12th SURYA Easy Pass Minimum Material - English 2022

ENGLISH
EASY PASS
MINIMUM MATERIAL
Based on New Text Book
12
Å˜ò£M¡.....
êî‹ Ü®Š«ð£‹....
Authors
K. Ramesh, P.G. Assistant,
State Level Key Resource Person in English, Madurai.
T.S. Raam Kapil, Salem. R. Arunachalam, Gobichettipalayam.
S. Arul Prakasam, ManaMadurai. R. Jeyaprakash, Bodi.
®
SURYA PUBLICATIONS
(A unit of Shyamala Group)
No. 1, Sugar Mill Colony, Phone : 0462 - 2338899, 2338484.
Salai Kumaran illam, Mobile : 94431-58484,
Madurai Road, 94421-58484,
Tirunelveli - 627 001. 94425-58484.
E-mail: suryaguides@yahoo.com
website : www.suryapublications.in
Price : Rs. 50.00

Published By
B. ARUMUGAM
SURYA PUBLICATIONS
(A unit of Shyamala Group)
BANK ACCOUNT DETAILS
Account Name : Surya Publications

Account Number : 446971431
Bank Name : Indian Bank
IFSC Code : IDIB000T034
Branch Name : Tirunelveli Junction
Account Name : Surya Publications

Account Number : 510909010051752
Bank Name : City Union Bank
IFSC Code : CIUB0000230
Branch Name : Palayamkottai
XII  ENGLISH  Easy Pass Minimum Material 1
EASY PASS
MINIMUM MATERIAL
HIGHER SECONDARY SECOND YEAR
(XII Standard)
SECTION – A
SYNONYMS – QUESTIONS 1 to 3
1. TWO GENTLEMEN OF VERONA

1. shrug - raise one’s shoulders slightly and
momentarily
2. tunic - a loose outer garment without sleeves
3. slackened - reduced
4. demeanour - appearance and behaviour
5. artless - innocent, guileless
6. deserted - uninhabited, unoccupied
7. emigrate - take up citizenship of another country
8. vexation - annoyance, irritation
9. vestibule - lobby
10. chatter - a series of short, quick high-pitched
sounds
11. intrude - enter without permission
12. rubble - debris, broken bricks
2. A NICE CUP OF TEA

1. curious - interesting
2. controversial - arguable, disputable
3. virtues - admirable qualities
2 Å˜ò£M¡.. êî‹ Ü®Š«ð£‹...
4. despised - hated
5. stimulation - excitement
6. optimistic - positive, hopeful
7. cauldron - a big pot used for boiling
8. rationing - restricting, limiting
9. dangling - hanging freely, suspended
10. liable - responsible
11. mysterious - incomprehensible
12. etiquette - socially acceptable behavior
3. IN CELEBRATION OF BEING ALIVE

1. consideration – careful thought
2. prevalent – common
3. cripples – people with some disability
4. agony – extreme physical and mental suffering
5. perforated – torn and damaged with holes
6. ennobles – (figurative use) makes dignified, morally
noble
7. thrash around
(idiom) – to move about restlessly
8. sophisticated – (here) well advanced
9. mutilating
surgery – surgery involving removal of tissue even
at the risk of worsening of the patient’s
condition
10. Grand Prix – (here) one of several international motor
racing events
11. solace – comfort or consolation
12. intrepid – bold and daring
13. finale – climax or an exciting end
14. disfigured – spoiled or marred in appearance
15. malignant – (here, of diseases) very harmful to life
16. tumour – diseased growth in some part of the body
17. amputated – cut off by surgical operation
18. profound – very great
4. THE SUMMIT
1. traverse - to cross a mountain slope horizontally or
diagonally
2. rope - links members of climbing party for safety
3. cornice - overhanging mass of snow or ice
4. cwm - an enclosed arm-chair shaped hollow
situated at the head of a valley
5. scrambling - climbing hurriedly on hands and knees
6. wriggle - to move with a twist or turn
7. tantalize - tease or taunt
8. cramponed - climbing on ice wearing spike shoes
5. THE CHAIR
1. portly – stocky
2. spluttered – cackled, make a series of short sounds.
3. impudent – disrespectful
4. expounded – explained
5. languorously – lethargically
6. hordes – crowd, masses
7. exasperatedly – annoyingly
8. splendour – magnificence
9. paraphernalia – things,stuffs
10. bereavement – mourning, grief
11. gait – pace
6. ON THE RULE OF THE ROAD

1. confusion - mess
2. peril - risk
3. pedestrians - persons who walk on the streets
4. chaos - confusion
5. anarchy - lawlessness/ rebellion
6. preserved - maintained
7. curtailed - reduced
4 Å˜ò£M¡.. êî‹ Ü®Š«ð£‹...
8. tyranny - autocracy
9. insolence - rudeness
10. interfere - hinder
11. contract - commitment
12. indifferent - unconcerned
13. fancy - desire
14. shandy - lemonade
15. ridiculous - comical
16. conventional - normal
17. accommodate - fit in with
18. consideration - scrutiny
ANTONYMS – QUESTIONS 4 TO 6
1. TWO GENTLEMEN OF VERONA
1. Cautious × careless
2. Disapprove × approve, allow
3. Brisk × active, industrious
4. Engaging × dismiss
5. Humble × impolite
6. Eager × indifferent
7. Resistance × compliance
8. Persuade × dissuade
9. Scarce × plentiful
10. Nobility × dishonor
2. A NICE CUP OF TEA

1. Despised × respected
2. Optimistic × pessimistic
3. Shallow × deep
4. Arrival × departure
5. Sufficient × inadequate
6. Virtues × vices
7. Controversial × agreeable
8. Inferior × superior
3 IN CELEBRATION OF BEING ALIVE

1. Rare × prevalent, uncommon
2. Primitive × sophisticated
3. Fiction × fact
4. Fearful × intrepid
5. Benign × malignant
6. Diffidence × confidence
7. Boredom × amusement
8. Criticize × appreciate
4. THE SUMMIT
1. Fierce × dull
2. Traverse × confirm
3. Tiny × large
4. Sparingly × abundantly
5. Crest × nadir
6. Persisted × discontinued
7. Exhausted × energizised
8. Enormous × small
9. Grim × bright
10. Scrambled × organized
11. Descending × ascending
5. THE CHAIR
1. broader × narrower
2. wretched × fine
3. exactly × vaguely
4. subsided × increased
5. lengthened × shortened
6. stout × thin
7. rejected × accepted
8. sturdy × weak
6 Å˜ò£M¡.. êî‹ Ü®Š«ð£‹...
9. praised × cursed
10. mum × noisy
11. stingiest × generous
12. firmly × weakly
13. thrifty × extravagant
14. ancient × modern
15. detest × love
16. languorously × industrious
17. frequently × rarely
18. persuaded × dissuaded
19. instantly × gradually
20. excess × insufficient
6. ON THE RULE OF THE ROAD

1. Confusion × orderly
2. Peril × safety
3. Liberty × constraints
4. Chaos × calmness
5. Anarchy × peace
6. Preserved × released
7. Curtailed × enlarged
8. Tyranny × freedom
9. Insolence × respect
10. Interface × encourage
11. Conventional × abnormal
12. Ridiculous × logical
QUESTIONS 7 TO 20
ABBREVIATIONS & ACRONYMS
1. IELTS - International English Language Testing

System
2. GST - Goods and Services Tax
3. TNPSC - Tamil Nadu Public Service Commission
4. STD - Subscribers’ Trunk Dialling
5. ISD - International Subscribers’ Dialling
6. MBA - Master of Business Administration
7. MHRD - Ministry of Human Resource Development
8. GPS - Global Positioning System
9. NSS - National Service Scheme
10. PTA - Parent Teacher Association
11. NGO - Non Governmental Organisation
12. ICU - Intensive Care Unit
13. IIM - Indian Institute of Management
14. MRI - Magnetic Resonance Imaging
15. ECG - Electro Cardio Gram
16. NCC - National Cadet Corps
17. LED - Light Emitting Diode
18. CPU - Central Processing Unit
19. CBSE - Central Board of Secondary Education
20. GDP - Gross Domestic Product
21. LCD - Liquid Crystal Display
22. NRI - Non Resident Indian
23. IIT - Indian Institute of Technology
24. ITI - Industrial Training Institute
8 Å˜ò£M¡.. êî‹ Ü®Š«ð£‹...
COMPOUND WORDS
COMBINATION OF COMPOUND WORDS
Combination Compound Words
Noun+Noun dream-world, bed-time, chess- board,
shoe maker, moon light, sun-dial,
honeybee.
Possessive noun + noun craftsman, sportsman, childsplay
Noun+Adjective hand made, home sick, sky blue,
henpecked, lifelong, jet black
Adverb + noun insight, out-patient, postscript, over
coat, off spring
Gerund + Noun looking-glass, washing machine,
walking stick, drawing room, visiting
card
Verb + Noun popcorn, crybaby, play ground, dare
devil
Noun + Gerund horse riding, story telling, time
consuming
Adjective + Gerund curious-looking, bad-looking, good-
looking, easy – going
Adjective + Past well planned, long forgotten, dreamy-
participle eyed, long-awaited
Verb + object push-button, treadmill
Adjective + Verb safeguard, whitewash
Adverb + verb overthrow, upset, overtake, undertake
Object + Noun telephone operator, science teacher
Object + Gerund air-conditioning, sightseeing
Adjective + Noun blackboard, blue print, sweet heart,
short hand, noble man
AFFIXES – PREFIX OR SUFFIX

READ THE LIST OF WORDS FORMED BY ADDING
SUFFIXES:
Frequent - frequently
Satisfy - satisfaction
Willing - willingness
Comfort - comfortable
Resemble - resemblance
Noble - nobility
Form two derivatives from each of the following words by adding
prefixes and suffixes:
Word Prefix Suffix
patient impatient patiently
honour dishonour honourable
respect disrespect respectful
manage mismanage management
fertile infertile fertility
different indifferent differently
friend befriend friendly, friendship
obey disobey obedient, obedience
MEANING OF FOREIGN WORDS / PHRASES

S.No. Words Meanings
1. bonafide real, genuine
2. via by way of
3. de facto in fact
4. en masse as a whole group
5. sine die without a date being fixed
6. via media middle course
7. resume a summary
8. erratum error
9. Liaison coordination of activities
10 Å˜ò£M¡.. êî‹ Ü®Š«ð£‹...
S.No. Words Meanings

10. postmortem after death
11. status quo the situation as it is
12. bon voyage saying goodbye
13. prima facie at first sight
14. ad hoc for a particular purpose
15. in toto Totally
16. rapport a close relationship
17. in camera secret session
18. viva voce a spoken examination
19. ex gratia given as a favour through there is no
legal obligation
20. Elite Belonging to the higher class
21. en route on the way
22. Alias Otherwise known as
23. Ad interim Temporarily
24. Faux pas Mistake
25. Exparte On one side
26. Verbatim Quote exactly same words
27. Versus Against
28. Avan garde New or modern ideas
29. In cognito In disguise
30. Proforma For the sake of form
RIGHT DEFINITON OF WORDS:

S.No. Words Definition
1. patriotism love of country and willingness to sacrifice
for it
2. barbarism a brutal barbarous, savage act
3. nationalism the doctrine that your country’s interests
are superior

4. amateurism participating in sports as a hobby rather
than for money
5. idealism belief that the best possible concepts
should be pursued
6. criticism a serious examination and judgment of
something
7. absenteeism habitual failure to be present at work
8. feminism a doctrine that advocates equal rights for
women
9. socialism concern for your own interests and welfare
10. heroism exceptional courage when facing danger
LIST OF MANIAS
1. Bibliomania craze for books
2. Plutomania craving for wealth
3. Theomania belief in God
4. Pyromania a desire to set things fire
LIST OF –CIDE
1. Fratricide killing of one’s sibling
2. Genocide killing of people
3. Homicide killing another person
4. Infanticide killing of new born female babies
5. Matricide killing of mother
6. Patricide killing of father
7. Suicide killing self
12 Å˜ò£M¡.. êî‹ Ü®Š«ð£‹...
LIST OF PHOBIAS
1. Bibliophobia fear of books
2. Anglophobia fear of using English
3. Acrophobia fear of height
4. Anthophobia fear of flower
5. Arithmophobia fear of numbers
6. Carciniphobia fear of cancer
7. Demophobia fear of clouds
8. Melophobia fear of music
9. Hydrophobia fear of water
QUESTION TAGS
A tag question is a short question form added at the end of a
declarative or an imperative sentence. It is generally used to draw
the attention of the listener to the sentence and to seek confirmation.
Sometimes they are used to encourage a reply from the person who
is spoken to. Tag questions are commonly used in conversations and
not usually in formal
English.
Points to remember while framing tag questions :
v The question tag always begins with an auxiliary verb or a modal
verb.
Question tags are formed with the same auxiliary or modal verb found
in the main part of the sentence.
v The subject of the question tag is a personal pronoun (except
‘there’), which is a substitute for the subject of the statement.
v The pronoun should agree with the number, gender and person
of the subject of the statement
v The negative adverb ‘not’ is always used in contracted form.
[isn’t, wasn’t, aren’t, weren’t, hasn’t, haven’t, hadn’t, doesn’t,
don’t, didn’t, won’t, shan’t, can’t, wouldn’t, shouldn’t, couldn’t,
mustn’t, needn’t, oughtn’t, daren’t]
v If the statement is in the affirmative, the tag it takes is usually
negative. If the statement is negative, the tag it takes is positive.
e.g. Mr. Ranjith is a great scholar, isn’t he?
You can complete this project in a week, can’t you?
e.g. Ahalya will never accept your proposal, will she?
v If the main part of the sentence doesn’t have an auxiliary verb
or a modal verb, the question tag is formed with the appropriate
form of ‘do’ based on the tense of the main verb and the number
of the subject.
e.g. Mahathi sings very well, doesn’t she?
(present tense – singular subject)
These girls sing very well, don’t they?
(present tense – plural subject)
Mahathi sang very well yesterday, didn’t she?
(past tense – singular subject)
These girls sang very well yesterday, didn’t they?
(past tense - plural subject)
v The subject hidden in an imperative sentence is always ‘you’ and
so the subject of the question tag is also ‘you’.
v Imperative sentences that express a polite request, obligation,
suggestion, invitation, impatience, warning etc. take ‘will or
would’ as verbs in the question tag.
e.g. Please, bring me a glass of water, would you? (polite request)
Always follow the traffic rules, would you? (obligation)
Join us for lunch tomorrow, will you? (invitation)
Don’t ever meddle with my papers, will you? (warning)
v The pronoun ‘they’ is used if the subject of the sentence refers to
people or animals or things in plural.
e.g. The young should learn to take up responsibilities, shouldn’t
they?
14 Å˜ò£M¡.. êî‹ Ü®Š«ð£‹...
The toys in the box are not new, are they?
v Though the subjects ‘someone, somebody, anyone, anybody, no
one, nobody, everything, everyone and everybody’ are singular
in meaning, the pronoun ‘they’ is used in the question tag.
e.g. Nobody has arrived yet, have they?
Everyone will attend the party, won’t they?
v The pronoun ‘it’ is used in the question tag when the subject of
the statement is:
• a thing or an animal in singular form
• ‘Something’, ‘Anything’ or ‘Nothing’
• ‘This’ or ‘That’
e.g. The peacock is the national bird of India, isn’t it?
The blue frock was more expensive than the pink one, wasn’t
it?
Something has gone wrong in the circuit, hasn’t it?
This is not your dad’s car, is it?
v When the statements begin with ‘There’, the same is used as the
subject of the question tags too.
e.g. There is not much time left, is there?
There was a pond beside the temple, wasn’t there?
v The words ‘hardly, scarcely, rarely, barely and seldom’ are
considered as negatives and therefore take positive question
tags.
e.g. We rarely visit our native town, do we?
Ajith seldom speaks in English, does he?
v Statements having ‘a little’ or ‘a few’ are positive and therefore
they take a negative tag. Statements having ‘little’ or ‘few’ are
negative and therefore take a positive tag.
e.g. A few germs can be viewed through this microscope, can’t
they?
Little do your parents know about this problem, do they?
v The appropriate form of ‘be’ is used, if the statement contains a
‘be’ verb. The ‘be’ forms ‘is, are, was, were’ are repeated in the
tag. The verb am in the statement takes aren’t as its tag; ain’t
is not used in formal English; ‘am I not’ is very formal.
e.g. I am a very honest and humble being, aren’t I?
v Sentences that begin with ‘Let’s…’ take ‘shall we?’ as the question
tag.
e.g. Let’s close our eyes and meditate for some time, shall we?
Let’s all go to the beach this evening, shall we?
v Sentences that begin with ‘Each of ’, ‘Either of ’, ‘Neither of ’,
‘Both of ’ and ‘All of ’ take plural pronouns as the subject in the
question tag.
e.g. Neither of my two brothers helped me in that situation, did
they?
All of us are not eligible to apply for this course, are we?
Task – 1
Add suitable question tags to the following sentences and punctuate
properly.
1. The children are very happy today, aren’t they?
2. You have not returned my books yet, have you?
3. We enjoyed the trip very much, didn’t we?
4. Let’s clean the shelves this weekend, shall we?
5. My mother rarely travels by bus, does she?
6. Somebody must bell the cat, mustn’t they?
7. Anita never comes late to office, does she?
8. I am always the winner, aren’t I?
9. Don’t commit this mistake again, do you?
10. There is a pharmacy near that bus stand, isn’t there?
11. Bacteria can never survive in extreme weather conditions, can
it?
12. I am not as smart as you are, am I?
16 Å˜ò£M¡.. êî‹ Ü®Š«ð£‹...
13. The boys broke the window pane last evening, didn’t they?
14. Leaves wither during autumn, don’t they?
15. You should add a little salt to the buttermilk, shouldn’t you?
Task – 2
Correct the error found in the question tag in each of the following.
1. The evil doers cannot cross the path of truth, can’t they?
Ans: Can they?
2. The vegetables in the fridge are still fresh, aren’t it?
Ans: aren’t they?
3. The village head understood the intention of the politician,
doesn’t he?
Ans: didn’t he?
4. I claim to be a person of faith and prayer, aren’t I?
Ans: don’t I?
5. The employees are seldom allowed to meet their boss, aren’t
they?
Ans: are they?
6. Let’s organize a trip to Goa, can we?
Ans: shall we?
7. The landlady will charge me for the damage, shan’t she?
Ans: won’t she?
8. Both the sisters have left for Canada, aren’t they?
Ans: haven’t they?
9. That’s definitely not the right thing to do in this situation, isn’t
that?
Ans: isn’t it?
10. We needn’t apply for a bank loan, do we?
Ans: need we?
11. The Chief Guest spoke a few words, did he?
Ans: didn’t he?
12. The rhinoceros has a horn made of keratin, haven’t they?
Ans: doesn’t it?
PREPOSITIONS
A preposition is a word used before a noun. It shows the
relation.
Kinds of preposition
1. Simple prepositions: in, on, at, for, out, to ,till with, by, from,
of , through ,up
1. Lincoln was born in America.
2. Bharathi was born at Ettayapuram
3. There was a book on the table
4. We should fight for our country
5. She went out of the kitchen
6. A new car was bought by my father
7. We went to Chennai to attend a marriage
8. Please remain in the exam hall till the bell rings
9. Don’t write the exam with your ball point pen
10. He returned from the USA yesterday
11. Please go through your textbook
12. He climbed up the hill.
2. Compound prepositions : among, along, across, about,
above, amidst, before, behind, below, beneath, beside, between,
beyond, inside, outside, without, within
Eg.: among There should be unity among the people
along They walked along the road
across There is a bridge across the river
about The President delivered about the duty of students
above We were flying above the clouds
amidst There was no unity amidst the bullocks
below The river is flowing below the bridge.
between The function will be held between 9 a.m. and 10
a.m.
beyond The ball fell beyond the boundary line.
18 Å˜ò£M¡.. êî‹ Ü®Š«ð£‹...
3. Phrase preposition:
in spite of in the event of in addition to
on behalf of in the place of because of
according to at the top of in order to
with reference to on account of as well as
by the dint of so as to as a result of
in accordance with in course of in case of
due to ahead of
Eg.: inspite of In spite of his being poor he is helpful to
others.
on account of On account of heavy rain the match was
cancelled
because of Saina won gold medal because of her hard
work
due to People suffer due to frequent power failure
according to We can live in any part of our country
according to our fundamental rights
at the top of There is a temple at the top of the hill
in view of In view of national banth all educational
institutions will remain closed
ahead of Shiam is ahead of all other students in his
class
in course of In course of time your son can pick up his
studies.
as well as Ram as well as his children attended the
marriage
on behalf of He welcomed the chief guest on behalf of
the staff
owing to Malar did not attend the meeting owing to
her ill health
Recall your learning of basic prepositions and complete the

sentences using the prepositions given in brackets.
over under on between
among into with since in front of
near/beside)
a) The boy jumped into a narrow stream.
b) Afsar will meet me on Friday morning.
c) The temple is near / beside the bank.
d) My friend will meet me with his brother tomorrow.
e) There is usually a garden in front of a bungalow.
f) Yuvan has been studying well since childhood.
g) A trekker climbed over a mountain meticulously.
h) There was a skirmish between my brother and sister.
i) The laudable thoughts were apparent among many scholars in
a conference.
j) It is easy to work under the aegis of visionary leader.
Task 2
Complete the following passages using the prepositions given
in brackets.
(among, for, at, to, in)
i) When Lakshmi was (1) in school, she practised music from
Monday (2) to Friday. She involved herself (3) at the school
orchestra. She was responsible (4) for conducting many
programmes. She was very popular (5) among her schoolmates,
as she was kind, friendly and helpful.
(after, with, on, before, of, in, for)

ii) (1) Before the interview, Solomon was confident (2) of getting
the job. He knew that he was qualified (3) for the job. He was
interested (4) in discharging his duty perfectly. The interview
panel was impressed (5) with his attitude and skills. So (6)
after the interview, he was (7) on cloud nine.
20 Å˜ò£M¡.. êî‹ Ü®Š«ð£‹...
PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES
A prepositional phrase is made up of a preposition and a noun
phrase.
Task 1
Underline the prepositional phrases. The first two
examples have been done for you.
a) With reference to your advertisement in a local newspaper, I am
applying for the post of a salesman.
b) The assignment will be completed in a few weeks.
c) Ravi was appreciated by his teachers.
d) We feel sorry for our mistakes.
e) The boy studied well in spite of many obstacles.
f) Our nation is famous for its glorious culture.
g) We are proud of our children.
h) My brother will return home in the evening.
Task 2
Fill in the blanks with suitable prepositional phrase given in
brackets.
(in favour of, in case of, according to, on the whole,
on account of, on behalf of, in spite of, instead of)
a) On behalf of Kiran, Rajesh may attend a programme.
b) Many tourists visited Ooty in spite of heavy rains.
c) Expressing gratitude in favour of others is common in a vote of
thanks.
d) On the whole, I had a happy childhood.
e) Our teacher always acts instead of her students.
f) On account of his laziness, the boy remained passive for a long
time.
g) According to Gandhiji, ahimsa means infinite love.
h) In case of rain, take an umbrella.
CLIPPED WORDS
Clipped, words are words that are formed by dropping one
or more syllables from longer words without changing the meaning.
Clipping is forming new words by shortening long words. We usually
use them while speaking or in informal speech.
e.g. aeroplane – plane
examination – exam
demarcate – mark
Clipped words are formed by clipping a part of a larger word
while retaining the meaning of the original word.
1. Front clipping : (hand) kerchief, (fountain) pen
2. Back clipping : gym (nasium), lab (oratory), ad (vertisement)
3. Front and back clipping : (re) fridge (rator)
– fridge, (de) marc (ate) – mark
IMPORTANT CLIPPED WORDS:

S.No. Word Clipped S.No. Word Clipped
From From
1 Gas Gasoline 15 fan Fanatic
2 Pram Perambula- 16 gym Gymnasium
tor
3 Sign Signature 17 bike Motorbike
4 Store Store house 18 tube Tube light
5 mike Microphone 19 cent Centum
6 lab Laboratory 20 specs Spectacles
7 fridge Refrigerator 21 burger Hamburger
8 ad Advertise- 22 cycle Bicycle
ment
9 plane Aeroplane 23 rep Representa-
tive
10 demo Demonstra- 24 maths Mathematics
tion
22 Å˜ò£M¡.. êî‹ Ü®Š«ð£‹...
11 pants Pantaloons 25 pop Pop music
12 cab Taxicab 26 flu Influenza
13 disco Discotheque 27 mark Demarcate
14 exam Examination 28 bus Omnibus
Note : In examination even unclipped forms can also be asked.
BLENDED WORDS
Creation of a new word by combining two existing words is
called blending.
Blending is necessary to express new ideas.
IMPORTANT BLENDING WORDS:

1. breakfast + lunch = brunch
2. motorway + hotel = motel
3. television + broadcast = telecast
4. travel + catalogue = travelogue
5. international + police = Interpol
6. teleprinter + exchange = telex
7. electro + execute = electrocute
8. binary + digit = bit
9. news + cast = newscast
10. motor + pedal cycle = moped
11. helicopter + air port = heliport
12. education + entertainment = edudainment
13. technology + wizard = techno - wizard
14. vegetable + hamburger = vegeburger
15. information + commercial = informercial
16. smack + mash = smash
17. lithe + slimy = slithy
18. camera + recorder = camcorder
19. chuckle + snort = chortle
20. stain + blot + botch = splotch

21. documentary + drama = docudrama
22. electronic + mail = E- mail
23. high + technology = hitech
24. information + systems = infosys
25. lecture + demonstration = lecdem
PHRASAL VERBS
A phrasal verb is a phrase that’s made up of a verb and another
word or two, usually a preposition but sometimes an adverb.
IMPORTANT PHRASAL VERBS

PHRASAL VERBS MEANINGS
Give in Accept
breakdown Repair / stop
Called off Cancelled
Keep away Avoid
Go through Revise
Get into Involve
Make up Compensate
Put out Extinguished
Set off Started
Keep up Continue, maintain, adjust
Put up with Tolerate
Put off Postponed
Gave up Stopped/abandoned/quit
Called on Visited
Melted away Vanished
Turn down Rejected
Rely on Depend
Put on Wear
24 Å˜ò£M¡.. êî‹ Ü®Š«ð£‹...
PHRASAL VERBS MEANINGS

Break out Start, spread
Make out Understand
Sent for Call
Give in Deceived
Fall in Asked
Look into Examine, study, investigate
Count on Rely, depend
RELATIVE PRONOUNS:
Sentence-y; dash-f;F Kd; Noun (person-I Fwpg;gpd;) gpd;

verb ,Ug;gpd; ‘who’ vd vOjTk;.
1. This is the boy who won the race.

(Noun) (Verb)
2. Shakespeare who lived in the 16th Century is considered to be
the greatest dramatist.
3. The movie is about a leader who led the freedom struggle of his
nation.

noun ,Ug;gpd; ‘whose’ vd vOjTk;.
1. My friend whose father works in Agra, has made a clay model of

the Taj.
(Noun) (Noun)
2. Kumaraswamy whose house I live in, owns most of the mills in
this town.

pronoun ,Ug;gpd; ‘whom’ vd vOjTk;.
1. Most of the friends whom she had invited came for her wedding.
(Noun) (Pronoun)
Sentence- y; dash-f;F Kd; (things) nghUl;fisf; Fwpg;gpd;

that vd vOjTk;.
1. Show me the book that you bought yesterday. (thing)

2. The wrong deeds that we do are more often remembered than
our good ones.
Sentence- y; dash-f;F Kd; (Place) ,lj;ijf; Fwpg;gpd;

where vd vOjTk;.
1. This is the house where I was born. (Place)

2. This is the school where I studied. (Place)
Example :
1. Show me the book ______ which/that _______ you bought
yesterday.
2. My friend, ___whose ________ father works in Agra, has made
a clay model of the Taj Mahal.
3. I got the book __which ________ was lost yesterday.
4. This is the pen __ which _________ I bought yesterday.
5. My brother ______ who ______ is in XII Std, is a fan of Kohli.
6. He is the person _____ who _________ murdered her cruelly.
7. Among the forty flats ___ which _________ one attracts you?
8. The Movie is about a leader ___ who ________led the freedom
struggle of his nation.
9. This is the house___where__________ I was born
10. Students ___ who __________ Speak English fluently will easily
get jobs.
11. Most of the friends ___ whom __________ She had invited came
for her wedding.
12. This is ___ what __________ I heard about him.
26 Å˜ò£M¡.. êî‹ Ü®Š«ð£‹...
CORRECT FORM OF THE VERB - TENSES

Simple present Tense Facts, Proverbs, Daily/Regular/
habitual action
Keywords: Daily/regularly/usually
Examples:
v Water __________ (boil) at 100° C. Ans: boils
v Haste __________ (make) waste. Ans :makes
v The milk man __________ (knocks) at the door at 5 am.
Ans: knocks
Simple past completed action.
Keywords:Yesterday/last night/ last week/ in 1920
Examples:
v I __________ (read) a novel last night. Ans: read
v The Children __________ (burst)in the peals of laughter.
Ans: burst
Simple future Futurity and willingness.
Key words: tomorrow/next week/month/year.
Examples:
v One never knows what the future __________ (bring).
Ans: will bring
v I __________ (do) gladly do it for you. Ans: will do
Present Continuous now/at present/at the moment

present continuous tense (Am/is/are+verb+ing)
Key words: tomorrow/next week/month/year.
Examples:
v I am preparing for the exam now.
v She is dancing now.
Present Continuous when/while past continuous

tense
Examples:
v While they were playing there was a sudden downpour.
v When I was coming here I saw a peacock.
Present perfect continuous since/for (have/

has+been+verb+ing)
Examples:
v I have been studying in this school since 2012.I have been living
here for ten years.
Task 1
Tick the correct option and complete the dialogue.
A : Hello. What do you watch / are you watching?
B : A programme about the Jalian Walabagh massacre , which
I recorded last night. I study / I’m studying about it this
term.
A : All that I know / I’ve known about it is that hundreds of
people died / had died in it.
B : Yes, it was much, much worse than anyone has expected
/ had expected. It went on / has gone on for hours. Do
you want / Have you wanted to watch the programme
with me?
A : No, thanks. I’ve got to do some veena practice. I’ve just
remembered / I just remembered that we’ve got a concert
tomorrow, and I don’t have / haven’t had time to practice
my new piece this week.
B : OK. I’ve already done / I already did my practice, so I’ve
got time to watch TV. See you later.
28 Å˜ò£M¡.. êî‹ Ü®Š«ð£‹...
Task 2
Complete the sentences with the correct tense form of the
verbs in brackets.
a) Tell(tell) me exactly what happened(happen) last night!
b) Mrs. Mageswari is my Maths teacher. She has been
teaching(teach) me for four years.
c) I had never thought (never /think) of a career in medicine
before I spoke to my Biology teacher but now I am seriously
considering (seriously/ consider) it.
d) Oh no! I have forgotten (forget) to bring my assignment!
What am I going to do? This is the second time I did(do) this!
e) I can’t remember what my teacher said(say) yesterday about
our homework. I did not listen(not listen) properly because
Hussain was talking (talk) to me at the same time.
f) Last year we went (go) on a school trip to Kanyakumari. We
had (have) a very interesting time.
g) At the moment I am thinking(think) about what course to
pursue next year but I have not made ( not make) a final
decision yet.
h) I get(get) up at 7 every morning but this morning I was
sleeping(sleep) for a long time and I did not get(not get)
up until 8.
Task 3
Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the verbs given in
the brackets.
a) Everyone was sleeping when the earthquake hit the small
town. (sleep)
b) Evangelene quit her job a couple of years ago. (quit)
c) Where did you spend your last holidays? (you spend)
d) I think Suresh leaves / will leave for Tiruvallur next morning.
(leave)
e) I was angry that I made such a mistake (make).

f) My mother was tired yesterday because she did not sleep well
the night before (not sleep).
g) Her parents will have been in Coimbatore for two weeks from
today (be).
h) Nothing had happened much when I got to the meeting
(happen).
i) Scientists predict that by 2050, man will land / will be landing

on Mars. (land)
j) Sh! Someone is listening to our conversation. (listen)!
k) The plane takes off in a few minutes. (take)
l) They were talking about me when I interrupted their
conversation. (talk)
m) Justin and his parents are living in an apartment right now
because they can’t find a cheap house. (live)
n) Rajini Prem’s family is in Chengalpet now. (be).
o) Yusuf goes to the movies once in a while (go)
p) This has been an easy quiz so far (be).
q) Our team did not win any games last year. (not win)
r) We saw a wonderful film in the cinema last night. (see)
s) Hurry up! The movie has already begun(already, begin)
EUPHEMISM
Euphemism is a polite expression used in place of words or
phrases that might otherwise be considered harsh or unpleasant.
These phrases are used regularly, and there are many examples of
euphemisms in everyday language.
Examples of Euphemisms
Euphemisms have many different uses. They can help you
avoid being overly blunt and remain in a tone of politeness. People will
generally understand the euphemism meaning, even though you’re
30 Å˜ò£M¡.. êî‹ Ü®Š«ð£‹...
not “coming right out with it.” With that in mind, let’s take a look at a
few different categories of euphemisms.
Death and Dying
Does anyone really deal with death well? It’s such a delicate -
and final - state that many of us like to dance around the truth. Here
are some delicate ways to discuss death and dying.
v Passed away instead of died
v Dearly departed instead of died
v Ethnic cleansing instead of genocide
v Negative patient outcome instead of died
v Collateral damage instead of accidental deaths
v Put to sleep instead of euthanize
v Pregnancy termination instead of abortion
v Bite the big one instead of die
v Bought the farm instead of died
v Wearing cement shoes instead of killed
v Bit the dust instead of died
v Croaked instead of died
v Kick the bucket instead of die
v Whacked instead of killed
v Retarded - mentally challenged
v Blind - Visually challenged
v Crippled - Differently abled
v Bald - follicular challenged
v Poor - economically marginalized
v Fat - gravitationally challenged, Overweight
v Lazy - motivationally deficient
v beggar - panhandler, homeless person
v coffin - casket
v old age - golden age, golden years
v criminal (adj) - illegal
v confinement - detention
v lawyer - attorney
v sick - indisposed, ill, under the weather
v toilet - john, WC, men’s room, restroom, bathroom,
washroom, lavatory
HOMOPHONES
Each of two or more words having the same pronunciation but
different meanings, origins or spelling are known as Homophones.
Eg. Do you know the answer? No, I don’t.
The above words in bold are homophones.
HOMONYMS:
Each of two or more words having the same spelling and
pronunciation but different meanings and origins are Homonyms.
Eg. I booked a berth in Pandiyan Express.
This is my book.
The above words in bold are homonyms.
HETERONYMS:
Each of two or more words which are spelled identically but
have different sounds and meanings are Heteronyms.
Eg. I tear the letter.
Tears are rolled down her cheeks.
The above words in bold are heteronyms.
Frame illustrative sentences to distinguish the meaning of

the words in the following clusters: (Text page 72)
1. Career – profession - Robert Frost started his career as a
teacher.
Carrier – at the rear side of a vehicle or bicycle – The cycle has
a broad carrier to keep heavy luggage.
32 Å˜ò£M¡.. êî‹ Ü®Š«ð£‹...
Courier – private postal system – I got the parcel from Prema by
courier.
2. Patients – people who are ill - There are a lot of patients
waiting at the clinic.
Patience – tolerance – Gowri has much patience.
Patents – copy rights – He got patents for his invention.
3. Accident – unexpected happening – Jai met with an accident
two years agpago.
Incident – expected happening – I never forget this incident.
Incidence –frequency - Eric’s family has a high incidence of
death due to their genetic coding.
4. Scraping – drag or pull – The boat scraped against the edge of
the dock.
Scrapping - throwing away – The scrapping of mandatory
grants has encouraged considerable concern that further cuts
are on the way.
Scrubbing – rubbing – My mother was scrubbing the dust
from the vessel.
5. Accept – agree – I accept with your point.
Except – excluding – Every one accept it except Raga.
Expect – anticipate – People expect that the new government
will eradicate povery.
6. Lesson – a moral - In day to day life we learn a lesson.
Lessen – reduce – This pill lessens your pain.
Lesion – wound or injury - The acute bed-sore is, in some cases,
a true trophic lesion occurred.
7. Severe – great - I have got severe injury in a road accident.
Sever – put an end to - The notice itself may be sufficient to
sever the joint tenancy.
Sewer – a large pipe to carry wastage water – The sewer was
broken off.
8. Raise – increase – The employees demanded for a raise in

salary.
Rise – emerge – The sun rises in the east.
Rice – a staple food for Tamilians – Rice was grown abundantly
in Tanjore once.
9. Quiet – calm – Keep quiet in the class.
Quite – exactly – You are quite correct.
Quit – give up – Don’t quit anything for anybody.
10. Final – last, end, ultimate – This is the final warning for you.
Finale – the last part of a piece of music – The grand finale was
held at Kamaraj Auditorium.
Feline – belonging or relating to the cat family – Macivity is
feline.
Complete the following with the appropriate words from the

options given: (Text page 148)
1. My mother brought an expensive watch as a birthday __________.
a) Present b) percent c) presence d) precise
2. Everybody accepted the fact that overeating could easily
__________ to obesity.
a) led b) leed c) lead d) leading
3. In the middle ages, people were trained to become a __________
at a young age.
a) Night b) knight c) mite d) might
4. Akshitha’s brother plays the bugle in his school __________.
a) Bond b) blond c) band d) brand
5. The weather is fine and the air is filled with the __________ of
lemons.
a) Sent b) scent c) cent d) mend
6. What a splendid __________ the emperor Alexander’s might
have been!
34 Å˜ò£M¡.. êî‹ Ü®Š«ð£‹...
a) Rein b) rain c) rainy d) reign
7. Humans have foot, animals have __________.
a) Pass b) pause c) phase d) paws
8. They know how to __________ their mobile phones online.
a) Cell b) sale c) sell d) sold
9. The teacher is so happy that all the students are __________
today.
a) percent b) precent c) present d) presence
10. The cars were __________ in the traffic jam.
a) Stationary b) stationery
c) probationary d) static
11. It is not easy for him to tie __________ in his shoe laces.
a) Night b) knight c) knot d) not
PLURAL FORMS
Memory Tips
Singular ending Plural ending
Datum um Data a
Alumnus us Alumni i
Index ex Indices ices
Matrix ix Matrices ices
Analysis is Analyses es
Formula a Formulae ae
Criterion ion Criteria a
Tooth oo Teeth ee
Irregular forms:
v Child – Children
v Sheep – sheep
v Furniture – furniture
v Trousers – trousers
v Spectacles – spectacles
v Series – series
v Innings – innings
IDIOMS:
Idioms are an integral part of the language.
Idioms is nothing but the special use of language.
They do not give the literal meaning of the individual words used
in the idiom.
Idiom is a special usage in a language.
They do not give the direct meaning but have a special meaning.
If a person uses idioms in his speech, his respect will be elevated
in the society.
Students are asked to use the given idiom is their own sentence.
Ex: A change of heart
Direct meaning Heart transplant
Idiomatic meaning change one’s feelings
Textual Exercises : (Page 108)

2. Choose the meaning of the idiom “save one’s skin”.
a) treat the skin
b) save one from difficulty
c) betray one when wrong doing
d) beat heavily
3. Choose the meaning of the idiom “make both ends meet”
a) meeting a friend
b) meeting an unknown person
c) meeting officially
d) manage one’s expense within income
4. Choose the meaning of the idiom “a bolt out of a clear sky”
a) expected news
b) sudden and unexpected event or news
c) unhappy news
d) likely to rain
36 Å˜ò£M¡.. êî‹ Ü®Š«ð£‹...
5. Choose the meaning of the idiom “go to grave”
a) to enter the world b) to arrive the world
c) to exit the world d) to stay in the world
6. Choose the meaning of the idiom “have the whip hand”.
a) to be influential b) to be the most powerful
c) power of the powerless d) highly strong
7. Choose the meaning of the idiom “under a cloud”
a) viewed hopefully
b) viewed desperately
c) viewed with suspicion and distrust
d) viewed without any suspicion
Textual Exercises : (Page 117)

8. Choose the meaning of the idiom “wait for the dust to settle”
a) clear the trashes
b) clean the environment
c) wait for a situation to clear
d) gathering the garbage
9. Choose the meaning of the idiom “get / have all your ducks
in a row”
a) disorganised b) well organised
c) half prepared d) well begun
10. Choose the meaning of the idiom “fetch and carry”
a) help someone b) do little jobs
c) carry things for someone d) care for others
11. Choose the meaning of the idiom “do the math”
a) think carefully b) think carelessly
c) not at all thinking d) thinking too deeply
12. Choose the meaning of the idiom “round the corner”
a) very far b) very near
c) quite away d) in the corner of the street
13. Choose the meaning of the idiom “icing on the cake”
a) added to make better b) cake on the ice
c) ice on the cake d) added to be tastier
14. Choose the meaning of the idiom “break the ice”
a) to make people tensed b) to make people relaxed
c) to make people tired d) to make one understood well
MODAL AUXILIARIES
Fill in the blanks with modal auxiliaries.
a) The candidates can / could / will / should /must answer five
out of ten questions.
b) How dare you open my bag?
c) Tajudeen will finish this work by Monday.
d) Need I go to school today?
e) I wish you will tell me the truth.
f) Poonam could not catch the bus yesterday.
g) People who live in glass houses should not throw stones.
h) You need not go to the market as I have brought vegetables.
i) Need you have taken all this trouble?
j) You must be joking.
k) I tried to climb up the tree, but could not.
l) Hima Das ran so fast that she would win the medal.
m) You can lead a horse to water, but you can’t make it drink.
n) I would like to have a cup of coffee.
o) My grandfather used to visit this temple when he was young.
Task 2
Complete the following sentences with modals using the
clues given.
a) You should help the needy. (moral obligation)
b) If I were you, I would not behave like that. (conditional
Sentence)
c) I should never tell a lie. (determination)
d) My uncle might have reached by now. (possibility)
38 Å˜ò£M¡.. êî‹ Ü®Š«ð£‹...
e) The patient is critical. He must be taken to the hospital.
(compulsion)
f) I used to play hockey when I was a student. (past habit)
g) You should not attend my class. (order)
h) He may come today. (remote possibility)
i) You should follow the traffic rules. (regulation)
j) He will play the match. (willingness)
k) You need not waste time on it. (necessity)
l) Had the doctor come in time, he could / would have saved t he
patient.(probability)
a. Some British English words are given in column ‘A’. Write

their corresponding American English word is Column ‘B.’
British English American English
(A) (B)
pavement side walk
pull over pull away
waistcoat vest
chips potato chips
flat apartment
ground floor first floor
underground subway
queue line
wind screen windshield
indicator signal
timetable schedule
post mail
holiday vacation
autumn fall
lift elevator
happy pleased
fully totally

(A) (B)
loo rest room
sweets candy, candies
bin container
b. Similarly there is a difference in the spelling of certain

words between American and British English. In Column
‘A’ words are spelled in American. Write down the
corresponding British English Spelling for those words in
Column ‘B’.
(A) (B)
odor odour
program programme
parlor parlour
apologize apologise
color colour
check cheque
theater theatre
gray grey
behavior behaviour
humor humour
labor labour
QUESTIONS 21 TO 26
POEM APPRECIATION QUESTIONS
POEM 1. THE CASTLE

Read the given lines and answer the questions that follow in
a line or two.
a) All through the summer at ease we lay,
And daily from the turret wall
We watched the mowers in the hay
40 Å˜ò£M¡.. êî‹ Ü®Š«ð£‹...
i) Who does ‘we’ refer to?
Ans : ‘We’ refer to the ‘soldiers’.
ii) How did the soldiers spend the summer days?
Ans : The soldiers spend the summer days as totally stress-
free and relaxed.
iii) What could they watch from the turret wall?
Ans : They could they watch the people who trim grass and
level the lawns.
b) Our gates were strong, our walls were thick,
So smooth and high, no man could win,
i) How safe was the castle?
Ans : The gates of the castle were strong and walls of the
castle were thick smooth and height.
ii) What was the firm belief of the soldiers?
Ans : The firm belief of the soldiers is that none on earth
could win it.
c) A foothold there, no clever trick,
Could take us dead or quick,
Only a bird could have got in.
i) What was challenging?
Ans : The challenging task was to get up soldiers killed in
the fight.
ii) Which aspect of the castle’s strength is conveyed by the
above line?
Ans : Thy physical aspect of the castle’s strength is
conveyed by the above line.
d) Oh then our maze of tunneled stone
Grew thin and treacherous as air,
The castle was lost without a groan,
The famous citadel overthrown,
i) Bring out the contrast in the first two lines.
Ans : The citadel had been known for its intricate path in
the first line. In the second line the strong castle became
weak and thin because of the greedy disloyal warder.
ii) What happened to the castle?

Ans : The castle was captured by the enemy soldiers.
e) We could do nothing, being sold.
i) Why couldn’t they do anything?
Ans : They couldn’t do anything because they were captured
by the enemies.
ii) Why did they feel helpless?
Ans : They felt helpless because their weapons and food
were seized by the enemies.
POEM 2. OUR CASUARIANA TREE

Read the lines given below and answer the questions that
follow.
a) A creeper climbs, in whose embraces bound
No other tree could live.
i) Which tree is referred to in the above lines?
Ans : The casuariana tree is referred to in the above lines.
ii) How does the tree survive the tight hold of the creeper?
Ans : The grip of the creeper on the tree is so strong that
any other tree than the Casuarina would not have survived
its grip. It shows that the Casuarina tree is very strong and
powerful.
iii) Why does Toru Dutt use the expression ‘a creeper climbs’?
Ans : Toru Dutt uses the expression ‘ a creeper climbs’ to
compare with a python.
b) The giant wears the scarf, and flowers are hung
In crimson clusters all the bough among!
i) Who is the giant here?
Ans : The casuariana tree is the giant here.
ii) Why is the scarf colourful?
Ans : The scarf is colourful because bright red flowers
bloom on the branches of the tree casuariana.
42 Å˜ò£M¡.. êî‹ Ü®Š«ð£‹...
c) “ Fear, trembling Hope, and Death, the skeleton,
And Time the shadow”, and though weak the verse
That would thy beauty fain, oh, fain rehearse,
May Love defend tree from oblivion’s curse.
i) What does the poet mean by the expression ‘May love
defend thee from oblivion’s curse?’
Ans : The poet means that her love for Casuarina tree that
will protect it from being forgotten.
ii) What does the expression ‘fain’ convey?
Ans : The expression ‘fain’ conveys gladness.
iii) What does the poet convey through the expression ‘Fear,
trembling hope’?
Ans : Under the distressing branches of those trees, fear,
hope and death had lingered.
POEM 3. ALL THE WORLD’S A STAGE

Read the given lines and answer the questions that follow.
a) “Then a whining school by with his satchel
And shining morning face creeping like snail
Unwilling to go to school”.
i) Which stage of life is being referred to here by the poet?
Ans : The second stage, the school boy is being referred to
here by the poet.
ii) What are the characteristics of the stage?
Ans : In this stage the boy goes to school with his bag.
iii) How does the boy go to school?
Ans : The boy goes to school with his bag unwillingly. He
moves towards the school as slowly as a snail.
iv) Which figure of speech has been employed in the second
line?
Ans : Simile is employed in the second line.
b) ................... “Then a soldier

Full of strange oaths, and bearded like a pard,
Jealous in honour, sudden and quick in quarrel
Seeking the bubble reputation
Even in the cannon’s mouth”................
i) What is the soldier ready to do?
Ans : The soldier is ready to quarrel. Here ‘quarrel’ means
argument.
ii) Explain ‘bubble reputation’.
Ans : ‘Bubble reputation’ refers to glory that is short lived
like a bubble.
iii) What are the distinguishing features of this stage?
Ans : In this stage the soldier is full of promises. He has a
beard like a leopard. He tries to gain honour and he is quick
to take up any argument. Even at the risk of his life he tries
to achieve reputation which is as short lived as bubble.
c) “And then the justice

In fair round belly with good capon lin’d
With eyes sever and beard of formal cut
Full of wise saws and modern instances”;
i) Whom does justice refer to?
Ans : Justice refers to man in his fifth stage.
ii) Describe his appearance.
Ans : He has a fair belly and he has become fat from eating
chicken. He has a serious look and a formal beard.
iii) How does he behave with the people around him?
Ans : He behaves with the people around him as a learned
man.
iv) What does he do to show his wisdom?
Ans : To show his wisdom he quotes many proverbs and
modern instances.
44 Å˜ò£M¡.. êî‹ Ü®Š«ð£‹...
POEM 4. ULYSSES
Read the sets of lines from the poem and answer the questions
that follow.
a) “… I mete and dole
Unequal laws unto a savage race,
That hoard, and sleep, and feed, and know not me”.
i) What does Ulysses do?
Ans : Ulysses meets people and talks to them about the
laws.
ii) Did he enjoy what he was doing? Give reasons.
Ans : He did not enjoy what he was doing. His main goal
was to travel for adventure. He called his people a savage
race.
b) “Yet all experience is an arch wherethro’
Gleams that untravell’d world, whose margin fades
For ever and for ever when I move”.
i) What is experience compared to?
Ans : Experience is compared to an arch through which one
can see the unknown world.
ii) How do the lines convey that the experience is endless?
Ans : When we see through the arch, the end fades away
and immediately a new sight emerges. So the experience
is endless.
c) “Little remains: but every hour is saved

From that eternal silence, something more,
A bringer of new things; and vile it were”
i) How is every hour important to Ulysses?
Ans : Ulysses wants to utilise whatever time is left with him.
So every hour is important to him.
ii) What does the term ‘Little remains’ convey?
Ans : The term ‘Little remains’ conveys that only little time
is left with Ulysses because he is already old.
d) “This is my son, mine own Telemachus,

To whom I leave the sceptre and the isle
Well-loved of me”,
i) Who does Ulysses entrust his kingdom to, in his absence?
Ans : In his absence, Ulysses entrusts his kingdom to his
son Telemachus.
ii) Bring out the significance of the ‘sceptre’.
Ans : Sceptre is the decorated staff carried by kings. It is a
symbol of kingly power.
e) “That ever with a frolic welcome took
The thunder and the sunshine, and opposed”
i) What do ‘thunder’ and ‘sunshine’ refer to?
Ans : ‘Thunder’ and ‘sunshine’ refer to the easy and difficult
situations they meet when they travel.
ii) What do we infer about the attitude of the sailors?
Ans : Sailors are ready to accept any situation on the way.
They have positive attitude.
f) “Death closes all: but something ere the end,

Some work of noble note, may yet be done,
Not unbecoming men that strove with Gods”.
i) The above lines convey the undying spirit of Ulysses.
Explain.
Ans : Ulysses has a strong and determined mind to travel.
He will not be frightened of any difficult situation on the
way.
ii) Pick out the words in alliteration in the above lines.
Ans : noble – note.
g) “…………………for my purpose holds

To sail beyond the sunset, and the baths
Of all the western stars, until I die”.
i) What was Ulysses’ purpose in life?
Ans : Ulysses’ purpose in life was to travel to unknown
lands.
46 Å˜ò£M¡.. êî‹ Ü®Š«ð£‹...
ii) How long would his venture last?
Ans : His venture would last till his death.
h. “One equal temper of heroic hearts,

Made weak by time and fate, but strong in will
To strive, to seek, to find, and not to yield”.
i) Though made weak by time and fate, the hearts are heroic.
Explain.
Ans : Ulysses and the sailors may be weak due to the age
and their fate but they all have a very strong will.
ii) Pick out the words in alliteration in the above lines.
Ans : heroic – hearts; weak – will; strive – seek.
POEM 5. A FATHER TO HIS SON

follow.
a) ”Life is hard; be steel; be a rock.”
i) How should one face life?
Ans : One should face life like a rock and steel.
ii) Identify the figure of speech in the above line.
Ans : Metaphor.
b) ”Life is a soft loam; be gentle; go easy.”

And this too might serve him
i) Why does the poet suggest to take life easy?
Ans : There are certain occasions one needs to treat life
like wet clay very gently. Hence the poet suggests to take
life easy.
Ans : Metaphor
c) Tell him solitude is creative if he is strong

and the final decisions are made in silent rooms.
i) Can being in solitude help a strong human being ? How?
Ans : Yes, solitude can help a strong human being through
creativity.

Ans : Personification.
d) Tell him time as a stuff can be wasted.

Tell him to be a fool every so often
i) Why does the poet suggest that time can be wasted?
Ans : Time can be wasted as a leisure for a person.
Ans : Simile.
e) Tell him to be a fool every so often

and to have no shame over having been a fool
i) Is it a shame to be a fool at times?
Ans : No,It is not a shame to be a fool at times.
ii) What does one learn from every folly?
Ans : One learns not to do the mistakes again from every
folly.
f) ------- free imaginations

Bringing changes into a world resenting change.
i) How does free imagination help the world?
Ans : Free imaginations helps to bring changes in the world.
Ans : Transferred epithet.
g) Pick out the alliterated words from the poem and write.
And this might stand him for the storms
Stand - Storms.
POEM 6. INCIDENT OF THE FRENCH CAMP

follow.
a) Legs wide, arms locked behind,
As if to balance the prone brow
Oppressive with its mind.
48 Å˜ò£M¡.. êî‹ Ü®Š«ð£‹...
i) Whose action is described here?
Ans : The action of Napoleon is described here.
ii) What is meant by prone brow?
Ans : ‘Prone brow’ means inclining of Napoleon’s forehead
due to his oppressive mind.
iii) What is his state of mind?
Ans : His mind was deeply oppressive due to his concern
over the outcome of his (French) army’s attack on Ratisbon.
b) ‘You’re wounded!’ ‘Nay’, his soldier’s pride

Touched to the quick, he said:
i) Why did the boy contradict Napoleon’s words?
Ans : He felt that his words ‘You’re wounded’ underrated his
valour and true soldiership. So he contradicted Napoleon’s
words.
ii) Why was his pride touched?
Ans : His pride was touched because Napoleon asked him
if he was wounded.
c) A film the mother-eagle’s eye

When her bruised eaglet breathes
i) Who is compared to the mother eagle in the above lines?
Ans : Emperor Napoleon is compared to the mother eagle
in the above lines.
ii) Explain the comparison.
Ans : On seeing his boy soldier fatally wounded, the
glittering eyes of Napoleon immediately softened as if
a mother eagle’s eye looked miserable seeing its bruised
eaglet.
QUESTIONS 27 TO 30
REPORT THE DIALOGUE

Points to remember Report the dialogue
1. Statement Add ‘that’ – a conjunction used in state-
ments.
2. Question ‘Yes’ or ‘No’ – add ‘whether’ or ‘If’
‘Wh’ word – add the same ‘wh’ word.
3. Command/Request
(Positive) Add ‘to’ before the imperative sentence.
(Negative) Remove ‘don’t and add ‘not to’.
4. Exclamations Add ‘that’. Remove exclamation mark (!)
and add full stop.
REPORTING VERBS
Points to remember Report the dialogue
1. Statement told / replied.
2. Question asked, enquired.
3. Command/Request advised, ordered.
4. Request Requested.
5. Exclamations Exclaimed happily / sadly.
Example :
Tourist : How can I reach Mahabalipuram?
Tourist guide : You can drive along the east coast road. The road
is smooth and free from the traffic and in about 90
minutes, you will reach Mahabalipuram.
Tourist : Oh! That’s fine. Thank you.
Ans : The tourist asked the tourist guide how he could reach
Mahabalipuram. The tourist guide replied that he could drive along
the east coast road. He added that the road was smooth and free from
traffic and in about 90 minutes he would reach Mahabalipuram. The
tourist thanked the guide.
50 Å˜ò£M¡.. êî‹ Ü®Š«ð£‹...
Read the following dialogue and complete the report in the
space provided.
a) Priya : Where are you going?
Vijay : I am going to the railway station.
Priya : Why are you going there?
Vijay : I want to receive my uncle who is coming from
Bangalore.
Priya asked Vijay (a) where he was going.
Vijay replied (b) that he was going to the railway
station.
Priya further inquired (c) the reason for going to the
railway station (or) why he was
going there.
Vijay stated that (d) he wanted to receive his uncle
who is coming from Banglaore.
b) Teacher : Why are you late?
Divya : I missed the bus.
Teacher : You should have reached the bus stop on time.
Divya : My grandmother is ill. So, I had to take her to the
doctor.
Teacher : I am sorry. What ails her?
Divya : She has high fever.
The teacher asked Divya why she was late.
Divya replied that (a) she had missed the bus. The
teacher told her that (b) she should have reached the bus
stop on time. Divya said that her grandmother was ill so she
had to take her to the doctor. The teacher felt sorry and further
asked her (c) what ailed her. Divya explained that she (d) had
high fever.
Task 3
Rewrite the following passage in indirect speech.
Pradeep got out of bed with much excitement. “It is going to be a
lovely sunny day,” he remarked to his sister Varshini.
Ans: Pradeep got out of bed with much excitement and remarked
to his sister Varshini that it was going to be a lovely sunny day.
“ Just let me sleep a bit longer, Pradeep,” Varshini begged, “and since
you are feeling so enthusiastic, ” she suggested, “Why don’t you go
and help mother in cooking?”
Ans: Varshini begged her brother Praddep to let her sleep a bit
longer and she suggested him why he didn’t go and help mother
in cooking since he was feeling so enthusiastic.
“ Sure, I will”, said Pradeep. “Can I help you, mum?”, he said to his
mother.
Ans: Pradeep assured her sister and asked his mother if he could
help her.
“ Yes, of course. There are idlis and vadas on the dining table. Have
your breakfast.”
Ans: Pradeep’s mother told that there were idlis and vadas on
the dining table and asked him to have his breakfast.
“ Thank you, mum; I’ll surely help you by eating them.”
Ans: Pradeep thanked his mother and said that he’d surely help
her by eating them.
Change the following sentences into indirect speech.

TYPE 1
a) The pilot said to the passengers, “The plane will land in Delhi at
9 p.m.”
Ans : The pilot informed the passengers that the plane would
land in Delhi at 9 p.m.
b) The Principal said, “Young students must think about the ways to
control the use of plastic band in the school campus.”
Ans : The Principal advised that young students had to think
about the ways to control the use of plastic band in the school
campus.
c) Gowtham said to me, “I was very ill last week, but I am better
now.”
Ans : Gowtham told me that he had been very ill the previous
week but he was better then.
d) Priya said, “I want to give my sister a present.”
Ans : Priya said that she wanted to give her sister a present.
52 Å˜ò£M¡.. êî‹ Ü®Š«ð£‹...
e) Madhu said to me, “I am so happy you have completed your
project.”
Ans : Madhu told me that she was so happy I had completed
my project.
f) The manager said, “I will speak to you on Friday.”
Ans : The manager said that he would speak to me/him/her on
Friday.
g) Mani said to his coach, “I shall improve, if you guide me.
Ans : Mani told his coach that he would improve if he guided me.
h) My mother said to me, “You can go swimming tomorrow.”
Ans : My mother told me that I could go swimming the next day.
i) Sandeep said to John, “Would you like to watch a movie with
me?”
Ans : Sandeep asked John if he would like to watch a movie with
him.
j) Geetha asked Angel, “Will you help me to pack my bag?”
Ans : Geetha asked Angel if she would help her to pack her bag.
k) The librarian said to the students, “You are not allowed to scribble
anything on the library books.”
Ans : The librarian warned the students that we were not allowed
to scribble anything on the library books.
l) The motorist said to me, “Can you direct me to the post office?”
Ans : The motorist asked me if I could direct him to the post
office.
m) Umar said to his mother, “Could you make me a cup of coffee?”
Ans : Umar asked his mother if she could make him a cup of
coffee.
n) The little boy said to me, “Alas! My dog is dead.”
Ans : The little boy exclaimed sadly that her dog was dead.
o) Grandmother said to her grandson, “May God bless you.”
Ans : Grandmother wished her grandson that God might bless
him.
VOICE
tpidfs; ,U tifg;gLk;. mit
1. bra;tpid 2. brag;ghl;L tpid
Padma wrote a letter – Active Voice
A letter was written by Padma – Passive Voice
Note : 1) Only Transitive verb can be used in passive voice.
2) Intransitive verb cannot be changed into passive voice.
ªêŒM¬ù â¡ø pattern ™ Þ¼‚°‹. Ü¬î
SVO
passive voice ™ ñ£ŸÁ‹ ªð£¿¶ Object ä º¡ù£™
ªè£í˜‰¶ ÜîŸ° ãŸø be verb ä â¿F ÜîÂì¡
V 3 Üî£õ¶ Past Participle ä «ê˜‰¶ H¡ù˜ subject
ä â¿î «õ‡´‹. continuous tenses ‚° being »‹
perfect tenses ‚° been »‹ modal auxiliaries‚° be à‹
«ê˜‚è «õ‡´‹.
Transitive verb : A verb that takes object is called transitive verb.
E.g. : She bought a pen
bought – transitive verb.
A pen was bought by her – Passive voice.
Intransitive verb : She walks along the road. (No object)
So, this sentence cannot be changed into
passive voice.
Ex : Water is collected in the tank. (passive voice)
Someone or The motor collects water in the
tank. (Active Voice)
Steps to convert Active Voice to Passive Voice:
• Identify the pattern SVO
• Change the object of Active Voice to the Subject of Passive voice
• Identify the tense and write suitable “Be” verbs
• Write the past participle of the given main verb
• Add the agent “by”
• Change the subject of Active voice to the object of Passive voice.
54 Å˜ò£M¡.. êî‹ Ü®Š«ð£‹...
ªêŒM¬ùJ™ Þ¼‰¶ ªêòŠð£†´ M¬ùò£è ñ£ŸÁõîŸ°

«î¬õò£ù õNº¬øèœ :
ªêŒM¬ùJ¡ Object è‡ìP‰¶ Ü¬î ªêòŠð£†´ M¬ùJ¡
subject Ýè ñ£ŸÁè.
active õ£Œv ™ àœ÷ tense ä è‡ìP‰¶ ÜîŸ° ãŸø£Ÿ«ð£™
“Be “ verb ä â¿¶è.
Main verb Þ¡ 3rd form Üî£õ¶ Past Participle ä â¿¶è.
“By “ «ê˜‚è.
H¡¹ active voice Þ¡ subject ä è‡ìP‰¶ Ü¬î passive voice
Þ¡ object Ýè ñ£ŸÁè. ªêŒM¬ùJ¡ Object ä è‡ìP‰¶
Ü¬î ªêòŠð£†´ M¬ùJ¡ subject Ýè ñ£ŸÁè.
active õ˜òv™ àœ÷ tense ä è‡ìP‰¶ ÜîŸ° ãŸø£Ÿ «ð£™
“Be “ verb ä â¿¶è.
Main verb Þ¡ 3rd form Üî£õ¶ Past Participle ä â¿¶è.
“By “ «ê˜‚è.
H¡¹ active voice Þ¡ subject ä è‡ìP‰¶ Ü¬î passive voice
Þ¡ object Ýè ñ£ŸÁè.
EASY TABLE FOR CONVERSION
Simple present Tense and Simple Past Tense:
Object of Active Voice + is/am/are/was/were + V3 (Past
Participle of the given Main Verb) + by + Subject of Active
Voice.
Ex: 1. Rama celebrates her birthday today. (Active Voice)

Rama’s birthday is celebrated by her today. (Passive
Voice)
2. Sheela bought a pen yesterday from the Stationery
store. (Active Voice)
A Pen was bought by Sheela yesterday from the
stationery store. (Passive Voice)
Present Continuous and Past Continuous Tense :
Object of AV + is/am/are/was/were + being + V3 (Past
Participle of the given main verb) + by + subject of AV
Ex: 1. Prema is reading a novel now. (AV)

A novel is being read by Prema now. (PV)
2. Keerthi was selling flowers once in the market. (AV)
Flowers were being sold by Keerthi once in the market.
(PV)
Present Perfect Tense and Past Perfect Tense:
Object of AV + have/ has / had + been + V3 (Past
Ex: 1. Prema has read a novel. (AV)

A novel has been read by Prema. (PV)
2. Keerthi had sold flowers in the market. (AV)
Flowers had been sold by Keerthi in the market. (PV)
Modal Auxiliaries:
Object of AV + Given Modal Verb+ be + V3 (Past
Ex: 1. Prem can carry even the heavy luggage. (AV)

Even the heavy luggage can be carried by Prem. (PV)
Imperative Sentence:
Let + Object of AV + be + V3
Ex: 1. Give me some water.

Let some water be given to me.
If it is a request (please) add “You are re requested”
2. Please help me.
You are requested to help me.
Interrogative Sentences:
1. Who breaks the glass?
By whom is the glass broken?
2. Who painted the door?
By whom was the door painted?
3. Which colour do you like?
Which colour is liked by you?
56 Å˜ò£M¡.. êî‹ Ü®Š«ð£‹...
4. What do you choose for your birthday celebration?
What is chosen by you for your birthday celebration?
TEXTUAL EXERCISES
Task 1
Change the following sentences into Passive Voice.
a. The Governor inaugurated the exhibition at ten o’ clock.
The exhibition was inaugurated by the Governor at ten o’clock.
b. The crowd expected their leader to arrive early in the morning.
The crowd’s leader was expected to be arrived early in the
morning by the crowd.
c. Who taught her Computer Science?
By whom was she taught Computer Science?
d. They unanimously named Ravi the captain of team.
Ravi was unanimously named the captain of team by them.
e. The President gave the commander an award.
The commander was given an award by the President.
(OR)
An award was given to the commander by the President.
f. Do not tell a lie.
Let not a lie be told.
g. Please open the door.
You are requested to open the door.
h. It is time to stop the work.
It is time to the work to be stopped.
i. They say he is a spy.
It is said by them that he is a spy.
j. One should keep one’s promise.
Promises should be kept by one.
k. People burn a great deal of wood in winter.
A great deal of wood is burnt by people in winter.
l. Where had you kept the book?

Where the book had been kept by you?
m. When did you feel the tremors?
When were the tremors felt by you?
n. How did you do the experiment?
How was the experiment done by you?
o. Whose car did someone park in front of your gate?
Whose car was parked in front of your gate?
Task 2
Change the following sentences into Active Voice.
a) The smuggler has been nabbed by the police.
The police have nabbed the smuggler.
b) By whom were you interviewed?
Who interviewed you?
c) Why were you scolded by your parents?
Why did your parents scold you?
d) Not a word was spoken by the convict in self–defence.
The convict did not speak any word in self – defence.
e) Good news is expected shortly.
We expect good news shortly.
f) The mail has just been received.
I have just received the mail.
g) Sundari has been taken to hospital by her husband.
Sundari’s husband has taken her to hospital.
h) Our television is being repaired now.
The mechanic is repairing our television now.
i) Sweets have not been distributed to children by the organisers.
The organizers have not distributed sweets to children.
j) Prizes were being given by the chief guest.
The chief guest was giving prizes.
58 Å˜ò£M¡.. êî‹ Ü®Š«ð£‹...
k) Nobody has been seen in the library this week.
I have not seen anybody in the library this week.
l) Nobody would have known the truth if you had not disclosed it.
The truth would not have been known to anybody if it had not
been disclosed by you.
m) You are advised to help the poor and needy.
Help the poor and needy.
n) You are requested to make a cup of tea for the guest.
Please make a cup of tea for the guest.
CONDITIONAL CLAUSES
Conditional clauses are also known as If clauses. There are
three types of conditional clauses.
Ñœ¡f©l _‹W khlšfis Mjhukhf¡ bfh©L Ãgªjid
th¡»a§fis xnu th¡»akhf kh‰Wf.
Ãgªjid th¡»a§fŸ “If ’’š Mu«ã¡F«. ïâš _‹W tiffŸ
cŸsd.
Type 1. Probable Condition :
If clause Main clause

Simple present tense (v1) will / can + verb 1
Eg : If you prepare well, you will score high marks in the
exam
Prepare - Simple present tense
Will Sure - will + V1
ï›tifahd th¡»a§fËš If clause š Simple present
tense š verb (Éid¢brhš)
ïU¡F« Main clause š will mšyJ can v‹w Jiz
Éid¢brhšYl‹ v1 mšyJ Éid¢ brhšÈ‹ mo¥gil
tot¤âš ïU¡F«.
Type 2. Improbable Condition / Imaginery Condition :

Simple present tense (v1) would / could+ verb 1
Eg : If I were a bird, I would fly
were - Simple present tense
would fly - would + v1
ï›tif Ãgªjid th¡»a§fËš If clause š Simple past
tense í« Main clauseš would mšyJ could cl‹ v1 í«
mikªâU¡F« bgU«ghY« were v‹w past tense (flªj
fhy Éid¢brhš) verb jh‹ tU«.
Type 3. Impossible Condition :

Past Perfect tense (v1) would have / could have + verb 3
Eg : If I had gone by auto, I would have reached the spot
on time.
eh‹ M£nlhÉš br‹¿Uªjhš F¿¥ã£l neu¤âš
m›Él¤ij eh‹ milªâU¡f¡TL«.
had gone - Past Perfect tense
reached - v3
F¿¥ò : Had verb š khzt®fŸ ftdkhf ïU¡f nt©L«.
Had v‹w Éid¢brhš Main verb Mfî« brašgL«.
If I had enough money, I would buy a BMW car
ï§F had v‹w brhš ãujhd Éid¢ brhšyhf
brašgL»wJ. vdnt ïJ 2tJ tifia¢ nr®ªjJ. ï›tif
Édh¡fËš khzt®fŸ ftdkhf ïU¡f nt©L«.
60 Å˜ò£M¡.. êî‹ Ü®Š«ð£‹...
CONDITIONAL CLAUSES
TENSE FORM IN IF TENSE FORM IN MAIN

TYPE
CLAUSE CLAUSE
Type I If you heat ice - It melts - present tense.
Open present tense (for universal truth)
condition (for universal truth) you will succeed - future
If you work hard - tense.
present tense
Type II If you studied well - you would pass -
Imaginary past tense conditional past (past
future) form : would +
condition
Present tense
Type III If he had practiced he would have won
Unfulfilled well - past perfect tense the match -conditional
condition (had + past participle) perfect tense (would have
+ P.P) could have + p.p
I. Open condition
1. If you heat ice, it melts.
If you heat ice -- conditional clause
it melts -- main clause.
It is universal truth. So, the present tense is used in both the
clauses.
heat – present tense melts – present tense
2. If you heat water, it boils (universal truth)
If you heat water -- If clause
It boils -- main clause
heat – present tense boils – present tense
3. If you work hard, you will succeed (It is not universal truth)
work – present tense in If clause
will success – future tense in main clause
4. If you study well, you will get admission in the medical college.
study – present tense in if clause
will get – future tense in main clause.
II. Imaginary condition:

1. If they practised well, they would win the match
practised – past tense in the conditional clause.
past in the main clause.
2. If she studied well, she would pass the exam.
studied – past tense in if clause.
would pass – conditional past in the main clause.
3. If I were a collector, I would help the poor.
were – past tense in the conditional clause.
would help – conditional past in the main clause.
4. If I were a millionaire, I would buy a foreign car.
were – past tense in the subordinate clause.
would buy – conditional past in the main clause.
III. Unfulfilled condition.

1. If Indian cricket team had practised well, it could have won
the match
If Indian team had practised well, -- conditional clause.
It could have won the match - main clause
had practised – past perfect tense
could have won – conditional perfect tense.
2. If he had worked hard, he would have become rich.
had worked – past perfect tense
would have become – conditional perfect
3. If she had driven the car carefully, she would have escaped
from the accident
Note : i. had + past participle in the conditional clause
ii. would / could have + p.p in the main clause.
Task 1 (Text Page 124)

Read the following sentences and fill in the blanks.
a. If I were (be) a spider, I would weave (weave) webs.
b. If Raj were (be) a sculptor, he would make (make) beautiful
idols.
62 Å˜ò£M¡.. êî‹ Ü®Š«ð£‹...
c. If Mary had an umbrella, she would lent (lend) it to me.
d. Rex would have played with me, if he had had (has) time.
e. If I were you, I would accept (accept) this offer.
f. We will select (select) story books for kids, if we allot time for
storytelling.
g. The Education Minister will visit (visit) our school tomorrow, if
he goes by this way.
h. You will be rewarded by the wise, if you stand (stand) for truth.
i. If my mother knows (know) of my poor performance in the
exam, she will not allow me to watch a movie.
j. If I had won the lottery, I would have donated (donate) relief
materials for the flood victims.

Rewrite the following sentences using ‘If ’ without changing
the meaning.
e.g. : Unless you go for a walk regularly, you cannot reduce your
weight. (Use ‘If ’)
If you do not go for a walk regularly, you cannot reduce your
weight.
a) Sindhu would not have won the world championship,
unless she had had single minded devotion.
If Sindhu had had singled devotion she would have won
the world championship.
b) You will not reach your goal, unless you chase your
dream.
If you do not chase your dream you will not reach your goal.
c) Unless we plant more trees, we cannot save our
planet.
If you do not plant more trees we cannot save our planet.
d) The rescue team would not have saved the victims
unless they had received the call in time.
If the rescue team had not received the call in time they
would not have saved the victims.
e) The palace cannot be kept clean, unless we appoint

more people.
If the palace has to be kept clean we will appoint more
people.
f) The portraits would not have been so natural unless
the artist had given his best.
If the artist had given his best the portraits would have
been so natural.
g) The manager would not have selected Nithiksha
unless she exhibited good accounting skill.
If Nithiksha had not exhibited good accounting skill she
would not have been selected by the manager.
h) The policeman would not have arrested the man
unless he had violated the rules.
If the man had not violated the rules the policeman would
not have arrested him.
i) Mr Kunaal would not sponsor my higher education
unless I studied well.
If I did not study well Mr. Kunal would not sponsor higher
education.
j) Kavin will not stop flying kites unless he understands
the risk involved in it.
If Kavin understands the risk involved in flying kites he will
stop it.
k) Tanya would not know the answer unless she
referred to the answer key.
If Tanya did not refer the answer key she would not know
the answer.
l) My village cannot achieve 100 % literacy rate,
unless the elders of the village cooperate with the
education department.
If the elders of the village do not cooperate with the
education department, my village cannot achieve 100%
literacy rate.
64 Å˜ò£M¡.. êî‹ Ü®Š«ð£‹...
TRANSFORMATION OF SENTENCES
(SIMPLE, COMPOUND & COMPLEX)
Simple sentence :
A single sentences consists of only one main clause with
or without a phrase.
Ex : I got back the money.
They gave him a warm welcome.
Compound sentence :
A Compound sentence consists at lust two main clauses
and more than but no subordinating clauses. These main
clauses are looked with co-ordinating conjunctions like but,
and, or, otherwise, and so, and immediately.
Ex : I got the money back but my friends lost their money.
They gave him a warm welcome and they listened to him
with regard.
The following table will help you to transform the sentences :
Complex Compound Simple
1 Though / Although/ but / yet / still inspite of + v + ing
Even though Despite of + v + ing
2 If and incase of + v + ing
3 unless (If . . not) or / otherwise incase of + not + v
+ ing
4 after (sub + perfect and then after + v + ing /
+ tense) Having + pp
5 As / Since / Because and so v + ing
6 When and on + v + ing
7 As soon as and immediately on + v + ing
8 Before and before that before + v + ing
9 Till / until and till then till + v + ing
10 that - of / to
11 so ... that ... not very ... and so too ... to

Pick out the finite verbs in the following sentences :
a) You can solve this problem in different ways. Ans: solve
b) The professor has been working on the last chapter of the book
since March. Ans: work
c) Despite being a celebrity, Ravi mingles easily with everyone.
Ans: mingles
d) You must speak clearly to make yourself understood.
Ans: speak
e) The chairman being away, the clerk is unable to approve the
proposal. Ans: approve
f) Getting down from the car, the Chief Guest walked towards the
dais amidst applause. Ans: walked
g) The old man struggled to walk without support.
Ans: struggled
h) In case of emergency, please contact this number.
Ans: contact
i) The sun having set, the temperature fell rapidly. Ans: fell
j) But for your help, I could not have completed the assignment.
Ans: complete
Task 2
Read the following passage and identify the
simple sentences.
Sunflowers turn according to the position of the sun. In other
words, they ‘ chase the light’. Have you ever wondered what happens
on cloudy, rainy days when the sun is completely covered by clouds? If
you think the sunflower withers or turns its head towards the ground,
you are completely mistaken. Do you know what happens? Sunflowers
turn to each other to share their energy. Learning from Nature, we too
should support and empower each other.
Simple sentences:
v Sunflowers turn according to the position of the sun
66 Å˜ò£M¡.. êî‹ Ü®Š«ð£‹...
v In other words, they ‘ chase the light’
v Sunflowers turn to each other to share their energy.
v Learning from Nature, we too should support and empower each
other.
b) Complex sentence
Let us recall the differences between a phrase and a clause and
learn to identify Main and Subordinate clauses.
Phrase
i. A phrase is a group of words without a finite verb in it.
ii. It does not give complete sense.
Examples : my new watch, a barking dog, the wise, the
brave etc.
Clause
i. A clause is a group of words with a finite verb in it.
ii. It may or may not make complete sense.
Examples : my watch that is new, a dog that is barking,
people who are wise, those who are brave
Look at the following sentence:

I have lost the watch that you gave me.
I have lost the watch - Main clause (the clause stands on its own)
that you gave me - Subordinate clause (the clause depends
on the Main clause for its meaning to be
completed)
that - clause marker
The above sentence is an example of a complex sentence.
A complex sentence has one Main clause and one or more
Subordinate clauses.
Task 1 (Textbook Page 123)
Look at the following complex sentences. Circle the
Main clauses and underline the Subordinate clauses.
a) Nobody knows when the power supply will resume.
b) Please tell me what the time is.
c) The man who directed the film was my schoolmate.

d) I believe that all men are basically good.
e) No one knows when he will return.

Pick out the complex sentences in the following
passage.
A man saw a lion in the bush, as he was walking through the
forest. He did not know what to do. He was helpless. He was too
scared to turn around and run. He just knelt down as if he were
getting ready to pray. He closed his eyes, thinking that the lion would
pounce on him anytime. Out of the corner of his eye, he saw the lion
on its knees too. Shocked, he asked the lion what it was doing. The
lion replied that he was praying before he started his meal.
Complex sentences:
v A man saw a lion in the bush, as he was walking through the
forest.
v He did not know what to do.
v He just knelt down as if he were getting ready to pray.
v He closed his eyes, thinking that the lion would pounce on him
anytime.
v Shocked, he asked the lion what it was doing.
v The lion replied that he was praying before he started his meal.
c) Compound sentence
v Look at the following sentence:
v Honesty promotes character, and dishonesty destroys it.
v Honesty promotes character - Main clauseI
v dishonesty destroys it - Main clause II and - conjunction
Two Main clauses connected by a conjunction form a compound
sentence.
68 Å˜ò£M¡.. êî‹ Ü®Š«ð£‹...
Identify the two Main clauses and conjunction in each
of the following sentences.
a) It started raining suddenly and people ran for shelter.
It started raining suddenly _ Main Clause I
People ran for shelter - Main Clause II
And - conjunction
b) Understand the concept well, otherwise you cannot solve
the problem.
Understand the concept well _ Main clause I
You cannot solve the problem – Main clause Ii
Otherwise – conjunction
c) Fifty candidates appeared for the interview, but only five
were selected.
Fifty candidates appeared for the interview – Main Clause I
Only five were selected – Main clause II
But - conjunction
d) Ramesh did not know Spanish, so he wanted a translator.
Ramesh did not know Spanish – Main Clause I
He wanted a translator – Main Clause II
So - conjunction
e) He is a good actor, still he is not popular.
He is a good actor – Main clause I
He is not popular – Main clause II
Still - conjunction

Pick out the compound sentences in the following
passage.
The food we eat has to be digested and then thrown out of
the body. The air we breathe in, has to be thrown out, to help us
survive. But we hold negative emotions like insecurity, anger and
jealousy within ourselves for years. If these negative emotions are not
eliminated, the mind grows corrupt and diseased. Let us do away with
hatred and lead a healthy life filled with peace and joy.
Compound Sentences :
The food we eat has to be digested and then thrown out
of the body.
Let us do away with hatred and lead a healthy life filled
with peace and joy.

Complete the sentences choosing the right endings.
We were thoroughly to find out his address

disappointed
Hardly had he stepped out we could not go further
They wanted since our team did not get a
prize
Since we had run out of petrol was his reckless driving
The cause of his injury when it began to rain
Ans : we were thoroughly disappointed since our team did not get a
prize.
Hardly had he stepped out when it began to rain.
They wanted to find out his address.
Since we had run out of petrol we could not go further.
The cause of his injury was his reckless driving.
DEGREES OF COMPARISON
Type -1
v No other profession is as noble as teaching.
v Teaching is nobler than any other profession.
v Teaching is the noblest of all professions. / Teaching is the
noblest profession.
Type – 2
v Very few professions are as noble as teaching.
70 Å˜ò£M¡.. êî‹ Ü®Š«ð£‹...
v Teaching is nobler than many other / most other professions.
v Teaching is one of the noblest professions.
Type – 3
v Apples are costlier than mangoes in the summer season.
v Mangoes are not so costly as apples in the summer season.
Type – 4
v Apples are not more expensive than mangoes during winter.
v Mangoes are as expensive as apples during winter.
Type – 5
v We have not watched such a thrilling movie as this.
v This movie is more thrilling than any other movie, we have
ever watched.
v This is the most thrilling movie, we have ever watched.
Type – 6
v My brother can climb a tree as fast as a monkey.
v A monkey cannot climb a tree faster than my brother.

Transform each of the following sentences using the
comparative degree without changing the meaning.
1. Very few Indian languages are as ancient as Tamil.
Tamil is more ancient than most other languages.
2. Hurricanes are as dangerous as tornadoes.
Tonadoes are more dangerous than Hurricanes.
3. This is the most challenging task I have ever undertaken.
This task is more challenging than any other tasks I have ever
undertaken.
4. E-mail is the fastest means of communication.
E – mail is faster than any other means of communication.
5. Compulsive gambling is the worst habit a man can
develop.
Compulsive gambling is worse than any other habit a man can
develop.

Rewrite each of the following sentences using the
superlative degree retaining the meaning.
1. Shakespeare is greater than many other dramatists of
the world.
Shakespeare is one of the greatest dramatists of the world.
2. Some people think that nothing is as important as money
in life.
Some people think that money is the most important in life.
3. The peacock is more colourful than any other bird found
in India.
Peacock is the most colourful bird found in India.
4. Very few people in this town are as generous as Mr.
Mohan.
Mr. Mohan is one of the most generous people in this town.
5. No other planet in our solar system is as cold as Neptune.
Neptune is the coldest planet in our solar system.
6. I cannot do anything better for you than this.
This is the best thing I can do for you.

Replace the comparative adjectives in the following
sentences with their positive forms.
1. Rural life is certainly more peaceful than urban life.
Urban life is not certainly so peaceful as Rural life.
2. The pen is mightier than the sword.
The sword is not so mighty as the pen.
3. Train journey is more comfortable than bus journey.
Bus journey is not so comfortable as train journey.
4. My mother can speak more sweetly than anyone else.
No other person can speak so sweet as my mother.
72 Å˜ò£M¡.. êî‹ Ü®Š«ð£‹...
5. Gold is not more useful than iron.
Iron is as useful as Gold.
QUESTIONS 31 TO 33
POEM ERC
POEM 1. The Castle

CONTEXT
Poem : THE CASTLE
Poet : Edwin Muir
EXPLANATION : “The Castle” is an allegorical poem. The poet
narrates the downfall of a strong castle due to
insincerity and faithlessness. The soldiers were
very loyal. They can’t be suspected for such a
great fall. The wicked guard let the enemies for
gold.
POEM 2. Our Casuarina Tree

CONTEXT
Poem : CASUARIANA TREE
Poet : Toru Dutt
EXPLANATION : The poetess remembers a Casuariana tree
under which she and her siblings used to play
happily during her childhood days. But her
brother and sister were not there. Hence she
laments.
POEM 3 ALL THE WORLD’S A STAGE

CONTEXT
Poem : ALL THE WORLD’S A STAGE (from As You Like
It)
Poet : William Shakespeare
EXPLANATION : Shakespeare compares the world to a stage.
Men and women are merely actors. The poet
divides the life of human being into seven
stages They are

1. Infant 2. School boy 3. Lover 4. Soldier
5.Justice 6. Old age 7 Second Childishness.
POEM 4. ULYSSES
CONTEXT
Poem : ULYSSES
Poet : Alfred Tennyson
EXPLANATION : This poem is a dramatic monologue. Tennyson
has depicted Ulysses as a hero Ulysses was a
great Greek warrior and the king of Ithaca. He
had become a part and parcel of all new lands,
new people and new climates.

CONTEXT
Poem : A FATHER TO HIS SON
Poet : Carl August Sandburg
EXPLANATION : This poem is the form of an advice of a father
to his son to have courage and strength. The
son should be steel as the wife is hard like a
rock. He also warm him that there is nothing
wrong in earning money.

CONTEXT
Poem : INCIDENT OF THE FRENCH CAMP
Poet : Robert Browning
EXPLANATION : The poet describes the scene of the French
attack on the German city of Ratisbon. Napolean,
the French Emperor stood on the hillock and
he was in pensive mood. The incident brings
out the character of both Napolean and the
boy who is very brave, dutiful with strong will
power.
74 Å˜ò£M¡.. êî‹ Ü®Š«ð£‹...
QUESTIONS 34 TO 36
Prose – 1 : Two Gentlemen of Verona

1. Answer the following questions in oneor two sentences
each based on your understanding of the story.
a) Who did the narrator meet at the outskirts of
Verona?
Ans : The narrator met the two boys named Nicola and
Jacopo at the outskirts of Verona.
b) Why did the driver not approve of the narrator
buying fruits from the boys?
Ans : The driver did not approve of the narrator buying fruits
from the boys for two reasons. First they were selling wild
strawberries. Second they looked very dirty and shabby.
c) The boys did not spend much on clothes and food.
Why?
Ans : The boys did not spend much on clothes and food
because they had to pay a heavy sum to the treatment for
their sister.
d) Were the boys saving money to go the States? How
do you know?
Ans : No, the boys were not saving money to go to the
states. I know from the statement of Nicola that he would
love to go but they had other plans.
e) Why did the author avoid going to Lucia’s room?
Ans : The author avoided going to Lucia’s room because he
did not want to intrude the privacy of the boys. Moreover
the boys were not willing to disclose the secrets with the
author.
f) What was Lucia suffering from?
Ans : Lucia was suffering from Tuberculosis of spine.
g) What made the boys join the resistance movement
against the Germans?
Ans : The father of the boys was a well known singer
but had been killed in the war. Their house had been
destroyed in a bomb explosion. For months they had barely

kept themselves alive in a sort of shelter built amidst the
rubble. They grew to hate the Germans. This made the
boys join the resistance movement against the Germans.
h) What made the boys work so hard?
Ans : Their sister was suffering from TB. They had to look
after her and the cost of the treatment is so high. This
made the boys work so hard.
i) Why didn’t the boys disclose their problem to the
author?
Ans : The boys didn’t disclose their problem to the author
because they find the author as a stranger. Since they have
seen much dark days, they have lost faith in the people.
That’s why, they don’t want to create more troubles in
sharing their personal matters with outsiders. They may
also think that there may be a lion in a sheep’s clothing.
2. Answer the following questions in three or four sentences

each.
a) Describe the appearance of Nicola and Jacopo.
Ans : Nicola and Jacopo were two brothers of 13 and 12
respectively. They wore shabby clothes. Nicola wore a
worn out jersey and cut – off khaki pants. Jacopo wore a
shortened army tunic. They had their brown skins, tangled
hair and dark earnest eyes.
b) What were the various jobs undertaken by the little
boys?
Ans : The little boys shined shoes under the hot sun. They
sold fruits, hawked newspapers and conducted tourists
round the town. They also ran errands.
d) How did the narrator help the boys on Sunday?
Ans : The narrator helped the boys on Sunday by taking
them to Poleta in his car driving himself.
e) Who took the author to the cubicle?
Ans : The nurse took the author to the cubicle.
76 Å˜ò£M¡.. êî‹ Ü®Š«ð£‹...
f) Describe the girl with whom the boys were talking
to in the cubicle.
Ans : The girl was about twenty two who propped up on
pillows, wearing a pretty lace jacket. Her eyes were soft
and tender. She resembled both Nicola and Jacopo.
g) Recount the untold sufferings undergone by the
siblings after they were rendered homeless.
Ans : For months they had barely kept themselves alive in
a sort of shelter built amidst the rubble. They grew to hate
Germans. When the resistance movement started they
joined it. When the war was over and there was peace
they came back to their beloved sister. She had had spine
tuberculosis.
h) The narrator did not utter a word and preferred to
keep the secret to himself. Why? Substantiate the
statement with reference to the story.
Ans : The narrator did not utter a word and preferred to
keep the secret to himself because the boys did not
disclose about their sister to the author. They considered
him a stranger.
Prose – 2 : A Nice Cup of Tea

1. Based on your understanding of the text, answer each of
the following questions in one or two sentences.
a) What seems ‘curious’ to the author?
Ans : The preparation of tea seems curious to the author.
b) Why does the author say that it is important to
include a tea recipe in cookery books?
Ans : The preparation of tea process requires several ruling
instructions to be followed. Hence the author says that it is
important to include a tea recipe in cookery books.
c) Mention the countries in which tea is a part of
civilization.
Ans : India, Eire, Australia and Newzealand are the countries
in which tea is a part of civilization.
d) Which tea does the author prefer– China tea or

Indian tea?
Ans : The author prefers Indian tea. (Or) Indian tea is
preferred by the author.
e) According to the author, what does the phrase ‘a
nice cup of tea’ refer to?
Ans : According to the author, the phrase ‘a nice cup of tea’
refers to the Indian tea.
f) What is the second golden rule in the preparation of
tea?
Ans : Tea should be made in small quantities in a teapot.
This is the second golden rule in the preparation of tea.
g) How does army tea taste?
Ans : Army tea tastes of greese and whitewash.
h) Do tea lovers generally like strong tea or weak tea?
Ans : Tea lovers generally like strong tea.
i) Why should tea be directly added to the pot?
Ans : The tea should be directly added to the pot since the
stray leaves are supposed to be harmful.
j) Why does the author prefer the cylindrical cup to a
flat cup?
Ans : A flat cup can hold more tea. so the author prefers
the cylindrical cup to a flat cup.
k) What should be poured into the cup first–tea or
milk?
Ans : Tea should be poured into the cup first.
l) Why does the author advice removing cream from
the milk?
Ans : If cream from the milk is not removed the tea will
have sickly taste. Hence the author advises removing
cream from the milk.
m) Does the author like drinking tea with sugar? Give
reasons.
Ans : No, the author does not like drinking tea with sugar.
78 Å˜ò£M¡.. êî‹ Ü®Š«ð£‹...
This is because adding sugar to tea will not give the real
flavor of tea.
n) Why does the author refer to himself as being in ‘a
minority’?
Ans : The author is one among the few who drinks tea
without sugar. So he refers to himself as being in ‘a minority’.
o) Whom does the author call ‘misguided people’?
What is his advice to them?
Ans : The author calls those who drink tea with sugar as
misguided people. His advice to them is to try to drink
without sugar for a fortnight. Thereafter they won’t prefer
to add sugar ever again.
2. Based on your understanding of the text, answer each of

the following questions in four or five sentences.
a) What are the author’s views on China tea?
Ans : China tea has some valuable qualities. It is
economical. It can be drunk without milk. It doesn’t
have much excitement. It is not able to help us in finding
motivated or brave or wiser.
b) How does adding sugar affect the taste of tea?
Ans : While drinking tea with sugar one can enjoy the taste
of sugar but not the flavor of tea. Thus adding sugar affects
the taste of tea.
c) Elucidate the author’s ideas about teapots.
Ans : Tea should be prepared in small quantities in a
teapot. It should be made of china or earthenware. Silver
or Britannia ware teapots produce inferior tea. Enamel pots
are worse. Pewter teapot is not at all bad.
Prose – 3 : In Celebration of Being Alive

1. Answer the following questions in one or two sentences
based on your understanding of the lesson.
a. What thoughts troubled Dr. Christiaan Barnard as
he neared the end of his career as a heart surgeon?
Ans : As Dr. Christiaan Barnard neared the end of his
career as a heart surgeon, his thoughts have turned to the
consideration of why people should suffer.
b. What were Dr. Barnard’s feelings when he was
hospitalized after an accident?
Ans : Dr. Christiaan Barnard could not make out why he and
his wife had to suffer a lot when he was hospitalized after
an accident.
c. When and where did the accident occur?
Ans : The accident had happened a few years ago. When
he was crossing a street with his wife after a lovely meal
together and immediatley, a car hit him and knocked him
into his wife. She was thrown into the other lane and struck
by a car coming from the opposite direction.
d. How did the hospitalization of Dr. Barnard and his
wife affect their routine?
Ans : Dr. Barnard could not do the scheduled surgery. He
and his wife could not look after their young baby.
e. How was Dr. Barnard’s attitude to suffering different
from that of his father?
Ans : Dr. Barnard got anger at his suffering whereas his
father would take it as God’s test on a person. He thought
that such an incident would improve a person to become
better.
f. How was the unattended trolley put to use?
Ans : Two little boys, one blind and another crippled pushed
the unattended trolley for fun. They drove it happily.
g. What roles did the duo take up?
Ans : The two boys took the roles of a driver and a mechanic.
The blind boy was the mechanic and the boy with one arm
was the driver.
h. Why did the choice of roles prove to be easy for
them?
Ans : The mechanic was totally blind and the driver had
only one arm. Hence the choice of roles was easy.
80 Å˜ò£M¡.. êî‹ Ü®Š«ð£‹...
i. Who encouraged them and how?
Ans : The other patients encouraged them by laughing and
appreciating the two boys.
j. What does Dr. Barnard compare this entertainment
to?
Ans : Dr. Barnard compares the entertainment to the Grand
Prix of Indianapolis 500 car race.
k. What happened in the grand finale?
Ans : In the grand finale the silverware and plates were
scattered and the nurse was angry with the boys who were
responsible for that.
l. How does Dr. Barnard know the boy who played the
trolley’s driver?
Ans : The trolley driver had a hole in his heart and it was
closed by Dr. Barnard. The boy came back to the hospital
with a malignant tumour of the bone. A few days before
the trolley incident, his shoulder and arm were amputated.
m. What was the profound lesson that Dr. Barnard
learnt from the boys?
Ans : Dr. Barnard learned from the boys that the business of
living is joy in the real sense of the word, not just something
for pleasure, amusement and recreation. The business of
living is the celebration of being alive.
2. Answer the following questions in three or four sentences.

a. Detail the statistics Dr. Barnard has provided in his
speech.
Ans : To prove that suffering is prevalent in this world Dr.
Barnard gives the following statistics. Out of 125 million
children born this year, 12 million are unlikely to reach the
age of one and another six million will die before the age
of five.
b. What happened when the doctor couple were
crossing the street?
Ans : While the doctor couple were crossing the street after
a lovely meal together, a car hit him and knocked him into
his wife. She was thrown into the other lane and struck by
a car coming from the opposite direction.
c. What injuries did they sustain in the accident?
Ans : He had eleven broken ribs and a perforated lung. His
wife had a badly fractured shoulder.
d. Dr. Barnard couldn’t find any nobility in suffering.
Why?
Ans : As a doctor Dr. Barnard saw every day the patients’
suffering as they were moving about in sweat soaked bed.
He could not find any nobility in the crying of a lonely child
in a ward at night.
e. Why does Dr. Barnard find suffering of children
heartbreaking?
Ans : Dr. Barnard has always found the suffering of children
particularly heartbreaking because of their total trust in
doctors and nurses. They believe they will be helped by
them. If they are not cured they accept their fate. They do
not make any complaint.
f. How did the boy who played the mechanic lose his
eyesight?
Ans : One night when the boy’s parents were drunk, his
mother threw a lantern at his father. Unfortunately the
lantern broke over the child’s head and shoulders. he
suffered sever third degree burn on the upper part of his
body and lost both his eyes.
g. Why does Dr. Barnard describe the blind boy as a
‘walking horror’?
Ans : Because of the boy’s mother’s mistake, the boy
became blind. He was a walking horror because he was
walking with a disfigured face and long flap of skin hanging
from the side of his neck to his body.
h. What were the problems the trolley driver suffered
from?
Ans : The trolley driver had a hole in his heart and it was
closed by Dr. Barnard. The boy came back to the hospital
with a malignant tumour of the bone. A few days before
the trolley incident, his shoulder and arm were amputated.
82 Å˜ò£M¡.. êî‹ Ü®Š«ð£‹...
Prose – 4 : The Summit

1. Based on your reading of the text, answer the following
questions in one or two sentences each.
a) What did Hillary do with his wet boots?
Ans : Hillary warmed them over the fierce flame of the
cooking stove and managed to soften them up.
b) Name an equipment and a tool carried by the
climbers during their expedition.
Ans : The Oxygen apparatus and an ice-axe are carried by
the climbers during their expedition.
c) Why did Hillary become clumsy-fingered and slow-
moving?
Ans : The oxygen was getting exhausted. So Hillary
became clumsy-fingered and slow-moving.
d) What did Hillary find in a tiny hollow?
Ans : Hillary found two oxygen cylinders left on the earlier
attempts by Evans and Bourdillion .
e) When did Hillary feel a sense of freedom and well-
being?
Ans : Hillary’s apparatus became much lighter, weighing
just over 20 lb and since he cut steps down of the south
summit, he felt a sense of freedom and well-being.
f) What did Hillary mean by saying “We had had
enough to do the job, but by no means too much”?
Ans : Both Hillary and Tenzing had undergone a lot of
dangers and difficulties to reach to the summit. But as
Hillary likes and loves mountaineering, he feels it is not
much for an adventurous achievement.
2. Answer the following questions in two or three sentences

each.
a) How did the mountaineers belay?
Ans : While Tenzing was belaying Hillary, he would sink his
shaft and put a few loops of the rope around it. Tensing
protected against a breaking step, would move up to him.
Then once again as Tenzing belayed him, Hillary would go

on cutting.
b) Why was the original zest fading away?
Ans : The time was passing and the ridge seemed never
ending. They were a little tired. It was turning out to be a
serious struggle. Hence the original zest was fading away.
c) What did Edmund Hillary do to escape the large
overhanging ice cornices?
Ans : In order to escape large overhanging cornices, Hillary
cut a line of steps down to where the snow met the rocks
on the west.
d) What did Tenzing and Edmund Hillary gift to the God
of lofty Summit? How did they do it?
Ans : Tenzing made a little hole in the snow. He placed
various small articles of food such as a bar of chocolate, a
packet of biscuits and a handful of lollies in it. Hillary also
made a hole in the snow and placed a crucifix in it. The
crucifix was given to him by Sir John Hunt.
e) What did the photograph portray?
Ans : The photograph portrayed the North ridge, showing
the North Col and the old route which had been made
famous by the struggles of those great climbers of the
1920’s and 1930’s.
f) The soft snow was difficult and dangerous. Why?
Ans : The soft snow was not firm to get foot-hold. It might
slip or it might give way under the foot. So the soft snow
was difficult and dangerous.
g) How did the firm snow at the higher regions fill them
with hope?
Ans : The snow was crystalline and firm at the higher
regions. Two or three blows of the ice-axe produced a step
large enough even for a over-sized High Attitude boots. A
firm thrust of the ice-axe would sink it half –way up the
shaft, giving a solid and comfortable belay. This filled the
whole team with hope.
84 Å˜ò£M¡.. êî‹ Ü®Š«ð£‹...
Prose – 5 : The Chair

based on your understanding of the story.
a) What was put on the family agenda?
Ans: How to get a chair was put on the family agenda.
b) Who visited the family?
Ans: The maternal uncle visited the family.
c) Describe the stool that the narrator’s family had.
Ans: The stool measured a mere three-fourth foot. If a
person did not sit properly on it, it would topple over.
d) What was Pedanna’s suggestion to their father?
Ans: Pedanna suggested to her father to buy a chair from
the town.
e) What was offered to Maamanaar by their mother?
Ans: Their mother offered to Maamanaar a tumbler of
butter milk mixed with asafetida.
f) Why were the two chairs compared to
Rama-Lakshmana?
Ans: The two chairs were compared to Rama-Lakshmana
because the two chairs were identical to each other.
g) When did the children shy away from the chair?
Ans: The children were afraid to sit on the chair. A dead
body of an important person was kept on the chair. So they
shied away from the chair.
h) How did Maamanaar handle the chair at home?
Ans: Every day morning Maamanaar wiped the chair neatly.
If it was to be shifted from one place to another he himself
carried it. He used to keep it down gently.
each.
a) What happened to the visitor when he sat on the
stool?
The visitor was the sub-judge. So he was offered the stool
to sit on. He could not keep the balance well and he fell
down with a thud.
b) Why did the family find it difficult to make a chair?

Ans: In the village they did not have a chair to take as a
model. Moreover there was no carpenter in the village who
could make a chair. So the family found it difficult to make
a chair.
c) What was grandmother’s suggestion of wood? Why?

Ans: Grandmother suggested to have teak wood for the
chair. It would be light to carry and it would be sturdy.
d) How was the chair made and how did the villagers
react to it?
Ans: A carpenter was called from the neighbouring village
to make two chairs – one for the narrator’s family and one
for his uncle. When the villagers came to know about the
chair they came in group to see that.
e) When did the children get over the fear of sitting on

the chair?
Ans: After the chair had been used to keep the dead body
the children were afraid to sit on the chair. The chair was
washed well. When a guest came he was asked to sit on
the chair and he sat on it. That removed the fear from the
children.
f) Why did Maamanaar hand over the chair to the

villagers to retain it?
Ans: The villagers used the chair to keep the dead bodies
on the chair. Maamanaar thought that it would not be
proper to use it after using it for the dead body. Moreover
the villagers needed a chair for that purpose. So he handed
over the chair to the villagers.
Prose – 6 : On the Rule of the Road

each.
a) Why did the lady think she was entitled to walk
down the middle of the road?
86 Å˜ò£M¡.. êî‹ Ü®Š«ð£‹...
Ans : The lady thought that they got liberty. She could walk
wherever she liked. It might be even in the middle of the
road.
b) What would be the consequence of the old lady’s
action?
Ans : It did not occur to the old lady that if liberty entitled
the pedestrian to walk down the middle of the road. Then
the end of such liberty would be a universal confusion.
c) What does the ‘rule of the road” mean?
Ans : The “Rule of the Road” means that in order to preserve
all the liberties, the liberties of everyone must be curtailed.
d) Why should individual liberty be curtailed?
Ans : The individual liberty should be curtailed. If everyone
gets into everybody else’s way, it will become a social
lawlessness.
e) How would a reasonable person react when his
action affect other person’s liberty?
Ans : A reasonable person would understand that if the
traffic police doesn’t intervene with the liberty of individuals
at signal points, there will be a huge traffic jam and none
will be able to drive on the road.
f) Define Liberty as perceived by the author.
Ans : Liberty is not a personal affair only, but also a social
contract.
g) According to the author, what are we more conscious
of?
Ans : We are much more conscious of the imperfections of
others than our own.
h) What is the foundation of social conduct?
Ans : A reasonable consideration for the rights or feelings
of others is the foundation of social conduct.
i) How can we sweeten our life’s journey?
Ans : We can sweeten our life’s journey with the little
habits of common place of interactions accommodating the
personal interests of common men.
j) What does the traffic policeman symbolize?
Ans : The traffic policeman symbolizes liberty but at the
same time he does not symbolize tyranny.

each.
a. What is ‘liberty’ according to the old lady?
Ans : According to the Russian old lady, liberty is the right
to walk in the middle of the road. She is liberty-drunk. She
wasn’t aware that if the pedestrian chooses to walk down
the middle of the road, then the end of such liberty would
be a universal chaos.
b. How would ‘liberty’ cause universal chaos?
Ans : When liberty is used without accommodating others’
interests, it will result in universal chaos.
c. Why is there a danger of the world getting ‘liberty
drunk’?
Ans : There is a danger of the world getting liberty – drunk
these days because individual liberty is becoming a social
lawlessness, as everyone gets into everyone’s way.
d. ‘Curtailment of private liberty is done to establish
social order’ – Do you agree?
Ans : Yes, it is right to say that curtailment of private liberty
to done to establish social order. The rights and feelings of
others should be considered and our private liberties can be
brought in social order.
QUESTIONS 37 TO 40
DIALOGUE WRITING
We must have creative skill in writing a dialogue, using ‘wh’
questions and ‘yes or no’ type questions.
‘Wh’ questions and yes or no questions
1. Why are you late? 2. Whom do you want to meet?
3. How many teachers are 4. Have you done your
working in your school? homework?
88 Å˜ò£M¡.. êî‹ Ü®Š«ð£‹...
5. Where did your brother go 6. Can you drive a bus?

yesterday?
7. Do you want a cup of coffee? 8. Where is your father?
Here is a conversation between a student who wishes to open

an account and a bank clerk.
Student : Good morning, madam.
Bank Clerk : Good morning, what can I do for you?
Student : I would like to open an account in your bank.
Bank Clerk : Are you a student of a school or a college?
Student : I am a student of Govt. Hr. Sec. School, Asokapuram.
Bank Clerk : Why do you want to open an account?
Student : My class teacher advised me to open an account
to receive the monetary benefits from government
schemes.
Bank Clerk : Here is an application form to open an account in our
bank. Fill it up with all necessary details.
Student : Should I enclose any document with the form?
Bank Clerk : Yes. You should enclose a valid identity proof and an
address proof that are approved by the government.
Student : Madam, can I submit the form and documents
tomorrow?
Bank Clerk : Okay. You need to make an initial deposit of Rs.
500/- to open an account.
Student : Sure Madam, Thank you.
Bank Clerk : You are welcome.
ANSWER TO TEXTUAL EXERCISES

a) Pair work : Practise the dialogue with another student. Then
write a similar dialogue between a student and
the class teacher regarding an educational trip.
b) Build a conversation for the following situations with a
minimum of five exchanges.
1. A passenger and a railway staff regarding the cancellation
of the reserved tickets.
Passenger : Good morning sir
Railway Staff : Good morning sir. How can I help you?
Passenger : I want to cancel my ticket.
Railway staff : Tell me the details when and which train you
have booked.
Passenger : I have booked to Delhi by Tamilnadu Express
on 30th instant.
Railway Staff : How many tickets?
Passenger : Three tickets
Railway Staff : you will get only 50% of refund. Is it alright
for you?
Passenger : Yes sir.
Railway Staff : fill in this cancellation form.
Passenger : Thanks a ton sir.
2. Two friends about the NSS camp which they are going to
attend.
Ram : Hi Shyam how are you?
Shyam : Hi Ram I am fine. How about you?
Ram : I am also fine. What about our NSS camp?
Shyam : I have come now to talk about that only
Ram : Oh I see Has the date been finalized?
Shyam : Yeah it will be in the last week of this month.
Ram : What about the venue?
Shyam : The venue will be the visually challenged school in
our town.
Ram : oh I am very eager to attend the camp.
Shyam : I too.
90 Å˜ò£M¡.. êî‹ Ü®Š«ð£‹...
3. A salesman and a customer at an electronic shop.
Salesman : Welcome sir
Customer : Good morning
Salesman : Good morning sir. Tell me how can I help you?
Customer : I want washing machine.
Salesman : what is your budget?
Customer : within 20000/-
Salesman : Look at this. It has more salient features than
other brands.
Customer : How much does it cost?
Salesman : It costs Rs. 19000/-
Customer : Alright. Pack it.
TYPE II
1. Extend the conversation with two more exchanges:
Employer : How old are you ?
Candidate : I am 25 Years old.
Employer : What is you qualification?
Candidate : I am a Post-graduate in Physics.
Employer : When can you join duty if you are appointed ?
Candidate : I can you join duty, if I am appointed.
2. Extend the conversation with two more exchanges:
Bookseller : Hello Sir! May I help you, Sir?
Customer : Sir, would you allow me to exchange this book
with another book?
Bookseller : Is there any defect in the book?
Customer : A few pages are missing in this book
Bookseller : Do you have the bill?
Customer : Here is the bill. Please exchange the book.
STUDYING NON – VERBAL PRESENTATIONS

Pie-chart, Tabular Column, Histogram toÉš jftšfŸ
bfhL¡f¥g£oU¡F« jftšfis KGikahf òÇªJ bghU¤jkhdij
nj®ªbjL¤J¡ T£lš, fÊ¤jš k‰W« rjåj fz¡Ffis
mo¥gilahf¡ bfh©L nfŸÉfŸ nf£fyh«
TEXTUAL EXERCISES:
Non-verbal Representations (Page 41)
Presenting information using tables,graphs and charts is a
common practice in scientific and technical writing. This is because
through graphs and charts, scientific data can be presented in a clear
and precise manner. Bar charts, graphs, tree diagrams, organizational
charts, flow charts and pie charts are the frequently used pictorial or
non-verbal representations. The table is the simplest and the most
common direct graphic form used for presenting information.
TEXTBOOK EXAMPLES
Look at the following non-verbal representation. Based on
your understanding and inference, write a paragraph on
career trends in the next decade.
92 Å˜ò£M¡.. êî‹ Ü®Š«ð£‹...
This bar graph is about the fastest growing occupations. Wind
and solar energy technicians have 100% guarantee of job. Chefs and
food analysts have least percent of guarantee of getting job. Personal
care and home health Aides stands second in the list of getting jobs.
In future trending for teaching jobs is decreasing.
Interpreting non–verbal presentation( Page 125)

You have already learnt to present information or data in a
visual form through tables, graphs etc. Map reading also falls under
this category. Now let us interpret a map as a part of non–verbal
presentation.
Reading a map
Nowadays though locations are traced easily using GPS, (Global
Positioning System) one should know what to look for in the map
to reach the destination. Here are a few general instructions to be
followed while reading a map.
1. Identify and understand the elements of the map correctly.
2. Look out for the title to know what the map shows.
3. Study the symbols / colours that are used on the map and find
what they stand for.
4. Look at the scale of the map. (whether to be scaled or not to be
scaled)
5. Look for the pointer to know the direction.
ANSWERS TO THE TEXTBOOK EXERCISES

a. Let us together scale the summit. Here is a drawing of the
Everest showing the way to the summit, and the position
of the camps with their heights. Trace the trekking trail
to reach the summit with the given details and write an
interesting paragraph in about 100 words.
Fifty-three years ago, there were only two main ways to get to
the south base camp of Mt. Everest in Nepal: Trek from Kathmandu, a
four-to-five-week trek. Or, take a day-long bus ride over rough roads
to Jiri and hike for five to eight days to Namche and then on toward
Mt. Everest.
Then, in 1964, everything changed. That’s when the Himalayan
Trust, created by Sir Edmund Hillary, built a mountainside airport and
a dirt runway in Lukla to help the Sherpa people get their goods to
market more easily. The unintended result of Hillary’s effort was that
the airport, considered by many experts to be the most dangerous in
the world, also gave travelers a shorter route to Mt. Everest. Today
an estimated 25,000 people a year take the 35-minute flight from
Kathmandu to Lukla to begin their trek. But a few hardy, adventurous
souls still do the trek the old fashioned way. They begin walking in Jiri.
Their feet never leave the ground.
b) Read the following information given in the table below

and answer the questions. (Page 153)
RAJADHANI EXPRESS TIMETABLE
Shortest Route between Chennai and Hazrat Nizamuddin 8
Halts & 324 intermediate stations in between
Station Name Departs Day Speed
Chennai Central 06.05 1 75
Vijayawada 11.55 1 76
Warangal 14.40 1 77
Balharshah 18.00 1 78
Nagpur 20.45 1 74
Bhopal 02.10 2 89
Jhansi 05.31 2 99
Gwalior 06.32 2 85
Agra Cantt 07.57 2 76
Hazrat Nizamudin 10.25 2 -
a) The number of stations between Chennai Central and Hazrat
Nizamudinis __________.
i) five ii) ten iii) eight iv) eleven
94 Å˜ò£M¡.. êî‹ Ü®Š«ð£‹...
b) The train is expected to reach __________ around 8.45 PM.
i) Warangal ii) Vijayawada iii) Bhopal iv) Nagpur
c) Between __________ the train runs at it’s maximum speed.
i) Bhopal and Gwalior ii) Bhopal and Jhansi
iii) Bhopal and Hazarat Nizamudin iv) Bhopal and Agra
d) Almost __________ the train reaches Vijayawada.
i) the day after ii) around early morning
iii) late night iv) around noon
e) People prefer the Rajadhani express to travel from Chennai to
reach the capital because ……………..
i) it reaches the destination on the same day.
ii) The charge is reasonable.
iii) the train halts at Ten stations.
iv) it is the shortest route from Chennai to New Delhi.
f) The destination of Rajadhani express is __________
i) Hazarat Nizamudin. ii) New Delhi junction.
iii) Old Delhi. iv) Rajkot.
Observe the following pictures and write a paragraph in about

150 words about each one of them. (Page 160)
a) There are three elements associated with a cyclone, which
cause destruction.
Cyclones are associated
with high-pressure gradients and
consequent strong winds. These,
in turn, generate storm surges.
A storm surge is an abnormal rise
of sea level near the coast caused
by a severe tropical cyclone; as a
result, sea water inundates low lying areas of coastal regions
drowning human beings and live- stock, eroding beaches and
embankments, destroying vegetation and reducing soil fertility.
Very strong winds may damage installations, dwellings,
communication systems, trees., etc. resulting in loss of life and
property.
Heavy and prolonged rains due to cyclones may cause
river floods and submergence of low lying areas by rain causing
loss of life and property. Floods and coastal inundation due to

storm surges pollute drinking water sources causing outbreak of
epidemics.
It may be mentioned that all the three factors mentioned
above occur simultaneously and, therefore, relief operations
for distress mitigation become difficult. So it is imperative
that advance action is taken for relief measures before the
commencement of adverse weather conditions due to cyclones.
The most destructive element associated with an intense
cyclone is storm surge. Past history indicates that loss of life
is significant when surge magnitude is 3 metres or more and
catastrophic when 5 metres and above.
b) Here is a strange picture. Normally parrot is inside the cage. But

here a cat is in the cage and it is protected by the bird from the
top. This is an unusual picture.
Normally cat can’t be in a particular
place. They wander around here and
there. But it is very strange that a cat is
sitting politely inside the cage. Moreover
the parrot is watching the cat and it is
enjoying the sitting posture of the cat.
Cats always prefer freedom. They never
like to be in a static place. Cats always
hunt the rats. They are always purring. It
is such a rare picture.
Giving instructions (Page 119)
We receive instructions in several places in various contexts.
Giving instructions involves language abilities such as brevity , clarity
and appropriacy.
The imperative is normally used to deliver the instructions.
Listen to a teacher giving instructions at the Assembly Hall,

on the eve of the annual examinations.
1. Do not be late to the venue. Reach school at least 40 minutes
before the examination commences.
2. Remember to take your Admit card and ID card.
3. Carry a pouch with pen, pencil and other stationery items you
require.
96 Å˜ò£M¡.. êî‹ Ü®Š«ð£‹...
4. Use a blue or a black pen.
5. Do not carry any paper or book or any unauthorized material into
the examination hall.
6. Follow the instructions given in the examination hall.
7. Your presentation should be neat and the handwriting legible.
8. Five minutes before the close of the examination, there will be a
bell. Then check carefully and tie up your answer sheets together.
9. Stop writing when the invigilator tells you to.
10. Leave the exam hall, only after handing over your answer sheet
to the invigilator.
ANSWERS TO TEXTBOOK EXERCISE

4. Based on your understanding of the text, complete the
chart given below by choosing the appropriate words or
phrases given in brackets.
Golden Rules of Tea Preparation( Page 38)
(add sugar, shaken, milk, infused properly,strainers,
without cream, taken to the kettle, small quantities, China
orearthenware, stirred, warmed)
v Tea should be made in small quantities in teapot.
v The teapot should be made of china or earthenware.
v The pot should be warmed beforehand.
v The pot should not have strainers.
v While pouring water the teapot should be taken to the kettle.
v The tea leaves should be infused properly.
v After making tea, it should be stirred or the pot should be
shaken
v The milk for the tea should be without cream.
v The author does not like to add sugar to tea.
Here are a few instructions given by a Health Inspector to a

group of students, in order to prevent malaria and dengue.
( Page 120]
Complete the series adding some more important instructions.
1. Do not allow water to stagnate in and around your house.
2. Keep your surroundings clean.
3. Wear long- sleeved shirts / blouses and long pants / skirts that
cover your arms and legs.
4. Use mosquito repellent while sleeping.
5. Don’t keep the trashes especially fruit peels in heaps.
6. Lock the doors and windows well in advance in the
evening so that entry of mosquitoes can be prevented.
7. don’t keep water in the tubs in the open air.
Now, write a set of 8 to 10 instructions for the following

situations.
1. A doctor instructing a patient regarding a healthy diet
and proper care after a surgery.
v Have more fruits and cool liquid drinks.
v Don’t take anything hot.
v Have regular bath.
v Don’t loiter in the hot sun.
v Take prescribed pills at the correct intervals.
v Consume more butter milk.
v Avoid non vegetarian food.
v Avoid fatty food items.
v Take complete rest.
v No smoking and liquor.
2. A traffic police personnel to the public, as to how to move
around in safety, in crowded public places during festival
seasons.
v Don’t have cash with you.
v Use ATM Debits cards for shopping.
v Keep your luggage under your custody.
v Take care of your wards.
v Don’t accept the chocolates offered by the strangers.
v If anybody asks you to look at your shirt or a thing on the
ground, don’t respond immediately.
v It may be to divert you and loot you.
v Don’t walk by talking over the phone.
98 Å˜ò£M¡.. êî‹ Ü®Š«ð£‹...
3. A mother to her children, on safety measures to be taken
before leaving home on vacation.
v Lock the door properly.
v Inform the police station about your departure and arrival.
v Don’t reveal your tour program to all.
v It should be a secrecy.
v Ensure that the gas cylinders are kept off.
v Don’t take things that easily catch fire.
v Keep the keys of cupboard with you. don’t leave them
inside the house.
v Keep the jewels and other valuable things in the bank
locker.
QUESTIONS 37 - 40
Describing a process ( Page 187)
When we describe a process, we use a series of instructions
to describe how we make or produce something or to elaborate how
something is done.
When instructions are given as to how to make a particular
dish, or to operate a machine or to perform an experiment, we use the
imperative. The process can also be described using the passive voice.
Linkers are essential to join the different instructions together.
Terms such as first, then, next, and then finally, are all used in the
narration / descriptive process.
Study the sample paragraph describing the process of

cleaning a flask.
Take a pinch of non-abrasive washing powder or washing soda
and put it inside the flask. You could even use a mild cleaning liquid. In
that case, pour a few drops of the cleaning liquid into the flask. Next,
take a mug of hot water. Pour it into the flask, close it and shake well.
Then clean the inner surface of the flask with a gentle brush.
Also clean the cap of the flask. Rinse well three or four times.
Then allow the flask to dry. If there is an unpleasant odour, a pinch of
sugar can be put into the flask and the flask could be cleaned properly
with hot water.
TASK : 1
Preparation of apple juice ( Page 187)
You plan to delight your parents and sister, serving
them chilled apple juice. Here is the process: (Complete the
sentences with the right form of the verbs)
Four or five apples have to be taken (take) and should be
washed (wash) well. They should be wiped (wipe) dry and cut into
pieces of medium size. The seeds should be removed (remove).
Then the apples are put (put) into the mixer. Some milk is added
(add) .The apples have to be crushed (crush) and a fine liquid has
to be obtained (obtain). This liquid is to be filtered (filter) and
the juice is stored (store) in the refrigerator. It is taken (take) out
whenever needed, and after adding sugar,it has to be served (serve)
in cups.
TASK : 2
Installing a computer ( Page 188)
The description of installing a computer in your study room
is given in the form of jumbled sentences. Rearrange the
sentences in the right order and form a coherent paragraph.
1. Once you connect the CPU, connect the keyboard and mouse.
2. Before turning on the power, check that all parts are connected
to the CPU.
3. First open the box and take out the computer parts.
4. Plug both the computer and the monitor with a power cord.
5. Set the computer on a table or flat surface.
6. Finally turn on the power.
TASK : 3
Attempt a description of the following processes, in about
100 words each, either using the imperative or the passive.
1. Preparing your favourite dish.
100 Å˜ò£M¡.. êî‹ Ü®Š«ð£‹...
My favourite meal is macaroni and cheese.
v The ingredients are as follows:
v Box of Elbo Macroni or your favourite pasta;
v about 3 1/2 cups of finely grated, cheddar cheese;
v 3 eggs;
v 1 stick of butter;
v 2 cups of evaporated milk;
v black pepper to taste; salt to taste;
1/2 cup chopped green peppers; 1/2 cup of chopped
onions; 1 chopped bird pepper or a piece of your favourite
pepper to taste and paprika.
What you want to do is, in a pot half full of boiling water
(with salt to taste) pour a box of Elbo macroni. Let the marconi/
pasta cook until soft, being careful to stir occasionally so it
doesn’t stick. Remove from heat and let drain. Pour the pasta
into a bowl. Mix in 3 cups of the grated cheese, and all the other
ingrediants except the paprika. In a large, square baking pan
(at least 2″ to 2 1/2 inches deep that is able to hold all of the
mixture), pour the mixture. Sprinkle the last 1/2 cup of cheese
evenly over the mixture. Then, sprinkle the top of the whole
mixture with some paprika. Put in a hot oven and bake at 350°
f for 1 hour. Remove from the oven. While warm, cut in squares
2″ x 3″ or as desired. Serve while warm.
Eat with your favourite baked (bar-ba-que) meat. Do enjoy.
2. Organising a birthday party in your house

1. Set the number of guests.
2. Determine how much you can spend.
3. Decide on the theme,
4. Keep the party short
5. Line up entertainment or facility
6. Send invitations.
7. Plan plenty of short games
8. Have extra treats.
9. Check ahead for food allergies
10. Fix your budget and spend according to it.
3. Sending a letter by courier service
1. Prepare the letter.
2. Keep it inside the wrapper.
3. Paste it and staple it.
4. Write the receiver’s address with contact number.
5. Write the sender’s address too.
6. Go to courier office and weigh the cover.
7. Pay the necessary charges.
8. Get the receipt.
4. Obtaining a demand draft from a bank

• Go to the bank.
• Fill in the relevant form.
v Hand it over to the clerk concerned.
v Enquire about the handling charges i.e. DD commission.
v Pay the necessary fee.
v Get the Demand Draft in a short while.
COMPLETION OF PROVERBS
PROVERBS MEANINGS
One flower makes no garland A single person cannot be
powerful.
Waste not want not Do not waste, be frugal.
Pen is mightier than the sword Words can be more powerful
than the wars.
Toerr in human No one is perfect.
Haste makes waste Hurry makes worry.
United we stand, divided we Union is strength.
fall
Work is worship Be conscious of your duty.
Truth alone triumphs Always speak the truth.
Blood is thicker than water Your relatives are more
interested in you.
102 Å˜ò£M¡.. êî‹ Ü®Š«ð£‹...
PROVERBS MEANINGS
Covet all, lose all Do not be over ambitious.
All that glitters is not gold Do not be misguided by
appearances.
As you sow as you reap Accept the result of your
actions.
Look before you leap Think well before taking any
action.
Make hay while the sun shines Make use of every opportunity.
Too many cooks spoil the broth A work should not be entrusted
to many people.
Birds of the same feather flock Like minded persons always
together help one another
Better late than never Even if delayed attend the
meeting.
No pain, no gain One cannot succeed without
hard work.
Seeing is believing Do not believe in rumours
Strike while the iron is hot Make use of every opportunity
Honesty is the best policy Always speak the truth.
Empty vessels make much People who talk more will
noise achieve nothing.
Many a drop makes an ocean Small saving makes one rich.
Manners makes a man You should learn good
manners.
Even Homer nods Even perfect people fail some
time.
Reading makes a perfect man Try to read as much as possible
Borrowed garments never fit Don’t imitate others.
well
Rome was not built in a day. Nothing can be achieved at
once.
Brevity is the soul of wit Be short while speaking and
writing.
PROVERBS MEANINGS
Where there is a will, there is Strong will power is needed to
a way achieve anything.
Health is wealth Take care of your health.
No man is an island. Prepare to live in groups.
Face is the index of the mind Appearances are often
deceptive.
EXAMINATION POINT:
1. One ________________makes no garland
2. Waste not ________________ not
3. Pen is mightier than the ________________
(want, sword, flower)
Ans: flower, want, sword
MATCHING THE PROVERB WITH THE MEANINGS
I. Proverb Meaning
1. Art is long and life is a) We should be thankful for
short any offer
2. Beauty is only skin deep b) Man cannot live long
3. Beggars mustn’t be c) Inner qualities shall true
chosen nature
Ans: 1-b 2-c 3-a
II. Proverb Meaning

1. Forbidden fruit is the a) Every person will have
sweetness success sometime
2. Every day has its day b) Help to anyone in
difficulties
3. Help a lame dog over a c) Most attractive and
stile exciting
Ans: 1-c 2-a 3-b
104 Å˜ò£M¡.. êî‹ Ü®Š«ð£‹...
III. Proverb Meaning
1. You cannot burn the a) Answer when you asked
candle at both ends.
2. Walls have ears b) Speak after seeing at
both ends
3. Speak when you are c) Do one work at a time
spoken to
Ans: 1-c 2-b 3-a
NOTICE WRITING
You are Tarun/ Tharini, the President of your school literary
association. Your club is organizing a play on“Life of Kalam”.
Draft a notice informing the students about this play
Don’t miss out to watch the wonderful play by our friends on “Life of
Kalam”
Venue : School Auditorium
Date & Time : 14.09.19 Friday 3 PM
- Tarun
1. Prepare a notice to be displayed on the notice board of

your school for the students of class 11, informing them
about the educational tour that has been arranged for
them the next month.
NOTICE
ABC HR. SEC. SCHOOL, THENI
EDUCATIONAL TOUR
This is to inform class 11 students that an educational tour
has been arranged to Mahabalipuram and Puducherry on 2nd
January. Interested students can contact the undersigned for
further details.
(Sd/-)
ANJANA
SCHOOL PUPIL LEADER.
1ST December 2019
EXPANSION OF NEWS HEADLINES

We must cultivate the habit of reading Standard English
newspaper in order to develop our skill in English.
Imp. Note: There should not be any full stop at the end of any
headline.
A model from “The Hindu” paper
The Hindu Wednesday, October 3, 2020
Head line : Shastri remembered in Tashkent
Expansion : New Delhi: The former prime minister. Lal
Bahadur Shashtri was remembered on his birth
anniversary on Tuesday in Tashkent where he
breathed his last on January 11, 1966, after
signing the Tashkent Accord with Pakistan.
NEWSPAPER HEADLINES
Expansion‚° answer â¿¶‹«ð£¶ ÞìŠªðò˜ ñ£î‹ ñŸÁ‹
«îF ÝAò¬õè¬÷ â¿¶è.
«èœMJ™ abbreviations ñŸÁ‹ acronyms Þ¼‰î£™ Üî¡
MKõ£‚èˆ¬î â¿î «õ‡´‹.
Example: PM to visit UK next month
New Delhi Nov 13 - Prime Minister will visit United
Kingdom in the first week of next month.
Expand the following News Headlines :

1. a. QUESTION : Anu Kreethi selected the new Miss India.
ANSWER : Anu Keerthi was selected as the New Miss
India.
b. QN : New Syllabus and textbooks for Std 1,6,9
and 11 students.
ANSWER : Tamilnadu school education department
introduced new syllabus and textbooks for
std 1,6,9,11 students.
c. QN : 12 Injured as Buses Collide.
ANSWER : About 12 persons were injured as the buses
collide near Trichy Central Bus Stand
106 Å˜ò£M¡.. êî‹ Ü®Š«ð£‹...
E-mail
A Sample E-mail
To : dhonissabcmail.com.
Cc : anandv@notmail.com,
sumathy@zahoo.com
Subject : Invitation - Annual Sports Day
Dear Sir,
We are happy and honoured that you have agreed to be the Chief
Guest on our 34thAnnual Sports Day on 5th January, 2020•. Our
students are very thrilled about this and eagerly look forward to
seeing you on that great day. We expect your esteemed presence
by 5 p.m. at the stadium. Please find attached a copy of our
invite. Regards,
Principal, ABC GHSS.
SPOT THE ERRORS

SAMPLE EXERCISE WITH EXPLANATIONS:
1. Ram is inferior than Sam.
(inferior, superior, senior, junior, prior are always followed by ‘to’
2. John is an university professor.
(article ‘a’ is used before university, universal, useful, European,
unique)
3. Ravi is a M.A.,
(‘an’ is used before MLA, MP, M A,B A,M Sc, B Sc, M Com, honest
, hour)
4. Raj is one of the best boy in the class.
(One of the + noun is plural – one of the best boys )
5 The quality of mangoes are good.
(the actual subject is ‘the quality’ – so the verb should be ‘is ’)
6. The minister with his assistants were present.
(the actual subject is ‘the minister’ – so the verb should be‘ was’)
7. He gave me a ten rupees note.
(it is the denomination or amount which singular. It is only ten
rupee note – plural he gave me five ten rupees note)
8. Five thousand rupees are a big sum.
(again the amount is always singular – ‘is’ a big sum)
9. Politics are a good subject.
(It is the name of a subject. It is not actually plural. Maths,
Economics, etc. The verb is must be used.
10. He cut the mango by knife.
(The doer is denoted by the preposition ‘by’. The object with
which it is done is denoted by ‘with’. The hunter shot the bird
with a pistol)
11. Though he came late but he was allowed.
(‘Though’ ‘but’ & ‘yet’ cannot occur in the same sentence.
Similarly AS,SINCE,& SO, IF, UNLESS OR ELSE AND OR cannot
occur in the same sentence).
12. If you had seen me, I would help you.
(if + had + PP is followed by would + have + PP. The correct
answer is would have helped you.
Memory tips:
If + present verb ……… : will + verb
If + past verb / were : would + verb
If + had + PP ……….. : would have + PP
13.Working hard and he passed.
(in a simple sentence the conjunction ‘and’ cannot be used.)
Spot the errors in the following sentences and rewrite them

correctly. (Page 81)
1. My grandfather is well-known in the village for his nobel
deeds.
Ans : My grandfather is well-known in the village for his noble
deeds.
2. I had my evening meals in a restaurant near my office.
Ans: I had my evening meal in a restaurant near my office.
3. The Boss had full confidence on his Manager for successful
completion of the project.
Ans: The boss had full confidence in his manager for successful
completion of the project.
108 Å˜ò£M¡.. êî‹ Ü®Š«ð£‹...
4. After the complicated surgery, the patient hoped of
complete recovery.
Ans: After the complicated surgery, the patient hopes of
complete recovery.
5. The new health care scheme announced by the
Government will bring relief to the children suffering
with acute tuberculosis.
Ans: The new health care scheme announced by the Government
will bring relief to the children suffering from acute tuberculosis.
6. In spite of his poverty and setbacks, he was able to
launch his dream carrier.
Ans: In spite of his poverty and setbacks, he was able to launch
his dream career.
TASK : 2
I. Correct the error found in the question tag in each of the

following.
1. The evil doers cannot cross the path of truth, can’t they?
2. The vegetables in the fridge are still fresh, aren’t it?
3. The village head understood the intention of the politician,
doesn’t he?
4. I claim to be a person of faith and prayer, aren’t I?
5. The employees are seldom allowed to meet their boss, aren’t
they?
6. Let’s organize a trip to Goa, can we?
7. The landlady will charge me for the damage, shan’t she?
8. Both the sisters have left for Canada,aren’t they?
9. That’s definitely not the right thing to do in this situation, isn’t
that?
10. We needn’t apply for a bank loan, do we?
11. The Chief Guest spoke a few words, did he?
12. The rhinoceros has a horn made of keratin, haven’t they?
TASK : 2
II. Identify the errors in each of the following sentences and
rewrite them Correctly.
1. Either Shyam or Ram have to pay the fine.
Ans: Either Shyam or Ram has to pay the fine.
2. Abdul as well as Karim deserve praise.
Ans: Abdul as well as Karim deserves praise.
3. Ten thousand rupees a month are an insufficient income.
Ans: Ten thousand rupees a month is an insufficient income.
4. Many a student were awarded at the function.
Ans: Many a student was awarded at the function.
5. Neither Veena nor her sisters has been informed of the
accident.
Ans: Neither Veena nor her sisters have been informed of the
accident.
6. Mithra as well as her daughters enjoy singing.
Ans: Mithra as well as her daughters enjoy singing.
7. You, who is my friend, should help me.
Ans: You, who are my friend, should help me.
8. My scissors is missing.
Ans: My scissors are missing.
9. A variety of pleasing objects charm the eye.
Ans: A variety of pleasing objects charms the eye.
10. Sixty miles are a long distance.
Ans: Sixty miles is a long distance.
LINKERS
The common linkers are though, although, even though, as, since,
because, after, as soon as, when, unless, if, whatever, whoever,
however,~ whenever, wherever, that, why, how, where, what etc.
Ex : Though I reached in time. I was not permitted.
As he is weak he can not lift the box.
110 Å˜ò£M¡.. êî‹ Ü®Š«ð£‹...
TASK : 1
Choose the appropriate linker from within the brackets and
complete the sentences.
a) I could not complete my paper in the examination because
(because, but) I was slow in answering the questions.
b) It started raining, so (yet, so) we could not play.
c) As (As, If ) I got up early, I managed to reach school on time.
d) Though (Though/Whereas) he committed a mistake, he
apologised and (and/since) promised that he would not repeat
it.
Combine the sentences and rewrite the musing the words

given in the brackets.
a) The well was deep. Therefore, the fox could not get out of the
well. (because)
Ans: The fox could not get out of the wall because it was deep.
b) The work was over. We went home.(when)
Ans: When the work was over, we went home.
c) A library is a public place. We see a number of books kept there
for reading.(where)
Ans: A library is a public place where we see a number of books
kept for reading.
d) The culprit was caught. Immediately, he was taken to the police
station. (as soon as)
Ans: As soon as the culprit was caught, he was taken to the
station.
e) The boys were stealing mangoes from a grove. At that time, the
owner of the grove came in.(while)
Ans: While the boys were stealing mangoes from a grove, the
owner of the grove
came in.
f) Artificially flavoured juices are hazardous to health. Moreover,
they lead to kidney problems. (and)
Ans: Artificially falavoured juices are hazardous to health and

they lead to kidney problems.
g) Adit has been promoted. Ranjan has been promoted. (as well as)
Ans: Adit as well as Ranjan has been promoted.
h) Caesar was declared emperor. The conspirators killed him. (After)
Ans: After Caesar was declared emperor, the conspirators killed
him.
TASK : 3
Fill in the blanks with appropriate correlative conjunctions.
a) She is not an understanding person but everybody likes to be
with her.
b) Suraj owns not only a typewriter but also a computer.
c) Vani is not only a good singer but also a good dancer.
d) Amit did not know whether his father met his class teacher or
not.
e) I would rather starve than beg.
CONCORD ( SUBJECT – VERB AGREEMENT) (TEXT PG 80)
Concord (subject verb agreement) is the comprehensive of a
verb with its subject in person and number. The basic rule states that
a singular subject has a singular verb whereas a plural subject has
plural verb.
POINTS TO REMEMBER:
1. A verb agrees with its subject in number and person.
Eg: The bird flies.
The birds fly.
She is writing.
They are writing.
I am a boy.
You are a girl.
å¼¬ñ™ Þ¼‰î£™ verb »‹ å¼ ¬ñJ™ î£¡
Subject
Þ¼‚è«õ‡´‹. subject plural ™ Þ¼‰î£™ verb»‹ plural ™
112 Å˜ò£M¡.. êî‹ Ü®Š«ð£‹...
î£¡ Þ¼‚è «õ‡´‹. àî£óíñ£è the bird å¼¬ñJ™

àœ÷î£™ verb flies â¡ø å¼¬ñJ™ àœ÷¶. Ü«î«ð£ô
she â¡ð¶ å¼¬ñ. âù«õ is â¡ø å¼¬ñ verb form ™
î£¡ àœ÷¶.
2. Often, by what is called the ‘Error of Proximity’, the verb is
made to agree in number with a noun near it instead of with its
proper subject. This should be avoided is shown in the following
examples.
Ex: The quality of the mangoes was not good.
Here the actual subject is the quality but not mangoes. Hence the
verb should be in singular since the subject ‘quality’ is singular.
Cô õ£‚AòƒèO™ «ð£ô «î£¡Pù£½‹
subject plural
actual subject singular Ýèî£¡ Þ¼‚°‹. Þƒ° the quality
â¡ð¶î£¡ subject Ý°‹. Mangoes Ü™ô. âù«õ Þƒ°
verb was â¡ø singular ™ î£¡ àœ÷¶.
3. Two or more singular subjects joined by ‘and’ usually take a verb
in the plural as shown in the following example.
Ex: Gold and silver are precious metals.
Þó‡´ Ü™ô¶ ÜîŸ° «ñŸð†ì singular noun èœ and
â¡ø õ£˜ˆ¬îò£™ Þ¬í‚èŠð´‹ ªð£¿¶ verb plural ™
Þ¼‚è«õ‡´‹. â´ˆ¶‚è£†ì£è gold ñŸÁ‹ silver â¡ø
Þ¼ noun èœ and â¡ø õ£˜ˆ¬îò£™ Þ¬í‚èŠð†ìî£™
are â¡ø plural õ£˜ˆ¬î ðò¡ð´ˆîŠð†ì¶.
More Examples:
Ram and Shyam work hard.
Raga, Radhika and Ramesh are good friends.
Fire and water do not agree.
Note: But at the same time if two nouns suggest only one idea,
one unit or refer to the same person or thing, the verb
must be singular.
Ex: The novelist and dramatist is dead.
°PŠ¹ : Ü«îêñòˆF™ Þ¼ noun èœ å«ó è¼ˆ¬î«ò£

Ü™ô¶ å«ó ïð¬ó«ò£ Ü™ô¶ å«ó ªð£¼¬÷«ò£
°Pˆî£™ Üƒ° verb plural Ýèˆî£¡ ðò¡ð´ˆî «õ‡´‹.
àî£óíñ£è Þƒ° novelist ñŸÁ‹ dramatist å«ó ïð¬ó
°PŠðîù£™ is â¡ø singular verb ðò¡ð´ˆîŠð†´œ÷¶.
4. Words joined by a singular subject by ‘with’ or ‘ as well.
as’ do not affect the number of the verb. Hence it takes singular
verb.
Ex: The Principal, with the lecturers, attend the meeting.
Prema as well as Rama likes mangoes.
‘with’ ñŸÁ‹ ‘as well as’ «ð£¡øõ£˜ˆ¬îè÷£™ Þ¼
nounèœ Þ¬í‚èŠð´‹ªð£¿¶ Ü¬õèœ singular
Ýèˆî£¡ è¼î «õ‡´‹. Þƒ° Principal îù¶
lecturers àì¡ meetingä attend ð‡µAø£˜èœ â¡ø
Ü˜ˆîˆF™ ðò¡ð´ˆîŠð†ìî£™ attends â¡ø singular verb
àð«ò£èŠð´ˆîŠð†´œ÷¶.
More Examples:
The Mayor, with his councilors, is to be present.
Petrol as well as diesel, has fallen in price.
5. When two or more subjects in the singular are joined by ‘or’,
‘nor’, ‘either…….or’, ‘neither……..nor’ the verb would be invariably
singular.
Ex: Either Radhika or Raga is present.
Þ¼ Ü™ô¶ ÜîŸ° «ñŸð†ì subject ‘or’, ‘nor’, ‘either.....
or’, ‘neither... nor’ ÝAò õ£˜ˆ¬îè÷£™ Þ¬í‚èŠð´‹
ªð£¿¶ verb singular Ýèˆî£¡ ðò¡ð´ˆîŠðì «õ‡´‹.
More Examples:
Neither Leela nor Mani is thirteen today.
Jack or Jill is to do the work.
Either the dog or the cat has been here.
114 Å˜ò£M¡.. êî‹ Ü®Š«ð£‹...
But if one of the subjects is in the plural, the verb must be in the
plural. The plural form of the verb governs the plural subject.
Neither the chairman nor the directors are present.
The farmer or his servants were always working.
Ýù£™ ªè£´‚èŠð†´œ÷ subjectèO™ å¡Á plural™
Þ¼‰î£™ verb plural form™ Þ¼‚è«õ‡´‹.
6. When the subjects joined by ‘or’or ‘ nor’ are of different persons,
the verb agrees with the subject nearest to it.
Ex: Either he or I am to blame.
‘or’ ñŸÁ‹ ‘nor’ â¡ø õ£˜ˆ¬îè÷£™ ªõš«õÁ
subjectsè÷£™ Þ¬í‚èŠð´‹ªð£¿¶ verb ÜîŸ°
º¡ù£™ àœ÷ subject Þ¡ î¡¬ñ¬ò ªð£Áˆ¶î£¡
Ü¬ñ»‹. Þ‰î õ£‚AòˆF™ i Þó‡ì£õ¶ subject Ýè
õ‰¶œ÷î£™ am â¡ø verb ðò¡ð´ˆîŠð†´œ÷¶.
7. Either, neither, each, every, everyone and many must be followed
by a verb in the singular.
Ex: Either of the two boys has done this.
ÝAò
Either, neither, each, every, everyone and many
õ£˜ˆ¬îèœ õ‰î£™ singular verb î£¡ â¿î «õ‡´‹.
8. A collective noun (committee, assembly, congress, jury) may
take a singular or a plural etc. if the collection of thought of a
whole, the verb is singular. If the individual or members of the
group are thought of separately, the verb is plural.
Ex: The committee has decided this.
The committee were divided in their opinion.
ÝAò Ã†´ ªðò˜ ªê£Ÿèœ õ‰î£™ verb singular Ýè«õ£
Ü™ô¶ plural Ýè«õ£ Þ¼‚èô£‹. àî£óíñ£è
Þƒ«è ªè£´‚èŠð†´œ÷ õ£‚AòˆF™ committee â¡ø
Ã†´ªðò˜„ ªê£™ åŸÁ¬ñò£è Þ¼‚°‹ ð†êˆF™ singular
verb »‹ ªõš«õÁ è¼ˆ¶‚èO™ Þ¼‚°‹ ð†ìˆF™ plural
verb »‹ ðò¡ð´ˆîŠð†´œ÷¶.
9. Some nouns which are plural in form but singular in meanings
take a singular verb.
Ex: Mathematics is a difficult subject.
No news is good news.
The wages of sin is death.
Cô ªðò˜ ªê£Ÿèœ ð¡¬ñ õ®õˆF™ Þ¼‰î£½‹
Ü˜ˆîˆF™ å¼¬ñò£è Þ¼‚°‹. Üšõ¬è ªðò˜„
ªê£ŸèÀ‚° Hø° singular verb õ¼‹.
10. When a plural noun is the name of one thing it takes a singular
verb.
Ex: The Arabian Nights’ is an interesting novel.
The United States of America has a big army.
“Gulliver’s Travels” was written by Jonathan Swift.
õ®õˆF™ plural Ýè «î£¡Pù£½‹ ªð£¼O™ singular
Ýè Þ¼‚°‹ nounèÀ‚° singular verb â¿î«õ‡´‹.
àî£óíñ£è Arabian Nights â¡ø õ£˜ˆ¬î plural õ®õˆF™
Þ¼‰î£½‹ Ü¶ æ˜ Ë¬ô °PŠðîù£™ singular verb
ðò¡ð´ˆîŠð†´œ÷¶.
ALWAYS PLURAL
v After people, police, cattle, a number of, a group of
v When subject has two nouns joined by ‘and’
v Few, many, several, both, all, some
v Scissors, tweezers, trousers, shorts, jeans, glasses
v Always singular
v After one of, a kind of, a type of
v Units of measurement and mathematical expressions
v When the subject has two singular nouns joined by ‘or’
v Nouns connected with each of, each one, either of, neither
of, someone, something, anybody, anything, no one, nothing,
everybody, everything
v Names of subjects such as mathematics, politics, civics,
economics, physics, statistics, etc.
116 Å˜ò£M¡.. êî‹ Ü®Š«ð£‹...
TEXTUAL EXERCISES
TASK : 1
I Choose the correct option and complete the sentences.
1. Manoj was (was, were) present along with his parents.
2. Each of these boys has (has, have)passed.
3. Neither Lekha nor Leela has (has,have) been selected.
4. Every man, woman and child was (was, were) happy.
5. One of the machines is (is, are)defective.
6. A number of books is (is, are)missing.
7. Seker or his brothers have (has,have) done it.
8. To make a promise and then not to keep it is (is, are)
dishonesty.
9. One or the other of those men has (has, have) lodged a
complaint.
10. Each leaf and each flower was (was, were) stripped off the
tree.
DIFFERENT GRAMMATICAL FUNCTION

(PARTS OF SPEECH)
A word can act as a noun, verb, adjective, adverb,etc. They are
called parts of speech. There are 8 parts of speech. They are1.noun
2. pronoun 3. adjective 4.verb 5. adverb 6.preposition 7. conjunction
8.interjection.
å¼ õ£˜ˆ¬î ªõš«õÁ õ®õƒèO™ ðò¡ð´ˆîŠ
ð´Aø¶. Ü¬õèœ ÝƒAôˆF™ parts of speech âùŠð´‹.
Ü¬õèœ
1. Noun ªðò˜„ªê£™
2. Pronoun HóFªðò˜„ªê£™
3. Adjective ªðò˜ àK„ªê£™
4. Verb M¬ù„ªê£™
5. Adverb M¬ùàK„ªê£™
6. Preposition à¼H¬ì„ªê£™
7. Conjunction Þ¬íŠ¹ªê£™
8. Interjection MòŠ¹ªê£™
Þ¬õèO™ Interjection ä îMó ñŸø â‰î parts of speech »‹
«è†èŠð´‹.
1. Noun : A noun is the name of a person, place or
thing. It is a naming word.
Ex. Caesar , Milk, Raman
2. Pronoun : A pronoun is a word used instead of a noun.
Ex. I, We, You, He, She, It, They
3. Adjective : It adds something to the meaning of a noun.
Ex. Mark Antony is an actor.
4. Verb : It is an action word. it says something about a
subject.
Ex. am, is, are, was, were, walk, talk, has,
have, had, give, gave
5. Adverb : Adverb is a word that adds something to the
meaning of a verb.
Ex. He fought bravely. He walks slowly.
6. Preposition : A preposition is a word placed before a noun
or pronoun to show its relation to some other
word in the sentences.
Ex. Milam glacier is on the edge of Tibet.
They cried for food.
7. Conjunction : A conjunction is a connective word.
Ex. He was both a writer and an creator.
Please give me coffee or tea.
8. Interjection : An interjection is a word put into a sentence
to show some sudden feelings or emotion like
joy, surprise, sorrow, fear, anger etc.
Ex : Alas ! He is dead.
Oh ! what a lovely sunset.
118 Å˜ò£M¡.. êî‹ Ü®Š«ð£‹...
Examples :
1. Disguise (N) - Portia went to the court in disguise.
(V) - Portia disguised herself as a male lawyer.
2. Date (N) - Dates are good to health.
(V) - He dates the letter as 1st December
3. Bank (V) - We bank with State Bank of India.
(N) There is a bank in our town.
4. Bark (N) - The barks of certain trees are used as
medicines.
(V) - The dog barks at the strangers.
5. File (V) - He files the letter.
(N) - He took the file to his house.
WORD ORDER
It is best to teach word order when introducing new structures.
For example, when teaching the simple past tense of make, it is
important to emphasize “Mary made a cake.” as opposed to “Mary
a made cake.” The second sentence of course is incorrect. Breaking
structures into sections will help your students immensely.
For this example, teach them Subject + Verb + Object or SVO
to help them remember.
Rearrange the shuffled words of the sentence:
MODEL EXERCISES :
1. a. them/ being/ is/ a house /constructed/ by.
A house is being constructed by them.
b. the door/ not/ slammed/ be/ let.
Let the door not be slammed.
2. a. one / finish / work /early/ can / go / and / a/ for / walk /
one’s
One can finish one’s work early and go for a walk.
b. music / lives / our / in / place / important / has / in
Music has an important place in our lives.
3. a. I love / because / the / I / can / down / dress / and /
weekend / he /myself
I love the weekend because I can be myself and dress
down.
b) good books / in / home / every / and / up / the / lamp /
magazines / and / light /of / knowledge.
Good books and magazines light up the lamp of knowledge
in every home.
4. a. eating / cool / is / to / off / cream / ice / way /good
Eating ice cream is a good way to cool off.
b. vibin / next year / for / a / holiday / to / come / hopes / back
/to/Disneyland/ the
Vibin hopes to come back to the Disney land for a holiday
next year.
5. a. The / gave / baby /mother / her / apple / red / a
The mother gave her baby a red apple.
b. too / the /spoil / broth / cooks / many
Too many cooks spoil the broth.
CORRECTING AND EDITING

ANSWERS TO TEXTBOOK EXERCISES
TASK : 2
Edit the following passages by correcting the spelling
mistakes:
Passage – 1
Some parents are notoriuos inmaintaining a somber
environment at home, especialy during the period when their children
have examinations. They should understand that brief divertions
from the main task can dramatically improve their attention span.
Entertainment is, without any doubt,indispensible for children.
However, parents should educate their children to use modaration in
their entertainments, and above all, not to seak enjoyment at the
expence of their health and success.
120 Å˜ò£M¡.. êî‹ Ü®Š«ð£‹...
Ans:
Some parents are notorious inmaintaining a somber
environment at home, especially during the period when their children
have examinations. They should understand that brief diversions
from the main task can dramatically improve their attention span.
Entertainment is, without any doubt, indispensible for children.
However, parents should educate their children to use moderation
in their entertainments, and above all, not to seek enjoyment at the
expense of their health and success.
Passage – 2
Tolerence refers to an attitude of openess and respect for the
differences that exist among people. It was originally used to refer to
ethenic and religious differences and the concepts of diversity. But in
the present times, forbaerance can also be applied to gender, people
with physical and intellectual disebilities, and other differences, too.
Tolerence means respecting others, valueing differences, bridgeing
cultural gaps, rejecting unfair steriotypes, discovering common
ground, and creating new bonds.
Ans:
Tolerance refers to an attitude of openness and respect for
the differences that exist among people. It was originally used to refer
to ethnic and religious differences and the concepts of diversity. But in
the present times, forbearance can also be applied to gender, people
with physical and intellectual disabilities, and other differences, too.
Tolerance means respecting others, valuing differences, bridging
cultural gaps, rejecting unfair stereotypes, discovering common
ground, and creating new bonds.
PROSE PARAGRAPH:
PROSE 1. TWO GENTLEMEN OF VERONA

Topic : Two Gentlemen of Verona
Author : A.J. Cronin
Genre : Narration
Theme : Hard work and self sacrifice
v The narrator and his companion drive through the foothills
of the Alps.
v On the outskirts of Verona, they meet two shabby looking
brothers Nicola and Jacopo- aged 13 and 12 respectively.
v They sell wild strawberries.
v Author and his companion buy a big basket of fruits in spite
of the warning of their driver.
v The boys are found doing some odd jobs like polishing
shoes, guiding travelers, etc.
v The author wanted to do something for them and so he
asked them if they wanted anything.
v Jacopo requests the narrator to drop them at Poleta their
village, 30 kms away.
v The boys are dropped at a villa which is a hospital.
v The author comes to know about Lucia the sister of the
boys, who suffered from tuberculosis.
v They work hard to meet out the expenses of the hospital.
v He was wonder struck on the self sacrifice of the two boys.
v These two boys are a great hope to this war prone world.
PROSE 2. A NICE CUP OF TEA

Topic : A Nice cup of Tea
Author : Geroge Orwell
Genre : Article
Theme : Preparation of tea
v George Orwell discusses the art of making tea.
v He gives eleven golden rules to prepare a nice cup of tea.
v He prefers Indian tea.
v Tea should be made in small quantities in China or
earthenware.
v The pot should be warmed beforehand.
v Tea should be always strong.
v It should be put straight into the teapot.
v We should take the teapot to the kettle and after making
tea, one has to stir it well.
v Tea should be drunk out of a cylindrical type of cup since it
holds more quantity of tea.
122 Å˜ò£M¡.. êî‹ Ü®Š«ð£‹...
v The cream of the milk should be removed in order to avoid
a sickly taste.
v Then one should pour tea into the cup first.
v Finally the author says that we should drink tea without
sugar to enjoy a real flavor of tea.
PROSE 3. IN CELEBRATION OF BEING ALIVE

Topic : In Celebration of Being Alive
Author : Dr. Christiaan Barnad
Genre : Speech
Theme : God tests human beings
v This is an extract from Dr. Bernard’s speech about on
experience that changed the outlook of life altogether.
v Dr. Bernard’s concern over the sufferings of people is
reflected in his essay.
v Sad thoughts stem from an accident when his wife and
himself were knocked down by a speeding car.
v The doctor and his wife are bedridden.
v He has to take care of the patients and his wife has to take
care of the baby.
v But his father advises him that God tests people to make
them ennoble.
v Dr. Bernard described the incident which he had witnessed
in a children’s hospital at Cape Town.
v The two children took over a breakfast trolley that was left
unattended in a ward.
v They pushed it all over the way.
v One boy was blind and the other one was without arms.
v The blind boy was driver and the boy without arms was the
mechanic.
v Both the boys enjoyed the game.
v Bernard said that this incident made him realize that he
was looking at suffering from the wrong end. Dr. Bernard
realized the true meaning of his father’s words.
v Hence don’t cry over what you have lost but be happy with
what you leave.
PROSE 4. THE SUMMIT

Topic : The Summit
Author : Edmund Hillary
Genre : Narration
Theme : Achievement of climbing Mt. Everest
v John Hunt led the expedition to Mt. Everest.
v It was an unforgettable day for him.
v They had climbed to the top.
v There were shouts of joy, handshakes and hugs.
v Their happiness and pride showed how these men had
shared their feats.
v The adventure was concluded by Edmund Hillary and
Tenzing Norgay.
v The feat is one of comradeship and team work.
PROSE 5. THE CHAIR
Topic : The Chair
Author : Ki. Rajanarayanan
Theme : The first chair of the village
v Rajanarayanan, popularly known as Ki. Rs is a Tamil
folklorist and a prolific writer. His short story ‘Naarkali’ has
been translated to English as ‘The Chair’.
v The family discussed the problem of making a chair with a
carpenter. As the discussion was in progress their maternal
uncle came to their house.
v He sat down on his usual place and the mother gave his
favourite butter milk. He always enjoyed drinking the butter
milk made from their milchcow.
v The cow had been given by the uncle to their mother.
Everyone believed that he was the stingiest person in the
village. He had his own way of eating betel leaves.
v He kept his betel box always very clean. He took additional
care to open the box to take things from it. His lime past
dabba was also very clean.
v In his house only he could sit on the chair. Every morning
he wiped it neatly. If he had to shift it to another place he
himself carried it and put it down carefully.
124 Å˜ò£M¡.. êî‹ Ü®Š«ð£‹...
PROSE 6. ON THE RULE OF ROAD

Topic : On the Rule of Road
Authour : A.G.Gardiner
Genre : Essay
Theme : Individual Liberty Vs Social Liberty
v On the Rule of the Road” remains one of his more enduring
essays because it captures a very essential point.
v In “On the Rule of the Road,” Gardiner emphasizes the
necessity of certain constraints on individual liberty if society
is to function in a truly civilized manner.
v As he wrote in this essay, “Liberty is not a personal affair
only, but a social contract.
v A reasonable consideration for the rights or feelings of
others is the foundation of social conduct.”
v Further, Gardiner wrote that “in order that the liberties of
all may be preserved, the liberties of everybody must be
curtailed.
v ” Freedom, in other words, cannot exist in a vacuum.
v It must conform to some degree to a set of principles that
exist to ensure that one’s liberties do not infringe on other’s.
v We enjoy the freedom to speak our mind, but, at some
point, freedom of speech runs afoul of the public good.
POEM PARAGRAPHS
POEM 1. THE CASTLE

Name of the Poem : The Castle
Name of the Poet : Edwin Muir
Theme : Greediness of a wicked soldier
v This poem details a past event where a soldier narrates a
castle being overtaken.
v It is an unspecified battle.
v The soldier lives in the castle where none could enter.
v Though the army is strong and there is plenty of food and
weapons, they are defeated.
v The enemy bribes the warder.

v The wicked soldier lets the enemy through the wicket gate.
v Army which can’t be bribed is the strongest.
POEM 2. OUR CASUARIANA TREE

Name of the Poem :
Our Casuariana Tree
Name of the Poet :
Toru Dutt
Literature :
Indian writing in English
Genre :
Reminiscence
Theme :
Recollecting the memories of the
childhood
v The poetess describes a Casuariana tree.
v The tree has a huge creeper.
v The tree is compared to huge python.
v The poetess recollects her memories of childhood.
v She thought of her dead siblings.
v The tree is immortalized by the poetess.
v She expects love to protect the tree forever.
POEM 3. ALL THE WORLD’S A STAGE

Name of the Poem : All the World’s a stage
Name of the Poet : William Shakespeare
Genre : Monologue
Theme : Various stages of human life
v The world is a stage.
v Men and women are players.
v Seven stages of life is described here.
v Infant – vomits on the nurse
v School boy – unwillingness with satchel
v Lover – Hot and woeful
v Soldier – jealous in honour and gets anger suddenly
v Judge – full of wisdom
v Old age – breathless due to age
126 Å˜ò£M¡.. êî‹ Ü®Š«ð£‹...
v Second childishness – without teeth, without vision and
without everything.
POEM 4. ULYSEES
Name of the Poem : Ulysees
Name of the Poet : Alfred Lord Tennyson
Theme : Unquenchable thirst for travel and
exploration
v In this poem we see an aged Ulysses.
v He struggled against the effects of time, mortality and old
age.
v In contrast to the dashing hero who led armies in the Trojan
war.
v Ulysses hates his responsibilities to his subjects and family.
v Ulysses vows to set forth on new adventures.
v His determination to continue living life is admirable.
v Thus we can deduce that the king of Ithaca wants his
listeners to defy their own inevitable mortality and continue
living life to the fullest.

Name of the Poem : A Father to his Son
Name of the Poet : Carl August Sandburg
Theme : Advice
v According to the father free imaginations bring changes to
the world.
v He advises his son not to hesitate to admit his shortcomings.
v The son should avoid lies to protect himself against people.
v Loneliness helps to be creative.
v The final decisions are taken in silent rooms.
v He advises his son to be different from others and he must
be unique.
v This is the ideal time for him to be on his own and work
hard to achieve success like great men.

Name of the Poem : Incident of the French Camp
Name of the Poet : Robert Browning
Genre : Dramatic Monologue
Theme : Courage and Patriotism
v Napolean Boneparte’s rise to power is one of the greatest
stories of European history.
v During his life time we can learn principles that are
applicable to anyone.
v He was always learning initially.
v He was diligent to improve himself always.
v He was a great general and an efficient organizer.
v One essential feature of Napolean’s attitude was his
brilliance. He was a master of propaganda and popular
manipulation.
v All these qualities made him an inspiring source to his army.
SUPPLEMENTARY PARAGRAPHS
SUPPLEMENTARY READING 1
Topic : God sees the Truth, But Waits
Author : Leo Tolstoy
Literature : Russian Literature
Genre : Parable
Theme : Forgiveness
This is a story about a man who is sent to prison for a murder
which was not committed by him.
Characters : Ivan Dmitritch Aksionov A merchant
His wife
Makar Semyonich
Ivan Dimitritch Aksionov lives at Vladimir in Russia.
v One day he starts to Nizhy fair.
v But his wife forbids him from going to the fair since she had bad
dreams.
128 Å˜ò£M¡.. êî‹ Ü®Š«ð£‹...
v But he ignores her and set off.
v On the way he met another merchant and they stayed in an inn
together.
v They have some tea and then they retire to bed.
v The next morning Ivan started early.
v Within a few minutes, he is arrested by the police for murdering
the merchant.
v He is imprisoned in Siberia.
v After many years there came a few criminals.
v One among them is Makar Semiyonach.
v He confesses that he has killed the merchant.
v Before the process of release finishes, Ivan died in prison.
Topic : Life of Pi
Author : Yann Martel
Genre : Real Incident
Theme : 227 days in the midst of Pacific Ocean
v At the beginning Pi was stranded of the presence of Richard
Parker.
v Seeing this Pi lost all his hope of surviving.
v But the great beast was not behaving as great beast.
v Richard Parker’s passivity for three long years was not natural.
v It may be due to sedation and sea sickness.
v Pi’s thirst for water overpowered his fear of Richard Parker.
v He went about for exploring fresh water.
v At last Pi realized that Parker who scared him earlier brought him
peace, purpose and wholeness.
Topic : The Hour of Truth
Author : Percival Wilde
Genre : One Act Play
Theme : Honesty rewards
v Robert Baldwin was an honest man.
v Gresham misappropriated funds.
v He requested Baldwin to say “I don’t remember” during the trail.
v For that he offered money.
v But Baldwin did not agree.
v His family members persuaded him to accept the offer.
v Finally Baldwin was rewarded with a job by Mr. Marshall.
Topic : The Midnight Visitor
Author : Robert Arthur
Genre : Thriller
Theme : Presence of mind
v Max, a criminal had hatched an evil plan to take the confidential
report concerning a new missile from Ausable, a secret agent.
v Seeing that the criminal had been determined getting the report,
Ausable was shocked.
v But his presence of mind was more powerful than the shock.
v He pretended to be unaffected by this.
v He cooked up a story that balcony that never existed.
v His presence of mind made him get rid of the criminal Max.
Topic : All Summer in a Day
Authour : Ray Bradbury
Genre : Sci Fi (Science Fiction)
Theme : Venus Vs Earth
v The theme of the story is life on venus.
v In Venus it had been raining continuously for seven years.
v The children saw the sun seven years ago.
v Margot described the sun which made the other children irritate.
v So they locked her.
v After some time the sun came out.
v The children enjoyed the warmth of the sun.
v Suddenly they remembered that Margot was locked.
v They unlocked her.
130 Å˜ò£M¡.. êî‹ Ü®Š«ð£‹...
Topic : Remember Caesar
Author : Gordon Daviot
Genre : Play
Theme : Absent mindedness
v Here is the play that revolves around the ides of March ( i.e 15th
of March the day Julius Caesar was assassinated).
v The play “Remember Caesar” is about a pompous and proud
judge who fears a life threat after he discovers a message
‘Remember Caesar’ scribbled on a piece of paper in his pocket.
v He exhorts his assistant Roger to remain alert to foil the possible
attempt of the assassins.
v He is panic-stricken and makes his assistant engage in elaborate
precautionary measures.
QUESTIONS 44 TO 47
NOTE MAKING OR SUMMARIZING

A summary is a condensed version of a long passage. It
incorporates all the important points and. excludes details which
are worth noting. The following points, should be remembered while
writing a summary.
DO’S
a) Read the passage two or three times and understand the contents
explained there in.
b) Underline the key words and phrases.
c) Find out the divisions of the passage.
d) Make notes of the passage by jotting down the major division,
main points and sub-points.
e) Develop the notes into a summary.
f) The ideas should be arranged systematically and in a logical
manner.
g) The summary written first should be in the form of a rough draft.
h) Read the rough draft carefully and make necessary changes.
Unwanted points should be left out. Any point worth noting
should be inserted.
i) Go through the rough draft and prepare a fair draft.
j) In the fair draft your language should be clear and precise.
k) Avoid taking the phrases and idiomatic expressions from the text.
I) Rephrase the material in a comprehensive manner.
DONT’S
a) Don’t comment on the passage.
b) Don’t add new information, avoid criticising the text.
c) Don’t give examples or illustrations of your own to prove the
points.
Write the summary or Note making of the following passage :

The use of tobacco can also seriously impair the user’s health.
It can lead to cancer, heart attack, strokes and chronic lung disease.
Babies born to mothers who smoke are often smaller and less healthy
than babies born to mothers who do not smoke. Bronchitis and
pneumonia are serious illnesses common in babies born to parents
who smoke, but less common in babies born to parents who do
not smoke. Babies whose parents smoke also have a greater risk of
suffering from chronic lung disease after they become adults.
We know that alcoholic beverages actually poison the body.
Drinking alcohol causes changes in mood and results in lack of
judgment and restraint slurred speech staggering and clumsiness.
Larger amount of alcohol can produce drowsiness, stupor and even
death. People who become addicted to alcoholic beverages are called
alcoholics. They drink so much of alcohol that it damages their health
completely. They suffer from diseases such as cancer and ulcers more
frequently than people who do not use alcohol.
ROUGH DRAFT
Smokers will be affected by cancer, heart attack, strokes and
chronic lung disease. Mothers who smoke give birth to smaller and
less healthy babies than the babies of mother who do not smoke.
The babies born to parents who smoke will suffer from Bronchitis and
pneumonia. They have the risk of suffering from chronic lung disease
in their adult hood. The drinker has the change of mood, ill health
132 Å˜ò£M¡.. êî‹ Ü®Š«ð£‹...
lack of judgement, slurred speech, staggering and clumsiness. The
alcoholics will suffer from drowsiness and stupor and even meet their
death. They will suffer from cancer and ulcers and their health will be
damaged completely.
FAIR DRAFT
SUFFERINGS OF SMOKERS AND ALCOHOLICS
Smokers will suffer from cancer, heart attack, strokes and
chronic lung disease. Mothers who smoke give birth to smaller and
less healthy babies than the babies whose mothers don’t smoke.
The babies born to parents who smoke will have the risk of suffering
from Bronchitis and pneumonia. They will be affected by chronic lung
disease in their adulthood. The drunkers have the change of mood, ill
health, lack of judgment slurred speech, staggering and clumsiness.
The Alcoholics will suffer from drowsiness and stupor and even meet
their death. They will be affected by cancer and ulcers and their health
will be damaged completely.
GENERAL COMPREHENSION (PROSE)
1. A) Read the passage given below and answers the

questions that follow:
Discipline is the most essential virtue in children. It
is a complex quality. It shapes the mind of a citizen to
religious, social and economic patterns. At a young age,
we do not realize the value of discipline, Children merely
long for unlimited freedom, without understanding the
meaning of discipline. An athlete disciplines himself and
keeps himself fit. He refrains from smoking, observes good
food habits and keeps good health. Punctuality becomes
the enjoyment of athletics. Discipline increases the human
energy and implies control, resistance and adjustment. Our
energy is saved and made vital for a good output.
Questions:
i. The word ‘complex’ means:
Ans. a) satisfactory b) difficult c) compulsory d) observable
ii. State whether the following statement is True or False.
Discipline is the most essential virtue in adults. False
iii. Which word in the passage mean “important”? Vital
iv. Mention some ways in which an athlete maintains discipline.
An athlete refrains from smoking, observes good food
habits and keeps good health.
v. How can an athlete discipline himself?
An athlete can discipline himself by refraining from
smikinng, observing good food habits.
RESPONDING TO THE ADVERTISEMENT

This question is to develop the art of letter writing in
the students especially to write application for jobs. The
following key prints must be followed while answering this
question.
1. Place and Date on the right - hand top corner. While writing the
date, month should be mentioned.
Ex : 5th Nov. is correct 5.11. is wrong.
2. To address - you can take it from the ‘advertisement’ itself.
3. a. Saluation - Sir
b. Sub and ref
4. Body of the letter
5. BIO - DATA (or) Resume (or) Curriculum Vitae
6. Subscription - Thank you
Your’s faithfully
7. Address on the envelop - Write the ‘To’ address.
1. Respond to the following advertisement considering

yourself filling the conditions specified (Write XXX for
your name and YYY for your Address:
134 Å˜ò£M¡.. êî‹ Ü®Š«ð£‹...
WANTED
COMPUTER OPERATOR
The applicant should be a graduate in
Computer Science with minimum two years
experience in the field.
Apply with curriculum vitae to:
Box No 69958
C/o The Hindu,
Chennai– 600 002.
To
Box No 69958,
C/o The Hindu,
Chennai – 600 002.
Sir,
Sub: Appointment – Computer Operator regarding.
Ref: Your ‘ad’ in the Hindu dt. 20.9.2008
I would like to apply for the post of computer operator in your
reputed company advertised in the Hindu on 20th September 2008. I
herewith enclose my bio-data.
BIO DATA
Name : XXX
Address : YYY
Age and date of birth : 25 year 20.6.1993
Father’s Name : M.Kannan
Educational Qualification : B. C. A. , I Class
Languages known : Tamil, English and Hindi
Marital Status : Unmarried
Previous Experience : 3 years as computer operator in
Kumar Computers, Salem.
Salary expected : Rs. 1, 20,000 a year.
If I am appointed in your company, I assure you, sir, that I will

discharge my duties to the entire satisfaction of my superiors.
Thanking you,
Place : XXX Yours faithfully,
Date : 6.04.2020 XXX
Address on the Envelope
To
Box No 69958
C/o
C/O. The Hindu,Chennai – 600 002.
BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH
How to write a good Biography
A biography is meant to analyze a person’s life and interpret it
as well. A good biographer will try to join the dots and explain certain
actions and events that a certain figure was involved in. This will help
in clearly bringing out the significance of a person’s life through their
accomplishments or remarkable deeds.
Biographies are usually written in a chronological order. Some
biographers could also draft them in a themed order that is early life,
educational background, a person’s achievements or accomplishments.
But some especially the short ones will focus on one area in a person’s
life.
Given below is a profile of Kiran Bedi, the super cop of India.
Write a short bio-sketch of Kiran Bedi taking the help of the
clues given below
v Aged : Around 65 years, robust physique. Pleasing
and dynamic personality
v Family : Second of four daughters, born into an
extraordinary family with visionary parents
v Education : Bachelors Degree in English from Amritsar
(1968). Masters in Political Science. LLB
from Delhi University and a PhD degree
from IIT Delhi (1993)
136 Å˜ò£M¡.. êî‹ Ü®Š«ð£‹...
v Hobbies : Great tennis player, noted author, social
worker
v Profession : The first woman officer in the elite Indian
Police Service (1972),: The Inspector
General of Asia’s biggest Jail — the Tihar
Jail in 1993. Introduced many classes and
programmes for the inmates including those
on basic education, meditation, yoga besides
functions like Kavi Sammelans, dramas and
games
Why distinct from Has won President’s
Gallantry Award (1979), Asia Region Award
for others
v Recognition : Drug Prevention and Control (1991),
Ramon Magsaysay Award (1994),
Bharat Gaurav Award (1999) and
many other prestigious awards. The first
Indian to be appointed to the prestigious
post of United Nations Civilian Police
Adviser. Set up India vision Foundation to
work in the field of Prison reforms crime
prevention, rural development sports
promotion, etc
Ans. Dr Kiran Bedi is a powerful cop, with robust physique,
pleasing and dynamic personality. Born into an extraordinary family
with visionary parents 65-year-old Kiran Bedi is the second of four
daughters. She has got a Masters in Political Science, LLB from Delhi
University and a PhD degree from IIT Delhi. She was also a great
tennis player. She is also a noted author. Kiran Bedi became the
first woman officer in the elite Indian Police Service and the most
memorable moment of her career came when she served as the
Inspector General of Asia’s biggest-Jail -the Tihar Jail in 1993. She
introduced many classes and programmes for the inmates of the Jail
on the basis of education, meditation, Yoga, dramas and games. Kiran
Bedi has won many awards - the Presidents Gallantry Award (1979).
Asia Region Award for DrugPrevention and Control (1991), Ramon
Magsaysay Award (1994), Bharat Gaurav Award (1999) and shewas
the first Indian to be appointed to the prestigious post of United
Nations Civilian Police Advisor.Kiran Bedi has also been very active in
community service and she set up India Vision Foundation.
GENERAL PARAGRAPH
MY AMBITION IN MY LIFE
Introduction :
Everyone should have an aim in his life. A life without an aim
is a running a car without brake. We cannot achieve anything if we
don’t have any aim. My ambition in life is to become a doctor. My aim
is not to earn money but to help the poor people. There are many
poor people suffering without getting proper medical treatment due
to their poverty.
To work in villages :
Unlike many Doctors, I want to work in villages. In many
villages, there are not health centres. The village people have to go to
cities for Medical treatment.
Clinic in a village :
I want to set up a clinic in a village. I shall treat the poor people
without getting money. But any how I want money to run my clinic.
So I collect fees from the rich people. I treat the village people kindly
and affectionately.
Awareness of AIDS :
Many villagers are not aware of AIDS. I shall explain to them
how AIDS spread among the people. I will warn them to be careful
against this dreadful disease.
Conclusion :
The village people are not aware of health and hygiene. I will
insist the village people to keep their surroundings neat and tidy. I shall
take care of the health of poor children. I shall marry a lady doctor.
Both of us will work with a missionary work. I know that doctors are
messengers of God. I shall try to be a dedicated doctor.
SCIENCE IS A GOOD SERVANT BUT A BAD MASTER

Introduction :
Science is a good servant if it is handled in a right manner,
but a bad master if it is handled wrongly. Science provides us a lot
of advantages in the fields of kitchen wares, transports, lighting,
138 Å˜ò£M¡.. êî‹ Ü®Š«ð£‹...
communication, running factories, medicine, agriculture etc. The
electric and electronic appliances such as Radios, Televisions, Fans,
Electric Lights, Electric Trains, Mixie, Grinder, Electric Ovens etc. , are
of great use to us.
The field of medicine :
Life saving medicines has been invented in the field of
medicine. The costly hospital equipments like X-ray, scanning and
surgical instruments are the gift of science and technology. In the
field of agriculture. We use modern equipments like tractor, harvesting
machines, pesticides and manure. We can grow more corn using the
above scientific equipments. The green revolution is the result of
Science. The computer helps us in different fields. These electric and
electronic appliances make our life happier and more comfortable.
Thus Science is a good servant.
Field of Agriculture :
Science is a bad master if we use it wrongly. When Science is
used for destructive purpose, it is a bad master. Scientists manufacture
dangerous atom bombs and neutron bombs. Nagasaki and Hiroshima
were destroyed by bombs. Recently in Coimbatore many persons were
killed in bomb blasts. Thus it is a bad master.
ARTICLE WRITING
An article is a piece of writing penned for a large group of
readers, usually intended for publication in newspapers or magazines.
Therefore, the objective of writing an article should be to attract the
attention of the readers and to retain their interest as well. The author
of an article should be well informed about the subject and should
have a wide knowledge of the same. He / She should be creative and
should possess good vocabulary.
He / She should develop the skill to organise and present ideas
in a coherent and logical manner.
Salient points to remember while writing an article.

v Provide a catchy or captivating title or heading. The first letter
of every content word in the caption should begin with a capital
letter.
v The title should give an idea of thesubject to being dealt with.
v The title should be followed by the nameof the author. [by …..]
Writing
An article is a written work published in a print or electronic
medium for propagating news, research, analysis, etc.
e.g. Scientific papers, blogs, use nets,
e-papers and news articles
v Try to conform to the prescribed word limit.
v The language should be simple and formal.
v Grammatical accuracy should be ensured.
v Relevant value points should be gathered.
v Expand the ideas into 3 or 4 paragraphs.
Structure of the article.

The First Paragraph
v Define and introduce the topic.
v Begin the article with an interesting adage, a slogan, an
amazing fact or with some tatistics, facts and figures.
The Second Paragraph
v Give a detailed explanation of the topic.
v Include the causes and effects.
v Refer to examples, anecdotes, experiences and present
state of affairs.
v Talk about merits and demerits.
v advantages and disadvantages
The Third Paragraph
v Suggest suitable solutions for the problem discussed.
v Give a proper conclusion.
The Government of Tamil nadu has imposed a ban on the use
of plastic. Effective implementation of this ban depends on public
awareness and individual responsibility.
Write an article of 150 words for your school magazine to

create an awareness of the dangers posed by indiscriminate
use of plastic. Expand the ideas given below as notes.
140 Å˜ò£M¡.. êî‹ Ü®Š«ð£‹...
Notes:
a. Introduction
i) Plastic – synthetic material – doesn’t decompose in soil
ii) Inevitable role of plastic – man’s day-to-day life
b. Human Health Hazard
i) Leeching of plastic into food – micro plastic entering food
chain
ii) Human body’s inability to deal with this unnatural substance
iii) Reaction of micro plastic in human body and ill effects
c. Adverse effects on plants and animals
i) Plastic particles choking waterways– affect aquatic animals
ii) Ingestion by aquatic and terrestrial animals–blocking of
intestines and respiratory passages
d. Environmental Degradation
i) Manufacturing process and burning of plastics–pollute
atmosphere
ii) Plastic – non - biodegradable – interferes with soil
microorganisms – affects soil fertility
e. Conclusion
i) Suggestions for restricted use –alternatives for one-time
use of plastics
ii) Segregation of plastic waste – for recycling
Plastic is widely used in our day to day life. Starting from a
pen to a polythene bag in which we carry fruits and books are forms
of plastic. Though convenient in our day to day use, it has posed an
alarming threat to the environment.
Non biodegradable:
Plastic is non-biodegradable and do not decay by biological
actions of microbes. They remain in the same state as we throw them.
So, dumps or garbages are created making our cities and soil polluted.
Harmful Chemical:
To destroy plastics, we can either recycle or burn them. If we
burn plastic, they emit harmful chemical gases like carbon dioxide
(CO,), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrous oxide (NO), methane (CH4),
sulphur dioxides (SO2), etc. These gases pollute our environment,
though in negligible content, they add to green house effect and
endanger our environment.
Damage Sanitary System:
The wastes of plastic block pipes and sanitary lines so that dirty
water came out on roads. This cause fear of malaria, cholera and
other diseases.
Ocean Pollution:
The wastes of plastic bags, bottles, etc. are drawn to a sea or
an ocean by rivers and they are deposited in them. They pollute and
disturb the eco-system of the sea or the ocean.
Ecosystem Imbalance:
Due to wide scale use of plastic, water, soil and air pollutions are
caused. These polluted components of environment lead to imbalance
of various ecosystem of the Earth.
Only solution to this plastic hazard is to take preventive
measures and for that,
a. To reduce use of plastic wherever possible
b. To use recyclable bags and things
c. To recycle the used plastic
d. Not to throw used plastic here and there
e. To collect the used plastic by the Government and then to
recycle them
Urban living brings with it a possibility of various communicable
diseases.
EXPANSION OF PROVERBS
NOTHING IS IMPOSSIBLE
Everyday people hear amazing stories of success. They hear
about people achieving goals that are nearly impossible. I believe
that nothing is impossible if you out your mind to it. The dictionary
defines the word impossible as, incapable of occurring or being done.
Throughout history the word impossible has become more and more
irrelevant because of the achievement of many goals. Living in a world
where technology is continuously growing, the word “impossible” is
being used less and less. From the discovery and use of electricity to
people traveling through space, technology has completely challenged
142 Å˜ò£M¡.. êî‹ Ü®Š«ð£‹...
the view that these things were impossible. The word impossible
has been associated with athletics. One of these subjects includes
athletics. Most athletes are very hard workers, which allow them to
accomplish goals that others would consider impossible. There are
many great stories that involve athletics, such as people overcoming
outstanding obstacles or people going against what everyone says
and achieving great feats. One such story would be about Michael
Jordan and how he was cut from his high school basketball team his
sophomore year in high school. After being cut, he returned to try out
again and accomplished what people had thought was impossible by
making the team and continuing his career into college and eventually
to the NBA. Just as Jordan believed that nothing was impossible, I feel
it is a very important factor that can greatly help me achieve many
goals that other people would consider impossible. Whether it is in
athletics, technology, or anything else in our world today many goals
are being accomplished that for many years people have considered
impossible. The word impossible is irrelevant in numerous people’s
lives because they understand that in many
HINTS DEVELOPING INTO UNKNOWN STORY

1) A bee – falls into a tank – a dove flies past – drops a large leaf
into the water – the bee climbs on the leaf – flies away – a boy
takes aim at the dove – the bee stings – the dove is saved.
MUTUAL HELP
Once a bee went to a tank to quench its thirst. Unexpectedly,
it fell into the tank. It almost drowned. A dove was passing that way.
It saw the sinking bee. The dove desired to help the bee. It hurriedly
flew to the nearby tree, plucked off a leaf and dropped it in to the
water before the bee. The bee moved on to the leaf, dried its wings
and flew away. The bee was full of gratitude to the dove that had
saved its life. A few days later the bee was returning to its home at
the end of the day. It saw a boy taking aim at a dove sitting upon the
branch of a tree. The bee realized it was the dove that saved its life.
At once the bee flew down and stung the boy in his wrist. The boy lost
his aim and shouted in pain. The dove realized the danger it had been
in and flew away. Thus the bee showed its gratitude for the dove that
saved its life.
Moral : A friend in need is a friend indeed.


12th SURYA Easy Pass Minimum Material - English 2022

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

12th SURYA Easy Pass Minimum Material - English 2022

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

ENGLISH

Price : Rs. 50.00

BANK ACCOUNT DETAILS

Account Name : Surya Publications

Account Name : Surya Publications

1. TWO GENTLEMEN OF VERONA

2. A NICE CUP OF TEA

3. IN CELEBRATION OF BEING ALIVE

6. ON THE RULE OF THE ROAD

2. A NICE CUP OF TEA

3 IN CELEBRATION OF BEING ALIVE

6. ON THE RULE OF THE ROAD

1. IELTS - International English Language Testing

AFFIXES – PREFIX OR SUFFIX

MEANING OF FOREIGN WORDS / PHRASES

S.No. Words Meanings

RIGHT DEFINITON OF WORDS:

S.No. Words Definition

Recall your learning of basic prepositions and complete the

(after, with, on, before, of, in, for)

IMPORTANT CLIPPED WORDS:

IMPORTANT BLENDING WORDS:

20. stain + blot + botch = splotch

IMPORTANT PHRASAL VERBS

PHRASAL VERBS MEANINGS

Sentence-y; dash-f;F Kd; Noun (person-I Fwpg;gpd;) gpd;

1. This is the boy who won the race.

Sentence-y; dash-f;F Kd; Noun (person-I Fwpg;gpd;) gpd;

1. My friend whose father works in Agra, has made a clay model of

Sentence-y; dash-f;F Kd; Noun (person-I Fwpg;gpd;) gpd;

Sentence- y; dash-f;F Kd; (things) nghUl;fisf; Fwpg;gpd;

1. Show me the book that you bought yesterday. (thing)

Sentence- y; dash-f;F Kd; (Place) ,lj;ijf; Fwpg;gpd;

1. This is the house where I was born. (Place)

CORRECT FORM OF THE VERB - TENSES

Present Continuous now/at present/at the moment

Present Continuous when/while past continuous

Present perfect continuous since/for (have/

e) I was angry that I made such a mistake (make).

i) Scientists predict that by 2050, man will land / will be landing

Frame illustrative sentences to distinguish the meaning of

8. Raise – increase – The employees demanded for a raise in

Complete the following with the appropriate words from the

Textual Exercises : (Page 108)

Textual Exercises : (Page 117)

a. Some British English words are given in column ‘A’. Write

British English American English

b. Similarly there is a difference in the spelling of certain

POEM 1. THE CASTLE

ii) What happened to the castle?

POEM 2. OUR CASUARIANA TREE

POEM 3. ALL THE WORLD’S A STAGE

b) ................... “Then a soldier

c) “And then the justice

c) “Little remains: but every hour is saved

d) “This is my son, mine own Telemachus,

f) “Death closes all: but something ere the end,

g) “…………………for my purpose holds

h. “One equal temper of heroic hearts,

POEM 5. A FATHER TO HIS SON

b) ”Life is a soft loam; be gentle; go easy.”

c) Tell him solitude is creative if he is strong

ii) Identify the figure of speech in the above line.

d) Tell him time as a stuff can be wasted.