Permanent joints

List of topics:
• Welding
• (Brazing and soldering)
• Rivets
• Adhesive bonding

1
 Butt welds

Juvinall and Marshek

Shigley, Fig. 9-7a

F
 if in tension (as shown in figure)
hL
F
 if in shear
hL
Stress concentration along line at A
Grind off reinforcement if fatigue loading
2
 Fillet welds

Juvinall and Marshek

t
h
t t h 4t 2  h 2  h 2  t   0.707h
2
h

Shear stress analysis at 45o:

Conservative (safe ) approximation of stress state

1.414F F F F
   
hL A tL 0.707hL
3
Analysis process for combined
loading of welds
• Examine primary shear stresses due to external
forces
• Examine secondary shear stresses due to torsion
and bending moments

• Examine strength of parent metals

(in members)
• Estimate strength of deposited weld metal
(in filler)

• For static loads: DE criterion

• For fatigue loads: modified Goodman criterion

4
 Stress from torsion

Shigley, Fig. 9-12

• Primary shear
V
 ' , A : throat area
A
• Secondary shear
Tr
 '' 
J
J : polar moment of inertia about c.o.g G
r : distance from G to point of interest
(i.e. worst case)
5
 Finding G and J
Welds can be modelled as lines and the polar
second moment of area is calculated as
J  0.707hJ u , J u : unit second polar moment of area

Shigley, Table 9.1 (partial)

6
 Stress from bending

Shigley, Fig. 9-17

• Primary shear
V
 ' , A : throat area
A
• Secondary shear

Mc
 '' 
I

b(d  2  0.707 h)3 bd 3

I 
12 12
( x  y )3  x3  3x 2 y  3xy 2  y 3
bd 2 bd 2
I  0.707 h  Iu 
2 2
7
 Finding G and I
Welds can be modelled as lines and the second
moment of area is calculated as
I  0.707hI u , I u : unit second moment of area

hb

Shigley, Table 9.2 (partial)

8
Strength of welds, fatigue

Shigley, Table 9-3

Juvinall and Marshek

* 9
 Bolt and rivet failure
a) Single lap joint axial loading (shear in
rivet)
Six different types of failure:
b) Bending M  Ft / 2
  Mc / I without stress concentration
either in rivet or member
c) Pure shear   F / A, A   r 2

10

Shigley, Fig. 8-23

 Bolt and rivet failure
F F
 
A t ( w  nd )
d) Rupture of one of the plates
n : # of rivets
d : diameter of rivets
e) Crushing of rivet F
  , A  td
Crushing of plates A
t : thickness of thinnest plate
d : diameter of rivet

Shigley, Fig. 8-23

11
 Bolt and rivet failure

f) Edge shearing or tearing g)

Avoid by having rivets at least 1.5

diameter from edge

12
Shigley, Fig. 8-23
Adhesive bonding and design
considerations

Shigley, Fig. 9-24

• Low weight
• Prevents stress concentrations due to holes and
notches
• Can use thinner substrate materials
• Dissipates energy (noise and vibration reduction)
• Important to prepare surface (roughened and
cleaned)
• Have environmental limitations since temperature
and moisture affect materials
• Viscoelastic behaviour
• Glass transition temperature very important, avoid
brittleness
• Thin layer
Good in shear
Poor in peel and bending 13
 Bonding mechanisms
• Secondary bonds between atoms in close
proximity
• Enhanced bond strength from abrasion and
grit blasting of substrate (rough surface!)
• Some products work better at creating
secondary bonds with substrate. Table
6.8.2b in Marks (next page)
• Strength and stiffness come from
deformation and viscoelastic properties
• Dependent on:
loading rate
temperature
moisture (avoid at all costs)
• Respect shelf life
• Service temperature > Tg + 50oC
for application of adhesive

14
Performance of adhesive resins

15
 Types of joints

Shigley, Fig. 9-25

• Bending moment in (a) and (c)

• Shear is good!
• Peeling is bad! (c) better than (a)
• Large shear area desirable
• Best uniformity
16
 Types of joints

Shigley, Fig. 9-25

Sources of stress concentration in adhesives
• Abrupt angles
• Changes in material properties
• Sharp corners (very detrimental to brittle
adhesives)
• Residual stresses from high temperature
curing of adhesive
• Expansion/contraction on rigid substrate 17
 18
Shigley, Fig. 9-28
 Joint efficiency
UTS of joint
e
UTS of substrate

e < 30%

e = 60%

e ~ 65%
e = 70%

e = 90%

e ?!
e ?!

e?

Shigley, Fig. 9-25

19
Bond design

Shigley, Fig. 9-29

20
Bond design

Shigley, Fig. 9-29

21