Question 1

In a certain company, 50 employees were asked about the number of times they went to the cinema
during the last year. The answers provided by collaborators were: 1 collaborator saw 4 movies, 8 saw 3
movies, 27 saw 2 movies, 12 saw 1 movie and the rest did not go to the cinema. Admit that a trip to the
cinema corresponds to viewing one and only 1 movie.

1.1 Describe the variable under study and build a table of usual frequencies for this kind of problems.

Number of movies Frequency

0 2
1 12
2 27
3 8
4 1

1.2 Sketch graphically, as you consider most convenient, the data of the previously obtained table.

Number of movies and its frequency

30

25

20

15

10

0
0 Movies 1 Movie 2 Movies 3 Movies 4 Movies

Frequency
1.3 Calculate the location measures of central tendency, the quantiles, the 1st and the 9th decile, the
82nd and 95th percentiles, the interquartile range, the total range, variance, standard deviation,
coefficient of variation and coefficient of dispersal.

x Frequency (f) (x)(f) cf

0 2 0 2
1 12 12 14
2 27 54 41
3 8 24 49
4 1 4 50
Total 50 94 ---

Measure of central tendency

Mean = 1.88

Median = 2

Mode = 2

Quantities

1st Quantile (Q1) = 1

2nd Quantile (Q2) = 2

3rd Quantile (Q3) = 2

Deciles

1st Decile (D1) = 1

9th Decile (D9) = 3

Percentile

82th Percentile (P82) = 3

95th Percentile (P95) = 3

Inter Quartile Range

IQR = Q3 – Q1

IQR = 2 – 1

IQR = 1

Variance = 0.6384

Standard Deviation = 0.799

Coefficient of Variation = 42.5%

1.4 Study the skewness and flatness of the data.

Skewness

From our dataset, we can see a strong positive skew. This simply means that the data is substantially
skewed to the right

Flatness

Our dataset potrays a strong positive kurtosis, which means that it is considered very peaked.
Question 2

Let A;B;C and D be events in a result space ω. Assume that the set of events fA;B;Cg forms a partition of
ω and that A is independent of D. Check that:

It is given that events A, B, and C forms a partition of .

Thus we have,

i.

ii.

iii.

iv.

Since the events A and D are indepedent. Therefore,

v.

L.H.S
Hence,

Question 3

Assume that we have four boxes, each with ten balls. We have two boxes

type A, one type B and one type C. Type A boxes have 3 black balls, Type B has 2 black balls, and Type C
has 5 black balls.

3.1 If from the set of 40 balls three are drawn with replacement, what is the probability

of just one being black?

Since each box can be selected at random, from which a ball is drawn, then replaced and the process is
continued; this scenario is equivalent to a single box with all the balls mixed together. Therefore,

Given:

Type A box: 3 black balls and 7 white balls

Type B box: 2 black balls and 8 white balls

Type C box: 5 black balls and 5 white balls

Total black balls = 3(Type A boxes) + 2(Type B boxes) + 5(Type C boxes)

= 3(2) + 2(1) + 5(1)

= 13

Total white balls = 7(Type A boxes) + 8(Type B boxes) + 5(Type C boxes)

= 7(2) + 8(1) + 5(1)

= 27
If three balls are drawn at random, and only one ball needs to be black, and there is replacement, then
the following formula can be used.

P(one black ball) = (no. of ways 1 black ball and 2 white balls can be drawn in 3 consecutive turns) x
P(drawing a black ball) x P(drawing a white ball)2

= (3C1 x 2C2) x (13/40) + (27/40)2

= or 0.44

3.2 A box was selected at random and within that box a

ball also at random. If this ball is black, what is the probability that it has

been extracted from a type A box?

From this problem, what we need to determine is:

P(Type A box was chosen and one ball drawn is black)

This is a case of conditional probability and hence, can be solved by Baye’s theorem:

; where n is the number of cases

or 0.46
Question 4

Robert responds to his exams with one of three pens: a nib, a ballpoint pen and a felt tip. Being very
superstitious, the pen he uses has an influence on the classification obtained: when he uses the nib pen,
gets approval with probability 2/3; when he uses felt tip, it is just as likely to pass as to fail. Knowing that
Robert fails 40% of the exams, and who chooses to use the nib pen and with a felt tip, respectively, 30%
and 20% of the times that the exam, how likely is it that Bob passes when he solves a ballpoint exam?

Given:

Passes the exam = X

Uses a nib = A

Uses a ball point = B

Uses a felt tip = C

Since he fails 40% of the exam,

P(X) = 60% or 0.6

He uses nib 30% and felt tip 20%, thus:

P(A) = 30% or 0.3

P(B) = 50% or 0.5

P(C) = 20% or 0.2

He also uses nib and passes 2/3 times, thus:

P(X|A) = 2/3

P(X|C) = 1/2

P(X|B) = ?

We know that:

P(X) = [P(A) x P(X|B)] + [P(B) x P(X|B)] + [P(C) x P(X|C)]