INTRO TO PSYCH
– is memory of facts and events and
MODULE 6: LEARNING,
THINKING AND MEMORY
• Learning- any relatively permanent
change in behavior produced by an
experience. Learning occurs most rapidly
on continuous reinforcement
• Classical conditioning- an association of
one event with another that results in a
pattern behavior. Developed by Russian
psychologist Ivan Pavlov.
• Operant conditioning- takes place as a
consequence of behavior. Operant
conditioning is developed by B.F. Skinner
• Social Learning Theory- suggests that
people learn from one another, via
observation, imitation, and modeling.
Developed by Albert Bandura
• Law of Effect - suggests that responses
that produce a satisfying effect in a
particular situation become more likely
to occur again while responses that
produce a discomforting effect become
less likely to occur again. Developed by
Edward L. Thorndike.
• Memory- the process of maintaining
information over time through encoding,
storing, and retrieving.
THREE STAGES OF MEMORY
1. Encoding- putting information into
memory
2. Storing- holding onto information for
some period of time
3. Retrieving- getting memory out of
storage
• Long term memory- is divided into two
main types: explicit (or declarative)
memory and implicit (or procedural)
memory .
KEANNA RUBIA- PSYC 1A
• Declarative memory (“knowing what”)
refers to those memories that can be
consciously recalled (or "declared").
Sometimes called explicit memory, since
it consists of information that is explicitly
stored and retrieved. Declarative
memory can be further sub-divided into
episodic memory and semantic memory.
The hippocampus encodes declarative
memories.
• Procedural memory (“knowing how”) –
is the memory of skills and how to do
things, particularly the use of objects or
movements of the body such as brushing
teeth etc. These memories are typically
acquired through repetition and
practice.
• Forgetting – inability to retrieve, recall,
or organize information.
EXCEPTIONAL FORMS OF MEMORIES
• Memorists- refer to individuals with
exceptional memory.
• Eidetikers - individuals who possess
eidetic imagery power
• Memory Disorder - is where the memory
breaks down such as amnesia.
FORMS OF AMNESIA
• Anterograde Amnesia - refers to inability
to form new permanent memories like
remembering the name of their
physicians.
• Retrograde Amnesia - refers to the
inability to reproduce and recall pieces of
information learned prior to the amnesia
• Psychogenic Amnesia - is a rare form of
amnesia whish is a memory disorder
brought about by emotionally disturbing
events.
THEORIES OF FORGETTING
• Interference Theory- The cause of
forgetting is information learned earlier
or later
• Decay Theory - due to lapse of time .
• Retrieval Based Forgetting - the
memory trace is present, but one just
cannot bring out the information (esp. if
the cues are absent).
• Storage Based Forgetting - this is due to
the distortion of learned information in
the long-term memory like if alterations
and changes occured.
• Motivated Forgetting - a purposeful or
voluntary process of blocking th e
information learned .
THINKING
• Learning Concepts - forming concepts
by analyzing our experiences and
identifying similarities among various
objects.
• Creative thinking- the ability to discover
novel solutions to problems or to
produce novel works. Creativity is when
the person comes up with a variety of
plausible solutions for creating the
unusual

• Thinking refers to the manipulation of

mental representations of information.
It is everything that the conscious mind
does which include perception, mental
arithmetic, remembering, or conjuring
up an image. On this definition, thinking
simply equates to conscious cognitive
processes

ELEMENTS OF THINKING

• Imagery Thinking- consists of imagining

or visualizing things.
• Inner speech and Movement - involves
inner speech and implicit muscular
movements (i.e., we talk to ourselves
when we think).
• Conceptual thinking - thinking takes
place through concepts. Concepts are
classification of objects, events, or
people (e.e.m pork and beef).
Prototypes are best example of the
concept
• Verbal thinking- is thinking with and
about words. It is learning to attach
word labels to things and concepts.

KEANNA RUBIA- PSYC 1A

 the need for self- actualization at
MODULE 7: MOTIVATION
the top.

• MOTIVATION- directs a person’s

behavior toward a particular goal
• Goal- object toward which the
behavior is directed, usually within a
specified period of time. Motivate
people to develop strategies that will
enable them to perform better
• Short term goals- are those
that can be achieved in a day, week,
or year.
• Long term goals- usually achieved
over a year or more.
• Physciological needs- innate needs of
the body such as food, water, air, rest
and sleep, elimination, and sex. We must GOAL SETTING
satisfy physiological needs to survive
• Psychological needs- arise from
• Goal setting is the process of
relationship with other people such as
improving work performance of
affiliation, achievement, altruism, social
individuals.
approval, status, dependency, esteem,
• For goal setting to be most successful,
and status.
goals should possess the
CYCLE OF MOTIVATION characteristics represented by the
acronym
1. State of need
2. Seeking behavior directed by the state SMART – SPECIFIC, MEASURABLE, ATTAINABLE,
of need RELEVANT AND TIME BOUND
3. Goal toward which the behavior is
• Embodies fundamental practices
directed
necessary for achieving increased
4. Relief
motivation
HIERARCHY OF NEEDS • Goals work best when there is time
frame for their completion
• Abraham Maslow- developed the
theory of hierarchy
of needs. In his theory, he suggests
that human needs are arranged in a
hierarchy
• The hierarchy of needs is illustrated
in the shape of a pyramid with the
biological needs at the bottom and

KEANNA RUBIA- PSYC 1A

 interpreted by the brain as a
MODULE 8: EMOTION particular kind of emotional
experience
2. Cannon – Bard Theory – claims that
• Emotion- feelings that generally the hypothalamus (initial site of
have both physiological, behavioral, emotional responses) sends
and cognitive elements and that information to the autonomic
influence behavior nervous system and thus,
1. Physiological elements – when one simultaneously produces visceral
is emotionally aroused, certain changes and emotional experiences
bodily changes occur, such as: 3. Schacter – Singer Theory – asserts
• Heart rate that emotions are determined both
• Blood pressure by a non- specific physiological
• Blood Composition reactions and its interpretation
• Body Temperature based on environmental cues
• Respiration surrounding the person at the time
• Pupillary response it occurs
• Skin responses 4. Facial Feedback Theory – facial
• Glandular response expressions not only reflect
• Pilomotor response or “goose emotional experience but also help
bumps” determine how people experience
• Muscle tension and tremor and label emotions
• Gastrointestinal Motility
2. Behavioral Elements – these include SUGGESTIONS ON HOW TO
facial expressions and body languages DEVELOP EMOTIONAL CONTROL:
3. Cognitive elements – these include the
thoughts, beliefs, expectations, and • Avoid emotion
motives that determine the intensity of provoking situations
emotions. • Change the emotion
provoking situations
BASIC EMOTIONS: • Increase skills for
• Happiness coping with
• Love situations
• Joy • Re-interpret the
• Surprise situation
• Anger • Keep moving
• Fear toward your goal
• Sadness • Find substitute
outlets
THEORIES OF EMOTION • Develop a sense of
humor
1. James – Lange Theory – suggests
that emotional experience is a
reaction to bodily or visceral
changes that will be later

KEANNA RUBIA- PSYC 1A


MODULE 9: PERSONALITY
• Personality- pattern of enduring
characteristics that produce
consistency and individuality in a
person
• The term personality is derived
from the Latin word persona
meaning “masks.”
• encompasses the behaviors
that make each of individual unique
and that differentiate each person
from others
• It is also personality that leads the
person to act consistently in
different situations and over
extended periods of time.
THEORIES OF PERSONALITY
1. Structures of Personality by Sigmund
Freud
a. Id – is the pleasure seeking side,
immature, impulsive, child-like and
cannot delay gratification. It has no
regard of others and the law
b. Ego – concerns with reality, controls
the id, and can delay pleasure. It can
conform with existing societal
considerations.
c. Superego – refers to the conscience
and moral judge of conduct. Violation of
the rules lead to guilt feelings. It strives
for perfection rather than pleasure
2. ALFRED ADLER’S SUPERIORITY AND
INFERIORITY
COMPLEX
a. Inferiority complex- is an exaggerated
feelings of weakness and inadequacy
due to defective parts of the body, spoiling or
pampering during childhood, and neglect.
KEANNA RUBIA- PSYC 1A
b. Superiority complex - is an exaggerated
self-importance, ex. boasting, vanity, and
self-centeredness.
3. CARL JUNG’S PERSONALITY TYPES:
a. Introverted – withdrawn personality type
b. Extroverted – outgoing type
c. Ambiverted – in between the introverted
and extroverted
4. HIPPOCRATES HUMORAL TYPES
a. Sanguine type- prominence of red bile,
impulsive, cheerful, happy, and optimistic
b. Melancholic (black bile) - calm, loyal, and
careful
c. Choleric (yellow bile) – very practical and
success-oriented
d. Phlegmatic (excess phlegm) – unassuming,
agreeable, and intuitive.
5. WILLIAM SHELDON’S BODY TYPE
a. Endomorphic (soft and plump) – easy going
and sociable
b. Mesomorphic (muscular) – energetic and
assertive
c. Ectomorphic (tall and thin) – restrained,
introverted, and artistic
MODULE 10: MENTAL
HEALTH
• The World Health Organization (WHO)
(2005) defines health as a state of
complete physical, mental and social
well- being and not merely the absence
of disease or infirmity
• According to WHO, mental health is a
state of well-being in which the
individual realizes his or her own
abilities, can cope with the normal
stresses of life, can work productively
 and fruitfully, and is able to make a
contribution to his or her community.
• MENTAL HEALTH is the foundation for
the well-being and effective functioning
of the individual and community.
FACTORS AFFECTING MENTAL HEALTH
• Multiple biological, psychological, and
social factors determine the level of
mental health of a person at any point of
time (WHO, 2018)
• Biological Factors- pathogens, age,
gender, and genes could influence
mental health and illness. Behaviors,
habits, and lifestyle can affect health and
sense of well-being.
• Stress- events that are perceived
as challenging, damaging, or threatening
to one’s physical or psychological well-
being, whether actual or imagined.
• Any life event that requires people to
change, adapt, or adjust would likely
result in stress. These events are referred
to as stressors and the way people
respond to them is called stress
response.
FACTORS OF STRESS
• Catastrophe - creates high level of stress.
Natural disasters such as during typhoon
Yolanda, war in Marawi City, and the
eruption of Mt. Mayon are examples of
catastrophe
• Major Life events
• Negative events
• Hassles
• Pressure
• Frustration
• Conflict- occurs when a person needs to
choose between two or many options
KEANNA RUBIA- PSYC 1A
DEFENSE MECHANISMS
• BEATNIK REACTION- is a kind defense
mechanism in which the person does
behaviors that stands apart from the
standards of society and avoids most
responsibilities of a good citizen such as
smoking, drug use early sex, a n d
dropping out of school
• DISPLACEMENT - anyone who is
frustrated may also do actions that are
aggressive such as destroying things or
harming another person.
• COMPENSATION - in which a person
makes or covers up his or her weak areas
by being superior in other areas.
• DENIAL- occurs when a person refuses to
accept a painful reality or truth
• IDENTIFICATION - is imitating the
characteristics of a person he or she
admires to deal with his or her
insecurities.
• INTELLECTUALIZATION - is avoiding
negative emotions by focusing on the
intellectual aspects of one’s life.
• PROJECTION - is attributing one’s own
weaknesses or shortcomings onto
someone else
• RATIONALIZATION - is making up
plausible explanations or excuses to
cover up negative feelings such as guilt.
• REACTION FORMATION - is acting the
opposite way that the person truly
feels.
• REGRESSION - is wherein a person
reverts to an earlier psychosexual stage
and begin to behave like a child.
• REPRESSION - is pushing unacceptable
impulses or urges into the unconscious
➢ Anyone who suffers from lots of
frustration, may resort to hurting oneself
(slashing, banging of head etc) or
committing suicide
 THEORIES OF STRESS ➢ Neglect or misinterpret information

• PSYCHOLOGIST HANS SELYE- introduced

General Adaptation Syndrome. He
• EMOTIONAL REACTIONS:
suggested that the body goes through
➢ Moodiness
three stages of physiological reactions
➢ Irritability
during stressful events: alarm,
➢ Agitation
resistance, and exhaustion
➢ Anger and aggression
• COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGIST RICHARD
➢ Sadness and grief
LAZARUS- suggested that the way
➢ Anxiety and fear
people think about and appraise a
➢ Apathy and Depression
stressor is a major factor in how stressful
that particular stressor
• BIOLOGICAL REACTIONS:
becomes.
➢ Diarrhea or constipation
➢ Nausea, dizziness
SOURCES OF COPING WITH STRESS
➢ Chest pain, increased
➢ the individual reduces the impact of the
heartbeat
problem by looking for best solutions
➢ Rise in blood pressure
through his or her own effort.
➢ Susceptible to infectious
➢ EMOTION-FOCUSED- coping is
diseases
a strategy that the individual
➢ Allergies and rashes
uses to reduce the intensity of
➢ Cancer
negative emotions (relaxation
➢ Muscle tension
techniques, meditation,
exercises)
• BEHAVIORAL REACTIONS:
➢ Disrupted sleep patterns
FACTS ABOUT STRESS
➢ Loss of appetite
➢ Forty-three percent of all adults suffer
➢ Absenteeism and tardiness
adverse health effects from stress.
➢ Reduced school/work
➢ 75 to 90 percent of all physician office
performance
visits are for stress-related ailments and
➢ Using alcohol, cigarettes, or
complaints.
drugs to
➢ Stress is linked to the six leading causes
relax
of death–heart disease, cancer, lung
➢ Nervous habits (i.e., nail biting,
ailments, accidents, cirrhosis of the
pacing
liver, and suicide

4 REACTIONS TO STRESS

• COGNITIVE REACTIONS-
➢ Poor concentration
➢ Easily distracted
➢ Disorganized thoughts
➢ Negative thoughts
➢ Fail to follow instructions

KEANNA RUBIA- PSYC 1A