some were

The first living cells were

probably like bacteria.

Cyanobacteria manufactured sugar and oxygen.

Green algae were the first plants on Earth .

Jellyfish already existed a billion years ago .

Item No. 539

SIMPLE Biology 7-9 ~ part 3

The first vertebrates

Over a long period of time , the small animals found in the

Plants and animals begin to live on land

Millions of years passed. The plants learned to live on

The first animals on land were scorpions, spiders

The first reptiles

About 250 million years ago , a new group of animals began

Reptile eggs had hard shells. The eggs were on

The first mammals

The mammals gave birth to live young. In addition , the

The dragonfly was one of the first animals on land.

600 million years

Amphibians were similar to

An important group of reptiles were the dinosaurs.

The first mammals were similar to today's shrews .

Item No. 539

SIMPLE Biology 7-9 ~ part 3

Can you answer these questions ?

1. Explain in your own words what is meant by evolution.

2. What is meant by prokaryotes?

3. What is meant by eukaryotes?

4. What are the three domains?

5. Which organisms are included in eukaryotes?

6. In what order did these organisms appear on Earth?

Number the organisms so they come in the correct order !

7. In which four different eras do we divide life on earth ?

9. What were the earth's first plants?

10. What were Earth's first vertebrates?

12. What were the first true land animals?

13. Why did this group of animals do well on dry land?

Item No. 539

SIMPLE Biology 7-9 ~ part 3

The dinosaurs rule the earth