!

= @= jfl0fHo sfg'gsf] cy{ / kl/efiff Meaning and Definition of Business Law

sfg'gsf ljleGg zfvfx¿dWo] jfl0fHo sfg'g klg Ps xf] . jfl0fHo sfg'g ljsf;sf] k|ltkmn xf] . JolQmx¿sf]
gofF k]zf tyf Joj;fosf] ;'?jftn] ubf{ sfg'gsf gofF zfvfx¿sf] ljsf; xFb} hfg] qmddf w]/} sfg'gx¿
lgdf{0f eP . ljsf;sf] qmddf lgdf{0f ePsf pBf]u, Jofkf/ Pj+ Joj;fo;Fu ;DalGwt lgodx¿sf] ;+u|xnfO{
g} jfl0fHo sfg'g elgG5 . jfl0fHo eg]sf] gfkmf sdfpg] p2]Zon] dflg;n] ;`rfng u/]sf] cfly{s lqmofsnfk
xf] .
zflAbs cy{df jfl0fHo eGgfn] Jo:t eO/xg] cj:yf (State of being busy) eGg] x'G5 . t/ ;a}vfn]
Jo:ttf jfl0fHo xf]Og . jfl0fHo x'gsf nflu nufgL ;lxt hf]lvd df]n]/ gfkmf sdfpg] tkm{ nlIft eO{ Jo:t
ePsf] x'g'kb{5 . jfl0fHo sfg'gnfO{ Business law, mercantile law, trade law, commercial law, legal
environment of business ;d]t eGg] ul/G5 . jfl0fHo sfg'g eg]sf] Jofks cy{ af]s]sf] zAb xf] . o;n]
Jofj;flos sf/f]af/;Fu ;DalGwt ;Dk'0f{ sfg'gL l;4fGtx¿nfO{ ;d]6]sf] x'G5 . ;Dk'0f{ Jofj;flos
lqmofsnfk, sf/f]jf/ / Jofkf/nfO{ lgoldt / Jojl:yt ug]{ sfd jfl0fHo sfg'gn] ub{5 . jfl0fHo sfg'gn]
Jofj;flos ;d'bfonfO{ dfq xf]Og ;d'bfosf ;b:ox¿;Fu ;d]t ;/f]sf/ /fVb5 .
b]jfgL sfg'gsf] dxTjk"0f{ efu jfl0fHo sfg'g xf] . o;n] s/f/ sfg'g, j:t' laqmL ;DalGw sfg'g, ;fem]bf/L,
aLdf, sDkgL / a}lsª\u h:tf sfg'g;Fu k|ToIf ;/f]sf/ /fVb5 . o;df Jofkfl/s lqmofsnfknfO{ c;/
k'¥ofpg] / k|efj kfg]{ ;a} lgodx¿sf cWoog ul/G5 . ljZjJofkLs/0f, lghLs/0f, j}b]lzs nufgL tyf
k|ljlw x:tfGt/0f h:tf cfw'lgs ljrf/sf] hGd;Fu} jfl0fHo sfg'gsf] If]q klg lj:tf/ ePsf] 5 . cfh
sDKo'6/sf] dfp;;Fu v]Nb} ljZjel/ Jofkf/ ug{ ;Sg] cj:yf l;h{gf ePsf] 5 . clxn] Ps b]zsf] jfl0fHo
gLltn] csf]{ b]znfO{ c;/ kfb{5 . WTO sf] :yfkgfkl5 t jfl0fHo sfg'gsf] If]q cem} rlDsPsf] 5 .
;du|df jfl0fHo sfg'g Jofj;flos If]qsf] cfr/0f lgolGqt, lgb]{lzt / Jojl:yt ug]{ ljifo;+u ;DalGwt 5
. jfl0fHo If]qsf] hgzlQmn] s] ug{ x'g] / s] ug{ gx'g] eGg] ;Gbe{df Pp6f lglZrt dfkb08 lgwf{/0f ug]{
sfd jfl0fHo sfg'gn] ub{5 .
æjfl0fHo sfg'g eg]sf] sfg'gsf] To:tf] zfvf xf] h;sf] ;/f]sf/ Pj+ ;DaGw Jofkf/–Joj;fo / ljleGg
lsl;dsf Jofj;flos sf/f]jf/;Fu x'G5 .Æ (Business law means that branch of law which is
applicable to or concerned with trade and commerce in connection with various mercantile
or business transaction.) -S.R. Davar
æjfl0fHo sfg'g Jofkf/, pBf]u / jfl0fHo;+u ;DaGw /fVg] lgodx?sf] ;+u|x jf Pslqt ?k xf] .Æ (Mercantile
law is also used to denote the agregate body of these legal rules which are connected with
trade, industry and commerce.) - N.D. Kapoor
æjfl0fHo sfg'g jfl0fHo If]qsf JolQmx?sf] clwsf/ / bfloTjsf ;DaGwdf ljj]rgf ug]{ To:tf] sfg'g xf]
h'g Jofkf/ Joj;fosf] sf/f]jf/ / ;DklQ;Fu ;DalGwt x'G5 .Æ (Mercantile law may be defined as that
branch of law which deals with the rights and obligations of mercantile persons arising out of
mercantile transactions in respect of mercantile property.) -M.C. Shukla
æjfl0fHo sfg'g Jofks zAbfjnL xf], h;n] Jofj;flos sf/f]jf/;+u ;DalGwt ;a} sfg'gL l;4fGtx?nfO{
;d]6\b5 . ;DalGwt kIfx?sfaLr ePsf JoQm jf cJoQm a}w ;Demf}tfsf] cl:tTj Jofkfl/s sf/f]jf/sf]
Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ ljz]iftf xf] .Æ (Business law is a wide term and embraces all legal principles
concerning business transactions. The most important feature of such a business transactions
is the existence of a valid agreement express or implied between the parties and concerned.)
- Dr. Manmohan Prasad
g]kfnsf] jfl0fHo sfg'gsf ljz]iftfx? (Characteristics of Nepalese Business Law)
cfw'lgstf / ljZjJofkLs/0fsf sf/0f jfl0fHo sfg'g tLa| ultdf ljsf; eO/x]sf] 5 . pBf]u, Jofkf/ /
Joj;fosf] If]qdf ePsf] ljsf; / To;df eO/x]sf] ljljlws/0f Pj+ Jofkstfn] jfl0fHo sfg'gnfO{ Ps ljlzi6
sfg'gsf ?kdf :yflkt u/]sf] 5 . Jofkf/–Joj;fo;+u ;DalGwt ljjfbx?nfO{ ;fdfGo sfg'gsf] dfWodaf6
;fdfGo a]Gr÷Ohnf;af6 ;'g'jfO{ ubf{ k|efjsf/L x'g g;s]sf] eGg] cfwf/df @)^% ;fn df3b]lv s]xL
k'g/fj]bg cbfntx?df jfl0fHo Ohnf; :yfkgf ul/Psf] 5 . jfl0fHo If]qsf] d]?b08sf] ?kdf /x]sf sDkgL,
a}+lsª s;'/, bfdf;fxL / ahf/ k|lt:kwf{ k|jw{g tyf ahf/ ;+/If0f P]g h:tf sfg'g;+u ;DalGwt ljjfbx?
jfl0fHo Ohnf;af6 x]g]{ sfg'gL Joj:yf ldnfOPsf] 5 .

1
!== 5l/Psf] sfg'g (Scattered Law)
@= cfly{s lqmofsnfk;Fu ;DalGwt (Related with Economic Activities)
#= Joj;flos If]qdf zfGtL sfod ug]{ nIo (Aim to Maintain Peace in Business Sector)
$= ljsf;f]Gd'v cj:yf (Developing Phase)
%= ;Lldt If]qflwsf/sf] jfl0fHo Ohnf; (Commercial Bench with Limited Jurisdiction)
^= ;dfg ;+/If0f (Equal Protection)
&= afWofTds zlQm (Binding Force)
*= ;jf]{Rrtf (Supremacy)
(= ultzLn (Dynamic)
!)= lglZrt Pj+ cf}krfl/s (Certain and Formal)
!=5l/Psf] sfg'g (Scattered Law): xfdL sxfF jfl0fHo sfg'g eg]/ b]vfpg ;Sg] s'g} Pp6f ;+lxtfa4
sfg'g 5}g, of] 5l/Psf] cj:yfdf 5 . pBf]u, Jofkf/– Joj;fo / cfly{s lqmofsnfk;Fu ;DalGwt ljifoj:t'
;Daf]wg ug{sf nflu lgdf{0f ePsf x/]s sfg'gx? jlf0fHo sfg'g cGtu{t kb{5g\ . sDkgL P]g @)^#,
bfdf;fxL ;DalGw P]g @)^#, k|lt:kwf{ k|jw{g tyf ahf/ ;+/If0f P]g @)^#, dWo:ytf P]g @)%%, Ph]G;L
P]g @)!$ / d'n'sL b]jfgL ;+lxtf @)&$ cflb sfg'gnfO{ g]kfnsf] jfl0fHo sfg'g 5l/P/ /x]sf] cj:yfsf
gd'gfsf] ?kdf pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5 .
@=cfly{s lqmofsnfk;Fu ;DalGwt (Related with Economic Activities): jfl0fHo zAb cfkm}df
cfly{s lqmofsnfk / d'gfkmf;Fu ;DalGwt 5 . c? sfg'g;Fu ;DalGwt sfg'gnfO{ 5'6\ofpg] cfwf/ klg ;f]
sfg'gn] ;Daf]wg ug]{ ljifo / To;sf] ljifoj:t' g} xf] . g]kfnsf] jfl0fHo sfg'g cGo b]zx?df h:t} pBf]u,
Jofkf/–Joj;fo / d'gfkmfsf] k|lt:kwf{;Fu ;DalGwt 5 . cfoft–lgof{t, lgsf;L k}7f/L, sld;g, d'gfkmf, kmd{
/lhi6«]zg, d'gfkmf afF8kmfF8 ;DalGw ljifoj:t's} jl/kl/ 3'Dg] ePsfn] d"ntM jfl0fHo sfg'gnfO{ cfly{s
lqmofsnfk;Fu ;DalGwt sfg'gsf ?kdf lnOG5 .
#= Jofj;flos If]qdf zfGtL sfod ug]{ nIo (Aim to Maintain Peace in Business Sector):
Jofj;flos If]q cToGt ;+j]bzLn If]q xf] . Jofkf/– Joj;fodf nufgL, hf]lvd / k|ltkmnsf] ;+of]hg x'g]
ePsfn] If0fe/df ljjfb l;h{gf x'g ;Sb5g\ . b'O{ jf b'O{eGbf a9L JolQmx?sf]aLrdf ljjfb l;h{gf x'g'
:jefljs x'G5 . Joj;fodf PseGbf w]/} JolQm ;ª\nUg x'g] ePsfn] pgLx?sfaLrdf ;xh–c;xh h:tf];'s}
kl/l:ylt l;h{gf x'g ;Sb5 . ljjfbsf kIfx?nfO{ åGb, em}–emu8f, x'n x'Hht / czflGt gu/L zflGtk"0f{
?kdf ljjfbsf] ;dfwfg ug]{ ;'q jfl0fHo sfg'gn] lbG5 .
$= ljsf;f]Gd'v cj:yf (Developing Phase): g]kfnsf] jfl0fHo sfg'g ljsf;f]Gd'v cj:yfdf 5 .
g]kfndf lj=;+= !(() b]lv @))) ;Ddsf] bzsnfO{ pBf]u–Jofkf/sf] :yfkgf / ljsf; ePsf] r/0f dflgP
klg clxn];Dd b]zn] cfly{s If]qdf vf;} k|ult ug{ ;s]sf] 5}g . /fhgLlts cl:y/tf, b[9 Ifdtf;lxtsf]
pRr /fhgLlts b[li6sf]0fo'Qm g]t[Tjsf] cefjdf b]zn] of] b'b{zf ef]Ug' kl//x]sf] 5 . xfdL sxfF cfw'lgs
k|s[ltsf k|ultzLn sfg'gx¿ lgdf{0f ePsf klg 5g\ . sfo{:yndf To:tf sfg'gx?sf] k|of]u x'g g;Sbf
b]zsf] Jofj;flos If]q bx|f]u/L v'§f 6]s]/ pleg;Dd g;Sg] cj:yfaf6 u'lh|O/x]sf] 5 . j}b]lzs Jofkf/df
a9\bf] 3f6f, sfg'g cg's'nsf gLltsf] cefj, ag]sf P]g tyf gLltx? sfof{Gjogsf] cefj, e|i6 Pj+ k/Dk/fut
/ lg0f{ozlQmsf] cefj ePsf] ;/sf/L ;+oGq ;d]tsf sf/0f Jofj;flos If]qn] cfzftLt k|ult ug{ ;s]sf]
5}g .
%= ;Lldt If]qflwsf/sf] jfl0fHo Ohnf; (Commercial Bench with Limited Jurisdiction):
lj=;+= @)^% ;fn df3 ! ut]b]lv g]kfndf klxnf] k6s jfl0fHo Ohnf;sf] :yfkgf ul/Psf] 5 . a'6jn,
g]kfnu~h, lj/f6gu/, kf6g / x]6f}+8fsf pRR cbfntx?df :yfkgf ul/Psf jfl0fHo Ohnf;x?sf] sfo{If]qleq
sDkgL P]g, bfdf;fxL ;DalGw P]g, ;'/lIft sf/f]jf/ P]g, k|lt:kwf{ k|jw{g tyf ahf/ ;+/If0f P]g / a}+lsª
s;'/ cGtu{tsf ljjfbx? kb{5g\ .
jfl0fHo Ohnf;sf] If]q cToGt ;fF3'/f] ePsf] 5 . ;Lldt dfqfdf :yflkt jfl0fHo Ohnf;x?df Psftkm{
sfo{af]emsf] sdL 5 eg] csf]{tkm{ w]/} jfl0fHo sfg'gx? jfl0fHo Ohnf;sf] ljifoj:t' aGg ;s]sf 5}gg\ .
k/Dk/fut z}nLs} Gofo ;Dkfbg, jftfj/0f, hgzlQm / ljz]if ;x'lnotsf] cefjdf jfl0fHo Ohnf;n]
cfzftLt pknAwL xfl;n ug{ ;s]sf] 5}g .

2
^= ;dfg ;+/If0f (Equal Protection): jfl0fHo sfg'gn] Joj;foL–Joj;foL / Joj;foL Pj+
pkef]Stfx?aLrsf] ;DaGw kl/eflift ug]{, pgLx?sf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/sf] Joj:yf ub{5 . Jofj;flos
If]q;Fu ;DalGwt ;a}nfO{ ;dfg ;+/If0f k|bfg ug]{ sfd jfl0fHo sfg'gn] ub{5 . l;4fGttM sfg'gn] ;a}nfO{
;dfg ;+/If0f k|bfg ub{5 / ;dfg 9ª\un] nfu' x'G5 . jfl0fHo sfg'g Jofkf/– Joj;fo;Fu dfq ;DalGwt
ePsfn] of] Jofj;flos If]qdf dfq ;Lldt x'G5 . o;n] pTkfbs, ljj|]mtf, j|]mtf, 9'jfgLstf{, e'QmfgL k|lqmof
;d]tsf ;Gbe{df ;DalGwt ;a}nfO{ ;dfg ;+/If0f k|bfg ub{5 .
&= afWofTds zlQm (Binding Force): sfg'gsf] ;a}eGbf 7'nf] zlQm o;df cGt/lglxt afWo kfg{;Sg]
Ifdtf xf] . oxL Ifdtfs} sf/0f sfg'gsf] kfngf ;Dej x'G5 . afWofTds zlQm gePsf] sfg'gsf] kfngf x‘Fb}g
. ;hfosf] 8/ b]vfP/ /fHon] sfg'gsf] kfngf u/fpFb5 . Jofj;flos If]qsf] cg'udg, lg/LIf0f, lgoGq0f u/L
cg'zf;g sfod /fVgsf nflu jfl0fHo sfg'gsf] lgdf{0f ul/Psf] x'G5 . afWo gkfg]{ xf] eg] d'gfkmf cfh{gdf
tlNng /xg] Jofj;flos If]qn] 6]b}{g . sfg'gsf] kfngf gu/]df x'g] b08 ;hfonfO{ o;sf] afWofTds zlQmsf
?kdf a'em\g ;lsG5 .
*= ;jf]{Rrtf (Supremacy): Jofkf/–Joj;fosf] If]qdf jfl0fHo sfg'gsf] pRr :yfg x'G5 . b]zsf] cy{tGq
Pjd\ cfly{s gLlt cg's'nsf] jfl0fHo sfg'g lgdf{0f ePsf] x'G5 . sfg'g Pjd\ gLltsf] dftxtdf pBf]uwGbfsf]
:yfkgf, Jofkf/– Joj;fosf] ljsf; / ;~rfng x'g] ub{5 . j}b]lzs Jofkf/ Joj:yfkg Pjd\ ;~rfng ug{sf
nflu ;xhLs/0f ug]{ sfd klg jfl0fHo sfg'gn] u/]sf] x'G5 . b]zsf] ;du| Jofj;flos Pj+ cfly{s If]qsf]
d]?b08sf ?kdf jfl0fHo sfg'g /x]sf] x'G5 . t;y{ pBf]uwGbf / Jofkf/–Joj;fosf] If]qdf jfl0fHo sfg'gsf]
:yfg ;jf]{Rr /x]sf] 5 .
(= ultzLn (Dynamic): ;dfh ultzLn Pj+ kl/jt{gzLn 5 . klxn] j:t' ljlgdodf ;Lldt /x]sf]
kf/:kl/s ;DaGw d'b|fsf] cfljisf/ ePkl5 d"Nodf vl/b–laqmL ug]{ cj:yfdf k'Uof] . j:t'sf] Jofkf/df ;Lldt
/x]sf] ljZjahf/ clxn] ;]jf Jofkf/df k|j]z u/]sf] 5 . af}lås ;DklQsf] vl/b–laqmL h:tf cToGt cfw'lgs
Joj;fox? clxn] ;~rfngdf cfPsf 5g\ . g]kfndf klg Jofkf/ ax'cfoflds ag]sf] 5 . ultzLn k|s[ltsf]
ax'cfoflds Jofj;flos If]qsf] Joj:yfkg ug]{ jfl0fHo sfg'g h8 Pj+ l:y/ eP/ /xg;Sg] s'/} ePg . h'g
ultdf Jofj;flos If]qn] k|ult ub}{ uPsf] 5 ;f]xL cg'kftdf g]kfnsf] jfl0fHo sfg'g klg ;+zf]wg, ljsf;
Pj+ kl/dfh{g x‘Fb} cfPsf] 5 .
!)= lglZrt Pj+ cf}krfl/s (Certain and Formal): b'ljwfo'Qm geO{ lglZrt x'g' / cf}krfl/s k|lqmof
k'/f u/]/ lgdf{0f ul/g' sfg'gsf] d'Vo ljz]iftf cGtu{t kb{5 . g]kfnsf] jfl0fHo sfg'g klg cf}krfl/s k|lqmof
k"/f u/]/ lgdf{0f x'g'sf ;fy} :ki6 Pj+ lglZrt 5 . sfof{Gjogsf ;Gbe{df cGof]n, ;DalGwt clwsf/Lsf]
lg0f{odf OR5fzlQmsf] cefj / :jljj]sLo clwsf/sf] k|r'/tf h:tf ;d:ofn] u|:t g]kfnsf] jfl0fHo sfg'g
zflAbs Pj+ eflifs ?kdf :ki6 5 .
jfl0fHo sfg'gsf] dxTj Importance of Business Law
!= Joj;fo :yfkgf / ;~rfng ug{ (To Established and Regulate the Business)
@= Joj;fonfO{ a9fjf lbg (To Furtherance the Trade)
#= k'FhL ahf/sf] ljsf; ug{ (To Develop Capital Market)
$= cfly{s ljsf; ug{ (To Develop the Economy)
%= /f]huf/Lsf] l;h{gf ug{ / ul/aL x6fpg (To Create Employment and Remove Poverty)
^= nufgLsf] jftfj/0f agfpg (To Create Environment for Investment)
&= jfl0fHo If]qsf] cfr/0f lgoldt ug{ (Regulates the Behaviour of Business Sector)
g]kfnL jfl0fHo sfg'gsf ;|f]tx? (Sources of Nepalese Business Law)
!= ljwflosL sfg'g (Statutory Law)
@= glh/ (Precedent)
#= k|yf tyf rng (Custom and Usage)
$= Jofkfl/s ;lGw ;Demf}tfx¿ (Commercial Treaties and Agreements)
%= ljåfgsf /fox¿ (Opinion of Experts)
^= ljb]zL jfl0fHo sfg'g / km};nfx¿ (Foreign Commercial Laws and Judgements)
!= ljwflosL sfg'g (Statutory Law): jfl0fHo sfg'gsf] ;a}eGbf zlQmzfnL / dxTjk"0f{ ;|f]t ljwflosL
sfg'g cyjf ljwfog xf] . ljwflosL sfg'gsf] lgdf{0f Joj:yflksf–;+;b dfkm{t ul/G5 . Joj:yflksf -;+;b_
3
n] lgdf{0f ug]{ sfg'gnfO{ g} ljwflosL sfg'g elgG5 . b]zsf] cfjZostf / kl/l:ylt cg';f/ cf}Bf]lus Pjd\
jfl0fHo If]qsf] pTyfg / ljsf;sf nflu jfl0fHo sfg'gsf] lgdf{0f / ljsf; ePsf] x'G5 . o; dfg]df
Joj:yflksf -;+;b_ jfl0fHo sfg'gsf] pb\ud:yn xf] . xfd|f] b]zsf] ;Gbe{df sDkgL P]g @)^#, dWo:ytf
P]g @)%%, j}b]lzs nufgL tyf k|ljlw x:tfGt/0f P]g @)$(, a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yf ;DalGw P]g @)^#,
bfdf;fxL ;DalGw P]g @)^# h:tf jfl0fHo If]q;Fu ;DalGwt sfg'gx¿ ljwfogsf] dfWodaf6 lgdf{0f ul/Psf
x'g\ .
@= glh/ (Precedent): glh/ jfl0fHo sfg'gsf] bf]>f] dxTjk"0f{ ;|f]t xf] . glh/ b]zsf] ;jf]{Rr Goflos
lgsfon] -cbfntn]_ k|ltkfbg ub{5 . d'2fsf] km};nf ug]{ ;Gbe{df ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] k|ltkfbg u/]sf] sfg'gL
l;4fGtnfO{ glh/ elgG5 .;jf]{Rr cbfntn] d'2fsf] l;nl;nfdf u/]sf] JofVof jf k|ltkfbg u/]sf] l;4fGt
g]kfn clw/fHoe/ sfg'g ;/x nfu" x'g] egL g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg @)&@ sf] wf/f !@^ df pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .
jfl0fHo If]q;Fu ;DalGwt ljjfbdf ;jf]{Rr Goflos lgsfoaf6 k|ltkfbg x'g] l;4fGt tyf glh/x¿ jfl0fHo
sfg'gsf dxTjk"0f{ ;|f]t x'g\ . g]kfnsf] dfq} xf]Og, ljZjs} jfl0fHo sfg'gsf] ljsf;df cbfntL lg0f{o -glh/_
sf] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf /x]sf] kfOG5 .
#= k|yf tyf rng (Custom and Usage): sltko jfl0fHo sfg'gx¿ k|yfnfO{ dWogh/ u/L agfOPsf
x'G5g\ . nfdf] ;dosf] cEof;af6 :jtM:km"t{ lgdf{0f ePsf] ;+:sf/, ;+:s[lt Pj+ k/Dk/fnfO{ rfx]/ klg 5f8\g
;lsb}g . Jofkf/ Joj;fo;Fu ;DalGwt To:tf k|yf jf rngnfO{ klg jfl0fHo sfg'gsf] ;|f]t dflgG5 . ;a}
k|yfx¿n] sfg'gL dfGotf k|fKt u/]sf x‘Fb}gg\ . sfg'gL dfGotf k|fKt u/]sf k|yfx¿ dfq sfg'gsf ;|f]t dflgG5g\
. ;dfhdf nfdf] ;dob]lv cEof; ul/b} cfPsf Jofkfl/s If]qsf dfGotf / k|rngx¿n] gofF sfg'g lgdf{0fsf
nflu cfjZos ;fdfu|L pknAw u/fpg] ePsfn] g} k|yf tyf rngnfO{ klg jfl0fHo sfg'gsf] ;|f]tsf ¿kdf
:jLsf/ ul/G5 .
$= Jofkfl/s ;lGw ;Demf}tfx¿ (Commercial Treaties and Agreements): jfl0fHo If]qdf ;lGw
;Demf}tfsf] dxTjk"0f{ :Yffg /x]sf] x'G5 . ;lGw k|foM Ps b]zn] csf]{ b]z;Fu u/]sf] x'G5 eg] ;Demf}tfx¿ k|fo
Jofj;flos ;ª\u7gx¿aLr jf Jofkfl/s ;d'bfoaLr x'g] ub{5g\ . ;lGw ;Demf}tfx¿ ;dosf] dfu /
cfjZostf cg';f/ ul/G5 . Joj;fosf] k|s[lt cg';f/ ;Demf}tf jf s/f/ ul/Psf x'G5g\ . o;nfO{ j}olQms
sfg'g klg elgG5 . b]zsf] dflyNnf] ju{ jf ;d'bfo ;ª\nUg eP/ o:tf ;lGw ;Demf}tfx¿ ul/G5g\ . To;}sf]
cfwf/df sfg'g lgdf{0f x'g] ePsfn] o;nfO{ klg jfl0fHo sfg'gsf] dxTjk"0f{ ;|f]t dflgG5 . g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df
;lGw P]g @)$& n] g]kfn kIf ePsf] ;lGw jf ;Demf}tf sfg'g ;/x nfu" x'g] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . pQm P]gsf]
bkmf ( n] g]kfn kIf eP/ ;xL5fk u/]sf] cGt/f{li6«o ;lGw ;Demf}tfn] k|fyldstf k|fKt ug{ pNn]v ePaf6
oxfF klg b'O{kIfLo jf ax'kIfLo Jofkf/Ls ;lGw ;Demf}tfx¿nfO{ jfl0fHo sfg'gsf] ;|f]tsf] ¿kdf :jLsf/
ul/G5 . SAFTA, WTO, BIMSTEC, BIPPA h:tf Jofkfl/s ;Demf}tf / ;ª\u7gx?sf] k|efj :jfefljs ¿kdf
g]kfn sfg'gdf k/]sf] 5 .
%= ljåfgsf /fox¿ (Opinion of Experts): sfg'gsf] If]q ts{ / ljj]ssf] xf] . sfg'g lgdf{0f ug]{
;Gbe{df ljåfgx¿sf n]v–/rgf tyf l6Kk0fLx¿ ;d]tsf] ;xf/f lnOG5 . cf}Bf]lus Pjd\ jfl0fHo If]qdf
cfwfl/t eP/ n]lvPsf k':ts, n]v tyf l6Kk0fLx¿nfO{ ;d]t jfl0fHo sfg'gsf] dxTjk"0f{ ;|f]tsf ¿kdf
lnOG5 . lsgls o;af6 sfg'g lgdf{0fsf nflu cfjZos v'/fs k|fKt x'G5 . n]vs tyf l6Kk0fLstf{x¿sf]
ljåtf / ljz]if1tf lglj{jfb x'g'kb{5 . h:t}M Commercial dictionary, banking dictionary, Black's law
dictionary cflb .
^= ljb]zL jfl0fHo sfg'g / km};nfx¿ (Foreign Commercial Laws and Judgements): sfg'g
cfjZostf, cEof; / cf}lrTotfsf cfwf/df lgdf{0f, lqmofzLn / vf/]h x'g] ub{5 . clxn] lj1fg / k|ljlwsf
sf/0f ljZj ;fgf] ufpFdf ¿kfGt/0f eO/x]sf] 5 . s'g} Ps b]zsf] 36gfn] csf]{ b]znfO{ :jtM k|efj kfg]{
ub{5 . ljb]zL cbfntsf km};nf tyf ljb]zL sfg'gsf cfwf/df dfq lg0f{o ug{ g;lsg] eP tfklg ;f]
sfg'g;Fu ;DalGwt ljb]zL dfGotf, k|rng / k|of]unfO{ ;Gbe{sf ¿kdf lng] ul/G5 . ljleGg sfg'gL
l;4fGtx¿ h:t} a]nfotsf] Rule of law, cd]l/sfsf] Due process of law h:tf dfGotfx¿nfO{
clxn] ljZjJofkL ¿kdf :jLsf/ ul/Psf] kfOG5 . xfd|f clxn] axfn /x]sf ljB'tLo sf/f]jf/ ;DalGw P]g
nufotsf sltko P]gx¿ ljb]zL P]gsf] g]kfnL cg'jfbsf] ¿kdf /x]sf 5g\ .