Lecture 5

Proteobacterium (oxygen using) turns into mitochondria

Cyanobacterium turns into chloroplast
Eukaryote forms- turns into algae and plant

- Cyanobacteria is eaten by protoalgae which is the primitive algae

- Cyanobacteria could have two reaction centres

o Makes oxygen
- Bacteria sex- changes of DNA between cells
- Red alga- first sexual production fossil

Chlamydomonas reinharditii
- Green alga- unicellular
- Live in fresh water and on soil
- Flagella to move
- Horse shoe shaped chloroplast
- Primitive sexual productive system
- Haploid most of the time
- Haploid-n (sperm and egg) single copy of chromosome
o Diploid-2n
- Mitosis gives 4 daughter cells
o Chromosome number does not change
- Sexual reproduction occurs when stressed
- Daughter cells produced asexual production by two organisms fuse and form a
zygote and form a diploid cell by sexual reproduction
- In the past dominant generation was haploid not diploid

Ulva lactuca (sea lettuce)

- Sporophyte-2n diploid
- Gametophyte-n haploid
- Zygote-2n
- Meiosis halves number of chromosomes (2n to n)
- Male gamete is smaller than female
- Sporophyte is a body that makes spores
- Gametophyte is a body that makes gametes
- Sporophytes produce Zoospores-n haploid

Sushi sex-red algae

- Sushi made of nori- red algae
- Gametophyte-plate like used for sushi
- Sporophyte- filament
- Distinct male and female structures
o Non motile sperms (require current)
First land plants
- 500 M yrs ago- plants colonised land
- Increased o2 in atmosphere
- Followed on from Cambrian explosion
- Advantages-
o New space
o High CO2
- Disadvantages
o Lack of water
o reproduction

Bryophytes
- liverwort
- mosses
- hornworts
o vascular plants

Liverworts
- primitive form of mosses group
- dominant gametophyte
- may grow as a plate
- thalloid or may be leafy
- specialised cells
o rhizoid grows down and absorb water
o not photosynthestic
o primitive water transport
- gametophores grow up
- sperm swim from male (antheridia) to female (archegonia) gametophytes
o move via water
- sporophyte grows on gametophore
- asexual reproduction (gemmae)

Moss
- more complex structure
- leaf life structure
- may have extensive branching
- simple water connecting tissue
- maybe ombrotropic
o absorb nutrition from water
- sporophyte grows above gametophyte
- moss sporophyte
o cuticle (waterproof)
o vascular tissue (move water)
o stomata (gas exchange)
o tall sporophyte so better spore dispersal
- reproduction
o sperm and egg
 o sperm moves via water to egg
o makes zygote in female gametophyte
o germination occurs

Hornworts
- gametophyte and sporophyte
- blue/green as they have cyanobacteria growing on them