AGK Electrics

Lesson 10: Semiconductors

 Materials
•
• Conductor is a material that has plenty of free
electrons and will allow a current to flow through
it.
• Insulator has few free electrons and will not allow
a current to flow.
• Semiconductor material (silicon or germanium)
falls between the two; even so it is highly resistive
in its natural state and will not allow a current
flow.
 Semi-conductor Material
• Conductivity of semiconductor material can be increased by a
process called ‘doping’.
• This alters the conductivity of the base material by adding atoms
of a second material in a controlled fashion.
• Atoms of the donor material have a different number of
electrons than the base material and so when the two are
combined the material becomes more conductive such that it
will now allow electrons to flow through it.
• Two types of semiconductor material can be made depending on
whether there are more electrons or less electrons in the atoms
of the added material - called ‘N’ type(more) or ‘P’ type(fewer
electrons) semiconductor material.
Doping (N Type Semiconductor)

p
p
Doping (P Type Semiconductor)

B
Diodes
Reversed Bias P-N Junction(Ters Kutuplu)
Forward Bias P-N Junction(Doğru Kutuplu)
 Diodes
• Standard Diode - Rectification
• A common application for diodes is to block the
negative part of an alternating current thereby
turning it into DC
• Zener Diode - Voltage Regulator
• A diode that allows current flow when reverse biased
is called the zener diode.
• Used in voltage regulators and can also be used as a
protection device for voltage sensitive equipment
Zener Diode as Voltage Regulator

•
Diodes
• Standard diode - one way valve
• Zener Diode: allows two way current after a
certain voltage has been reached
Transistors

Fwd
bias
+
 Transistors
• NPN or PNP
• Acts as a switch or an amplifier
• The P-type material in the middle is used to control
the current flow from the collector to the emitter.
Summary
Summary