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AB OU T T HE
Elaine Kirn
About
the U.S.A.
About
the U.S.A.
Elaine Kirn
Published by the Office of English Language Programs

Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs
United States Department of State
Washington, DC 20547
About the U.S.A.
Published by the Office of English Language Programs, Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs,
the United States Department of State, Washington, DC 20547
Author
Elaine Kirn
Copyright © 1989 by Author and Editors and Etcetera Graphics
ENGLISH THROUGH CITIZENSHIP: Student Book Intermediate Level A. Elaine Kirn. 1989. McHenry, Illinois: Delta Systems Co., Inc.
ENGLISH THROUGH CITIZENSHIP: Student Book Intermediate Level B. Elaine Kirn. 1989. McHenry, Illinois: Delta Systems Co., Inc.
Selected by Tom Miller and adapted by Frank Smolinski and Damon Anderson with permission from Delta Systems Company, Inc.
iv
Acknowledgments
Thanks to the amnesty coordinators and instructors of
the Los Angeles Community College District and
surrounding schools for supporting this project and
offering helpful suggestions, as well as to Victoria
Richart of Los Angeles Mission College and the Los
Angeles and Orange County curriculum committee for
the creation of complete course outlines and guidelines.
Special appreciation goes to Jon Hendershot of Los
Angeles Southwest College and Jack Fujimoto of the
LACCD for initiation of the project.
And as usual, thanks to the hard-working staff and

freelancers:
John Dermody for research and initial drafts,

Pat Campbell for editing,
Terry Wilson for expressive artwork,
Suzette Mahr for typesetting,
Anthony Thorne-Booth for falling in love with
the new computer,
Chuck Alessio for putting it all together,
and all of us for long, long workdays and evenings.
In advance, appreciation goes to Dick Patchin of Delta

System and the sales staff for enthusiasm and being
out there.
v
Contents
To the Student ix
To the Instructor x
Also to the Instructor xi
Unit 1: Symbols and Holidays 1
Module 1A: American Symbols 1
Module 1B: Thanksgiving and Independence Day 5
Module 1C: More National Holidays 9
Unit 2: Americans 13
Module 2A: Famous Presidents 13
Module 2B: The History of Immigration 17
Module 2C: Historical Figures 21
Module 2D: Some Immigration Stories 25
Unit 3: Geography 28
Module 3A: The Geography of the United States 28
Module 3B: Famous Places 32
Module 3C: States and Cities: The West 36
Module 3D: States and Cities: The East 40
Unit 4: The History of the United States 44
Module 4A: Overview of U.S. History 44
Module 4B: Exploration and Colonization 48
Module 4C: Revolution 52
Module 4D: Growth and Westward Movement 56
Module 4E: The Time of the Civil War 60
Module 4F: Industrialization 64
Module 4G: The U.S. Becomes a World Power 68
Module 4H: Modern Times 72
Module 4I: Local History 75
Unit 5: The U.S. Constitution 79
Module 5A: Overview of the U.S. Constitution 79
Module 5B: Basic Rights and Freedoms 83
Unit 6: The Federal Government 86
Module 6A: Overview of the U.S. Government 86
Module 6B: The Legislative Branch 90
Module 6C: The Executive Branch 93
Module 6D: The Judicial Branch 97
Unit 7: State Government 101
Module 7A: Branches of Government and Officials 101
Module 7B: Functions, Powers, and Services 104
Unit 8: Local Government 107
Module 8A: County and City Services 107
Module 8B: County Government 111
Module 8C: City Government 115
Unit 9: Citizenship 118
Module 9A: The Duties of Citizens 118
Module 9B: Voting 121
Module 9C: Election Issues 124
vii
To the Student
Can you understand, speak, read, and write basic English?
Do you want to learn about the customs, government, and
history of the states and cities of the United States of
America in simplified English? Then this intermediate level
of About the U.S.A. is the right book for you.
The information in this book will help you to understand

basic concepts and vocabulary in talking about your own
country and city to other speakers of English.
We hope that you enjoy working with this book. As you grow
stronger in your use of English, you will be able to read and
understand more that is written in English about other
countries and share your own views and opinions in English.
ix
To the Instructor
About the U.S.A. is an intermediate level book for indi- reading), About the U.S.A. is designed for use in
viduals who have some level of proficiency in under- intermediate EFL/ESL courses as well as in general
standing, speaking, reading, and writing the English civics instruction in high schools and colleges. The
language. The book is based on curriculum outlines history, government, and citizenship materials of the
developed by the Los Angeles Community College program are divided into nine numbered units, each
District (LACCD) and the Los Angeles County subdivided into several lettered modules. The mod-
Community College Consortium for Amnesty (LACCCCA). ules can be presented in the order in the book or
The information in the program is derived largely from they may easily be used in any desired order.
three texts issued by the federal government: United States
History 1600-1987, U.S. Government Structure, and We hope that you enjoy working with this book. Please
Citizenship Education and Naturalization Information allow ample opportunity for students to use their new
(U.S. Department of Justice, Immigration and knowledge to ask questions and try to articulate their
Naturalization Service, 1987). own thoughts and ideas in English about their respec-
tive countries and cities or about the U.S.
Based on proven ESL/EFL methodology in language
skills instruction (primarily listening, speaking, and
Also to the Instructor
xi
Symbols and Holidays
Module 1A: American Symbols

UNIT
1
A The Flag of the United States
1. This is the ritish English ag efore the American evolution

it was the ag of the thirteen American colonies
2. This was the reat nion lag t was the ag of the American
army during the evolutionary ar The ag of England was in
the corner The red and white stripes were sym ols for the thir
teen American colonies
3. ome people say that etsy oss made the first American ag n
the corner there were thirteen white stars in a field of lue The
new ag also had seven red stripes and si white stripes
4. uring the ar of the ag had fifteen stars and fifteen

stripes for the fifteen states After a attle rancis cott ey
wrote a song a out the American ag The tar pangled an
ner ecame the national anthem of the nited tates
5. The nited tates grew and admitted more states to the nion
ow the ag has thirteen stripes for the thirteen original colonies
and fifty stars for the fifty states
6. American citi ens and immigrants sometimes recite the ledge of

Allegiance to the ag The pledge is a promise of loyalty to the
nited tates
THE PLEDGE OF ALLEGIANCE
pledge allegiance to the lag of the nited tates of America

and to the epu lic for which it stands one ation under od
indivisi le with li erty and ustice for all
1
2 Module 1A / American Symbols
B Write T for true and F for false. Correct the false

sentences.
1. T efore the American evolution the ritish ag was the ag of the thirteen American
colonies
2. The reat nion ag was the ag of England during the evolutionary ar
3. ome people say that A raham incoln made the first American ag
4. The tar pangled anner is a song a out the i erty ell and the tatue of
i erty
5. The ag of the nited tates now has thirteen stars for the American colonies and
fifty stripes for the fifty states
6. The ledge of Allegiance is a promise of loyalty to the nited tates
C Write the words from the box.
lue stars colonies evolution

white stripes nion anthem
The ritish ag was the ag of the thirteen American colonies efore the
American uring the evolutionary ar the red and
stripes were sym ols of these colonies on the reat ag The first American
ag had thirteen in a field of n the ar of the
ag had fifteen stars and ow the tar pangled anner is the national
of the nited tates
D Number the flags 1–5 in time order. Tell about each flag.
UNIT 1 / Symbols and Holidays 3
E More American Symbols

1. The delegates of the thirteen American colonies planned the
eclaration of ndependence and Thomas efferson wrote it The
document declared the independence separation of the colonies
from England
2. ongress adopted the eclaration of ndependence and the dele

gates signed the document on uly The i erty ell in the
tate ouse in hiladelphia rang out on that day
3.
The rench gave the tatue of i erty to the nited tates as a
sym ol of friendship ow it is a sym ol of freedom for new immi
grants to this country
4. The American eagle is the official em lem sym ol of the nited

tates t appears on the residential ag and on some coins
5. The don ey and the elephant first appeared in political cartoons

They are sym ols for the emocratic and epu lican arties
6. ncle am has the initials e originally appeared in political

cartoons and is an unofficial sym ol of the government
F Match the sentence parts. Write the letters on the lines.
1. c The i erty ell is the sym ol of a the nited tates on the residential
2. The tatue of i erty is the sym ol of ag and some coins
3. The American eagle is the sym ol of the government
4. The don ey and the elephant are c the eclaration of ndependence

sym ols of d the two ma or political parties
5. ncle am is the sym ol of e freedom for immigrants to the nited
tates
4 Module 1A / American Symbols
G Write T for true and F for false. Correct the false sentences.
Thomas Jefferson
1. F eorge ashington wrote the eclaration of ndependence
2. The document declared the separation and freedom of the thirteen colonies from
England
3. The delegates of the thirteen original colonies signed the eclaration of ndepend
ence and the i erty ell rang out in hiladelphia on uly
4. The people of England gave the tatue of i erty to the nited tates as a sym ol of
the resident
5. The emocratic don ey is the official em lem of the nited tates
6. The don ey the elephant and ncle am originally appeared in political cartoons
H With your class, learn and sing the “Star-Spangled Banner.”
The Star-Spangled Banner

Module 1B: Thanksgiving and Independence Day
A Thanksgiving Day
1. The English uritans were trying to purify the hurch of

England ut finally they formed their own church They left
England and went to olland and then to America They
ecame ilgrims ecause they were travelers in search of
religious freedom
2. n the fall of the ilgrims crossed the Atlantic cean on

their ship the ay ower The trip was very difficult and
many people got sic ut while they were on the crowded
ship the ilgrims agreed on a form of government for their
new colony This agreement the ay ower ompact esta
lished the principles of voting and ma ority rule
3. inally on ecem er the travelers landed at lymouth

assachusetts There was not enough food for the long cold
winter and many settlers died Then some friendly ndians
amoset hief assasoit and uanto showed the ilgrims
how to hunt fish and plant corn eans and other foods
ecause of their help the lymouth settlers had a good har
vest the ne t fall
4. overnor illiam radford declared some special days of

than sgiving The ilgrims and the ndians had a three day
feast of deer wild tur ey and fish There were also nuts wild
fruits cran erries corn eans pump ins and other foods
The first Than sgiving cele ration was a great success
5. resident A raham incoln esta lished Than sgiving as an

official national holiday ow every year on the fourth Thursday
of ovem er American families and friends gather have a
feast and give than s ome traditional Than sgiving foods
are tur ey dressing sweet potatoes cran erry sauce and
pump in pie
6 Module 1B / Thanksgiving and Independence Day
B Match the phrases. Write the letters on the lines.
1. b the ilgrims a some friendly ndians

2. the ay ower the English uritans
3. the ay ower ompact c the governor of the lymouth settlement
4. lymouth assachusetts d the ship of the ilgrims
5. amoset uanto and assasoit e the official day of the national holiday of
Than sgiving
6. illiam radford
f the settlement of the ilgrims
deer wild tur ey corn eans
pump ins and cran erries g the ilgrims agreement a out govern
ment in their settlement
the fourth Thursday in ovem er
h some foods at the first Than sgiving
9. tur ey dressing sweet potatoes
feast
cran erry sauce and pump in pie
i some traditional Than sgiving foods
today
C Write T for true and F for false. Correct the false sentences.
1. The uritans ro e away from the hurch of England and formed their own church
2. The ilgrims were travelers in search of gold and adventure
3. The ilgrims came to America in the seventeenth century
4. n the ship the ilgrims esta lished the government principle of separation of church
and state
5. Their first winter in lymouth assachusetts was very difficult
6. Then the settlers had a good harvest ecause some friendly ndians taught them a out
the land
overnor illiam radford declared a special day to cele rate the independence of
their colony from England
ow Than sgiving is an official national feast day for families and friends
D Independence Day
uring the evolutionary ar some of the American settlers wanted to declare the
independence of the colonies from ritish rule At that time the econd ontinental
ongress was acting as the central government of the thirteen colonies The ongress as ed
Thomas efferson to write the eclaration of ndependence
This historic document contains several important principles of American government t

says that all men are created e ual all people have the right to life li erty and the
pursuit of happiness and government can e ist only with the consent of the governed
ongress adopted the eclaration of ndependence and the delegates of the thirteen
colonies now new states signed the document on uly The i erty ell in the tate
ouse of hiladelphia rang out that day
ow Americans cele rate the ourth of uly as the irthday of the nited tates
ndependence ay is an official national holiday eople have picnics and there are often
parades speeches and firewor s American ags are everywhere
E Write the words from the box.
principles of government the eclaration of ndependence

thirteen new states the evolutionary ar
ritish rule the i erty ell
picnics parades speeches and firewor s ndependence ay
During (1)
the Revolutionary War some colonists wanted to declare the independence of
the colonies from The ongress as ed Thomas efferson to write
(3) This document contains several important
elegates of the
signed the document on uly and rang out ow the ourth of
uly is American Americans cele rate with
.
8 Module 1B / Thanksgiving and Independence Day
F Answer these questions about the two American holidays.
Than sgiving ndependence ay
hen did the holiday

egin? in the fall of 1621
hat group s of
people egan the
holiday?
hat did these

people do?
hat is the meaning

of the holiday?
hen do Americans
cele rate this holiday
now?
hat do people do
to cele rate this
holiday?
Module 1C: More National Holidays
A Legal Holidays in the United States
oliday ate of alendar urpose

ele ration ate
ew ear s ay anuary anuary the cele ration of the calendar new year
artin uther the third anuary the remem rance of the

ing r ay onday in civil rights leader s
anuary irthday
residents ay the third e ruary a irthday cele ration

onday in incoln for two famous
e ruary e ruary residents ee odule
ashington 3A.)
emorial ay the last ay the remem rance of past

onday in wars and a day to visit
ay military and family graves
ndependence uly uly the irthday of the nited
ay tates ee odule
a or ay the first the first a cele ration of the
onday in onday in industrial spirit and the
eptem er eptem er dignity of wor
olum us ay the second cto er the remem rance of
onday in hristopher olum us and
cto er his spirit of achievement
eterans ay ovem er ovem er the honoring of Americans who fought in
wars and a promise to wor for peace
Than sgiving the fourth the fourth a day to gather friends
ay Thursday in Thursday in feast and give than s
ovem er ovem er (See Module 2B.)
hristmas ay ecem er ecem er the cele ration of the irth of esus hrist
B Make sentences about the information in A. You can use

these sentence patterns.
The calendar date of is ut Americans really cele rate
holiday date
it on .
date
The purpose of the holiday is .
10 Module 1C / More National Holidays
C Martin Luther King, Jr. Day
1. r artin uther ing r was orn on anuary

e ecame a aptist minister n ecause lac s had to
sit in the ac of uses he led a day oycott of refusal to
use the us system in ontgomery Ala ama e was the
leader of many protests in the s and s The police often
arrested ing s followers or used dogs and fire hoses to oppose
them n August ing oined lac and
white protesters called reedom archers at the incoln
emorial in ashington to support new laws for civil
rights There his have a dream speech moved the nation
2. artin uther ing r used only peaceful methods to

fight against un ust laws ecause he opposed violence e said
that it was important to change laws ut even more important
to change minds and hearts e helped lac s win their legal
rights and made progress in the cause of integration the
mi ing of the races in schools churches and pu lic places
ing won the o el eace ri e in ut on April
he was assassinated in emphis Tennessee ow on artin
uther ing r ay Americans remem er a great man and
promise to wor hard for civil rights
D Write T for true and F for false. Correct the false sentences.
1. artin uther ing r was a leader in the struggle for civil rights and e uality for
lac people
2. n he led a famous oycott of the school system ecause lac s couldn t ecome
teachers
3. The police always supported the marches of his followers ecause ing opposed
violence
4. There was a famous march for freedom and civil rights in ashington in
5. ing did not elieve in integration ecause he wanted the separation of the races
6. e won the o el eace ri e in ut was assassinated in

E Work in groups of four. Each of you studies the information

about a different one of these four holidays. In turn, sum-
marize your information in your own words for the group.
1.
emorial ay first called ecoration ay egan after the
ivil ar to honor the war dead of oth the orth and the
outh Today patriotic Americans remem er the dead soldiers
of all American wars as well as their own family mem ers who
died eople decorate graves with ags and owers They
watch military parades ome watch the ndianapolis one
of America s greatest auto races
2. a or ay cele rates the industrial spirit of the nited

tates t was the idea of a or leader eter c uire over
one hundred years ago Today a or ay represents the idea
that the success of the individual and the nation comes from
hard wor The holiday mar s the end of summer and the
eginning of the school year amilies and friends en oy the
three day wee end with trips sports or rela ation
3. olum us ay honors the achievement of an talian e

plorer hristopher olum us olum us new the world was
round and he wanted to sail to the other side inally ing
erdinand and ueen sa ella of pain agreed to support him
n cto er this European sailor discovered a new
world Today patriotic citi ens remem er olum us and
school children learn that education and hard wor are impor
tant for progress
4.
eterans ay once called Armistice ay egan after
orld ar At a m on ovem er Americans
stopped for two minutes of silence to honor the courage of
those who died in that war Today on this day of remem rance
citi ens honor veterans former soldiers still living as well as
the dead of all American wars atriotic Americans watch
memorial parades and attend uiet ceremonies
12 Module 1C / More National Holidays
F Which holiday is each sentence about? Write M for

Memorial Day, L for Labor Day, C for Columbus Day, and V
for Veterans Day. Sentence 9 has two answers.
1. C n this day in an e plorer from taly with the support of the ing and ueen of
pain discovered a new world
2. This holiday was first called Armistice ay
3. This holiday was first called ecoration ay
4. t egan after the ivil ar in remem rance of the dead on oth sides
5. This holiday is in honor of the industrial spirit of the ecause it represents the
idea that all wor has dignity
6. t egan on ovem er in remem rance of the dead soldiers of orld ar
A la or leader had the idea for this cele ration over years ago
n this patriotic holiday school children learn the importance of education and hard
wor for progress
9. Today on this day of remem rance Americans honor veterans and the dead of past
wars with parades and ceremonies
Today people decorate graves watch military parades and may see the ndianapolis
on this holiday
11. t is the last three day wee end of summer efore school egins and people use it to
rela
12. This holiday is in honor of the achievement of a European e plorer
G Is there a holiday to honor a famous person in your native

culture? In small groups, tell about it. Answer these
questions:
hat is the history of the holiday? hy and when did it egin?
hat is the meaning of the holiday?
ho cele rates the holiday?
here when and how do they usually cele rate it?
hat similarities did you find in two or more holidays of different cultures? Tell the class
H Repeat Exercise G, but this time talk about a patriotic holiday.

Americans
Module 2A: Famous Presidents

UNIT
2
A Work in groups of four. Each of you studies the information
about a different one of the four presidents. In turn, summa-
rize your information in your own words for the group.
1. efore the nited tates won independence from rit

ish rule eorge ashington was a farmer in the colony
of irginia e served as a military leader in the evo
lutionary ar The colonists trusted him ecause he did
not want power for himself e wanted all the states
and the people to wor together as one e wanted the
government to serve the people well
ashington said that power should elong to institutions not to men e also said that
people could understand the onstitution in many ways not ust one e did not thin
that the nited tates should have strong ties with other countries
eorge ashington was the first resident of the nited tates from to e is
often called the ather of ur ountry
2. Thomas efferson could do many things As a young

man he was a farmer and a lawyer in irginia e was
also a scientist an inventor a philosopher and an
architect e designed his own home called onticello
e could communicate in rench talian panish
atin and ree
any of efferson s ideas ecame asic principles of the government of the nited tates
or e ample he elieved that all men are created e ual are orn the same and should
receive the same treatment under the law e also said that power must come from the
consent of the governed the voters not the leaders e wanted free elections a free press
and free speech
Thomas efferson held many important government o s e was Am assador to rance
ecretary of tate under eorge ashington ice resident under ohn Adams and the
third resident of the nited tates from to As resident efferson ought the
huge ouisiana Territory for the nited tates from rance
13
14 Module 2A / Famous Presidents
A raham incoln grew up in entuc y in a log ca in

3. e couldn t go to school so he taught himself e e
came a lawyer riends called him onest A e As a
delegate from llinois he served in ongress from
to incoln was against slavery and gave some
famous speeches a out his ideas when he was running
for the enate
n A raham incoln ecame the si teenth resident of the nited tates e wanted
the states of the nion to wor together as one country ut he had to lead the orth against
the outh in the ivil ar ome people thought that incoln was too strong as resident e
cause he used power that the onstitution did not give him
resident incoln freed the slaves with the Emancipation roclamation e had a plan to
ring the outh ac into the nion after the ivil ar ut he couldn t carry out the plan
ecause he was assassinated n an actor named ohn il es ooth shot A raham
incoln
ohn ennedy was resident for only three years

4. from to ut his personality and ideas
changed America e was oth the first oman atholic
and the youngest resident in the history of the coun
try e set clear goals for America or e ample he
promised that the nited tates would land a man on
the moon efore
ennedy supported the ideas of artin uther ing r and fought for civil rights fair
housing and programs to stop poverty e as ed ongress for more money for education and
medical care for elderly people
ennedy was against ommunism or e ample when the oviet nion put missiles in
u a he sent ships to surround the island ut he elieved that the est way to fight
ommunism was not y sending armies ut y attac ing poverty and in ustice e organi ed
the Alliance for rogress to help the countries of atin America e started the eace orps
and sent Americans to over si ty countries in Africa Asia and outh America These young
volunteers wor ed and lived with the people uilt schools and taught farmers more modern
methods
ennedy was a man for the future e wor ed to stop the testing of nuclear weapons ut
on ovem er he was assassinated
UNIT 2 / Americans 15
B Which President is each sentence about? Write the first

initial of his last name on the line.
ashington efferson incoln ennedy
1. J This farmer and lawyer from irginia was also a scientist an inventor a philosopher
and an architect and he new many languages
2. The colonists trusted this farmer from the colony of irginia ecause he did not want
power for himself
3. This young oman atholic was resident for only three years ecause he was assas
sinated in
4. e served as a military leader in the fight of the colonists for independence from
British rule.
5. This honest man taught himself and ecame a lawyer and a ongressman from
llinois
6. e was against slavery ut wanted the states of the orth and outh to wor to
gether as a nation
any of his ideas for e ample a out e uality the consent of the governed free
press and free speech are asic principles of the government of the nited tates
e was an Am assador ecretary of tate and ice resident efore he ecame the
third resident of the nited tates
9. e was a man for the future and one of his goals was to land a man on the moon
efore
As the si teenth resident he used power that was not given y the onstitution
when he led the northern states in the ivil ar
11. e did not thin the nited tates should have strong ties to other nations
12. e ought the ouisiana Territory for the nited tates from rance
13. e is often called the ather of ur ountry
14. is Emancipation roclamation freed the slaves ut he was assassinated efore he

could ring the outh ac into the nion
15. e supported civil rights fair housing and programs to stop poverty and he wanted
more money for education and medical care for elderly people
16. e tried to stop ommunism with the Alliance for rogress and the eace orps and
was against nuclear weapons
16 Module 2A / Famous Presidents
C Which of the four Presidents said or wrote these famous

quotes? Write their names on the lines. (The information in
A will help you.)
eorge ashington Thomas efferson A raham incoln ohn ennedy
1. John F. Kennedy And so my fellow Americans as not what your

country can do for you As what you can do for your
country y fellow citi ens of the world As not
what America will do for you ut what together we
can do for the freedom of man
2. e hold these truths to e self evident that all

men are created e ual that they are endowed y
their reator with certain unaliena le rights that
among these are life li erty and the pursuit of
happiness
3. t is our true policy to steer clear of permanent

alliances with any portion of the foreign world
4. A house divided against itself cannot stand

elieve that this government cannot endure perma
nently half slave and half free
D In small groups, discuss the meanings of the quotes in C.

On the lines, write the ideas in simpler language.
1. Americans should work for America. Everyone should work for freedom.
2.
3.
4.
E In books, find other famous quotes by Presidents of the

United States. Write them on the chalkboard and discuss
their meanings as a class.
Module 2B: The History of Immigration
A Work in pairs. Look only at this page. Tell your partner

these facts about immigration history in order.
1500’s 1600’s
There were a out twenty five million native Americans ndians living in orth and
outh America
The English were the largest immigrant group to settle in orth America They were
farmers fishermen and traders
y the time of the American evolution there were also many immigrants from
cotland reland rance olland ermany weden and oland ost of these
1700’s
settlers were rotestants
The panish settled mainly in the outhwest especially alifornia They were
managers priests and soldiers
1600’s to
American slave traders captured lac Africans and forced them to wor on plantations
1800’s
in the nited tates
B Now listen to your partner and number these facts 6-10 in

correct time order.
After the old ush in alifornia poor hinese came to wor in mining camps and
on the railroad
The government a olished uotas for immigration from non European nations Today
most immigrants are from Asian and atin American countries
6 uring the ndustrial evolution a out million rish atholics left poverty and discrimi
nation to wor in America They were coal miners and railroad and canal uilders At the
same time many ermans ecame farmers la orers and usinessmen in the nited tates
uring the reat igration twenty five million Europeans of almost every nationality
immigrated to America They included ussian and olish ews lavic people from Eastern
Europe talians ree s Armenians and yrians anadians e icans and entral
Americans came too
The nited tates welcomed thousands of refugees after the end of orld ar
18 Module 2B / The History of Immigration
C Work in pairs. Look only at this page. Your partner will tell
you some important facts about immigration history. Num-
ber them 1-5 in correct time order.
American slave traders captured lac Africans and forced them to wor on plantations in
the nited tates
y the time of the American evolution there were also many immigrants from cotland
reland rance olland ermany weden and oland ost of these settlers were
rotestants
The English were the largest immigrant group to settle in orth America They were
farmers fishermen and traders
The panish settled mainly in the outhwest especially alifornia They were managers
priests and soldiers
1 There were a out twenty five million native Americans ndians living in orth and outh
America
D Now tell your partner these facts about immigration history

in order.
uring the ndustrial evolution a out million rish atholics left poverty and dis
crimination to wor in America They were coal miners and railroad and canal uilders
1820 to
1880
At the same time many ermans ecame farmers la orers and usinessmen in the
nited tates 1850 to
After the old ush in alifornia poor hinese came to wor in mining camps
1870
and on the railroad
uring the reat igration twenty five million Europeans of almost every nationality
immigrated to America They included ussian and olish ews lavic people from
1880 to
1930
Eastern Europe talians ree s Armenians and yrians anadians e icans and
entral Americans came too
1950’s
1940’s
The nited tates welcomed thousands of refugees after the end of orld ar
The government a olished uotas for immigration from non European nations
1970’s
1960’s
Today most immigrants are from Asian and atin American countries
E Tell some important facts about immigration history. You

can use these pictures for ideas.
F Changes in Immigration
The history of the nited tates is the history of immigration efore the nited tates
welcomed immigrants from all countries ecause Americans were moving west factories in the
East needed new wor ers ost of these immigrants came from northern and western Europe so
they loo ed li e orn Americans and their cultures were similar The talents spirit and hard
wor of millions of immigrants uilt American farms industry and cities
ut then Americans egan to worry a out the in uence and power of large groups of immi
grants from cultures very different from their own n the ne t century the government
passed many immigration acts efore orld ar these laws limited immigration especially
from non European nations ut after the war new acts made it easier for refugees and immi
grants to come to the nited tates
G Write T for true or F for false. Correct the false sentences.
1. The nited tates passed many laws to limit immigration efore
2. any European immigrants came to wor in the factories in the East
3. America needed the talents spirit and hard wor of immigrants to grow
4. orn Americans pro a ly accept immigrants from similar cultures more easily than
immigrants from very different ones
5. America welcomed immigration efore orld ar ut after the war new laws
made it harder for refugees to come to the nited tates
20 Module 2B / The History of Immigration
H Immigration Law
EA T EA T A T EE E T T E A
The Chinese prohi ited the hinese from entering the

E clusion Act country
T oosevelt s stopped apanese la orers from coming to

entlemen s the nited tates
Agreement
The iteracy ept out illiterate immigrants people

Test Act una le to read or write in any language
1924 An immigration set up a uota system yearly limits on the num ers of
act immigrants from each country The law allowed higher
uotas for some nations than for others
The ational e cluded all apanese hinese and other

rigins Act Asians from the nited tates
The isplaced allowed war victims to immigrate

ersons Act to the nited tates
The ul right rought in scholars from around the world

Act any of them stayed in this country
1952 The c arran opened the nited tates to Asian immigration ut the
alter Act uota system still discriminated against non Europeans
1953 The efugee admitted over refugees outside

elief Act the uota system
1965 An immigration set area uotas instead of national ones

act immigrants per year from the estern
hemisphere anada and entral and outh America
and per year from the rest of the world
The mmigration gave amnesty to many illegal aliens and

eform allowed them to legali e their status
ontrol Act The law puts penalties on employers that
hire employees without wor authori ation
I Make sentences about the information in H. You can use

this sentence pattern.
E A E n the hinese E clusion Act prohi ited the hinese from entering the
country
n .
year the act or law
Module 2C: Historical Figures
A In groups or as a class, answer these questions about

each picture: (1) Why do you think this person was famous?
(2) What do you think this person did?
a b c
ohn ames Audu on usan Anthony lara arton
d e f
esar have amuel lemens Thomas A Edison
g h i
Duke Ellington enry ord en amin ran lin
j k l
ideyo oguchi Eleanor oosevelt awrence el

22 Module 2C / Historical Figures
B In correct time order, make sentences about the twelve

people on the previous page with this pattern.
E A E en amin ran lin lived from to
lived from to .
name year year
C Which person is each paragraph about? On the lines, write

the letters of the pictures a-l from the previous page. You
can check your answers on the next page.
1. i This ounding ather of the nited tates was an e ample of an ideal American e
left school at age ten ut wrote printed and pu lished oo s and newspapers e
studied science and invented useful things such as ifocal glasses a stove and the
lightning rod or the colonies he printed money and served as eputy ostmaster
eneral e helped write the eclaration of ndependence and the onstitution
e often served as a diplomat to other nations
2. This immigrant loved nature e painted pictures of all the nown species inds of
orth American irds Today a society named after him studies irds and wor s for
their protection
3. This women s rights leader led the fight for women s suffrage the right to vote he
also campaigned for prohi ition against the use of alcohol he was against slavery
efore the ivil ar and wor ed for lac rights after the war The government ar
rested tried and convicted her ecause she tried to vote illegally
4. This angel of the attlefield helped wounded soldiers in wars in America and Europe
he egan the American ed ross he got the nited tates to sign an international
agreement a out the treatment of the sic wounded and dead in attle and prisoners
of war nder her leadership the ed ross egan to give aid to the victims of natural
disasters such as oods
5. This writer used the name ar Twain e learned to write through his wor travels
and reading e used the language of ordinary people to write stories such as Tom
Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn. e was also a newspaperman and spo e on many su
ects including the responsi ility of the white man e did not elieve that whites
should try to have power over other peoples
6. This inventor started wor at age twelve As a young man he created and manufac
tured useful machines for stoc ro ers and telegraph services After his research
led to many useful inventions such as the light ul movie pro ector and phonograph
This usinessman changed factory production in America with assem ly line methods
to lower costs e wor ed for the Edison ompany in etroit until and then egan
manufacturing automo iles is earliest cars were the odel T and the odel A n
his company egan to sell cars with eight cylinder engines or many years he
refused to allow unions in his factories ut he signed his first contract with the nited
Auto or ers A in
This apanese immigrant studied acteria and sna e venom poison in the la oratory
is wor of twenty five years at the oc efeller nstitute for edical esearch in ew
or led to discoveries a out polio and other diseases and a vaccine for yellow fever
ut when he was doing research in Africa he got yellow fever and died of it
9. This wife of a famous resident used her position to help humanity he supported
young people s organi ations child welfare the improvement of housing and e ual
rights for everyone After her hus and s death she ecame a delegate to the nited
ations he was chairperson of the ommission on uman ights and helped
write the niversal eclaration of uman ights
This creator of ig and a wrote music played piano and led large orchestras is
music com ined special sounds with the talents of great musicians esides ig and
music he wrote for opera allets roadway shows and films
11. This son of erman immigrants learned English only after he left the farm at age
twenty one e ecame a famous American T host and ig and leader To his co
wor ers he represented family li e cooperation hard wor honesty and healthy living
e encouraged children to wor hard to develop their talents and increase their chances
for success
12. This union organi er egan and continues to lead the nited arm or ers of America
n the s he led successful attles to help grape and lettuce pic ers row
ers tried to stop him in the s with their support of another union the Teamsters
ut the won the right to organi e and represent all field wor ers n he led a
fast refusal to eat and a grape oycott refusal to uy to call attention to the harmful
effects of pesticides insect poisons on wor ers
Answers to E ercise i a c e f h g l d
24 Module 2C / Historical Figures
D Who are these facts about? On each line, write the name of
one of the people from page 21.
1. Henry Ford was an automo ile manufacturer and the first to sell cars with
eight cylinder engines
2. wrote newspaper stories and spo e on issues such as the respon

si ility of the white man toward other peoples e was the author of Tom Sawyer Huckle-
berry Finn and other famous stories
3. was the wife of a resident he wor ed for many causes As a

delegate she was a leader in the fight for human rights
4. led the attle for women s rights especially the right to vote he
fought against slavery and for lac rights he was for prohi ition
5. made discoveries a out polio and other diseases is wor led to

a vaccine for yellow fever
6. was a ounding ather of the nited tates e wrote pu

lished created useful inventions wor ed on the eclaration of ndependence and the
onstitution and was a diplomat to other countries
loved nature and painted pictures of irds A society named after

him wor s to protect irds
was a T host and and leader e represented American

values such as cooperation hard wor honesty and healthy living
9. wrote a and music for opera allets shows and films e was
the creator of ig and a
started the American ed ross he wor ed to help the victims

of wars and natural disasters
11. created machines for stoc ro ers and telegraph services the
light ul the movie pro ector the phonograph and other useful inventions
12. led the protests of field wor ers against grape and lettuce grow
ers and egan the nited arm or ers of America is union continues to organi e
oycotts and protest the use of pesticides
E Turn back to page 21. In groups, tell one fact about each of
the famous people in the pictures.
F Do you know facts about other famous American historical

figures? Tell the class.
Module 2D: Some Immigration Stories
A Work in groups of four. Each of you studies a different one

of these immigration stories.
atherine alligher is my name am rish orn and a

1.
atholic n my native country the rotestant English ept
my rothers and me from getting the good paying o s in the
city Then the potato crop failed in all of reland n
paid to travel y ship to the nited tates America was
good to me wor ed as a maid in the house of a wealthy
oston family for twenty years also married an rishman e
first laid trac s for the railroad and later ecame a union
leader in oston
ut life in the ew orld wasn t perfect any people discriminated against the rish or
e ample signs on stores and usinesses said o rish need apply n the secret now
othing arty started to wor against immigrant groups especially atholics After the
American rotective Association opposed us in the same way ut we rish ept trying to succeed
e are proud of our great railroad and canal uilders as well as our writers and politicians
2. Although my family wanted to leave hina for a long time

they couldn t enter the nited tates ecause of laws against
Asian immigration The hinese E clusion Act of ept
the hinese out of the country until orld ar n the
ational rigins Act e cluded all Asians guess some
Americans were worried a out the in uence and power of
people from other countries They didn t want foreigners to
ta e their o s or use pu lic services so the government
limited the num er of immigrants
Anyway in the c arran alter Act allowed Asians to immigrate to the nited tates
came here the ne t year y name at irth was ing hiao ut changed it to harlie ing
ecause few Americans can pronounce my real name ow wor as a shipping agent in an
edro alifornia The mmigration Act of a olished uotas for immigration from Asian
nations so now it will e easier for some of my relatives to come to America
26 Module 2D / Some Immigration Stories
3. y name is aco olf was orn in ussia efore it ecame

the oviet nion n my native country violent mo s of us
sians urnt down my father s utcher shop and the community
synagogue place of worship There is a long tradition of
learning in my family so my sisters and were hoping to
attend a university in oscow and ecome writers and doctors
ut ussian universities refused to admit us so my whole
family immigrated to the nited tates in
At first my father wor ed in a utcher shop in hicago llinois e ought his own store a few
years later and it soon ecame a small mar et y mother opened a school for young girls ut
not everything was perfect in our new country y sister Elena couldn t enter arvard niver
sity even though her grades were perfect in high school ecause no ewish students were al
lowed appily some e cellent universities and colleges changed their policies in later years
Today oth my sisters teach science and own a small pu lishing company in ew or
4. am uan ivera y grandparents ose and aria anche

came to alifornia from a aca e ico in or forty
years they pic ed vegeta les and fruits from the fields and
orchards of alifornia They were very poor ut they raised
eleven children The children helped their parents on the
farms so they couldn t go to school ut my mother osa
anche learned to read and finished high school at night
ater she finished college and learned the s ills to e an
accountant
y mother married my father Armando ivera in e is a lawyer m glad my grand

parents immigrated to the nited tates ecause everyone in my family used the opportunities
here to give their children etter lives am a ight engineer with the pace rogram am
than ful for my fine education and proud to e a third generation e ican American
ome of my cousins came to this country illegally in the s ut the mmigration eform
and ontrol Act of allowed them to apply for legal status ow they are temporary residents
of the nited tates They are studying English and American history and government so they
can ecome permanent residents and later citi ens They are happy and than ful for the
opportunity to improve their lives
B Write T for true and F for false. (You can look back at the
stories on the previous two pages for facts about
immigration.) Correct the false sentences.
1. atherine alligher is a typical ussian ewish name
2. n reland in the s the rotestants often discriminated against the atholics
3. any rish came to the nited tates in the s ecause the clothing industry failed
4. European immigrants in the s paid thousands of dollars to travel to the ew

orld y plane
5. any rishmen uild railroads or canals or ecame writers or politicians
6. There was no discrimination against the rish in the nited tates ecause they are
white and atholic
The secret now othing arty and the American rotective Association wor ed to
increase immigration from European countries
Americans don t worry a out in uence power or o s so there have never een any
laws against Asian immigrants
9. The hinese E clusion Act of and the ational rigins Act of limited immi
gration to the nited tates
ome immigrants change their real names when they come to America
11. n an immigration law a olished uotas limits on num ers of immigrants from
certain countries
12. n the early s there was discrimination and violence against ewish people in
ussia
13. amous American universities such as arvard have refused to admit some groups of
people
14. any e ican wor ers have pic ed vegeta les and fruit in the fields and orchards of
alifornia
15. America is a land of educational opportunity
16. any people who entered the nited tates illegally have ecome legal residents and
may ecome citi ens
Geography
Module 3A: The Geography of the United States

UNIT
3
A The Geography of the United States
The nited tates is the fourth largest country in the world in land area orty eight of
the fifty states are in the middle of the orth American continent etween the Atlantic
cean on the east and the acific cean on the west t is a out miles ilometers
from the east coast to the west coast and a out miles ilometers from the ana
dian order on the north to the e ican order on the south The island state of awaii is in
the acific cean and the state of Alas a is northwest of anada
The map on the ne t page shows the geography of the nited tates The two main
mountain ranges run north and south the Appalachian ountains in the eastern part of
the nited tates and the oc y ountains in the west etween them are the reat lains
There is another mountain chain west of the oc ies the ierra evada and the ascade
ranges
The longest river in the nited tates is the ississippi The issouri and hio ivers
ow into the ississippi and the ississippi ows south into the ulf of e ico The ma or
rivers in the western part of the nited tates are the olorado and the io rande The
highest mountains of the oc ies form the ontinental ivide ivers to the east of the
divide ow east and rivers to the west of it ow into the acific cean
The reat a es on the northern order of the country are a e uperior a e ichi
gan a e uron a e Erie and a e ntario The reat alt a e is in a desert area in
the western part of the nited tates The o ave the ila and the ainted eserts are in
the southwestern part of the country
B Write O for oceans, M for mountains, R for rivers, L for

lakes, and D for deserts.
1. M the Appalachians the hio
2. the Atlantic 9. the acific
3. the ierra evada ange the oc ies
4. uperior 11. the ascade ange
5. the o ave and the ila 12. the Missouri
6. ichigan and uron 13. the ississippi
the olorado 14. Erie and ntario
28
UNIT 3 / Geography 29
30 Module 3A / The Geography of the United States
fo urth
1. F n land area the nited tates is the largest country in the world
2. All the states e cept awaii and Alas a are together on the orth American continent
etween the Atlantic and acific ceans
3. t is farther from the anadian order to the e ican order than from the east coast
to the west coast
4. The two main mountain ranges in the nited tates are the urons and the Eries
5. etween the mountain chains are the reat lains and there is also a low plain along
the Atlantic cean
6. The longest river in the nited tates is the ulf of e ico
The rivers west of the oc ies ow into the acific cean and the rivers east of the
oc ies ow east
The five reat a es are in the southwestern part of the country
9. The o ave esert is west of the ississippi iver
The reat alt a e is south of the ierra evada and ascade ountains
D Use the Scale of Miles on the map. Write the shortest

distances between:
The Atlantic cean and the acific cean
The anadian and the e ican orders
The Appalachian and the oc y ountains
The oc y ountains and the ierra evada
The ississippi and the olorado ivers
a e ichigan and the ulf of e ico
The reat alt a e and the io rande
The o ave and the ila eserts

E Write the letters from the map on the lines.
1. D anada 11. the ascade ountains

2. e ico 12. the ierra evada
3. Alas a 13. the reat lains
4. the awaiian slands 14. a e uron
5. the ulf of e ico 15. a e Erie
6. the hio iver 16. a e ntario
the issouri iver a e ichigan
the olorado iver the reat alt a e
9. the io rande 19. the ainted esert
the oc y ountains the ila esert
32 Module 3B / Famous Places
Module 3B: Famous Places
A Washington, D.C.
N
B Read the story and draw a line on the map on the previous
page. Show the sightseeing tour of the writer.
spent a day in ashington the capital city of the nited

1.
tates e egan our sightseeing tour at the apitol
ongress the enate and the ouse of epresentatives meets
in this uilding and ma es the laws of the land
2. e wal ed east from the apitol to the i rary of ongress

This huge li rary has copies of all oo s with a opyright
Then we crossed East apitol treet to the upreme ourt The
highest court of the land meets here
3.
e t we wal ed west on onstitution Avenue n the ational
Archives we saw two important original documents the
eclaration of ndependence and the onstitution
4. e continued west to the ashington onument This high

uilding was uilt etween and in honor of eorge
ashington the first resident of the nited tates
5. After that we visited the efferson emorial This monument

was uilt etween and in memory of Thomas
efferson the third resident of the nited tates efferson
wrote the eclaration of ndependence
After the efferson emorial we saw the incoln emorial

6. This monument was uilt in honor of A raham incoln
resident during the ivil ar nside the uilding are a statue
of incoln and two murals wall paintings with sym ols of
freedom and ustice n two huge stone ta lets we read some of
incoln s important speeches
inally we went east on onstitution Avenue to the hite

ouse at ennsylvania Avenue The hite ouse is the
official home of the resident
34 Module 3B / Famous Places
1. The enate and the ouse of epresentatives ma e the laws of the nited tates
2. ongress meets in the hite ouse in ew or ity
3. The i rary of ongress has only government oo s
4. The highest court of the nited tates is the upreme ourt
5. n the ational Archives on onstitution Avenue you can see the i erty ell and
murals a out A raham incoln
6. The ashington onument was uilt in honor of the resident of the nited tates
during the ivil ar
Thomas efferson the third resident wrote the eclaration of ndependence
n the incoln emorial there are a statue two murals and two stone ta lets with
incoln s speeches
9. The hite ouse on apitol treet is the official home of the enators and
epresentatives
D In pairs or small groups, use the map to plan your own

sightseeing tour of Washington, D.C. List the places to visit
in order and tell the class the reasons for your choices.
E Other Famous Places: Match these sentences with the

pictures of places on the map on the next page. Write the
letters on the lines.
1. ew or ity has many tourist attractions ou can see the tatue of i erty the
sym ol of freedom for immigrants to the nited tates ou can visit the Empire tate
uilding the nited ations ead uarters rand entral tation entral ar and
other famous places
2. The ateway Arch is on the ississippi iver in t ouis issouri t is the sym ol of
the gateway to the western part of the nited tates
3. At iagara alls the waters of a e Erie fall into a e ntario This tourist attraction
is on the order etween ew or tate and anada
4. An artist carved the faces of four residents in the lac ills of outh a ota At
ount ushmore you can see huge roc sculptures of eorge ashington Thomas
efferson Theodore oosevelt and A raham incoln
5. At ellowstone ational ar in yoming you can see some of the natural wonders of
orth America ater under the earth turns to steam t comes to the surface in hot
springs or erupts in spectacular geysers
6. The famous rand anyon of the olorado iver is in Ari ona ou can e plore the
spectacular canyon y mule on foot or y oat
The ava o people native Americans own the land of onument alley on the
Ari ona tah order The eautiful natural red roc formations are spectacular
monuments of the est
The huge alifornia redwood trees and the giant se uoias of the ierra evada
ountains are some other natural wonders
9. There are many tourist attractions in an rancisco alifornia

The olden ate ridge crosses an rancisco ay
F In pairs or small groups, use the map to plan your own

sightseeing tour of the United States. List the places to visit
in order and tell the class the reasons for your choices.
36 Module 3C / States and Cities: The West
Module 3C: States and Cities: The West
A Work with a partner. Look only at this map. Your partner

will look only at the map on the next page. Take turns asking
and answering questions.
As a out the locations of these states isten to your partner s answers and write the
names of the states on the map
alifornia daho ontana lahoma orth a ota

ashington Ari ona olorado e ras a awaii
MAP 1
Answer your partner s uestions a out the locations of the states ou can use these
sentence patterns
ame of state is north northeast of name of state

south northwest
east southeast
west southwest
t s etween name of state and name of state

B Work with a partner. Look only at this map. Your partner

will look only at the map on the previous page. Take turns
asking and answering questions.
regon tah ew e ico yoming Alas a

evada Te as outh a ota ansas
MAP 2
sentence patterns

south northwest
east southeast
west southwest

38 Module 3C / States and Cities: The West
C Do you know these states from their shapes and cities?

Write the letters on the lines.
1. alifornia 5. daho 9. Alas a

2. ashington 6. Ari ona Te as
3. regon ontana 11. e ras a
4. evada tah 12. lahoma
D Work in pairs or groups. Make sentences with these sen-

tence patterns about the map of the United States. Your
classmates will answer “true” or “false.”
ame of city is a city in the state of name of state

the capital city of
E A E tudent Tucson is a city in the state of Ari ona

Student 2: True.
tudent os Angeles is the capital of alifornia
tudent alse acramento is the capital city of alifornia
E Facts about the states.
tate an in and Area an in opulation tate an in and Area an in opulation

out of states figures out of states figures
Alas a ew e ico
Ari ona orth a ota
alifornia lahoma
olorado regon
awaii outh a ota
daho Te as
ansas tah
ontana ashington
e ras a yoming
evada
F Work in pairs or groups. Make sentences with these

patterns about the information in E. Your classmates will
answer “true” or “false.”
ame of state is igger in land area than name of state

smaller population
1. n general the states in the western part of the nited tates are smaller than the
states in the East
2. There are fewer states in the est ut they cover more land area than the states in
the East
3. n general fewer people live in the eastern states than in the western states
4. The iggest states in area and in population are in the eastern part of the nited
tates
40 Module 3D / States and Cities: The East
Module 3D: States and Cities: The East
A Work with a partner. Look only at this map. Your partner

will look only at the map on the next page. Take turns ask-
ing and answering questions.
E A E tudent here is eorgia please?

tudent eorgia is southeast of Tennessee t s etween Ala ama and
outh arolina
MAP 1
eorgia
orth arolina
elaware
ennsylvania
onnecticut
ermont
entuc y
ndiana
innesota
Missouri
Ar ansas
ississippi
sentence patterns

south northwest
east southeast
west southwest

B Work with a partner. Look only at this map. Your partner

will look only at the map on the previous page. Take turns
asking and answering questions.
E A E tudent here is lorida please?

tudent lorida is south of eorgia and Ala ama
MAP 2
lorida
irginia
aryland
ew ersey
ew ampshire
assachusetts
aine
hio
ichigan
llinois
owa
ouisiana
sentence patterns

south northwest
east southeast
west southwest

42 Module 3C / States and Cities: The East
C Do you know these states from their shapes and cities?

Write the letters on the lines.
1. Tennessee 5. New York 9. lorida

2. Ala ama 6. hode sland aine
3. outh arolina isconsin 11. aryland
4. est irginia Missouri 12. hio
D Work in pairs or groups. Make sentences with these

sentence patterns about the map of the United States. Your
classmates will answer “true” or “false.”
ame of city is a city in the state of name of state

the capital city of
E A E tudent emphis is a city in the state of Tennessee
Student 2: True.
tudent ew or ity is the capital of ew or
tudent alse Al any is the capital city of ew or
E Facts about the states.
tate an in and Area an in opulation tate an in and Area an in opulation

out of states figures out of states figures
Ala ama ississippi

Ar ansas Missouri 19 15
onnecticut ew ampshire
elaware ew ersey
lorida ew or
eorgia orth arolina
llinois hio
ndiana ennsylvania
owa hode sland
entuc y outh arolina
ouisiana Tennessee
aine ermont
aryland irginia
assachusetts est irginia
ichigan isconsin
innesota
F Work in pairs or groups. Make sentences with these pat-

terns about the information in E. Your classmates will an-
swer “true” or “false.”
ame of state is igger in land area than name of state

smaller population
G Play the game of “Geography.” The first player names a

place (city, state, river, etc.) in the United States. The sec-
ond player names a place that begins with the last letter of
the first place. The next player names a place that begins
with the last letter of the second place, and so on.
E A E tudent ermont ends with t
tudent Tennessee egins with t ends with e
tudent Erie a e
ou might want to play this game in teams ou can use maps of the nited tates for
ideas
The History of the
United States
Module 4A: Overview of U.S. History
UNIT
4
A Ten Periods of U.S. History
1.
hristopher olum us discovered orth America 1492
European e plorers and settlers came to the new 1500’s
land for gold adventure and freedom The colo
nists lived under ritish laws 1600’s
2. Americans in the thirteen colonies wanted to e

free of ritish rule eneral eorge ashington 1775
led the colonists in the evolutionary ar Thomas
efferson wrote the eclaration of ndependence 1776
and the colonies approved it
3. The American colonists won the war and the 1783

colonies ecame the nited tates of America The
onstitution ecame the highest law of the land 1787
and eorge ashington ecame the first resi
dent. 1789
4. illions of Europeans came to America as wor ers 1840’s

during the ndustrial evolution The new nation
grew and added more states t e panded to the
acific cean 1853
5. Americans fought against one another in the ivil 1861

ar etween the orth and the outh resident
A raham incoln freed the slaves in the Emanci 1863
pation roclamation The northern states won the
war and the period of econstruction re uilding
egan 1865
44
UNIT 4 / The History of the United States 45
6. The nited tates grew to e one of the great

powers in the world The nation fought in the irst 1917
orld ar After the war women got the right to
vote for the first time 1920
The reat epression egan with the stoc mar 1929

et crash an s factories and farms shut down
and many Americans were unemployed resident
ran lin oosevelt helped end the epression
with the ew eal government 1933
The nited tates entered the econd orld ar 1941

when apan attac ed the awaiian slands The
war ended when the nited tates dropped the
first atomic om s and the world entered the
uclear Age 1945
9.
ecause of its distrust of and competition with the
oviet nion and other ommunist nations the
nited tates entered a time of old ar Ameri 1950’s
cans fought in the orean ar The ivil ights
ovement egan and lac and white Americans
fought against segregation separation of the
races
The pace Age egan Americans fought in the 1960’s

ietnam ar The nited tates put the first men
on the moon in the Apollo rogram The omen s 1970’s
i eration ovement ecame strong omputers
egan to change the nation faster than ever efore 1980’s
46 Module 4A / Overview of U.S. History
B Write the dates from the box.
olum us discovered orth America in 1492 .

The colonies approved the eclaration of ndependence in .
The onstitution ecame the law of the land in .
The nited tates e panded to the acific cean y .
resident incoln freed the slaves in .
The irst orld ar ended in .
The reat epression egan in .
The nited tates entered the econd orld ar in .
The ivil ights ovement egan in .
The nited tates put the first men on the moon in .
C Number the events in each group in time order 1-3.
1. 2 The time of econstruction egan

3 an s shut down and many Americans were unemployed
1 The colonies wanted to e free of ritish rule
2. eneral ashington led the colonists in the evolutionary ar

European wor ers came to America during the ndustrial evolution
eorge ashington ecame the first resident of the nited tates
3. The northern states won the ivil ar

Americans fought in the ietnam ar
Americans fought in the orean ar
4. Americans egan to fight against segregation

resident oosevelt esta lished the ew eal government
The nited tates entered the irst orld ar
1. After olum us discovered orth America European settlers lived in the colonies
under British rule.
2. England won the evolutionary ar against the American colonies
3. The eclaration of ndependence ecame the highest law of the land
4. eorge ashington was the first resident of the nited tates
5. illions of native American ndians came to the nited tates as wor ers during the
ndustrial evolution
6. Americans from the northern and southern states fought against one another during
the irst orld ar
resident A raham incoln freed the slaves with the ay ower ompact
omen didn t have the right to vote in the nited tates until after the irst orld
ar
9. The reat epression egan with the econd orld ar
The epression ended after ran lin oosevelt ecame resident and esta lished the
ew eal government
11. The nited tates fought against apan in the econd orld ar and dropped the first
atomic om s
12. uring the time of the old ar the nited tates and the ommunist oviet nion
were good friends
13. n the ivil ights ovement Americans fought against segregation of lac and white
people
14. America stayed out of the orean and the ietnam ars
15. n the pace Age the omen s i eration ovement ecame strong
E Work in groups of five or more. One student makes a sen-

tence (tells a fact) about the Exploration and Colonization
period of American history. The second student repeats the
first student’s sentence or corrects it if necessary. He or
she tells a fact about the American Revolution. The third
student repeats or corrects the second student’s sentence
and makes a new sentence about the New Nation, and so
on for all ten periods of American history.
48 Module 4B / Exploration and Colonization
Module 4B: Exploration and Colonization
A Exploration
1.
n hristopher olum us was trying to find a way from
Europe to the ar East ut he didn t get to hina nstead he
found some islands in the Atlantic cean near orth America
e thought he was near the ndies so he called the people
ndians The ndians were native Americans y accident this
sailor from pain discovered a new world
2. oon other European e plorers sailed across the Atlantic to

learn a out this e citing discovery The panish e plored
outh America in search of adventure and gold riests came
to teach the native people
3. The ritish and the rench e plored orth America E plorers

traveled into the interior and discovered many eautiful forests
valleys and rivers
B Match the sentence parts. Write the letters on the lines.
1. hristopher olum us a were native Americans

2. The ndians e plored outh America to find adventure
3. European e plorers and gold
4. The panish c wanted to sail to hina ut discovered

orth America
5. riests
d came to teach the ndians
6. The ritish and the rench
e crossed the Atlantic to learn a out the
ew orld
f e plored orth America
C Colonization
The panish esta lished the first permanent settlement in

1. orth America t was t Augustine now in the state of
lorida The ritish esta lished their first permanent settle
ment at amestown irginia in
2. eople from pain rance olland England and other

countries started other villages on the east coast of orth
America Thirteen settlements ecame colonies of England
They were irginia assachusetts aryland hode sland
onnecticut ew ampshire orth and outh arolina ew
or ew ersey ennsylvania elaware and eorgia
ome of the native people were friendly to the colonists and

3. taught them a out the land ut other ndians attac ed them
The settlers illed many ndians and too their land They
pushed the ndians to the west
1. The ritish esta lished the first permanent settlement in orth America at t
Augustine lorida
2. The first panish settlement was at amestown irginia in
3. Thirteen European settlements on the east coast ecame colonies of pain and rance
4. ome of the settlers were friendly to the native Americans and taught them a out the
land
5. The colonists illed many ndians and pushed them to the west
50 Module 4B / Exploration and Colonization
E The Thirteen Original Colonies
olony easons for ome acts

Esta lishment
irginia to find gold and to The colonists wanted to e rich They didn t
trade with Europe want to do the difficult wor to live and many
people died Then the settlers discovered to acco
and used it for trade
assachusetts for religious The ilgrims came to lymouth in The

freedom uritans esta lished the assachusetts ay
olony They came for religious freedom ut
they didn t give the same freedom to other
churches
aryland to ma e money The ing of England gave the land to ord

from land sales altimore ord altimore sold the land to
settlers e also gave religious freedom to
atholics
hode sland for religious ome uritans left assachusetts to start a new
freedom colony with religious freedom for everyone They
esta lished the principle of separation of church
and state religion and government
onnecticut for religious Thomas oo er and people from his church left
freedom and assachusetts for this new colony ecause the
economic reasons farmland was etter
ew ampshire for religious ettlers came here from assachusetts They

political and lived y fishing and trading
economic reasons
orth and outh for economic reasons The ing of England gave away
arolina the land and the landowners rented it to settlers
from irginia and Europe
ew or for political reasons utch settlers were living in ew etherlands

ut the ritish too the land from them and
named it ew or
olony easons for ome acts

Esta lishment
ew ersey to ma e money andowners rented the land to settlers

from rent
ennsylvania for religious illiam enn esta lished this colony The ua
freedom ers settled here and gave religious freedom to
everyone
elaware for political reasons illiam enn gave settlers from ennsylvania
this land ecause they wanted a separate gov
ernment
eorgia for political and eople came here from England ecause they
economic reasons were in de t owed money The government
gave them land to farm
F Make sentences about the information in E. You can use

E A E ettlers esta lished the colony of irginia to find gold and to trade
with Europe any settlers died ecause they didn t wor enough
for .
ettlers esta lished the colony of to .
ecause .
G Write the letters from the map on the lines. Then tell one
fact about each colony.
1. irginia orth and outh arolina

2. assachusetts New York
3. aryland 9. ew ersey
4. hode sland ennsylvania
5. onnecticut 11. elaware
6. ew ampshire 12. eorgia
52 Module 4C / Revolution
Module 4C: Revolution
A The Causes of the American Revolution
1. The ing of England allowed the thirteen American colonies a

large amount of self government ne of the reasons for this
freedom was that etween and England was usy
with wars against rance The colonists helped the other
ountry England against the rench in the rench and
ndian ar
2. n the war ended and England won control over most of

the colonies of orth America ut y this time the colonists
felt they were Americans They often traded with other
countries They felt strong and they did not need the other
ountry for protection in wars anymore They were used to
freedom and self government
3.
ut the English needed the colonies for economic reasons
They were uying goods from the colonies at low prices and
selling ac manufactured products at high prices They were
also charging high ta es on American trade with other coun
tries Then England put new ta es on the colonists such as the
tamp Act ta es on printed materials
4. ther strict laws made life difficult for the colonists or

e ample they could send their products only on ritish ships
and they had to sell some goods only to England at very low
prices ritish officials could enter homes to search for illegal
goods The colonists were not free to settle west of the Appala
chian ountains and they had to allow ritish soldiers to live
in their homes
5. The colonists were especially angry a out the ta ation with

out representation They had to pay high ta es ut could not
send delegates to England to vote on them n England
passed the Tea Act ta es on imported tea so some colonists
dressed up li e ndians and dumped all the tea from a ritish
ship into oston har or This act was called the oston Tea
arty
6. To punish the colonies and control them more closely England

passed even stricter laws To show their unity against Eng
land the colonies sent representatives to the irst ontinental
ongress in hiladelphia The ongress decided to stop uying
ritish goods and demanded rights for the colonists in a decla
ration Americans prepared for war
B Here are some causes of the American Revolution. Write B

on the lines before the sentences about the British. Write C
before the sentences about the colonists.
1. They were used to freedom and self government and didn t need the other ountry
for protection anymore
2. They were uying goods at low prices and selling ac manufactured products at high
prices
3. Their lives were difficult ecause of strict laws a out trade settlement and soldiers
4. They were angry a out ta ation without representation so they dumped tea from a
ship into oston har or
5. To punish and have more control they passed even stricter laws
6. To show unity they met at the irst ontinental ongress and demanded their
rights.
54 Module 4C / Revolution
C Match the sentence parts. Write the letters on the lines.
1. The American colonies had a large a they couldn t get rights from the ritish
amount of self government e they wanted to punish the colonies for the
cause oston Tea arty
2. England got control over orth c the colonists couldn t send representatives
America ecause to England to vote on ta es
3. The oston Tea arty occurred d the other ountry was usy with wars at
ecause that time
4. The English passed even stricter e the English won the rench and ndian ar
laws ecause
5. The colonies stopped uying
ritish goods and prepared for war
ecause
D Events of the Revolutionary War

ate laces ome acts
April e ington and oncord ritish soldiers shot at some inute
assachusetts en colonists ready to fight at e
ington The colonists fired shots at
ritish soldiers at oncord and egan
the evolutionary ar
une oston assachusetts eneral eorge ashington led the

un er ill colonists ut the colonial army did not
have enough soldiers training or sup
other colonies plies The ritish won many attles
uly hiladelphia ennsylvania epresentatives of the econd onti

nental ongress declared the independ
ence of the colonies from ritish rule
The ongress adopted the eclaration
of ndependence
the middle and southern The colonial army could shoot well and
colonies eorge ashington gave the soldiers
courage rance entered the war on the
side of the colonists
cto er or town irginia The colonial army won some important

attles and too control
aris rance The war ended American delegates

signed a peace treaty with England
America won land and independence
E Make sentences about the information in D. You can use

E A E The evolutionary ar egan ecause the ritish refused to give the American
colonists their rights
n April the ritish shot at some inute en at e ington
assachusetts
1. ecause .
n on .
n date in place
F Study the map and write words from it on the lines.
The United States after the Treaty of Paris (1783)
After the eastern order of the nited tates was the Atlantic Ocean and
the western order was . The (3) controlled
(4) and the land west of the ississippi iver The controlled
the land north of .

56 Module 4D / Growth and Westward Movement
Module 4D: Growth and Westward Movement
A From the Atlantic to the Pacific in Fifty Years
B Finish these sentences with information from the map in A.
After the American Revolution in 1783, the territory of the United States stretched from
(1) the Atlantic Ocean in the East to (2) in the West. In 1803 President
Jefferson bought the territory west of the Mississippi River from France in (3) .
In the year (4) the U.S. obtained the land of the state of (5) from Spain.
The U.S. annexed (added) the territory of (6) in 1845. President Polk divided the
large (7) with Great Britain in 1846, and England received the northern half in
Canada. After a war in 1848, (8) ceded (had to give up) the territory from the Louisiana
urchase to the acific cean The paid million in the year for some Mexican
land in the Southwest, called (10) .

C Moving West in Wagon Trains
D Circle the correct word or words in each choice. The pic-

tures in C suggest the answers.
Thousands of Americans moved to eastern western territories to start new lives

roups of over si ty people traveled in cars covered wagons i horses o en pulled
each wagon across the land and rivers and over hills at a out two si ty miles per hour so a
mile trip from issouri to alifornia too a out five hours months o wagon traveled
alone with others agon trains were important for protection against the ritish
ndians
At night the wagons formed a circle long line li e a wall around a small town The
men protected the train with guns om s The travelers had meetings slaves and
made rules for themselves Everyone wor ed together especially in times of danger
58 Module 4D / Growth and Westward Movement
E Difficult Years in Texas
efore the Te as area elonged to pain and then to e ico nder the leadership of
tephen Austin American settlers moved to Te as The e ican government wanted these set
tlers to ecome e ican citi ens and oman atholics and to free their slaves ut the settlers had
other ideas They demanded local self government and the same rights as Americans in the nited
tates such as trial y ury
The settlers declared their independence from e ico and formed the epu lic of Te as The
e ican army of eneral anta Anna defeated the re els at the Alamo on arch ut
with the spirit of the attle cry emem er the Alamo am ouston and the Te ans won a
attle at an acinto on April They signed a peace treaty with e ican leaders and elected
ouston resident of the one tar epu lic
The epu lic of Te as did not ecome part of the nited tates for nine years ecause most
northerners opposed the anne ation of another slave state
F Write T for true and F for false. Correct the false sentences.
1. efore the area of Te as elonged to England

2. tephen Austin was the leader of the e ican oman atholics
3. The settlers in Te as elieved in slavery demanded local self government and
wanted the rights of Americans
4. They wanted to separate from e ico and form their own repu lic
5. anta Anna was the American military leader and am ouston was a e ican
general
6. The Te ans had the spirit to defeat the e ican army ecause they remem ered the
attle at the Alamo
The one tar epu lic was the epu lic of Te as
efferson avis ecame the resident of Te as
9. Te as ecame part of the right away ecause it was a free state
G Some Principles of the Times
In 1823 President Monroe warned European nations not to interfere with the politics of the
Western Hemisphere (North and South America). The Monroe Doctrine was an example of the
principle of nationalism. By the 1840’s most Americans believed that the United States should
e pand to the acific cean ecause it was their manifest destiny fate The settlers organi ed
some of the land into territories and these later ecame states The following states were admit
ted officially into the nion efore the time of the ivil ar
Became a Became a Became a Became a

Territory State Territory State
Vermont 1791 Arkansas 1819 1836
Kentucky 1792 ichigan 1805 1837
Tennessee 1796 Florida 1822 1845
hio 1803 Texas 1845
Louisiana 1804 1812 Iowa 1838 1846
Indiana 1800 1816 Wisconsin 1836 1848
Mississippi 1798 1817 alifornia 1850
Illinois 1809 1818 Minnesota 1849 1858
Alabama 1817 1819 regon 1848 1859
Maine 1820 Kansas 1854 1861
Missouri 1812 1821
H Correct these false sentences.

European
n the onroe octrine resident adison warned nations not to interfere
with the politics of Europe.
2. The doctrine was an example of the principle of separatism.
ecause of the principle of ta ation without representation many Americans thought that
the U.S. should expand to the Mississippi River.
ome of the land ecame countries and these were later admitted into the ouse of
Representatives as states.
I Make sentences about the information in G. You can use

1. was organi ed as a territory in .

(state) (year)
was admitted as a state
2. became a territory before .

(state) (state)
state in the same year as
60 Module 4E / The Time of the Civil War
Module 4E: The Time of the Civil War
A The Causes of the Civil War
n the s the northern and the southern states disagreed on asic issues Their differences
led to the ivil ar
The North... The South...
lived from industry and the manufacture depended on agriculture for its economy
of goods such as clothing and furniture orth The main crop was cotton and southern plant
ern factories did not use slaves The a olition ers felt they needed slave wor ers to ma e
ists opponents of slavery wor ed to free the money They opposed the a olition of slavery
slaves
produced e pensive products and got the preferred cheap European goods to the
government to put a protectionist ta on e pensive products of northern factories and
products from other countries opposed the protective ta on them
was adding free states to the nion and was adding slave states to the nion ut
had a larger population than the outh The had a smaller population than the orth The
northern states had more representatives in southern states were losing power in the ouse
ongress than the southern ones of epresentatives
elieved in the unity of the nited tates opposed federal laws and seceded sepa
and opposed the separation of the southern rated from the nion y creating the onfed
states from the nion erate tates of America
supported the election of A raham in opposed the election of incoln and chose
coln as resident of the nited tates efferson avis resident of the onfederacy
B Make sentences about the information in A. You can use

these sentence patterns and the pictures on the next page
for ideas.
The northern states ut the southern states

.
2. Although the North the outh .
The states of the orth n the other hand the

states of the outh .
1. 2.
3. 4.
C Finish each sentence about the map on the next page with
the names of different states.
E A E uring the time of the ivil ar the state of llinois was free ut Tennessee was a
slave state
uring the time of the ivil ar the state of was free ut was a
slave state
The state of seceded from the nion to ecome part of the onfederacy the
onfederate tates of America
3. Although was a slave state it did not secede

62 Module 4E / The Time of the Civil War
Free States
These slave states seceded
These slave states did not secede
The western section of Virginia refused to secede

and became a separate state in 1863
D The Strengths of Both Sides in the Civil War

The ar etween the tates divided not only the country ut also families t was long and
difficult ecause each side had advantages so the orth and the outh were a out e ual in
strength.
oth sides had e cellent generals lysses rant for the nion and o ert E ee for the
onfederacy The orth was richer and its factories supplied its army with weapons ost of the
railroads were in the orth and the nion controlled the avy upplies for the onfederate
army on the other hand had to travel only short distances ts soldiers had more spirit ecause
they were fighting for their own land
E Write N on the line before each sentence about the North.

Write S before each sentence about the South.
1. N eneral lysses rant was the military leader

2. eneral o ert E ee led the army
3. t got weapons for its army from its own factories
4. t controlled most of the railroads and the avy
5. ts army got supplies more uic ly ecause they didn t have to travel long distances
6. ts army was defending its own land so the soldiers had more spirit
F Events of the Civil War
ate lace ome acts
uly ull un near ashington pectators from ashington came to

watch the attle as entertainment To
their surprise the onfederate army
defeated nion forces
The East either side was winning Then

The est eneral rant won many attles and
demanded the surrender of the on
federates
anuary ashington n the Emancipation roclamation

resident A raham incoln an
nounced that the slaves in all states
under onfederate control were free
The proclamation wea ened the spirit
of the outh
uly ettys urg ennsylvania The orth won an important attle

incoln made a famous speech the
ettys urg Address at the attlefield
eorgia and the arolinas The army of eneral illiam

herman marched through the outh
and destroyed homes plantations and
railroads The cruelty of the soldiers
destroyed the spirit of the outh
April ichmond irginia The orth captured the onfederate

capital eneral ee surrendered at
Appomatto ourt ouse The war
was over
G Work in pairs or groups. Make sentences about the informa-

tion in F. You can use this sentence pattern. Your class-
mates will answer “true” or “false.”
E A E tudent n uly spectators from ashington came to watch a
attle at ull un
tudent True n this day the nion forces defeated the onfederate army as
e pected
tudent alse The onfederate forces defeated the nion army and everyone
was surprised
n in .
n date at place
64 Module 4F / Industrialization
odule Industrialization
A Work in pairs. Look only at this page and ask your partner
these questions about the time of Reconstruction. Your
partner will tell you the answers from the information on
the next page. Write them on the lines.
hen was the period of econstruction? from 1865 to 1877

ow did epu licans of the orth help e slaves during this time?
hat did the th Amendment to the onstitution do?
hat were the th and th Amendments?

ow did the orth punish the outh?
hat couldn t former southern leaders do?
hy didn t white southerners accept the new laws?
hat happened to the during the time of econstruction?
B To answer your partner’s questions, find the information

and tell it to your partner. He or she will write the answers.
The Industrial Revolution

efore the nineteenth century people produced most goods y hand ut during the ndustrial
evolution machines changed the methods of production and America grew to e an industrial
power ass production made manufacturing uic and cheap
any important inventions of the ndustrial evolution were the wor of Americans ome
e amples are Eli hitney s cotton gin and Elias owe s sewing machine Ale ander raham ell
invented the telephone and Thomas A Edison invented the phonograph and the electric light
ul armers produced more food with machines any people left the farms to wor in factories
in ig cities and these cities ecame large mar ets for factory made products The federal govern
ment helped industry t passed high tariffs ta es to eep out foreign products and supported the
free e change of goods among the states
C Work in pairs. Look only at this page. To answer your

partner’s questions, find the information and tell it to your
partner. He or she will write the answers.
The Time of Reconstruction

The period of econstruction was from to uring this time epu licans of the
orth helped e slaves with housing education and food ongress passed three Amendments to
the onstitution
Amendment put an end to slavery
Amendment made all lac s citi ens
Amendment gave lac s the right to vote
The orth also wanted to punish the outh so ongress esta lished military government in
the southern states ormer southern leaders could not hold political office ew white southern
ers elieved that lac s were e ual to whites so they opposed the new laws ut lac people had
some political power in the outh
Although the differences etween the orth and the outh were great the nited tates
ecame one nation again
D Now ask your partner these questions about the Industrial

Revolution. Your partner will tell you the answers from the
information on the previous page. Write them on the lines.
hat happened during the ndustrial evolution?
hat did Eli hitney invent?
hat was Elias owe s invention?
ho invented the telephone?
ho invented the phonograph and the light ul ?
hy did many people leave the farms?
hat were the mar ets for factory made products?
ow did the federal government help industry?

66 Module 4F / Industrialization
E The Labor Movement
ince the ndustrial evolution la or unions have fought for safe and healthy wor ing condi
tions fair wages an eight hour wor day o security health enefits pension plans wor ers
rights and civil rights
Beginning nion ounder Activities

ate
the nights riah tephens This union represented all wor ers
of a or ut it wasn t very successful
the American amuel ompers This union represented only s illed

ederation of wor ers t got them higher wages
a or A shorter hours and etter wor ing
conditions
the ongress of ohn ewis This union represented semi s illed

ndustrial and s illed wor ers ts stri es shut
rgani ations down whole industries not ust indi
vidual factories
1955 A merger The A oined the and was

powerful until resident eagan s
government wea ened the unions
F Write the name of the union before each sentence: the

Knights of Labor, the AFL, the CIO, or the AFL-CIO.
1. CIO This union egan with ohn ewis

2. riah tephens founded esta lished this union
3. amuel ompers was the founder
4. This early union wasn t very successful
5. This union represented semi s illed wor ers and its stri es shut down whole
industries.
6. This union got higher wages shorter hours and etter wor ing conditions for
skilled workers.
This union was a merger of two ig unions
resident eagan s government reduced the power of this union
G A Political Party and a Movement
armers formed the opulist arty in They felt that ig usiness had too much power
and that the system was unfair to farmers and industrial wor ers They also elieved in govern
ment control of the railroads and the telephone system They wanted a graduated income ta a
higher percentage of ta on higher incomes secret allots voting and direct election of
enators y the people not y state legislatures opulists ecame mayors of towns state
representatives and even enators They lost power after the election of ut their ideas
in uenced the ma or political parties
n the first part of the twentieth century progressive thin ers formed a movement for social
reform rogressives elieved in a s uare deal for ordinary Americans so they tried to help
wor ers small usinesses and farmers They wanted the federal government to control ig usi
ness ta e responsi ility for the uality of food and drugs and protect the environment ome
leaders of the rogressive ovement held political office and made reforms Their ideas also led to
several amendments to the onstitution the i teenth Amendment esta lished the federal income
ta and the eventeenth Amendment allowed voters to elect enators directly
H Answer these questions about the political party and the

movement.
The opulist arty The rogressive ovement
ho formed it?
hen?
hat did the

mem ers elieve?
hat did they

want?
hat did they

do?
68 Module 4G / The U.S. Becomes a World Power
odule The U.S. Becomes a World Power
these questions about World War I. Your partner will tell
you the answers from the next page. Take notes on the
information.
hat happened to egin orld Heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary

ar ?
was shot. Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia.
hat were the two sides in the war and what European countries oined them?
hy did the nited tates enter the war in ?
hy was orld ar called the reat ar ?
ow and when did the war end?
hat was the asis of the peace treaty to end the war?
hat was the eague of ations and why did it fail?
B The Great Depression

ecause American goods were too e pensive for other countries to uy and American
wages were low many investors lost confidence in the stoc mar et and sold their stoc s
shares or part ownership of companies The reat epression egan with the stoc
mar et crash on lac Tuesday cto er Thousands of usinesses factories and
an s closed down and millions of wor ers lost their o s This time of economic depression
lasted for ten years
resident ran lin oosevelt helped end the reat epression with his ew eal
of relief recovery and reform the Three s is government relieved suffering with
payments to unemployed people and loans to farmers and homeowners t created govern
ment o s to help the economy recover oosevelt also wor ed on economic reform to pre
vent future depressions
C
B Work in pairs. Look only at this page. To answer your
partner’s questions about World War I, find the information
and tell it to your partner. He or she will take notes.
t was oodrow ilson s plan for a world organi ation to prevent future wars To avoid in
volvement in world affairs the enate re ected the Treaty of ersailles and the plan
for the eague of ations
t was a total war ecause it involved the economies and the people of many countries
The ongress passed the elective ervice Acts to draft young men into the armed
forces
The asis of the Treaty of ersailles was resident ilson s plan for peace his ourteen
oints Among other things ilson wanted freedom of the seas and trade and self determi
nation the right of people to decide on their own form of government
Austria ungary declared war on the small country of er ia ecause an assassin shot the
heir to their throne.
Americans were angry ecause ermany was using su marines to attac oth warships
and trade ships They wanted to fight this war to end all wars
The entral owers were Austria ungary and ermany and the Allied owers were
ussia rance England and taly
ermany signed an armistice on ovem er
D Match the sentence parts. Write the letters on the lines.
1. d any people lost confidence in the a usinesses factories and an s closed

economy ecause
oosevelt wanted to relieve economic
2. The reat epression egan e suffering
cause
c investors sold their stoc s and the stoc
3. illions of wor ers lost their o s mar et crashed
ecause
d American goods were e pensive ut wages
4. The epression ended ten years
were low.
later ecause
5. The government made payments to e resident oosevelt started the ew eal of
the unemployed farmers and home relief recovery and reform
owners ecause f it wanted the to recover from the
6. The ew eal government created epression and prevent future ones
o s ecause
70 Module 4G / The U.S. Becomes a World Power
E Work in pairs. Look only at this page and ask your partner
these questions about World War II. Your partner will tell you
the answers from the next page. Take notes on the
information.
hat happened to egin orld Germany invaded Poland.

ar ?
Germany, Italy, Japan – the Axis. France, England, the Soviet Union –
the Allies.
hy did the nited tates stay out of the war at first?
hy did the finally enter the war?
hat happened during the war in Europe?
ow and when did orld ar end?
hat were the effects of the war?
F Organizations and Plans

After orld ar the Allied countries organi ed the nited ations the to
solve pro lems among nations and eep the peace Although this world organi ation had
many of the same principles as the eague of ations this time the nited tates was one
of its original mem ers ut at the same time the and the oviet nion the
were eginning to compete for power
n under the Truman octrine the government gave million in eco
nomic and military aid to eep reece and Tur ey free of oviet control Then the
esta lished the arshall lan to re uild the countries of estern Europe including its
former enemies
The period of history after orld ar is nown as the old ar ecause the
and the with their opposing economic and political systems were trying to
win in uence and control over other countries through economic aid rather than weapons
n the and the nations of estern Europe formally allied in the orth Atlantic
Treaty rgani ation AT to defend one another against attac The egan the
arsaw act with Eastern Europe in
G Work in pairs. Look only at this page. To answer your

partner’s questions about World War II, find the information
resident Truman made the decision to drop the atomic om on iroshima and agasa i
apan surrendered on August
ermany invaded countries and enslaved tortured and illed many groups of people The
oviet nion pushed ac the attac of the erman army taly surrendered in n
ay in the eneral wight Eisenhower led the Allied armies to victory in
Europe n ay ermany surrendered unconditionally
ongress wanted to avoid involvement in world affairs and stay neutral n the s it
passed eutrality Acts to eep the seas free
The army of Adolf itler invaded oland The other A is countries taly and apan sup
ported ermany and the Allies rance England and later the oviet nion opposed
ermany
ver million people died The and the ecame the two leading powers in
the world.
apan attac ed earl ar or in awaii so the declared war on apan and ermany and
taly declared war on the
H Write T for true and F for false. Correct the false sentences.
1. The purpose of the nited ations is to solve world pro lems and prevent war
2. The ongress re ected the plan for the nited ations ecause it wanted to avoid
involvement and stay neutral
3. After orld ar the and the countries of estern Europe egan to compete for
world political power
4. The Truman octrine is an e ample of the attempt to in uence other countries

through economic and military aid
5. nder the arshall lan hina gave aid to re uild apan
6. n general the and its allies had a different political and economic system from
that of the and its allies
uring the old ar the nations of estern Europe allied with the in
the AT and the allied with Eastern Europe in the arsaw act
72 Module 4H / Modern Times
odule Modern Times
A Work in groups of four. Each of you studies the information

about a different aspect of modern times. In turn, summarize
your information in your own words for the group.
1. After orld ar America went to war

twice against communist countries and their
supporters n orth and outh orea
could not agree on a common form of
government orth orean communists
supported y the hinese invaded outh
orea The nited ations supported outh
orea and the nited tates sent troops
soldiers ith help the outh oreans
pushed the communist troops ac to the
thirty eighth parallel
efore the ietnamese war ietnam was a colony of rance The people didn t want war ut
they wanted freedom from foreign powers etween and the nited tates intervened in
the con ict on the side of the outh ietnamese anticommunists The desire for independence gave
the ietnamese their fighting spirit There were many protests against the war and the nited
tates finally withdrew
2. The period of history since the invention of

the atomic om at the end of orld ar is
nown as the Age of Technology and the Atomic
Age The world powers and people of all nations
now that a nuclear war could destroy the
whole planet owever the superpowers
mainly the nited tates and the oviet nion
continued to uild missiles om s military
aircraft and space weapons
ortunately not all technology is

designed for war The nited tates sent its
first satellite into space in and y
the first American stepped onto the moon ince then the whole world has een using satellites
and other space technology for communication weather forecasting science and usiness oth
and oviet shuttles are uilding space stations for oth peaceful and military purposes
At the heart of the Age of Technology is the computer To school children the computer is as
important as the pencil n the future it can e used to improve human lives and to solve many of
the world s serious pro lems such as hunger and poverty
3. n the s the American dream of

wealth and freedom was easier for white
males to achieve than for mem ers of minority
groups lac Americans in the outh for
e ample could not attend white schools or live
in white neigh orhoods ecause of the policy
of segregation lac s sat in the ac s of
uses used only restrooms for nonwhites and
ate at nonwhite lunch counters n some
southern states lac people could not even
vote ortherners too often discriminated
against lac s especially in o s and housing
n resident wight Eisenhower
sent troops to ittle oc Ar ansas to
force the all white university there to accept lac students etween and as a result of
the civil rights movement led y artin uther ing r new laws helped lac s and other
minorities to achieve e uality residents ohn ennedy and yndon ohnson used ing s
ideas in their ew rontier and reat ociety programs
There have een great changes in the last forty years ut nonwhites have not yet achieved
e ual status today
4. or a long time American men did not elieve

in e uality of the se es omen wor ed in low
level o s and usually received lower pay than
men for e ual wor ew women finished college
and even fewer rose to e ecutive level positions
with high salaries
Today American women are still fighting for
e uality ecause their salaries are generally
lower than men s owever many changes in the
positions of the se es have occurred alf of
all college students are women ore women are
wor ing than ever efore and their pay has
risen especially in government o s ecause it is
easier for women to get o s that used to e for
men only any women own usinesses and
others are e ecutives in private usiness and government
n recent years many citi ens have tried to add an amendment to the onstitution The
E ual ights Amendment E A states that oth se es have e ual rights ut ecause many
people fear that the amendment could ta e away some of women s special protections such as the
right to alimony financial support after divorce and e emption from the military draft the
amendment was not ratified approved y enough states
74 Module 4H / Modern Times
B Match the sentence parts. Write the letters on the lines.
1. d orth orean and hinese a great changes have

communists invaded outh orea occurred in the last
ecause forty years
2. The nited tates finally southern states

withdrew from the ietnam con ict followed a policy of
ecause segregation
3. The nited tates and the c a nuclear war would

oviet nion continued to uild destroy the whole planet
missiles om s and space weapons
even though d the country could not
agree on a common form of
4. The whole world has een government
using space technology for
communication weather forecasting e many people oppose the
and science since loss of special
protections for women
5. n the s lac Americans
could not attend white schools or f women s salaries are
live in white neigh orhoods ecause generally lower than
men s for e ual wor
6. Especially in o s and
salaries nonwhites and women are g the people fought hard
still not e ual to white males today for the independence of
even though their country from
foreign powers
any American women are still
fighting for e uality today ecause h the nited tates sent
its first satellite into
The E ual ights Amendment space in
was not ratified ecause
C Correct these false sentences.
After orld ar America went to war twice against capitalist countries and their
supporters
n the orean ar orth oreans pushed hinese troops ac to the thirty eighth parallel
with help from the nited tates
The Age of Technology egan around the time of the discovery of the moon
n resident Eisenhower sent troops to ietnam to oppose the followers of artin
uther ing r in the civil rights movement
The ew rontier and reat ociety programs were plans for and oviet shuttle space
stations
odule Local History
A Look at the map and answer these questions:

hat do you thin the pictures show a out local history? hat pro a ly happened?
A out when did these events pro a ly happen?

76 Module 4I / Local History
B Work in groups of seven. Each of you studies the information

about local history in a different place. In turn, summarize
your information in your own words for the group. On the
map on the previous page, show your classmates the place.
1. am ridge assachusetts is only a few miles from oston

which the ritish held in the evolutionary ar ut
am ridge was a center of re el activity n soldiers
marched from the town to the attle of un er ill hen
eorge ashington arrived in assachusetts to ta e command
of the colonial troops he lived and esta lished military
head uarters in a mansion in am ridge rom this elegant
house he often rode to the hills around oston to plan military
strategy
n the following century this mansion was the home of another
famous American the poet enry adsworth ongfellow
2. n rench fur trader ierre aclede greeted ndians at the

place that is now t ouis issouri rench settlers egan a
town and trading post there the following year
n when the e ulon i e landed in t ouis after a
si wee trip from ouisville the steam oat era egan on the
ississippi iver The i e was the first of thousands of steam
powered oats with paddle wheels that changed t ouis from
a frontier town to the third largest city in the nation in
ut in the completion of the Eads ridge which oined
issouri to the state of llinois mar ed the end of the
steam oat age
3. To ma e railroad construction easier in the

government opened ansas to white settlers The residents of
the new territory were supposed to decide for themselves if
ansas should ecome a slave state or a free state ut when
ew England a olitionists egan sending anti slavery citi ens
to settle there proslavery issourians crossed the state order
to vote illegally in territorial elections roslavery candidates
won these elections so their opponents formed their own local
governments n proslavery outherners formed armed
ands to destroy awrence ansas the center of a olitionist
power ohn rown led raids against slaveholders along the
ansas issouri order uring the ivil ar illiam lar e
uantrill a young ortherner who elieved in slavery led a
and of supporters in a raid of awrence illing hundreds of
civilians The state ecame nown as leeding ansas in this
violent period of history
4. After railroad companies in central alifornia egan to

hire hinese wor ers The la or unions in an rancisco
protested ut when the entral acific ailroad ompany
egan to lay trac s in the ierra evada ountains most
white wor ers uit ecause the wor was so hard and
dangerous The hinese wor ed in groups of twelve to twenty
men each with its own coo and supervisor Tea carriers
rought hot tea to the wor ers and the hinese diet of rice
fish and vegeta les ept them in etter health than the whites
ut many of the wor ers died from accidents
5. The ava o ndians egan thin ing of themselves as a tri e

during the winter of and troops trapped several
hundred ava o families near anyon de helly in
northeastern Ari ona As punishment for stealing cattle the
soldiers illed the ndians sheep urned their corn and cut
down their fruit trees Then they made the ava o march three
hundred miles to a camp at os ue edondo in eastern ew
e ico The ndians couldn t raise crops in the poor land there
and they missed their native home any of them died
6. etween and the government allowed white

settlers to move into one part after another of ndian territory
in lahoma A signal gun started each stage of this famous
and ush Thousands of settlers hurried into lahoma
each day n uthrie for e ample at the end of the first day
there were settlers from tates three territories
and si foreign countries A land agent and a lawyer had already
set up outdoor offices to settle land disputes ost settlers were
living in tents or their wagons ut they soon uilt wooden
houses After a out a month the town had a ail ome of the
prisoners were called ooners ecause they had claimed land
sooner than the law allowed Today lahoma has the nic name
the ooner tate
The city of hicago was once nown for organi ed crime At the
eginning of the twentieth century gam ling was ig usiness
there After when rohi ition made the sale of alcohol
illegal hicago gangsters profited greatly from ootlegging
dealing in li uor illegally y the early s corrupt
politicians such as ig ill Thompson were running the
city usually with the approval of the mayor The famous
Al apone ing of the hicago underworld didn t go to
prison until
78 Module 4I / Local History
1. or a time during the evolutionary ar am ridge assachusetts was a center of

re el activity and colonial military head uarters
2. At different times eneral eorge ashington and poet enry adsworth ongfellow
lived in the same mansion
3. panish e plorers started the settlement of t ouis issouri ecause they wanted to
find gold there
4. hen the e ulon i e landed in t ouis in the age of the airplane egan
5. hen the government opened ansas to white settlers in an era of peace

egan
6. The state ecame nown as leeding ansas ecause supporters of slavery and
a olitionists opposed one another in elections and violent attac s
n spite of union protests only white wor ers could uild the railroads in alifornia in
the s
n the s the government was treating the ava o ndians of Ari ona well
ecause they were e cellent farmers in the poor land
9. n the famous lahoma and ush the government too land from white
settlers to give it ac to the ndians
lahoma has the nic name the ooner tate ecause of the many settlers who
claimed land efore the government allowed them to
11. am ling ootlegging and corruption in local government are e amples of the
organi ed crime that hicago has een nown for
12. Al apone was a famous proslavery fighter who illed civilians in awrence ansas
during the ivil ar
D Turn back to page 75. Tell about local history from the
pictures.
E Find out about one period of local history in your town or

city. Make notes on the important facts and collect pictures.
Summarize the information for the class and show the
pictures.
The U.S. Constitution
Module 5A: Overview of the Constitution

T
5
A Introduction to the U.S. Constitution
After the evolutionary ar the Articles of onfederation were the asis of the new
American government ut this wea government did not wor very well The delegates to the
onstitutional onvention of revised the Articles of onfederation The result was the
onstitution Three main principles form the asis of the onstitution
the separation of powers of the three ranches of government

government of for and y the people
asic human rights individual freedom e uality and ustice
The onstitution has three parts
The ream le tells its purposes to protect the nation and to assure ustice peace and
li erty for all
The ocument contains seven articles
Twenty si Amendments guarantee individual rights and freedoms and esta lish other
asic principles of government
B Write the words from A.
After the evolutionary ar the Articles of Confederation were the asis of

the new American government
The result of the onstitutional onvention of was .
ne of the main principles of the onstitution is the of powers of the

three of government
Another principle is government of for and y .
The third principle is asic such as individual

e uality and .
The three parts of the onstitution are the seven of

the ocument and the twenty si .
79
80 Module 5A / Overview of the Constitution
C The Document
Article ne created the egislative ranch of government t esta lished these principles
among others
ongress ma es the laws of the nation

The two houses of ongress are the enate and the ouse of epresentatives
The people of each state elect two enators
The population of each state determines the num er of epresentatives
Article Two esta lished the E ecutive ranch of government the residency ere are a few
of its principles
The Electoral ollege elects the resident

The resident is the chief e ecutive of the nation and ommander in hief of the armed
forces
The resident has certain powers such as to enforce laws
The resident may initiate the law ma ing process
Article Three created the udicial ranch under these principles
The upreme ourt is the highest court of the land t is a court of last appeal and its
decisions are final
t is the responsi ility of the upreme ourt to defend and interpret the principles of the
Constitution.
esidents of the have the right to trial y ury
Article our defined the relationship among the states and the relationship of the states to the
ederal government t included these principles
residents have the same rights in all states

All states have a repu lican form of government
ongress may admit new states and ma e laws for territories
Article ive descri ed ways to amend change the onstitution
ongress may propose suggest an amendment if two thirds of oth houses vote for it
The states may initiate an amendment f two thirds of all state legislatures agree to pro
pose it ongress will call a national convention
To add the amendment to the onstitution three fourths of the state legislatures or special
state conventions must ratify officially approve it
Article i declared the onstitution the upreme aw of the and
o state constitution or law or udge may contradict state the opposite of the onstitution
All pu lic officials must promise to support the onstitution in an official oath
Article even declared that nine states must ratify the onstitution for it to ecome law
UNIT 5 / The U.S. Constitution 81
D In the parentheses, write the number of the Article of the

Constitution that contains the answer to each question.
Then write the answer in a few words on the line.
6 hat is the upreme aw of the and? the Constitution
hat is the highest court of the land?
hat ranch of government ma es the laws of the nation?
ow many enators and epresentatives does each state have in ongress?
o residents have the same rights in all states?
ho is the chief e ecutive of the nation and ommander in hief of the armed forces?
hat are two ways to propose a onstitutional Amendment?
hat are some of the duties and powers of the resident?
hat is one important responsi ility of the upreme ourt?
hat form of government do the states have?
ay a state constitution or udge contradict the onstitution?
ow are new states admitted to the nion?
ho has to approve a proposed amendment?
hat must pu lic officials promise in an official oath?
ow many states had to ratify the onstitution efore it ecame law?

82 Module 5A / Overview of the Constitution
E The Amendments
The onstitution is a living document ecause Americans can change it with amend
ments The e isting amendments protect individual rights or have solved other national pro lems
Amendment atified hat does the amendment say?

The first ten amendments are the ill of ights
iti ens of a state or foreign country may not ta e another
state to court
Electors vote for the resident and ice resident on separate
allots
lavery is illegal
All people orn in the nited tates or naturali ed are
citi ens
lac men have the right to vote
ongress has the right to ta income
The citi ens elect enators directly
t is illegal to ma e or sell li uor
omen citi ens have the right to vote
A new resident ta es office on anuary
The Eighteenth Amendment was repealed
residents may serve no more than two terms
iti ens living in ashington may vote in residential
elections
t is illegal to re uire voting ta es
The ice resident ecomes resident if the
resident can t carry out his duties
All citi ens eighteen years and older may vote
F Make sentences about the information in E. You can use

1. The Amendment was ratified in .

num er year
t says that .
Module 5B: Basic Rights and Freedoms
A Work in groups. Discuss these questions about individual

rights in the United States and decide on the answers.
f a reporter writes an article a out a government official stealing money can the newspaper
pu lish it legally?
a es ecause the ill of ights of the onstitution guarantees freedom of speech and
the press
o ecause the truth can damage the government
s hristianity the official religion of the nited tates?

a es ecause most Americans are hristian
o ecause separation of church and state is a principle of the government and the
ill of ights guarantees freedom of religion
f an American opposes a federal law what can he or she do a out it?

a othing ou can protest local laws ut not federal ones
rite a letter to a government official
ho can own guns in the nited tates?

a All citi ens if they follow the state laws a out weapons
o one ecause private gun ownership is illegal
ho must allow soldiers to live in their homes?

a o one e cept perhaps in time of war
All citi ens ecause this is a asic right of government
ow can you find out the rights and freedoms of Americans?

a ou can read the onstitution and law oo s as government officials and tal to
lawyers familiar with laws
ou can get the information from entertainment films and popular music
ow are the rights of orn citi ens different from the rights of naturali ed citi ens?
a They are the same e cept that naturali ed citi ens can t ecome resident of the
nly orn citi ens can wor in government o s oin political parties or run for office
s it legal for adults to use alcohol in the ?

a o ecause Amendment made it illegal to ma e or sell li uor
es ecause Amendment repealed Amendment
ho can register to vote in the nited tates?

a All orn and naturali ed citi ens over the age of
nly white men in the fifty states not in ashington
84 Module 5B / Basic Rights and Freedoms
B Match the words with their meanings on the right.

Write the letter on the lines.
1. b a search warrant a people who e amine evidence to decide if a trial is

necessary
2. charge noun legal permission to search
3. grand ury c mem ers of a ury who hear evidence and come to
a verdict
4. a trial d an accusation of a crime
5. testify e people who give evidence
6. guarantee f promise or give assurance
urors g money paid to guarantee that someone freed from

ail will return to the trial
a unanimous verdict h the hearing of a case in court
9. witnesses i give evidence
ail decision agreed on y everyone

C Here is a summary of the Constitutional Amendments about

individual rights and liberties. To match each with the infor-
mation in A and B, write the letter of the exercise and the
number of the item on the line. (One amendment may refer
to more than one item.) Then explain the amendments.
1. A1, A2, A3 Amendment guarantees the right of freedom of speech press religion peacea le
assem ly and re uesting change from the government
2. Amendment guarantees the right to own weapons
3. Amendment says that the government may not force people to ta e soldiers into
their homes in peacetime
4. Amendment says that the government may not search or ta e individual prop
erty without a warrant
5. Amendment says that to ring a person to trial a grand ury must charge him
or her with a crime Also the government may not ring a person to trial more
than once for the same crime and may not ta e away property without a legal
process o one must testify against himself or herself in court
6. Amendments and give individuals the right to an open trial y ury and a
lawyer They have the right to hear the charges to uestion witnesses and to get
witnesses to testify for them
Amendment protects people against unreasona le ail or fines and cruel or

unusual punishment
Amendment says that individuals have rights in addition to those in the

Constitution.
9. Amendment guarantees all the rights of citi ens to people orn or naturali ed
in the
Amendment guarantees the right to vote to e slaves and lac people
11. Amendment made it illegal to ma e or sell alcohol
12. Amendment guaranteed the right to vote to women
13. Amendment repealed Amendment
14. Amendment gives the right to vote to residents of ashington
15. Amendment gives the right to vote to all citi ens over the age of eighteen
The Federal Government
Module 6A: Overview of U.S. Government

T
6
A The American System of Government
The nited tates is a democratic repu lic a representative democracy The national govern
ment is a government of all the people and their representatives elected officials t is called the
federal government ecause the nation is a federation or association of states
The onstitution gave the federal government only limited powers the powers stated in
the onstitution All other powers elong to the individual states
The ounding athers esta lished three ranches of government the legislative the e ecu
tive and the udicial Each ranch has different functions and powers under the principle of
separation of powers There is also a system of chec s and alances so that each ranch has some
control over the other two ranches This way no one group can have too much power
the egislative ranch
the ederal
The Constitution the E ecutive ranch
overnment
the udicial ranch
B Match the words with their meanings. Write the letters on

the lines.
1. a democratic repu lic a an association
2. representatives and senators having different functions
3. the ederal overnment c the legislative the e ecutive and the udicial
4. a federation d only those powers stated in the onstitution
5. limited powers e a government of the people

a representative democracy
6. the ranches of government f elected officials
the separation of powers g the national government
chec s and alances h a system of control of each ranch over the

other two
86
UNIT 6 / The Federal Government 87
C The Three Branches of Government
The legislative branch is called Congress. It consists of the Senate and the House of Represen-
tatives. It is the responsibility of Congress to propose and pass laws. In the system of checks and
balances, Congress can refuse to approve Presidential appointments and can override a Presiden-
tial veto.
The executive branch consists of the President, the Vice President, the Cabinet and the thir-
teen Departments, and the independent agencies. It’s the responsibility of the executive to enforce
laws. The President has the power to veto (reject) any bill (law) of Congress. He appoints all
Supreme Court Justices.
The judicial branch consists of the Supreme (highest) Court, eleven Circuit Courts of Appeals,
and ninety-four District Courts. This branch explains and interprets laws and makes decisions in
lawsuits. It has power over the other two branches because it can declare their laws and actions
unconstitutional (against the principles of the Constitution).
D Answer these questions about the three branches of

government.
the Legislative the Executive the Judicial

1. What does it consist of?
the Senate
the House of
Representatives
2. What are its responsibilities?
3. What powers does it have under

the system of checks and balances?
88 Module 6A / Overview of the U.S. Government
E Political Parties
The onstitution does not tal a out political parties ut they egan during eorge
ashington s term of office n one side were the ederalists They wanted a strong federal
government n the other side the emocratic epu licans wanted to limit the power of the
national government Their leader was Thomas efferson and their group later ecame the emo
cratic arty
ome of the early political parties such as the ederalists and the higs no longer e ist
ince the two ma or parties have een the emocrats and the epu licans maller parties
have lasted for only a short time Third parties have won in local elections ut their candidates
have never won a residential election
any people say that there is not much difference etween the epu lican and emocratic
arties i eral politicians usually favor reform change and progress onservative politi
cians usually oppose change ut oth li eral and conservative mem ers elong to the two ma or
political parties and their ideas often change with the times and the issues
F Write T for true and F for false. Correct the false sentences.
1. Article of the onstitution esta lishes political parties
2. uring the time of eorge ashington the ederalists supported a strong federal
government ut the emocratic epu licans wanted to limit government power
3. Thomas efferson was the leader of the higs a third party in opposition to change
4. ince the two ma or political parties have een the higs and the i ertarians
5. oters have elected some third party candidates to local office ut never to the
residency
6. All emocrats are conservative and all epu licans are li erals
i eral politicians usually support reform and conservative candidates oppose it
olitical parties candidates and their ideas have changed with the times and the
issues.
G Work in pairs. Each of you studies the information about a

different one of the two major political parties. Summarize
your information for your partner.
1. The Democratic Party is the oldest party in the United States. In 1829,
Andrew ac son ecame the first emocratic resident ince that time the
issues of the nation and the ideas of the party have changed. Both the major
parties have liberal and conservative members, but in general people consider
the Democrats today more liberal than the Republicans. Democrats often want
the government to establish social programs for people in need, such as the
poor, the unemployed, and the elderly. They usually say they believe in equal rights for
women and minorities and they oppose nuclear weapons and too much military spending.
The symbol of the Democratic Party (from political cartoons) is the donkey.
2. The Republican Party, sometimes called the G.O.P. (the Grand Old Party),
began in 1854 over the issue of slavery. Republicans oppose slavery. The
first epu lican candidate to ecome resident was A raham incoln After
the Civil War, Republicans got interested in farm, land, and business issues.
In general, Republicans vote more conservatively than Democrats. They
want government to support big business but not to control the lives of citizens.
They often oppose government spending for social programs but support military spending. The
party symbol is the elephant.
H Which party is each sentence about? Write R for the

Republican and D for the Democratic.
1. It is the oldest political party in the United States.
2. It is sometimes called the G.O.P.
3. ts first resident was A raham incoln
4. ts first resident was Andrew ac son
5. It is generally more liberal than the other party.
6. Its members usually prefer to spend tax money for military purposes rather than for
social programs.
7. Its members do not want the government to control the lives of individuals.
8. The party symbol is the donkey.
I Tell about other political parties in the United States or

your native country.
90 Module 6B / The Legislative Branch
Module 6B: The Legislative Branch
A Work in pairs or groups. Discuss these questions about the

legislative branch of the federal government and decide on
the answers. Then check your answers on page 91.
hat is the legislative ranch of government called?
a ongress arliament
hat is a icameral legislature?
a one with cameras one with two houses divisions
hat are the two houses of ongress?
a the ouncil and the upreme oviet the enate and the ouse of epresentatives
ho is resident of the enate? hat is his office?
a ayor of ashington ice resident of the
ho presides if the resident of the enate is a sent?
a the resident pro tempore the ice resident of the
ho presides over the ouse of epresentatives the ouse ?
a the resident of the the pea er of the ouse
hat party does the pea er of the ouse usually elong to?
a no political party the ma ority political party
B Facts About Congress
the enate the ouse

um er of em ers 435
um er of em ers 2 determined y state

er tate population
ength of Term years1 years1
um er of Terms no limit no limit
Age e uirement at least at least
iti enship at least years as a at least years as a

e uirement citi en citi en
ates of egular anuary to anuary to

Session ad ournment ad ournment
1
ne third of all enators and all epresentatives run for office every two years
C Make sentences about the information in B with these

sentence patterns.
The enate has mem ers

ouse of epresentatives num er
The num er of enators for each state is

epresentatives
Each enator serves in ongress for years

epresentative num er
4. There is on the num er of terms for each enator

epresentative
To run for ongress a enator must e at least years old

epresentative num er
and a citi en for at least years

num er
A regular session of the enate is from to .

ouse date
D Write the words from the chart on the next page.
To egin the law ma ing process either a Senator or a can write

a .
The ill then goes to a of the same house
The committee can call postpone the ill send it

ac to the full house without a or change the ill
f the enate or ouse the ill it does not ecome law
f the enate or ouse the ill it goes to the other house of ongress and
its committee
f the second house passes the ill it goes to .
f the resident signs the ill it .
f the resident re ects the ill ongress can the veto and it
ecomes law anyway
Answers to E ercise A a a
92 Module 6B / The Legislative Branch
HOW CONGRESS MAKES LAWS
A enator or epresentative
writes a ill 1
The committee can call pu lic hearings

The ill goes to a committee of
t can ta le postpone the ill 2
the enate or ouse
t can send the ill ac to the full
house without a recommendation 3
t can amend change the ill
The full enate or ouse

de ates the ill and can amend The enate or ouse defeats the ill
it. The enate or ouse passes the ill
The ill goes to a committee of

the other house.
The second house de ates the The second house defeats the ill
ill 4
The second house passes the ill
The ill goes to the resident 5

The resident signs the ill and it
ecomes law
The resident vetoes re ects the ill
ongress overrides the veto The ill does not ecome law
passes the ill
The ill ecomes law
1
A ill concerning ta es or the udget must egin in the ouse of epresentatives
2
f a committee ta les a ill enators or epresentatives can force it out of committee with a ma ority vote
3
This step often ills the ill
4
f the second house of ongress amends the ill the first house must agree to the changes
5
f the resident does nothing and ongress ad ourns within ten days the ill does not ecome law
Module 6C: The Executive Branch
these questions about the President of the United States.
Your partner will tell you the answers from the next page.
Take notes on the information.
hat are the ualifications re uirements for resident?
hat are the ualifications for ice resident?
or how many years may a resident serve?
f the resident dies who ecomes resident?
here does the resident live and wor ?
ow should people address the resident?
B Work in pairs. Look only at this page and tell your partner
the steps in electing a President.
olitical parties choose their candidates in state caucuses conventions or state primaries
elections
olitical parties hold national conventions to choose their candidates for resident and ice
resident onvention delegates vote for the choices of the voters in their states
All candidates campaign until election day the first Tuesday after the first onday in
ovem er Then the voters ma e their choices
Electors mem ers of the Electoral ollege cast their votes for resident and ice resident
The candidates with the ma ority more than half of the electoral votes win
f no candidate wins the ma ority of the electoral votes the ouse of epresentatives
chooses the new resident
The new resident ta es office during the inauguration formal ceremony on anuary
after the election
94 Module 6C / The Executive Branch
C Work in pairs. Look only at this page. To answer your part-

ner’s questions about the President, find the information
The resident travels a lot ut he or she lives and wor s at the hite ouse in ashington
D.C.
The resident s term of office is four years and no resident may serve for more than two
terms in a row
To ualify to serve the resident must e a orn citi en and at least thirty five years old
e or she must have lived in the nited tates for at least fourteen years
isitors address him as r resident
The ualifications for ice resident are the same as the ualifications for resident
f the resident dies these officials ta e over the position in this order the ice resident the
pea er of the ouse of epresentatives the resident pro tempore of the enate the ecre
tary of tate the other twelve mem ers of the a inet
D Work in pairs. Your partner will tell you the steps in elect-
ing a President. Number them 1-6 on the lines in
correct order.
Electors mem ers of the Electoral ollege cast their votes for resident and ice
resident The candidates with the ma ority of the electoral votes win
olitical parties hold national conventions to choose their candidates for resident and
ice resident onvention delegates vote for the choices of the voters in their states
The new resident ta es office during the inauguration formal ceremony on anuary
after the election
f no candidate wins the ma ority of the electoral votes the ouse of epresentatives
chooses the new resident
All candidates campaign until election day the first Tuesday after the first onday in
ovem er Then the voters ma e their choices
olitical parties choose their candidates in state caucuses conventions or state primaries
elections
E In your own words, tell the steps in electing a President.

F The Electoral College
citi ens do not vote on federal laws ecause the system of government is a represen
tative democracy ut they do choose the resident and ice resident of the nited tates
owever the system of electing these officials is an indirect one
hen voters choose candidates on election day they are actually voting for presidential elec
tors The num ers of electors in each state is e ual to the num er of senators and representatives
from that state in ongress ecause states with large populations have more representatives
than states with fewer people they have more power in an election The Electoral ollege is ased
on a winner ta e all system The winner of the ma ority of votes in each state gets all of that
state s electoral votes or e ample the candidate with over fifty percent of the popular total
vote in alifornia gets all of that state s electoral votes even if he or she won with only a small
ma ority
ecause of the Electoral ollege system occasionally the candidate with the ma ority of the
popular vote loses the presidential election This is unusual however
n ecem er the electors meet in their state capitals to cast their votes and send them to the
enate n anuary the mem ers of ongress meet to count the votes
1. citi ens vote on federal laws ut they can t vote for residential or ice
residential candidates
2. oters choose the resident and the ice resident of the nited tates directly
through the popular vote
3. arge states have more electoral votes than small states ecause their num er of
electors depends on the num er of senators and representatives from the state in
Congress.
4. andidates receive the same percentage of electoral votes from each state as their
percentage of popular vote
5. Even if a candidate receives forty nine percent of the votes in a state he or she loses
the state gets no electoral votes in a winner ta e all system
6. The candidate with the ma ority of the popular vote can still lose the national election
The electors of the Electoral ollege meet to cast their votes and the mem ers of
ongress meet to count them
96 Module 6C / The Executive Branch
H The Cabinet, the Departments, and the Agencies
t is the responsi ility of the e ecutive ranch of the federal government to enforce the
onstitution and federal laws The resident is the hief E ecutive and head of the government
The ice resident the fourteen a inet mem ers usually called ecretaries and their
epartments and the federal agencies are also part of the e ecutive ranch
The resident chooses the mem ers of his a inet the heads of the departments and the
enate approves his choices The fourteen departments are the epartments of
tate the nterior ealth and Transportation

the Treasury Agriculture uman ervices Education
efense ommerce ousing and r an Energy
ustice a or evelopment eterans Affairs
any federal agencies provide special services and may e temporary ome well nown
agencies are the ivil ights ommission the Environmental rotection Agency the ederal
Trade ommission T the ational Aeronautics and pace Administration the nited tates
ostal ervice and the eterans Administration A
I Write T for true and F for false. Correct the false sentences.
1. The e ecutive ranch ma es laws ut does not enforce them
2. The ice resident the hief E ecutive of government chooses the mem ers of the
a inet with the approval of the voters
3. There are fourteen government departments and their heads are usually called
ecretaries
4. The tate epartment the epartment of the Treasury and the epartment of
ommerce are federal agencies
J Do you remember or can you guess the functions of the

officials and the departments and agencies of the execu-
tive branch? Complete this sentence in various ways.
E A E t is the responsi ility of the epartment of tate to advise the resident in

foreign policy
t is the responsi ility of to .

Module 6D: The Judicial Branch
A Work in groups. Discuss these questions about the judicial

branch of the federal government and decide on the answers.
Then check your answers on the next page.
Supreme Court
hat is the highest court of the land? Court Court Court

Court
a the upreme ourt of Customs
of of of Military
the residential Tri unal and Patent
Claims Customs Appeals Appeals
The upreme ourt is the ast ourt

11
of Appeal hat does this mean? Circuit Courts of Appeals
a o other court has higher
decision ma ing power
iti ens can appeal its decision 94
District Courts
ta e the same case to lower courts
hat does the upreme ourt do?

a t approves or overturns decisions of lower courts and e plains and interprets laws
t hears cases from individual citi ens without lawyers
n the system of chec s and alances how does the udicial ranch have power over the
other two ranches of government?
a The upreme ourt appoints all udges
The upreme ourt can decide on the constitutionality of laws and residential actions
here is the upreme ourt?

a in every state capitol
in ashington the nation s capital
ho chooses the ustices of the upreme ourt?

a The voters elect them
The resident appoints them ut the enate must approve them 1
ho chooses the hief ustice head udge of the upreme ourt?

a the resident and the a inet
The nine ustices of the upreme ourt elect him or her
1
As an e ample in the enate re ected resident eagan s candidate o ert or ecause the
emocrats the ma ority party thought he was too conservative
98 Module 6D / The Judicial Branch
as there ever een a woman upreme ourt ustice?

a es andra ay onnor ecame the first woman ustice in
o ecause the onstitution states that all upreme ourt ustices must e men
ow long do upreme ourt ustices serve?

a for the same length of time as senators from their states
for life
ust the upreme ourt hear all appeals from lower courts?
a es ecause hearing appeals is its only responsi ility
o t ta es only the more important cases especially cases concerning individual
rights and the constitutionality of laws or actions
an the resident or ongress a olish the upreme ourt?

a es with a two thirds ma ority of oth houses
o nly a onstitutional Amendment could a olish it
hat other inds of courts and how many of them are there in the federal system?
a eleven ircuit ourts of Appeal and ninety four istrict ourts
two E ecutive ourts and three egislative ourts
Are there any special federal courts?

a es There are a ourt of laims a ourt of ustoms a ourt of ustoms and atent
Appeals and a ourt of ilitary Appeals
o All courts must accept all inds of cases
hat do the ircuit ourts of Appeals do?

a They hear appeals re uests to hear the case again from lower courts
They overturn decisions of the upreme ourt
hat are the istrict ourts and what happens in them?

a They are state courts All cases concerning state laws egin there
They are the lowest level of federal courts ederal cases egin there
ow do federal courts differ from other courts?

a ederal courts ta e only cases concerning federal law ther courts hear cases a out
state or local law
There is no difference All courts ta e the same inds of cases
Answers to E ercise A a a a a a a a a
B Supreme Court Decisions

upreme ourt decisions are very important to the nation ecause they set precedents They
serve as a guide in law ma ing and the future decisions of all courts ere are some e amples
ear ase ecision

ar ury v The upreme ourt has the right to interpret
adison laws and udge their constitutionality
i ons v nly ongress can regulate interstate commerce

gden trade etween states
orchester v o state may control ndian ands

eorgia
oor t is unconstitutional for states to control

igrants or stop migration movement of people from
one state to another
1954 rown v egregated schools are unconstitutional

the oard ecause they are une ual ntegration the
of Education ringing together of different races is a
of Tope a part of education
ansas
1963 ideon v Even in small cases the government

ainwright must provide a lawyer to a defendant person
on trial if he or she can t afford one
1964 Esco edo v The police must tell an arrested person a out
llinois his or her right to remain silent and to have
1966 iranda v an attorney lawyer present when he or she
Ari ona answers uestions
omen s ne ual treatment ased on se violates

ights goes against the ourteenth Amendment
oe v tates cannot ma e a ortion illegal e cept

ade in the later stages of pregnancy
ots er v ongress may draft ta e for military service

old erg only men not women into the armed forces
lyer v llegal undocumented aliens are persons

Doe under the onstitution and have the same
protections under the law as citi ens and residents
v The government can give asylum protection to

ardo a refugees if they have reason to fear death or
onseca mistreatment in their native countries efugees no
longer have to prove that their lives are in danger
100 Module 6D / The Judicial Branch
C In groups, read each situation and answer this question:

Why would the Supreme Court disapprove of the situation?
On the line, write the name and year of the Supreme Court
case that is the precedent.
1. Plyer v. Doe (1982) :

Te as eeps the children of illegal aliens out of its pu lic schools
2. :
alifornia ta es all goods from evada
3. :
regon refuses to let a family move there from ashington ecause they have no home
and little money
4. :
Ari ona sends a woman to ail ecause she went to the doctor to a ort a two month old
fetus
5. :
ithout permission e ras a ta es land from an ndian reservation to uild a state
prison
6. :
A young man refuses to enter the Army ecause his sister does not have to serve in
the armed forces
:
The police send a man to prison for drun driving ut do not give him an attorney ecause
he can t afford one
:
A pu lic university refuses to admit a student ecause she is not white
9. :
ou are the est ualified candidate for police chief ut the city won t give you the o
ecause you are a woman
:
The sends a political refugee ac to his country ecause he cannot prove that his
government would ta e his life
11. :
The police arrest a man and tell him to confess his crime on videotape in a room with no
one else present
12. :
ongress ma es the pea er of the ouse the head of the armed forces even though the
onstitution gives that position to the resident
D Do you know about other Supreme Court decisions? Tell the

class.
State Government
odule A Branches of Government and Officials

T
7
A Work in pairs. Tell your partner each fact about the federal
government and listen to the corresponding fact about state
government. Write S on the line if the facts are the same for
both governments. Write D if they are different.
1. S The federal government is in the form of a democratic repu lic which means that the
people elect representatives
2. t is a representative democracy ecause the people have the power through their elected
representatives
3. The government follows the principles of a constitution with its ill of rights
4. The government has three ranches with different responsi ilities and powers
5. The legislative ranch has two houses that ma e laws
6. The upper house is the enate and the lower house is the ouse of epresentatives
The leaders of the e ecutive ranch are the resident and ice resident
The resident appoints the mem ers of the a inet These advisors ecretaries are
the heads of federal departments
9. The udicial ranch of the federal government udges cases of federal law
The highest court is the upreme ourt There are also circuit courts of appeals and
district courts
B From the information in A on this page, write the missing

words in the boxes.
U.S. Constitution
Federal Government
legislative
House of the Vice circuit courts of appeals

Representatives Cabinet President
101
102 Module 7A / Branches of Government and Officials
C Work in pairs. Tell your partner each fact about state

government and listen to the corresponding fact about the
federal government. Write S on the line if the facts are the
same for both governments. Write D if they are different.
1. S tate government is in the form of a democratic repu lic which means that the people
elect representatives
2. n addition to power through their elected state representatives the people have direct
power through the initiative referendum and recall processes
3. The government follows the principles of a constitution with its ill of rights
4. The government has three ranches with different responsi ilities and powers
5. The legislative ranch has two houses that ma e laws
6. The upper house is a senate and the lower house is a state assem ly or a house of
representatives
The leaders of the e ecutive ranch are the governor and the lieutenant governor
The e ecutive ranch includes advisors to the governor ome advisors are elected and
some are appointed
9. The udicial ranch of state government udges cases of state law
The highest court is the state supreme court There may also e appellate appeals
county superior district circuit municipal and special courts
D From the information in C on this page, write the missing

words in the boxes.
State Constitution
State Government
Executive
senate advisors other levels of courts
nly e ras a has a one house state legislature

UNIT 7 / State Government 103
E Make sentences about the similarities and differences in

federal and state government with these sentence patterns.
E A E oth the federal and state governments are in the form of a repu lic n oth the
federal and state governments the people elect representatives
oth the federal and state governments are representative democracies ecause
the people elect representatives n the other hand in state government the
people also have direct power in law ma ing
n oth the federal and state governments .
n The federal government .
n the other hand in state government .
F Read the information. Then find out the answers to the

question about the executive branch of government in your
state.
The chief e ecutive of a state is the governor A lieutenant governor replaces the governor if he or
she can no longer serve n some states the governor appoints his or her advisors and in other
states the people elect them igh state officials may have different titles ut their responsi ilities
are similar in all states or e ample the ecretary of tate eeps records and announces new
laws The Attorney eneral represents the state in court The Treasurer receives ta money and
pays ills for the state and the Auditor or omptroller is concerned with state financial matters
The uperintendant of u lic nstruction is the highest officer in educational matters
ho is the head of the government?
ho announces new laws?
ho is responsi le for educational concerns?
ho pays the ills for the state?

104 Module 7B / Functions, Powers, and Services
odule Functions, Powers, and Services
A Work in pairs. Look only at this page and answer your

partner’s questions about the responsibilities of the federal
and state governments.
Only the federal government: Only a state government:
declares war maintains a police force
supports the armed forces supports a state militia such as
coins money the ational uard
esta lishes and maintains post regulates transportation and
offices trade within the state
gives authors and inventors the esta lishes and maintains
e clusive right to their wor schools
copyrights or patents oversees local governments and
ma es treaties with the grants city charters
governments of other countries
Both the federal and state governments:

fund pu lic pro ects uildings dams highways etc
support farming and usiness
maintain court systems
regulate an s
The federal government usually provides funding and the states distribute the
money and provide programs for:
pu lic assistance for people in need
health care
protection of natural resources
improvements in living and wor ing conditions
powers of the powers of

shared
Federal State
powers
Government Government
“The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution nor prohibited by it to
the states are reserved to the states respectively, or to the people.” The Tenth Amendment
to the Constitution of the United States.
UNIT 7 / State Government 105
B Work in pairs. Look only at this page and ask your partners
questions with the pattern “Which government …s …?”
Write the answer or answers on the line.
E A E tudent hich government declares war and ma es treaties?
tudent The federal government
declares war and ma es treaties? federal

maintains a police force and state militia?
regulates trade and transportation in the state?
coins money and maintains post offices?
esta lishes and maintains schools?
regulates an s and supports usiness?
oversees local government and grants city charters?
funds pu lic pro ects li e dams and highways?
maintains court systems?
issues copyrights and patents?
provides pu lic assistance and health care for people in need?
provides funding for the protection of natural resources?
distri utes money through programs to improve living and wor ing conditions?
C Answer these questions in as many ways as you can.

hat can the federal government do that a state government can t? E ample declare war
hat does a state do that the federal government doesn t do?
hat do oth the federal and state governments do?
hat programs does the federal government provide funding for and state governments
maintain?
106 Module 7B / Functions, Powers, and Services
D The Separation of Powers in State Government
tate governments are similar in structure to each other and to the federal government
nder the principle of separation of powers the government of each state has three ranches the
legislative the e ecutive and the udicial n the system of chec s and alances each ranch has
some control over the other two ranches
The governor may veto ills from the legislature the senate and the house or assem ly n
some states the governor uses a line item veto This way he or she does not have to re ect an
entire law in order to veto parts of it The governor also appoints udges in the udicial ranch
ith enough votes in oth houses the legislature can override the governor s veto
i e the federal courts state courts also e plain and interpret laws They can declare state
laws unconstitutional contradictory to the state constitution
tate government includes a system of direct democracy Through the initiative process
citi ens may put proposed laws on the allot for the people to vote on They may decide on proposed
constitutional amendments or important state issues in a referendum Through a recall they can
sometimes remove an elected government official from office
The federal government also has power over state governments or e ample a state
constitution or court may not contradict the onstitution and the upreme ourt may
overrule the decision of a state supreme court Also the resident may withhold money from a
state if the state refuses to o ey federal laws
E Write T for true and F for false. Correct the false sentences.
1. All state governments are similar to one another ut they are different in structure from
the federal government
2. The principles of separation of powers and chec s and alances apply to state as well as
the federal government
3. n a line item veto the governor can re ect parts of initiatives referendums or recalls
4. i e in the federal government state legislatures can override vetos and state courts
can declare laws unconstitutional
5. iti ens may propose laws vote on constitutional amendments and recall elected
officials in the federal system of direct democracy ut not in a state system
6. The upreme ourt and the resident have some direct power over state
governments
Local Government
odule A County and City Services

T
8
A Public Services
The names of the departments of county or city government may vary owever in oth large
cities and small towns these departments provide similar services to the pu lic
B Work in groups of five. Each of you studies the information in

a different section. In turn, summarize the information in
your own words for the group.
n some cities there are separate police and fire

1. departments ut in other places the epartment of u lic
afety includes a police ureau and a fire ureau
n the police ureau there may e a separate traffic division
responsi le for accident investigation a detective division to
e amine the evidence in crimes and an identification and
la oratory section olunteer companies may fight fires in the
county and in small towns ut the fire ureau of a city is a
large professional unit
The epartment of u lic afety may include a uilding

2.
inspector and a traffic engineer The office of the uilding
inspector issues construction permits to contractors t sends
out employees to inspect new and old uildings These
officials chec for violations of the uilding code the local
rules for safety
Employees of the city s traffic engineering ureau study
traffic patterns and recommend places for one way streets
traffic lights stop signs and so on
3. The u lic or s epartment is responsi le for the

maintenance of streets and sewers pipes that carry wastes
ts employees clean the streets and collect gar age ost
cities hire private contractors for ma or construction pro ects
and repairs
107
108 Module 8A / County and City Services
The epartment of u lic tilities usually provides water gas and electricity and in some places
it runs transportation lines t also operates water purification plants Employees of the
department read the utility meters on each uilding to determine monthly illing
4. The epartment of u lic ealth sends inspectors out to

restaurants food processing plants nursing homes and
similar places f a place has violated local health or
sanitation laws the department issues warnings and
instructions t can impose penalties if violations are not
corrected
ther divisions of the health department run clinics that
provide low income people with free health services such as
chest rays la tests and a y care They may also offer
health education
5. The epartment of ocial ervices is concerned with the

welfare of people who need help such as young children the
disa led the elderly and the lind ost of the money for
these programs comes from state and federal ta funds
The epartment of ar s and ecreation maintains par s
and other recreational facilities such as community centers
swimming pools tennis courts and ase all fields t may
also provide recreational programs instruction in sports
dances classes etc
C Correct these false sentences.
The services of local government departments differ from one city to another ut the names
are always the same
The epartment of u lic afety may include social services and health inspection
olunteers run the fire departments or ureaus of large cities
ost cities hire private contractors for minor maintenance of streets and sewers and for
gar age collection
The epartment of u lic ealth has no power ecause it can t impose penalties for
violations of sanitation laws
The disa led the elderly and the lind provide funding for the programs of the epartment
of ocial ervices
UNIT 8 / Local Government 109
D Work in pairs. Ask and answer questions about public

services with these sentence patterns.
E A E tudent hat does the traffic division of the police department do?
tudent t investigates accidents
hat does usually do?

do department division or people
t .
They description of service
E What Can You Learn at City Hall?
any cities offer guided tours of their seat of government usually the city or town hall ou to
can also visit the local departments on your own to find out what they do ere are some e amples
of uestions you might as
The Finance Department The Commerce Department
ow much does it cost to ow does the city attract
run the city? new usinesses?
ow does the city spend its hat does the city offer
money? visitors and tourists?
here does the money come hat pu lic information
from? services does the city offer?
ow does the city orrow ow does the city compete
money? with other cities?
The Law Department The City Planning Department

hat legal services does ow does the city plan its
the city need? growth?
n what situations must the hat is oning and how
city go to court? does the city use it?
hat records does the city hat does the city re uire
eep? from private developers?
an citi ens sue the city? hat is the aster lan
f so how? of the city?
Transportation Department Personnel Department

hat pu lic transportation ow many employees wor for
does the city provide? the city?
here does the city get ow did they get their
transportation e uipment? o s?
ow does the city plan its hat is the ivil ervice
systems? system?
ow does it get funding for hat is the salary range
those systems? for city o s?
110 Module 8A / County and City Services
F As a class or in small groups, visit city hall or the seat of

government in your town or county. Complete one or more of
these activities and report on your experience to the class.
ist the names of the city departments ircle the departments with the same names as the
departments mentioned in this module
hoose one or more of the departments discussed in E ercise ist at least four uestions
a out it similar to the uestions in E isit the department and as an employee the
uestions f you thin of more uestions as them Ta e notes on the answers ummari e
the information in a short report
hoose one or more of the departments in E isit the department and as an employee the
uestions hen he or she gives an interesting answer as more uestions a out that topic
Ta e notes and summari e the information in a short report
ollow the instructions in for another government department

odule County Government
A The Structure of County Government
ounty government is different in structure from state and federal government The elected
governing ody has many different names throughout the country ut oard of supervisors and
oard of county commissioners are two common ones
A county oard receives its authority from the county charter official document to esta lish
an organi ation t not only passes ordinances county laws ut it enforces them too along with
state laws The oard may share e ecutive powers with other elected officials such as the sheriff
ounty revenue comes from the federal and state governments county property ta es and other
sources such as sales and income ta es and licensing
A small county oard has etween five and eleven elected mem ers usually part time officials
They meet in the county seat a city or town in the county
B Here is some information about state government. Finish

each sentence with the corresponding information about
county government.
The elected governing ody of the state is the state legislature ut the elected governing
ody of the county has many different names, such as “board of supervisors” .
The state government receives its authority from the state constitution ut the county oard
.
The state legislature passes state laws ut the county oard

.
The governor is the chief e ecutive of the state ut the county oard
.
tate revenue comes from state ta es ut county revenue

.
The state legislature has hundreds of mem ers ut a county oard

.
tate legislators usually meet in the state capital ut county oard mem ers
.
112 Module 8B / County Government
C Other County Officials
n some counties the voters elect officials and in other counties the oard appoints them
The high officials in many counties have the same level of power as the elected oard mem ers
ere are some common titles for officials and their responsi ilities
Official Responsibilities
ounty Attorney is the lawyer for the county

istrict Attorney rings criminal cases to court
heriff provides police protection

oversees the county ails
Assessor determines property values so the county

can set ta rates
Treasurer receives ta money

pays ills for the county
ounty Engineer plans and manages construction pro ects
uperintendent oversees county schools not part of city

of chools school systems
ounty ler is an official recorder of county usiness

is secretary to the county oard
issues irth certificates and marriage licenses
D Work in pairs. Ask and answer questions about the

responsibilities of county officials with these sentence
patterns.
E A E tudent hat does the district attorney usually do?

tudent e or she is a lawyer for the county
hat does the usually do?

official
e .
he description of service
n large cities there may e more than one recording office n os Angeles for e ample
residents go to the egistrar ecorder for family documents and voter registration
ELECTORATE
E
l l l l m m
MUNICIPAL
DISTRICT BOARD OF SUPERIOR
ASSESSOR SHERIFF AND JUSTICE
ATTORNEY SUPERVISORS COURT
COURTS
H BOARD H n H o EXECUTIVE o o o
BUSINESS CIVIL EMPLOYEE
ADVISORY OFFICER, BOARD OF
LICENSE SERVICE RELATIONS MARSHAL CLERKS GRAND JURY
COMMISSIONS & SUPERVISORS
COMMISSION COMMISSION COMMISSION
COMMITTEES LOCAL AGENCY
FORMATION
COMMISSION
o EMPLOYER H H MUSIC AND H H ASSESSMENT
RETIREMENT HUMAN REGIONAL CHIEF
ASSOCIATION PERFORMING APPEALS BOARDS
RELATIONS PLANNING ADMINISTRATIVE
BOARD OF RETIREMENT ARTS
COMMISSION COMMISSION OFFICER
BOARD OF INVESTMENTS COMMISSION
n n n H H n H H n H
AFFIRMATIVE AGRICULTURAL ARBORETA BUILDING CHIEF MEDICAL FACILITIES MGMT:
ACTION COMMISSIONER ANIMAL CARE AUDITOR- BEACHES AND COMMUNICATIONS
ADOPTIONS COMPLIANCE AND WEIGHTS
AND BOTANIC SERVICES EXAMINER- BUILDING SERVICES
AND CONTROL CONTROLLER HARBORS
OFFICER & MEASURES GARDENS CORONER MECHANICAL
H H n n n COUNTY H n n FORESTER I HEALTH n HEALTH SERVICES H PUBLIC

COMMUNITY ENGINEER: FACILITIES, HOSPITALS
CONSUMER COUNTY COUNTY WATERWORKS DATA FARM AND FIRE WARDEN PLANNING AND WORKS:
DEVELOPMENT VETERINARY MEDICINE
DISTRICTS, SEWER
AFFAIRS CLERK COUNSEL MAINTENANCE PROCESSING ADVISOR FIRE PROTECTION DEVELOPMENT HEALTH CENTERS ROADS, FLOOD
& HOUSING DISTRICTS DISTRICTS GARBAGE DISPOSAL
AGENCY CONTROL
An Example of County Organization
H H H H H PARKS AND n n n n n
MILITARY AND MUSEUM OF RECREATION
MENTAL MUSEUM OF PUBLIC PUBLIC SOCIAL PURCHASING
VETERANS NATURAL PERSONNEL PROBATION
HEALTH ART LANDSCAPE DEFENDER SERVICES AND STORES
AFFAIRS HISTORY MAINTENANCE
LEGEND q n n ROAD HCOMMUNITY n TREASURER

SUPERINTENDENT n
REGIONAL REGISTRAR- LIGHTING DISTRICTS AND SENIOR OF SCHOOLS EX-OFFICIO
APPOINTIVE ROAD DISTRICTS n BOARD OF
TAX COLLECTOR
PLANNING RECORDER LIGHTING MAINTENANCE
CITIZENS LICENSE
n - Required by County Charter EDUCATION
DISTRICTS SERVICES COLLECTOR
q - Required or authorized by state law
H - Established by ordinance of
Board of Supervisors qFLOOD CONTROL H
DISTRICT PUBLIC LIBRARY
I - Required by Federal Government
DRAINAGE LIBRARY DISTRICTS
ELECTIVE DISTRICTS
l - Required by County Charter

m - Required by state law

114 Module 8B / County Government
F Work in pairs. Ask and answer these questions about the

chart on the previous page.
hat officials are elected rather than appointed?

hat officials have the same level of power as the mem ers of the oard of supervisors?
hat are some e amples of appointed positions re uired y state law? ee the egend
hat are some e amples of high level commissions?
hat are some e amples of departments or sections under the supervision of the chief
administrative officer?
hat are the special districts organi ations for large e pensive responsi ilities ?
hich is higher on the organi ational chart the or (the)

official or office
?
official or office
hat does the usually do?
official or office
a uestion of your own
G Work in pairs. Ask and answer questions with this question

pattern about the county budget charts.
E A E hat percentage of county revenue comes from the state?
revenue comes from

hat percentage of county e penditures goes to ?
REVENUE Public EXPENDITURES

Protection
State 17%
31%
Federal
Social Health
22%
Ser vices Care
31% 20%
Property
Taxes Other
25% Other
22%
23%
Public
Works
9%
odule City Government
A The Structure of City Government
The government of a state grants city charters and the charter esta lishes the form of local
government There are three main forms
Law-Making Chief Functions
How Chosen? How Chosen?
Body Executive and Powers
may have actual
elected y the elected y the
city council the mayor power or e only a
people people
council mem er1
the city hired y ta es instructions

city council elected
manager council from the council
is the ceremonial
one chosen y
commission elected head of government
commissioner commission
only2
B Make sentences about the information in A with these

sentence patterns.
E A E The city charter esta lishes the mayor council form of government
n one form of city government the mem ers of the are
law ma ing ody
y the voters
how chosen?
The chief e ecutive is .

title of official how chosen?
e or she .
functions and powers
C Make sentences about the form of government in your town

or city with the patterns in B. Begin Sentence 1 with “In our
form of city government, ….”
1
n some cities the mayor carries out the laws and is the most powerful local government leader n other
cities the mayor is simply a council mem er who represents the city in ceremonies
2
All the commissioners are e ecutive officers of the city and one is the ceremonial head
116 Module 8C / City Government
D Getting Involved in Local Government
n many countries the national or central government runs the cities through its officials
ut in the nited tates local government means self government The state government creates
cities and determines their responsi ilities and powers and no city council or commission may
contradict its charter or state law ut the city may have a large amount of freedom and every
resident of the city has the opportunity to participate directly in local government
E Correct these false sentences.
n the nited tates the national government runs the cities through its officials
The city council or commission can contradict its charter and state law in local matters
ecause cities create themselves
ity residents cannot participate directly in local government ecause cities have no self
government
F The Board of Education
n some places the city council appoints the oard of education and controls school funding
ut in most cities the oard is more independent of local government t often has its own udget
and may collect ta es ometimes its mem ers are elected and oard meetings are open to the
pu lic
oard mem ers must ma e decisions on the many pro lems that face the school system The
pu lic e presses its opinions in various ways The views in this letter are typical
Dear Members of the Board of Education:
We parents demand changes in the city school system. There are too
many students in each classroom and too few teachers and other school
personnel to control them. Our schools are becoming dangerous. Why
don’t school principals expel students who disturb classes so that
our children can learn? Our sons and daughters score low on national
tests, but they seldom have homework to do. If the situation does not
improve soon, this parents’ organization will sponsor a petition to
recall the school board members and elect new ones.
Parents for Better Education

G In small groups, pretend that you are members of the local

school board. Discuss your answers to these questions.
Together, write an answer to the letter in F.
ow much money is availa le for new teachers and other school personnel?
Are there classrooms availa le for more smaller classes? f not how much money is
availa le for new rooms or schools?
ow might the community raise more money for education?
n the nited tates every child has the right to a free pu lic education an school
principals e pel students?
Are national test scores important? f so how can teachers improve the scores of their
students?
hould students have homewor ? f so how much?
hat are the responsi ilities of parents in the education of their children?
Citizenship
Module 9A: The Duties of Citizens

T
9
A Do you know the responsibilities of a U.S. citizen? In pairs or
small groups, discuss these sentences. Write a, b, or c on
each line. Then check your answers on page 119.
a things you must do

things you should or may do
c things you mustn t or shouldn t do
1. ppose the onstitution of the nited tates
2. rotect your own rights and respect the rights of others
3. ey the laws of the nation state county and city
4. f you disagree with a policy or law write your representative or senator to try to change
it.
5. erve in the Army avy arines or Air orce if there is a draft
6. oin the armed forces in peacetime
erve on a ury if the court calls you and you are not e cused
top wor temporarily to do ury duty
9. ay income ta es on time or pay the penalties
efuse to report all your income so that your ta ill will e lower
11. egister to vote
12. earn a out the candidates people running for office and issues topics of discussion
efore every election
13. iscriminate against women lac s or mem ers of national groups
14. Attend community or pu lic meetings
15. tay away from your children s school and refuse to help them with their homewor
16. olunteer wor without pay in the community
pea only your native language
Ta e English classes at a local school or adult school
118
UNIT 9 / Citizenship 119
B In groups, tell the duties and responsibilities of U.S.

citizens. You can use this sentence pattern.
have to
As a citizen, you mustn’t .
ought to
shouldn’t
C Which sentences do you agree with? Check them. Then in

groups, choose one sentence and talk about it for one min-
ute. Your classmates will agree or disagree and tell the
reasons for their opinions.
1. If you don’t agree with a law, it is your responsibility to try to change it.
2. There should be no military draft, and only volunteers should serve in the armed
forces.
3. Everyone should serve on a ury even if it is difficult to leave wor and ta e the time
for jury duty.
4. Everyone cheats on income tax because it is unfair.
5. You should not try to lower your tax obligation because tax money is necessary to
improve your community and the country.
6. If citizens don’t vote, the system of the U.S. can’t be truly democratic.
7. ou can ma e an important difference in your community if you attend pu lic

meetings.
8. Discrimination is against the law because members of all races, religions, and
nationalities are equal.
9. You should join the PTA (Parent-Teachers Association) at your children’s school.
10. You can volunteer to help at a hospital, church, school, or community organization
even if your English is not very good.
11. t is important for all citi ens and residents of the to now English well
12. You can learn English better if you get involved in community activities.
Answers to Exercise A
1. c 2. a 3. a 4. b 5. a 6. b 7. a 8. a 9. a 10. c 11. b 12. b 13. c 14. b 15. c 16. b 17. c 18. b

120 Module 9A / The Duties of Citizens
D Citizens and residents of the U.S. sometimes write their

opinions in “Letters to the Editor.” These appear in local
newspapers, and other readers may write answers. In small
groups, discuss these “Letters to the Editor” and write
answers to them.
1. 2.
ear Editor ear Editor

any states are changing their laws even their hy should pay my ta es honestly? y
constitutions to ma e English the official state neigh or ma es dresses and she doesn t pay ta
language hy do they want these English on her earnings from them am a waitress and
only laws? eople use English all over America don t want to report my tips hat does the
f course every ody should learn English ut government do with all that ta money? The city
m afraid that these new laws will discriminate hasn t repaired our street angs not the police
against me and my people y native language is are controlling our neigh orhood There are not
important to me want to use it when pray and enough teachers in my daughter s school After
when have meetings with friends from the old pay my ta ill each year have no money left to
country also put ilingual signs in my store and uy health insurance hen my daughter ro e
want my children to continue to get ilingual help her arm last year my hus and and had to spend
in school now my English will never e good of our own money ecause the government
enough to understand voting or ta documents so didn t give us any help
want the government to continue to prepare these
papers in two languages elieve that a great
nation should have plenty of room for different
cultures and languages
E In your local newspaper, find a letter of interest about a

national, state, or local issue. Read and discuss it as a
class. You might want to write an answer together and
send it to the newspaper.
Module 9B: Voting
A Work in groups. Discuss these questions about elections in

the U.S. Decide on the answers and then check them on
page 123.
hat are the primaries?

a the first general elections of new states
party elections in individual states
ho do voters choose in a closed primary election?

a residential and ice residential candidates of their own political party
the mayor city council mem ers sheriff and district attorney
hat happens at the national convention of a political party?

a ocal officials reform the politics of all opposing parties
Elected delegates nominate candidates for resident and ice resident and decide
on a party platform political position
ow often and when is there a national election?

a ongress decides the date of a national election
every four years on the Tuesday after the first onday in ovem er
ow often and when do state and local elections ta e place?

a The dates vary from state to state ut they are often at the same time as national
elections
every two years on e ruary or
hat is the electoral college process?

a a system of indirect voting for resident and ice resident
a group of professors and teachers in political schools
ow many electors does each state get in the electoral college?

a The num er of electors depends on the si e area of the state and the date of
admission to the nion
The num er of electors for each party is e ual to the num er of that state s
representatives and senators
After citi ens vote in a national election how does the electoral college process wor ?
a The residential and ice residential candidates of the party with the highest
num er of votes in each state win all the electoral votes of that state
The candidates of each party win electoral votes in proportion to the popular vote
the percentage of votes they have received in the whole country
an the electoral process e changed?

a o ecause all the states are satisfied with it
es ut only with a onstitutional amendment
122 Module 9B / Voting
B Work in pairs. Look only at this page. To answer your part-

ner’s questions about voting, find the information and tell it
to your partner. He or she will take notes.
All citi ens oth se es and all races over the age of eighteen can vote e cept criminals
and the mentally ill
The right to vote is the most important right of citi ens as well as the most important
responsi ility All votes have e ual value f citi ens don t vote the system of democracy can t
e truly representative
t depends on state law or e ample alifornia re uires ninety days residence in a county
and thirty days residence in a precinct voting district efore you can vote there
o you don t o state may give you a literacy reading and writing test or charge you a poll
voting ta efore you vote
ou can get a voter registration form at many pu lic locations such as post offices and li rar
ies ou can also call the county cler or egistrar of oters to get a form ill it out and send
it in.
ou can inform yourself a out the candidates from T radio newspapers and advertising
mail ou can also get rochures pamphlets and newsletters from the head uarters of politi
cal parties
f you can t get to the polling place you can get an a sentee allot from the egistrar of
Voters.
The ac of your sample allot voting oo let will tell you your polling voting place
o you don t ou can register as a party mem er if you want to ut you can also write no
party on the voter registration form
To vote go to your polling place give the volunteers there your name and address and get a
allot All voting is secret ead the instructions carefully to vote
C Answer the questions with information from these ballot

parts.
DEMOCRATIC
PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES
PRESIDENTIAL AL GORE Democratic 2
PREFERENCE PAUL SIMON Democratic 3
Vote for One
JESSE JACKSON Democratic 4
LYNDON LAROUCHE Democratic 5
MICHAEL S. DUKAKIS Democratic 6
hat ind of election primary or general was this allot for?

or which party?
ho did the voter vote for?
Vote for One MICHAEL S. DUKAKIS, for President Democratic

2
LLOYD BENTSEN, for Vice President
Party
RON PAUL, for President Libertarian
ANDRE V. MARROU, for Vice President
4
LENORA B. FULANI, for President Independent

B. KWAKU DUREN, for Vice President 6
JAMES C. GRIFFIN, for President American Independent

CHARLES J. MORSA, for Vice President 8
GEORGE BUSH, for President Republican

DAN QUAYLE, for Vice President 10
hat offices were these candidates running for?
ow many political parties had candidates on the allot?
ho was the emocratic candidate for resident?

or ice resident?
hat party did on aul and Andre arrou elong to?
hat year was this election? ho won?
Answers to E ercise A
a a a a
124 Module 9C / Election Issues
Module 9C: Election Issues
A The Power of the People
f enough citi ens strongly oppose an elected government official they can start a movement
for a recall removal from office irst they have to gather the re uired num er of signatures on
a petition Then they campaign to present their views to the people inally the voters decide on
the recall issue at an election
n a similar way y collecting enough signatures on a petition citi ens can put an initiative
proposed law on the allot The state legislature can also present a allot measure directly to the
voters in the form of a referendum ccasionally a referendum such as a protest against an unfair
law comes directly from the people An initiative or referendum appears on the allot in the form
of a proposition or state measure and can cover only one issue t needs a ma ority of votes to
pass
B Match the words with their meanings. Write the letters on

the lines.
1. an initiative a the voting oo let or card

2. a petition usually a measure presented to the voters y the legislature
3. a recall c a state or local measure on the allot
4. a referendum d removal of an official from office
5. the allot e a signed re uest or demand
6. a proposition f a measure egun y action of the people
1. f a politician wins an election there is no way for the voters to remove him or her
from office
2. To put a recall or an initiative measure on the allot the voters must get the support
of all ma or political parties
3. iti ens can protest an unfair law through a referendum
4. A proposition on the allot needs the approval of all registered voters to pass
D An Example of a Ballot Initiative
The goal of roposition state of alifornia was to raise the cigarette ta from
to per pac and to add ta es to other to acco products evenue from this ta would go to the
following for medical care to the poor to help people to stop smo ing to study
diseases caused y smo ing to protect wildlife and par land and for any of the a ove
programs
pponents of roposition elieved that doctors and hospitals would receive most of the ta
money not poor people They said that the measure would unfairly ta one group of citi ens
smo ers They also warned that the ta would cause people to smuggle cigarettes ring them
illegally from other states
upporters said that the cent ta was not high and that smo ers should pay the high costs
of disease and fire damage caused y cigarettes They did not elieve that an additional cigarette
ta would lead to smuggling ecause the ta es in near y states were already higher than those in
alifornia
E List arguments for and against Proposition 99. (You can add
opinions of your own.) Then mark your “vote” on the ballot.
or Against
1. tax - not high 1.
2. 2.
3. 3.
99 CIGARETTE AND TOBACCO TAX. BENEFIT FUND. INITIATIVE.

Imposes additional cigarette and tobacco tax for medical care, health
education, other purposes. Fiscal Impact: Raises state revenues of 159 YES
approximately $300 million in 1988-89 (part-year) and $600 million in 1989-90
(first full-year). State administrative costs are estimated at $500,000 in 1988-89
160 NO
and $300,000 in subsequent years.
126 Module 9C / Election Issues
F An Example of a Referendum
n the alifornia legislature presented roposition a ond referendum to the people

A ond is a way for the government to eep orrowed money for a long time rivate uyers
purchase the onds and the government pays ac the money with interest from ta revenues
roposition as ed for million in onds to help solve the pro lem of the homeless
people without places to live ere is the measure that appeared on the allot
84 HOUSING AND HOMELESS BOND ACT OF 1988. This act

provides for a bond issue of three hundred million dollars
($300,000,000) to provide funds for a housing program that includes: 107 YES
(1) emergency shelters and transitional housing for homeless families and
individuals, (2) new rental housing for families and individuals including rental
housing which meets the special needs of the elderly, disabled, and farmworkers, (3)
rehabilitation and preservation of older homes and rental housing, and (4) home
109 NO
purchase assistance for first-time homebuyers.
upporters of the measure said that it would get homeless people off the streets t would help
many people rent apartments and uy homes The money would also create o s and improve the
economy
pponents of roposition said that the government should not try to solve the homeless
pro lem with ta money nstead it should ma e it easier to uild new housing with more lenient
uilding laws t should also change city oning laws to open more space for low income housing
G Write the words from the ballot measure in F.
The goals of roposition were
to uild emergency shelters for people to provide new
(3) housing for people with special needs such as
(5) and farmwor ers to ma e possi le the and
of older homes and rental housing and to help
purchase homes
H List arguments for and against Proposition 84. (You can add
opinions of your own.) Then mark your “vote” on the ballot
in F.
or Against
1. 1.
2. 2.
3. 3.
I Election Issues
andidates for election should present their opinions on the issues so that citi ens can ase
their voting decisions on those views ere are some issues from a recent election
hould a ortion ending a pregnancy e legal?
hould there e pu lic health insurance for all residents?
hould ta money go to the development of fuel sources of energy other than coal and oil?
hould it e illegal to smo e in all pu lic places?
hould the government test everyone in the for A ?
hould the government cut down on defense spending to have more money for education
health care and protection of the environment?
J Work in groups of six to ten. Choose one of the national

issues in I. Then divide your group into two smaller equal
groups. One of these small groups will list reasons to
answer the question yes, and the other will list reasons
to answer the question no.
ave a political de ate on the issue for the class ne spea er from the yes group will tell
the class an argument a student from the no group will tell an opposing argument and so on
Then the class will discuss and vote on the issue
epeat the activity with another issue and another group of de aters

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AB OU T T HE

Published by the Office of English Language Programs

Copyright © 1989 by Author and Editors and Etcetera Graphics

And as usual, thanks to the hard-working staff and

John Dermody for research and initial drafts,

In advance, appreciation goes to Dick Patchin of Delta

The information in this book will help you to understand

Module 1A: American Symbols

1. This is the ritish English ag efore the American evolution

4. uring the ar of the ag had fifteen stars and fifteen

6. American citi ens and immigrants sometimes recite the ledge of

THE PLEDGE OF ALLEGIANCE

pledge allegiance to the lag of the nited tates of America

B Write T for true and F for false. Correct the false

C Write the words from the box.

lue stars colonies evolution

American uring the evolutionary ar the red and

ag had thirteen in a field of n the ar of the

of the nited tates

E More American Symbols

2. ongress adopted the eclaration of ndependence and the dele

4. The American eagle is the official em lem sym ol of the nited

5. The don ey and the elephant first appeared in political cartoons

6. ncle am has the initials e originally appeared in political

F Match the sentence parts. Write the letters on the lines.

3. The American eagle is the sym ol of the government

4. The don ey and the elephant are c the eclaration of ndependence

5. The emocratic don ey is the official em lem of the nited tates

H With your class, learn and sing the “Star-Spangled Banner.”

The Star-Spangled Banner

Module 1B: Thanksgiving and Independence Day

1. The English uritans were trying to purify the hurch of

2. n the fall of the ilgrims crossed the Atlantic cean on

3. inally on ecem er the travelers landed at lymouth

4. overnor illiam radford declared some special days of

5. resident A raham incoln esta lished Than sgiving as an

B Match the phrases. Write the letters on the lines.

1. b the ilgrims a some friendly ndians

This historic document contains several important principles of American government t

E Write the words from the box.

principles of government the eclaration of ndependence

the colonies from The ongress as ed Thomas efferson to write

(3) This document contains several important

signed the document on uly and rang out ow the ourth of

uly is American Americans cele rate with

F Answer these questions about the two American holidays.

Than sgiving ndependence ay

hen did the holiday

hat did these

hat is the meaning

Module 1C: More National Holidays

A Legal Holidays in the United States

oliday ate of alendar urpose

artin uther the third anuary the remem rance of the

residents ay the third e ruary a irthday cele ration

emorial ay the last ay the remem rance of past

B Make sentences about the information in A. You can use

C Martin Luther King, Jr. Day

1. r artin uther ing r was orn on anuary

2. artin uther ing r used only peaceful methods to

6. e won the o el eace ri e in ut was assassinated in

E Work in groups of four. Each of you studies the information

2. a or ay cele rates the industrial spirit of the nited