Hydraulic  Hybrid  Vehicle  Introduc3on  

At  the  end  of  this  video,  you  should  be  able  to:  
• Describe  the  benefits  of  a  hybrid  power  train  
• Explain  the  benefits  and  limita=ons  of  hydraulics  for  
hybrid  power  trains  
Hybrid  Vehicle  Defini3on  

Hybrid:  A  Vehicle  with  Two  Sources  of  Power  

 

Coupling  an  IC  Engine  with:  

Source: www.edmunds.com
• Electric  Motor/Generator  
• Hydraulic  Pump/Motor  

Energy  Storage:  
• Electric:  BaKeries  
• Hydraulic:  Hydro-­‐Pneuma=c  Accumulator  
• Other:  Flywheels,  Capacitors,  Springs  
Why  Hybridize  a  Powertrain?  
• Recapture  Kine=c  Energy  During  Braking  
• Turn  Off  Engine  When  Stopped  
• Run  Engine  at  Peak  Efficiency  
• High  Peak  Power  
 Hydraulic vs. Electric Hybrid

Hydraulic Powertrain Electric Powertrain

Component Weight
Component Cost
Component Lifetime
Power Density
Energy Storage Density
Best  Applica3ons  for  Hydraulic  Hybrid?  
• Typically  Large  Vehicles  

Source: www.epa.gov Source: www.riversidetransit.com

Source: www.parker.com
Source: www.cat.com
Hybrid  Vehicle  Example  
    

Hydraulic  Hybrid  Vehicle  Architectures  

At  the  end  of  this  video,  you  should  be  able  to:  
• Describe  the  configura9on  of  parallel,  series,  and  power-­‐
split  hybrid  vehicle  architectures  
• Explain  the  benefits  and  limita9ons  of  the  various  hybrid  
vehicle  architectures  
Hybrid  Drive  Train  Architecture  
Parallel   Series  

Power-­‐Split  
Hybrid  Architecture  
-­‐Parallel  
• Retains  Exis9ng  Mechanical  Drive  Train  
• Pump/Motor  Co-­‐Axial  to  Drive  ShaH  
Accumulator
Axle
Pump/Motor
Engine Automatic
Trans

Source: www.epa.gov
Hybrid  Architecture  
-­‐Series  
• Fully  Hydraulic  Transmission:  
– Decouple  Engine  Load  from  Road  Load   Source: www.epa.gov

– Engine  Off  Opera9on  Possible  

 
Accumulator
Accumulator

Manifold Axle
Differential
Steering Pump
cylinder
Engine
Pump Motor
Engine
Pump/Motor Work
circuit

Reservoir
Steer   Drive
wheels wheels
Series  Demonstra;on  
Science  Museum  of  Minnesota  
Hybrid  Architecture  
-­‐Power  Split  
2  Power  Paths:    
• Mechanical:  High  Efficiency  
• Hydraulic:  Infinite  Speed  Variability  

Accumulator
Pump/Motor

Axle

Engine

Mechanical Planetary
Clutch
Transmission Differential
Power  Split  Couplings  
Input  Coupled:  
 
 
 
Output  Coupled:  
How  to  Select  Hybrid  Architecture?  
• Drive  Cycle  Dependent  
• Cost  /  Efficiency  Trade-­‐off  
• Complexity  
Urban Dynamometer Driving Schedule
30

25
Velocity (m/s)

20

15

10

0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400
Time (s) Data source: www.epa.gov
    

Hydraulic  Hybrid  Vehicles:  

Component  Sizing  &  System  Simula;on  
At  the  end  of  this  video,  you  should  be  able  to:  
• Size  components  for  a  hybrid  power  train  
• Create  a  hybrid  power  train  simula<on  
• Explain  the  interac<on  of  components  within  a  hybrid  power  train  
Series  Hydraulic  Hybrid  Passenger  Car  
Accumulator

Axle
Pump
Engine
Pump/Motor

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Camry

Urban Dynamometer Driving Schedule

Specs:   30

Mass  =  1800  kg  

25

Velocity (m/s) 20

Frontal  Area  =  2.3  m2   15

Drag  Coeff  =  0.3   10

Tire  Radius  =  0.3  m   5

0
Rolling  Resist  Coeff  =  0.01   0 200 400 600 800
Time (s)
1000 1200 1400
Series  Hydraulic  Hybrid  Refuse  Truck  
Accumulator

Axle
Pump
Engine
Pump/Motor

Source: green.autoblog.com
Urban Dynamometer Driving Schedule
Specs:   30

25

Mass  =  20,000  kg  

Velocity (m/s) 20

Frontal  Area  =  7  m2   15

Drag  Coeff  =  0.7   10

Tire  Radius  =  0.5  m  

5

Rolling  Resist  Coeff  =  0.01  

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400
Time (s)
Component  Sizing:  Accumulator  
• Store  all  energy  from  20  m/s  braking  
Assump<ons:  
• Isothermal  
• 2:1  Pressure  ra<o  
• Pmax  =  35  MPa  
• Neglect  inefficiency  
 Ekinetic = Eaccumulator Specs:  
1 2 P Mass  =  1800  kg  
mv = PchargeVaccum ln ( r ) , Pcharge = max Frontal  Area  =  2.3  m2  
2 2
Drag  Coeff  =  0.3  
Tire  Radius  =  0.3  m  
  mv 2
Vaccum = = 0.030 m3 Rolling  Resist  Coeff  =  0.01  
Pmax ln ( r )
Component  Sizing:  Trac;on  Pump/Motor  
• Size  for  peak  accelera<on  (1.5  m/s2)  
Assump<ons:  
• Neglect  inefficiency  
• Neglect  road  loads  
• Direct  drive  of  1  wheel  
• Peak  power  at  minimum  pressure  

  T Specs:  
Faccel = = ma ⇒ T = 810 Nm Mass  =  1800  kg  
r
Frontal  Area  =  2.3  m2  
Drag  Coeff  =  0.3  
 PD 2π T −4 m3
T= ⇒D= = 2.9*10 Tire  Radius  =  0.3  m  
2π Pmin rev
Rolling  Resist  Coeff  =  0.01  
Component  Sizing:  Engine  -­‐  Pump  
• Size  for  road  loads  at  max  speed  (25  m/s)  
• Use  on-­‐off  control  based  on    
 accumulator  pressure  
Assump<ons:  
• Simulate  w/  on-­‐off  flow  source  
• Neglect  iner<al  force  
• Neglect  inefficiency  
Specs:  
  1 Mass  =  1800  kg  
Faero = ρ air Cd Av 2 = 259 N
2 Frontal  Area  =  2.3  m2  
Froll = f r mg = 176 N   −4m3
Drag  Coeff  =  0.3  
Qleak ≈ 5*10
s Tire  Radius  =  0.3  m  
 Pmech = Phyd Rolling  Resist  Coeff  =  0.01  
3
Fv = PminQ ⇒ Q = 6.2*10 m −4
s
Simula;on  
UDDS  Simula;on