GEN BIO

LESSON 1: EVOLUTION AND ORIGIN OF LIFE 350 MILLION YEARS AGO

 first vertebrae moved on land
EVOLUTION
 Biological change of a specie over a span of time
225 MILLION YEARS AGO
 Keeps species alive and thriving
 first dinosaur evolved

GEOLOGICAL TIME SCALE OF EARTH’S THEORY

60 MILLION YEARS AGO
4.6 BILLION YEARS AGO
 dinosaur were wiped out by a meteorite impact
 Planet earth form
 Dust left over from the birth of the sun clumped
130,000 YEARS AGO
together to form planet earth
 first modern humans evolved
 The other planets in our solar system were also
formed in this way at about the same time
THEORIES ON ORIGIN OF LIFE
THEORY OF SPECIAL SELECTION
4.5 BILLION YEARS AGO:
 life formation on the Earth may have been taken
 Earth’s core and crust formed
place due to supernatural or divine forces
 Dense metals sank to the center of the earth and
formed core, while the outside layer cooled and
THEORY ON PANSPERMIA
solidified to form the earth’s crust
 known as cosmic ancestry
 life on earth was carried by seeded comet and
4.4 BILLION YEARS AGO
meteorites
 The earth’s first ocean formed
 states that life exist throughout the verse
 Water vapor was released into the Earth’s
distributed by space dust, meteoroids, asteroids,
atmosphere by volcanism
comets, planetoids, spacecraft carrying an
 It then cooled, fell back down as rain, and formed
intended contamination by microorganisms
the earth’s first oceans
 Some water may also have been brought to earth TIDAL POOL
by comets and asteroids
 life may have risen from tide pools of the ancient
Earth
3.8-3.5 BILLION YEARS AGO
 First life appeared on Earth PRIMODIAL SOUP THEORY
 It was a simple single-celled organisms  Haldane coined the term “prebiotic soup” or
 Stromatolites – greek for “layered rock” “prebiotic atmosphere” that consisted of an
 Microbial reefs created by cyanobacteria (known abundance of methane, ammoniao, water
as blue-green algae)  Became a powerful symbol of Oparin-Haldane
view of the origin of life
1.5 BILLION YEARS AGO  If energy is added to the gasses that made up
 Made by bacteria earth’s early atmosphere, the building blocks of
 oxygen began to accumulate in the atmosphere life would be created

700 MILLION YEARS AGO ABIOGENESIS

 first animal evolve  States that non-living things can be spontaneously
changed into living things
530 MILLION YEARS AGO  Theory of spontaneous generation
 first vertebrae, which were primitive fish evolved  Developed by Aristotle the Ancient Greek
Philosopher
400 MILLION YEARS AGO
 plants first moved onto the land 1.JAN BAPTISTA VAN HELPMONT
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 Proposed that mice can arise from rags and wheat organic compounds together, but also helped
kernels id the latter’s container was left open for organization them into patterns
3 weeks  Life come from clay and not from DNA & RNA

THEORY OF SPONTANEOUS GENERATION LAMARK’S THEORY OF EVOLUTION

- states that a living creature could arise from non-living JEAN-BAPTIST LAMARCK (1809)
matter  Understand that change occurs over time
2.FRANCESCO REDI  Changes are adaptation to environment
 He disprove the idea of spontaneous generation  Acquired in an organism’s lifetime
 He hypothesized that  Changes was passed to offspring
maggots do not  Theory of inheritance of acquired characteristics
spontaneously presented in 1801 (Darwin’s first book dealing
generate out of thin with natural selection was published in 1859): if
air an organism changes during life in order to adapt
 Stated that a living to its offspring
creature could arise  Believed that giraffes stretched their needs to
from nonliving reach food
matter
CHARLES’ DARWIN’S THEORY OF EVOLUTION
3.JOHN NEEDHAM  Book – the origin of species
 Come up with an experiment in support of  Known for theory of natural selection
spontaneous generation  Suggested that best adapted organisms are
 Briefly boiled a broth in a flask then sealed the selected by nature to pass on their characteristics
latter thoroughly  Darwin’s theory of evolution applied to plants as
well as animals
4.LAZZARO SPALLANZANI  Evolution of human
 Made an attempt to question Needham’s findings
 However, he made sure to heat the broth PALEONTOLOGY EVIDENCE – FOSSILS
thoroughly  Study of life on Earth based on fossils
 Study of fossils and sedimentary rocks
5.LOUIS PASTEUR  Presented remains of a dead organisms
 Shut the spontaneous  Footprints, burrows, rootlet traces
generation theory using a  fossil is the preserved remains of a dead organism
theory using a simple and from millions of years ago
very easy to understand  fossils are found in rocks and can be formed from:
experiment  hard body parts such as bones and shells, which
 He utilized a piece of do not decay or are replaced by minerals are they
handmade equipment with a long, curved neck decay
called swan-neck flask when he boiled  preserved traces of organisms, such as foot prints,
 “life only comes from life” and from that burrows, and rootlet traces
Biogenesis theory has been born
 Disproved theory of Abiogenesis or spontaneous EVOLUTION OF HUMAN
generation theory HOMO SAPIENS
 dated to 30,000-10,000 years ago
THE CLAY HYPOTHESIS (MONTMORILLONITE)
 Proposed in 1985 by Graham Cairns – Smith HOMO RAENDERTHALERSIS
 First molecule of life might have met on clay,  dated to 50,000 years ago
whose surface not only concentrated these HOMO ERECTUS
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 dated to 1,000,000 years ago  Sequence of chemicals/ sequence of base pairs of

DNA
AUSTROLOPITHECUS AFRICANS  Comparing them in organisms that may share an
 dated to 2,500,000 years ago evolutionary relationships
 Structure of molecule
SAHELONTHROPUS LOHADENSIS  More recent and detailed evidence involved
 dated to 7.6 million years ago comparing the sequence of unit parts of their
chemicals in species that may share evolutionary
BIOGEOGRAPHY relationships
 Geographical distribution of species  Protein: many nucleotides, linked in a particular
 Arise in same/different geographic where similar sequence of base pairs. Differences in the
forms already lived sequence of their chemicals indicate changes that
 Most mammals are marsupial (animals evolved in have arisen during the process of evolution
isolation)
BODY PARTS/FUNSTION OF FROGS
COMPARATIVE ANATOMY MALE&FEMALE
 Similarities/differences in the structure  Difference in thumb pads
 Can be used to determine evolutionary
relatedness STOMACH
 One of the first forms of evidence that led to the  Stored food & mixes with enzyme
idea that all living things arose from one common
ancestor SMALL INTESTINE
 Principal organ of digestion
EMBRYOLOGY
 New method of examining evidence DUODENUM
 Embryonic structure of different species show  Anterior part
 First weeks of vertebrate component
 Studying same patterns of early development PANCREAS
across many different animals, we can find  Secretes digestive enzyme
evolutionary lines between animals
GALLBLADDER
HOMOLOGOUS STRUCTURE  Stores bile
 Similar structures in organisms
 Shared ancestor LARGE INTESTINE
 May have common ancestor but may not have  Posterior organ
the same function
LIVER
VESTIGAL STRUCTURE  Generates bile & processes digestive food
 Anatomical behavior/feature URINARY BLADDER
 Remains of structure/organs that once had an  Collects and stores urine
importance in organisms’ ancestor
 Anatomical feature or behavior that no longer FAT BODIES
seems to have a purpose in the current form of  Needed for hibernating and mating
organism
 Ex: tailbone in humans, appendix, wings on SPLEEN
ostrich, wisdom teeth in humans, nipple in male  Frog’s circulatory system, makes, stores, destroys,
mammals, femur and pelvis in whales blood cells
BIOCHEMICAL EVIDENCE CLOAEA
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 Products of frog’s digestive  PHYLUM

 KINGDOM
TAXONOMY  DOMAIN
 Branch of biology that names and groups
organisms according to their: ICN (INTERNATIONAL CODE OF NOMENCLATURE)
 Characteristics; and  For algae, fungi, plants
 Evolutionary history
ICNB (INTERNATIONAL CODE OF NOMENCLATURE OF
ARISTOTLE SYSTEM BACTERIA)
 The first person to  for bacteria
group or classify
organisms was the ICNCP (INTERNATIONAL CODE OF NOMENCLATURE FOR
Greek teacher & CULTIVATED PLANS)
philosopher – Aristotle  for cultivated plants
more than 2000 years
ago ICTV (INTERNATIONAL COMMITTEE ON TAXONOMY OF
VIRUSES)
 for viruses
BIOLOGRAPHY
 Carl Linneus – 1700 Binomial
1st name = GENUS NAME (always capitalized)
CAROLI LINNAE 2nd name = Species Identifier (always lowercase)
 Systema naturae – 12th edition  both name are underlined or italicized
 Homo sapiens
ARISTOTLE  Vampire bat – Demodus rotondus
 Animalia & plantae  Eastern Chipmunk – Tamias striatus
 Human – Homo sapiens
ERNEST HAECKEL
 Kingdom 3 BINOMIAL NAME
 Scientific name of a specie that includes genus
H.F. COPELAND and species epithet
 Kigndom 4  Comes from “bi” meaning “two”, “nomen” being
 Considered monera “name”
 Species name can be bold, underline, italized
ROBERT WHITTAKER
 Proposed 5 kingdom – fungi was included HOMOLOGIES
 Vestigial structure and embryological
CARL WOSSE development
 6 kingdom
DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY
MORPHOLOGY  Adaptive
 Linnaeus’ System
 Grouped in hierarchy – 7 levels BIOGEOGRAPH
 SPECIFIC EPITHET  Different location, same family
 GENUS
 FAMILY MOLECULAR TIME CLOCK HELPS TRACK EVOLUTIONARY
 ORDER TIME
 CLASS ANALOGOUS STRUCTURE
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 Similar structure and function but different

 Evolved separately, not closely related

CLADISTIC SYSTEM
 “klados” (ancient greek) – “branch”
 Cladistics – classification of organisms based on
their phylogenetic (evolutionary) relationship and
recency of antiquity of common ancestor, rather
than on their observable similarities
 Cladistics or phylogenic classification if based on
phylogeny of the involved organisms and depends
on the phylogenetic branching
 According to it organisms are placed into
taxonomic groups called Clades
 Based on the possession of synapomorphic
characters
 Organisms are classified based on the historical
order of their evolutionary descent
 Does not consider the phenotypic differences
between the descendants of a common ancestor
 Cladistics taxonomy upholds the monophyletic
origin of different groups from a common
ancestor through Cladogenesis

HISTORY
 The original methods used in cladistics analysis
and the school of taxonomy derived from the
work of the German entomologist Willi Hennig,
who referred to it as phylogenetic systematics
 Father of Cladistics – Willi Hennig
 What is now called the cladistic method appeared
as early as 1901 with a work by Peter Chalmers
Mitchell for birds and subsequently by Robert
John Tillyard (for insects) in 1921
 The terms “clade” was introduces in 1958 by
Julian Huxley
 Cladistic analysis by Willi Hennig is to determine
which character states are primitive and which
are derived based on common ancestry