1

DJH3E - HISTORY OF FAR EAST- 1840-1970

Unit I
Historical and Geographical Survey- Early European Intercourse - The Opium Wars – Treaties
- Taiping Rebellion - Sino Japanese War - The Triple intervention - Open Door Policy - Reform
Movement- The Boxer Rising- Hundred Days Reforms.
Unit II
The Revolution of 1911 - Founding of Republic - Dr. Sun yat sen - China and the First World War -
Cultural Movements - The Kuomingtang Party - The Kuomingtang and the Communists - Siankaishek.
Unit III
China and the Second World War- Establishment of the People’s Republic - The National
Government in Formosa - Mao Tse - Tung - Foreign Policy of China From 1950 – 1970.
Unit IV
Meiji Restoration - Economic and Educational Changes - Religious Changes - Rise of Japan -
War with China - War with Russia - Japan and Korea – Mutshihito - His Service - Japan and
the First World War - Japanese Militarism.
Unit V
Japan’s Economic and Social problems between the two world wars - Japan and the Second
World War - Occupation of Regina - Economic Recovery - Foreign Relations.

Reference Books:

1. A Short History of the Far East in Modern Times - S.L. Roy

2. Clyde and Beers - The Far East
3. Rise and Growth of Modern China - M.D. David
4. Rise and Growth of Modern Japan - M.D. David
 2

myF - I
njhiyfpof;F ehLfspd; tuyhW (1840 – 1970)
1840-y; rPdhtpd; epiy

1840k; Mz;by; rpdhtpy; epytpa r%f> murpay; epiyikia tpthpf;f

rPdhtpy; kQ;Rf;fspd; Ml;rp
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Mz;Lfs; Mz;L te;jJ. mf;fhyj;jpy; NguuR kpfTk; tphpe;J gue;J fhzg;gl;lJ.
mg;NghJ mjpy; rPdhtpd; KOg;Fjp kQ;#hpah> kq;Nfhypah> rpd;rpahq;> jpngj;
Mfpaitfs; mlq;fpapUe;jd. Neghsk;> gHkh> yhNth];> rahk;> md;dhk;> nfhhpah
Mfpa ehLfsplkpUe;J epiw ngw;W ngUk; nfsutj;Jld; Ml;rp nra;J te;jJ.
mtHfsJ Ml;rpapd; NghJ ehL gy tiffspYk; tsKk; eyKk; ngw;W tpsq;fpaJ.
17-k; Ehw;whz;bd; KOikahd fhyj;jpd; cyfpd; Vida gFjpfisf; fhl;bYk; rPdh
nropg;Gw;W tpsq;fpaJ vd;why; mJ kpifahfhJ. kQ;R tk;rj;jpd; Ml;rpapd;
Muk;gj;jpy;jhd; rPdh gioa ghzpapypUe;J tpLgl;L Gjpa ghzpf;F mb vLj;J
itj;jJ. mg;NghJjhd; Nkiy ehl;bd; NghH typikapidAk;> mtHfspd;
rkaj;jpidAk; rPdHfs; czuyhdhHfs;.
gPfpq;fpy; Ml;rp nra;j Kjy; kQ;R kd;dd; \+d;\p vd;gtd; Mthd;.
mtDf;Fg; gpd; mtDila kfd;> fhq;rp vd;gtd; Ml;rpg; nghWg;gpid Vw;whd;.
Mtd; 62 Mz;Lfs; Ml;rp nra;J te;jhd;. mjd;gpd; Aq; nrq; gd;dpnuz;L
Mz;Lfs; Mz;L te;jhd;. gpd;dH rpd; Yq; 1735 Kjy; 1796 tiu Ml;rpapypUe;jhd;.
mtDila Ml;rpapd; NghJ ehl;bd; kf;fs; njhif ngUfpaJ. Nry;tk; kpFe;J
fhzg;gl;lJ. ,J Vida ehLfis tpl ,q;F Vw;gl;l khWjy;fshFk;. mtDf;F
gpwF mtDila kfd; rpah nrq; 1769y; mhpaiz Vwpdhd;. Mtd; 1820 tiu
Ml;rp nra;jhd;. mtd; cWjpAlDk;> kd typikAlDk; nray;gltpy;iy. mtd;
jpwikaw;wtdhff; fhzg;gl;lhd;. mtd; 1820-y; ,we;j NghJ mtdJ kfd; jhNth
Fthq; mhpaid Vwpdhd;. Mtd; je;ijf;F kpQ;rpa jdadhfNt nray; jpwikapy;
fhzg;gl;lhd;. mtDila Ml;rpapd; NghJ “mYtyfq;fspy; ifa+l;L toq;Fjy;
kype;J ,Ue;jjhYk; Coy; kype;J fhzg;gl;ljhYk;> jpwikaw;w epHthfj;jhYk;>
,uhZtj;jpd; gpw;Nghf;fhd epiyahYk;> epjp epiy rPHNfl;lhYk; kQ;R tk;rk;
tPo;rr
; pia Nehf;fp tpiue;J nrd;W nfhz;bUe;jJ. ntspj;Njhw;wj;jpy; kl;LNk mjd;
gok;ngUik fhzg;gl;lJ. Mdhy; cs;Ns GFe;J ghHf;Fk; NghJ mjd; ngUik
kiwe;J fhzg;gl;lJ vd;gJ cz;ikNaahFk;. ,r;rkaj;jpy; NkNY ehl;ltHfs;
tzpfj; jyq;fis rPdhtpy; jpwf;f Kw;gl;lhHfs; mtHfsJ ,uh[je;jpuKk; ,lk;
ngw Kw;gl;lJ. vdNt Gjpa tuyhW Muk;gkhapw;W”.
 3

Nguurpd; gug;G
kQ;Rf;fspd; fhyk; Nguuir tphpthf;Ftjpy; NguhHtk; fhl;ba fhykhFk;. mJ
Gfo; Vzpapd; cr;rpapy; ,Ue;j NghJk;> NkNy ehl;ltHfs mjd; fjTfisj; jl;ba
NghJk; mjpy; fPo;fhZk; gFjpfs; mlq;fpapUe;jd vd;gij fhzyhk;.
1) 18 khepyq;fisf; nfhz;l rPdh
2) %d;W khepyq;fisf; nfhz;l kQ;#hpah
3) jpngj;> kq;Nfhypah
4) Ngaustpw;F mbik ehLfshd nfhhpah> md;dhk;
Mbik ehLfisj; jtpHj;J rPdhtpd; nkhj;j gug;gsT 4>277>170 rJu
iky;fshFk;. Jpiw nrYj;Jk; ehLfSf;F eLthf rPdh mike;jpUe;jjhy;
mjw;F “eLtH NguuR” vd;W ngaH toq;fg;gl;lJ.
rKjhak;
gz;ila rPdh Gtpapay; mbg;gilapYk;> kf;fs; njhifapYk; kpfg; nghpa
ehlhFk;. Fwpg;ghfTk;> rpwg;ghfTk; kQ;Rf;fspd; Ml;rpapd; NghJ kf;fs; njhif>
ehnshU NkdpAk;> nghOnjhU tz;zKkhfg; ngUfpf; fhzg;gl;lJ. mjd; kf;fs;
njhif 100>00>000 MFk;. 1812-y; mj;njhif 362 kpy;ypad; MFk;. 1850-y; mJ 430
kpy;ypad;fshdJ. Kf;fs; njhifg; ngUf;fj;jpdhy; nghJthf kf;fspd; nghUshjhu
epiy kpfTk; NkhrkhfNt ,Ue;jJ.
rPd kf;fspilNa gy ,dj;jtHfs; fhzg;gl;ldH. mtHfs; midtUk; kQ;R
Ml;rpapy;jhd; xUq;fpize;J xNu khjphpahd gz;ghl;ilg; gpd;gw;wyhdhHfs;. rPd
rKjhak; nra;Ak; njhopypd; mbg;gilapy; 5 tifahfg; gphpf;fg;gl;lbUe;jJ.
mitfshtd:
1. caHtFg;gpduhd mwpQHfs; mjhtJ fw;wtHfs; mg;gphptpypUe;J
mjpfhhpfs;> Vida mYtyHfs; NjHe;njLf;fg;gl;ldH
2. FbahdtH: kf;fs; njhifapy; ngUk;gFjpapdH FbahdtHfNs MthHfs;.
rPdhtpd; nghUshjhuj; jd;dpiwtpw;Fg; ghLgLgtHfs;.
3. ifj;njhopy;fspy; <Lgl;bUe;j iftpidQHfs;
4. rKjhaj;jpy; gpd;jq;fpa tzpfHfSk; tpahghhpfSk;
5. VtyHfSk;> tPuHfSk;

kQ;Rf;fspd; murpay; Kiw

fd;g+rpar; Nfhl;ghLfs;: gz;ila rPdhtpd; murpay; Kiwapy; fd;g+rpa
Nfhl;ghLfspd; nry;thf;F NkNyhq;fpapUe;jJ. mtUila murpay; Nfhl;ghl;by; rpy
jpl;ltl;lkhd mtUila Nghjidfisf; fhzyhk;. Mitfspy; xd;W rKjha
murapy; If;fpaj;ijg; gw;wpajhFk;. „tpz;zpy; vt;thW ,uz;L QhapWfs; ,Uf;f
KbahNjhmt;thNw kf;fSf;Fk; ,uz;L kd;dHfs; ,Uf;f KbahJ vd;W Nghjpj;jhh;.
 4

,jdhy; Nguurpd; murpay; gphpTfs; ,y;iy‟ kw;nwhU Nghjid nkd;rpa];

vd;gtUilajhFk;. Mjd;gb “NguurH nja;tj;jhy; jd; gjtpapidg; gnw;Ws;shH
vd;Wk;> mtH tpz;zpd; ike;jd; vd;Wk; mtH nja;tj;jpd; fl;lisapd; Nghpy;Ml;rp
nra;J te;jhH vd;Wk; Gyg;gLfpwJ. xU jpwikaw;w my;yJ nfh^ukhd murd;
mhpaiz VWk; NghJ nja;tk; jd; fl;lisiatpyf;fpf; fnhs;fpwJ. mij
NeHikahd xU gpuGtpd; trk; xg;gilf;fpwJ. mtHfs; kd;did vjpHj;J fpsHr;rp
nra;J jhNd mg;nghWg;gpid Vw;Wf; nfhs;thuhk;. ,f;Nfhl;ghl;bdhy; Gul;rp nra;J
vd;gJ epahag;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. Jtwhd Ml;rp eilngWk; gFjpfis ntw;wp
nfhs;tjw;Fk; ,f;Nfhl;ghL toptFf;fpwJ.
Kbahl;rp: NguurH vy;iyaw;w mjpfhuq;fisf; nfhz;L tpsq;fpdhH. ,J
Nfhl;ghl;lstpy; fhzg;gl;lNjay;yhky; nray;Kiwapy; fhzg;gltpy;iy. mtiuj;
jilg;gLj;jTk;> vy;iyaw;w mjpfhuq;fis nray;gLj;jTk; Kbahj mstpw;F
ehl;bd; gof;f tof;fq;fs; (jd; Kd;NdhHfs; ifahz;l Kiwfs;)
gpd;gw;wg;glNtz;ba epiyfs; mike;jpUe;jd. mtH jd;Dila mikr;rHfspd;
MNyhridg;gb ele;J te;jhH. nghJthf Nehf;FNthNkahdhy; Nguurpd; mjpfhuk;
Nguurhy; ml;LNk gad;gLj;jg;gltpy;iy. NkYk; mJ jsgjpfshYk; trjp ngw;w
FLk;gq;fshYk;> NkYk; mJ jsghpfshYk;> trjp ngw;w FLk;gq;fshYk;> mtuJ
cwtpdHfshYk; nfhz;L nrYj;jg;gl;lJ vdyhk;.
Mikr;rHfSk; JiwfSk;: Nguurpd; epHthfk; MW mikr;rfq;fs; %yk;
eilngw;W te;jJ. mitfs; KiwNa
1) Rptpy; mYtyfk;-mjpfhhpfis epakpg;gJ.
2) tUtha;Jiw
3) rlq;Ffs;
4) NghHj;Jiw
5) Jz;lidfs;
6) nghJg;gzpfs; (fhy;tha;fs;> nts;sj;jLg;G Kjypad) mitfs; jtpu
murhq;fj;jpd; jd;dpr;irahf tpsq;fpa ,uz;L FOf;fs; ,Ue;jd.
mitfs; KiwNa
1) ,uhZt Kiwfis epHtfpg;gJ
2) Jzpf;if Kiwapidf; fz;fhzpj;jy; MFk;
mj;Jld; gy mjpfhhpfs; nray;gl;ldH. mtHfspy; fy;tpj;Jiwfspy;
nghWg;Ngw;W elj;jpatHfs; Kf;fpakhdtHfshtH. Gwp;fhy kQ;Rf;fspd; Ml;rpapy;
mtHfSf;F MNyhrid $w MW cWg;gpdHfs; nfhz;l xU mit Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
mJ uhZtk; kw;Wk; gpw tp\aq;fspy; MNYhrid nfhLj;J te;jJ.
 5

rptpy; rHtP]; NjHTfs;:

Nghl;bj; NjHTfs; %yk; mYtyf CopaHfs; NjHe;njLf;fg;gl;lhHfs;.
mj;NjHtpy; kpf Kf;fpakhd jhshd gh-Fntd; vd;gij xt;nthUtUk; vOjp NjHT
ngWjy; Ntz;Lk;. mjw;F „vl;Lf;fhy; fl;Liuj;jhs;‟ vd;Wk; ngaUz;L.
khepyq;fs;
rPdg; NguuR gy khepyq;fshfg; gphpf;fg;gl;ld. khepyj; jiytHfs; Nguuruhy;
mkHj;jg;gl;ldH. mtHfs; Xustpw;F jd;dpr;irahfr; nray;gl;L te;jdH. mtHfs;
khepyq;fspy; mikjpiag; NgZtJ ika Ml;rpf;Fhpa tUthiag; ngUf;FtJ
Mfpatw;iw ftdpj;J te;jdH. gbg;gbahd xd;gJ gphpTfisf; nfhz;l
mjpfhhpfshy; khepy epHthfk; eilg;ngw;W te;jJ.
khepy murhq;fj;jpd; jiytH it];uha; my;yJ khepy MSeuhdhH. Mj;;Jld;
kQ;Rf;fspd; gilg;gphptpidf; fz;fhzpf;f jsgjp xUtUk; ,Ue;jhH. tUtha;
t#ypf;fTk; mij gq;fPL nra;aTk; xU nghUshsH ,Ue;jhH. gPfpq; efhpy; xU
ePjpgjp> xU cg;gs MizahsH> jhdpa MizahsH MfpNahH ,Ue;jdH. rptpy‟
rHtP]; NjHTfis Nkw;ghHitapl xU fy;tp mjpfhhp mkHj;jg;gl;lhH.
ey murhq;fk;:
khepyk; gy fTz;bfs; vd;w khtl;lq;fshfg; gphpf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ. khtl;lj;jpy;
gy efuq;fSk;> fpuhkq;fSk; mlq;fp ,Ue;jd. khtl;lk; vd;gJ kh[p];jpNul; vd;w
mjpfhhpapd; fPo; nfhz;L tug;gl;lJ. mtH gy;ntW gzpfis Nkw;nfhz;bUe;jhH.
mtUila gzpfshtd>
1) thp t#ypj;jy; tUthiag; ngUf;FtJ.
2) epjp epHthfk; nra;jy;.
3) Epyq;fisg; gjpT nra;jy;.
4) mYtyf; fl;blq;fisg; ghJfhj;jy;
5) rl;lk; xOq;F mikjpia epiyehl;LtJ.
mtUf;Ff; fPo; gy ey mjpfhhpfs; ,Ue;jdH. mtHfs; caH Fbkf;fs; vd;W
miof;fg;gl;ldH. mtHfs; ed;Kiwapy; gzpfis Nkw;nfhz;ldH.
kQ;R murhq;fk; ikaj;jpy; xUKfkhf mjpfhuq;fis itj;jpUe;jhYk;> khepy
khtl;lq;fSf;F xU rpy mjpfhuq;fisf; nfhLj;jpUe;J vd;why; mjpy; vt;tpj
khw;wKk; ,y;iy vdyhk;. mtHfSila Ml;rpKiwapy; rHthjpfhug; Nghf;fpd;
$WfSk; kf;fshl;rpapd; jd;ikfSk; fye;J fhzg;gl;ld vd;gjpy; vl;LizAk;
Iakpy;iy. ika Ml;rp cz;ikahd mjpfhuj;jpy; Fiwe;j msit kl;LNk
gad;gLj;jpaJ. Mdhy; FLk;gk;> FO mikg;G Kiw kf;fspd; vy;yhr;
nray;fisAk; fl;Lg;gLj;jp te;jJ vdyhk;.
 6

caH Fbkf;fs; my;yJ ew;gz;Gs;stHfs;

kQ;R Ml;rpapd; NghJ rKjhaj;jpy; Kf;fpa gq;fpidg; ngw;wtHfs;
mwpQHngUkf;fshd caHFb kf;fshuhthHfs;. mtHfs; ngUk;ghyk; kQ;R
,dj;jtHfshf ,Ue;jdH. mtHfs; rpwg;Gkpf;f chpikfisg; ngw;wpUe;jdH eil>
cil ghtidfspy; mtHfs; nghJkf;fspy; ,Ue;J NtWgl;Lk;> khWgl;Lk;
fhzg;gl;ldH. caHgjtpfs; mtHfSf;F mspf;fg;gl;lJ. mtHfs; clYiog;gpypUe;J
tpyf;fspf;fg;gl;ldH.
,uhZt epHthfk;
me;epaHfs; rPdhtpy; td;Kiwapy; gd;Kiw GFe;j NghJ mtHfsJ ,uhZtk;
mt;tsT jpwikAs;sjhf ,y;iy. kQ;Rf;fs; ,uz;L ,uhZtg; gphpTfis
itj;jpUe;jdH. mitfspy; 1) nfhbfshy; myq;fhpf;fg;gl;l mikg;G Kiw (NgdH
mikg;GKiw) 2) gr;rir epiyapd; fPo; cs;s ,uhZt tPuHfs;> Kjy; tifapy;
tlf;Fvy;iyg;Gw kdpjHfs; ,lk; ngw;wpUe;jdH. mtHfs; kQ;RfSf;F
cz;ikAs;stHfshf ele;J te;jdH. me;j ,uhZtj;jpd; gphpTfs; khepyj;
jiyefuq;fspYk; kw;Wk; Kf;fpa ,lq;fspYk; epWj;jp itf;fg;gl;bUe;jd. me;j
uhZtk; rpwg;G chpik ngw;W tpsq;fp te;jJ. mJ [g;ghdpy; NjhUFth fhyj;jpy;
rhKuha; vd;w gphptpdH ngw;wpUe;j ,lj;jpw;F xg;gplg;gLfpwJ. mtHfs; ePz;l
ehl;fshf mikjpia ehbajpd; tpisthf Nrhk;Ngwpfshf khwpdH.
INuhg;gpahpd; njhlHG
gz;ila fhyk; njhl;Nl rPdhit ehb tzpfHfSk; flw;gazpfSk;
tuyhdhufs;. INuhg;gp ehl;ltHfspy; Kjd; Kjypy; rPdhtpw;F te;jtHfs;
NghHj;Jf;fPrpaHfSk; mtHfisj; njhlHe;J ];ngapd; kf;fs;> lr;Rf;fhuHfs;>
Mq;fpNyaHfs;> gpnuQ;Rf;fhuHfs;> mnkhpf;fHfs; MfpNahH mq;F tu Kw;gl;ldH.
NghHj;JfPrphpaHfs; 1557-k; Mz;by;khNfh vd;w ,lj;jpy; tzpfj;jyq;fis
Vw;gLj;jpdH. ,J 16> 17 Mk; Ehw;whz;Lfs; KOtJk; eilngw;W te;jJ. 18Mk;
Ehw;whz;by; rPdHfSld; mt;tpj cwtpid Nkw;nfhs;s ey;ynjhU #o;epiyapid
];ghdpa lr;Rfshy; Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhs;s Kbatpy;iy. midj;J INuhg;gpa
ehl;ltHfspy; Mq;fpNyaHfs; rPhpa ,lj;jpidg; ngw;wdH. INuhg;gpaHfs; midtUNk
rPdhtpd; njd;flw;fiu topahf te;J rPdg;NguuRld; fhz;ldpd; tzpfj; njhlHGfis
Nkw;nfhz;ldH.
fhz;ld; tzpfk;
rPd thzpgj;jpd; %yk; me;epa ehl;ltHfs; ngUk; yhgk; mile;jdH. mtHfs;
nkd;NkYk; thzpgj;ijg; ngUf;fp mjpf rYiffs; ngw Kw;gl;ldH. mtHfs; %yk;
Gul;rpf; fUj;Jf;fs; rPdhtpy; NtWhd;wp jq;fSf;F vjpuhf jpUk;gptpLNkh vd
kQ;Rf;fs; mQ;rpdH. Mjdhy; me;epaH thzpgj;jpy; gy fl;Lg;ghLfs;
 7

nfhz;Ltug;gl;ld. mjd; tpisthf NguurH fpd;Yq; fhz;ldpy; eilngw;W te;j

me;epaH thzpgj;ij fl;Lg;ghl;by; nfhz;L te;jhH.
r%ff; fl;Lg;ghLfs;
rPdHfs; thzpgj;jpw;F mjpf Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhLf;ftpy;iy. tzpfHfs;
ed;Kiwapy; elj;jg;gltpy;iy. mtHfs; mwpQHfs;> FbahdtHfs;> iftpidQHfs;
MfpNahiu tpl fPo;epiyapy; itf;fg;ll
; dH. me;epa tzpfHfs; ntWg;ghFtk;
NkhrkhfTk; elj;jg;gl;ldH. mtHfs; rPdnkhopia fw;Wf; nfhs;s
mDkjpf;fg;gltpy;iy. Miyfspy; ngz;fs; mDkjpf;fg;gltpy;iy. me;epaHfspd;
gazj;jpw;F jil nfhz;Ltug;gl;lJ. rPdHfSf;F Ntz;ba midj;Jk; rPdhtpy;
cs;sJ vd;gij rPdHfs; czHe;jdH. MfNt me;epaH thzpfk; mtrpakw;w
Mlk;gukhd nray; vdf; fUjpdH.
rPdHfspd; caHT kdg;ghd;ik
cyfk; KOtjpYk; rPdHfNs kpfTk; ehfhPfkhdtHfs; vd;W gz;ilf; fhyk;
njhl;Nl mtHfs; fUjpte;jdH. mtHfsJ muR nja;tPfg; NguuR vd;Wk; fUjp
te;jdH. gpwkf;fs; vy;NyhUk; ehfhPkw;wtHfshf rPdHfspd; fz;fSf;F Gyg;gl;lJ.
vdNt me;epaHfs; rkkhf elj;jg;glhky; fPohdtHfshf kjpf;fg;gl;ldH. mtHfs;
NguurH Kd; „nfsNlh‟ vd;w kz;bapl;L tzq;Fk; Kiwiag; gpd;gw;WkhW
fl;lhag;gLj;jg;gl;ldH. Mdhy; Nkiy ehl;ltHfs; kz;bapl;L tzq;Fk; Kiwia
mwNt ntWj;jdH.
Kjy; mgpdpg;NghH

m.Nghhpd; mgpdpg;Nghhpd; (1839-42) fhuzq;fisAk; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijAk; Ma;T nra;f

1839-1842 Mz;Lfspy; eilg;ngw;w Mq;fpNya rPdg;NghH mgpdpg;NghH vd;W
miof;fg;gLfpwJ. jdpikapNy ,dpik fz;L nfhz;bUe;j rPdhit Kjd; Kjypy;
Nkiy ehLfs; jhf;fpaJ ,g;Nghhpy;jhd;. ,t;thW „nja;tf
P Nguuir jhf;fp eLtz;
Nguurpy; xU tphpriy Vw;gLj;jpaJ mg;NghH vd;why; mJ kpifahfhJ. nghUshjhur;
Ruz;liy Vw;gLj;Jk; tifapYk;> FbNaw;wq;fs; %yk; thzpgj;jyq;fis Vw;gLj;Jk;
Nehf;FlDk; thpirahf Vw;gl;l Nkiy ehLfspd; jhf;Fjy;fSf;F ,J Kjy;
jhf;Fjyhf mike;jJ vdyhk;.
Nghhpd; fhuzq;fs;
1.ntspehl;L thzpgj;jpd; kPJ rPdh nfhz;bUe;j nfhs;if

Cyfpd; Vida ehLfis tpl caHe;j mjpfhuk; tha;e;j ehlhf jd;id>

rPdh fUjpf; nfhz;bapUe;jJ. gue;J tphpe;Js;s eLtz; NguuRf;F may;ehl;Lg;
nghUs;fs; Njitapy;iy vd;W vz;zpaJ. mtHfs; “nghUshjhuj; jd;dpiwT” vd;w
Nfhl;ghl;by; kpfTk; Mo;e;j ek;gpf;if nfhz;bapUe;jdH. mjd;gb jq;fs; ehL
 8

jd;dpiwT ngw;w ehnld;Wk;> tho;f;fiff;F mtrpakhd vy;yhg; nghUs;fisAk;

Vuhskhf cw;gj;jp nra;tjhy; may;ehLfspypUe;J ve;jg; nghUisAk; ,wf;Fkjp
nra;a Ntz;bajpy;iy vd;Wk; fUjp t;ejdH. 1793y; ,q;fpyhe;J kd;duhd %d;whk;
[hH[; vd;gtUf;F rpd;Yq; vd;w rPdg; NguurH jd; ehl;bd; tzpff; nfhs;ifia
jpl;ltl;lkhff; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shH. Mjd;gb “ehq;fs; vy;yhg; nghUs;fisAk;
ngw;wpUf;fpd;Nwhk;> Gjpa my;yJ El;gkhd nghUs;fs; kPJ vq;fSf;F tpUg;gk;
fpilahJ. Cq;fs; ehL cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; nghUs;fis ehq;fs; gad‟gLj;jTk;
tpUk;gtpy;iy.” vd;W Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shH. MfNt may; ehl;bdH ngUk; Kaw;rp vLj;J
rPdhTldhd tzpf cwT tskilag; ghLgl;ldH.
2.may;ehl;L cwTfisg; gw;wpa rPdhpd; mwpahik
May;ehLfis rkkhfg; ghtpj;J elj;j Ntz;Lk; vd;W rPdhtpw;F
njhpatpy;iy. kQ;Rf;fs;> tPo;rr
; papd; tpspk;gpy; epd;W tpopj;Jf; nfhz;bUe;jhYk;
gioa Nfhl;ghl;by; khwhg; gw;Wf; nfhz;bUe;jdH. mj;Jld; jq;fSila „eLtz;‟
NguuRjhd; cyfj;jpYs;s ehfhPf ehLfspd; eLehafkhf cs;s NguuR vd;W fUjp
te;jdH. MfNt mjDld; ey;Ywtpid ehLk; ehLfs; mjw;F fg;gk; gl;l Ntz;Lk;
vd mJ tpUk;gpaJ. Mjdhy; kw;w jpwikAs;s ehLfSf;F mJ rkkhd ,lk;
mspf;f kWj;jJ. Nguurpd; jiyefuhd gPfpq;fpy; may;ehl;Lj; Jhjufq;fisj; jpwf;f
mJ mDkjpf;ftpy;iy. mitfSf;F rk; me;j];J nfhLf;fTk; mJ kWj;jJ.
3.rPdhpd; caHT kdg;ghd;ik
Cyfj;jpNyNa rPdHfs; jhd; ehfhPfkhdtHfs; vd;w vz;zj;jpy; mtHfs;
,Ue;jdH. mtHfSila muR “nja;tf
P g; NguuR” mtHfSila murH “nja;tf
P g;
NguurH” vd;wdH. Vida kf;fs; rPdHfSila fz;fSf;F mehfhPfkhdtHfshf
njd;gl;lhHfs;. MfNt vy;yh ntspehl;ltHfSk; rkkhf elj;jg;glhky;
mtHfistplf; fPohdtHfshf elj;jg;gl;lhHfs;. mj;Jld; ntspehl;ltHfs;
“nfsNlh” vd;w kz;bapl;L tzq;Fk; Kiwapid NguurH Kd; nra;a
Ntz;bapUe;jJ. ,k;Kiwapid Nkiy ehl;ltHfs; mwNt ntWj;jdH.
4.fhz;ld; tzpf Kiw
rPdHfs; Niy ehl;ltHfis re;Njff; fz;nfhz;L ghHj;jdH. kQ;R
murhq;fKk; mt;thNw fUjpaJ. may;ehl;L tzpfHfisf; nfhs;isf;fhuHfshff;
fUjpdH. vdNt rPdhtpd; njd;NfhbapYs;s fhz;ldpy; kl;Lk; mtHfSila thzpgk;
eilKiw xg;Gf;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. Vida JiwKfq;fs; %lg;gl;ld. mjdhy; me;j
fhz;ldpy; eilngw;w thzpgk; may; ehl;ltHfSf;Fr; rhjfkhfNth my;yJ Vw;Wf;
nfhs;sf;$ba tifapNyh mikatpy;iy. fhz;ldpy; eilngw;W te;j thzpgj;jpd;
rpwg;Gf; $Wfshtd:
1) Nfh-`hq;:
 9

fhz;ld; JiwKfj;jpd; topahf eilngw;W te;j thzpgj;jpd; Kf;fpaj;

jd;ikfspy; xd;W xU tzpff;FOtpid Vw;gLj;jpaJ. mjw;F Nfh-`hq;”
vd;W ngaH,tHfs; %yNk eilngw;W te;jJ. may; ehl;L tzpfHfs;
mtHfs; %yk;jhd; thzpgk; nra;a Ntz;Lk;. jdpg;gl;l rPd
tpahghhpfSld; mtHfs; thzpgk; Nkw;nfhs;sf;$lhJ. May;ehl;bypUe;J
nghUs;fs; Vw;wp tUk; fg;giy guhkhpg;gJ> mg;nghUs;fis ,wf;FtJ>
tps;gid nra;tJ> mf;fg;gy; jq;f ghJfhg;G mspg;gJ> mJ kPz;Lk;
nry;y top nra;tJ Mfpa Ntiyfs; xU “Nfh-`hq;‟ tpahghhpapd;
nghWg;gpy; tplg;gl;lJ. RUq;ff; $wpdhy; mjpfhhpfSf;F may;
ehl;ltHfSf;Fk; njhlHG gLj;Jk; ghykhf Nfh-`hq;Ffs; nray;gl;ldH.
2) Rq;f thptpjpg;gpy; Kuz;ghLfs;:
epiyahd Rq;f thptpjpg;Gf; nfhs;ifapy;yhjjhy; Nkiyehl;L
tzpfHfs; nghpJk; ghjpf;fg;gl;ldH. xOq;fhd Rq;fthp 2 tpOf;fhLk;
kjpg;gpd;Nghpy; 4 tpOf;fhLk; ,Ue;jJ. Mdhy; jy mjpfhhpfs; mbf;fb
mt;thpfis caHj;jp te;jdH. rpyrkaq;fspy; gPfpq; mjpfhhpfs; %yk;
Fwpg;gplg;gl;bUe;j msit tpl 10 klq;Fk; mtHfs; t#y; nra;jdH.
,t;thW js mjpfhhpfshy; may;ehl;L tzpfHfs; frf;fpg; gpopag;gl;ldH.
3) rKjhaf; fl;Lg;ghLfs;:
rPdHfs; thapgj;jpw;F kpff; fPohd kjpg;igNa nfhLj;J te;jdH.
tzpfHfSf;F r%f me;j];J VJk; ,y;iy. mtHfs; ehl;bYs;s
mwpQHfs;FbahdtHfs;> iftpidQHfs; MfpNahUf;Fk; fPo; epiyapy;
itf;fg;gl;ldH. rPd mjpfhhpfs; jq;fSila tpahghhpfisNa
ntWg;ghf elj;jp te;jdH. MfNt mtHfs; tpahghhpfis mJTk;
may;ehl;L tpahghhpfis r%f me;j];J vd;w Vzpapd; mbkl;lj;jpy;
cs;stHfs; vdf; fUjp te;jdH vd;gij nrhy;yTk; Ntz;LNkh?
4) Thzpgj;jpy; Vw;wj;jho;T:
18-k; Ehw;whz;by; fhz;ldpy; eilngw;W ge;j thzpgk; rPdhtpw;Nf
mD$ykhf ,Ue;jJ. jq;fs; ehl;Lg; nghUl;fis ntspehl;bdH
thq;fNtz;Lk; vd;W tpUk;gpdH. mNj rkaj;jpy; ntspehl;Lg; nghUl;fis
thq;Ftjpy; MHtk; fhl;ltpy;iy. ,jdhy; ntspehl;L ehzak; rPdhtpy;
nfhl;lg;gl;lJ.
5) May;ehl;ltHfs kPjhd fl;Lg;ghLfs;
May;ehl;ltHfs; rpy tpjpKiwfisg; gpd;gw;w Ntz;bapUe;jJ.
mitfis kPWk;NghJ thzpgk; jilg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. mtHfs; kPjhd
tpjpJiwfshtd:
 10

m) fhz;lDf;F mUfpy; cs;s Nghf; vd;w ,lj;Jf;FmUfpy; ve;jnthU

ntspehl;Lf; fg;gYk; tUjy; $lhJ. M) may;ehl;Lg; ngz;fNsh my;yJ
Jg;ghf;fpfNsh njhopw;rhiyf;Fs; mDkjpf;fg;glf; $lhJ.
,) may;ehl;Lf; fg;gy;fs; rPdHfSld; Nehpilahd njhlHG nfhs;Sjy;
$lhJ.
<) rPdg‟ngz;fis may;ehl;Lj; njhopw;rhiyfspy; gzpapy; mkHj;Jjy;
$lhJ. vl;L rPdHfSf;F (Mz;fs;) Nky; xU Miyapy; Ntiy nra;af;$lhJ.
c) Nfh-`hq; %yk;jhd; may;ehl;ltHfs; rPdHfSld; njhlHG nfhs;Sjy;
Ntz;Lk;.
C) may;ehl;ltHfs; ejpfspy; glF Xl;l mDkjp fpilahJ
v) may;ehl;ltHfs; %lg;gl;l ehw;fhypfspy; mku mDkjpf;fg;gltpy;iy.
mtHfs; Nky;kl;lk; ,y;yhj rpwpag; glFfisg; gad;gLj;Jly; Ntz;Lk;.
V) Miyfspy; mtHfs; mbf;fb Rw;wf;$lhJ. EhW f[j;jpw;Fs;NsNa Rw;wptu
mDkjpf;fg;gl;ldH.
I) thzpgfhyk; Kbtile;j gpd; may;ehl;ltH fhz;ldpy; jq;Fjy; $lhJ.
fg;gy; te;j NghJ $l mtHfs; khf;Nfhtpy; kl;LNK jq;Fjy; Ntz;Lk;.
x) may;ehl;Lf; fg;gy;fs; thk;Nghthtpy; kl;LNk eq;$uk; ,Ljy; Ntz;Lk;.
X) may;ehl;ltHfs; rPd Ehy;fis thq;ff;$lhJ. mtHfs; rPd nkhopapidf;
fw;Wf; nfhs;sf;$lhJ.
Nkw;fz;l fl;Lg;ghLfshy; may; ehl;ltHfs; nghpJk; Jd;gg;gl;ldH. mtHfs;
jq;fs; thzpgj;jpy; Vuhskhd ,yhgj;ijg; ngw;wjhy; rPdHfSldhd thzpgj;ij
tpl;Ltpl tpUk;gtpy;iy. mtHfs; thzpgj;jpw;fhf njhy;iyfisg; nghWj;Jf;
nfhz;L ,Ue;jdH. vdpDk; rPdHfspd; nray;fis ntWj;jdH.
5)ePjptprhuiz Kuz;ghLfs;
May;ehl;ltHfs; rPd kz;zpd; Fw;wk; Ghpe;jhy; rPdr; rl;lg;gb tprhhpf;fg;gLjy;
Ntz;Lk; vd;W rPdHfs; typAWj;jpdH. rPdHfspd; jz;lid nfhLikahf ,Ue;jjhy;
may;ehl;ltHfs; mij vjpHj;jdH. NkYk; mtHfs; INuhg;gpa Kiwapyhd tprhuiz
Ntz;Lnkdf; NfhhpdH. Mj;Jld; mtHfs;> fOj;ij RUf;fpl;Lf; nfhy;tJ> fl;lha
Kiwapy; Fw;wj;ij xg;Gf; nfhs;s itg;gJ> Jd;GWj;JtJ Mfpatw;iwf; fLikahf
vjpHj;jdH.
6)rkag;gug;Gf; FOtpdhpd; Nguhirj; jpl;lq;fs;
Nja;tf
P g; Nguurpd; %iy %Lf;nfy;yhk; fpwp];Jtrkaj;ij gug;g Ntz;Lnkd
mf;FOtpdH Nguhir nfhz;ldH. mtHfs; mt;thW gug;Gtij mtHfs; kPJ
tpjpf;fg;gl;lbUe;j elkhLk; jilr;rl;lk; Kl;Lf;fl;il Nghy; jLj;J epWj;jpaJ.
vdNt mtHfs; Mj;jpukile;jdH.
 11

7)gphpl;b\hhpd; murpay; mbg;gilapyhd cwT Vw;gl Kaw;rp

gPfpq;fpw;F 2000 iky; njhiytpYs;s fhz;ldpy; eilngWk; rPHNfLfs; rPd
murpw;F njhpahJ gphpl;b\; murhq;fk; vz;zpaJ. vdNt thzpgj;ijr; rPuhf;f
rPdhtpd; jiyikAld; Nehpilahd njhlHG nfhs;Sjy; Ntz;Lnkd mtHfs;
epidj;jhHfs;. MfNt yz;ldpypUe;J muR jug;G xU FO rPdhtpw;Fr; nrd;wJ.
1)Nkf;fhHl;Nd FO:
1792-y; nkf;fhHl;Nd vd;w gpuGtpd; jiyikapy; xU FO rPdhtpw;F
fPo;f;fhZk; Nehf;fq;fSf;fhf mDg;gg;gl;lJ.
m) gphpl;b\; tzpfHfs; jq;Ftjw;F xd;W my;yJ ,uz;L ,lq;fisg;
ngWjy;
M) rPdh KOtjpYk; thzpgk; Nkw;nfhs;s xU cld;gbf;ifapidr; nra;J
nfhs;tJ.
,) fhz;ldpy; eilngw;W tUk; rPHNfLfspypUe;J tpLgLjy;.
<) gPfpq;fpy; murpay; hPjpapy; xU gpujpepjp jq;Ftjw;F top nra;jy;.
Mf;FO ed;Kiwapy; tuNtw;fg;gl;L ey;yhjuT nfhLf;fg;gl;lJ. gpujpepjp
jq;Ftjw;F mDkjp toq;FtJ thzpgj;ij ePl;bg;gJ Mfpait kWf;fg;gl;lJ.
Vnddpy; mitfs; rPd> gof;ftof;fj;jpw;F xt;thjnjd vd;gNjahFk;.
ii) Mk;`H];l; FO:
NkNy Fwpg;gpl;l Nehf;fq;fis mila Ntz;b ,e;jpahtpy; MSeuhfg;
gzpahw;wpa Mk;`h];l;gpuGtpd; jiyikapy; JhJf;Nfh\;b rPdhtpw;F nrd;wJ.
kdijg; Gz;gLj;Jk;gbahd rlq;FfisAk; kz;bapl;L tzq;Fk; KiwiaAk;
Mk;`h];l; gpuG nra;a kWj;Jtpl;lhH. ,t;thW nkf;fhHl;NdTk;> Mk;`H];l; gpuGTk;
mikjpg;Ngr;R thHj;ijfspd; %yk; Nehf;fq;fis milaj; jtwp tpl;ldH. vdNt
%d;W topfspy; VNjDk; xd;iwgpd;gw;w Ntz;Lnkd vz;zpdH. Mitfshtd
1) rPd thzpgj;jpw;F tpil nfhLj;J mDg;GtJ
2) rPdHfSf;Fk; fPo;g;gbe;J elg;gJ
3) gilg;gyj;ijg; gad;gLj;JtJ.
,g;g+Tyfpy; kpfTk; rf;jp tha;ej ehlhd gphpl;ld; mJTk; fly;fspd; jiytpahd
gphpl;ld; Kjy; ,uz;L topfis gpd;gw;w KayhJ vd;Wk;> %d;whtJ topah
td;KiwNa jq;fs; tzpfj;jpw;F tskhd> eykhd top vd;Wk; fUjpaJ.
iii) Njg;gpaH JhJf;Nfh\;b:
1833-k; Mz;bd; gl;lar; rl;lg;gb fpof;fj;jpa tHj;jff; fk;ngdp ngw;wpUe;j
rPdhtpd; tzpf Kw;WhpikahdJ ePf;fg;gl;ljhy; rPdhtpw;Fk; ,q;fpyhe;Jf;Fk;
,ilapyhd cwtpy; tphpry; Vw;glyhapw;W. Nehpilahd thzpgj;jpw;F top
Nfhsg;gl;lJ. mg;NghJ ehl;bd; kjpg;igAk;> khpahijiaAk; ghJfhf;f Ntz;Lnkd;w
vz;zk; thzpg MHtj;ijtp NkNyhq;fp epd;wJ. ,jd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijr; rPdHfs;
 12

czutpy;iy. ,e;jr; #o;epiyapy; jhd; Neg;gpaH gpuG fhz;ldpd; gphpl;b\; tzpfj;

jiyikf; fz;fhzpg;ghsuhf epakpf;fg;gl;lhH. mtUk; 1834-k; Mz;L mq;F nrd;whh;.
rPdHfspd; tzpf tpjpKiwfis mtH kPwNt mtH clNd rPdhit tpl;L
ntspNaWk;gb Mapw;W.
8)mgpdp thzpgk;
rPdHfs; tpUk;gp thq;ff; $ba xU nghUis Mq;fpNayaHfs; tpahghuk;
nra;a Kd;te;jdH. mg;nghUs;jhd; mgpdpahFk;. Mjd; %yk; tzpfj;jpy; Vw;gl;Ls;s
Vw;wj;jho;tpid rhpf;fl;bdH. ,e;jpahtpypUe;J rPdhtpw;F Vuhskhd mgpdp
Vw;Wkjpahapw;W. 1729-y; 100 ngl;bfSk;> 1830y; mijtpl Vuhskhdngl;bfSk;
Vw;Wkjp Mapd. 1838-39k; Mz;Lfspy; mJ 4000 ngl;bfshf caHe;jJ. mgpdpia
Vwf;Fiwa 10 kpy;ypad; rPdHfs; cgNahfg;gLj;jpdH. ,jdhy; mtHfSila
nghUshjhuk; nghpJk; ghjpj;jJ. rPdhtpy; njhlHr;rpahf mgpdp nrd;wjd; tpisthf
mq;fpUe;J njhlHe;J rPd nts;sp ehzaq;fs; tpilg;ngw;Wf; nfhz;L ntspNawpd.
Vwf;Fiwa Mz;LNjhWk; 4ypUe;J 5kpy;ypad; ehzaq;fs; ntspNawpajhy; epiyik
kpfTk; Nkhrkhf ,Ue;jJ. 1729-y; kQ;R kd;duhf tPw;wpUe;j Aq; nrq; mgpdp
tzpfj;ij jil nra;ayhdhH. Ve;j xU ehfhpfkhd murhq;fKk; kf;fSf;F nghpJk;
jPq;fpiof;Fk; ,j;jifa thzpgj;ijg; nghWj;Jf; nfhs;shJ vd;W mtH $wpdhH.
mjd;gpd; Ml;rpg; nghWg;Ngw;w rpahtpq; mgpdp Vw;Wkjpia rl;lj;jpw;Fg; Gwk;ghdJ
vd;W mwptpj;jhH. 1800-y; rPd murhq;fk; kw;nwhU Mizia ntspapl;L mgpdpiaj;
jil nra;a Kw;gl;lJ.
,jw;fpilapy; mgpdp tzpfj;jpw;F vjpuhf gy Mizfs; ntspte;j NghjpYk;
fs;sf;flj;jy; %ykhf mgpdp thzpgj;ij gphpl;b\;fhuHfs; ngUf;fp te;jdH.
mt;tpahghuk; ,dpaKiwapy; jdprpwf;fg; ghLgl;ldH.

9)fhz;ld; MizahsH ypd;dpd; nray;fs;

fhz;ldpy; eilngw;W te;j fs;sf;flj;jy; mgpdp tpahghuj;ijf; fl;Lg;gLj;j
1838-y; ypd; NrR vd;gtH gjtpapy; mkHj;jg;gl;lhH. mtH td;Kiwapy; gy
Mizfis ntspapl;L mij mlf;fyhdhH. mtH rPd mgpdp tpahghpfisAk;>
jufHfisAk;> mgpdpg; gof;fKs;stHfisAk; fLikahf elj;jyhdhH.
ypd; vd;w MizahsH may;ehl;L tzpfHfsplkpUe;J mgpdp ,Ug;Gfis
cldbahff; nfhz;L te;J ruzilar; nra;jhH. ,dp vjpHfhyj;jpy; ,J Nghd;w
fs;sj;jdkhd tpahghuj;jpy; <LgLtjpy;iy vd;w cWjp nkhopiaAk; thq;fpf;
nfhz;lhH. mtUila Mizfis kPWgtHfs; kuz jz;lidf;F Ml;gLthHfs;
vd;Wk;> mtHfSila nrhj;Jf;fs; gwpKjy; nra;ag;gLk; vd;Wk; mtH $wpdhH.
gphpl;b\; fz;fhzpg;ghsuhd vypal; mitfis Vw;Wf;nfhs;s Kjypy; kWj;jhH. mtH
mgpdpg; gnl;bfis nfhLj;Jtpl;L cWjpnhopg; gj;jpuk; nfhLf;f Kbahnjd kWj;jhH.
 13

mjd; tpisthf czT> jz;zPH> gzpGhpa Ml;fs; Mfpatw;iw jLj;J epWj;jpdhH.

vdNt gphpl;bf;fhuHfs; khf;Nfhtpw;Fr; nry;y NeHe;jJ.
10)cldbf; fhuzq;fs;
nfsYd; vd;w ,lj;jpy; Vw;gl;l iffyg;gpy; Mq;fpNyaHfs; xU rPdf;
fpuhkthrpiaf; nfhd;Wtpl;ldH. ypd; Fw;wthspiar; ruzilAk;gb $wpdhH. vypal;
mij kWj;jhH. khwhf mtH me;jf; Fw;wthspf;F vspa jz;lid toq;fpdhH.
,jdhy; Mj;jpuKk;> ntWg;Gk; nfhz;l ypd; khf;NfhtpypUe;J gphpl;b\;fhuHfis
ntspNaw;w eltbf;iffs; Nkw;nfhz;lhH. mjdhy; NghH Vw;gl;lJ.
Nghhpd; Nghf;F:
1839y; Vw;gl;l Kjy; flw;Nghhpy; gphpl;b\; flw;gil rPdhtpd; flw;gilapid
Kwpabj;jJ. fhz;ld; Kw;Wifaplg;gl;lJ. 1841-y; mJTk; gpbg;gl;J. mjd;gpd;
epq;Ngh> Rkha;> fpq;fpahq; Mfpa ,lq;fSk; ifg;gw;wg;gl;ld. ahq;rp ejpapd; ngUk;
,lq;fs; mtHfsplk; te;J NrHe;jd. xt;nthU efuKk; xd;wd;gpd; xd;whf tPo;tijf;
fz;l rPdHfs; gPjp mile;jdH. ,Wjpapy; mikjpia ehlyhdhHfs;. 1842-k; Mz;L
ehd;rpq; cld;gbf;ifahy; Kjy; mgpdpg;NghH KbTf;Ff; nfhz;L tug;gl;lJ.
ehd;fpq; cld;gbf;iffspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
1842-Mk; Mz;L Mf];L jpq;fspy; gphpl;lDf;Fk; rPdhtpw;Fk; ,ilapy; ,e;j
cl;dgbf;if Vw;gl;lJ. 1843-y; Jiz cld;gbf;ifahd NghH cld;gbf;ifAk;
V;gl;lJ. ,e;j ,Ucld;gbf;iffSNk gphpl;ldpd; Mf;fpukpg;G tzpff; nfhs;ifia
vLj;Jf; fhl;Lfpd;wd.
1) gphpl;b\; tzpfHfSk;> gphpl;b\;fhuHfSk; jq;fp thoTk;> tpahghuk;
nra;aTk; Ie;J JiwKfq;fs; jpwe;J tplg;gl;ld. `hq;fhq; gphpl;lDf;Ff;
fpilj;jJ. Nfh-`hq; Kiw ePf;fg;gl;lJ. rPdHfs; ngUk; ,og;gPlL
; j;
njhif juNtz;bajhapw;W.
2) rPdh> Rq;f thp tjpg;gpy; jd;dhl;rp mjpfhuj;ij ,oe;jJ. 5tpOf;fhL
Rq;fthpapid Vw;Wf; nfhz;lJ. mij mjpfhpf;f vz;zpdhy; ,U
ehLfSk; fye;J KbT nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd;gij ,uz;Lk; Vw;Wf;
nfhz;ld.
3) ,e;j cld;gbf;ifahy; rPdhtpd; ,iwik ghjpf;fg;gl;lJ. tpNr\g;gpuNjr
chpikfis nfhLj;jJ.
4) Mgpdp thzpgj;ijg; gw;wp ,t;Tld;gbf;if VJk; $wtpy;iy. xOf;f
hPjpapy; rPdHfs; mgpdpia Vw;Wf;nfhs;stpy;iy. mNj Neuj;jpy; mij
mwNt jilnra;a Kbahky; rPdh jtpHj;Jf; nfhz;bapUe;jJ.
5) Gphpl;lDf;Fr; rhjfkhd rYiffs; nfhLf;fg;gl;ld. ,jd;tpisthf
kw;wehLfshd gpuhd;Rk;> mnkhpf;fhTk; mJ Nghd;w rYiffis
rPdhtplkpUe;J ngw top Vw;gl;lJ. mjd;gb gpuhd;]; rPdhTld; thk;Nghth
 14

cld;gbf;ifiar; nra;J nfhz;lJ. mnkhpf;fhTk;> rPdhTk; ehd;fpah

cld;gbf;ifapidr; nra;J nfhz;ld.
6) Ehd;fpq; cld;gbf;if cs;sgbNa rPdhit nghpJk; ghjpj;jJ. ,jdhy;
neLq;fhykhf jdpikapy; ,dpik fz;L nfhz;bUe;j rPdh
Jz;bf;fg;gl;lJ. mjd; %yk; rPdh NkiyehLfSf;Fj; jd; fjTfisj;
jpwe;Jtpl Nehpl;lJ.
7) nghUshjhuk; nghyptpoe;jJ. mgpdp mtHfs; cliyf; nfLj;jJ;.
cs;sj;ijf; nfLj;jJ. nry;tj;ijg; ghjpj;jJ: Nghhpy; Njhy;tpfz;ljhy;
ehnlq;Fk; xOq;fPdk; jiyfhl;baJ. cs;ehl;L tpahghuk; ];jk;gpj;J
epd;wJ.
8) ,jdhy; MizahsHfspd; gjtp ePf;fg;gl;L ehL flj;jg;gl;lhH. mjw;Ff;
fhuzk; mtUila jpwikapd;ikNa vdyhk;.

ehd;fpq; cld;gbf;if
“INuhg;gpa thzpgj;jpw;F rPdh jpwe;J tplg;gLtjw;F ehd;fpq; cld;gbf;if
Muk;gkhFk;” tpthjpf;f>
Kjy; mgpdpg;Nghhpd; %yk; rPdhthdJ Nkiy ehl;ltHfSf;Fj; jpwe;J
tplg;gl;lJ. mtHfs; nghUshjhur; Ruz;liyAk; FbNaw;wq;fisAk; Vw;gLtjw;F
topfz;ldH. ,Jtiuapy; „nja;tf
P g; NguuR” vd;w rPdh jd;Dila fjTfis
%bf;nfhz;L jdpikapNy ,dpik fz;L nfhz;bUe;jJ. xU rpwpa top
may;ehl;ltHfspd; thzpgj;jpw;F rpy fl;Lg;ghLfSld; Vw;gl;lJ. “eLtz; Nguurpy;”
xU tphpriy cz;lhf;fpaJ. Kjy; mgpdpg; NghHehd;fpq; cld;gbf;ifapd; %yKk;>
gpw cld;gbf;ifs; %yKk;> may;ehl;ltHfs; rPdhtpd; epiyahd ,lj;ijg; gpbj;Jf;
nfhz;ldH. Mdhy; mtHfs; Nfl;lJ fpl;ltpy;iy. ehd;fpq; cld;gbf;ifapd;
tpjpKiwfis Muha;e;jhy; mjd; jd;ik ed;F GydhFk;. mjd; tpjpKiwfshtd:
1) `hq;fhq; jPT gphpl;lDf;Ff; nfhLf;fg;gl;lJ.
2) Fhz;ld;> MNkha;> g+nrs> \hq;if Mfpa Ie;J JiwKfq;fs;
may;ehl;ltHfs; thzpgj;jpw;Fkl tho;tjw;Fk; jpwe;J tplg;gl;ld.
3) Nfh-`hq;Ffs; mDgtpj;J te;j Kw;Whpik ePf;fg;gl;lJ. rPdf;Fbkfd;
xt;nthUtUk; may;ehl;L tpahghhpfSld; tzpfk; nra;a mDkjp
nfhLf;fg;gl;lJ.
4) Vw;Wkjp ,wf;Fkjpg; nghUs;fSf;F epahakhd xOq;fhd Rq;fthp
epHzapf;fg;gl;lJ. ,U ehLfSk; NrHe;J thpapid mjpfg;gLj;JtJ gw;wp
MNyhrid nra;Ak;.
 15

5) ,og;gPl;Lj; njhifahf 12 kpy;ypad; lhyHfis rPdh ,q;fpyhe;jpw;Ff;

nfhLf;f xg;Gf;nfhz;lJ. ehrkhf;fg;gl;l mgpdpf;fhf 86 kpy;ypad;
lhyHfis ,q;fpyhe;J ngw;Wf; nfhz;lJ.
6) ehLfis rkkhfg;ghtpf;Fk; Nfhl;ghl;il rPdh xg;Gf; nfhz;lJ. mYtyfj;
njhlHGfspYk; rkj;JtKiwahdJ gpd;gw;wg;gl;lJ. ePz;l ehl;fshf
,Ue;J te;j “nfsNlh” vd;w kz;bapl;L tzq;Fk;Kiw mfw;wg;gl;lJ.
Nghf; cld;gbf;if (1843) :
Mjw;F mLj;j Mz;bNyNa rPdhtpw;Fk;> ,q;fpyhe;jpw;Fk; ,ilNa Nghf;
cld;gbf;if Vw;gl;lJ. mjd; tpjpfshtd:
1) tpNr\g;gpuNjr chpik:
cld;gbf;ifapy; fz;l JiwKfq;fspy; ,Uf;Fk; gphpl;b\;
Fw;wthspfs; gphpl;ld; ePjpkd;wq;fhsy; ,JKjy; tprhhpf;fg;gLtH.
ePjppKiwfis fz;bj;Jk; ntWj;Jk; te;j md;dpaHfs; ,e;j
chpikfspy; jpUg;jp mile;jdH. rPd ePjpj;Jiwapy; Vw;gl;l xU
ngUk; jiyaPL ,J vd;W mtHfs; vz;zpdH. Jq;fs; nrhe;j
„kz;zpy; ePjpj;Jiwapd; ge;jj;jpw;F Vw;gl;l mtkhdk; vd;wdH.
2) kpfTk; rYif ngwj;jf;f ehl;L me;j];J :
gpw ehLfSf;F nfhLf;f tpUk;Gk; midj;J rYiffisAk; rPdh
gphpl;lDf;Fj; ju Kd;te;jJ. vdNt ,f;nfhs;ifahy; gphpl;ld;
vy;yhr; rYiffisAk;> chpikfisAk;> mjpfhuq;fisAk; rPdhtpy;
ngw;wJ.
3) Rq;f thpfis epHzapj;jy; :
,e;j cld;gbf;iufahy; ,wf;Fkjp thp 13 tpOf;fhL Mf;fg;gl;lJ.
(ruhrhp 5 tpOf;fhL MFk;. Vw;Wkjp thp xd;wiu Kjy;
gj;NjKf;fhy; tpOf;fhlhFk;.
4) rPd ePHg;gFjpfspy; gphpl;b\; flw;gil jq;f mDkjpj;jy;
thzpgj;jpid ghJfhf;fTk; khYkpfis fl;Lg;ghl;Lld; nfhz;L
nry;yTk; gphpl;b\; NghHf;fg;gy;fs; Ie;J JiwKfq;fspy; jq;f
mDkjpf;fg;gl;lJ.
5) cld;gbf;iffs; gw;wpa jpwdha;T
Jg;ghf;fp Kidapy; ntw;wp ngw;wtHfs; Njhy;tp mile;jtHfsplk;
Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhz;litfs; ,e;j cld;gbf;iffs; vd;why; mJ
kpifahfhJ. neUf;fbapd; Nghpy; ,J ifnaOj;J thq;fg;gl;ljhy;
rPdh nghpJk; ,d;dYf;Fs;shdJ. mJ xU Ntjidahd kdij
Gz;gLj;jf;$ba xU cld;gbf;ifahFk;. Mgpdp gw;wp ,e;j
cld;gbf;ifapy; vJTk; Fwpg;gplg;glhjjhy; kw;nwhU NghUf;F
 16

toptFj;jJ vdyhk;. May; ehl;ltHfs; tpUk;gpanjy;yhk; ,jdhy;

ngw Kbatpy;iy. rPdhtpd; cl;gFjpapy; mtHfs; nry;y
mDkjpf;fg;gltpy;iy. murhq;f hPjpapyhd cwT Vw;gl jiyefhpy;
JhjH xUtH jq;fpf; nfhs;s mDkjp fpl;ltpy;iy. gPfpq; njhlHe;J
maytHfSf;F jilnra;ag;gl;l efukhfNt tpsq;fpaJ. rPdHfs;
mjpfk; nfhLj;J tpl;ljhfTk;> gphpl;b\;fhuHfs; xU rpwpNj ngw;Wf;
nfhz;ljhfTk; fUjpdH.
cld;gbf;ifapd; tpisTfs;
1) gFjpfs; ,og;G:
rPdhTld; NrHe;jpUe;j `hq;fhq; gphpl;lDf;F nfhLf;fg;gl;lJ. ,J
nkd;NkYk; gphpl;ld; gy gFjpfisg; ngw top nra;jJ. rPdhtpy; Ie;J
JiwKfq;fs; jpwe;Jtplg;gl;ljhy; may;ehl;lthpd; nry;thf;F rPdhtpd;
fpof;Ff; flw;fiu KOtjpYk; gutp ,Ue;jJ.
2) ,iwikapd; ,og;G
Rje;jpuehLfspd; mjpfhuq;fspy; xd;whd ePjpj;Jiw ,iwik kpfTk;
fl;LgLj;jg;gl;lJ. ,e;j tpNr\g; gpuNjr chpikapd;gb md;dpaHfs; rPd
kz;zpy; jtW nra;jhy; jz;bf;f Kbatpy;iy.
3) nghUshjhu chpikfs; ghjpg;G:
nghUshjhu hPjpapy; epHzapf;fg;gl;l Rq;fthpfs; rPdhtpd; ghJfhg;G
thpf;nfhs;ifapid kpfTk; ghjpj;jJ. may;ehl;Lg; nghUs;fs; Ftpe;jhy;
rPdhtpy; ifj;njhopy; nghpJk; ghjpf;fg;gl;lJ ghJfhg;G ,y;yhky; Gjpjhf
Muk;gpf;fg;gl;l njhopy;fs; erpe;jd. fs;sf;flj;jy; %yk; mgpdp tpahghuk;
njhlHe;J eilngw;W rPdhtpd; nry;tj;ijr; Ruz;b vLj;Jf; nfhz;bUe;jJ.
kf;fs; Vo;ikapy; js;sg;gl;ldH. NkYk; rPdh ngUk; ,og;gPl;bj; njhif
nfhLf;f Ntz;bapUe;jjhy; ehl;bd; nts;sp ehzak; ntspNaw;wg;gl;lJ.
%ba fjTf; nfhs;iff;F Kw;Wg;Gs;sp itf;fg;gl;L> jpwe;jntspf;
nfhs;ifahdJ gpd;gw;wg;gl;ljhy; Nkiy ehl;lthpd; nghUshjhu Mjpf;fk;
Vw;wk; ngw;wJ.
4) rPdhtpd; nraypd;ik ntspg;Ljy;
Nkiy ehl;ltHfs; rPdhit xU “Jhq;Fk; g+jj;jpw;F” xg;ghff;
fUjpdhHfs;. Kjy; mgpdpg; NghUf;Fk; ehd;fpq; cld;gbf;iff;Fk;; gpwF
mJNt “,we;j g+jkhff;” fUjg;gl;lJ. mjd; ,uhZt typik fz;L
mtHfs; mQ;rtpy;iy. mjd; jpwikapd;ikiaf; fz;L nfhz;l mtHfs;
mLj;j jhf;FjYf;Fj; jahuhdhHfs;.
 17

May;ehl;Lj; Jg;ghf;fpg;glFfs; Ie;JJiwKfq;fspy; jq;f mDkjp

toq;fg;gl;ljhYk;> me;j rYif NkYk; ahq;brp ejptiuapy;
ePbf;fg;gl;ljhYk; mtHfs; vq;Fk; jq;Fjilapd;wp nry;yyhnkd vz;zpdH.
5) rKjhag;ghjpg;Gfs;
me;j Ie;J JiwKfq;fspy; may; ehl;ltHfSf;F thzpgk; nra;a
mDkjp nfhLf;fg;l;ljhy; nry;thf;Fld; tpsq;fpa tpahghhpfspd; ,dk;
me;j rKjhaj;jpy; Njhd;wyhapw;W. kQ;R murhq;fj;jpd; kPjpUe;j ek;gpf;if
Fiwayhapw;W. gutyhf ,Ue;j Vo;ikepiy Njhy;tpahy; Vw;gl;l kd
mstpyhd ghjpg;G murpay; ntWg;gpid Vw;gLj;jpaJ. ngUj;j Njhy;tp
rPdHfis mlf;fpa cld;gbf;if Mfpatw;iw mtHfshy; jhq;fpf; nfhs;s
Kbatpy;iy. vdpDk; mg;Nghh; mtHfspd; gpw;Nghf;fhd jd;ikapid
czur; nra;atpy;iy. jq;fs; ,uhZtj;jpd; jpwikapd;ikia mtHfs;
xg;Gf; nfhs;stpy;iy. khwhf mtHfs; NkYk; 50 Mz;Lfs; cwf;fj;jpy;
cod;wdH.
6) mur je;jpu cwtpyhd ghjpg;G
rPdh jd;Dila ,iwikia ,oe;J Vida ehLfis rkkhf ghtpf;f
Ntz;Lk; vd;gij czHe;J nfhz;lJ. NkiyehLfSld; rPdh mYtyfj;
njhlHgpidg; ngw;wNjhL gd;dhl;L rKjhaj;jpy; xU Gjpa ,lj;ijg; ngw
top Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhz;lJ.
7) kw;w ehLfSld; nra;J nfhz;l cld;gbf;iffs;
gphpl;b\;fhuHfs; ngw;w rYiffis Vida ehLfs; ngwNtz;b rPdhit
mitfs; Nfl;ld. ,r;#o;;epiyiag; gad;gLj;jpf; nfhz;l me;j ehLfs;
%yk; Gjpa rpf;fy;fs; Vw;glhky; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gjw;fhf rPdh
md;dpa ehLfus xd;wd;Nky; xd;iw Vtptpl Kaw;rp nra;jJ.
mitfsplj;jpy; gphpit Vw;gLj;j Ntz;Lk; vd;W jpl;lkpl;L “gphpe;Jjhd;
tho Ntz;Lk;” vd;w nfhs;ifiag; gpd;gw;wpaJ.
i) ehq;fpah cld;gbf;if 1844: gphpl;lDld; nra;J nfhz;l
cld;gbf;ifiag; Nghy mnkhpf;fhTld; ehq;fpah
cld;gbf;ifiar; nra;Jf; nfhz;lJ. mjd;gb mgpdp thzpgj;ij
jilnra;a xg;Gf;nfhz;lJ. tpNr\g; gpuBjr chpik mspf;fg;gl;lJ.
kpfTk; rYif ngwj;jf;f ehl;L me;j];J mspf;fg;gl;lJ.
JiwKfq;fspy; (cld;gbf;ifapd; ghw;gl;l) jpUr;rigfs;
kUj;Jtkidfs; Mfpatw;iw guhkhpg;gJ vd;W KbT nra;ag;gl;lJ.
gd;dpnuz;L Mz;FfSf;Fg; gpwF me;j cld;gb;ifapid
GJg;gpj;Jf; nfhs;tnjd;Wk; KbT nra;ag;gl;lJ.
 18

ii) thk;Nghth cld;gbf;if: thk;Nghth vd;w ,lj;jpy; gpuhd;]‟ xU

cld;gbf;if nra;Jnfhz;lJ. ehq;fpahtpd; tpjpKiwfs; mjw;Fk;
vd;wdH. mj;Jld; fpwp];Jt rkaj;ij jilapd;wp gug;g mDkjp
mspf;fg;gl;lJ.
iii) ngy;[pak;> ehHNt> RtPld;> NghHr;Rf;fy; Mfpa ehLfSk; ,J
Nghd;w cld;gbf;iffisr; nra;J nfhz;L me;j ehLfs; ngw;w
vy;yhr; rYiffisAk; ngw;wd.
8) JiwKf cld;gbf;if Kiwapd; Muk;gk;
gphpl;ld; mnkhpf;fh gpuhd;]; Mfpa ehLfspd; cld;gbf;iffshy; JiwKf
cld;gbf;if Kiw Muk;gkhapw;W. mitfs; gpd;dhy; Vw;glg; Nghfpd;w
xg;ge;jq;fSf;F typTk;> nghypTk; je;jd. ,e;j rkkw;w cld;gbf;iffs;
rPdhtpd; ,iwikiag; nghpJk; ghjpj;jd. ,jdhy; mtHfs; FbNaw;w
chpikfisg; ngw;W xU murpDs; murhf tsHr;rp ngw;wdH.

,uz;lhtJ mgpdpg;NghH
fhuzq;fs;
1) rPdhtpd; Vkhw;Wj; je;jpuq;fs;:
Nkiy ehLfSf;Fk; fPio ehLfSf;Fk; njhlHe;J Vw;gl;l Nghl;bfspd;
tpisthf ,uz;lhtJ mgpdpg;NghH Vw;gl;lJ vdyhk;. ,uhZt ntw;wpfis
<l;baNghjpYk; rPdHfs; ntspehl;ltHfis mehfhpkhdtHfs; vd;Nw fUjp
te;jdH. mtHfs; ntspehl;lthpd; ehfhPfj;ij ntWj;jdH. fhyjhkjk;
nra;tjd; %yKk; jg;gpf;fg; gpd;gw;Wk; Vkhw;W gjpy;fSk; jhd; ,oe;j
epiyapid mila cjtp nra;Ak; vd rPdh fUjpaJ. khepyj; jiytHfs;
mjpf mjpfhuk; ngw;W mDgtpj;J te;jjhy;> rka muR cld;gbf;iffis
mky; nra;tjpy; ,lH Vw;gl;lJ. MfNt d;Kiw vd;w typa MAjk;jhd;
rPdhitg; gzpa itf;f cw;w ez;gd; vd Nkiyehl;ltH vz;zpdH.
2) Mgpdp thzpgk;
Mgpdp thzpgg; gpur;rid ,d;Dk; jPHe;jghby;iy. xOf;f mbg;gilapy;
mgpdp mtHfisg; ghjpj;jJ. mgpdp thzpgj;ij rPdh jil nra;j
NghjpYk;> fs;sf;flj;jy; %yk; me;j tpahghuk; eilngw;Wf;
nfhz;LjhdpUe;jJ. mjw;F may; ehl;ltHfs; MjuTey;fp te;jij rPdh
ntWj;jJ.
3) $ypfspd; gpur;rid:
rPdhtpypUe;J Vuhskhd $ypfs; fpNghHdpah> M];jpNuypah> fpa+gh> ngU>
rpyp> mnkhpf;fhtpd; Nkw;F flw;fiug;gFjp Mfpa ,lq;fspy; Ntiy
nra;Jte;jdH. mtHfs; kpfTk; nrhw;gkhd $yp ngw;wdH. mtHfs; epiy
 19

kpfTk; Nkhrkhf ,Ue;jJ. me;jf; $ypfs; mbikfshff; fUjg;gl;ldH.

jq;fs; kf;fs; mq;F nfhLikfs; gy mDgtpg;gijf; fz;L mtHfs;
cs;sgbNa kdk; nehe;jhHfs;.
4) flw;nfhs;is:
rPdhtpw;F mbf;fb te;j ntspehl;Lf; fg;gy;fs; fs;sf;flj;jy;
tpahghuj;jpy; jPtpukhf <Lgl;bUe;jd. NghHj;Jf;fPrpaf; fg;gy;fs; mbf;fb
nfhs;isabj;jypy; <Lgl;ld. ,ij rPd murhq;fk; mwNt ntWj;jJ.
5) fhz;ld; efug;gpur;rid:
fhz;ld; JiwKfj;jpYk; njhy;iyfs; Vw;gl;ld. jytpahghhpfs;
fhz;ldpy; ,Ue;j ntspehl;ltHfis tpNuhjpfshfg; ghtpj;jdH.
mjpfhhpfs; md;dpaHfis fhz;ldpy; jq;fptho mDkjpf;ftpy;iy. rPd
tzpfHfNs tpahghuj;ij ftdpf;f Kaw;rp nra;jdH. jq;fs; efhpy;
gphpl;b\;fhuHfs; Eioe;jij mtkhdkhf; fUjpdhHfs;. mNj rkaj;jpy;
gphpl;b\hH jhq;fs; mq;F tho chpikAz;L vd;W $wpdhHfs;. Mjdhy;
mbf;fb Nkhjy;fs; Vw;gl;ld. gphpl;b\;fhuHfs; rpyiu mtHfs; nfhiyAk;
nra;jdH. vdNt rPd-Mq;fpNya cwT kpf Ntfkhfr; rPHnfl;L te;jJ.
6) tpNr\g; gpuNjr chpikfisj; jtwhf gad;gLj;Jjy;:
cld;gbf;ifapd;gbb Nkiy ehl;ltHfs; tpNr\g; gpuNjr chpikfisg;
ngw;wdH. JiwKf cld;gbf;iffspd;gb jq;fSf;nfd ePjpkd;wq;fisAk;>
rpiwfisAk; itj;Jf; nfhs;s chpik ngw;wdH. mjd;tpisthf me;j
chpikfisj; jtwhfg; gad;gLj;jyhdhHfs;. rPd VtyHfs;$l
mtHfSila ePjpkd;wj;jpd; Kd;tprhhpf;fg;gl;ldH. kjk; khwpa rPdHfs;$l
me;j tpNr\g;gpuNjr chpikfshy; ghjpf;fg;gl;ldH.
7) Nakpd; rpd;dpd; gpbthjkhd nray;fs;:
1852-y; Nakpd; rpd; vd;gtH fhz;ldpd; Mizahsuhfg; mkHj;jg;gl;lhH.
mtH md;dpaUf;F vjpuhd Nghf;Ff; nfhz;ltH: fLikahdtH: gpbthj
FzKs;stH: md;dpaH gpur;ridia nrtpkLf;ftpy;iy: nja;tf
P g;
Nguurpd; kjpg;ig fhg;ghw;wpf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lkhdhy; md;dpaHfis kjpj;J
tuNtw;ff; $lhnjd mtH vz;zpdhH. Gjpide;J khjq;fshf gpuhd;rpd;
mikr;rH fhj;jpUe;Jk; mtiu re;jpf;f Kbatpy;iy. ,jpypUe;J
mtUila Nehf;F ,dpJ GydhFk;.
8) cld;gbf;iffis GJg;gpj;jypy; vOe;j gpur;rid:\
1844 Mz;L Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l mnkhpf;f> gpnuQ;R ehLfSldhd
cld;gbf;iffspy; 1856-k; Mz;by; GJg;gpf;f Ntz;Lnkd
Fwpg;gplg;gl;bUe;jJ. 1842k; Mz;by; Vw;gl;l ehd;fpq; cld;gbf;ifapy; mJ
Nghd;w tpjpKiw ,y;iy vd;whYk; mitfSf;Ff; nfhLf;fg;gl;l
 20

rYiffs;> Fwpg;ghf cld;gbf;ifapidg; GJg;gpg;gJ jq;fSf;Fk;

ePbf;fg;gl Ntz;Lnkd gphpl;ld; NfhhpaJ.
9) rkag;gug;Gf; FOtpd; eltbf;iffs;:
Cld;gbf;iffs; Vw;gLtjw;F Kd;Ng rkag;gug;Gf;FOtpdH kpfj;jPtpukhf
fpwp];Jt rkaj;ijg; gug;gyhdhHfs;. cld;gbf;iffs; Vw;gl;lgpd; rl;lg;gb
mtHfs; ehl;bd; %iy KLf;nfy;yhk; jq;fs; gzpfis nra;ayhdhHfs;.
1856-57 gpnuQ;R ghjphp Mg;rhg;bnya;d; vd;gtH Fthq;fp vd;w ,lj;jpy;
ifJ nra;ag;gl;L tprhuizapd;wp nfhiy nra;ag;gl;lhH.
,f;nfhiyapdhy; Mj;jpuk; nfhz;l gpnuQ;Rf;fs; Mq;fpNyaUld; NrHe;J
nfhz;ldH.
10) NyhHr;Nrh MNuhf; fg;gy; epfo;rr
; p:
NghUf;F kw;nwhU kpf Kf;fpakhd fhuzk; Muhf;fg;gy; epfo;rr
; pahFk;.
,J rPdHfSf;Fr; nrhe;jkhd fg;gyhFk;. Rhq;fpq;fpy; gjpT
nra;ag;gl;bUe;jJ. ,J Mq;fpyf; nfhbAld; Mq;fpNyaj; jiytdpd; fPo;
,aq;fp te;jJ. fhz;ldpy; mJ jq;fpapUe;j NghJ rPdHfs; mjpy; GFe;J
mjpypUe;j khYkpfisf; nfhs;isaHfs; vdf; Fw;wk; rhl;bf; ifJ
nra;jdH. gphpl;b\; JhJtH mJ jq;fSf;Fr; nrhe;jkhd fg;gy; vd;Wk;
ifJ nra;jtHfis clNd tpLjiy nra;aNtz;Lnkd;Wk; NfhhpdhH.
Nakpd; vt;tpj kd;dpg;Gk; Nfhuhky; mtHfis tpLjiy nra;jhH. gphpl;b\;
JhJtH N`hhp ghHf;]; vd;gtH jq;fSila nfhbahdJ rPdHfshy;
fpope;J vwpag;gl;lnjd;Wk; mJ jq;fSf;Fk; jq;fsJ murDf;Fk;
jq;fSila kzpKbf; Vw;gl;l mtkhdkhFk; vd;Wk; $wpdhH. vdNt
mjw;F e\;l<L juNtz;Lnkd mtH Nfl;lhH. rPdHfs; kWf;fNt NghH
Muk;gkhapw;W.

NghH: Mq;fpNya-gpnuQ;Rg;gilfs; 1858y; fhz;ld; efiu Nehf;fp ifg;gw;wpf;

nfhz;ld. ew;ngUikAs;s MSeuhd Nakpd; ifJ nra;ag;gl;lL fy;fj;jhtpw;F
nfhz;L nry;yg;gl;lhH. mtH ifjpahfNt fhyk; fopj;J mq;NfNa khz;L
NghdhH.fhz;ld; tPo;ejTld; Nerg;gilfs; gPfpq;if Nehf;fp gPL eilNghl;ld.
nga;N`htpd; Kfj;Jthuj;ijg; ghJfhj;Jf; nfhz;bUe;j jh;$H Nfhl;ilfs;
jfHf;fg;gl;ld. ,t;thW mg;NghH rPdhtpw;F ePhpYk; epyj;jpYk; gLNjhy;tpiaf;
nfhLj;jJ. ,jdhy; mJ mikjp ehb tYf;fl;lhakhf tuNtz;bajhapw;W.
bad;rpd; cld;gbf;iffs;: Nghhpy; ,q;fpyhe;Jk; gpuhd;Tk; gq;F ngw;wd. kPjp
ehLfs; gaid milaf; fhj;jpUe;jd. “kpfTk; rYif ngwj;jf;f ehL” vd;w
tpjpapd;gb vy;yh ehLfSk; rPdhtplkpUe;J rYiffs; ngw jFjp ngw;wpUe;jd.
 21

mikjpg;Ngr;R thHj;ijfisj; njhlHe;J 1856-k; Mz;L [Pd; jpq;fspy; gy

cld;gbf;ifs; rPdhtpw;Fk; Nkiy ehLfSf;Fk; ,ilNa Vw;gl;ld.
gphpl;lDldhd cld;gbf;if: ,e;j cld;gbf;ifapy; 50f;F Nkw;gl;l tpjpfs;
,Ue;jd. mitfspy; Kf;fpakhdtw;iwf; fPNo fhzyhk;.
1) mjpf JiwKfq;fisj; jpwe;J tpLjy;: NkYk; gj;J JiwKfq;fis
jpwe;Jtpl rPdh xg;Gf;nfhz;lJ. 1842-y; Mf nkhj;jk; 15 JiwKfq;fs;
jw;NghJ Nkiy ehl;ltHfSf;Fj; jpwe;Jtplg;gl;ld.

2) murhq;fg; gpujpepjp jq;f mDkjp: gPfpq;fpy; murhq;fg; gpujpepjp ,uh[je;jpu

cwTKiwfis Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhz;L jq;fp tho mDkjp jug;gl;lJ. ,J
Jhjufq;fs; jpwf;fg;gl topgpwe;jJ.

3) rkag;gug;Gf; FOtpdHfSf;F chpik: vt;tpjj; jilAkpd;wp rPdhtpy;

cl;gFjpfspy; fpwp];Jt rkaj;ijg; gug;gpf; nfhs;s mf;FOtpdHfSf;F
chpik mspf;fg;gl;lJ. capUf;Fk;> nfhj;Jf;Fk; ghJfhg;G toq;fg;gl;lJ.

4) jilapd;wpr; nry;y chpik: may;ehl;ltHfs; jq;fs; JhJthpd;

ifnahg;gkpl;l Dkjpr;rPl;ilg; ngw;Wf; nfhz;L rPd mjpfhhpfspd;
Nkw;ifnahg;gKld; rPdhtpd; vy;yhg; gFjpfspYk; Rw;wptu mDkjpg;
ngw;wdH. JiwKfw;fisr; Rw;wp 33 iky;fSf;Fs; Ngha; tu mDkjpr;rl
P ;L
Njitapy;iy.

5) Rq;fthpfs;: Ie;J tpOf;fhL epHzak; nra;ag;gl;l Rq;fthpfs; ,dp ,U

ehLfspd; xg;Gjypd; nghpy; Gjg;gpf;fg;gl tjp top nra;jJ. mjhtJ rPdh
jd; tpUg;gg;gb mij khw;w KbahJ gphpl;ldpd; mDkjpAld; jhd; mJ
nra;aKbAk;. ,jdhy; rPdhtpy; nghUshjhur; Rje;jpuk; Fiwf;fg;gl;lJ.

6) Cld;gbf;ifapd; ghw;gl;l JiwKfq;fspy; NghHf;fg;gy;fs; jq;f mDkjp:

may;ehl;Lg; NghHf;fg;gy;fs; Fwpg;gpl;l 16 JiwKfq;fspy; te;J jq;f
mDkjp nfhLf;fg;gl;lJ.

7) Ahq;rpf;fpahq; gs;sj;jhf;fpy; chpik ngWjy;: rPd murhq;fj;jplkpUe;J

tskhd ahq;rpf;fpahq; gs;sj;jhf;ifg; gad;glj;jpf; nfhs;s gphpl;ld;
chpik ngw;wJ.
 22

8) mgpdp thzpgj;ijr; rl;lhPjpahf;Fjy;: mgpdp thzpgk; rl;l

g+Htkhf;fg;gl;lJ. jpUl;Lj;jdkhf me;j tpahghuk; eilngwj;
Njitapy;iy vd;W mwptpf;fg;gl;lJ.

9) ,og;gPL: gphpl;lDf;Fg; ngUk; ,og;gPL ju rPdh xg;Gf; nfhz;lJ.

10) cldgbf;iffis cWjpg;Lj;Jjy;: cld;gbf;if KbT ngw;w xU

Mz;bw;Fg; gpwF kPz;Lk; gPfpq;fpy; ,J cWjp nra;ag;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;
vd;gJk; KbT nra;ag;gl;lJ.

kPz;Lk; gifik Vw;gLjy;:

cld;gbf;ifia cWjpg; gLj;j Ntz;b midtUk; gPfpq;fpy; mtHfs; $bdH.
Nkiy ehl;Lj; JhJtHfs; gPfpq;fpy; jq;Ftjw;F rPdh nehz;br;rhf;Ffs; $wp mij
jtpHf;f Kw;gl;lJ. NkYk; mij fhz;ld; my;yJ \hq;fhq; my;yJ bad;rp Mfpa
,lq;fspy; nra;a Ntz;Lnkdf; NfhhpaJ. ,J bad;rpd; cld;gbf;ifia kPwpa
nray; vd gpwehLfs; mq;F tu kWj;Jtpl;ld. ,e;jtpjkhf kPz;Lk; gifik
Vw;gl;lJ.
Nfhilf;fhy muz;kid jhf;fg;gly;:
Mq;fpNya gpnuQ‟Rg;gilfs; gPfpq;if Nehf;fp Kd;Ndwpd. rPd NguurUk;
mtuJ mikr;rHfSk; ,[N`hYf;F Xl;lk; gpbj;jdH. vy;[pd; gpuGtpd; Mizg;gb
rPdg; Nguurpd; Nfhilf;fhy muz;kid jhf;fg;gl;lJ. mjd; tdg;G kpf;f vy;yhr;
nrhj;Jf;fSk; mope;jd. ,jdhy; rPdHfs; mbgzpe;jdH. 1860-y; Vw;gl;l gPfpq;
xg;ge;jgb NghH KbTw;wJ. kdf;frg;Gld; mt;nthg;ge;jj;ij rPdh Vw;Wf; nfhs;s
Nehpl;lJ.
gPfpq; xg;ge;jk; (1860)
i) gPfpq; xg;ge;jk; bad;rpd; cld;gbf;ifapid cWjpg;gLj;jpaJ.
ii) ,jw;F Ke;ija Mz;by; jh$tpy; Vw;gl;l kdNtWg;ghl;bw;F NguurH
tUj;jk; njhptpj;Jf; nfhz;lhH.
iii) gPfpq;fpy; epiyahf gphpl;ldpd; JhjH jq;fpf;nfhs;s NguurH
mDkjpj;jhH.
iv) ,og;gPL juTk; ,ire;jhH.
v) Bad;rpid cld;gbf;ifapd; ghw;gl;l JiwKfkhf Vw;Wf; nfhz;lhH.
vi) `hq;fhq;fpw;F vjpNu mike;jpUe;j nfsYhd; gphpl;lDf;F
mspf;fg;gl;lJ.
 23

vii) Gpuhd;rpq;Fk;> gphpl;lDf;Fk; KiwNa vl;Lkpy;ypad; rPdehzaq;fs;

,og;gPlhfj; ju mJ xg;Gf; nfhz;lJ.

u\;ahpd; gyd;: rPdhtpw;Fk; NerehLfSf;Fk; ,ilapy; gPfpq; xg;ge;jk Vw;gl;l

u\;aj;JhJtH ,f;Nd\pat; gzpGhpe;jhH. mjw;Ff; ifkhwhf u\;ah c];]hP p
Mw;wpw;Ff; fpf;NfAs;s gFjpiag; ngw;Wf; nfhz;lJ. mj;Jld; kpf Kf;fpa
JiwKfkhd tpshbth];lhf; fpilj;jJ. ,t;thW u\;ah jd; vy;iyia rPdh>
nfhhpah tiu ePl;bf;nfhz;lJ.
tpisTfSk; kjpg;gPLk;
1) rPdhtpd; nraypd;ik ntspg;gLjy;: Nkiy ehLfSld; Vw;gl;l Nkhjypy;
rPdhtpy; mbj;jsNk Ml;lk; fhz Nehpl;lJ. kQ;R murhq;fj;jpd;
typikaw;wepiy ,jdhy; cyFf;Fj; njhpa Muk;gpj;jJ. mijg;
gad;gLj;jpf; nfhz;L NkiyehLfs; rPdhit Ruz;l Muk;gpj;jd. rPdh
Vuhskhd,og;gPlL
; j; njhif nfhLj;jNjhL kl;Lky;yhky; jd; gFjpfs;
gytw;iwAk; ,oe;jJ. `hq;fhq;> nfYhd; gphpl;lDf;F; nfhLf;fg;gl;lJ.
c];]hP p Mw;wpw;Ff; fpof;NfAs;s gFjpapidAk; u\;ah ngw;Wf; nfhz;lJ.
mJ kQ;#hpah> nfhhpahtpd; Mf;fpukpg;gpw;F topNfhypaJ.

2) ,iwikia ,oj;jy;: rPdh jd; ,iwikia ,oe;J jtpf;fyhapw;W.

rPdhtpd; cl;gFjpfspYk; md;dpa NghHf;fg;gy;fs; elkhl mDkjp
toq;fpaJ. Rq;fthpia 5 tpOf;fhL epHzapf;f xg;Gf;nfhz;lNjhL mjpy;
khw;wk; nra;a kw;gLk; NghJ gphpl;ld; mDkjpAld; nra;a Ntz;Lnkd;W
mtHfs; NfhhpaijAk; Vw;Wf; nfhz;lJ. jd;Dila cs;ehl;L
tptfhuq;fspy; rPdh Rje;jpukhf nray;gl Kbahky; ,itfs; jilahf
epd;wd.

3) nghUshhuj;jpd; ghjpg;G: Rq;fthp kpfTk; Fiwthf ,Ue;jjhy; Nkiy

ehLfSld; mJ Nghl;b Nghl Kbatpy;iy. rPdhtpd; njhopy;fs;
ghJfhg;gpd;wp kpfTk; ghjpf;fg;gl;ld. fhg;Gthp vJTk; tpjpf;f ,aytpy;iy.

4) Nkiy ehl;lthpd; Mf;fpukpg;G mjpfhpj;jy;: rPdhtpd; typikaw;w

ifahyhfhj epiyapidg;Ghpe;J nfhz;l Nkiy ehl;ltHfs; NkYk;
Mf;fpukpg;gpy; <LglyhapdH. Mjd; tpisthf rPdhit gy nry;thf;F
kz;lyq;fshfg; gphpj;jdH.
 24

5) Nkiy ehl;lthpd; thzpgKk; fUj;Jf;fSk; GFjy;: rPdhtpd; jdpikf;

nfhs;iff;F tpil nfhLf;fg;gl;lJ. khw;wk; vd;Dk; fhw;W rPdhtpy;
Ntfkhf tPryhapw;W. gioa fUj;Jf;fisg; gw;wp nfhz;bUe;j
rPdHfspilNa Gjpa fUj;Jf;fs; gutpd. Nkiy ehl;Lg;ghzpapy;
,uhZtepHthfKk;> epHthf epWtdq;fSk; khw;wp mikf;fg;gl;ld.
rkag;gug;Gf; FOf;fs; ehl;bd; fUj;Jf;fspYk;> Ehy;fspYk; mbg;gil
khw;wq;fisf; nfhz;L te;jd. Kf;fapkhd ikaq;fspy; Nkiy ehl;Lf;
fy;tp GFj;jg;gl;lJ.

6) Njhopy;kakhjy; Muk;gk;: njhopy;kakhjy; Kjd;Kjypy; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;L

1878-y; nfa;g;gpq; Ruq;fq;fs; Njhz;lg;gl;ld. Nlhq;\hd; ,Ug;Gg;ghij
,Ug;Gg;ghij fl;lg;gl;lJ. 1873-y; rPdhtpd; Kjy; jPtpug; Nghf;Ftuj;Jf;
FOkk; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. mjd;gpd; `hd;ahq; ,Uk;Gj; njhopw;rhiy
jpwf;fg;gl;lJ.

ijgpq; fpsHr;rp
`q; rpA Rthd; vd;gtH jiyikapy; fpwp];Jt rkaj;jpd; ijgpq;
fpsHr;rpahdJ Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ. Rje;jpuk;> rkj;Jtk; Mfpatw;iw milaTk; rkar;
rPHjpUj;jj;ijg; ngwTk; rKjha khw;wq;fis Vw;gLj;jTk; mJ Jtf;fg;gl;lJ.
rPdhtpy; Vw;gl;l ngUk; rKjhag; Gul;rpfspy; mJTk;xd;whFk;. ijgpq;fpsHr;rp
rPdhtpy; rKjha murpay; mikg;gpid khw;wpaikj;jijg; Nghy NtW ve;j xU
epfo;rr
; pAk; rPd tuyhw;iw khw;wtpy;iy vdyhk;. Kdpj,dk; fz;l uj;jk; rpe;jpa
Gul;rpfspy; ,JTk; xd;whFk;. mjdhy; ,ij ijgpq; my;yJ „ngUk; mDkjp‟ vd;W
$Wfpd;wdH. rKjha ,af;fk; vd;w Kiwapy; Vw;fdNt ,Ue;j rKjha mikg;gpid
khw;Wk; Nehf;fj;jpidf; nfhz;bUe;jJ. rka ,af;fk; vd;w Kiwapy; ,J xU Gjpa
fpwp];Jt rkaj;ij rPdkf;fspd; ngahpy; Njhw;Wtpj;jJ. murpay; ,af;fk; vd;w
Kiwapy; kQ;R tk;rj;ij Jhf;fp vwpa Kaw;rp nra;jJ.
ijgpq; fpsHr;rpapd; fhuzq;fs;:
fpisLk;> gPaHRk; jq;fSila “Jhuf;fpof;F ehLfs;” vd;w Ehypy; kq;R
tk;rj;jpd; jpwikapd;ikahYk;> rP murhq;fj;jpy; kype;J fple;j Coy;fshYk;>
msTf;F mjpfkhd thpf;nfhLikahYk;> rpWghd;ikNahHfspd; gpur;ridfshYk;>
kf;fs; njhifg; ngUf;fj;jpdhYk; ,f;fpsHr;rp Vw;gl;lJ” vd RUq;ff; $wpAs;sdH.
,g;Gul;rpf;Ff; fhuzk; rKf nghUshjhu> murpay; mikjpapd;ik MfpaitfNs
MFk;.
 25

rKjhaf; fhuzq;fs;
i) kpf Ntfkhd kf;fs; ngUf;fK;: ijapq; fpsHr;rpapd; kpf Kf;fpaf;
fhuzq;fspy; xd;W kf;fs; njhifg; ngUf;fkhFk;. 1850-y; rPdhtpy; kf;fs;
njhif 430 kpy;ypad;fshFk;. kQ;R Ml;rpapd; NghJ tpisr;ry; 35
tpOf;fhLfs; jhd; mjpfhpj;jJ. ,jd; tpisthf grp gl;bdp Vw;gl;lJ.
mitfshy; rKjhaj;jpy; mikjpapd;ik Fbnfhz;lJ.
ii) FbahdtHfspd; mtyepiy: rPd rKjhaj;jpy; ngUk;ghNyhH
FbahdtHfshtH. ,uz;lhapuk; Mz;Lfshf ,Ue;J te;j rKjha
mikg;Gk; ehfhpfKk;> mt;tsthf khw;wk; ngwtpy;iy. ePHg;ghrd
Kiwapidg; Gwf;fzpj;jJ> nts;sj;jLg;gpid jLf;fhky; ,Ue;jJ. gUt
fhyk; jtwpaJ Mfpa midjlJkl mtHfSila Jd;gq;fis
mjpfhpf;fr; nra;jd. epykw;w FbahdtHfspd; tho;f;if kpfTk; Nkhrkhf
,Ue;jJ. epyj;ijg;gwp nfhLj;j FbahdtHfs; %l;il Jhf;Fk;
$ypfshfTk;> Ntiyahl;fshTk; gzpGhpa efuq;fSf;Fr; nry;yyhdhHfs;
rpyH Nkiy ehLfSf;Fr; nrd;wdH. kw;Wk; rpyH Nrhk;NgwpfshfTk;
khwpdH.

iii) rpWghd;ikNahhpd; Jd;gq;fs;: rPdhtpypUe;j g+HtPf kf;fSf;Fk;> mq;F

FbNawpa `f;fh vd;w ,dj;jtUf;Fk; ,ilapy; Vw;gl;l rpf;fYk;>
Nghuhl;lKk; nghUshjhur; rPHNfl;il NkYk; rpf;fYf;F cs;shf;fpaJ.
ika rPdhtpypUe;J njw;fpy; FbNawpa `f;fhtpdH g+HtPf kf;fshy;
Nftykhff; fUjg;gl;ldH. mtHfs; r%fj;jpypUe;J tpyf;fg;gl;ltHfs;
vd;wdH. ,jdhy; ve;j Neuj;jpYk; ,t;tpU gphptpdHfSf;Fk; Nkhjy;
Vw;gLtJ jtpHf;f Kbahjjhapw;W. `f;fh ,dj;jdH fpwp];Jt rkaj;jpw;F
khwpajhy;mtHfis g+HtPf kf;fs; ntWf;f Kw;gl;ldH. ijgPq; tPuH
ngUk;ghNyhH ,e;j ,dj;jpypUe;Jjhd; Njhd;wpdH.

iv) $yp tpahghuk;: fypNghHdpah> Nkw;F ,e;jpaj; jPTfs;> yj;jPd;> mnkhpf;fh

Mfpa ,lq;fspy; $yp Ml;fSf;Fj; Njit mjpfk; Vw;gl;lJ. mq;nfy;yhk;
mtHfs; ey;y Kiwapy; elj;jg;gltpy;iy. Vo;ikapy; jtpj;j rPdHfs;
flj;jg;gl;L fg;gy;fspy; ,q;F nfhz;L nry;yg;gl;lhHfs;.

nghUshjhur; rpf;fy;:
i) nts;spf;Fj; jl;Lg;ghL Vw;gLjy;: ,wf;Fkjp jhuhskhfr;
nra;ag;gl;ljhYk;> ,og;gPl;Lj; njhif mjpfkhf nfhLf;fg;gl;ljhYk;>
nts;spf;Fj; jlLg;ghL Vw;gl;lJ. nts;spapd; tpiy tp\k; Nghy;
 26

VwpaJ. jhdpaq;fspd; tpiy ntFthff; Fiwe;jJ. ,jdhy; cs;ehl;Lg;

nghUshjhuk; rPuope;jJ. ehza khw;W eRf;fg;gl;lJ. ehl;by; njhy;iy
Vw;gl;lJ.
ii) mgpdp ,wf;Fkjp mjpfhpj;jy;: Kjy; mgpdpg; NghUf;Fg;gpd; mgpdpapd;
,wf;Fkjp fzprkhd msTf;Ff; $baJ. 1853-y; 52000 ngl;bfs;
,wf;Fkjpahapd. Mjd; nkhj;j kjpg;G 40 kpy;ypad; lhyHfshFk;.
Mgpdp tpahghuk; rPdhit my;yy;gLj;jpaJ. mtyepiyf;Fj; js;spaJ.
mJ mtHfspd; cs;sj;ijf; nfLj;jJ> cliyf; nfLj;jJ.
nghUshjhuj;ij nghyptpof;fr; nra;jJ.
iii) fhz;ld; thzpg Kiwapid ePf;fpajd; tpisTfs;: thzpg Kiw
ePf;fg;gl;L may;ehl;ltHfs; gd;Kiw td;Kiwapy; GFe;jdH. gy
JiwKfq;fs; jpwe;Jtplg;gl;ld. mjdhy; Mapuf;fzf;fhd
glFf;fhuHfSk; %l;il Jhf;Fk; Ml;fSk; Ntiyapd;wpj;
jtpf;fyhdhHfs;.
iv) Thzpgj;jpy; may;ehl;Lg;Nghl;b Vw;gLjy;: gphpl;ld;> mnkhpf;f Mfpa
ehLfspypUe;J Vuhskhd gUj;jpg; nghUl;fs; ,wf;Fkjp nra;ag;gl;ld.
gQ;rhiyg; nghUs;fis Vw;Wkjp nra;Ak; ehlhf ,Ue;j rPdh mtw;iw
,wf;Fkjp nra;Ak; epiyf;Fj; js;sg;gl;lJ. INuhg;gpa njhopy;
%yjdk; rPdhit Ruz;baNjhL kl;Lky;yhky; mtHfsJ thzpg
%yjdj;ijAk; Ruz;l Kw;gl;lJ. ,J rPdhtpd; nghUshjhuj;jpw;F
Vw;gl;l NgujpHr;rpahFk; nerthspfs;. Gpw iftpidQHfs; rPdhtpy;
mopf;fg;gl;lhHfs;. kpf kypthd may;ehl;L [Tspfs; Ftpe;jjhy;
rPdhtpy; yl;Nrhyl;rk; nerthspfs; eRf;fg;gl;ldH.
1)murpay; fhuzq;fs;:
i) nja;tf;fl;lisia tpyf;fpf; nfhs;tJ: fd;g+rpa]pd; murpay;
Nfhl;ghl;bd;gb> fpsHr;rp vd;gJ xU mtrpakhd murpay; epWtdkhFk;.
Nja;tf;fl;lisg;gb kd;dd; g+Tyfpy; Ml;rp Ghpfpd;whd;. Mtd;
nfhLikahdtdhfTk;> jpwikaw;wtdhfTk; ,Ug;ghNdahdhy; mf;fl;lisahdJ
tpyf;fpf; nfhs;sg;gLk;. kf;fs; mf;nfhLq;Nfhyhl;rpf;F KbT fl;b Gjpa Ml;rpapid
mikg;ghHfs;. Mg;NghJ kQ;R kd;ddhd ,Ue;j \Pd; ngq; typikaw;wtd;
kl;Lky;y> jpwikaw;wtDk; $l. mtd; may; ehl;ltHfsplk; gyNjhy;tpfs; fz;lhd;.
vdNt rPdHfs; nja;tf;fl;lis tpyf;fpf; nfhs;sg;gl;lJ vd;W vz;zp fpsHr;rp
nra;a Kw;gl;lhHfs;.
ii) kQ;Rf;fs; may;ehl;ltHfs; vd;w vz;zk; Vw;gLjy;: ika kw;Wk; njd;rd
P htpy;
tho;e;J te;j rPdHfs; ngUk;ghNyhH kQ;Rf;fis may;ehl;ltHfshf; fUjp te;jdH.
 27

rPdhtpd; g+HtPfkhd kpq; tk;rj;ij tpul;b rPdhtpd; Ml;rpg;gPlj;ij mgfhpj;jtHfs;

vd;w fUj;J mtHfsplj;jpy; epytp te;jJ. MfNt mtHfs; ,ufrpa rq;fq;fs; gy
epWtp kQ;Rf;fisj; Jhf;fp vwpa Kw;gl;ldH. mr; rq;fq;fshtd
1) Ntz;jhkiur; rq;fk;
2) Rpwpa ghf;]; rq;fk;
3) tpz;> kz;ZyF rq;fk;
4) rpwpatHfs; rq;fk;
,itfs; midj;Jk; kQ;Rf;fSf;F vjpuhd ,af;fq;fshFk;. ,itfs; xU ngUk;
fpsHr;rpf;F toptFj;jd.
Murpay; Coy;: ika muR typikaw;W fhzg;gl;ljhy; ehl;by; GiuNahba
Coiyf; fl;Lg;gLj;j Kbatpy;iy. kf;fspd; eydpy; mf;fiw fhl;lg;gltpy;iy.
mNj rkaj;jpy; mjpfhhpfs; jq;fs; ig epiwe;jhy; NghJnkd;W if epiwa yQ;rk;
thq;fyhdhHfs;. ngUk; gjtpfs; tpw;fg;gl;ld thq;fg;gl;ld.
rkaf;fhuzq;fs;:
ijapq; fpsHr;rpahdJ Kjypy; KOf;f KOf;f xU rka kWkyHr;rp
kWkyHr;rp vd;Wk; ,uz;lhtjhfj;jhd; kQ;RfSf;F vjpuhd fpwHr;rpahFk; vd;Wk;>
rp.vg;. gpl;n[uhy;L vd;gtH $wpAs;shH. Ijgpq; fpsHr;rpapd; ,UjaNk rka
czHTjhdhFk;. 19-k; Ehw;whz;by; rPdhtpy; %d;W Gfo; tha;e;j rkaq;fs; epytpd.
Mitfs; %d;Wk; mopTg; ghijapy; nrd;W nfhz;bUe;jd.
Gj;jkjk;: mJ kpfTk; vspa Kiwapy; gpd;gw;wf;$bajhFk;. Gj;jUila „vz; tif
khHf;fk;‟ kf;fspd; xOf;f gof;f tof;f newpf;fspy; vt;tpjr; nry;thf;ifAk;
Vw;gLj;jtpy;iy.
Fd;g+\pa kjk;: ,J mwpQHfSf;F xspfhl;baNj my;yhky; ghku kf;fSf;Fg;
gbg;gpid fhl;ltpy;iy.
jhNthapr kjk;: %l ek;gpf;iffspy; ,J <LghL nfhz;bUe;jJ. kha> ke;jpuq;fspy;
jd; ghijapid tFj;Jf; nfhz;bUe;jJ.
vdNt Md;kPfj; Jiwapy; ntw;wplk; Njhd;wpaJ. mij epug;Gtjw;F fpwp];Jt
rkak; te;J NrHe;jJ. may; ehl;L rkag;gug;Gf; FOtpdHfs; rPd nkhopiaf; fw;Wf;
nfhz;L ehLKOtjpYk; jq;fs; rkaj;ijg;gug;g Kw;gl;lhHfs;. mtHfs; Nfhtpy;fs;>
gs;spfs;> kUj;Jtkidfs;> mdhij ,y;yq;fs; Mfpatw;iwf; fl;bdH. mtHfs; rPd
Ehy;fis Nky;ehl;L nkhopfspYk; Nkiyehl;L Ehy;fis rPd nkhopapYk; nkhop
ngaHj;jhHfs;. mtHfspd; jd;dykw;w njhz;Lfs; vspjpy; ftHe;jd. Mdhy;
murpay;thjpfs; mitfis Vfhjpgj;jpar; nray;fs; vd;Wk;> Nkiy ehl;lthpd;
Mjpf;fj;jpw;F mr;rhuk; fl;LtJ Nghd;wJ vd;Wk; $wpte;jdH.
 28

gpw fhuzq;fs;:
i) rPdhtpd; Njhy;tpfs;: mgpdpg; NghHfspd; rPdh Njhy;tpAw;wJk;>
mjw;Fg;gpd; Vw;gl;l cld;gbf;iffis Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhz;lJk;
rPdHfSf;F xU nghpa mtkhdkhf ,Ue;jJ. ehL Njhy;tpAw;wjw;F
kQ;R Ml;rpNa fhuzk; vd;W mij kf;fs; ntWf;fyhdhHfs;.
ii) ,uhZtj;jpd; rPHNfL: kQ;R ,uhZtj;jpdH kpfTk;
jpwikaw;wtHfshff; fhzg;gl;lhHfs;. rz;il NghLtjpy; mtHfSf;F
jpwik vd;gJ vs;ssTk; fpilahJ. Mg;NghJ nfhbfisg; ngw;wpUe;j
gphptpdH> gr;ir epiyapd; fPOs;s gphptpdH vd;W ,U gphptpdH
,Ue;jdH. Kjy; tifapdH kQ;Rf;fSf;F cz;ikAs;stHfshf ele;J
te;jhHfs;. gpd;dHfs; Nrhk;Ngwpfshf khwpdH. Mjw;Ff; fhuzk; ePz;l
ehl;fs; mikjpia ehbajyhFk;. Nguurpd; ,e;j ,uhZt
typikapd;ik fpsHr;rpapid tutiof;f VJthf ,Ue;jJ.
iii) ,aw;if NfhshWfs;: 1840 Kjy; 1850 tiuapyhd gj;J Mz;Lfspy;
maw;ifapd; rpw;wq;fs; gy Njhd;wp ehl;il miyf;fopj;jd.
mitfspy; 1847-y; Vw;gl;l N`hdhd; twl;rp> 1849-y‟ Vw;gl;l
ahq;rpf;fpahq;fpd; nts;sj;jhy; mopf;fg;gl;l ehd;F khepyq;fs;> 1852-y;
`hz;Lq; vd;w ,lj;jpy; njw;NfapUe;J tlf;Nf kQ;rd; ejp
jd;Nghf;if khw;wpajhy; Vw;gl;l mopT> kf;fs; gl;l mtjp>
nts;sj;jpd; nfhLik Mfpait Kf;fpakhd ,aw;ifapd;
mopTfshFk;. ntWg;gpdhYk;> Vkhw;wj;jpdhYk; ce;jg;gl;L Jd;gj;jpd;
Nfhug;gpbapypUe;J kf;fs; ntF vspjpy; fpsHr;rpapy; <Hf;fg;gl;lhHfs;.

,af;fj;jpd; Njhw;wk;
`q;rpA Rthd; vd;w fhz;ld; efuthrpahy; ,g;Gul;rp Vw;gl;lJ. mtH
fw;wepe;jtH. Rptpy; rHtP]; NjHtpy; NjHr;rp ngwhjtH. Jhd; mg;ghPl;irapy;
Njuhjjpw;Ff; fhuzk; RkhH 150 Mz;LfSf;F Kd;G kq;Rf;fspd; ntw;wpf;F
Kl;Lf;fl;ilahf jd;Dila `f;fh ,dk; ,Ue;jjhYk; njd; rPdhtpy; gpwe;Jtpl;l
fhuzj;jpdhYk; jhd; vd;W mtH fUjpdhH. ,jd; %yk; Vuhskhd gbj;j kf;fs;
mtH gf;fk; tuyhdhHfs;. mtHfs; vy;NyhUk; kQ;R tk;rj;jpw;F KbT fl;l KbT
nra;jdH.
nja;tPff; fl;rpfs; 1887-y; `q; cly;epiy ghjpf;fg;gl;L gLj;j gLf;ifahdhH.
Mg;NghJ rpy fhl;rpfis mtH fhz NeHe;jJ. mitfs; nja;tPfkhdit vd;W
mtH fUjpdhH. mtH fhz;ldpy; fpwp];Jt ,yf;fpaq;fs; rpytw;iwg; gbf;f
Kw;gl;lhH. mtifs; rkPgfhyj;jpy; mq;F te;j FOtpduhy; vOjg;gl;litahFk;.
Mijg; gbj;j mtuJ kdk; jpUg;jp mile;jJ. mtH gbj;j fUj;Jf;fSf;Fk; mtH
 29

fha;r;ryhy; gLf;ifapy; ,Ue;j NghJ fz;l fhl;rpfSf;Fk; ngUj;j xw;Wik

,Ue;jJ. md;iwa ehspypUe;J fpwp];jtg; ghijapy; jhd; fz;l Nfhl;ghl;il
my;yJ Gjpa rkaj;ijg; gug;Gtjpy; jd; tho;ehis mHgzpj;jhH.
Gjpa rkaf; Nfhl;ghLfs;
mtH fz;l Gjpa rkak; fpwp];Jtj;jpd; jhuhsj; jd;ikiaf; nfhz;bUe;jJ.
mtH jd;id VRtpd; ,isa rNfhjuH vd;W $wpf; nfhz;lhH. g+Tyfpy; „,iw
muir‟ Vw;gLj;JtJ jhd; jd;Dila Nehf;fk; vd;whH. mtUila Nfhl;ghL
midj;J kf;fisAk; ftHe;jJ. ehsilapy; mtuJ Nfhl;ghl;ilf; Nfl;L> kf;fs;
„kFb Nfl;l ehfk; Nghy;‟ MapdH. „,iw topghl;Lf; fofk;‟ vd;W jq;fis
mioj;Jf; nfhz;l ijg;gpq;FfisAk; mtHfsJ jiytiuAk; mlf;f kQ;R muR
KbT nra;jJ. ,J KOf;f KOf;f rka ,af;fkhFk;. kQ;Rf;fs; ,ij
mikjpapd;ikia Vw;gLj;Jk; fpsHr;rp vd;W mlf;f Kw;gl;ldH. ,f;fofj;ij mlf;f
jilr;rl;lk; nfhz;L te;jjhy; me;j ,af;fj;jpd; nry;thf;F nkd;NkYk; tsHe;J
tuyhapw;W.
Kw;wpYk; mikjp epyTk; ,iw muir Vw;gLj;Jjy;
mtuJ Nfhl;ghLf;s %iy KLf;nfy;yhk; gutpd. mtUila nfhs;iffshy;
Vuhskhd kf;fs; <Hf;fg;gl;ldH. mtH Nuikjp my;yJ Kw;wpYk; mikjp epyTk;
,iw muir epWtpdhH. kQ;Rf;fSf;F vjpuhdtHfs; midtUk; mtH gf;fk; te;J
NrHe;jdH. 1850-y; fpsHr;rp Muk;gkhapw;W. 1852-y; `hq;nfs tPo;e;jJ. 1853-y; ehd;fpq;
tPo;e;jJ. 1854-y; bad;rpd;> gPfpq; Mfpa efuq;fs; gPjp nfhz;ld. ,t;thW mtuJ
,af;fk; cr;rf;fl;lj;ij mile;jJ. `q; rkaj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; ahq;brp
gs;sj;jhf;fpy; jd; Gjpa muir epWtpdhH. ,jw;F ijgpq; jPd;FNth vd;W ngaH.
ehd;fpq; mjd; jiyefuhf tpsq;fpaJ.
ijgpq; rPHjpUj;jq;fs;
ijgpq;Ffspd; murpay; Nehf;fk;> kQ;Rtk;rj;ij Jhf;fp vwpe;J Gjpa
Ml;rpapid Vw;gLj;JtJ‟. ,J nghJ cilik rKjha mbg;gilapy; rKjhaj;ij
khw;wpaikj;jJ. vy;NyhUf;Fk; rkj;Jtk; mspf;f Ntz;Lnkd;gJ me;jf; fpsHr;rpapd;
rKjha nghUshjhuf; Nfhl;ghlhFk;.
i) ngz;fSf;F chpikfs; toq;fg;gl;ld
ii) tpgr;rhuk; jilnra;ag;gl;lJ.
iii) ghjq;fis fl;LjYk; jilnra;ag;gl;lJ‟
iv) gyjhu kzk; ePf;fg;gl;lJ
v) Njitf;Nfw;g vy;yhg;nghUs;fSk; gfpHe;J mspf;fg;gl;ld.
vi) Mgpdp cgNahfk; jilnra;ag;gl;lJ.
 30

vii) tajhdtHfSf;F ghJfhg;G mspf;fg;gl;lJ. CdKw;NwhHf;F cjtp

nfhLf;fg;gl;lJ. tpjitfSk; mdhijfSk; ghJfhg;G mspf;fg;gl;ldH.
RUq;f$wpd; ijgpq;Ffspd; Nfhl;ghL xU Gul;rp rKjhaj;ij
cUthf;fpaJ vdyhk;.
ijgpq; fpsHr;rp Njhy;tp milaf; fhuzq;fs;
1. tlkhepyq;fspd; Mjutpd;ik: `Pq; tl khepyq;fspYk; jdf;Fg; NguhjuT
,Uf;Fk; vd vz;zp Vkhe;jhH. mq;F mtUf;F MjuT Jsp msTk; ,y;iy.
MjuthsHfSk; ,y;iy. mq;F kQ;R Mjpf;fK;> fd;g+rpa]; Nfhl;ghLk;
cWjpahf epiyngw;wpUe;jJ. Nguurpd; mUfpy; ,Ue;j kf;fisf;ftUk;
tifapy; ijg;gpq;Ffspd; ,uhZtk; ek;gpf;ifiag; ngw;W gzpGhpatpy;iy.

2. `q;rpA Rthdpd; vspa NghHj;je;jpuk;: ehd;fpq; tPo;rr

; pf;Fg; gpwF `Pq;
njhlHe;J tlgFjp nrd;wpUg;ghNuahdhy; kQ;Rf;fis rPdhit tpl;L
tpul;bapUf;fyhk;. Mt;thW mtH nra;ahky; ehd;fpq;fpy; jd; muir mikf;f
jq;fptpl;lhH. gpd;dH xU rpwpa gilia kQ;Rf;fis tpul;l tl
khepyq;fSf;F mDg;gpdhH. mJ vijAk; rhjpf;ftpy;iy. ,jw;fpilapy;
kQ;Rf;fs; mjpHr;rpypue;J vOe;J Nkiy ehl;lthpd; cjtpAld; fpsHr;rpapid
mlf;f Kw;gl;lhHfs;.

3. Nkiy ehLfspd; vOr;rp: fpsHr;rpia mlf;f Nkiy ehLfs; eLepiyik

tfpj;jjpypUe;J tpyfp kQ;RfSf;F MjuTju Kd;te;jd. \hq;fha;
tpahghhpfspd; gz cjtpAld; gpunlhpf; thHL vd;w mnkhpf;fH xU gilapid
xUthf;fp ijg;gpq;Ffisf; fLikahf mlf;fpdhH. thHL ,we;j gpwF jsgjp
fhHld; vd;gtH „vg;NghJk; ntw;wp nfhs;Sk; gil my;yJ ntw;wpg;gilapd;
jiyikg; nghWg;gpid Vw;whH. mtH njhlHe;J ijgpq;Ffis mlf;f
Kw;gl;lhH.

4. Nrq;FNth-ghDk; mtuJ ,uhZtKk;: Nguurpd; mjpfhhp nrq;FNth-ghd;

vd;gtH gbg;gbahf ed;F jpwik tha;e;j midj;J MAjq;fisAk; nfhz;l
xU gilapid cUthf;fpdhH. `Pdhdpy; nrq; nra;jij md;`Py; vd;w
,lj;jpy; yp`hq;fhq; gpd;gw;wpdhH. ,j;jifa gil may;ehl;ltH JizAld;
ijgpq;Ffis Jhs;Jhshf;fpaJ.

5. jiytHfspd; typikapd;ik: ijgpq; jiytHfs; jq;fSila Muk;g

ntw;wpf;F gpwF rPHjpUj;jq;fis Nkw;nfhs;tjpy; MHtk; fhl;ltpy;iy. „ve;jr;
rPHNfLfisAk; jPq;FfisAk; ePf;fNtz;b fpsHr;rp nra;jhHfNsh mitfSf;Nf
 31

mtHfs; ,iuahdhHfs;. Mj;Jld; mtHfs; jq;fs; gf;fj;jpy; Gjpa

,isQHfisj; NjHe;njLj;J mtHfSf;F ,uhZtg; gapw;rp nfhLf;ftpy;iy.
Mdhy; mtHfSf;F vjphpahd kQ;R Kfhkpy; ,sturd; Fq; jiyikapy;
Gj;JzHr;rp ngw;w ,isQHfs; jpuz;ldH. mtUld; nrq;FBth ghd;yp
`Pq;rhq;Tk; kw;wtHfSk; ,Ue;jdH.

6. ijgpq;Ffspd; fw;gidj; jpl;lj;jpd; jd;ik: rPdHfspd; r%f> murpay;>

nghUshjhu tho;f;ifapy; Gul;rpfukhd khw;wq;fis mwpKfg;gLj;j
Ntz;Lnkd;W ijgpq;Ffs; tpUk;gpdhHfs;. $l;Lj; jiyikAk; rkkhfg;
gfpHe;J mspj;jYk;> ,d;d gpwtw;iwAk; gFj;jwpT Nfhl;ghl;bd;gb jPtpukhfr;
nray;gLj;j tpUk;gpdhHfs;. ,e;j kpfj;jPtpukhd khw;wq;fis rPd rKjhak;
Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; epiyapy; ,y;iy. `q;fpd; fUj;Jf;fs; fhyj;jhy;
Ke;jpaitfshFk;. vdNt itfis rPdHfshy; [Puzpf;f Kbatpy;iy.
tpahghhpfSk;> FbahdtHfSk; ey;y rPHjpUj;jq;fis mtHfsplkpUe;J
tpUk;gpdhHfs;. mtHfs; tpUg;gk; epiwNtwtpy;iy.

7. cs;ehl;Lj; njhy;iyfs;: ijgpq; muir epiyFiya itf;ff;$ba mstpy;

1856-y; xU thhpRg;NghH Vw;gl;lJ. mjw;Ff; fhuzk; fPiog;gFjpapd; kd;dd;
ahq;fpd; eltbf;iffNsahFk;. ,tH flTd; jdf;Fr; rhjfkhf cs;shH vd;W
$wpf;nfhz;lhH. tpiutpNyNa ,tH gilapd; jiyikg; nghWg;gpid
Vw;Wf;nfhz;lhH. Mw;wpd; njd;gFjpapypUe;j Nguurpd; Kfhik mtH mopj;jJ
mtUila rhjidfspy; kpfg;nghpajhFk;. Mt;ntw;wpahy; Jhz;lg;gl;l mtH
mhpaizapd; chpikiaf; NfhuyhdhH. Mdhy; `hq; tlf;Fg; gFjpapd;
kd;ddpd; cjtpahy; mtidf; nfhiy nra;jhH. gpd;dH tlf;Fg;gFjpapd;
kd;ddpd; jiyapidAk; nfha;jhH. ,r;nray;fs; ijgpq;Ffspd; Cf;fk;>
czHTfis cUf;Fiyj;jJ.

ijgpq; fpsHr;rpapd; Kf;fpaj;JtKk; tpisTfSk;

1) mopT: fpsHr;rp ntw;wp milahtpl;lhYk; mJ rpy tpisTfis Vw;gLj;jptpl;L
kiwe;Jtpl;lJ. tuyhW fhzhj mopTfisAk; ehrq;fisAk; Vw;gLj;jpaJ.
mf;fpsHr;rpapy; 20 kpy;ypad; kf;fs; nfhy;yg;gl;ljhf fzf;fplg;gl;bUf;fpwJ.
Nguurpd; khepyq;fspy; 12 tskhd khepyq;fs; ehrkhf;fg;gl;ld. fpsHr;rpapd;
NghJk;> fpsHr;rpf;Fg; gpwFk; mope;J Nghd khepyq;fspypUe;J thpt#y; nra;a
Kbatpy;iy. Vo;ikAk; mq;F epytpa Fog;gKk; ehl;by; nfhs;is nfhiyr;
nray;fSf;F top tFj;jd. ehl;by; rl;lk; xOq;ifg; ghJfhf;f Kbahky;
NguuR jpzwpaJ.
 32

2) Rq;fthp epHthfr; rPHNfL: ,f;fpsHr;rpapd; tpisthf \h`;fhapy; Rq;fthp

t#ypf;f mjpfhhpfs; ,y;iy> gphpl;b\hH mt;thpapid t#ypf;f jw;fhypf
Vw;ghL xd;wpid Nkw;nfhz;ldH. gpd;dH rPd murhq;fk; mg;gzpapid
gphpl;bhhplNk tpl;Ltpl;lJ. ,J 1920 tiu njhlHe;J ,Ue;J te;jJ.

3) ,uhZtk; gutyhf;fg;gLjy;: fpsHr;rpapidf; fps;sp vwpe;j gpuhe;jpa ,uhZtk;>

murpay; ,uhZt epHthfj;jpy; Gjpa Kiwfisg; GFj;jpaJ. gz;ila
,uhZtg; gphpTfs; ika murpd; fPo; gzpGhpe;jd. Gjpa ,uhZtk; gpuhe;jpa
jy mjpfhhpfspd; gz cjtpahy; nray;gl;L te;jdH. ,J m,uhZt
mjpfhuj;ijg; gphpj;jNjhL kl;Lky;yhky; ika ,uhZtj;jpd;
mjpfhuj;ijntFthff; Fiwj;jJ. ,jd; tpisthf 19-k; Ehw;whz;bd;
Kw;gFjpapy; NghHj;jsgjpfs; vOr;rp ngwyhdhHfs;.

4) Gpuhe;jpa MHtj;jpd; vOr;rp: ijgpq; fpsHr;rpapd; NghJk;> mjw;Fg; gpwFk; ika

murpypUe;J mjpfhukhdJ gpuhe;jpaq;fSf;F khwhyhapw;W. Fwpg;ghf murpay;
,uhZtj;Jiwfspy; me;j epiy Vw;gl;lJ. ,e;j Kiwapdhy; gpuhe;jpaq;fs;
mjpf mjpfhuq;fis mDgtpj;J te;jd. Fwpg;ghf gilapdiug; guhkhpg;gJ>
jythpfis epHzak; nra;tJ> epHthfk; Mfpatw;wpy; mg;gpuhe;jpaq;fs;
nry;thf;Fg; ngw;wd. ,jdhy; rPdh gy khWg;gl;l NtWgl;l fUj;Jf;fisf;
nfhz;l gy tPLfshfg; gphpe;J fhzg;gl;lJ. ,J Nkiy ehl;lthpd;
Ruz;lYf;F vspjpy; toptFj;jJ vdyhk;.

5) Eyd; gaf;Fk tpisTfs;: ijgpq; fpsHr;rp ey;y tpisTfis Vw;gLj;jhky;

,y;iy. kf;fSf;F Vw;gl;l NguopT kf;fs; njhifg; gpur;ridia
vspjhf;fpaJ. nrq;-yp ,sturd; Fq; Nghd;w Gjpa ,isa jiytHfs;
Njhd;wyhdhHfs;. Nkiy ehl;lthpd; epHthfj;jpy; ntspapl;l thpfs; epjp
epiyikiar; rPuhf;fpaJ.

6) NjrpathjpfSf;F xU Jhz;LNfhyhf mike;jJ: nghJthf Nehf;Fkplj;J

ijg;gpq; fpsHr;rp r%f> nghUshjhu jpl;lq;fis nghWj;jtiu rPdHfspd;
kdj;jpy; gRkuj;jhzp Nghy rpy gad;fisg; gjpj;Jtpl;Lr; nrd;wJ.
rPHjpUj;jf;fhuHfSk; Gul;rpthjpfSk; jq;fs; eltbf;iffSf;F ,ij xU
Jhz;LNfhyhff; nfhz;ldH. Nkiyehl;lthpd; nry;thf;if Kjypy; rPdhtpy;
GFj;jpatHfs; ijgpq;FfNsahtH. Rpwg;ghf rkag; NghHitapy; mij mtHfs;
GFj;jpdhHfs; vdyhk;.
 33

7) rPdHfSf;F murhq;fj;jpYk; Kf;fpag;gjtpfs;: murpay; hPjpapy; murhq;fkhdJ

kQ;Rf;fs; iffspypUe;J rPdHfspd; iffSf;F khwpaJ. ,f;fpsHr;rpahy; jhd;
vd;why; mJ kpifahfhJ. Kf;fpa ftHdH-,[duy;> ftHdH gjtpfs;
rPdHfSf;F mspf;fg;gl;l
; d. mjhuzkhf “nra;FNthd; ghd; vd;gtd;
ypahd;fpahq; vd;w ,lj;jpy; ftHdH n[duyhf mkHj;jg;gl;lhd;. yp.`hq;rhq;
vd;gtd; Fthq; Rtpd; MSeuhf mkHj;jg;gl;lhd;. l;Nrh Rq;-`hq; vd;gtd;
rpf;fpahq; vd;w ,lj;jpd; MSeuhf mkHj;jg;gl;lhd;.

ijg;gpq; rPHjpUj;jq;fs;
ijgpq; muR rka mbg;gilapy; Njhd;wpaNjahFk;. Mjpy;; rka> rptpy;>
,uhZt gz;ghl;L rKjha Jiwfspd; ,iofs; xd;NwhL xd;W gpd;dg;gl;L
fhl;rpaspj;jdH. mtHfSila Gjpa rka murpay; „flTs; nja;tPfj;je;ij‟ vd;Wk;
„VR nja;tPf %j;j rNfhjud; vd;Wk; `q; nja;tPf ,isa rNfhjud; vd;Wk;
fUjg;gl;ldH. Muk;gj;jpy; `q; „,iwtopg;ghl;Lf; fofk‟; vd;gij epWtpdhH. mtH
Vw;gLj;jpa Gjpa rkak; fj;Njhypf;f Nfhl;ghl;ilf; fhl;bYk; Guhl;l];lz;L
Nfhl;ghl;il mjpfk; ngw;wpUe;jJ. “rpiyfs; mopf;fg;gl;ld> Nfhapy;fs;
jiukl;lkhf;fg;gl;ld> ,J KfkJ egpapd; rkag;Nghiug; nghyf; fhl;rpaspj;jJ”
vd;W ,];Nuy; vg];bd; vd;gtH Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shH.

ijg;gpq;Ffspd; murpay; epHthfk;:

`q;rpA Rthd; Vw;gLj;jpa murpw;F „Kw;wpYk; mikjp epyTk; ,iw muR‟
vd;W ngaH (ijgpq;jPd;FNth) mtH jd;id „nja;tf
P kd;dd;‟ (jPd;thq;) vd;W
mioj;Jf; nfhz;lhH. mtHfSila tk;rk; „ijapq;‟ vd;W miof;fg;gl;lJ.
mtUila jiyefuk; ehd;fpq; mtUf;F cjtpahf ehd;F kd;dHfs; (thq;];)
epakpf;fg;gl;lhHfs. mtHfs; KiwNa
i) ahq; (fPiog;gFjpapd; kd;dd;)
ii) ngq; (njd; gFjpapd; kd;dd;)
iii) rpahNth (Nkiyg;gFjpapd; kd;dd;)
iv) nta; (tlGy kd;dd;)
,tHfisj; jtpu „`;‟ vd;gtH Jiz kd;duhf epakpf;fg;gl;lhH. gy mjpfhhpfs;
epakpf;fg;gl;ldH.
r%f> nghUshjhug; Gduikg;G
kQ;R tk;rj;ij Jf;fp vwpa Ntz;Lnkd;W vz;zpaNjhL rKjhaj;ij khw;wp
mikf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W mtHfs; tpUk;gpdhHfs;. Mjd; tpisthf mtHfs;
 34

1. mgpdpg;gof;fj;ij mwNt xopj;jdH 2) rpRtijapid jLj;J epWj;jpdH 3)

Gifapiyg; gofj;jpw;W KbT fl;bdH 4) kJ mUe;JtJ xopf;fg;gl;lJ. 5)
tpgr;rhuk; xopf;fg;gl;lJ 6) fhy;fisf;fl;LtJ> ngz;fist pw;gJ
jLf;fg;gl;lJ 7) #jhl;lk; ePf;fg;gl;lJ 8) gyjhu kzk; jil
nra;ag;gl;lJ 9) ifa+l;L toq;Fjy; Xoy; Fw;wkhff; fUjg;gl;lJ 10)
nkhj;jkhfj; jz;lid toq;FtJk;> nfhLj;jz;lidfSk; ePf;fg;gl;ld 11)
mbikj;jdk; mfw;wg;gl;lJ 12) Mir ehafpfis itj;Jf; nfhstJ
xopf;fg;gl;lJ 13)ijgpq;Ffs; Muk;gj;jpy; Jha;ikf; nfhs;ifiag;
gpd;gw;wpdH. Ngz;fSf;F KOr; Rje;jpuk; toq;fg;gl;lJ. murhq;f
,uhZtg; gjtpfs; nfhLf;fg;gl;ld. fiyfs; Cf;Ftpf;fg;gl;ld. 14)
ifNtiy> gpd;dy;Ntiy> nerT> rpwgNtiy Mfpait Cf;Ftpf;fg;gl;ld.
15) may;ehl;ltHfs; rNfhjHfshfg; ghtpf;fg;gl;ldH.
mehfhPfkhdtHfshff; fUjg;gltpy;iy.

epyr;rPHjpUj;jq;fs;
jdpg;gl;NlhH epyk; nfhj;J chpikfis xopj;J nghJTilikapidg;
GFj;jpaJ mtHfspd; rPHjpUj;jq;fspNyNa jiyahdjhFk;. Xt;nthU FbahdtDk;
jd; tho;f;iff;Fj; Njitahd epyj;ijg;ngw xU Gul;rpfukhd epyg;gq;fPlb
; id
mtHfs; nfhz;L te;jdH. 1853y; FbahdtHfSf;fhd rl;lk; xd;W nfhz;L
tug;gl;lJ. mjd;gb tpz;zpd; fPOs;s vy;yh epyq;fSk; tpz;zpd; fPOs;s
vy;NyhuhYk; gapH nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ mwptpf;fg;gl;lJ.
fk;a+d; Kiw
,e;j vspa rkj;Jtf; Nfhl;ghL nray;KiwgLj;jg;gl;lJ. me;jr; rl;lg;gb
gjpdhW tajpw;F Nkw;gl;l xt;nthU MZk;> ngz;Zk; epyg;gq;fpidg; ngw
jFjpAs;stHfshthHfs;. gjpdhWf;Fk; fPOs;stHfs; me;j epyg;gq;fpy; ghjpiag;
ngw;wdH. nropg;igg; nghWj;J epykhdJ xd;gJ tiffshfg; gphpf;fg;gl;lJ.
epHtfj;jpd; rpwpa msT FLk;gkhFk;. Xt;nthU FLk;gKk; Ie;J ngl;ilf;
NfhopfisAk; ,uz;L ngz; gd;wpfisAk; itj;jpUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. ,Ugije;J
FLk;gq;fs; NrHe;J XH rKjhag; gphpthf mikf;fg;gl;lJ. mtHfSf;nfd nghJthd
xU fplq;F> xU jpUr;rig mtHfSila rka> gpw rlq;Ffis ftdpf;f xU
jiytH MfpNahH ,Ue;jdH. me;j jiytHfs; me;j 25 FLk;gq;fspy; rptpy;> fy;tp>
rkaepjp> rhHghd tp\aq;fisf; ftdpj;J te;jhH. mtH mf;FLk;gq;fist of;Ffs;>
jpUkzq;fs;> ,Wjpr;rlq;Ffs; Mfpatw;iwAk; ftdpj;J te;jhH. mWtilapd; NghJ
jd; gphpTf;F Ntz;ba jhdpaq;fis mtH Nrkpj;J itf;f Ntz;Lk;. mJ
gw;whf;Fiwg; gFjpfSf;Fg; gad;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;. khjhe;jpu thp tpjpf;Fk; Kiw
mky;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
 35

,uhZt rptpy; epHthfj;jpw;F ,ilapyhd cwT

Ijgpq;Ffspd; Ml;rpapy; rptpy;> ,uhZtj;Jiwfs; ,ize;J nray;gl;lJ xU
rpwg;G mk;rkhFk;. mjpfhhpfs; rptpy; ,uhZtf; flikfisr; nra;a gzpf;fg;gl;ldH.
,uhZtj;jpy; fLikahd zOf;fk; filg;gpbf;fg;gl;lJ. nfhs;isabj;jiyAk;>
CoiyAk; jil bra;jhHfs;. kQ;R mjpfhhpfis fLikahd elj;jpdH. ngUk;
epyg;gpuGf;fSk; tl;bf;Fg; gzk; nfhLg;gtHfSk; thl;b tijf;fg;gl;ldH. ngz;
gilg;gphpT xd;W mikf;fg;gl;lJ. ,uhZtj;jpy; ehd;fpd; xU gq;F ngz;fshy;
epHtfpf;fg;gl;L te;jJ.
gz;ghl;bw;Fk; rkaj;jpw;FKs;s njhlHG
ijgpq; murpy; fpwp];Jtf; Nfhl;ghLfs; rPhpa ,lj;ijg; ngw;wd. 478
thf;fpaq;fisf; nfhz;l ,yf;fpak; xd;W Gjpjhfg; gilf;fg;gl;lJ. mJ `q;fpd;
tptpypa Ehiyg; gw;wpa jpwdhaptpd; mbg;gilapy; vOjg;gl;lJ. mJ
Foe;ijfSf;fhf vOj;jg;gl;ljhFk;. Me;j Ehypd; Muk;gg; gf;fj;jpy; “flTs; ek;
jiytH” vd;Wk; “mtH tpz;izAk; kz;ZyifAk;> kiyfisAk;> fly;fisAk;
gilj;Js;shH” vd;Wk; “mjpy; vy;yhg; nghUs;fSk; cs;sdntd;Wk; mitfs; MW
ehl;fspy; cUthf;fg;gl;ld” vd;Wk; Fwpg;gplg;gl;bUf;fpd;wd. gj;Jf; fl;lisfNs
mtHfSila Nfhl;ghl;bd; mbg;gilahFk;.
rptpy; rHtP]; NjHT
epHthf mjpfhhpfisj;‟ NjHe;njLf;f ijgpq;Ffs; rptpy; rHtP]; NjHTfis
elj;jpdH. kQ;R Ml;rp Kiwapy; NjHtpy; ,yf;fpa eil vjpHghHf;fg;gl;lJ. Mdhy;
ijgpq;Ffs; vspa nkhopapy; vOjyhnkd mpwptpj;jdH,. fd;g+\pa Nfhl;ghLfs;
NjHtpy; Nfl;fg;gltpy;iy. tptpypa EhypypUe;J rpy Nfhl;ghLfs; NjHTfspy;
Nfl;fg;gl;ld.
gpw rPHjpUj;jq;fs;
xU Mz;Lf; fzf;F Kiw (fhyz;lH) GFj;jg;gl;lJ. mJ re;jpud;> #hpad;
Mfpatw;iwf; nfhz;L fzf;fplg;gLk; Kiway;y. rKfr;rPHjpUj;jq;fs; gy
GFj;jg;gl;ld. Nehahy; gPbf;fg;gl;ltHfs;> tpjitfs;> mdhijfs; MfpNahH gad;
ngWk; tifapy; mitfs; mike;jd. ePHg;Nghf;Ftuj;J tsHr;rp ngw;wJ.
,Ug;Gg;ghijfs; Nghlg;gl;ld. nts;s gQ;r epthuzg; gzpfs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld.

rPdhtpy; Nkiy ehLfshy; Vw;gl;l khWjy;fs;

gj;njhd;gjhk; Ehw;whz;bd; gpw;gFjpfs; rPd tuyhw;iw xNu njhlhpy;
nrhd;dhy; „rPdhtpy; NkiyehLfshy; Vw;gl;l khw;wj;jpd; fij‟ vd;W Fwpg;gplyhk;.
mJtiuapy; rPdh jdpikapy; ,dpik fz;L nfhz;bUe;jJ. nja;tf
P g; NguuRjhd;
caHe;jJ vd;Wk;> Vida ehLfs; mjw;F jpiw nrYj;j Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk; fUjg;gl;L
 36

te;jJ. „eLtz;NguuR Nkiy ehLfis rkkhf ghtpf;f KbahJ vd;Wk;

mitfSld; vt;tpj cwtpidAk; Nkw;nfhs;shJ vd;Wk; jpl;ltl;lkhf mwptpj;jJ.
jiyefuhd gPfpq;fpy; JhJtHfs; jq;f mDkjp kWj;jJ. MfNt me;efuk;
„jilnra;ag;gl;l efuk;‟ vd;W miof;fg;gl;lJ. mjdhy; mtHfs; fhz;ldpy; kl;LNk
,Ue;jdH. rPdhtpd; kf;fs; NkiyehLfspd; nry;thf;fpypUe;J tpyfpNa ,Ue;jdH.
goikthjk; vd;w jLg;Gr;Rtiu jd;idr; Rw;wp vOg;gpf; nfhz;L mJ jdpj;j
Nrhk;ghyhd tho;tpid Nkw;nfhz;bUe;jJ.
19-k; Ehw;whz;by; Nkiy ehl;ltHfs; me;jj; jLg;Gr; Rtiu jfHj;jdH. ,uz;L
mgpdpg;NghHfSk; rPdhtpd; fjTfisj; jpwe;Jtpl;ld. mitfshy; Vw;gl;l
khw;wj;jpid mJ czuyhapw;W. mjd; cldb tpisTfshtd.
i) May;ehl;lthpd; thzpgj;jpw;Fg; gjpide;J JiwKfw;fs; jpwe;J
tplg;gl;ld.
ii) rPdh gy gFjpfis ,oe;jJ. `hq;fhq;> nfsYd; gFjpfs;
gphpl;lDf;Ff; nfhLf;fg;gl;ld
iii) Rq;fthptjpg;gpy; chpikia ,oe;jJ. mJ 5% Mfk;.
iv) tpNr\ gpuNjr chpikfis toq;fpajhy; jd; ,iwikapid ,oe;jJ.
mjdhy; gpwehl;ltHfs; jq;fs; ePjpkd;wq;fis mikj;Jf; nfhs;Sk;
chpikapidg; ngw;wdH.
v) fpwp];Jt rkag;gug;Gf; FOtpdHfSf;F Vuhskhd rYiffs;
toq;fpaJ. mjdhy; mtHfs; rPdhtpy; jq;Fjilapd;wp vq;Fk;
nry;yyhdhHfs;. Jq;fs; rkaj;ijg; gug;gTk;> epyq;fis thq;fTk;>
jpUr;rigfs;> gs;spfs;> kUj;Jtkidfs; fl;lTk; chpik ngw;wdH.
vi) rPdHfspd; flyhjpf;fk; gphpl;b\;fhuHfspd; iffspy; khwpaJ

rPdh kPJ Nkiy ehl;lthpd; kNdhepiy

“gpw;gFjp rpq;rPdhtpid cUthf;Ftjpy; may;ehl;L nry;thf;F xU ngUk;
rf;jpahf tpsq;fpaJ” vd;W ,khDNty;# vd;gtH Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shH. May;ehl;L
murhq;fq;fSk;> mtHfspd; gpujpepjpfSk; rPdhtpy; “Kd;Ndw;wk;” vd;w ghijapy;
Kd;NdwpdH. mtHfspd; epWtdq;fis Vw;Wf; nfhs;s tw;GWj;jpdH. mtHfspd;
nghUs;fisAk; thq;Fk;gbr; nra;jdH. may;ehl;L mwpTiuapidr; rhHe;jpUe;j rPdh>
mjd; ey;nyz;zk; thzpgk;> cjtp Mfpatw;iwg; ngw;wJ. mJ Rje;jpukhd
rPdhittpl ed;Liwapy;jhd; ,Ue;jJ. etPdkhjiy mJ mDkjpf;ftpy;iy.
mtHfis tPo;j;Jk; typikiaAk; mJ ngw;wpUf;ftpy;iy. mtHfs; rPdhit el;G
ehlhf elj;jtpy;iy. Mdhy; mij ,iuahf;f Kw;gl;ldH. jd;dk;gpf;ifAk;>
kWkyHr;rpAk; ngw;w INuhg;gh mwptpaypy; jhd; fz;l Gjpa fz;Lgpbg;GfshYk;
 37

kdpjDf;F kjpg;Gj; juNtz;Lk; vd;w Gjpa Nfhl;ghLfshYk;> rKjhaj;jpd;

xw;WikahYk; gyJiwfspy; Vw;gl;l Kd;Ndw;wj;jhYk;> Njrpa rf;jpahYk; #og;gl;L
typTk; ngw;W fPioehLfspd; nry;tr; nropg;ghd ehl;bd; EioTthapypd; fjTfisj;
jl;l Muk;gpj;jJ.
1.rPd murpaypy; may;ehLfshy; Vw;gl;l khw;wk;
i) Rq;fpypNakidj; jpwj;jy;: ,sturH Fq;jiyikapy; gPfpq;fpy; 1861-y;
Rq;fpypNakd; vd;w ntspehl;L csTj;JiwahdJ may;ehl;L tptfhuq;fis
ftdpf;f Ntz;b jpwf;fg;gl;lJ. Nkiy ehl;lltuhy; Vw;gl;l khw;wq;fspy; ,J
Kjypy; Vw;gl;l rPhpa khw;wkhFk;.
ii) NkiyehLfspy; rPdj; Jhjufq;fis jpwj;jy; gPfpq; xg;ge;jj;jpw;F gpwF
cld;gbf;if nra;J nfhz;l ehLfs; vy;yhk; rPdhtpy; jq;fs; Jhjufq;fis
Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhz;ld. mnkhpf;fj; JhjH gHypd;Nfk; vd;gtH gpw Jhjufq;fs;
mikg;gjw;F Kd;NdhbahfTk;> jiytuhfTk; tpsq;fpdhh. mtH rPdhTld; $l;LwTf;
nfhs;ifapid Vw;gLj;jpdhH. mtH gjtpapypUe;J Xa;T ngw;wNghJ rPdhtpy;
tutiof;fg;gl;L mjd; Jhjuhfg; nghWg;Ngw;W Kjd;Kjypy; cld;gbf;if nra;J
nfhz;l ehLfSf;Fr; nrd;whH. mtH rPdj; JhJf; Nfh\;bia mnkhpf;fh> gphpl;ld;>
gpuhd;R> u\;ah Mfpa ehLfSf;F mioj;Jr; nrd;whH. mjd; tpisthf gphpl;ld;>
mnkhpf;fh Nghd;w ehLfspy; rPdj; Jhjufk; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
3)tzpff; fz;fhzpg;ghsHfs; bad;rpd;> \hq;fha; Mfpa ,lq;fspy;
may;ehl;L tzpfj;ij ftdpf;f mkHj;jg;gl;lhHfs;
II) rPdhtpd; nghUshjhuj;jpy; Vw;gl;l khw;wq;fs;
rPdhtpd; nghUshjhuj;jpy; may;ehl;lHfshy; gbg;gbahf rpy khw;wq;fs;
epfo;e;jd. 1876-y; \hq;fhtpypUe;J t+fq; tiu ,Ug;Gg;ghij Nghlg;gl;lJ. 1881-k;
Mz;by; Nlhq;\hd; ,Ug;Gg;ghij Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. 1882-y; Nghf;Ftuj;jpy; kw;nwhU
rhjid Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. gpd;dH njhopy; tsHr;rp ngUfyhapw;W. 1878-y; nfa;gpq;
fdptsq;fs; Njhz;b vLf;fg;gl;ld. 1867-y; bad;rpdpy; ,ae;jpuj; njhopw;rhiy xd;W
epWtg;gl;lJ. 1873y; rPd ePuhtpf; fg;gy; Nghf;Ftuj;J FOkk; xd;W epWtg;gl;lJ.
1890-y; `hd; ahq; ,Uk;G Miy fhd;Rtpy; jpwf;fg;gl;lJ. fhz;ld;> t+rhq;> N`hNg
Mfpa ,lq;fspy; [Tsp Miyfs; jpwf;fg;gl;ld. fhz;ld; bad;rpq; Nghd;w
,lq;fspy; 1887-y; ehza mbg;G epiyaq;fs; epWtg;gl;ld. mNj Mz;by; NkhN`h
vd;w ,lj;jpy; jq;fr;Ruq;fq;fs; Njhz;lg;gl;ld.

III) fg;gy; fl;Lk; njhopypy; Kd;Ndw;wk;

1873-y; rPd ePuhtpf; fg;gy; Nghf;Ftuj;J FOkk;‟ epWtg;gl;lJ. mJ murhq;f
Nkw;ghHitapy; eilngw;W te;jJ. ,uz;lhz;LfSf;Fg; gpwF ,Uk;ig gad;gLj;jp
 38

ey;y fg;gy;fs; fl;lg;gl;ld. gpuhd;rpypUe;J ,ae;jpuq;fs; thq;fp g+Hnrs vd;w

,lj;jpy; 1866-y; fg;gy; jq;Fk; Jiw xd;W epWtg;gl;lJ. mjidr; rhHe;J xU fg;gy;
fl;Lk; gapw;rpg; gs;sp xd;Wk; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. mJ ,U gphpthf ,aq;fp te;jJ xd;W
gpnuQ;R nkhopapidAk; fg;gy;fl;Lk; gzpapidAk; fw;W nfhLg;gJ kw;nwhd;W
Mq;fpyj;jpYk;> fg;gw;gazj;jpYk; gapw;rp ngwr; nra;tJ khztHfs; Nkiy
ehLfSf;F fg;gy; fl;Lk; EZf;fq;fisj; njhpe;J nfhs;s mDg;gg;gl;lhHfs;.
IV) uhZtj;jpy; Vw;gl;l etPd khw;wk;
Khepyj; jiytHfshd nrq;FNth ghd;> yp `q;rq; Nghd;wtHfs; etPd
fg;gw;gilapid Vw;gLj;j ngU Kaw;rp vLj;Jf; nfhz;ldH. ,uhZtj;jpYk;
Nkiyehl;L ghzpiag; GFj;jp Jg;ghf;fpfisg; gad;gLj;j top nra;jdH. mtHfs;
Nkiyehl;L uhZt ufrpaq;fisAk;> fg;gy; fl;Lk; KiwapidAk; fw;Wf; nfhs;s
tpUk;gpdH. mehfhPfkhdtHfis mlf;f> mehfhPfkhdtHfsp;d caHe;j
EZf;fq;fisf; fw;Wf; nfhs;s Nguth nfhz;ldH. 1862-y; %d;W Jg;ghf;fp
njhopw;rhiyfs; \hq;fhapy; epWtg;gl;ld. rPdHfs; ntbFz;Lfis gad;gLj;jp
Jg;ghf;fpfs; RLtij gphpl;b\; mjpfhhpfsplkpUe;Jk;> rpWJg;ghf;fpfisg;
gad;gLj;Jtij n[Hkd; mjpfhhpfsplkpUe;Jk; fw;Wf; nfhz;ldH. 1880-y; etPd
fg;gw;gil epWt jpl;lq;fs; jPl;lg;gl;ld. mjw;fhf may; ehl;Lf; fg;gy;fs;
thq;fg;gl;ld. 1885-y; bad;rpdpy; uhZtf; fofk; xd;W Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
V) fpwp];J rkag;gug;G FOf;fspd; tsHr;rp
Fp.gp.16k; Ehw;whz;bypUe;Nj fj;Njhypf;f rkaf; FOtpdH jPtpukhf gzpfspy;
<Lgl;L te;jdH. 19k; Ehw;whz;by; rPdhthdJ jpwf;fg;gl;lJk; Guhl;l];lz;L
FOtpdJ FbNawyhdhHfs;. Bad;rpq; cld;gbf;ifapd;gb rkag;nghiw
toq;fg;gl;ljhy; jq;fs; gzpfspy; mtHfs; jPtpuk; fhl;lyhdhHfs;. rPdhtpd;
cl;gFjpfspYk; nry;y mDkjp ngw;wjhy; mtHfs; jpUr;rigfs; gs;spfs;>
kUj;Jtkidfs;> mdhij ,y;yq;fs; Mfpatw;iwf; fhl;bdhHfs;. Gp\g;GfSk;>
ghjphpfSk; kpFe;j nry;thf;F ngw;W jq;fs; rkaj;ij ghJfhj;Jf; nfhs;s chpik
ngw;wdH.
VI) Gjpa fy;tp Kiw
Nkiy ehl;Lf; fUj;Jf;fs; Gw;wPry; Nghy te;J rPdhtpy; Ftpe;jd. ,jdhy;
tptpypa Ehy;> gpw rka Ehy;fs; nkhop ngaHf;fg;gl;ld. ,ij rkag;gug;Gf; FOtpdH
Nkw;nfhz;ldH. ,J Gjpa fy;tpKiwf;F top tFj;jJ. mfuhjpfs; vOjg;gl;ld.
rka Nghjid Ehy;fs; ntspte;jd. rPd nkhopapidf; fw;Wf; nfhz;l gpd; mtHfs;
may;ehl;L Ehy;fis rPd nkhopapYk;> rPd Ehy;fis jq;fs; nkhopfspYk; nkhop
ngaHj;jdH. kp\pd; gs;spfs; gy epWtg;gl;ld. mjd; %yk; Nkiy ehl;Lf;fy;tp
mtHfSf;F mspf;fg;gl;lJ. yp`hq; fhq; vd;gtH Nkiy ehl;Lf; fy;tpapy; mjpf
<LghL nfhz;bUe;jhH. 30 khztHfs; Nkiyehl;L mwptpay;> njhopy; EZf;fq;fis
 39

mwpe;J tu mnkhpf;fhtpw;F mDg;gg;gl;ldH. ,J rPdHfspd; jdpikapid (Fwpg;ghf

fy;tpj; Jiwapy;) jfHj;njwpe;jJ vdyhk;. ,jw;F Kd;Ng may;ehl;L MrphpaHfisf;
nfhz;l nkhop ngaHg;ghsH gs;sp xd;W gPfpq;fpy; ,aq;fpaJ vdyhk;. 1865-y; mJNt
Jq;ntd; fy;Yhhpahf khwpaJ. Mjpy; mwptpay; JiwAk; ,izf;fg;gl;lJ.
VII) rPHjpUj;j ,af;fq;fs;
fhq;Aitahy; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l „EhW ehs; rPHjpUj;j ,af;fk;‟ Nkiy ehl;lthpd;
Neub tpisT vd;gij tpsk;gtTk; Ntz;LNkh? rPHjpUj;jthjpfs; Nkiy ehl;lthpd;
ghzpapy; rPdhit etPdkhf;f tpUk;gpdhHfs;.
Kjy; rPd [g;ghdpa NghH
Gj;njhd;gjhk; Ehw;whz;bd; ,ilf;fhyk; tiuapy; [g;ghid xU gpw;gl;l
ehlhfNt rPdh fUjp te;jJ. me;j vz;zk; me;Ehw;whz;bd; gpw;gFjpapy; khw;wg;gl;L
tpl;lJ vd;why; mjpy; vl;LizAk; Iakpy;iy. Nkiy ehLfshy;
„mtkhdg;gLj;jg;gl;L Jd;gj;jpw;Fs;shf;fg;gl;ljhYk;> cs;ehl;Lf; fpsHr;rp Vw;gl;L
muir epiyFiyar; nra;jjhYk;> [g;ghd; jd; tYitAk; nghypitAk;
fhl;lyhapw;W. fyj;jpw;Nfw;g jd;id khw;wpf; nfhz;L Nkiy ehLfspd; njhlHigAk;
Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhz;L mJ ngUk; rf;jp tha;e;j ehlhf vOr;rp ngw;wJ.
1871-y; Vw;gl;l yp.<Nlh xg;ge;jk;
Nka;[papd; kPl;rpf;Fg;gpwF [g;ghd; jd;dk;gpf;if ngw;w ehlhf tpsq;fp>
rPdhTld; ey;Ywtpid Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhs;s tpioe;jJ. thzpgj;jpy; Nkiy ehLfs;
ngw;w rYifiaj; jhDk; mq;fpUe;J ngw tpUg;gk; nfhz;lJ. rPdHfs; mt;thW
nfhLf;f kWj;jdH. NkYk; rPdhtpy; mtHfs; jilapd;wp nry;y jiltpjpj;jdH. rPd
MSeuhd yp`q;rq; vd;gtUld; Ngr;RthHj;ijfs; %yk; xU cld;ghL nra;J
nfhs;s [g;ghdpypUe;J Gfo;tha;e;j fTz;l<Nlhtpd; jiyikapy; FO xd;W
nrd;wJ. mt;thNw me;j cld;ghL nra;ag;gl;lJ. mjd; tpjpfshtd>
i) xUtUf;nfhUtH jq;fs; gFjpfspy; Mf;fpukpg;gpy; <LgLjy; $lhJ
ii) %d;whtJ ehL Mf;fpukpg;gpy; my;yJ Nghhpy; <Lgl;lhy; ,e;j
,UehLfSk; cjtp nra;J nfhs;Sjy; Ntz;Lk;.
iii) Gu];guk; Jhjufq;fis epWtpf; nfhs;Sjy;.
iv) Cld;gbf;ifapy; fz;l JiwKfq;fspy; thzpgk; nra;aTk;>
Rq;fthpapid epHzak; nra;aTk; chpik ngWjy;
v) [g;ghdpa tzpfHfSf;fhd JhJtHfis rPdhtpy; mkHj;Jjy; $lhJ.
Yhr;Nrh jPT gpur;rid
rPdhtpw;Fk;> [g;ghDf;Fk; ,ilapyhd cwtpy; 1874-y; tphpry; Vw;gl;lJ.
mjw;Ff; fhuzk; Yhr;Nrhj; jPtpy; xU fg;gy; jiu jl;baNghJ mjd; gpuahzpfis
ghHNkhrhtpypUe;j fhl;Lkpuhz;bfs; nfhd;W tpl;ldH vd;gNjahFk;. Mj;jPit rPdhTk;>
 40

[g;ghDk; jq;fSila jpwnrYj;Jk; gFjpnad ePz;l tUlq;fshf chpik

nfhz;lhb te;jd. mJ khwpkhwp ,UtH iffspYk; ,Ue;J te;jJ. mg;NghJ
[g;ghdplkpUe;jjhy; mJ ,og;gPL NfhhpaJ. rPdh mjd; chpikia cjhrPdk;
nra;jjhy; ,U ehLfSf;fpilapy; iffyg;G Vw;gLk; epiy Vw;gl;lJ. gphpl;ld; mjpy;
jiyapl;L mij epWj;jpaJ. rH jhk]; thL vd;w gphpl;b\; gpujpepjp jd;
nry;thf;ifg; gad;gLj;jp xU xg;ge;jk; nra;J nfhs;s top fz;lhH. mjd;gb rPdh
,og;gPL juTk;> ,dpNky; ,JNghy; epfo;rr
; p Vw;glhJ vd;Wk; mJ cWjp mspj;jJ.
gifik kiwe;jhYk; re;Njfk; vd;Dk; rz;lhsd; mt;tpU ehLfsplj;jpYk; ed;F
GFe;J nfhz;lhd;. 1879-y; [g;ghd; Yhr;Nrhj; jPitj; jhf;fpg; gpbj;Jf; nfhz;ljhy;
mjd; mghaj;ij ed;F czuyhdhH.
nfhhpahg; gpur;rid
jw;fhy tuyhw;wpy; [g;ghDk;> rPdhTk; Nkhjpf; nfhs;s Nehpl;lJ. nfhhpahg;
gpur;ridahy; vd;why; mJ kpifahfhJ. “rPdhtpd; nfhhpahf;fij vd;gJ mjw;F
Vw;gl;l njhlHr;rpahd gpd;thq;fYk;> Kbthd mtkhdKk; MFk;” vd;W xU
tuyhw;whrphpaH Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shH.
Nfhhpahtpd; Gtpapay; epiyik mjd; tuyhw;iw tiue;Js;sJ/ mJ
kQ;#hpahtpypUe;J xU Mw;wpd; %yk; gphpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. njd;fpof;F nfhhpah
[g;ghid Nehf;fp tphpe;Js;sJ. [g;ghdpaj; jPTfspypUe;J xU FWfyhd fly;
mijg; gphpf;fpwJ. [g;ghDf;Fj; fz;lg;ghykhf gad;gLfpwJ. Mjd; Gtpapy;
mikg;gpd; fhuzkhf mjd; vjpHfhyk; tho;T vy;yhk; mjd; mz;il ehLfshd
rPdh> [g;ghDld; gpd;dpg; gpizag;gl;bUe;jJ.
[g;ghdpa nfhhpah nfhs;if
[g;ghdpd; nfhhpahf; nfhs;if %d;W Nehf;fq;fspy; mike;jpUe;jJ.
Kjyhtjhf> ve;j xU gifik ehLk; nfhhpahit gpbj;Jf; nfhz;L mijj; jskhf
mikj;Jf; nfhz;L [g;ghidj; jhf;f $lhJ. ,uz;lhtjhf> [g;ghd; xU Nguuir
Vw;gLj;jg; Nguth nfhz;lJ. mjw;Ff; nfhhpah Kjw;gbahf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd
mJ tpUk;gpaJ. %d;whtjhf [g;ghd; xU njhopy; tsk; epiwe;j ehlhf tsHr;rp
ngw;wjhy; jd;Dila thzpgj;jpw;Fk; mkpjkhd kf;fs; njhiff;Fq; xU ,lkhf
nfhhpah mikAk; vd mJ vz;zpaJ.
[g;ghDf;Fk; nfhhpahtpw;Fk; ,ilapyhd cld;ghL
u\;ah xU ngUk; ty;yurhf tsHe;J tUtJ nfhhpahtpw;F Mgj;J vd;Wk;
nfhhpahit mJ jd; khHig Nehf;fp Fwpitf;Fk; Jg;ghf;fp Nghd;wJ vd;W [g;ghd;
fUjpaJ. nfhhpahit jd; fPo; nfhz;L tu Ntz;Lk; vd [g;ghd; 1876-y; xU FOit
mq;F mDg;gpaJ.. mjd;gb mt;tpUehLfSf;F ,ilapy; fpq;yh cld;ghL Vw;gl;lJ.
mjdhy; nfhhpah JiwKfq;fspy; thzpgk; nra;J nfhs;s chpikapidAk; tpNr\
 41

chpikfisAk; [g;ghd; ngw;Wf; nfhz;lJ. me;j cld;ghl;by; nfhhpah Rje;jpu ehL

vd;W mwptpf;fg;gl;lJ. rPdh mij rw;Wk; ftdpf;ftpy;iy.
1879k; Mz;L yp.`q;rq; Nkiy ehLfSld; cld;ghLfs; nra;J nfhs;Sk;gb
nfhhpahtpw;F MNyhrid $wp dhH. Mjd; %yk; [g;ghdpy; gPjpapypUe;J tpLglyhk;
vd;whH. yP. %d;whz;LfSf;Fs; nfhhpah NkiyehLfSld; cld;gbf;iffs; nra;J
nfhz;lJ.
nfhhpahtpd; khWgl;l murpay; fl;rpfs;
nfhhpahtpy; ,uz;L murpay; fl;rpfs; ,Ue;jd. xd;W [g;ghdpa MjuTs;s
gphpthFk;. mtHfs; Nkiy ehl;Lg;ghzpapy; nfhhpahit etPdkhf;f Ntz;Lnkd;W
tpUk;gpdH. Kw;nwhU gphptpdH gioa epiyNa njhluNtz;Lnkd;W tpUk;gpdH. [g;ghd;
Kd;Ndw;wf; nfhs;isahsHfis Jhz;b njhy;iy Vw;gLj;jyhapw;W. 1885-k; Mz;L
mt;tpU gphptpdHfSf;Fk; rz;il %z;lJ. mg;NghJ [g;ghDk; rPdhTk; mijj;
jLf;f Kd;tutpy;iy.
yp.<Nlh xg;ge;jk; (1885)
nfhhpahtpy; rpf;fiy rPuhf;f [g;ghdpd; Gfo; tha;e;j murpay; epGzuhd <Nlh
gPfpq; nrd;W ypAld; NgryhdhH. 1885 y; yp.<Nlh xg;ge;jk; bad;rpypy;
ifnaOj;jhapw;W. mJ rPd-[g;ghd; cwT Kiwapy; xU Gjpa fl;lj;ijf; fz;lJ.
me;j xg;ge;jj;jpd;gb>
1) rPdhTk; [g;ghDk; jq;fs; gilfis nfhhpahtpypUe;J tpyf;fpf; nfhs;s
xg;Gf; nfhz;ld.
2) nfhhpahtpd; cs;dhl;L tptfhuq;fspy; ve;j ehLk; jiyaplf; $lhnjd
xg;ge;jk; $wpaJ. mtHfspd; $l;Lj; jiyikapy; eLepiyapy; nfhhpahtpd;
gil rPuhf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
3) neUf;fb Vw;gLk; NghJ Ks; mwptpg;gpd; gb ,UehLfSk; jq;fs;
gilfis mq;F mDg;g Ntz;Lk;.
,e;j y-<Nlh xg;ge;jkhdJ rPdhtpw;F Vw;gl;l murpay; je;jpuj; Njhy;tpahFk;.
Vnddpy; nfhhpahtpd; kPJ rPdhtpd; mjpfhuk; “,e;j xg;ge;jk; cz;ikahfNt
nfhhpahit rPd [g;ghpd; ghJfhg;G ehlhf khw;wptpl;lJ. rPdhtpd; jdp
,iwikapid mfw;wptpl;lJ. [g;ghd; jd; gilfis mDg;Gk; chpikapid
cWjpg;gLj;jptpl;lJ” vdyhk;.
NghUf;fhd fhuzq;fs;
1885-y‟ Vw;gl;l yp.<Nlh xg;ge;jk; me;ehLfSf;fpilapy; epiyahd
mikjpapid Vw;gLj;jtpy;iy. mjd;gpd; gj;jhz;Lfspy; mitfspd; cwT ey;y
epiyapy; ,y;iy. NghH jtpHf;f Kbahjjhapw;W. ,U ehLfspd; gilfSk; Mkhjpf;
nfhs;syhapd;.
 42

Nghhpd; fhuzq;fs;
1) nfhhpahtpd; ,uhZtk; may;ehl;L Nkw;ghHitapy; rPuhf;fg;gl;lJ.
mg;gzpapy; u\;ahf;fs; <Lgl;ldH. mg;gzpf;F <lhf mjw;F yhrNuht;
JiwKfk; mspf;fg;gl;lJ. mJ gzpaw;w fg;gw;gilj; jskhFk;. rPdh
mjw;F vt;tpj kWg;Gk; njhptpf;ftpy;iy. Mdhy; [g;ghd; jd;Dila
ghJfhg;gpw;F gq;fk; Vw;gLk; vd;W fUjpaJ. 1891-y; Vw;fdNt u\;ah>
gpuhd;];> irgPhpad; ,Ug;Gg;ghijapidf; fl;l Muk;gpj;jJ. ,uhZt gPjpia
Vw;gLj;jpaJ. tsHe;J tUk; u\;a nry;thf;ifj; jLj;J epWj;j vjpH
eltbf;iffspy; [g;ghd; <Lgl;lJ.

2) [g;ghd; nghUshjhu hPjpapy; nfhhpahit ehl Muk;gpj;jJ. nfhhpah

tsKk eyKk; nfhz;l ehL. ney; Vuhskhf tpise;jJ. czTg;
gQ;rj;jhy; thba [g;ghDf;Ff; nfhhpahit jd; fPo; nfhz;Lte;jhy;
me;epiyapid khw;w KbAk; vd;W vz;zpaJ. Vw;fdNt nfhhpahtpd;
ngUk;gFjp ,wf;Fkjp thzpgj;ij ,J ngw;wpUe;jJ. NghH Vw;gl;lhYk; $l
guhthapy;iy nghUshjhuj;jpy; caHe;J fhzg;glNtz;Lk; vd;W mJ
vz;zpaJ.

3) [g;ghdpy; <Nlhtpw;F vjpuhf vjpHg;Gfs; kiyNghy; ngUfpd. Mjdhy; mtH

kf;fspd; ftdj;ijj; jpUg;g Ntz;b Nghhpy; <Lgl tpioe;jhH. cs;ehl;Lj;
njhy;iyfis rkhspf;f may;ehl;Lg; Nghiu tuNtw;whH.

4) Nfhhpahtpy; Vw;gl;l fytuk; [g;ghdpd; tzpfj;jpw;F ePq;fhf mike;jJ.

nfhhpahtpd; murpay; fl;rpfSf;F ,ilapy; Vw;gl;l rz;ilfis epWj;jp
mikjp fz;lhy; jhd; jd; thzpgk; tskilAk; vd [g;ghd; vz;zpaJ.

5) rPdh Nghhpy; <Lgl jd;f;nfd rpy fhuzq;fisg; ngw;wpUe;jJ. ,JtiuAk;

mJ nfhhpahtpy; mikjpf; nfhs;ifiag; gpd;gw;wpaJ. ,jdhy; mJ jd;
,iwikia ,of;f NeHe;jJ. ,e;j jUzj;jpy;jhd; me;j nfhs;ifapid
rPuhf;fpf; nfhs;s KbAk; vd mJ jpl;lkpl;lJ. vdNt Nghhpy; <Lgl;lJ.

cldbf; fhuzk;
Nlhq;fhf; fpsHr;rp nfhhpahtpd; rkathjpfshd Nlhq;fhf;Fs; vd;gtHfs;
murpay; epWtdkhf khwp nray;glyhdhHfs;. mtHfs; „fPioehl;Lf; fy;tpf;
fofj;jtH‟ vd;W miof;fg;gl;ldH. mtHfs; ,af;fk; may;ehl;ltHfSf;Fk;
vjpuhdjhFk;. mtHfs; Coy; mjpfhhpfis xopf;f Ntz;Lk; vd vz;zpdH. MfNt
 43

mYtyfq;fspy; GFe;J mtHfisf; nfhd;W Ftpj;jdH. mtHfshy; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l

fyfj;jpy; [g;ghdpa MjuT ngw;w Kd;Ndw;wf; fl;rpapd; jiytuhd fpkhYf;fpAk;
nfhiy nra;ag;gl;lhH. ,jdhy; Fog;gKk;> nfhw;jspg;Gk; vq;Fk; gutyhf Vw;gl;lJ.
,f;fpsHr;rpia mlf;f Kbahky; jpzwpa nfhhpah rPdhtpd; cjtpia ehbaJ.
Bad;rpdpy; Vw;gl;l xg;ge;jg;gb ,ij [g;ghDf;F rPdh njhptpj;Jtpl;Lj; jd;
gilfis mq;F mDg;gpaJ. rPd [g;ghdpaj‟ JUg;Gfs; nfhhpahit te;jiltjw;Fs;
Nlhq;fhf; fyfk; milf;fg;gl;L tpl;lJ. nfhhpahtpypUe;J rPdh jd; JUg;Gfis
tpyf;fp nfhs;s kWj;jJ. [g;ghd; mij vjpHj;jJ. ,Wjpahf [g;ghd; 1894-k; Mz;L
Mf];L jpq;fs; Kjy; ehs; rPdh kPJ NghHnjhLj;jJ.
rPdhtpd; Njhy;tpfs;
rPdhtpw;Fk; [g;ghDf;Fk; Vw;gl;l Nghhpy; rPdh Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;lJ. [g;ghd;
ntw;wp ngw;wJ. rPdh nghpa ehlhf ,Ue;Jk;> gy Mapufzf;fhd tPuHfisg;
ngw;wpUe;Jk; gLNjhy;tp mile;jJ. [g;ghdpd; ,uhZtKk;> fg;gw;gilAk; ed;F
Nkiyehl;L ghzpapy; gapw;rpapidAk;> MAjq;fisAk; ngw;wpUe;jd. kQ;#hpah
topahf rPdhit jhf;f Kw;gl;lNghJ kQ;#hpa murhq;fk; [g;ghDld; xU cld;ghL
nra;J nfhz;lJ.‟
\pnkhNdhn\fp cld;gbf;if
1895-k; Mz;L Vg;uy; jpq;fs; 17-k; ehs; rPdhtpw;Fk; [g;ghDf;Fk; ,ilapy;
\pnkhNdhn\fp vd;w cld;gbf;if Vw;gl;lJ. mjd; tpisTfshtd>
1) nfhhpahtpw;F KOikahd Rje;jpuk; mspf;fg;gl;lJ.

2) ghHNkhrh> ng];fNlhu]; jPT> ypNahLq; jPgfw;gk; MHjH JiwKfk;

Mfpait [g;ghDf;F mspf;fg;gl;ld.

3) 200 kpy;ypa;d rPd ehzaq;fs; ,og;gPlhf [g;ghDf;F mspf;fg;gl;lJ.

4) Nkiy ehLfSld; rPdh nra;J nfhz;l cld;gbf;iffisg; Nghy;

[g;ghDldhd cld;gbf;if mikjy; Ntz;Lk;. mij ed;Kiwapy;
elj;Jjy; Ntz;Lk; vd cWjp mspj;jJ. tpNr\g; gpuNjr chpikfs;
mspf;fg;gl Ntz;Lnkd mwptpf;fg;gl;lJ.

5) n\d;rp> Rq;fpq;> `hq;nrs Mfpa ehd;F JiwKfq;fs; [g;ghDila

thzpgj;jpw;F jpwe;J tplg;gl;ld.
 44

rpwg;G tzpf cld;ghL

NkiyehLfs; ngw;wpuhj kpfr;rpwg;ghd chpikapid [g;ghd; ngw;wJ. 1896-k;
Mz;L [Piyj; jpq;fs; gPfpq;fpy; xU jdp cld;ghl;by; [g;ghd; ifnaOj;jpl;lJ.
mjd;gb thzpgk; nra;a [g;ghd; jq;F jilapy;yhj chpikngw;wJ. njhopw;rhiy
epWtTk; mJ chpik ngw;wJ. mitfis cld;gbf;ifapy; fz;l JiwKfq;fspy;
mJ nra;J te;jJ. mj;Jld; Rq;fthpiaf; fl;ba gpwF jd; ,ae;jpuq;fis
mj;JiwKfq;fspy; itj;Jf;nfhs;s chpik ngw;wJ. NkYk; rPdhtpd; cl;gFjpapy;
cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gl;l [g;ghdpa nghUs;fSf;F vy;yh thpfspypUe;Jk;
tpyf;fspf;fg;gl;lJ.
rPd [g;ghdpag; Nghhpd; tpisTfs;
1)rPdhtpd; typikaw;w epiy ntspg;gLjy;: rPdh-[g;ghdpag; NghH kWgbAk;
rPdhtpd; typikaw;w epiyia njw;nwd vLj;Jf;fhl;b tpl;lJ rPdhitj; Jz;L
NghLtjw;fhd ghij ed;F mikf;fg;gl;Ltpl;J. ngUikkpF “eLtz; NguuR”
kiwaj; njhlq;fpaJ. rPdhtpd; Nkyhjpf;fj;ij Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; rhHG ehL
vJTkpy;iy. vt;tpj Iag;ghl;bw;Fk; ,lkpd;wp kQ;R murhq;fk; jpwikaw;wJ>
typikaw;wJ> CoyhdJ vd;gJ ep&gpf;fg;gl;L tpl;lJ. jPtputhjpfs; kQ;Rf;fis
xopj;Jtpl;L FbauR xd;iw Vw;gLj;j Ntz;Lnkdf; NfhhpdhHfs;.
2) rPdhtpy; rPHjpUj;j ,af;fk; tYg;ngWjy;: [g;ghdpa Kiwapy; rPHjpUj;
jq;fs; ehl;bYk; rrPHjpUj;jq;fs; eilngw Ntz;Lnkd mtHfs; jq;fs;
Njhy;tpf;Fg; gpwF czuyhdhHfs;. Gy;NtW fl;rpfSk; gphptpdHfSk; rPdhtpy;
rPHjpUj;j ,af;fq;fis Vw;gLj;jyhdhHfs;. kQ;R muR nja;tf;fl;lisia
kPwptpl;lJ vd;W nra;jpgug;gp te;jdH. Kd;Ndw;wf; fl;rpapdH [g;ghdpy; nka;[p
kPl;rpapd; NghJ Vw;gl;l etPd kakhf;Fjiy GFj;j Ntz;Lk; vdf;$wp te;jdH.
3)[g;ghdpy; vOr;rp: [g;ghd; kpf tpiutpy; xU ty;yuR vOr;rp ngw;wJ.
[g;ghdpd; vOr;rpia Nkiy ehl;ltHfs; czuyhdhHfs;. mJ ty;yurhf vOr;rp
ngw;wjhy; rPdhtpy; NkYk; Mf;fpukpg;igj; njhlq;fyhapw;W. rPdhtplkpUe;J ngw;w
,og;gPl;Lj; njhifapd; %yk; jd;Dila ,uhZtk; fg;gw;gil Mfpatw;iw typTk;
nghypTk; ngw;wjhfr; nra;jJ. jd; njhopy; Jiwapid tphpTgLj;jpaJ. Mrpahf;
fz;lj;jpy; mJ kpfj; jPtpukhf jd; tphpthf;Fk; nfhs;ifapidg; gpd;gw;wpaJ.
kQ;#hpahtpy; jhtpf;Fjpg;gjw;F nfhhpah xU ePz;L tphpAk; my;yJ kpd; rf;jpAs;s
gyifNghy; gad;gl;lJ.
4) %tH jiyaPL: rPdhtpd; gLNjhy;tp gaq;fu tpisTfis Vw;gLj;jpaJ.
rPdhthdJ Jz;lhFk; epiyf;F js;sg;gl;lJ. Nkiy ehLfshd u\;ah> gpuhd;R>
n[Hkdp Mfpa ehLfs; [g;ghDf;F ypNahLq; jPgfw;gk; nfhLf;fg;gl;lJ.
Jhuf;fpof;fpy; mikjpf;F gq;fk; Vw;gLj;Jk; vd;W fUjpd. MfNt mij ypNahLq;
jPgfw;gj;ij tpl;LtpLk;gb fl;lhag;gLj;jpd. mjw;F <lhf rPdhtplkpUe;J e\;l <l;Lj;
 45

njhif thq;fpj; jUtjhff; $wpd. Mt;thNw ,J eilngw;wJ. vdpDk;> [g;ghdhy;

jd; ntw;wpapd; %yk; fpilj;j mg;gFjpapid tpl;Lf; nfhLj;jij rPuzpf;f
Kbatpy;iy. ntw;wf;fdpapid jl;bg; gwpj;Jf; nfhs;tjw;F fhuzkhf ,Ue;j
u\;ahtpd; kPJ jd; ntWg;ig ed;F tsHj;Jf; nfhz;lJ. u\;ahTk; Jhuf;fpof;fpy;
jd; Mjpf;fj;jpid Vw;gLj;j Kad;wjhy; mtHfspilNa Nkhjy; Vw;gLtJ jtpHf;f
Kbahjjhapw;W.
5) rYifg; Nghl;b Vw;gLj;Jjy;: ,j;Njhy;tp kQ;R tk;rj;jpd; cjtpaw;w
epiyapid vLj;Jf;fhl;baJ. mjdhy; may; ehl;ltHfs; Kz;babj;Jf; nfhz;L
rYiffs; ngw Kw;gl;ldH.
May;ehl;L Kjyhspfs; rPdhitg; gy $Wfshf;fp Fj;jiff;F vLj;Jf;
nfhz;lhHfs;. gy nry;thf;F kz;lyq;fis Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhz;lhHfs;. mjd;
tpisthf ,Ug;Gg; ghijfs; Nghlg;gl;ld. Ruq;fq;fs; Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;ld> Miyfs;
Vw;gLj;jg;gl;ld. tq;fpfs; ,aq;fpd. mJ rPdhit ghjpf; FbNaw;w ehlhf
khw;wptpl;lJ.
6)cs;ehl;Lj; njhopy;fs; eRf;fg;gLjy;: rPdhtpw;Fk; [g;ghDf;Fk; ,ilapy;
Vw;gl;l cld;ghl;bdhy;[g;ghd; mjpy; fz;l JiwKfq;fspy; MiyfisAk;
njhopw;rhiyfisAk; Vw;gLj;j chpik ngw;wJ. mjDila ngUk; %yj;jdj;jhYk;>
njhopy; EZf;fj;jhYk; chpikfs; gy ngw;wpUe;jhYk; rPdHfsplj;jpy; kpFe;j
nry;thf;fpidg; ngw Kbe;jJ. cs;ehl;Lj; njhopw;rhiyfs; may;ehl;Lj;
njhopw;rhiyfSld; Nghl;Nghl Kbatpy;iy. vdNt ngUk; e\;lk; Vw;gl;lJ.
E}Wehs; rPHjpUj;j ,af;fk;
rPdhtpy Vw;gl;l rPHjpUj;j ,af;fq;fspy; EhW ehs; rPHjpUj;j ,af;fk;
Nkiyehl;bd; khw;wj;jpw;F Vw;g jd;id rhpnra;J nfhs;s Vw;gl;ljhFk;. ,J
kQ;Rf;fSf;F vjpuhd eltbf;if vd;Wk; $wyhk;. Khw;W tho;f;iff;F Vw;gTk;>
may; ehLfspd; Mf;fpukpg;igf; fz;bf;Fk; tifapYk; Vw;gl;l vjpHeltbf;ifahFk;.
Me;j ijhpakhd Kjy; Kaw;rp apid Nkw;nfhz;ltH fhq;Ait vd;tuhthH. mtH
NguurH Fthq;f vd;gtiuj; jd; nry;thf;fpd; fPo; nfhz;L te;jhH. mtH 1898-k;
Mz;L [Pd; jpq;fs; 11-k; ehspypUe;J nrg;lk;gH jpq;fs; 20-k; ehs; tiu mt;thW
,Ue;jhH. ,e;j fhy fl;lj;jpy; Vwf;Fiwa 40 Kjy; 50 Mizfs; ntF tpiutpy;
xd;wd;gpd; xd;whf ntspaplg;gl;ld. mitfs; fy;tp> murhq;fk;> epHthfk; njhopy;>
gd;dhl;L gz;ghl;bd; khw;wk; rPdhit fd;g+\pa murpypUe;J etPd murhf khw;WtJ
Mfpaitfisg; gw;wpaJ vdyhk;. ,t;thW gy Jiwfspy; rPhpa khw;wq;fisf;
nfhz;L te;jJ. me;j EhW ehs; rPHjpUj;j ,af;fk;.
rPHjpUj;j ,af;fk; tsHr;rp mile;jw;Fhpa fhuzq;fs;
1)fpwp];Jt rkagug;Gf; FOtpdHfspd; gzpfs;: rPHjpUj;j ,af;fk;
Njhd;Wtjw;F rkagug;Gf; FOtpdhpd; nray;fs; Xustpw;Ff; fhuzkhf ,Ue;jd
 46

vdyhk;. mtHfs; gy gs;spfisj; jpwe;jdH. nghJg;Nghjidfs; gytw;iw nra;jdH

Ehy;epiyaq;fs; Mq;fhq;Nf jpwe;jdH. mUq;fhl;rp mfq;fs; gytw;iw mikj;jdH.
nra;jpj;jhs;fs; thu khj ,jo;fs; gytw;iw ntspapl;ldH. mtHfs; rkaj;ijg;
gug;gpaNjhL kl;Lky;yhky; Nkiyehl;Lf; fUj;Jf;fis rPdhtpy; nfhz;L te;jdH.
mtHfs; fpwp];Jt rkak; nghJmwpT Mfpatw;iw rPd kf;fSf;Fj; juNtz;Lk;
vd;gjw;fhf xU rq;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jpdH. Mr;rq;fk; rKjha murpay; rPHjpUj;jq;fspy;
mjpf <LghL fhl;baJ. Nkiyehl;L ehfhPfkhdJ rPdhtpy; GFtjw;F mJ ghLgl;lJ.
mf;FOtpdhpd; nray;fs; rPd mwpQHfspd; mwpTf;fz;fis jpwe;Jtpl;ld. mjd;
tpisthf mtHfs; rPdhtpy; Nkiyehl;L epHthfk; cw;gj;jp Kiw Mfpatw;iwf;
fhz tpioe;jdH.
2) rPdHfspd; Nkiyehl;L uhZtj;jpd; Nkd;ik:Nkiy ehl;lthpd;
Kd;Ndw;wkhd ,uhZtk; rpwe;j etPdf; fUtpfisg; ngw;wpUe;jJ. mJ rPdHfis
rpe;jpf;fj; Jhz;baJ. njhopy; EZf;fjhy; jhd; Nkiy ehl;ltH ngUk; ntw;wpfis
<l;lKbe;jJ. MfNt mij rPdHfs; gad;gLj;jj; njhpe;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lnkd mtH
tpUk;gpdhH. mt;thW nra;a Kw;gl;lhy; rPdhit NkYk; Jz;L NghLtjpypUe;J
fhg;ghw;wyhk; vd;whH. ,jd; %yk; Nkiyehl;Lf; fUj;Jf;fs; GFe;jd. mjd;
tpisNt rPHjpUj;jf; fl;rpapd; Njhw;wkhFk;.
4.) [g;ghdplk; ngw;w mtkhdfukhd Njhy;tp: rPdh 1894-95 Mz;Lfspy;
eilngw;w Nghhpy; gLNjhy;tp mile;jJ. [g;ghd; ngUntw;wp ngw;wJ. jd;Dila
mz;il ehlhd Rz;lf;fha; [g;ghdplk; mJ Njhy;tp mile;jJ. xU mtkhdfukhd
nrayhFk;. Me;j rpwpa [g;ghd; vg;gb jd;id etPdg;gLj;jpf; nfhz;lJ vd;W Muha
Kw;gl;ldH. rPdHfs; mjw;Ff; fhuzk; mq;F Vw;gl;l nka;[pkPl;rpNaahFk; vd;W
fUjpdH. vdNt rPd rPHjpUj;j ,af;fk; ey;yhjutpidg; ngwKbe;jJ.
5) rPdh rpjWz;L NghFk; mghak;: 1839-k; Mz;bypUe;J rPdh Njhy;tp fz;L
te;jjhy; mjDila typikaw;w epiyAk;> epHtfj; jpwikapd;ikAk;> uhZtj;jpd;
nrayw;w epiyAk;> ed;F njhpayhapw;W. Vw;fdNt rPdhit gy nry;thf;F
kz;lyq;fshfg; ghpj;J Nkiy ehl;ltH vLj;Jf; nfhz;ldH. mjpypUe;J rPdhitf;
fhg;ghw;w KbahJ vd;w gPjp Vw;gl;lJ. tPo;rr
; papd; tpspk;gpy; ,Uf;Fk; tk;rk;
KOikahf mope;JtplhkypUf;f Nkiyehl;L rPHjpUj;jq;fisg; GFj;j Ntz;Lnkd;w
xNu topjhd; ,Uf;fpwJ vd;gij czHe;jdH. mt;thW nra;jhy; rPdhtpDila
murpay; uhZt epWtdq;fis typTngwr; nra;ayhnkd vz;zpdhH.
Muk;gfhy rPHjpUj;jq;fs;
1860-k; Mz;by; Vuhskhd rPHjpUj;jthjpfs; rPHjpUj;j Nghjidfisg; gug;gpdH.
,e;jr; rPHjpUj;j ,af;f Kd;Ndhbfs; rPHjpUj;j ,af;fj;jpw;fhd NkNyhl;lkhd
gzpfisr; nra;jdH.
 47

1) ngq; Fit ngq;: ,tH Muk;gfhyj;jpy; Njhd;wpa rPHjpUj;jthjpahthH. ,tH

Nkiy ehl;L fzpjk;> ,aw;gpay;> ,uhrhad ,ay;> Gtpapay; Mfpatw;iwg;
gpd;gw;wpdhH. mtH rPdhtpy; fy;tp> NjHT tpdhf;fspd; jd;ik Mfpatw;iw
khw;wpr; rPHjpUj;jk; nra;a eltbf;iffis mJ Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;
vd;whH. njhopy; cw;gj;jpiag; ngUf;f Mf;fKk; Cf;fKk; je;jhH.

2) thq; jNth ,tH [g;ghdpd; Nkiy ehl;L epWtd Kiwapid Mjhpj;jhH.

,tH xU jPtputhjpay;y Mdhy; cgNahfkhf Nkiyehl;Lf; $Wfis rPd
mbj;jsj;jpy; gbg;gbahf xl;l itf;f Ntz;Lnkdf; fUjpdhH.

3) Ntq; Jq; N`h: ntq; $l;LwT rPHjpUj;j Kiwapid vLj;Jiuj;jhH.

murpd; mbg;gilf; fUj;Jf;fshf rPdHfspd; xOf;f newpf; Nfhl;ghLfSk;>
jj;Jt mwpTiufSk; jhd; mikaNtz;Lnkd;whH. mijf; nfhz;L tu
Nkiy ehl;Lf; fy;tp Njit vd;whH.

4) Rhq; rp Jq;: rhq; rp Jq; xU kpjkhd rPHjpUj;jthjpahthH. „mbj;jsj;jpw;F

rPdf;fy;tp vd;Wk;> eilKiwg;gLj;j Nkiyehl;Lf;fy;tp” vd;Wk; mtH
fUj;Jf; nfhz;bUe;jhH.

fhq; A it
jPtpu rPHjpUj;jq;fSf;fhd Kjy; ngUKaw;rpfs; vy;yhk; fhq; Q itAld;
,ize;J fhzg;gLgit vdyhk;. ,tH Nguhw;wy; ngw;w MSik cs;stH. mtH
Nkiyehl;L ghzpapyikf;f murpay; rPHjpUj;j;jpy; ngUk; tpUg;gk; nfhz;bUe;jhH.
“etPd nghUs; ,af;fk;” vd;gjpy; jd;id <LgLj;jpf; nfhz;lhH. mtUila
Kf;fpakhd Ehy; “cyfpd; nghJr; nry;tk; gw;wpa Ehy;” vd;gjhFk;. Mjpy; mtH
fw;gid cyifNa fz;lhH. gpd;dH mtH „fy;tpr; rq;fq;fs;‟ vd;gij Vw;gLj;jpdhH.
rPHjpUj;jk; gw;wpa tphpTfis mitfs; nra;jd. Nkiy ehl;L Ehy;fis mitfs;
nkhop ngHj;jd. nra;jpjhl;fis ntspapl;ld. Ehy; epiyaq;fis epWtpd. 1898-k;
Mz;by; mtH „Njrpag; ghJfhg;G rpq;fk;‟ vd;gij epWtpdhH. mJ Mapuf;fzf;fhd
gl;ljhhpfis khepy mjpfhhpfisAk; ftHe;jJ. mjd; Nehf;fq;fs; rPd kf;fisg;
ghJfhg;gJ> rPdhtpd; rkaj;ijg; NgZtJ> rPdhtpd; jpwikiaAk; gFjpfisAk;
ghJfhg;gJ cs;ehl;L epWtdq;fspd; rPHjpUj;jq;fis Nkw;nfhs;StJ
MfpaitfshFk;. tpiutpNyNa “ghJfhg;Gr; rq;fj;jpd;” fpisfs; khepyq;fs; NjhWk;
Njhd;wyhapd. ,jw;fpilapy; Vuhskhd rPHjpUj;j tpz;zg;gq;fis kd;ddplk;
rkHg;gpj;jhH. mitfspy; rPdhitr; rPHjpUj;j Ntz;ba mtrpaj;ij tw;GWj;jpdhH.
 48

mtH jd;Dila xU tpz;zgj;jpy; fPo;fhZk; eltbf;iffisj; njhlUkhW

kd;diu gzpTld; Nfl;Lf; nfhz;lhH.
1) Khkd;dH gPll
; H NguurH nka;[p Nghd;wtHfs; nra;j rPHjpUj;jq;fisg; Nghy
kd;dH rPdhtpy; rPHjpUj;jq;fs; nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd;whH. khz;GkpF kd;dH
mtHfs; u\;a khkd;dH gPll
; iug; Nghy ,jaKk;> [g;ghdpd; nka;[piag;
Nghy; epHthf KiwAk; ngw;Wg; gpd;gw;w Ntz;Lk;” vd;whH.

2) Ehl;bYs;s jpwikAs;stHfisg; gad;gLj;jp epWtdq;fspd; rPuikg;igj;

jahH nra;a Ntz;Lk;.

3) jq;fSila vy;iyf;Fl;gl;l epWtdq;fspd; rPHjpUj;jj;jpid nra;a khepy

mjpfhhpfis mDkjpj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

4) ,d;Dk; fhyjhkjk; nra;jhy; may;ehl;L Mf;fpukpg;G Vw;gl;L mjdhy; tk;rk;

,Wjpahf kiwe;JtpLk; vd;W mtH filrpahf vr;rhpf;if nra;jhH.

rPHjpUj;jk; gw;wp fhq;fpd; nfhs;if

1) Fhq; goikahtjpAky;yH. Gul;rpthjpAky;yH mtH kQ;R tk;rj;ij mopf;f
tpUk;gtpy;iy. mtH Kbahl;rp Kiwapid Mjhpj;jhH. mJTk;
murpayikg;gpyhd Kbahl;rp mij kf;fshy; NjHe;njLf;fg;gl;l
gpujpepjpfs; fl;Lg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. gioa fd;g+\pa NguuR Kiw
ePf;fg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;.

2) rPHjpUj;jk; nkJthf my;yJ gbg;gbahf nra;jy; $lhJ. Mdhy; mij

cldbahfTk;> tpiuthfTk; mwpKfg;gLj;Jjy; Ntz;Lk;.

3) mtH jdpg;gl;l rpwpa rPHjpUj;jq;fis Mjhpf;ftpy;iy. mg;NghjpUe;j r%f>

murpay;> nghUshjhu mikg;Gfis KOikahfTk; nkhj;jkhfTk;
jPtpukhfTk; khw;w Ntz;Lk; vd;whH.

4) rPHjpUj;jk; xU fUj;jpidg; gw;wpajhf ,Uj;jy; $lhJ. Mdhy; mJ

vy;yhtw;iwg; gw;wpAk; vy;yh epWtdq;fisg; gw;wpajhfTk; ,Uj;jy;
Ntz;Lk;.
 49

NguurH Fthq; RTk; fhq;Fk;

1889-y; NjhNt[H Nguurp #`rp Nfhilfhy muz;kidapy; Xa;T ngw;W
jq;fpajw;Fg;gpd; NguurH Fthq;R eph;thfg; nghWg;gpid jd; iffspy; vLj;Jf;
nfhz;lhH. mtH jd;Dila Mrphpauhd ntq;Jq;N`h vd;gthpd; rPHjpUj;jq;
fUj;Jf;fspd; ghy; <LghL nfhs;syhdhH. Ntq; vd;w rPHjpUj;jthjpjhd; fhq;if
Nguurplk; mwpKfg;gLj;jpdhH. mg;NghJ “jd;Dila jpwikiatpl fhq;fpDilaJ
EhW jilt caHe;jJ” vd;W $wpdhwhk;. Mope;JgLk; rPdhtpidf; fz;L kdk;
nehe;j kd;dH mjpypUe;J mijf; fhg;ghw;w Ntz;Lkhdhy; rPHjpUj;jq;fis
Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd;gij czHe;jhH. fhq;fpdhy; Ml;nfhs;sg;gl;l NguurH
rPHjpUj;j Mzifis ntspaplyhdhH. Me;j Mizfspd; tpisthf fPo;f;fhZk;
rPHjpUj;jq;fis Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld.
1)fy;tp:
1) „vl;Lf; fhy; fl;Liuj;jhs;‟ vd;w rptpy; rHtP]; NjHtpd; jhSf;Fg; gjpyhf
jw;fhy epfo;rr
; pfs; my;yJ nra;jpfs; gpd;gw;wg;gl;ld.
2) gPfpq;fpy; NguuR gy;fiyf;fofk; xd;W epWtg;gl;lJ.
3) Nkiy ehl;L mwptpaiyg; Nghjpf; khepy efuq;fspy; gs;spfs;
jpwf;fg;ll
; d. khepyj; jiyefuq;fspy; ,Ue;j jdpg;gl;NlhH fy;tpf;fofq;fs;
fy;Yhhpfshf khw;wg;gl;ld. khepy cl;gphptpd; mjhtJ khtl;l jiyefuq;fs; ,Ue;j
mf;fofq;fs; caHepiyg; gs;spfshfg; khw;wg;gl;ld;. khtl;lq;fspy; mitfs;
Muk;gg; gs;spfshf khw;wg;gl;ld.
4) Nkiy ehl;Lg; ghl;q;fSf;F rpwg;Gg; gs;spfs; jpwf;fg;gl;ld.
5) Nguurpd; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; xU kUj;Jtg; gs;spAk; jpwf;fg;gl;lJ.
6) murhq;fr; nra;jpj;jhs; xd;W ntspaplg;gl;lJ.
7) murpay;> nghUshjhuj;jpy; rpwg;Gj; NjHTfs; eilngw;wd.
II) murpay; epHthfk;
1) mtrpakw;w gjtpfshd NguuR> fy;tp Kiwapd; Nkw;ghHitahsH> muR
rlq;Ffis ftdpf;Fk; mjpfhhp N`hg; Ngh> Fthq;Lq; Mfpa gFjpfspd;
MSeH gjtpfs; Mfpait ePf;fg;gl;ld.

2) Kd;Ndw;wthjpfshd ypahq; rp rNht> ypd; R MfpNahH ngUk; gjtpfspy;

mkHj;jg;gl;ldH.

3) Vspa epHthfKiw mky; nra;ag;gl;lJ. epHthfj; jpwik tsu topfs;

Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld.
 50

4) Murhq;fj;jpd; jpwikia tsHf;f jdpg;gl;l Fbkf;fspd; MNyhridfs;

tuNtw;fg;gl;ld.

5) Thzpgj;jpy; <Lgl kQ;Rf;fSf;F mDkjp nfhLf;fg;gl;lJ.

III) njhopy;
1) ,Ug;Gg;ghij NghLjy;> Ntshz;ikj; njhopy;fs;> tzpf eltbf;ifs;
Mfpait murhq;fj;jy; ed;Kiwapy; tsHr;rp mile;jd.

2) Gjpa mwptpay; fz;Lgpbg;Gfs; ntsptu cw;rhfk; mspf;fg;gl;lJ.

3) kuq;fs;> mlHe;j ey;y rhiyfs;> g+q;fhf;fs; Jha;ikahd rhiyfs;

Mfpatw;iwf; nfhz;L tpwq;Fk;gb jiyefuk; moFgLj;jg;gl;lJ.

IV) kw;witfs;
1) njhopy; kw;Wk; epHthfk; Mfpa Jiwfspd; EZf;fq;fisf; fz;lwpa
caG mjpfhhpfs; Nkiy ehLfSf;F mDg;gg;gl;ldH.

2) rkag;gug;Gf; FOf;fs; ghJfhf;fg;gl;ld.

3) rPdr;rl;l Kiwia vspikahf;f eltbf;if Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. mjd;

tsHr;rpf;F Mf;fKk; Cf;fKk; jug;gl;lJ.

4) tUlhe;jpu tuT-ntyT jpl;lk; jahH nra;ag;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;.

5) epHthfj; jpwikapid ghHf;f Vw;fdNt ,Ue;j gioa MW

thhpaq;fSf;Fg; gjpyhf gd;dpnuz;L thhpaq;fs; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;ld.

,af;fj;jpd; Njhy;tpf;Ff; fhuzq;fs;

rPHjpUj;j jpl;lq;fs; (kpfj; jPtpukhf NguurH nfhz;L te;j NghjpYk;) ngUk;
MHtj;Jld; mky; nra;ag;gl;lhYk; fhq;fpd; Gjpa jpl;l czHTfs; fhzg;gl;l
NghjpYk; mJ Njhy;tpapy; Kbe;jJ vdyhk;. Mjw;Fhpa Kf;fpaf; fhuzq;fshtd
1.Muk;g KjNy rPHjpUj;j ,af;fj;jpw;F ngUk; vjpHg;G ,Ue;J te;jJ. kQ;R
murhq;fj;jpd; mjpfhhpfspd; gjtp gwpNghfpd;w epiy Vw;gl;ljhy;> mtHfs; mijf;
fLikahf vjpHf;fyhdhHfs;. MfNt mtHfs; Nguurpiaj; jiyapLk;gb Jhz;bdH.
Vnddpy; mtH goikapy; gw;Wf; nfhz;ltH. rPHjpUj;jthjpfs; mtUila
 51

jiyaPl;Lf;Fg; gae;J „gioa Gj;jH‟ vd;W miof;fg;gl;l mg;Nguurpiaf; ifJ

nra;a Kaw;rp nra;jdH. Mdhy; me;j Kaw;rp Njhw;Wtpl;lJ. ,uhZt mjpfhhpfspd;
Jiznfhz;L mtH kPz;Lk; jd;id typikahf;fpf; nfhz;lhH. NguurH ifJ
nra;ag;gl;L (1898) ,wf;Fk; tiu (1998) tiu rpiwapy; itf;fg;gl;lhH. rPHjpUj;j
,af;fj;jpd; jiytuhd fhq;-A-it [g;ghDf;F Xl;lk; gpbj;jhH. gy rPHjpUj;jthjpfs;
gpbf;fg;gl;L nfhy;yg;gl;ldH. ,t;thW EhWehs; rPHjpUj;jk; KbTf;F nfhz;L
tug;gl;lJ. ,k;khw;wj;jpw;Fg; gpwF NjhNt[H Nguurp rPHjpUj;j Mizfs;
vy;yhtw;iwAk; nry;yhnjd mwptpj;jhH.
2) murpay; je;jpukw;wtH NguurH. mDgtKk; ,y;yhjtH> mthplk; Mf;fk;
jUk; mwpTf;fUj;Jf;fs; ms;spj; jUtjw;F ,Ue;j NghjpYk;> jpl;lkpl;L nray;gLk;
Nguurpf;F mtH xg;gplg;gl Kbahjtuhf tpsq;fpdhH. NkYk; NguurH rpWtdhf
,Ue;jjpypUe;J murpahy; gapw;rp nfhLf;fg;gl;ltH. MfNt mtUf;F khpahij
nfhLj;Jk; gae;J nfhz;Lk; tho;e;J te;jtH vd;gjhy; mtuhy; nray;gl
Kbatpy;iy.
3) rPHjpUj;jq;fSk; fhyj;jpw;F Ke;jpait: kpfTk; fw;gidapy; fhzf;$ba
fUj;Jf;fs; xNu ehs; ,utpy; vy;yhtw;iwAk; khw;w Ntz;Lk; vd;w vz;zk;
nfhz;ltHfsl cz;ikapNyNa ,J Kbahj nrayhFk;.
rPHjpUj;jq;fs; Nky; kl;lj;jpypUe;J te;jhYk;> caHjiytHfs; nfhz;L
te;jhYk; kf;fspd; kPJ jpzpf;fg;gLk; NghJ mitfis mtHfs; jq;fs; fhyj;jpw;F
Ke;jpait vd;W fUj Nehpl;lJ. mtHfs; me;j rPHjpUj;jq;fis Vw;Wf; nfhs;Sk;
epiyapy; ,y;iy.
4)rPHjpUj;j ,af;fq;fs; ngUk;ghYk; njd;khtl;lq;fspy; Njhd;wpd. Mitfs;
Fwpg;ghf Nkiy ehl;bd; njhlHghy; Vw;gl;litfshFk;. vdNt me;j ,af;fk; ehL
jOtpa mstpy; mikatpy;iy.
5)tzpfHfs;> FbahdtHfs;> eLj;ju kdpjHfs; mwpQHfs; rPHjpUj;jq;fis
Mjhpf;ftpy;iy. mtHfs; mg;Nghija rKjhaj;jpw;F mitfs; jPq;F
Vw;gLj;JgitfshFk; vd;wdH. NkYk; mjd; %yk; ehl;by; Fog;gk; Vw;gLk; vd;W
vz;zpdH. mtHfs; Gul;rpfukhd> r%f> nghUshjhu khw;wq;fistpl mg;Nghija
neUf;fbahd gpur;ridfSf;Fj; jPHT fhzNtz;Lk; vd tpUk;gpdH.
6)rPHjpUj;j ,af;fk; Njhy;tp mila kpf Kf;fpaf; fhuzk; kQ;R mjpfhu
tHf;fj;jpd; kpfj; jPtpu vjpHg;NgahFk;. mtHfs; jq;fSila mjpfhuj;jpw;Fk;>
chpikfSf;Fk; ,r;rHP jpUj;jq;fs; Nguhgj;ij Vw;gLj;jf; $bait vdf; fz;ldH.
mtHfSila ngUk; nry;thf;fhy; mt;tpaf;fj;jpid ntw;wp ngwhky; nra;J
tpl;ldH.
7) fhq; xU jj;Jt QhdpahfTk;> fUj;jpay; Nfhl;ghl;bd; MjuthsuhfTk;
,Ue;jhH. Mdhy; mtH xU nray;Kiwapy; ehl;lk; nfhz;l murpay; ty;Yduhf
 52

tpsq;ftpy;iy vdyhk;. mtUf;F mjpfhu murpaypy; rpwpjsT mDgtk;jhd;

,Ue;jJ. mjd; %yk; rPHjpUj;jq;fspd; cldb tpisTfisf; fhz Kbatpy;iy.
8) NguurUk;> mtUila rPHjpUj;jthjpfSk; jq;fSf;nfd jdpahf
uhZtj;ijg; ngw;wpUf;ftpy;iy. mjdhy; mtHfs; rPHjpUj;jq;fSf;F vjpuhdtHfis
Kwpabf;f Athd; \p fhapd; cjtpia ehbdhH. mtH mg;NghJ Fthq; lq;
khepyj;jpy; ,Ue;jhH. Mdhy; mtH Nguurp NjhNt[Uld; $bf; nfhz;L JNuhfp
vd;gij ep&gpj;J tpl;lhH.
rPHjPUj;j ,af;fj;jpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
rPHjpUj;j ,af;fj;ij NjhNt[H Nguurp td;Kiwapd; %yk; mlf;fp
xLf;fpdhYk; rPdhtpd; gpw;fhy tuyhw;wpy; mJ Kf;fpa tpisTfis Vw;gLj;jhky;
,y;iy. mitfs; kpfr; rPhpa khw;wq;fs; vdyhk;.
Kjyhtjhf ,J mikjpahd Kiwapy; Kd;Ndw;w rPHjpUj;jq;fis Kb Kjy;;
mbtiu nfhz;L tUtJ vd;gJ ,ayhj fhhpak; vd;gij ep&gpj;J tpl;lJ.
,uz;lhtjhf NjhNt[H Nguurpapd; fPopUe;j midtUNk jpwikaw;wtH
vd;gij vLj;Jf;fhl;b tpl;lJ. mjpfhhpfsplk; gutyhf jpwikapd;ikAk; ifa+l;L
ngWtJk; kype;J fple;jJ.
%d;whtjhf jPtputhjpfspd; ntw;wp goikthjpfspd; epiyapid typik
cs;sjhf khw;wptpl;lJ. mJ may;ehl;ltUf;F vjpuhd czHTfSf;F
Cf;fkspj;jJ. mJ ghf;rH ,af;fj;jpid tsHj;jJ vdyhk;.
Ehd;thtjhf rPHjpUj;jq;fs; rPdHfSf;Fg; gad; je;jd. kQ;RfSf;F jPq;F
Vw;gLj;jpd. murhq;fk; jPtpu eltbf;ifapid je;jJ. ,jdhy; rPdHfSf;Fk;
kQ;Rf;fSf;Fk; ,ilapy; epytpa tphpry; nghpjhfp tpl;lJ.
,Wjpahf rPHjpUj;jthjpfs; mikjpahd Kiwapy; vijAk; rhjpf;f KbahJ
vd;W ek;gpdH. Gul;rpapd; %yNk jq;fs; tpUg;gq;fis epiwNtw;w KbAk; vd;wdH.
mtHfs; kQ;R tk;rj;jpd; tPo;rr
; pf;F gpd; KOikahd rPHjpUj;jq;fis epiwNtw;w
KbAk; vd;wdH. MfNt lhf;lH nrd;ahl; nrd;dpd; jiyikapy; rPdHfs; xd;W
jpuz;L Gul;rpf; nfhbapid Ve;jyhdhHfs;.

jpwe;jntspf; nfhs;if
gj;njhd;gjhk; Ehw;whz;bd; Muk;gj;jpy; rPdh jd;Dila fjTfis ,Wf
%bf;nfhz;L may; ehl;ltHfspd; njhlHgpypUe;J tpLgl;L ,Uf;f tpUk;gpaJ. mNj
Ehw;whz;bd; Kbtpy; may;ehl;ltHfs; mq;F GfyhdhHfs;. mtHfs; mjd; fjTfis
kw;wtHfSf;F %lyhdhHfs;. Mg;NghJ mnkhpf;fh kl;Lk; „mt;thW fjTfis
%lf;$lhJ fjTfis jpwf;f Ntz;Lk;‟ vd;W $wpaJ. mjd;gb rPdh midtUf;Fk;
rkkhfr; Ruz;Ltjw;F jd; fjTfisj; jpwe;Jtpl Ntz;Lk;> mjhtJ rkkhf
rYiffs; mspf;f Ntz;Lnkd;gJ Fwpg;gplg;gl;lJ. ,jpypUe;J „Ruz;L my;yJ
 53

kw;wtHfisr; Ruz;ltpL‟ vd;w Fwpf;Nfhis ,f;nfhs;if nfhz;Ls;sJ vd;gJ

GydhfpwJ.
gq;fPl;bypUe;J rPdhitf; fhg;ghw;wpa #o;epiyfs;
1895-k; Mz;by; Vw;gl;l \pnkhNdhnrfp cld;gbf;iff;Fg; gpwF INuhg;gpa
ty;yuRfs; Nghl;b Nghl;Lf; nfhz;L rPdhtpy; rYiffisg; ngw Kw;gl;ld. rPdh gy
Jz;Lfshfg; gphpf;fg;gl;L> xt;nthd;Wk; xU ty;yurpd; fPo; ,Ue;jNghjpYk;> mtw;wpd;
nry;thf;F kz;lykhf tpsq;fpa NghJk; rPdhitg; gq;F NghLtjpypUe;J mJ
,t;Tld;gbf;if jLj;Jtpl;lJ vdyhk;/ rPdh ,t;thW gq;fPL nra;ahky;
jLf;fg;gl;ljw;F Kjy; fhuzk; ty;yuRfspilapy; Vw;gl;l Nghl;bahFk;. Mitfshy;
xd;W NrHe;J nray;gl;L rPdhit jq;fSf;Fs; gq;fPL nra;a Kbatpy;iy. may;
ehl;ltH ngw;w Vuhskhd rYiffisf; fz;L ntWg;Gw;w rPdHfs; may;ehl;ltUf;F
vjpuhf czHT ngw;W voyhdhHfs; vd;gJ mjw;F kw;nwhU fhuzkhFk;. Ghf;rH
fyfk; mt;thW md;dpaUf;F vjpuhd> fpwp];jtHfSf;F vjpuhd xU ,af;fkhFk;.
Jdpg;gl;l ty;yuRfs; jhq;fs; typAWj;Jk; nfhs;ifapy; Kl;Lf;fl;ilia re;jpf;f
mkhpf;fhtpd; jpwe;j fjTf; nfhs;ifAk; 1902-k; Mz;L Mq;fpNya [g;ghdpa
cld;ghLk; kw;WkpU fhuzq;fshf mike;jd. mj;jifa jpwe;j ntspf;
nfhs;iff;Fhpa #o;epiyfis fz;L Nehf;FtJ rhyr; rpwe;jjhFk;.
mnkhpf;fhTk; rPdhTk;
1897-98Mk; Mz;Lfspy; INuhg;gpa ty;yuRfs; rPdhit jq;fSf;Fs;
gq;FNghl;Lf; nfhz;bUe;jNghJ mnkhpf;fh NtW fhhpaq;fspy; ftdk; nrYj;jpf;
nfhz;bUe;jJ. mjDila cs;ehl;Lg; gpur;ridfs; mjd; ftdj;ij <Hj;Jf;
nfhz;bUe;jd. ,jw;fpilapy; mJ ];ngapDld; Nghhpy; <Lgl;Lf; nfhz;bUe;jJ. 1865
Kjy; 1898 tiuapyhd Mz;Lfspy; mnkhpf;fhtpy; ngUk; khw;wk; Vw;gl;L njhopy;
tskhd ehlhf khwpaJ. Jq;fs; ehl;bd; nghUs; cw;gj;jpf;F may;ehLfspd;
re;ijiag; gpbf;f Kw;gl;lJ. ,e;jg; nghUshjhu MHtj;NjhL mJ gd;dhl;L
muq;fpYk; gy ehLfspd; kPJk; Mjpf;fk; nrYj;j tpioe;jJ. Fwpg;ghf Jhuf;fpof;F
ehLfspy; gpypg;igd; jPTfisg; ngWtjpy; mJ ftdk; nrYj;j Kw;gl;lJ.
jpwe;j ntspf; nfhs;if
jpwe;jntspf; nfhs;if mnkhpf;fhthy; nfhz;Ltug;gl;lJ. mjd;gb xt;nthU
ehLk; rkkhd tha;g;gpidg; ngWjy; Ntz;Lk; vd;W mJ $wpaJ. mg;NghJ xt;nthU
ehLk; ngw;wpUe;j nry;thf;F kz;lyj;jpy; thzpg rkj;Jtj;ijAk; mJ Vw;Wf;
nfhz;lJ. ,f;Nfhl;ghlhdJ mnkhpf;fhtpd; may;ehl;L mikr;ruhd [hd;N`
vd;gtuhy; nfh;Ltug;gl;lJ. Mifahy; ,J N`apd; Nfhl;ghL vd;W
miof;fg;gLfpwJ. Mjd; Kf;fpa mk;rq;fshtd>
 54

1.rPdhtpy; jd; nry;thf;Fg; gFjpapidg; ngw;w xU ty;yuR cld;gbf;if

JiwKfq;fspy; jiyapLtjpy;iy vd cWjp mspf;f Ntz;Lk;. mJ jdpg;gl;l
mjpfhuk; vijAk; fhl;lf;$lhJ. Fj;jiff;Fg; ngw;w gFjpapYk; jiyapLjy; $lhJ.
2. nry;thf;F kz;lyq;fisg; ngw;w ehLfSf;fpilNa JiwKff;
fl;lzq;fspYk;> ,Ug;Gg;ghijfspd; fl;lzq;fspYk; vt;tpj NtWghLk; ,Uj;jy;
$lhJ.
3.nghUs;fspd; kPJ tpjpf;fg;gl;l thpfis t#y; nra;Ak; chpik rPd
murhq;fj;jplNk ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
4. INuhg;gpa ehLfs; rPdhtpy; Vw;fdNt ngw;wpUe;j rYiffis kjpj;jy;
Ntz;Lk;.
RUq;ff;$wpd; jpwe;jntspf;nfhs;if rPdhtpd; jpwe;j ntspr; re;ijf;F
cj;juthjk; mspj;jJ. mj;Jld; vy;yh ehLfSf;Fk; xNu rPuhd thpf;nfhs;if
gpd;gw;wg;gl;lJ. NkiyehLfs; ngw;w rpwg;Gr; rYiffspy; eLepiyahd jd;ikapidg;
ngw mnkhpf;fh tpUk;gpaJ. rPdhtpy; nghUs;fis tpw;gjpy; kw;w ehLfisg; Nghy;
mnkhpf;fhTk; MHtk; fhl;baJ. mnkhpf;fhtpd; ,e;j jpwe;jntspf; nfhs;if
“jdf;Ff;$l” Nguhjpf;f Mir cz;L vd;gijNa fhl;LfpwJ vd Xtd; yhl;bNkhH
vd;gtH nghUj;jkhff; $wpAs;shH.
,f;Nfhl;ghL rkkhd tha;g;gj;jpu top Vw;gLj;jpaJ vd mnkhpf;fHfs; $wpdH.
NkYk; rPdhtpd; gFjpfisg; ghJfhf;Fk; fhtydhf ,J mike;jJ vd;Wk; mtHfs;
$wpAs;sdH. mtHfspd; $w;W epahakhdJ vd;whYk; mtHfs; xU NghJk;
mjw;Nfw;g thotpy;iy vdyhk;. „CUf;Nf cgNjrk; cdf;fpy;iy‟ vd;gijg; Nghy
jhd; nfhz;L te;j Nfhl;ghl;il jhNd kPwp gpypg;igd; jPTfisg; gpbj;Jf; nfhz;lJ.
jpwe;jntspf; nfhs;ifapd; cs;she;j fUj;Jf;fs;
nry;thf;F my;yJ MHt kz;lyk;> jpwe;jntspf; Nfhl;ghL vd;w ,uz;L
fUj;Jf;fSk; mbg;gilapNyNa khWgl;lit. Kuz;gl;lit vdyhk;. MHt
kz;lyj;ij Vw;gLj;Jtjpd; Nehf;fk;> ,Ug;Gghijfs; fl;lTk;> fdptsq;fisj;
Njhz;lTk;> njhopy;fisg; gad;gLj;jpf; nfhs;sTk;> chpikfs; ngWtJNk MFk;.
MHt kz;ly; nry;thf;F kz;lyj;jpy; gbg;gbahf kiwe;Jtpl;lJ. mJ mg;gFjpapd;
nghUshjhu tsHr;rpapd; Kw;Whpikiag; ngw murpay; Mjpf;fk; ngWk; tifapy;
khwpaJ vdyhk;. ,f;Nfhl;ghL thzpgj;jpy; rk tha;g;G vd;gijf; nfhz;L te;jJ.
,jd; kw;nwhU gad; rPdhtpd; gpuNjr xUikg;ghl;ilg; ghJfhj;jjhFk;. rPdh
Rje;jpukhf ,y;yhtpl;lhy; Nkiy ehLfs; rktha;g;G ngw;wpUf;f KbahJ. NtW
tifapy; $wpdhy; vy;iyf;Fl;gl;l nry;thf;Fg; gjpyhf $l;Lf; nfhs;ifapd; %yk;
rPdhit Ruz;Ltij ,J cWjpg;gLj;jpaJ. ,f;Nfhl;ghl;il kPwpdhy; uhZt
eltbf;if vLf;fg;gLk; vd vr;rhpf;if tplg;gltpy;iy. vdNt ,J xU ey; tpUk;gf;
nfhs;ifahfNt ,Ue;jJ.
 55

jpwe;jntspf; nfhs;ifapd; vjpnuhyp

jq;fSila %yjdj;ij KjyPL nra;tjw;Fk; jq;fSila nghUs;fist
pw;gjw;Fk; ey;y re;ijahf rPdh ,Ue;jjhYk; mjid mnkhpf;fhTk;> gphpl;lDk;
ghJfhf;f MHtKld; nray;gl;ld. ,UehLfSk; rPdhtpd; gFjpfisg; ngWtjpy;
MHtk; fhl;ltpy;iy. mitfs; rPdg;NguuRld; thzpgk; nra;tjpy; kl;LNk fUj;jhf
,Ue;jd. gpwehLfs; jd;Dld; NrHe;jhy; gphpl;ld; mf;Nfhl;ghl;ilg; gpd;gw;Wtjhff;
$wpaJ. gpwehLfs; xd;W NrHe;J $l;Lf; nfhs;ifapd; %yk; rPdhit Ruz;l
,f;Nfhl;ghL gad;gl;ljhy; mij mitfs; xj;Jf;nfhz;ld. Mdhy; u\;ah jd; KO
Mjuit ,f;Nfhl;ghl;bw;F ey;ftpy;iy.
jpwe;jntspf; nfhs;ifapd; tpisTfs;
1.,f;Nfhl;ghl;il „ty;yuRfs; Vw;Wf; nfhz;ljhy; rPdhitg; gq;fPL nra;tJ
jw;fhypfkhfj; jLf;fg;gl;lJ.
2. ,jd; %yk; mnkhpf;fhtJ rPdhtpd; Nky; mjpf MHtk; fhl;baJ.
3. INuhg;gpa ehLfspd; Mf;fpukpg;Gj; jpl;lq;fs; jLf;fg;gl;ld. rPdhtpd;
gpuNjr xUikg;ghL ghJfhf;g;gl;lJ.
4. may; ehl;Lj; jhf;Fjy;fis rkhspf;Fk; vz;zk; rPdHfspilNa
Njhd;wyhapw;W. rPd-[g;ghdpag; Nghhpd; %yk; fpilj;j ghlNk ,e;j KbTf;Ff;
nfhz;L te;jJ.
,t;thW ,f;Nfhl;ghl;bdhy; rPdh jd;idg; ghJfhj;Jf; nfhz;lJ vdyhk;.

ghf;rH fyfk;
EhW ehs; rPHjpUj;jk; Njhy;tp mile;j gpwF md;dpaHfis vjpHj;J rPdhtpy;
td;Kiwf; fpsHr;rp xd;W Njhd;wpaJ. mJjhd; ghf;rH fytuk; vdg;gl;lJ.
md;dpaHfis rPdhittpl;L tpul;Ltjw;fhfNt mJ Vw;gl;lJ. gy NghHfspy;
rPdhtpw;F Vw;gl;l Njhy;tp> mjd;gpd; Vw;gl;l mtkhdk;> cld;gbf;ifj;
JiwKfq;fspy; may;ehl;ltHfspd; nfhLik‟ NkiyehLfs; rPdhit gy nry;thf;F
kz;lyq;fshfg; gphpj;Jf; nfhz;lJ. rkag;gug;Gf; FOtpdhpd; jhq;f Kbahj
nray;fs; Mfpait midj;Jk; rPdHfspd; frg;G czHr;rpiaj; Jhz;btpl;ld.
jhdhfNt Njhd;wpa me;j ngaHngw;w fpsHr;rpjhd; ghf;rH fytuk;. “,J may;ehl;L
Nguhjpf;fj;jpw;F vjpuhf Vw;gl;l mwpTf;F xt;thj> fhuzkw;w czHr;rp trg;gLk;
NfhgkhFk;” vd;W ,khDNty; `# vd;gtH $Wfpd;whH.
ghf;rH fytuj;jpw;fhd fhuzq;fs;
1.rkag;gug;Gf; FOtpdhpd; nray;fs;
i) fpwp];Jt rkag;gug;Gf; FOtpdH r%f> fy;tpj;Jiwfspy; rpy gads;s
gzpfisr; nra;jNghjpYk; mtHfis rPdHfs; ek;gtpy;iy NkYk; Nkiy ehl;L
 56

Nguhjpf;fk; Kd;Ndw mitfs; toptFj;jd vd;W fUjpdhHfs;. mtHfs; mtHfisg;

Nguhjpf;f ntwpaHfs; vd;Wk; Nguhjpf;fj;ijf; nfhz;Ltu gy Nflhd nray;fspy;
<Lgl;lhHfs; vd;Wk; fUjpdhHfs;. Jg;ghf;fpfSld; jpzpf;fg;gl;l
cld;gbf;iffSldDk; ghJfhg;NghL fpwp];Jt rkak; rPdhtpy; Eioe;jJ.
ii) rPdhtpy; kjk; khwpatHfs; jq;fis caHe;jtHfs; vd;Wk; chpikngw;w
tFg;gpdH vd;Wk; fUjp te;jdH. mtHfs; murhq;fg; gzpfspYk;> ePjpkd;wq;fspYk;
jdp chpikAk;> khpahijAkk; NfhhpdhH. neLq;fhykhf tof;fj;jpy; ,Ue;J te;j rPd
eilKiwfis mtHfs; filgpbf;ftpy;iy kz;bapl;L tzq;Fk; Kiwapid
mtHfs; kWj;jdH. rPdf; fpwp];JtHfspd; ,e;j eltbf;iffs; nghJkf;fspd;
Nfhgj;ijf; fpswptpl;ld.
iii) rPdhtpd; cl;gFjpfspy; Vuhskhd jtwhd vz;zq;fs; gutpf; fple;jd.
fpwp];JtHfs; fz;fisg; gpLq;FtJ> Foe;ijfspd; ,Ujaq;fis vLj;Jf; nfhs;tJ
Nghd;w nray;fspy; <Lgl;L te;jdH vd;Wk;> mitfs; kUe;J jahH nra;aNt
mt;thW nra;ag;gl;lJ vd;Wk; kf;fs; ek;gp te;jhHfs;. ,e;j ek;gpf;iffs;
Mjhukw;wit vd;whYk; fpwp];JtHfSf;F vjpuhd gifia Vw;gLj;jpaJ vdyhk;.
iv)rkag;gug;Gf; FOtpdH kjk; khwpatHfspd; rhHghf ePjpkd;wq;fspy;
jiyapl;ldH. ePjpia epiyFiyar; nra;jdH. ,ij mtHfs; rhjfkhff;
gad;gLj;jpf; nfhz;l mf;FOtpdHfSld; njhlHG nfhs;syhdhHfs;. Mjdhy;
rl;lj;jpypUe;J jg;gpf;f jq;fs; ehl;ltHfisNa khl;bitf;fyhdhHfs;.
v)rkaf;FUf;fSf;F ePjpgjpfSf;Ff; nfhLf;fg;gl;l kjpg;Gk; khpahijAk;
nfhLf;f Ntz;Lnkdf; NfhhpdhH. ,jdhy; gy mjpfhhpfs; ntWg;Gw;wdH. vdNt
mtHfs; mf;FOtpdHfSf;F vjpuhf td;Kiwapidj; Jhz;b tpl;ldH.

2)kQ;R kugpd; kPJ Nfhgk;

i) [g;ghdplk; rPdh Njhy;tp mile;jhYk;> rYiffs; NfhhpajhYk; rPdhtpd;
gq;fPL jtpHf;f Kbahjjhfptpl;lJ. „Vwf;Fiwa vy;yh NkiyehLfSk;
rPdhtplkpUe;J rpygFjpfisg; ngw;wd. mg;gFjpfspy; mitfs; jq;fs; nry;thf;F
kz;lyq;fis Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhz;ld. ,J rPdhtpd; xw;Wikf;Fg; nghpa Mgj;jhf
,Ue;jJ. ,r;#o;epiyapy; ehl;Lg; gw;W nfhz;l ey;NyhHfs; fpsHe;njOtJ vd;gJ
,aw;ifNa MFk;.
ii) typik nghUe;jpa “eLtz; NguuR” ngUikkpF ,iw muR my;yJ
nja;tf
P g; NguuR‟ vd;W fUjg;gl;l rPdh rpwpJ rpwpjhf rpjwp FbNaw;w ehlhf
cUkhwpaijf; fz;L ngwhj rPdHfs; vy;iyapy;yh Nfhgk; nfhz;L Nkiyehl;bd;
thp Nguhjpf;fj;jpid vjpHf;f fpsHe;njOe;jdH.
 57

3)ehl;Lf;F Vw;gl;l mtkhdj;ij czHjy;

miuEhw;whz;L fhykhf Nghhpd; NghJk;> mikjpapd; NghJk; may;ehl;ltuhy;
Vw;gl;l mtkhdj;ij rPdHfshy; nghWj;Jf; nfhs;s Kbatpy;iy. jq;fs; jd;khdk;
fhw;wpy; gwe;J Ngha;tpl;ljhff; fUjpdH. fLikAk;> nfhLikAk; epiwe;j may;ehl;L
mikr;rHfs;. F&ukhd JhJtHfs; Nguhjpf;f Mirnfhz;l FOtpdH> jd;dyk;
nfhz;l tzpfHfs; rPdhitf; #iwahbdH. ,e;j mePjp gopthq;Fk; Miria
mtHfspd; cs;sj;jpy; nfhOe;Jtpl;L vhpar; nra;jJ.
4)Nkiy ehLfspd; kPjhd ntWg;G
Ghf;rH fyfj;jpw;F kw;nwhU fhuzk; NguurH Fthq;Ftpd; Nkiy kakhf;Fk;
nfhs;ifNa vdyhk; may;ehl;L epWtdq;fis Vw;gLj;jpaJ. rPHjpUj;jj;jpd; NghJ
Nkw;nfhz;l rpwpa khw;wq;fs; Mfpait Vw;fdNt ,Ue;j md;dpa ntWg;G vd;Dk;
jPapy; vz;iz thHj;jJ Nghy; mike;Jtpl;ld. vdNt fpsHr;rp NkYk; tYtile;jJ.
5.may;ehl;lthpd; nghUshjhu Mjpf;fk;
Mgpdpg; NghHfSf;Fg; gpd; te;j ,wf;Fkjpg; nghUs;fspdhy; ehl;bd;
nghUshjhuk; nghoptpoe;jJ. rPdhtpd; ghJfhg;G thpf;nfhs;ifapy; 5 tpOf;fhL
Rq;fthp epHzapf;fg;gl;ljd; tpisthf rPd cs;ehl;Lj; njhopy;fs; mope;jd. rPdhtpd;
Jzp tpiyapy; %d;wpy; xU gq;F tpiyf;F may;ehl;Lg; gUj;jpf; Jzpfs;
tpw;fg;gl;ld. vdNt cs;ehl;L nerthspfSk;> [Tsp cw;gj;jpahsfSk;
jpthyhdhHfs;. May;ehl;Lg; Nghl;bf;F <LnfhLf;f Kbahky; ifj;njhopy;fs;
eypTw;wd. gyH Ntiyapy;yhky; mtjpg;gl;ldH. may;ehl;L thzpgk; gsu tsu
mtHfs; Mjpf;fk; Fbf; nfhz;lJ. rPdr; re;ijfspy; vq;Fk; mtHfSila
nry;thf;F nfhb fl;bg;gwe;jJ.
6)thpr;Rik mjpfhpg;G
1899-k; Mz;by; rPd thzpgj;jpy; 69 kpy;ypad; rPd ehzaq;fs; gw;whf;Fiw
Vw;gl;ld. ,ij <L nra;a muR thpfis mjpfhpf;fr; nra;jJ. khepy thhpahf
ed;nfhilfs; t#y; nra;ag;gl;ld. ,itfs; midj;Jk; kf;fs; jiyapy; ngUk;
gSthf tpOe;jd.
7),aw;if NfhshWfs;
,e;jg; nghUshjhuj; Jd;gj;NjhL ,aw;iff; nfhLikfSk; NrHe;J nfhz;L
tho;f;ifia kpfTk; Nkhrkhfptpl;ld. 1852-k; Mz;L kQ;rs; ejpahdJ jd; Nghf;if
N`hdhdpypue;J \hz;Lq; vd;w ,lj;jpw;F khw;wpf; nfhz;ljhYk; 1882-f;F gpwF
mbf;fb nts;sk; Vw;gl;ljhYk;> 1898y; kPz;Lk; nts;sg;ngUf;F cz;lhdjhYk;
kf;fs; nrhy;nyhd;zhj; Jd;gq;fis mile;jdH. \hz;Lq;fpy; kl;Lk;
Ehw;Wf;fzf;fhd fpuhkq;fs; ghjpf;fg;gl;ld. xU kpy;ypaDf;F Nkyhd kf;fs;
ghjpf;fg;gl;ld; tlrPdhtpd; ngUk; gFjpAk; gPfpq;Fk; 1900-k; Mz;by; Vw;gl;l
twl;rpahy; ghjpf;fg;l;ld. ghjpf;fg;glhjtHfs; may;ehl;ltHfis epe;jpj;jhHfs;.
 58

fhuzk; vd;dntd;why; mtHfs; Gjpa rkaj;ijg; gug;gpajpd; %yk; rPdHfspd;

goikahd nfhs;iffisAk;> nja;tq;fisAk; Gz;gLj;jpajhf vz;zpdhHfs;.
8.,ufrpa rq;fq;fspd; Njhw;wk;
rPdhtpy; gy ,ufrpa rq;fq;fs; Njhd;wpd. Mitfspy; xd;W „vl;L thp tbt‟
rq;fkhFk;. Kw;nwhd;W „ntz;jhkiur; rq;fkhFk;.
,r;rq;fq;fs; jPtpu ehl;Lg;gw;W nfhz;Lk;> md;dpa JNt\Kk; ngw;W
tpsq;fpd. md;dpaHfSf;F vjpuhd Kof;fq;fis mitfs; vOg;gpd. Mr;rq;fj;jpdH
jq;fSila iffspy; mjpfhuKk;> typikAk; cs;sjhff; $wpf;nfhz;ldH. mtHfs;
,ufrpakhf ky;Aj;jk;> Fj;Jr;rz;il> thl;NghH> gpw clw;gapw;rpfs; Mfpatw;iwr;
nra;J te;jdH.
ghf;rHfspd; Njhw;wk;
rPdHfspd; ,ufrpa rq;fkhd „I N`H Rthd;‟ vd;gjw;F ghf;rHfs; vd;w
ngahpid me;epaHfs; toq;fpdH. „ghf;rHfs;‟ vd;why; NeHikAk; MikjpAk; nfhz;lr;
Fj;Jr; rz;il tPuHfs; vd;gJ nghUshFk;. ,J vl;L thp tbt rq;fj;jpypUe;J
Njhd;wpajhFk;. mtHfs; Jg;ghf;fpf; Fz;Lfis jq;fs; ifK\;b %yk;> mjhtJ
Fj;Jr;rz;il %yk; nty;yyhk; vd;w Nehf;fj;jpidf; nfhz;bUe;jdH. mij
ke;jpuj;jpd; %yk; milaj;jpl;lkpl;ldH. mtHfs; mjw;fhf me;jpuq;fis XjpdH. Kpf
caHe;j rf;jpia cz;lhf;Ftjw;F gy rlq;Ffs; topghLfs; Mfpatw;iw
Nkw;nfhz;ldH. mjd;%yk; Jg;ghf;fpfspd; typikiaf; Fiwf;f Kw;gl;ldH.
Muk;gj;jpy; ghf;rHfs; kQ;RfSf;F vjpuhdtHfshfj; Njhw;wkspj;jhHfs;.
gpd;dH mtHfSf;F MjuthfTk;> md;dpaUf;F vjpuhfTk; khwpdH. mtHfs;
md;dpaHfis tpul;l Ntz;Lk; vd KbT nra;jdH. mj;Jld; mtHfSila rP
MjuthsHfisAk; mq;fpUe;J mfw;w ghlgl;ldH.
fytuj;jpd; Nghf;F
fytuj;jpd; Muk;g fl;lj;jpy; ghf;rHfs; kQ;Rf;fSf;F vjpuhfTk;>
md;dpaHfSf;F tpNuhjpfshfTk; nray;gl;ldH. Mdhy; ehsilapy; kQ;R kuig
vjpHg;gijf; iftpl;ldH. fpsHr;rpapd; cr;rf;fl;lj;jpy; NjhNt[H Nguurp kQ;R
Ml;rpia mopahky; epiy epWj;j xU tha;g;G cs;sijf; fz;lhH. xU gf;fk;
may;ehl;bdhpd; nry;thf;F kz;lyq;fshf ehL gphptijAk;> kw;nwhU gf;fk; ehl;il
Nkiykakhff; Ntz;Lnkd;w ,af;fk; eilngw;W tUtijAk; mt;turpahH fz;lhH.
rPHjpUj;j ,af;fj;ij eRf;fpa gpwF> vjpHg;ghsHfspd; ftdj;ij jd;gf;fk; <hj;J
may;ehl;ltHfSf;F vjpuhf mikAk;gb jpUg;gpdhH.
mt;turpahH Kjypy; ,ufrpakhf ghf;rHfis Mjhpj;J te;jhH. gpd;dH
ntspg;gilahfNt Mjhpf;fyhdhH. mtUila MjuTld; mtHfs; kpfTk; jPtpu
td;KiwAlDk;> nkhopntwpAlDk; nray;glyhdhHfs;. 1900-k; Mz;by; mtHfs;
 59

gLnfhiyapy; ,wq;fpdH. \hz;Lfspy; NguopT Vw;gl;lJ. mj;Jld; \pfpyp> \hd;rp>

kQ;#hpah Mfpa ,lq;fspYk; ehrNtisapy; <Lgl;ldH. mtHfs; Nfhtpy;fisf;
nfhSj;jpdH. Fpwp];Jt rkag;gug;Gf; FOtpdHfisf; nfhd;W Ftpj;jdH. mtHfs;
,Ug;Gg;ghijfisAk;> je;jp epiyaq;fisAk; mopj;jdH. tl rPdh KOtJk;
td;Kiw jiytphpj;jhbaJ. 1900-k; Mz;by; [Pd; jpq;fspy; murhq;fk;
may;ehl;ltHfis vjpHj;Jg; NghH njhLj;jJ. gPfpq;fpYs;s may;ehl;Lj;
Jhjufq;fis Kw;Wifapl ghf;rHfSf;F murhq;fk; mDkjp mspj;jJ. Nguurpd;
Miz vJTk; ,y;yhjjhy; njd; khepyq;fs; Nghhpy <Lgltpy;iy. ,e;j tpjkhf
,uhZt eltbf;if tlf;fpy; kl;LNk eilngw;wJ. me;j Kw;WifahdJ vl;L
khjq;fs; eilngw;wJ.
may;ehl;L ,uhZtj; jiyaPL
fytuj;jhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l ntspehl;bdH jq;fs; nfsutj;ijAk;> ufrpa
clikfisAk; ghJfhf;f> uhZt eltbf;if vLf;f KbTfl;bdH. mjd; gadhf
n[Hkhdpa jsgjp thy;nlHrp vd;gtH jiyikapy; 18>000 NgHfisf; nfhz;l xU
$l;Lg;gil gPfpq; efiu te;jile;jJ. mtHfs; mq;F $l;Lg;gilfspd; nfhbfis
ehl;bdH. NjhtNt[H Nguurp khW Ntlj;jpy; jiyefhpypUe;J jg;gp XbdhH. jd;
tho;f;ifapy; jhd; nra;j ngWk; jtWfspy; xd;W ghf;rHfis Mjhpj;jJ vd mtH
gpd;dhspy; czuyhdhH. nfh^u Ml;rpapd; %yk; me;j gd;dhl;Lg;gil ghf;rHfis
Ntl;ilahbaJ.
ghf;rH xg;ge;jk;
ePz;l ,ilntspf;Fg; gpwF 1901-k; Mz;by; ghf;rH xg;ge;jk; ifnaOj;jhdJ.
me;j tpjpfspd; rPdh fPo;f;fz;ltw;iw xg;Gf; nfhz;lJ.
1. n[Hkd;> [g;ghd; Mfpa ehLfspd; gpujpepjpfs; nfhiy nra;ag;gl;ljw;F
murhq;f hPjpapy; kd;dpg;Gf;NfhUjy;

2. 450 kpy;ypad; rPd ehzaq;fis 39 jtizfspy; ,og;gPl;Lj; njhifahf

nrYj;Jjy;

3. Td;nray;fspy; <Lgl;ljw;fhf ghf;rHfspd; jiytHfisAk;>

mjpfhhpfisAk; jz;bj;jy;.

4. Ghf;rH fytuk; eilngw;w ,lq;fspy; epHthfg; nghWg‟GfSf;fhd

gjtpfSf;F eilngWk; Nghl;bj; NjHTfis 5 Mz;LfSf;F epWj;jp
itj;jy;.

5. NghHf;fUtpfis ,wf;Fkjp nra;jy; epWj;jg;gly;.

 60

6. gPfpq;fpy; may;ehl;Lj; Jhjufq;fis ghJfhf;f Ner ehLfSf;F mDkjp

mspj;jy;.

7. Jhf;$ Mw;wpd; Kfj;Jthuj;jpYs;s Nfhl;ilia mopj;jy;.

8. Tzpf cld;gbf;iffis kW ghprPyid nra;J GJg;gpj;jy;. May;ehl;L

mikr;rfj;ij Vw;gLj;Jjy;.

9. jiyefUf;Fk;> fYf;Fk; ,ilapy; mike;j Kf;fpa ,lq;fspy; uhZtk;

jq;f mDkjp toq;fy;.

10. May;ehl;ltHfspd; ,Lfhl;by; epidTr; rpd;dq;fis Vw;gLj;Jjy;

(fytuj;jpy; ,we;jtHfSf;F)

,af;fj;jpd; jd;ik
Ghf;rH ,af;fkhdJ %d;W fl;lq;fshfg; gphpf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ. Kjy; fl;lj;jpy;
ghf;rHfs; md;dpaHfis ntWj;J mtHfis tpul;l Kw;gl;ldH. mtHfs;
kQ;Rf;fSf;F vjpuhfTk;> md;dpaHfis ntWg;gtHfshfTk; ,Ue;jdH. ,uz;lhtJ
fl;lj;jpy; mtHfs; kQ;Rf;fSf;F Mjuthf ,Ue;jdh;. jq;fSila eltbf;iffis
may;ehl;ltHfSf;F vjpuhf KLf;fptpl;ldH. ,Wjpf; fl;lkhd %d;whtjpy;
jpwikaw;w Coyhd mjpfhu tHf;fj;jpypUe;Jk; mjpfhhpfsplkpUe;Jk; KiwNa tpLgl
Kad;wdH. RUq;ff; $wpd; ,J Nkiy ehl;L nry;thf;fpw;F vjpuhd ,af;fkhFk;.
NkYk; kf;fspd; Vo;ik> Jd;gj;jpypUe;J mtHfis tpLtpf;f Vw;gl;l ,af;fkhFk;.
„may;ehl;L Nga;fis‟ tpul;l xU FUl;Lj;jdkhd mwpahikapy; mike;j
Njrg;gw;why; Vw;gl;l Nghuhl;lkhFk;. Njd;khepyq;fs; ,e;j maf;fj;jpy; Nruhjjhy;
,ij xU Njrpaf; fytuk; vd;W miof;fKbahJ. khHf;rPa tuyhw;whrphpaHfs;> ,e;j
,af;fkhdJ tsHr;rp ngwhj mikg;gpyhd FbahdtHfs; rhpahd Nehf;fj;NjhL
Mdhy; jtwhd Kiwfspy; elj;jpa ,af;fkhFk; vd;W jw;NghJ fUJfpd;wdH.
mjd; Njhy;tpf;Ff; fhuzq;fs;
Gfo;tha;e;j fpsHr;rpahdJ murhq;f MjuT ,Ue;Jk; Njhy;tpaile;jJ vd;gJ
kpfTk; ghpjhgj;jpw;FhpajhFk;.
1. ,e;jg; Nghuhl;lkhdJ tl khepyq;fspy; kl;Lk; eilngw;wjhFk;.
Njd;khepyq;fs; ,ijg; Gwf;fzpj;Jtpl;ld. gpd;dhs; $l mitfs; murpd;
fl;lisia Vw;W fpsHr;rpapy; <Lgltpy;iy. mijtplf; Nftykhd
Nkhrkhd nray; vd;dntd;why; me;j khepyq;fspd; MSeHfs; fpsHr;rp
 61

Vw;gl;lhy; mjid mlf;f may;ehl;ltHfSld; xg;ge;jq;fs; nra;J

nfzhz;lNj vdyhk;. ,J tlf;fpy; kl;Lk; jPtpukhf eilngw;wJ. Mdhy;
,J ehL jOtpajhf mikatpy;iy vd;gJ cs;sq;if ney;ypfdpNghy;
,dpJ tpsq;Fk;.
2. rPdj;JUg;Gfs; xUq;fpize;J nray;gltpy;iy. ,e;j ,af;fj;jpw;F MjuT
jUtjpy; NguhrpahNuh miukdjhf Fiwkdjhf ,Ue;jhH. mtH jd;
epiyiaf; fhg;ghw;wpf; nfhs;tjpNyNa mf;fiw fhl;bdhH. rPdg;gilf;F
typik nghUe;jpa jiyik ,y;iy. [Pq; YhTk; NghH ehnlq;Fk;
guTtij tpUk;ghJ gilfs; md;dpaHfSf;F vjpuhfg; gad;gLj;j
kWj;Jtpl;lhH.
3. ghf;rHfs; FUl;Ljdkhd eltbf;iffspy; <Lgl;ldH. mtHfs; jtwhd
topfspy; nray;gl;ldH. Mf;fg+Htkhd jpl;lq;fis Kd;itj;J kf;fisf;
ftHe;J ,Ug;ghHfNsahdhy; me;jf; fpsHr;rpapd; Nghf;F NtW tpjkhf
mike;jpUf;Fk;. kQ;Rf;fSk; jq;fs; Ml;rpapd; tajpid NkYk; 11
Mz;Lfs; $l;bapUf;f KbahJ.
4. Ghf;rHfis ed;Kiwapy; Jhz;Lk; mstpw;F jiytHfs; mq;fpy;iy.
kf;fisf; ftUk; khngUk; jiytHfs; mq;F mg;NghJ Njhd;wtpy;iy.
5. fpsHr;rp Njhy;tp milaf; fhuzk; Nkiyehl;L caHjukhd
$l;Lg;gilfspd; nray; NtfkhFk;. Kpf Kd;Ndw;wkhd NghH EZf;fk;>
Jg;ghf;fpfspd; gad;> ey;y je;jpuk; Mfpait mtHfspd; ntw;wpf;Fg;
nghpJk; cjtpd. MfNt Nkiy ehl;ltH kpf vspjpy; fytuj;ij
mlf;fyhdhHfs;.
,af;fj;jpd; tpisTfs;
1) ghf;rH tpisthf rPdh NkYk; mtkhdg;gl;lJ. gy rYiffis rPdh
may;ehLfSf;F mspf;f Ntz;bapUe;jJ. ngUkk; ,og;gPl;Lj; njhif
nfhLf;f Vw;Wf; nfhz;ljhy; mjd; nghUshjhuk; eRf;fg;gl;lJ 2. ghf;rH
fytuk; kQ;Rf;fspd; tPo;rr
; pia tpiuTgLj;jpaJ. kf;fspd; ntWg;G
ehnlq;fpYk; Njhd;wp mt;tk;rj;ij 1911-y; gjtpapypUe;J ,wq;fpaJ.

2) NkiyehLfs; kf;fs; kdk; mwpe;J mjd;top nray;glyhapd. rPdhtpd;

mopit mf;fytuk; jLj;J epWj;jpaJ.

3) ghf;rHfs; kq;Rf;fis rPHjpUj;jg; ghijapy; mioj;Jr;nrd;wdH.

rPHjpUj;jq;fs; ngUk;ghYk; goikapd; ghw;gl;litahFk;. nghJthf xU
khw;wj;jpd; Muk;gkhf mitfs; mike;jd.
 62

kQ;Rf;fs; fhyj;jpy; Vw;gl;l rPHjpUj;j ,af;fk;

Nguurp #`rp vd;gtH EhWehs; rPHjpUj;j ,af;fj;ij ntw;wp ngwhky;
nra;jij Vw;fdNt fz;Nlhk;. Mj;Jld; ghf;rHfis Jhz;btpl;L jd;gjtpia
vt;thWepiy epWj;j Kad;whH vd;gijAk; Kd;G ghHNjhk;. ,q;F mtH goikapd;
ghw;gl;l rPHjpUj;j ,af;fj;jpy; nfhz;l gq;fpidf; fhzyhk;. \Pd; ngq; vd;w
Nguurpd; MirehafpNa #`;rp vd;gtH. 1861-y; NguurH ,we;jNghJ gy njhlH
rHr;irfSf;F gpd; mtH mjpfhuj;ijg;gpbj;jhH. Nguurpd; rl;l g+Htkhd kidtpiaf;
nfhd;W tpl;L> mtSila Ie;J taJr;rpWtidg; gjtpapy; mkHj;jp mtDf;F
ghJfhtyuhf #`rp Ml;rpGhpayhdhH. xU Foe;ij NguurUf;Fg; gjpyhf kw;nwhU
Foe;ijg; NguurH te;jNghJ mtHfSf;F vy;yhk; mtH ghJfhtyuhf ,Ue;J
Vwf;Fiwa 10 Mz;Lfs; Ml;rp Ghpe;J te;jhH.
rPHjpUj;jq;fis ntspapLtjw;fhd #o;epiyfs;
ghf;rH fytuj;jpd; mlf;FKiw xU frg;ghd mDgtj;ij Njhw;Wtpj;jJ.
gPfpq;if NerehLfs; ifg;gw;wpa gpd; murpahH njhy;iyfs; gygl;L fOij
tz;bapy; khWNtlj;jpy; jg;gpj;Jr; nrd;whH. ,J Nghd;w xU Jd;gj;ij mtUila
tho;f;ifapy; mtH mDgtpj;jJ ,JNt Kjy; jlitahFk;. Cz;z czTk;> jq;f
,lKk; ,y;yhky; gyehl;fs; mtjpg;gl;lhH. ehl;il ,g;gbg;gl;l njhy;iyf;F
cl;gLj;jpajw;F mtkhdg;gl;lhH. jdf;F Vw;gl;l Jd;gq;fSf;Ff; fhuzk;
vd;dntd;gij clNd Ghpe;Jf; nfhs;Sk; mwpTf; $Hik nfhz;ltuhf tpsq;fpdhH.
may;ehl;lthpd; kjpg;igAk; cs;ehl;by; khpahijiaAk; ngw mtH
kd;dpg;Gf;NfhUtJk;> murpay; rPHjpUj;jq;fisf; nfhz;L tUtJk; mtrpak; vd
vz;zpdhH. Ntspapy; ,Ue;jNghNj jd;id nehe;J nfhz;L Miz xd;iw
ntspaplyhdhH. Gpd;dH murpayikg;gpd; mbg;gilapy; rPHjpUj;jq;fisf; nfhz;L
tuyhdhH.
1)fy;tpr; rPHjpUj;jq;fs;
Fy;tp fw;gpf;f Vuhskhd may;ehl;ltHfs; fy;tp epWtdq;fspy;
mkHj;jg;gl;ldH. goq;fhy fd;g+\pa mbg;gilapyhd rptpy; rHtP]; NjHT Kiwfs;
njhlug;gl;ld. Mapuk; MzLfshf ,Ue;J te;j ,k;Kiw kPz;Lk; Gj;njhspNahL
gpd;gw;wg;gl;lJ. Nkiyehl;Lg; ghzpapy; nghJf; fy;tpahdJ Kw;wpYk;
rPHjpUj;jg;gl;lJ. 1907-k; Mz;bypUe;J ngz;fs; fy;tpf;F Mf;fKk; Cf;fKk;
mspf;fg;gl;lJ. fy;tp mikr;rfk; xd;W epWtg;gl;lJ. ehnlq;fpYk; Mapuf;fzf;fhd
gs;spfs; jpwf;fg;gl;ld. 1910-k; Mz;by; 89>000 MrphpaHfisf; nfhz;l 57>000
gs;spfs; ,Ue;jd. Nkiy ehLfSf;Fk; [g;ghDf;Fk; khztHfs; gbf;fr; nrd;wdH.
rptpy; rHtP]; NjHtpd; Kf;fpag; ghlkhd vl;Lf;fhy; fl;Liu‟ ePf;fg;gl;L jw;fhy
nra;jpfs; mjpfk; NrHf;fg;gl;ld.
 63

2)r%fr; rPHjpUj;jq;fs;
1902-k; Mz;by; rPHjpUj;j Mizfs; ntspaplg;gl;L rPdHfSf;Fk;
kQ;Rf;fSf;Fk; ,ilapy; epytpa fyg;Gj; jpUkzj;jpw;F ,Ue;j jil ePf;fg;gl;lJ.
ngz;fspd; fhy;fisf; fl;bg;NghLk; gof;fk; mwNt ePf;fg;gl;lJ.
Ty;yuRfspd; cjtpAld; mgpdp ,wf;Fkjp nra;tJ jil nra;ag;gl;lJ.
cs;ehl;by; mgpdp jahH nra;tJk;> fzprkhd msTf;Ff; Fiwf;fg;gl;lJ.
3)epHthfr; rPHjpUj;jq;fs;
Mtrpakw;w mYtyfq;fs; ePf;fg;gl;ld. Gjpa mYtyfq;fs; jpwf;fg;gl;ld.
Rq;fpyp Vkd; vd;w mYtyfj;jpw;Fg; gjpyhf may;ehl;Lj; Jhjufk; mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
thzpgk;> ,uhZt gapw;rp> fhty;Jiw> fy;tp Mfpatw;Wf;F mikr;rfq;fs;
epWtg;gl;ld.
4)uhZt rPHjpUj;jq;fs;
,Ug;Gg;ghijfs; fl;LtJ> Ma;j cw;gj;jpf; fplq;Ffis Vw;gLj;JtJ>
fdptsq;fisj; Njhz;LtJ Mfpait eilngw;wd. epHthf ,ae;jpuk; nrt;tNd
nray;gl eltbf;ifs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld. Jd;GWj;Jjy; gpw nfhLikahd
jz;lidfs; Mfpait mwNt ePf;fg;gl;ld. gadw;w mjpfhhpfspd; gjtpfs;
mfw;wg;gl;ld. Vuhskhd nghUshjhuj; jpl;lq;fs; epiwNtw;wg;gl;l NghjpYk;
Kd;Ndw;wk; nkJthfNt eilg;ngw;wJ. mjw;Ff; fhuzk; mjpfhhpfspd; khWgl;l
Nghf;Nf vdyhk;.
6.murpay; rPHjpUj;jq;fs;
1904-05k;‟ Mz;Lfspy; Vw;gl;l u\;a-[g;ghdpag; Nghhpd; tpisthf rPdhtpy;
murpay; rPHjpUj;jq;fs; nfhz;L tug;gl;ld. murpay; mikg;gpd;gb mike;j
[g;ghdpa muR ty;yhl;rpapd; ghy; mike;j u\;ahit Njhw;fbj;jJ. u\;a rPd
ehLfs; [g;ghdplk; Njhy;tp fz;lJ. ,j;jifa rPHjpUj;jpw;F top tFj;jJ. [g;ghdpy;
epytpa murhq;f Kiwjhd; tYthdJ. Jq;fSf;F Vw;wJ vd;W mtHfs;
czuyhdhHfs;.
Fhq;a+itapd; rPluhd ypahq;> rpNth Nghd;w rPHjpUj;jthjpfshy;
murpayikg;Gr; rPHjpUj;jq;fs; Mf;fk; ngw;wd. ypahq; vd;gtH &Nrh> khz;l];fpa+
Nghd;wtHfspd; jj;Jtq;fspy; gapw;rp ngw;wtuhthH. mtH [g;ghdpypUe;J gy
rQ;rpiffSk; rPdhtpd; ,sk; mwpT [Ptpfisf; ftHe;jd. mtH jd;Dila
gpur;rhuj;jpd; %yk; murpay; rPHjpUj;jq;fSf;fhd #o;epiyfis cUthf;fpdhH. mtH
murpay; nra;jpfis mwpAk; rq;fk; xd;iw epWtp> nghWg;Gs;s mikr;ruit
murhq;f Kiwf;F jpl;lkpl;lhH.
NjhNt[H NguuR mjpfhuj;ij kf;fSld; gfpHe;J nfhs;tjpy; jaf;fk;
fhl;baNghjpYk;> may;ehLfSf;F mjpfhhpfs; mlq;fpa xU FOit mDg;gp
mj;jifa rPHjpUj;jq;fisf; fz;Ltu tw;GWj;jg;gl;lhH.
 64

7)1908-k; Mz;L murpayikg;G

,q;fpyhe;J n[Hkdp> [g;ghd; Mfpa ehLfspd; murpayikg;Gg; gw;wpm q;F
nrd;W te;j FOtpd; mwpf;ifapid Muha;e;J ,Wjpapy; rPdHfs; [g;ghdpa
Kiwiag; gpd;gw;wyhapdH. 1908-k; Mz;L Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l murhq;fk; NguurUf;F
Vuhskhd mjpfhuq;fis toq;fpaJ. mtH kl;Lk; jhd; rl;lq;fisr; nra;ayhk;.
ghuhSkd;wj;ijf; $l;lNth xj;jp NghlNth mtUf;F mjpfhuKz;L. Nghhpid
mwptpf;fTk; mikjp cld;ghL nra;J nfhs;sTk; mtUf;F mjpfhuk; toq;fg;gl;lJ.
midtUf;Fk; NgrTk; fUj;Jf;fis njhptpf;fTk; $l;lk; $lTk; Rje;jpuk;
toq;fg;gl;lJ. me;j murpayikg;gpd;gb ,Urigfs; nfhz;l xU ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;F
tif nra;ag;gl;lJ. ehL jOtpa gpur;ridia kl;Lk; mJ tpthjpf;Fk; khepy
tp\aq;fspy; jiyapl mjw;F mjpfhuk; ,y;iy. mijg;NghyNt tuT nryTj;
jpl;lj;jpy; mjd; mjpfhuk; vy;iyf;Fl;gl;ljhFk;.
Xd;gJ Mz;Lfspy; gbg;gbahf ,e;jj; jpl;lkhdJ nray;gl Ntz;Lnkd
Nguurp NjhNt[H tpUk;gpdhH. Ky; fl;lj;jpy; khepy rl;lkd;wq;fs; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;ld.
1917-k; Mz;by; me;j murpayikg;ghdJ KOikahfg; gpd;gw;wg;gl;lJ.
Murpayikg;Gj; jpl;lq;fs; kpfTk; nrhw;gkhditahFk;. jhuhsthjpfSk;>
Gul;rpthjpfSk; mjpy; nghpJk; Vkhw;wkile;jdH. NguurUf;F mjpf mjpfhuk;
toq;fpaij rPHjpUj;jthjpfs; tpUk;gtpy;iy. mtHfs; kf;fs; gq;Nfw;Fk;
murpayikg;gpw;Fl;gl;l Kbahl;rpid tpUk;gpdH. Mjw;F khwhf mJ kQ;rRf;fspd;
mjpfhuq;fis mjpfg;gLj;jpaJ. ,t;thW gutyhd Vkhw;wk; ehl;by; ,Ue;J te;jJ.
1908-k; Mz;L NguurUk;> NguurpAk; NrHe;jhw;Nghy ,we;J tpl;ldH. ,f;fl;lhd
Neuj;jpy; Nguurp NjhNt[H ,we;jJ typik nghUe;jpa jpwikahd xU Nguurpia
murpay; thdpypUe;J mfw;wpaJ Nghy mike;J tpl;lJ. mts; kpfTk;
jw;ngUikAk;> fLikAk;> tplhg;gpbAk; nfhz;lts;. Mdhy; vy;yhtw;wpf;Fk; Nkyhf
„gioa Gj;jH‟ vd;W miof;fg;gLk; mg;Nguurp rf;jp tha;e;j MSikiag;
ngw;wpUe;jhH. tk;r tPo;rr
; p vd;Dk; ePz;l fijapy; mtSila ngUikkpF tho;f;if
xU Kf;fpa Nrhf;fijahf mike;J tpl;lJ.
kQ;Rf;fspd; tPo;r;rp
gbg;gbahf khw;wq;fisf; nfhz;Ltu Ntz;Lnkd epidj;j Nguurpapd; tho;T
FWfpajhfptpl;lJ. jPtputhjpfs; kQ;Rf;fspd; NeHikia re;Njfpj;J mtHfsJ
Ml;rpia khw;w Ntz;Lk;> kf;fspd; murhq;fk; xd;W Vw;gLj;j Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk;
NfhhpdhHfs;. Fhfpjj;jpy; rPHjpUj;jk; nfhz;L tUtJ vijAk; nra;ahJ vd;gJ
njhspthapw;W. ehl;by; gutyhd Fog;gk; nfhe;jspg;G Mfpatw;whYk;> cs;ehl;Lg;
NghuhYk; me;j kQ;R tk;rkhdJ 1811-k; Mz;L Gul;rpapdhy; Jhf;fp vwpag;gl;lJ.
 65

rPHjpUj;j ,af;fj;jpd; kjpg;gPL

jd;Dila jw;fhy tuyhw;wpy; rPdh 1901 Kjy; 1911 tiuapyhd Mz;Lfspy;
ngUk; ,f;fl;lhd #o;epiyfspy; xd;iw mDgtpj;jJ. mjDila murhq;fk;
rPHjpUj;jq;fspd; %yk; rpf;fy;fis fisa Kaw;rpj;jJ. me;j Gjpa rPHjpUj;jq;fs;
rPdHfspd; gz;ila tof;fq;fis mbg;gilapNyNa khw;wf;$baitfshf ,Ue;jd.
mitfis mky;gLj;jpajhy; ,Ugjhk; Ehw;whz;bd; Gul;rpf;F Mf;fk; Vs;gl;lJ.
vdpDk; mr;rHP jpUj;jq;fshy; me;j tk;rj;ijf; fhg;ghw;w Kbatpy;iy. etPdkakhjy;
vd;Dk; Nfhl;ghL fd;g+\pa epiyapid mwNt ePf;fptpl;lJ.
rPHjpUj;jq;fis nra;a Ntz;Lnkd;w Kaw;rp ,f;fhyj;jpy; ntWk; fhfpj
mstpNyNa> mjhtJ Vl;lstpNyNa ,Ue;jJ. mitfis mkyhf;Fk; mstpw;F xU
tYthd ika murhq;fk; ,y;iy. gbg;gbahd rPHjpUj;jq;fspd; %yk; kQ;Rf;fs;
jq;fs; Ml;rpia epiyehl;bf; nfhs;s Kad;wdH. kf;fSf;F MNyhridf; $w
chpik nfhLj;Jtpl;L cz;ikahd mjpfhuj;ij jhq;fs; itj;Jf; nfhs;syhnkd
ek;gpdH. [g;ghidg; NghyNt rKjha mikg;gpd; mbg;giliaAk;> murpay;
jj;Jtj;ijAk; mg;gbNa itj;Jf; nfhs;s vz;zpdH. Mdhy; mitfs; jw;fhy
murpay; rPHjpUj;jq;fSf;F xj;J tutpy;iy. goikf;Fk; GJikf;Fk; xU ghyk;
Vw;gLj;j rPdhtpy; ey;y jiytHfs; ,y;iy. neUf;fb jhq;fKbahky;jhd; kQ;Rf;fs;
rPHjpUj;jq;fs; nra;a Kd;te;jdH. jhkjpj;J nra;a Kw;gl;ljhy; xU rpy
rPHjpUj;jq;fisNa mtHfshy; nra;a Kbe;jJ.
„NjhNt[hpd; jpl;l Kf;fpakhf glhNlhgkhf ,Ue;jJ. Mdhy; mjpy; nghSk;
,y;iy> rhjpf;Fk; cWjpnkhopAk; ,y;iy. %d;W epiyahd nray;fs;
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld. mitfs; 1.rptpy; rHtP]; NjHTfis xopj;jy; 2. etPdg;
gs;spfis Vw;gLj;jy; 3. khztHfis may;ehLfSf;F mDg;GtJ vd;W
,khDNty; `R vd;gtH Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shH.

NjhNt[H Nguurp
Gioa Gj;jH vd;W miof;fg;gl;l NjhNt[H Nguurp \Pd; ngq; vd;w
Nguurhpd; Mirehafp MthH. \Pd; ngq; 1851 Kjy; 1861 tiu Ml;rp Ghpe;jtuhthH.
1861-k; Mz;by; n[hN`hy; vd;w ,lj;jpy; mtH ,we;j NghJ NjhNt[H
Ml;rpiag;gpbf;Fk; jpwikiag; ngw;wpUe;jhH. je;jpuj;jpd; %yk;‟ ifg;gw;wpa Ml;rpia>
jhd; 1908-y; ,wf;Fk;tiuapy; Vwf;Fiwa 48 Mz;Lfhyk; guhkhpj;J te;jhH.
mtUila Ml;rpf;fhyj;jpy; Jq;rp> Fthq;R vd;w ,U rpwhHfs; NguurHfshf ,Ue;J
te;jdH. mtHfSf;F mk;ikahH ghJfhg;ghsuhf ,Ue;J te;jhH. kQ;R mur
mitapy; mtH typik nghUe;jpatuhthH. mtH tpf;Nlhhpah kfhuhzpahiutpl mjpf
mjpfhuj;ijg; ngw;wpUe;jjhff; $wg;gLfpwJ.
 66

mtUila nfhs;iffSk; Nfhl;ghLfSk;

mwpT El;gKk;> KbT vLf;Fk; kdg;ghq;Fk; mtH mwpahikapy; ,y;yhky;
,y;iy. Mdhy; mbg;gilapNyNa mtH mwpahikapy; cod;wtH>goikthjp> FWfpa
kdghq;F cs;stH> Raeykpf;ftH> jd; ehL> jd; tk;rk; Mfpatw;iwtpl jd;Dila
eyNk nghpnjdf; nfhz;ltH. fd;g+\paj; jj;Jtj;jpy; mirf;f Kbahj ek;gpf;if
nfhz;ltH. r%f murpay; nray;fspy; me;jj; jj;Jtj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp jd;
epiyapid caHj;jpf; nfhs;syhdhH. mtH midthpd; kdg;ghq;fpidAk; vspjpy;
mwpAk; jpwik nfhz;ltH. Mdhy; Fs;s ehpj;je;jpuk; nfhz;ltH. vijAk;
Njhaj;NjhL Nehf;Fk; gf;Ftk; ngw;wdH. mtH vg;NghJ jd; mjpfhuj;ijAk;
epiyiaAk; ntspg;gilahf fhl;bf;nfhs;stpy;iy. jd;Dila ek;gpf;iff;F
chpatHfspd; JizAld; jpiukiwtpy; ,Ue;J nfhz;L jd; fhhpaq;fis nra;J
Kbf;Fk; Mw;wy; nfhz;ltH. jd;Dila mjpfhuj;jpw;Fk;> nry;thf;fpw;Fk;
vg;NghjhtJ Mgj;J vd;why; kpf tiue;J nray;gl;lNjhly;yhky; jPq;fhd
toptiffisf; nfhz;L mtw;iwr; rkhspf;f jaq;fpaJk; ,y;iy. mtH vijAj;
Muha;e;J KbT vLf;Fk; kdg;ghq;F cs;stH vdpDk; mtH gbf;fhjtH vd;gJ
Fwpg;gpljf;f Fztpay;ghFk;.
1861-y; Vw;gl;l ,uhZt eltbf;ifapy; mtUila gq;F
1861-k; Mz;by; n[hN`ypy; jQ;rk; GFe;j NguurH \Pd; ngq; ,we;J NghdhH.
mtUila kidtpf;F thhpR vJTk; ,y;iy. mtUila Mirehafpahd #`;rp
vd;gtUf;F xU Mz; Foe;ij cz;L NguurH ,wg;gjw;F Kd;G mtUila thhprhf
me;j MWtaJr; Foe;ij epakpf;fg;gl;lhd;. mg;NghJ ghJfhtyH FO xd;W
Vw;gLj;jg;gl;L mJ mtDila
Foe;ijg; gUtj;jpy; Ml;rp Ghpe;J te;jJ. Mdhy; #`;rp ,sturd; #q; vd;gtUld;
NrHe;J nfhz;L jpBH Gul;rpapy; ,wq;fp ghJfhtyH FOtpid Jhf;fp vwpe;jhs;.
Mjd;gpd; mtSk; Fq;Fk; ,ize;J gfu MSeHfshf ,Ue;J te;jdH. mt;tpUtUk;
gl;Lj; jpiuapd; gpd;dhy; ,Ue;J nfhz;L mur fhhpaq;fis ftdpj;J te;jdH.
ehsilapy; #`;rpNa murpd; cz;ikahd jiytuhf tpsq;fpdhs;. Rjpj;
jpl;lj;jpYk;> je;jpuj;jpYk;> ty;ytuhd #`;rp 1881-y; thhpR murpia nfhiy
nra;Jtpl;L vy;yh mjpfhuq;fisAk; ifg;gw;wp nfhz;lhs; vd;w xU fUj;Jk;
epyTfpwJ. NguurH rpWtdhf ,Ue;jjhy; Vwf;Fiwa gjpdhW Mz;Lfs; mur
fhhpaq;fis ed;F epHtfpj;J vy;yhtw;iwAk; vspjpy; ifg;gw;wp typik ngw;W
tpsq;fyhdhs;.
jd;typikg;gLj;Jk; ,af;fj;jpy; mtuJ kNdhepiy
Jq;rp fhyj;jpa jd;typikg;gLj;Jk; ,af;fj;jpid #`;rp Mjhpj;jhH. mtH
rPdhit etPd murhf khw;w Ntz;Lk; vd;gjw;fhf Mjhpf;ftpy;iy. mtH goikiag;
ghJfhf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gjw;fhfTk; jd;gjtpia ghJfhj;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;
 67

vd;gjw;fhfTk; Mjhpj;jhNu md;wp Ntwpy;iy. cs;ehl;Lf; fpsHr;rpapid mlf;fp

may;ehl;Lg; Nghuhjpf;fj;ijf; fl;Lg;Lj;jNt mtH mt;thW nra;jhH. KOikahd
khw;wj;jpw;Fg; gjpyhf XusT rPHjpUj;jk; Vw;gl;lhy; NghJk; vd;W vz;zpdhH.
1875-y; Vw;gl;l Nghhrpd; thhprpy; jiyaPL
NguurH Jq;rp vd;gtH jd;Dila 14 Mz;Lfhy Ml;rpapy; 11 Mz;Lfs;
,sikg;gUtj;jpduhf ,Ue;jhH. kPjKs;s ,uz;L Mz;Lfs; jpwikaw;wtuhff;
fhzg;gl;lhH. 1873-k; Mz;by; jd; Neub Ml;rpapid elj;jpa NghJ jd; jhapd;
jiyaPl;lhy; NrhHtile;jhH. Nfhilf;fhy muz;kidia kPz;Lk; fl;l vz;zpf;
nfhz;bUe;j NghJ mtH fhykhdhH. Mg;NghJ mtUf;F 19 taJ Jq;rpapd;
,f;FWfpa Ml;rpfhyk; xU Nrhff;fijahf mike;J tpl;lJ. mtH thhpR ,y;yhky;
,we;J NghdhH. Mdhy; mtuJ kidtp fUTw;wpUe;jhk; vdNt thhpR chpikapy;
rpf;fy; Vw;gl;lJ. #`;rp kPz;Lk; gfu MSeuhfg; nghWg;Ngw;Fk; tha;g;G te;jijf;
fz;lhH. Nguurpd; nghWg;gpw;F jf;f taJ mile;j ,isQd; NjHe;njLf;fg;gl;lhy;
gfu MSeH vd;w Ngr;Rf;F ,lkpUf;fhJ. Mjdhy; Gjpa Ml;rpahsUk; xU
,isQdhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd vz;zpdhH. Nguurpf;F Foe;ij gpwf;Fk; tiuapy;
,ijj; jhkjg;gLj;jyhk; vd ,sturH Ff;fpd; MNyhridia #`;rp epuhfhpj;jhH.
,Ugj;NjO ,sturHfs; $bapUe;j mitapy; mtH jd; tpUg;gj;ij rHthjpfhu
Kiwapy; ntspapl;lhH. me;jr; rpWtd;jhd; ehd;F tajhd Fthq;R vd;gtd; kPz;Lk;
me;j ,UtUk; mtDf;F gfu MSeHfshf tpsq;fp te;jdH. mtd; 1887-y; cw;w
taJ mile; NghJ jd; Neub Ml;rpf;F jil Vw;gl;lij mtd; czHe;jhd;. vdpDk;
,uz;L Mz;Lfspy; mtd; Ml;rp nra;Ak; fiyapid mthplkpUe;J fw;Wf;
nfhz;lhd;. 1889-y; jhd; Fthq;R Ml;rpg; nghWg;G KOtijAk; Vw;Wf; nfhz;lhH.
#`;rpAk; EhWehs; rPHjpUj;jKk;
Fhq; A itapdhy; nghpJk; ftug;gl;l NguurH Fthq; R EhWehs;
rPHjpUj‟jq;fis ntspaplyhdhH. fd;g+\paf; Nfhl;ghl;bd; mbg;gilapyhd gj;jhk;
gryp muir jw;fhy murhf khw;w Vuhskhd Mizfs; ntspaplg;gl;ld. Gjpa
epHthf Kiwapid Vw;gLj;h mtrpakw;w gjtpfs; ePf;fg;gl;ld. mjd; tpisthf
kQ;R gpuGf;fs; jq;fs; gjtpfisAk; nry;thf;ifAk; ,oe;jdH. rptpy; rHtP]; NjHtpy;
gpd;gw;wg;gl;l „vl;Lf;fhy; fl;Liu‟ ahdJ ePf;fg;gl;lJ. ,jdhy; KOikahf
fd;g+\pa nry;thf;F epHthfj;jpypUe;J mfw;wg;gl;lJ. ghjpf;fg;gl;l mjpfhhpfs;
NjhNt[H Nguurpia ehbj; jiyaplr; nra;jdH. mtNu goikthjpahifahy; vy;yhr;
rPHjpUj;jq;fisAk; vjpHf;fyhdhHfs;. Mdhy; mtH vjpHg;ghsHfs; if Xq;f Ntz;Lk;
vd thshtpUe;jhH. mtuJ jiyaPl;lhy; gPjp nfhz;l rPHjpUj;jf;fhuHfs; mtiu
ifJ nra;a Kaw;rp nra;jdH. Mdhy; mk;Kaw;rp Njhy;tp mile;jJ.
1861-k; Mz;bypUe;J 37 Mz;Lfs; Nguurp NjhNt[H murpd; KO Mjpfhuk;
ngw;W tpsq;fpdhH. mtUila ek;gpf;iff;F chpatHfs; gq;F ngw;wpUe;j ngUk;
 68

mitapd; KbTfs; murpahUf;F mg;Nghijf;fg;NghJ njhptpf;fg;ll

; J. mtuJ
ghHitapypUe;J vJTNk jg;gpaJ fpilahJ. Ve;j fd;g+\paf; Nfhl;ghl;bd;
mbg;gilapy; jd; gjtpAk;nry;thf;Fk; gjpe;jpUe;jNjh mJ NtNwhL gpLq;fg;gl;l
NghJ mtH uhZtj;jpd; Jiz nfhz;L kPz;Lk; mg;gjtpf;F tuyhdhH. mtH
Nguurpd; muz;kidia #iwahb rPHjpUj;j gj;jpuq;fisj; Jhf;fp vwpayhdhH.
NguurH fLk; fha;r;ryhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;bUg;gjhy; jhd; Ml;rp;g; nghWg;gpid Vw;Wf;
nfhs;tjw;F Kd;te;jjhf ntspg;gilahfNt ntspapl;lhH. ,t;thW %d;whtJ
Kiwahf mtH epHthfg; nghWg;gpid Vw;Wf; nfhz;lhH. Nguurpd; Njhl;lj;jpy;
mike;jpUe;j xU rpwpa jPtpy; NguurH ifjpahf itf;fg;gl;lhH. jpLjpg;ngd;W
rPHjpUj;j ,af;fKk; KbT ngw;wJ.
ghf;rH fytuj;jpy; mtuJ gq;F
Muk;gj;jpy; ghf;rH fytuk; kQ;Rf;fSf;Fk;> may;ehl;ltHfSf;Fk; vjpuhf
Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ. mf;fytuj;jpdH kQ;Rf;fisg; gjtpapypUe;J mfw;w Ntz;Lk;
vd;Wk;> mtHfs; ,iwtd; tpUg;ggb Ml;rpia elj;jtpy;iy vd;Wk; $wpdH. Mdhy;
Nguurp rhkHj;jpakhf mtHfSf;F cjtp nra;J mtHfis may;ehl;ltHfSf;F
vjpuhf KLf;fp tplyhdhH. xU gf;fk; may; ehl;lthpd; nry;thf;F kz;lyq;fshf
ehL gphpe;J nry;tijf; fz;lhH. kw;nwhU gf;fk; rPHjpUj;j ,af;fq;fshy; ehL
Nkiykakhjiy mtH fz;lhH. gPfpq;fpypUe;j may;ehl;L JhjHfs; kpfTk; Nkhrkhf
ele;J te;jdH. mtHfs; nray;fshy; Vkhw;wk; mile;j mtH ghf;rHfis mtHfs;
gf;fk; jpUg;gyhdhH. mtHfSila khatpj;ijfspYk;> je;jpuq;fspYk; ek;gpf;if
nfhz;l mtH ghf;rHfSf;F ey;yhjputpidAk;> MrpiaAk; ufrpakhf eyfpdhH.
Gpd;dH ntspg;gilahf mtHfis Mjhpf;fyhdhH. Nguurpapd; MjuT ngw;w ghf;rHfs;
kpfj; jPtpu eltbf;ifapy; ,wq;fpdhH. FWfpa fhyj;jpy; tlrPdh KOtJk; td;Kiw
jiytphpj;jhbaJ. 1900-k; Mz;L [Pd; jpq;fspy; may;ehLfis vjpHj;J murhq;fk;
Nghhpy; <Lgl;lJ. gPfpq;fpypUe;j may;ehl;Lj; JhjHfis Kw;WifapLk;gb
ghf;rHfSf;F mDkjp toq;fg;gl;lJ. ,ijf; fz;l me;ehLfs; $l;Lg;gilnahd;iw
n[Hkd; jsgjp yhy;lHrp vd;gtH jiyikapy; cUthf;fpdhH. mjpy; 18>000 JUg;Gfs;
,Ue;jd. me;jf; $l;Lg;gil rPdhit mile;J bad;rpd; efiuf; ifg;gw;wpaJ.
gPfpq;fpy; jq;fs; nfhbia ehl;baJ. Nguurp NjhNt[H khWNtlj;Jld; mq;fpUe;J
Xl;lk; gpbj;jhH. jhd; nra;j murpay; jtWfspy; xd;W ghf;rHfis Mjhpj;jJ vd;W
mtH gpd;dhspy; czuyhdhH.
rPdhit rPHjpUj;j Kaw;rpj;jy;
ghf;rH fytuk; mtUf;F Vw;gl;l xU frg;ghd mDgtkhFk;. tuyhW fhzhj
msTf;F mopitj; Njbj;je;jjw;F mtH ntl;fKk; NtjidAk; mile;jhH.
may;ehl;bduhy; Vw;gl;l mtkhdj;ij ePf;f Kw;gl;ltUf;F NkYk; mtkhdKk;
kiyFdpTk; Vw;gl;ld. ,Wjpapy; rPdhit rPHjpUj;jq;fs; %yk; ed;dpiyf;Ff;
 69

nfhz;Ltu tpUk;gpdhH. jd; gjtpiaAk;> nry;thf;ifAk; fhg;ghw;wpf; nfhs;s

mJjhd; xNu top vd vz;zpdhH. Mjd;gb rPHjpUj;jq;fis ntspaplyhdhH.
mtUila rPHjpUj;jq;fspy; fy;tp> uhZtk;> fg;gw;gil> murhq;f mikg;GKiw>
mgpdpia xopj;jy; Nghd;w gytpj Jiwfs; ,lk; ngw;wd. fiwgl;l tPl;ilj;
Jha;ikg;gLj;Jk; tifapy; ,itfs; vy;yhk; mike;jpUe;jd. r%f nghUshjhu
mikg;gpy; mtH Nkw;nfh;l rPHjpUj;jq;fs; kpfTk; nrhw;gkhdit. Mitfs;
gpukpf;fj;jf;f Kd;Ndw;wk; vijAk; nfhz;Ltytpy;iy. vdNt mtUila
rPHjpUj;jq;fs; rhjidfs; mw;w ntWk; ntw;WNtl;L vd;why; mJ kpifahfhJ.
mtUila kuzk;
jd;Dila 73tJ tajpy; NjhNt[H Neha;tha;gl;lhH. %d;W
khjq;fSf;Fs;shfNt mtH (1908-k; Mz;by;) kuzk; mile;jhH. mtUila
kuzj;jpw;F Kjy; ehs; NguurH Fthq;R vd;gtUk; khz;L NghdhH. mtUf;F murp #
q`p jhd; ,wg;gjw;F Kd; tp\k; itj;jjhff; $wg;gLfpwJ.
mtUila ntw;wpf;Ff; fhuzq;fs;
xU ngz; vg;gb mg;gbg;gl;l mjpfhuj;ijAk;> nry;thf;ifAk; ngw;wpUe;jhH
vd;Wk; mjpfhhpfs; Vd; mtiu vjpHf;fhky; fPo;g;gbe;J ele;J te;jdH vd;Wk; Nfs;tp
voyhk;. mtUila ntw;wpf;Ff; fPo;fhZk; mtUila je;jpu topfNs
fhuzq;fshapUe;jd.
1. mtH vy;yh kQ;Rf;fisAk;> tk;rtopr; rl;lq;fisAk; Kd;khjphpfisAk;
gpd;gw;wr; nra;jhH. mur FLk;gj;jpdiu ed;F ftdpj;J te;jhH.
mtHfSf;fhd rl;lq;fs; jd;Kiwapy; gpd;gw;wg;gl;ld. Fw;wthspfs;
fLikahf jz;bf;fg;gl;ldH.

2. Ml;rpahsUk;> Ml;rp nra;ag;gLNthUk; fd;g+\paf; Nghl;ghLfis

ed;Kiwapy; gpd;gw;wr; nra;jhH. mj;Jld; kf;fs; gpd;gw;w Ntz;ba
flikfs; typAwj;jg;gl;ld.

3. Nrq;-FNt-ngd;> yp `q;fq;> Athd; \p Nf Nghd;w jpwikahd rPd

mjpfhhpfspd; xj;Jiog;G mtUf;F ,Ue;jJ. mtHfSf;Fg; ngUk; gjtp
nfhLj;J mtH Nghw;wpdhH. mNj rkaj;jpy; mtHfisf; fz;fhzpg;gpy;
itj;jpUe;jhH.

4. ,sk; rpwhHfisg; gjtpapy; mkHj;jptpl;L jhd; gfu MSeuhf ,Ue;jhH.

murhq;fj;ijf; jd; iffspy; vLj;Jf; nfhz;lhH.
 70

5. Nfhs;ifapy; epiyapy;yhj> nray;fspy; ek;gpf;ifj; JNuhfKila mtH

gjtpapy; ePbj;J ,Ue;jhH vd;gJ mhpa nraNyahFk;. Fhyj;jpd;
Njitf;Nfw;g mtH Cf;Ftpf;fg;gl;lhH. Gfog;gl;lhH. Coypy; <LglyhdhH.
Jhd; tpUk;gpaijf; Nfl;Lg; ngwyhdhH.

Nkw;fz;l nray;fshy; mtH rPdhit miu Ehw;whz;L fhyk; Mz;L

tuyhdhH.
 71

myF - 2

1911-k; Mz;Lg; Gul;rp

kQ;R tk;rk; Vwf;Fiwa 267 Mz;Lfs; rPdhit Mz;L te;jJ. mt;tk;rk;
191-k; Mz;L tiu Ml;rp nra;J te;jJ. mt;tk;rk; typTk; nghypTk; ngw;wpUe;jhYk;
mjd; ,Wjpf;fhyj;jpy; mJ typikkaw;W> jpwikaw;Wf; fhzg;gl;lJ. 19-k;
Ehw;whz;bd; kj;jpapy; mt;tk;rk; gy rpf;fyhd gpur;ridfis re;jpf;f
Ntz;bapUe;jJ. mq;F nfhUshjhur; rPHFiyTk;> mjpfhu tHfj;jpd; jpwikapd;ikAk;
xUq;Nf fhzg;gl;ld. mjw;Fk; Nkyhf may;ehl;lthpd; CLUty; NtW Vw;gl;lJ.
,r;#o;epiyfs; rPdhtpd; r%f nghUshjhu> murpay; mikg;Gfspy; jPtpu khw;wq;fis
Vw;gLj;jpd. vdpDk; kQ;R tk;rj;jpd; mopT jtpHf;f Kbahjjhapw;W.
1911-k; tUl Gul;rpf;fhd fhuzq;fs;
1)nghUshjhuf; fhuzq;fs;
1911-k; Mz;by; Vw;gl;l Gul;rpf;F mbg;gilf; fhuzq;fs; nghUshjhuf;
fhuzq;fshFk;. 1911-k; Mz;bw;F Ke;ija 29 Mz;Lfspy; kf;fs; njhif
ngUkstpw;Fg; ngUfpaJ. 1885-y; 77 kpy;ypad;fshf ,Ue;jJ. 1911-y; 430
kpy;ypad;fshf mjpfhpj;jJ. kf;fs; njhifg; ngUf;fj;jpw;F Vw;g czTg;nghUs;
cw;gj;jp mjpfhpf;ftpy;iy. ika khepyq;fspy; Vw;gl;l nts;sg; ngUf;fpdhy; 1910-
11k; Mz;Lfspy; epytpa rhjhuz czT epiyikAk; ghjpf;fg;gl;lJ. VO
khepyq;fspy; twl;rpNtW Vw;gl;lJ. yl;Nrhg yl;rk; kf;fs; gl;bdpahYk; grpahYk;
thbdH. gyH khz;ldH. ,aw;ifapNyNa kf;fs; kdjpy; ntWg;G Vw;gl;lJ.
kQ;#hpahtpw;Fk; rPdhtpy; kf;fs; njhif Fiwe;J fhzg;gl;l ,lq;fSf;Fk; gyH
FbNawpjd; tpisthf epiyik rw;W rPuhfpaJ. Mdhy; gQ;rk; Gul;rp Vw;gLtjw;F
NghJkhdjhf mike;jJ vd;why; jpy; vt;tpj Iag;ghLk; ,y;iy.
Kw;nhwU nghUshjhuf; fhuzk; epjp epiyikahFk;. uhZtj;ijr;
rPuhf;fpajhYk;> ,Ug;Gg;ghijfis fl;bajhYk;> Gjpa fy;tp epWtdq;fis
Vw;gLj;jpajhYk; murhq;fj;jpd; nryTfs; mjpfhpj;Jf; nfhz;Nl ,Ue;jd. mj;Jld;
rP-Ig;ghdpag; NghH> ghf;rH fytuk; Mfpatw;wpd; %yk; Vw;gl;l ,og;gPl;Lj;
njhifapidf; fl;l Ntz;b ,Ue;jJ. mjd; tpisthf thpfs; kpfTk; mjpfkhapd.
Gjpa thpfs; tpjpf;fg;gl;ld. thpr;Rik jhq;fKbahj mstpw;F mjpfkhdJ. ,jdhy;
kQ;R tk;rj;ij ntWj;jdH. mtHfs; kPJ mjpUg;jp nfhz;ldH.
2)Gul;rpf; fUj;Jf;fspd; vOr;rp
nghUshjhur; rPHFiyT kf;fs; kdjpy; Gul;rpf; fUj;Jf;fis GFj;jpd. EhW
ehs; rPHjpUj;jf; fhyj;jpypUe;Nj xU Gul;rpf; fl;rp ,aq;fp te;jJ. mJ fhq; A
itapd; jiyikapy; Nlhf;fpNahtpy; ,aq;fp te;jJ. mtUila rPluhf ypahq; rp
rNyhTk; ,Ue;J te;jhH. mtHfs; murpayikg;gpd; mbg;gilapyhd Kbahl;rpf;
 72

Nfhl;ghl;il gug;gp te;jdH. mq;F lhf;lH rd; ahl; nrd;duy; kQ;R tk;rj;jpw;F
vjpuhfxU Gul;rp ,af;fk; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. 1095-k; Mz;by; lhf;lH nrd; “Jq; nkq;
`{a;” vd;w el;GwTf; fofk; vd;gij Vw;gLj;jpdhH. mf;fofk; Gul;rpf;Ff; fhuzkhf
mike;jJ.
jd; rq;fj;jpd; Nfhl;ghLfisg; gug;g lhf;lH nrd; ehnlq;fpYk; Rw;Wg; gazk;
Nkw;nfhz;lhH. ahq;rpf;Fj; njw;Nf ,Ue;j gy rq;fq;fSld; mtH njhlHG
nfhz;bUe;jhH. kQ;Rf;fSf;F vjpuhd $Wfs; nfhz;l xU Gjpa til epWtg;gl;lJ.
lhf;lH nrd; Gul;rpapy; Mw;wpa gq;F cz;ikapNyNa mstplw;fhpajhFk;. Kf;fspd;
ntWg;ig ntw;wpfukhd Gul;rpahf khw;wpatH lhf;lH nrd;jhd;. kw;nwhU Gul;rpapd;
ikak; khztHfs; ntspehL nrd;W gbf;fyhdhHfs;. ntspehLfspypUe;J
jpUk;gpatHfs; jq;fs; ehl;by; Ntiyapy;yhjJ fz;L Ntjid mile;jdH. mtHfs;
kpfTk; nehe;J nfhz;ldH. may;ehl;L mDgtj;jhYk; gapw;rpahYk; Gul;rp
,af;fj;jpYk; MHtk; nfhz;ldH.
3)Gul;rpf; fl;rpfspd; vOr;rp
268 Mz;Lfs; Ml;rp nra;j kQ;R tk;rj;jpd; kPjhd ntWg;G vg;NghJk;
kiwatpy;iy. khwtpy;iy. ,ufrpa mikg;Gfspy; Gul;rpapd; fUthdJ ehnhshU
NkdpAk; nghOnjhU tz;zKkhf tsHe;J nfhz;Nl te;jJ. ,ufrpa rq;fq;fs; gy
Njhd;wp mt;tk;rj;ij Jhf;fp vwpayhapd. Mit
1) %d;W epyg;gpug;Gf;fspd; fpsHr;rp
2) tpz;Zk; kz;Zk; ,ize;j rq;fj;jpd; (tpz;ZyFk; g+TyFk;) vOr;rp
3) ntz;jhkiuapdhpd; fpsHr;rp
4) ijgpq; fpsHr;rp Mfpaitfs; kQ;Rf;fSf;F vjpuhf Vw;gl;l Kf;fpa
fpsHr;rpahFk;.
4)rkagug;Gf; FOtpdhpd; gq;F
Rkag;gug;Gf; FOtpdH epWtpa gs;spfs; Gul;rpf;F vt;thW tpj;jpl;ld vd;gij
,q;F ,ak;ghky; ,Uf;f KbahJ. Mg;gs;spfspy; Nkiyehl;L kf;fshl;rpf;
Nfhl;ghLfs; fw;gpf;fg;gl;ld. mjdhy; Kd;Ndw;wf; fUj;Jfs; mtHfSila kdjpy;
gw;wpf;nfhz;ld. mwpTs;s khztHfspy; gyH ntsp ehL nrd;W gbf;fyhdhHfs;.
Mq;F mtHfs; Nkiy ehl;L jhuhs Nehf;Fs;s epWtdq;fspd; njhlHgpid ngw;wdH.
5)rPdhtpypUe;J ntspNawpa rPdHfspd; gzpfs;
rPdhtpypUe;J Nkiy ehLfSf;Ff; FbngaHe;jtHfs; gy njhy;iyfs;gl;ldH.
1880-1890k; Mz;Lfspy; mnkhpf;fh xU rl;lj;jpd; %yk; rPdHfspd; FbaNawj;ij
jLj;J epWj;jpaJ. mnkhpf;fhtpy; jq;fSf;F ,lkpy;iy vd mwpe; mtHfs; `tha;>
gpypg;igd;> kNyah Mfpa ehLfspd; gf;fk; jpUk;gpdH. Mq;F FbNawptHfspd;
vz;zpf;if 21/2 kpy;ypad;fshFk;. mtHfs; Gul;rpf;F;f; fhuzkhf tpsq;fpdhHfs.
Nkiy ehLfspypUe;J jpUk;gpatHfs; Nkiyehl;Lf; fUj;Jf;fNshL te;jdH.
 73

mitfisj; jq;fs; ehl;by; gug;gpdH. ,t;tpjkhf mtHfisg; Gj;JzHT ngwr;

nra;jdH.
6)etPd nra;jpg; Nghf;Fuj;Jk; gj;jphpf;iffSk;
tsHr;rp ngw;w nra;jpg; Nghf;Ftuj;Jk;> jghy;je;jpfSk;> ,Ug;Gg;ghijfSk;
,d;dgpw rhjdq;fSk; ehl;bd; %iyKLf;nfy;yhk; kpf tpiuthfg; Gul;rpf;
fUj;Jfisg; gug;g gad;gl;ld. mj;Jld; rPdHfspd; mr;Rg;nghwpfSk; Vuhskhd
Gul;rpf; fUj;Jf;fs; nfhz;l gj;jphpf;iffis ntspaplyhapd. Mitfs; Gjpa
fUj;Jf;fisj; jhq;fp ehnlq;fpYk; gtdpte;jd.
7)khepy mjpfhhpfspd; khwhd Nghf;F
khepy mjpfhhpfs; ikaj;jpw;F xj;Jiog;G juhky; vg;NghJk; njhy;iy
nfhLj;J te;jdH. ika murhq;fj;jpd; tYtw;w jd;ikiag; Ghpe;J nfhz;L jq;fs;
tpUg;gk; Nghy; nray;glyhdhHfs;. Ika-khepy cwTfspy; tphpry; Vw;glf; fhuzkhf
,Ue;jJ. may; ehl;ltHfSf;F ,Ug;Gg;ghij fl;bf; nfhs;s mDkjp je;ejJjhd;
vd;gJ ,q;F Nehf;Fjy; Ntz;Lk;. khepy mjpfhhpfs; jq;fs; gFjpfspy; ngUk;
nry;thf;F Ntz;Lnkd tpUk;gpdH. mtHfs; ikaj;jpd; nghWg;gw;wj; jd;ikapdhy;
Gul;rpahsHfspd; gf;fk; rhayhdhHfs;.
8)ika murpd; typikapd;ik
rPdh epyg;gFjpfsp;d; mbg;gilapy; gy gphpTfshfg; gphpf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ.
,j;jifa epyg;gug;G mjd; typikf;Fk; xUikg;ghl;bw;Fk; Vw;gl;l NflhFk;.
Mg;gFjpfspd; jiytHfSk; neUf;fbahd fhyq;fspy; $l ika murpw;F
xj;Jiof;ftpy;iy. cjhuzkhf mgpdpg; NghHfspd; NghJ xUq;fpize;j ,uhZtk;
vJTk; ,y;iy. mg;Nghhpdhy; ghjpf;fg;glhj khepyq;fs; jdpj;J epd;wd.
mijg;NghyNt rPd-[g;ghdpag; NghhpYk; Neubahf ghjpf;fhj khepyq;fs; ,J
yp`q;rq;fpd; jdpg;gl;l nray; vd;W fUjpd. ,e;j tpjkhf xt;nthU gFjpAk;
khepyKk; jq;fs; fhhpaj;ijjhd; ftdpj;jd. ehl;bd; xUq;fpizg;ig fUj;jpy;
nfhs;stpy;iy.
9)epHthfr; rPHNfL
kQ;Rf;fs; rptpy; epHthfj;jpy; ey;y Kiwfisg; GFj;jtpy;iy. Nguurpd;
mjpfhuk; ehL KOtjpYk; gad;gLj;jg;gltpy;iy. Kjyhtjhf ika khepyq;fSf;F
,ilapy; xj;Jiog;G ,y;iy. ,uz;lhtjhf khepyq;fSf;Fk; jy epHthfq;fSf;Fk;
xj;Jiog;G ,y;iy. MfNt xt;nthU jyg;gphpTk; jdpj;J ,aq;fyhapw;W. ikaj;jpy;
mjpfhhpfs; midtUNk jpwikaw;wtHfshfTk;> Coy; NgHtopfshfTk;
fhzg;gl;lhHfs;. kQ;R tk;rk; ,f;NfLfis fl;Lg;gLj;jj; jtwptpl;lJ. mjdhy;
kf;fs; mij Jhf;fp vwpa tpUk;gpdH.
 74

10)rPHjpUj;jq;fSf;F khwhd Nghf;F

kQ;Rf;fs; ty;yhl;rpahsHfshf ,Uf;f tpUk;gpdhHfs;. Mjdhy; ghuhSkd;w
epWtdq;fSld; mtHfs; jq;fs; mjpfhuj;ijg; gfpHe;J nfhs;s tpUk;gtpy;iy.
mtHfs; Kd;Ndw;wkhd rPHjpUj;jq;fis mwNt Gwf;fzpj;jdH. ey;y topapNyh
my;yJ nfl;ltopapNyh vy;yhr; rPHjpUj;j ,af;fq;fisAk; xopf;f Kw;gl;ldH.
ijgpq; fpsHr;rp> EhWehs; rPHjpUj;j ,af;fk;> ghf;rH fytuk; Mfpait kf;fs;
kdjpy; Gjpa vOr;rpaid Vw;gLj;jpd. kQ;Rf;fs; mitfis mlf;fp xLf;fpdH.
fhyk; xU ehs; ey;y rPHjpUj;jq;fSf;F toptFf;Fk; vd;gij mtHfs;
czutpy;iy. me;jf; fhyk; jhkjpj;J te;jNghJ #o;epiyapd; Njitapid mJ
epiwNtw;wtpy;iy vd;gij czHe;jdH.
11)kQ;Rf;fs; may;ehl;bdH
18-k; Ehw;whz;L KOtJk; ,ufrparq;fq;fs; kQ;Rf;fis Jhf;fp vwpa
Ntz;Lnkd njw;fpy; fpsHr;rp nra;J te;jd. kQ;Rf;fs; rPdHfsy;yH. mtHfs;
kq;Nfhypa ,dj;ijr; NrHe;jtHfs;. mtHfs; vg;NghJk; rPdHfSf;F Mjuthf
ele;jjpy;iy. MfNt mtHfis rPdHfs; may;ehl;ltHfs; vd;Wk; mhpaidia
mgfhpj;jtHfs; vd;Wk; fUjp te;jdH.
12)Nkiy ehl;Lf; fUj;Jf;fspd; jhf;fk;
kQ;R tk;rj;jpd; tPo;rr
; pf;F kpf Kf;fpakhd fhuzk; rPdhtpy; Vw;gl;l NkiyehLfspd;
nry;thf;fpd; tpisTfNs MFk;. rPdhHfs; Nkiyehl;bdiu ehfhPfkw;wtHfs; vd
ntWj;jdH. Mdhy; mNj rkak; mtHfSila uhZtj; jpwikapidAk;>
jhuhsf;fUj;Jf;fisAk;> epWtdq;fisAk; fz;L Mr;rhpag;gl;ldH. Nkiyehl;Lf;
fUj;Jf;fshd kf;fshl;rp> Rje;jpuk;> kdpj chpikfs; tpLjiy Mfpait
rPdHffis nghpJk; ftHe;jd. cld;gbf;ifj; JiwKfq;fspy; Nkiyehl;Lf;
fUj;Jf;fSk; nray;fSk; Mf;fk; ngw;wd. ,itfs; Nguurpd; ,iz Mizia
nrayw;wjhf Mf;fptpl;lJ. fd;g+\paf; Nfhl;ghl;by; mike;j kf;fs; flik>
,dg;gphpT Mfpait gpd;Df;Fj; js;sg;gl;ld. jq;fs; nraypYk;> vz;zj;jpYk;;
goikiaAk; gpw;Nghf;Fj;jd;ikiaAk; nfhz;l kQ;R Ml;rpahsHfs; fhyj;jpw;Nfw;g
nray;gltpy;iy. may;ehl;lthplk; mtHfs; gd;Kiw Njhy;tpAw;wJ. mtHfspd;
typikaw;w epiyapid ntspg;gLj;jpaNjhL Gul;rpf;Fk; toptFj;jJ vdyhk;.
13)NkiyehLfsp; nghUshjhu Mjpf;fk;
NkiyehLfshy; rPdh gynry;thf;F kz;lyq;fshf gphpf;fg;gl;lJ vd Kd;dNu
fz;Nlhk;. Jq;fSila nry;thf;Fg; gFjpapy; mitfs; fdptsq;fs;>
,Ug;Gg;ghijfs; Mfpatw;iw Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhz;ld. mg;gFjpia me;ehLfs; jq;fs;
FbNaw;w ,lkhff; fUjpf; nfhz;L Ruz;l Muk;gpj;jd. ,t;thW nra;jjhy;
ifj;njhopy;fs; eRf;fg;gl;ld. NkYk; me;ehLfs; mg;gFjpfis jq;fs;
cw;gj;jpg;nghUs;fSf;Fr; re;ijahf khw;wpf; nfhz;ld. Ntiyapoe;j ifj;njhopy
 75

tpidQHfSf;F Ntiyf; nfhLj;J mtHfis Nkk;gLj;j kQ;R murhq;fj;jhy;

Kbatpy;iy. ehl;ilj; njhopy; kakhf;fj; jtwpaNjhL kl;Lkpy;yhky; ehl;bd;
tsq;fisj; jq;Fjilapd;wp gad;gLj;jp nfhs;s may;ehl;ltHfis mDkjpj;jdH.
14)NjhNt[hpd; rpwg;Gk; jiyikapd;ikAk;
ehl;bw;F typikAk; jpwikAk; nfhz;l jiyik Njitg;gl;lNghJ NjhNt[H
,we;Jtpl;lhH. mjdhy; ehl;by; murpay; jiyikf;Fg; gQ;rk; Vw;gl;lJ. Nguurpaplk;
gy Fiwfs; ,Ue;jNghjpYk; mtH capUld; ,Uf;Fk;tiuapy; Gul;rpf;fhuHfis
mlf;fp xLf;Fk; MSikiag; ngw;wpUe;jhH. mNj rkaj;jpy; NguurH nghWg;gpypUe;j
nghk;ik kd;dUk; ,we;Jtpl;lhH. ,jdhy; murpaypy; ntw;wplk; Vw;gl;L epiyik
NkhrkhdJ jiyik ,y;yhJ jtpj;j tk;rk; Gul;rpf;Fg; gypahfptpl;lJ.
15)[g;ghdplk; rPdh fz;l Njhy;tp
rPdhtpd; ty;yhl;rpf;F rPd-[g;ghdpag; NghH kuz mb nfhLj;jJ. nghpa
ehlhd rPdh rpwpa ehlhd [g;ghpdl; Njhy;tp mile;jJ. murpayikg;gpy; mike;j
murhq;fj;jpd; jpwikiaAk;> typitAk; ep&gpj;Jf; fhl;baJ. [g;ghpda Kd;
cjhuzk; ghuhSkd;w murhq;fj;jpd; typitAk; nghypitAk; vLj;Jf; fhl;baJ.
MfNt [g;ghdpd; ghijapy; rPdh nry;y Muk;gpj;jJ. rPHjpUj;jq;fs; midj;Jf;Fk;
kQ;Rf;fs; vjpHg;ghf ,Ue;jjhy;> mtHfis Jhf;fp vwpe;jhnyhopa murpayikg;Gr;
rPHjpUj;jq;fis nrayhf;f Kbahjnjd czHe;jdH.
16) mtkhdfukhd Njhy;tpAk; jpzpf;fg;gl;l cld;gbf;iffSk;
NkiyehLfpslk; rPdh gLNjhy;tp fz;lJ. mj;Njhy;tpfshy; ehl;Lf;F
mtkhdk; Vw;gl;lNjhL mtHfshy; jpzpf;fg;gl;l cld;ghLfSf;F xg;Gjy; mspf;f
Ntz;b ,Ue;jJ. mt;thW cld;gbf;iffs; jpzpf;fg;gl;ljhy; rPdh gy gFjpfis
,oe;jJ. me;j cld;gbf;iffs; mtHfSila Rje;jpuj;jpw;F ,Uk;G NtypNghy
mike;jd. vdNt kQ;R murhq;fk; kf;fspd; ek;gpf;ifiaAk; MSk; chpikiaAk;
,oe;jJ.
17)u\;a-[g;ghdpag;NghH
1905-k; Mz;by; [g;ghd; u\;ahit ntw;wp fz;ljhy; rPdh mjd;ghijapy;
nry;ytpUk;gpaJ. [g;ghdpd; ntw;wp rPdHfSf;F Njrpa czHit Cl;baNjhly;yhky;
kQ;Rf;fSf;F vjpuhd ntWg;gpidAk; Vw;gLj;jpaJ.
18)Gul;rpf;fhd cldbf; fhuzk;
,Ug;Gg;ghijia Njrpakakhf;Fk; murhq;fj;jpd; nfhs;ifahdJ Vw;fdNt
Gul;rpghijapy; ,Uee;jtHfSf;F mtrpakhd jPg;nghwpia Vw;gLj;jpaJ vdyhk;.
1911-k; Mz;L jdpg;gl;ltHfs; ,Ug;Gg;ghij fl;Lk; chpikfis murhq;fk;
Njrpakakhf;fpaJ. ,J may;ehl;Lf;flid 6 kpy;ypad; gTzfs; mjpfhpf;f
Nkw;nfhz;l eltbf;ifahFk;. Me;epag;gz cjtpAld; Gul;rpf;fhuHfis eRf;fNt
 76

murhq;fk; ,t;thW nra;tjhff; fUjg;gl;lJ. ,ij vjpHj;J xU CHtyk;

nrd;wNghJ it];uha; jiytHfisf; ifJ nra;Ak;gb Mizapl;lhH.
mj;Jld; $l;lj;jpdH kPJ Jg;ghf;fpg; gpuNahfKk; nra;ag;gl;lJ. 1911-k; Mz;L
mf;NlhgH jpq;fs; 10k; ehs; jw;nrayhf `hq;nfstpypUe;j u\;ahpd; ,y;yk; xd;wpd;
kPJ ntbFz;L tPrg;gl;lJ. ,r;nray; Gul;rpahsHfspd; eltbf;iffis
ntspf;fhl;baJ. mlf;FKiwf;F mQ;rpa Gul;rpthjpfs; ntspg;gilahf Gul;rpapy;
,wq;fpdH.
Gul;rpapd; jd;ikAk;> Kf;fpaj;JtKk;
Gul;rpapd; kpf Kf;fpaj; jdik> mJ kQ;Rf;fSf;Fk;> goikf;Fk;>
me;epaHfSf;Fk; vjpHg;Gf; nfhs;if nfhz;ljhFk;. Mjpy; Njrpa czHTk; Mokhfg;
gjpe;J fhzg;gl;lJ.
1911-k; Mz;Lg;Gul;rp rPdhtpy; kQ;R Ml;rpia KbTf;Ff; nfhz;L te;jJ.
ntspg;gilahfNt mjw;F (me;j tk;rj;jpw;F) rPdhit Ml;rp nra;Ak;> xOf;f
mbg;gilapyhd my;yJ NeHikahd jFjp ,y;iy vd;gJ Gydhapw;W. jpwikaw;w>
Coyhd> moe;JtpLfpd;w kQ;Rf;fisg; Nghd;w tk;rkhdJ tpiutpy; moe;JtpLk;
vd;gJ jtpHf;f KbahjJ.
1911-k; Mz;Lg;Gul;rp thf;FWjpaspj;jgb xspkakhd fhyj;ijf;
nfhz;Ltuhtpl;lhYk;> mjdhy; vjpHfhyj;jpy; mjpfkhd Kf;fpaj;Jtk; Vw;glhky;
,y;iy. fd;g+\pa mikg;gpw;F KbT fl;lg;gl;lJ. ,uz;lhapuk; Mz;Lfshf rPdh
Kjiyiag; Nghy; tplg;gbahfg; gw;wpf; nfhz;baUe;j goikf; nfhs;iffis
tpl;Ltpl;lJ. gioa fl;Lg;ghLfis ePf;fpf;nfhz;L jd;ij etPd cyfj;NjhL
njhlHGgLj;jpf; nfhz;lJ. lhf;lHfs; rd; ahl;nrdpd; Jq; nkq; `ha;> Nfhkd;lhq;
fhl;rpahf khw;wg;gl;L mjd; %yk; rPdh KOtJk; rpahq;Nf N\f;fpd; jiyikapy;
xd;WgLj;jg;gl;lJ.
rPdhtpd; kpfg;nghUk; jiytHfspy; xUtuhd lhf;lH rd; ahl;nrd;dpd;
Mw;wy;kpF iftz;zj;jhy; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ jhd; ,uj;jk; rpe;jhj 1911k;
Mz;Lg;Gul;rpahFk;. mtUila %d;W nfhs;iffshd kf;fshl;rp> Njrpak;> rkjHkk;
rPdhtpd; vjpHfhy mikg;gpw;F toptFj;jJ.
1911-k; Mz;Lg;Gul;rp ntWj;J xJf;fg;gl;l kQ;R tk;rj;jpd; Ml;rpf;F
KbTfl;b Fbahl;rpia Jtf;fp itj;jJ. ,t;thW mJ Kbahl;rpf;Fg; gjpyhf
murpayikg;Gf;Fl;gl;l Ml;rpapidf; nfhz;Lte;jJ. mJ kf;fspd; ,iwikapid
ntspg;gLj;jpaJ. rKjha hPjpapy; mg;Gul;rpahdJ goikf;Fg; giftdhFk;.> gioa
njhlHGfs; Jz;bf;fg;gl;L Gjpa cyfj;jpw;F mb vLj;J itj;jJ. rPdh may;ehl;Lf;
nry;thf;F> fd;g+\pa mikg;G vy;yhk; tpil nfhLj;J mDg;gg;gl;ld.
1911-k; Mz;Lg; Gul;rpapd; kw;nwhU Kf;fpaj; jd;ik Njrpa czHtpd;
vOr;rpahFk;. Me;epaH CLUty;> Ruz;lg;gLk; eiy Mfpait mtHfs; kPJ Vw;fdNt
 77

ntWg;ig Vw;gLj;jpd. ,e;jg; Gul;rp vhpfpd;w neUg;gpy; vz;nza; thHg;gJNghy;

mike;J tpl;lJ. ,j;jifa #o;epiyf;F rPdHfs; nfhz;L tug;gl;ljw;F fhuzk;
mtHfSila Njrpa czHNt vdyhk;.

Athd; \p Nf
rPdf; Fbaurpd; Kjy; FbauRj; jiytH Athd;\p Nf MthH. mg;gjtpf;F
tUtjw;F Kd;G gy gjtpfis tfpj;jhH. mtH nfhhpahtpd; filrp it];uha;
MthH. rPd-[g;ghdpag; NghUf;Fg;gpd; rPdhtpy; xU Gjpa uhZttj;ij Vw;gLj;jpatH
mtNu. kQ;Rf;fis mhpaizapypUe;J mfw;wpatUk; mtNu. 1911-k; Mz;by; Vw;gl;l
mikjpahd Gul;rpf;Fk; mtH fhuzkhf tpsq;fpdhH. mtH xU Nguhirf;fhuH. mtH
Fbaurpd; jiyikg; nghWg;gpid Vw;wg;NghjpYk; mtH kdj;jstpy; FbauRf;
nfhs;ifapidg; ngw;wpUf;ftpy;iy. mtH tlGyj;jpypUe;J te;j xU uhZttPuH.
Murpay; je;jphp. FWfpa kdk; nfhz;ltH> goikapy; gw;Wf; nfhz;l mjpfhhp. mtH
Gjpa fUj;Jf;fisf; nfhz;bUe;Jk; goikf;F Kjyplk; mspj;jhH. re;jHg;gthjp.
Murpay; Jiwapy; MHtKk;> cz;ikapy; MjhaKk; Njl tpUk;GgtH.
Athdpd; Muk;gfhy murpay; tho;T
Athd; nfhhpahtpd; rPdg;gpujpepjpahf 1882-k; Mz;by; yp `q; rq; vd;gtuhy;
epakpf;fg;gl;lhH. mj;Jld; mtUf;Ff; nfhhpahtpd; uhZtj;jpw;Fg; gapw;rp mspf;Fk;
nghWg;Gk; mspf;fg;gl;lJ. mtH [g;ghdpd; jpl;lq;fis ntw;wpfukhf Kwpabg;gjpYk;>
nfhhpahtpd; muritapy; [g;ghdpa nry;thf;iff; fl;Lg;gLj;JtjpYk; jpwk;gl
nray;gl;lhH.
Kjy; rPd-[g;ghpdag; NghUf;Fg; gpd; mtH bad;rpdpypUe;j 7000
kdpjHfSf;Fg; gapw;rp mspf;Fk; uhZt mjpfhhpahf mkHj;jg;gl;lhH. rPHjpUj;j
,af;fj; jiytHfs; mtUila cjtpia ehbaNghJ mtH gpw;Nghf;Fthjpapd;
jiytuhd [{q; Yh vd;gtUf;Ff; fhl;bf; nfhLf;Fk; fatuhf khwpdhH.
ghf;rH fytuj;jpd; NghJ mtHfs; muritapd; MjuT ngw;wpUe;jjhy; jdpj;J
epd;whH. Mdhy; mf;fytuj;ij mlf;f Kaw;rp nra;J Nkiy ehl;ltHfspd; ey;y
vz;zj;ijg; ngw tpUk;gpdhH. mjdhy; Gul;rpf;Fg; gpd; mtH uhZtg; nghWg;gpypUe;J
tpLtpf;fg;gl;L gPfpq;fpw;F khngUk; MNyhrfH gjtpf;F khw;wg;gl;lhH. mq;F mtH
may;ehl;L mikr;ruhfg; gzpahw;wpdhH. NguurH Fthq;Rf;F vjpuhf NjhNt[H nra;j
rjpj;jpl;lj;jpy; mtH gq;F ngw;wjhf ngUk; Gusp Vw;gl;lJ. NkYk; mtiug; gjtpf;F
tuhky; nra;aTk; ghLgl;lhH.
kQ;R murhq;fj;jpy; caH mjpfhuj;ijg; ngWjy;
1909-k; Mz;by; mtH mjpfhuj;jpypUe;J ePf;fg;gl;lhH. mj;Jld;
murhq;fj;jpypUe;Jk; ntspNaw;wg;gl;lhH. 1911-k; Mz;Lg; Gul;rpapd; NghJ kQ;R
tk;rj;jpw;F Vw;gl;l tho;th my;yJ rhth vd;w kuzg; Nghuhl;lj;jpd; fhyf;fl;lj;jpy;
 78

mtH kPz;Lk; miof;fg;gl;L N`hg;Ng> `hdhd; Mfpa ,lq;fspd; ftHdH n[duyhf

epakpf;fg;gl;lhH. mg;gjtpia Vw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;F mtH rpy epge;jidfis tpjpj;jhH.
me;j neUf;fbahd fl;lj;jpy; kQ;R murhq;fk; mtH epge;jidfis Vw;Wf; nfhs;s
Ntz;bapUe;jJ. Athd; flw;gil> ,uhZtk; Mfpatw;wpd; NguuR Mizahsuhf
mkHj;jg;l;lhH. mjw;F mLj;j jpq;fspy; mtH Nguikr;ruhdhH.
Athdpd; Nehf;fq;fs;
Athq; kQ;R tk;rj;ij ghJfhf;f Ntz;Lnkd tpUk;gpdhH. mJTk; murpay;
mikg;G mbg;gilapyhd Kbahl;rpahfj; jpfo Ntz;Lnkd vz;zpdhH.
Ml;rpahsHfs; ,ij Vw;Wf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lkhdhy; mjw;Fg; Gul;rpapd; Kd;Ndw;wk;
mtrpak; vd;whH. vdNt jd; gilapdiug; Gul;rpf;fhuHfs; kPJ xU NghJk;
Vtpajpy;iy. ,jw;fpilapy; Gul;rpf;fhuHfs; ehd;fpq;iff; ifg;gw;wpj; jq;fs;
jiyefuhf Mf;fpf; nfhz;lhHfs;.

mikjpg; Ngr;R thHj;ijfs;

jd;Dila jiyrpwe;j ,uhZtj;jpd; gf;f gyj;jpdhy; Athd;
Gul;rpthjpfsplk; Ngr;RthHj;ijfspy; <LglyhdhH. Yp Athd; `hq; vd;gtH Gul;rp
khepyq;fspypUe;J xU gpujpepjpfs; FOit mioj;J te;jhH. may;ehl;bypUe;J
mg;NghJ rPdhTf;F jpUk;gp te;j lhf;lH nrd; jw;fhypfj; jiytuhfg; nghWg;Ngw;whH.
NguuRf; nfhs;ifapdUk; FbauRthjpfSk; epjpg;gw;whf;Fiwthy; Jd;gg;gl;Lf;
nfhz;bUe;jjhy; ,UrhuUk; ,iza Kw;gl;ldH. ehL xd;Wgl ey;yhl;rp kyu
ehl;iltpl;L kQ;Rf;fis tpul;l lhf;lH nrd; jhkhfNt Kd;te;J gjtpapypUe;J
tpyfp Athid jiytuhf;f tpUk;gpdhH.
cld;ghL Vw;gLjy;
1912-k; Mz;L gpg;uthpj; jpq;fs; 12-k; ehs; kQ;Rtk;rk; gjtpapypUe;J tpyfpaJ.
NguurH jd;Dila mjpfhuj;ij ehd;fpq;fpd; murplk; khw;Wtjw;Fg; gjpyhf Athdplk;
khw;wpdhH. NguurUf;F cjtpg;gzk; juTk; cWjp mspf;fg;gl;lJ. muz;kid
ghJfhtyHfis itj;Jf; nfhs;s mtH mDkjpf;fg;gl;lhH. kQ;Rf;fspd; jdpg;gl;l
nrhj;Jf;fisAk; mtHfSila %jhijaHfspd; Nfhtpy;fisAk; ghJfhf;f top
nra;ag;gl;lJ.
kQ;Rf;fs; gjtp tpyfpa gpd; lhf;lH nrd; jiytH gjtpapypUe;J tpyfp>
xd;Wgl;l rPdhtpd; jiytuhf Athid ,Uf;fr; nra;jhH. Athdpd; nray;fis
Gul;rpthjpfs; re;Njfg;gl;l NghjpYk; $l mtiu mfw;Wtjw;F mtHfshy; njhlHe;J
Nghuhl Kbatpy;iy.
Nfhkpd; khq;Fld; Nkhjy;
typikg;ngw;w Fbahl;rpapdhy; jhd; rPdhtpd; gpur;ridfisj; jPHf;f KbAk;
vd Athd; ek;gpdhH. Mifahy; jd;Dila jiytH gjtpia mbg;gilahf
 79

itj;Jf; nfhz;L Gjpa tk;rj;jpw;F topNfhyyhdhH. ,e;j vz;z;q;fis Athd;

ngw;wpUe;jjhyl mtUf;Fk; rd; ahl;nrd;Df;Fk; gifik Vw;gl;lJ. ,uhZt typTk;
nghypTk; ngw;W tpsq;fpa gPfpq;ifj; jiyefuhf mila Athd; tpUk;gpdhH. Mdhy;
nghWg;Ngw;w NghJ mtH ehd;fpq;fpypUe;J Ml;rp nra;tjhf xg;Gf; nfhz;lhH. mtH
Njrpa mitia ehb jiyefiu gPfpq;fpw;F khw;w Kad;wNghJ mtuJ nray;fs;
uhZt ty;yhl;rpf;F toptFf;Fk; vd Gul;rpthjpfs; Iak; nfhz;ldH. rd; ahl;nrd;>
mtuJ Nfhkpd;lhq; fl;rp Mfpatw;wpd; vjpHg;igAk; nghUl;gLj;jhky; Athd;
jd;topapy; nry;yyhdhH. Gphpl;ld;> gpuhd;];> u\;ah> n[Hkdp> [g;ghd; Mfpa
ehLfspd; tq;fpahsHfspd; cjtpAld; Athd; fld; jpul;l Kw;gl;lhH. ,ij lhf;lH
nrd;dpd; fl;rp tpUk;gtpy;iy. me;jf;fld; %yk; mtH epjpj;Jiwapy; ngUk;
mjpfhuj;ijg; ngw;whH. njd; rPdhtpy; rptpy;> uhZtj; Jiwfspy; kpfKf;fpakhd
gjtpfspy; jd;Dila kdpjHfis mkHj;jpdhH. ,r;nray;fs; Gul;rpthjpfspd;
Iaj;ij cWjpg;gLj;jp tpl;ld. 1913-k; Mz;by; xU fpsHr;rp Vw;gl;lJ. Athidg;
gjtpapypUe;J Jhf;fp vwpAq;fs; vd jd;Dila MjuthsHfsplk; $wpdhH lhf;flH
nrd;. Mdhy; mf;fpsHr;rpm lf;fg;gl;lJ. Nfhkpd;lhq; fl;rpapd; kpf Kf;fpaj;
jiytHfs; [g;ghdpy; jQ;rk; GFe;jdH.
murpayikg;G xg;ge;jk;
1934-k; Mz;by; Nfhkpd;lhq; fl;rpm lf;fg;gl;lJld; rPdhtpd; Kjy; FbauR
KbTf;Ff; nfhz;Ltug;gl;lJ. Athd; NkYk; typikNahL tpsq;fyhdhH. mtH
jtwhd Kiwapy; kPz;Lk; jiytuhfg; gj;J Mz;LfSf;Fj; NjHe;njLf;fg;gl;lhH.
mtH Njrpa rigiaf; fiyj;jhH. mjd; ,lj;jpy; MNyhrid $w murpay;
mitia Vw;gLj;jpdhH. te;j Gjpa murpayikg;gpd;gb jiytH Vuhskhd
mjpfhuj;ijg; ngw;whH. mij Nfypahf “Gfo; ngw;w murpayikg;G” vd;W
mioj;jhH. cz;ikahfNt 1914-k; Mz;L Vw;gl;l murpayikg;G xg;ge;jk; jiytiu
ty;yhl;rpahsuhf khw;wpaJ. tp `hq; rhq; vd;gtH $w;Wg;gb 1914-k; Mz;L Nk
jpq;fs; ntspaplg;gl;l murpay; mikg;G xg;ge;jj;jpdhy; jiytH rfy
mjpfhuq;fisAk; ngw;W ty;yhl;rpahsuhf khwpdhH. jiytH NjHjYf;fhf
GJg;gpf;fg;gl;l rl;lq;fspd;gb Athd; brk;gH jpq;fspy; ty;yhl;rpahsuhf tho;ehs;
KOtJk; gjtp tfpf;f top Vw;gl;lJ” vd;gJ cz;ikNaahFk;. Jd; gjtpia
typikg;gLj;jpf; nfhz;L mtH kf;fspd; Ngr;R Rje;jpuj;ijAk; fUj;Jr;
Rje;jpuj;ijAk; ntFthff; Fiwj;jhH.
kq;Nfhypahtpy; fpsHr;rp
rPdhtpy; Vw;gl;l Fog;gkhd #o;epiyiag; gad;gLj;jpf; nfhz;L u\;ahthdJ
kq;Nfhypahtpy; gphpe;J nry;y Kad;wJ. rPdf; Fbaurpw;F vjpuhf Vw;gl;l Rje;jpu
,af;fq;fspy; ,JNt KjyhtjhFk;. Cs; kq;Nfhypahtpy; rPdHfs; Mf;fpukpg;G %yk;
FbNawpaij kq;Nfhypag; gpuGf;fs; ntWj;jdH. u\;a cjtpAld; kq;NfhypaHfs;
 80

cHfh vd;w ,lj;jpy; Rje;jpu murhq;fk; xd;iw Vw;gLj;jpdhHfs;. Kq;Nfhypahtpd;

ntspg;gFjpfspy; Rahl;rpia Athd; mq;fPfhpf;f Ntz;bapUe;jJ.
jpngj;jpy; fpsHr;rp
kq;Nfhypahitg; gpd;gw;wp jpngj;jpYk; fpsHr;rp Vw;gl;lJ. jpngj;jpaHfs; jq;fs;
ehl;bypUe;J rPdg;gilg; gphptid tpul;b mbj;jdH. jhq;fSk; tpLjiy ngw Ntz;Lk;
vd;W fpsHr;rp nra;jdH. mt;thNw tpLjiy ngw;wjhf mwptpj;Jf; nfhz;ldH.
jpngj;jpy; jd; mjpfhuj;ij epiy ehl;l Athdhy; Kbatpy;iy. MfNt mtH %tH
khehl;by; fye;J nfhz;L xU cld;ghl;bw;F xg;Gf; nfhz;lhH. mjpy; gphpl;ld;> rPdh>
jpngj; Mfpa %d;W ehLfs; fye;J nfhz;ld. mk;khehL 1914-k; Mz;L eilngw;wJ.
me;j cld;ghl;bd; tpjpfspd;gb>
1) jpngj;jpd; Nkw;Fg; gFjpf;F jd;dhl;rp toq;fg;gl;lJ.
2) yhrhtpy; rPdh jd;Dila Jhjiu itj;Jf; nfhs;s mDkjpf;fg;gl;lJ.
3) fpof;F jpngj;jpy; rPdhtpd; mjpfhuk; epiyehl;lg;gl;lJ.
Athdpd; Kbahl;rpf; fdT
FbauRj; jiytH gjtpAld; Athd; jpUg;jp milatpy;iy. mtH kd;duhf
KbT nra;jhH.
cs;ehl;Lj; njhy;iyfisg; nghUl;gLj;jhky; Athd; Gjpa tk;rk; xd;iw
Vw;gLj;Jtjpy; Kd;Ndhf;fpr; nrd;whH. jd;Dila cz;ikahd uhZtj;jpd; MjuTk;>
mikjpahd FbahdtHfspd; xj;Jiog;Gk; mtUf;Ff; fpilj;jJ. Fbahl;rpapy;
mjpUg;jp mile;j fd;g+\pa mikg;gpyhd mjpfhhpfs; Kbahl;rpia epiyehl;l
MjuT mspj;jdH. Nkiy ehl;ltHfSk; jq;fspd; nry;thf;if epiyehl;bf; nfhs;s
Athdpd; typikiag; gad;gLj;jpf; nfhs;s epidj;jdH. Mjyhy; mtHfSk;
mtUila Kbahl;rpia Mjhpf;fyhdhHfs;. ,t;thW MjuT ,Ue;jjhy; mtH 1916-k;
Mz;by; mhpaiz Vw KbT nra;jhH. INuhg;gh Kjy; cyfg;Nghhpy; <Lgl;bUe;j
Neuj;jpy; Athd; gPfpq;fpy; khtl;lg; gpujpepjpfspd; khehl;ilf; $l;bdhH. mg;gpujpepjp
Athdpd; MjuthsHfshdjhy; mtHfs; Kbahl;rpia Mjhpj;jhHfs;. me;jg;
gpujpepjpfs; Athid kd;duhf ,Uf;Fk;gb Nfl;Lf; nfhz;lhHfs;. Athd; mij Vw;Wf;
nfhz;lhH.
[g;ghdpd; 21 Nfhhpf;iffs;
1914-k; Mz;by; Kjy; cyfg;NghH Vw;gl;lNghJ Inuhg;gpa ehLfs; vy;yhk;
mjpy; <Lgl;ld. rPdh eLepiyik tfpf;f Kaw;rpj;jJ. Mdhy; mJ ,Wjpapy; Nghhpy;
<LgLk;gb fl;lhag;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
kQ;Rf;fSf;Fg; gpd; Athd; Kbkd;duhf tpUk;gpdhH vd;gij Vw;fdNt
fz;Nlhk;. Mdhy; Gul;rpthjpfs; mij vjpHj;jdH. mjd; tpisthf cs;ehl;by;
njhy;iyfs; Vw;gl;ld. a+dhdpy; Gul;rp Vw;gl;lJ. Athd; mij mlf;f xU gilia
mDg;gpdhH. mtH Kaw;rpapy; ntw;wp fhz ,aytpy;iy. kw;w khepyq;fspYk; mJ
 81

gutpaJ. Fpahq;rpapd; MSeH xU Gul;rpiaj; Jtf;fpdhH. gy khepyq;fs; jq;fs;

tpLjiyia mwptpj;jd. epiyik fl;Lf;flq;fhky; nrd;wJ. ,r;#o;epiyapy; [g;ghd;
jd;Dila Gfo; tha;e;j 21 Nfhhpf;iffis rPdh kPJ jpzpj;jJ. \hz;Lq;fpd;
n[Hkhdpa Fj;jifag; gFjpapid [g;ghd; vLj;Jf; nfhz;lJ. Athdhy; ,e;j
Mf;fpukpg;igj; jLj;J epWj;j Kbatpy;iy. 1915-y; Mz;L [dthpj; jpq;fs;
mf;Nfhhpf;iffs; typAWj;jg;gl;ld. rPdh ,itfis Vw;Wf; nfhz;lhy; mJ [g;ghpd;
FbNaw;w ehlhf khwptpLk;. [g;ghpd; cjptp Nghhpd; NghJNkiyehLfSf;Fj;
Njitg;gl;ljhy;> mitfs; thsh ,Ue;Jtpl;ld. ,e;jr; #o;epiyapy; rPdh xd;Wgl;L
jiytH gpd;dhy; nry;y Kw;gl;lJ. Athd; rpytw;iw Vw;Wf; nfhz;lhH. rpytw;iw
tpthjj;jpw;Fg; gpd; Vw;Wf; nfhs;s js;spitj;jhH. rpytw;iw Vw;Wf; nfhs;s
kWj;jhH.
me;jf; Nfhhpf;ifs; 5 tifg;gLk;
1) \hz;Lq; khepyj;ijg; gw;wpaJ.
2) Njw;F kQ;#hpahitg; gw;wpaJ.
3) `{d; Na-gpq; FOkj;ijg; gw;wpaJ.
4) rPdj; JiwKfq;fisg; gw;wpaJ
5) gpw Nfhhpf;ifs; (ehyhtpjkhdit)
,e;jf; Nfhhhpf;iffs; [g;ghdpa mikr;rH fpNahfp vd;gtuhy; rkHg;gpf;fg;gl;ld.
rpytw;iw Vw;Wf; nfhs;tijj; jtpu AthDf;F NtW topapy;iy. ,r;nraiy
rPdHfs; ntWj;jdH. [g;ghdpag; nghUs;fisg; gfp\;fhuk; nra;tJk; MHg;ghl;lk;
nra;tJk; eilngw;wd.
Athdpd; jpl;lq;fs; Njhy;tp miljy;
jd; gjtpiaj; jf;f itj;Jf; nfhs;s mtH [g;ghdpd; xj;Jog;ig ehbdhH.
Mdhy; [g;ghd; Athdpd; Kbahl;rpia Mjhpf;ftpy;iy. mjw;nfd ,Ue;j
Mf;fpukpg;Gf; nfhs;ifapy; mJ MHtk; fhl;baJ. ,jw;fpilapy; ehl;by; mikjp>
xOq;F rPHnfl;lJ. gy khepyq;fs; jq;fs; tpLjiyia mwptpj;jd. Gul;rpf;fhuHfs;
nkd;NkYk; nry;thf;Fg; ngw;wdH. 1915-k; Mz;L Nk jpq;fs; 12-k; ehs; tpLjiyg;
ngw;w khepyq;fspd; gpujpepjpfs; fhz;ldpy; xd;W $bdH. mtHfs; jhq;fs; Fbahl;rp
xd;iw epWtpajhf mwptpj;jdH. mg;Gjpa FbauR typikaw;wjhapUe;jjhy; may;
ehLfspy; MjuT fpl;ltpy;iy.
Athd; ,f;fl;lhd epiyapy; js;sg;gl;lhH. ika Ml;rpAk; typik Fd;wp
fhzg;gl;lJ. mq;F ntspehl;L Mgj;Jk; cs;ehl;Lf; Fog;gKk; Fb nfhz;lJ.
rpf;fyhd Neuj;jpy; gy khepyq;fs; Rje;jpuk; ngw;wNjhL>AthDf;F neUf;fkhd
jsgjpfshd Jthd;-rp[{ap> ngd;FNth rhq; gphpe;J nrd;wdH. MjuthsHfshy;
Vkhw;wg;gl;L mtkhdk;> ntWg;G> Jd;gk; ,itfshy; Ml;nfhs;sgl;l Athd; jpBnud
 82

1619-y; ,we;J NghdhH. Kbahlrpf; Nfhl;ghl;bd; Ntbf;ifahd Jd;gpay; ehlfk;

jpBnud KbTf;F te;jJ.

lhf;lH rd;ahl; nrd;

lhf;lH rd; ahl;-nrd; etPd rPdhtpd; je;ij vd;W fUjg;gLfpd;whH. ,tH
rPdHfspd; tho;tpy; rPHpa khw;wq;fis Vw;gLj;j tpUk;gpa Gul;rp rPHjpUj;jthjpahthH.
lhf;lH nrd; jd; tho;ehs; KOtijAk; Gul;rpf;fhf mHg;gzpj;jtH. rPdHfspd;
tpLjiyf;fhfNt tho;e;J ,we;jtH vdyhk;. Njrpa xUikg;ghl;bd; milahsr;
rpd;dkhf mtH tpsq;fpdhH.
,sik tho;f;fif
lhf;lH rd;-ahl;-nrd; 1886-k; Mz;by; xU tptrhaf; FLk;gj;jpy; gpwe;jhH. mtH
Foe;ijahf ,Ue;j fhyj;jpNyNa ijgpq; fpsHr;rpapd; fijfshy; nghpJk;
ghjpf;fg;gl;lhH. mtH kdjpy; mitfs; ey;y khw;wj;ij Vw;gLj;jpd. mtH jd;
,sikf;fhyj;jpy; N`hdhYhY vd;w ,lj;jpy; fy;tp gapd;whH. gpd;dH `hq;fhq;fpy;
gbj;J lhf;lH gl;lk; ngw;whH. mtH miy]; epid kUj;Jt kidapy; gzp
Ghpe;jNghJ mtuJ Gul;rpf; fUj;Jf;fs; ey;yNjhH tbtk; ngw;wd. jdpahf kUj;Jtg;
gzpGhpe;jNghJ mtH Gul;rpthjpahfNt khwpdhH. Fy;tpKiwapid khw;wpdhy; jhd;
Njrpa If;fpaj;ijf;nfhz;LtuKbAk; vd czHe;jhH. rPdhit rPHjpUj;j gy fy;tp
nghUshjhur; rPHjpUj;jq;fisr; nra;a MNyhrid $wpdhH. kQ;R Ml;rpahsHfs;
mitfis nrtpkLf;ftpy;iy. ehsiltpy; mtH Kbahl;rpf;F vjpHg;ghsuhfTk;
Njrpaf; FbauRthjpahfTk; khwpdhH.
Rpq;-Rq;-`{a;
1894-k; Mz;by; lhf;lH nrd; rpq;-Rq;-`{a; vd;w rPd kWkyHr;rpf; fofj;ij
Vw;gLj;jpdhH. 1895-y; mtH fhz;ldpy; Kjy; fpsHr;rpapid Muk;gpj;jhH. Mdhy; mJ
mlf;fg;gl;lJ. mtH ,q;fpyhe;Jf;F XbdhH. mq;F mtH ifJ nra;ag;gl;lhH.
yz;ldpypUe;j rPdj;Jhjfuj;jpy; fhtypy; itf;fg;gl;lhH. gpd;dH mtH
tpLjiyahdhH. Lhf;lH nrd;dpd; eltbf;iffSf;F N`hdhYhY> Nah Nfh`hkh
vd;w ,U ,lq;fspy; ,Ue;j rPd kWkyHr;rpf; fofj;jpd; fpisfs; ika ,lkhf
tpsq;fpd. ghf;rH fytuj;ij xU tha;g;ghfj; jd; Gul;rpf;Fg; gad;gLj;jpf; nfhz;lhH.
Mdhy; me;jf; fytuk; mlf;fg;gl;Ltpl;lJ mtHghy; mDjhgk; nfhz;ldH.
tpiutpNyNa mtH rPdhtpd; Gul;rpj; jiytuhff; fUjg;gl;lhH.
Jq;-nkq; `{a;
kQ;R murhq;fk; rPHjpUj;jq;fs; gw;wp vz;zpf; nfhz;bUe;j NghJ rd; ahl;
nrd; Gjpa Gul;rp ,af;fkhd Jq; nkq; `{a; vd;gij Muk;gpj;jhH. 1905-k; Mz;by;
Gul;rpia Mjhpf;Fk; midtUk; ,e;j ,af;ff; nfhbapd; fPo; jpuz;ldH. mr;rq;fk;
rPdf;FbauRf; fUj;ij gug;Gk; gzpapy; <Lgl;lJ. Nlhf;fpNahtpypUe;J ntspte;j
 83

“kf;fspd; nra;jpj;jhs;” Gjpa fl;rpapd; Gul;rpf; fUj;Jf;Fg; ngUk; tpsk;guk; nra;jJ.

lhf;lH nrd; xNu Gul;rpapy; %d;W tisit fhz Kw;gl;lhH.
1) kQ;R tk;rj;ijAk; NguuR epWtdq;fisAk; Njrpag;Gul;rp %yk; Jhf;fp
vwptJ.
2) FbauirAk; kf;fs; ,iwikiaAk; kf;fshl;rpg; Gul;rp %yk; Vw;gLj;JtJ.
3) R%fg; Gul;rp%yk; epy chpikfis rkkhf;FtJ> Kjyhspj;Jtj;jpd;
NfLfis mopg;gJ.
Jq; nkq; q{ vd;w mikg;ig Vw;gLj;jpaJ rPdg;Gul;rpapd; xU iky; fy;yhFk;.
Jw;fhy murpay; fl;rpiag; Nghy xd;wpa ika mikg;gpw;F mJ top mikj;jJ.
ehl;bypUe;j Gul;rpfukhd> Kd;Ndw;wkhd rf;jpfSf;F mJ Cf;fkspg;gjhf tpsq;fp
te;jJ. MfNt mij “rPdg;Gul;rpapd; jha;” vd;W mioj;jdH.
fl;rpapypUe;J cWg;gpdHfsplk; tiuaWf;fg;gl;l fUj;Njh> kf;fshl;rpf;
nfhs;ifapd;ghy; ek;gpf;ifNah ,y;yhjjhy; me;j mikg;ghdJ typikaw;Wf;
fhzg;gl;lJ.
nrd;dpd; Gul;rpf; fl;rpapd; Kjy; khehL gpu];]y;]; efhpy; $baJ.
mehfhpfkhdtHfshd kQ;Rf;fis tpul;babg;gjw;Fk;> rPdhit rPdHfsplk;
mspg;gjw;Fk;> Fbauir cUthf;Ftjw;Fk; cWg;gpdHfs; cWjp g+z;ldH. lhf;lH
nrd;> ,q;fpyhe;J> n[Hkdp> gpuhd;]; Mfpa ,lq;fspy; jq;fpapUe;jhH. ePz;l ehl;fs;
may;ehLfspy; ,Ue;jNghJ mq;F gapd;W nfhz;bUe;j rPd khztHfisj; jd;
fl;rpapy; NrUkhW Nfl;Lf; nfhz;lhH. INuhg;gpa ehLfspy; fl;rpapd; fpisfs;
mikf;fg;gl;ld. Mdhy; [g;ghd; Gul;rpapd; ika ,lkhf mike;jJ. 1905-k; Mz;L
nrg;lk;gH jpq;fs; fl;rpf;nfd xU murpay; mikg;G Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. lhf;lH nrd;
mjd; nghJ ,af;Feuhfj; NjHe;njLf;fg;gl;lhH.
Kf;fspd; %d;W nfhs;iffs;
lhf;lH nrd; INuhg;ghtpy; ,Ue;jNghJ jd;Dila nfhs;iffis
cUthf;fpdhH. murpayikg;gpy; mike;j Kbahl;rpia mtH Mjhpf;f tpUk;gpdhH.
vdpDk; gy rPHjpUj;jq;fs; nra;AkhW tpz;zgq;fs; %yk; Nfl;Lf; nfhz;lhH. Mdhy;
me;j tpz;zg;gq;fs; tPzhapd. Gul;rp %yk;jhd; rPdh tYTs;s ehlhf khwKbAk;
vd;whH. MfNt Fbahl;rpf; Nfhl;ghl;ilg; gug;gyhdhH. mtuJ Nfhl;ghLfs; kf;fspd;
%d;W fUj;Jf;fisj; jOtp epd;wd. mitfs; „rhd;kpd; #” vd;w Njrpak;>
kf;fshl;rp> kf;fs; eyd; (rkjhHk;) MfpaitahFk;.
i) Njrpaf; nfhs;iffs;: mtuJ %d;W nfhs;iffspy; KjyhtJ
NjrpakhFk;. rPdhthdJ kzy; fapiug; Nghd;W jdpj;jdpahfg; gphpe;J
fhzg;gl;l rpWJfs;fshFk;. Mdhy; me;jf; fapW Njrpak; vdw
rpnkz;bdhy; NrHe;jhnyhopa typik ngwhJ vd;whH. MfNt rPdhtpd;
gioa gz;fhl;L If;fpaj;jpw;F topfhl;baJ. mJ midj;J rPdHfisAk;
 84

vt;tpj Gtpapay;> ,d> gpw NtWghby;yhky; xd;whf;f Ntz;Lk; vd

tpUk;gpdhH. mtuJ Njrpaf; Nfhl;ghlhdJ rPdHfs;> kQ;Rf;fs;>
kq;NfhypaHfs;> jpngj;jpaHfs;> gpw rpWghd;ikNahH MfpNahiuj;
jOtpapUe;jJ. mtuJ Njrpak; Nguhjpf;ff; Nfhl;ghL FbNaw;w Mjpf;fk;
Mfpatw;wpf;F vjpuhdjhFk;. mJ md;dpa kQ;R Ml;rpia mfw;w
Vw;gl;lNjhL md;dpaHfspd; gpbapypUe;J tpLgl Vw;gl;lJ vd;why; rhyg;
nghUe;Jk;.

ii)kf;fshl;rpf; ([dehafk) nfhs;iffs;: lhf;lH nrd;dpd; ,uz;lhtJ Nfhl;ghL

[dehakhFk; mtuJ kf;fshl;rpf; nfhs;if Nkiyehl;bd; KiwfisAk; gz;ila
rPdHfspd; fUj;Jf;fisAk; gpd;gw;wp vOe;jjhFk;. Kf;fspd; ,iwikapd;
mbg;gilapy; tYthd ika murhq;fk; mika Ntz;Lnkd tpUk;gpdhH. murpay;
kd;wk;> rl;lkd;wk;> ePjpkd;wk; Mfpatw;wpd; %yk; murpay; mjpfhuq;fs; nray;gl
Ntz;Lk; vd;whH. mj;Jld; mitfSk; Kiwahd NjHTfisAk; jzpf;if
KiwfisAk; gpd;gw;w Ntz;Lk; vd;why; mtH kf;fis %d;W gphpthfg; gphpj;jpUe;jhH.
mitfs; KiwNa 1. jiytHfs; 2) mtHfisg; gpd;gw;WgtHfs; 3) nghJthd
MjuthsHfs; (fPo;kl;lj;jpYs;stHfs;) kf;fspd; ehd;F chpikfisg; gpd;gw;w
Ntz;Lnkd;whH. mitfs; njhlf;fk;> nghJthf;nfLg;G> NjHjy; jpUk;gp mioj;jy;
MFk;. murpay; kd;w my;yJ epHthf rl;l> ePjp> fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; NjHTrhHghd
mjpfhuq;fs; murhq;fj;jpd; Ie;J mjpfhuq;fshFk;.
KOikahd [dehafj;ij milAk; Nehf;fj;jpy; lhf;flH nrd; gbg;gbahd
khw;wq;fisf; fz;lhH. Kjyhtjhf uhZtj;jpd; fl;Lg;ghL ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;>
,uz;lhtjhf kf;fs; jq;fs; mjpfhuq;fisg; gad;gLj;j gapw;rp ngWjy; Ntz;Lk;>
,Wjpahf kf;fs; jq;fs; mjpfhuq;fisr; nrYj;j jahH nra;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;
vd;W mtH $wpdhH.
iii)lhf;lH nrd;dpd; %d;whtJ Nfhl;ghL kf;fs; eyd; MFk;. ,q;F ehk; gz;ila
rPdHfspd; fw;gidf; fUj;jhd „cOgtDf;F epyk;‟ vd;gij vz;zpg; ghHj;jy;
Ntz;Lk;. ,e;jf; nfhs;ifahdJ ,U gphpTfshfg; gphpf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ. mitfs; 1.
Rkkhd epyg;gq;fPL 2) %yjdf;fl;Lg;ghL MFk;. lhf;lH nrd; khHf;[pd; cyfpay;
Nfhl;ghl;ilAk;> tHf;f Nghuhl;lj;ijAk; Mjhpf;ftpy;iy. Mifahy; jdpg;gl;l rpyhpd;
iffspy; %yjdk; NrHtijj; jLg;gjw;Fhpa eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhz;lhH.
Nfhkpd;lhq; fl;rpapd; Kjy; khehL „kf;fs; eyd;‟ vd;w nfhs;ifia ntspapl;lJ.
“ehq;fs; ,f;nfhs;ifiag; gpd;gw;wf; fhuzk; rkkhd epyg; gq;fPl;Lf;fhfjhd;”
vd;wdH. tq;fp fg;gy; fl;Lk; njhopy; Mfpatw;iw muR vLj;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;
 85

mt;thW nra;jhy; ehl;bd; nghUshjhu tho;T rpy Kjyhspfspd; iffspy; NghfhJ”

vd;wdH.
lhf;lH nrd;Dk; AthDk;
njd;rd
P htpy; ehd;fpq;if jiyefuhf nfhz;L lhf;lH nrd; xU Fbauir
epWtpdhh. Tl rPdhtpy; gPfpq;fpy; Athd; \p Nf XH muir epWtpdhH. kQ;Rf;fisg;
gjtpapypUe;J tpyFk;gbf; nra;jhy; jhd; „AthDf;F xd;Wgl;l rPdhtpd; jiytH
gjtp mspg;gjhf $wpdhH. Athd; me;j jpl;lj;ij Vw;Wf; nfhz;lhH. mjd;gb lhf;lH
nrd; 1912-y; jd; gjtpia Jwe;jhH. kQ;Rf;fs; mhpauzapypUe;J tpyfpaJk; Athd;
Gjpa Fbaurpd; Kjy; jiytuhdhH. 1912-k; Mz;by; lhf;lH nrd; Jq; nkq;-`{Ald;
gpw Gul;rp mikg;Gfis ,izj;J Nfhkpd;lhq; fl;rp vd;w murpay; fl;rpia
mikj;jhH. ,t;thW vOe;j xd;Wgl;l Nfhkpd;> lhq; fl;rp kf;fspd; %d;W
nfhs;iffSld; typT ngw;W rpwg;Gw;W tpsq;fpaJ. Athd; jd; thHj;ijiaf;
fhg;ghw;wtpy;iy. FbauRf; nfhs;iff;F mtH kjpg;G mspf;ftpy;iy. mtH
Kbahl;rpapd; ghijapy; Kd;Ndhf;fpr; nrd;whH. lhf;lH nrd; ,ij vjpHj;jhH.
mjdhy; ,ij vjpHj;J Gul;rpapy; ,wq;fpdhH. 1916-y; Athd; ,we;J NghdhH. rPdh
NghHj; jsgjpfspd; iffspy; Ngha;r; NrHe;jJ.
lhf;lH nrd;Dk; 1911-k; Mz;Lg;Gul;rpAk;
nrf;Fthd; khepyj;jpy; ,Ug;Gg;ghijfis Njrpakakhf;fpaJ Gfo; ngw;w 1911-
k; Mz;Lg;Gul;rpia Vw;gLj;jpaJ. Nguurpd; murhq;fk; me;j ,Ug;Gg;ghij
Nghuhl;lj;ij mlf;f Kw;gl;l NghJ ahq;brp gs;sj;jhf;fpd; ikaj;jpy; xU Kf;fpa
epfo;rr
; p Vw;gl;lJ. 1911-k; Mz;L mf;NlhgH jpq;fs; 9-k; ehs; `hq;nrstpy;
ntbFz;L jahH nra;J ntbf;fg;gl;lJ. ,J Gul;rpf;fhuHfspd; Ntiy vd;gJ
mk;gykhapw;W. mj;Jld; mtHfspd; ufrpa Ntiyfs; ntspte;jd. fhty;
Jiwapdhpd; Nrhjidapy; gy Gul;rpf;fhuHfs; ifJ nra;ag;gl;ldH. mtHfSila
Kf;fpa Mtzq;fSk;> MAjq;fSk; ifg;gw;wg;gl;ld. jq;fisg; ghJfhj;Jf;
nfhs;Sk; tifapy; Gul;rpf;fhuHfs; murhq;fj;jpw;F vjpuhf cldbahfg;
Gul;rpapypwq;fpdH. mtHfs; Nguurpd; jsgjpahd yp Athd; `q; vd;gtiuj;
jiyikNaw;Fk;gb Jhz;bdH. FWfpa fhyj;jpy; %d;Wt+`hd; efuq;fshd
`hd;ahq;> `hd;nfs> t+rha; Mfpait fpsHr;rpf;fhuHfspd; iffspy; tpOe;jd. me;j
,lq;fspypUe;J Gul;rp ahq;brpapd; njw;Fg; gFjpapy; kpf Ntfkhfg; gutyhapw;W.
Gul;rp Vw;gl;l NghJ lhf;lH nrd; may;ehl;by; ,Ue;jhH. clNd mtH jhafk;
jpUk;gpdhH. tUk; topapy; b\; murhq;fj;jpd; MjuitAk; ngw;whH. brk;gH jpq;fs; 25-
k; ehs; rPdh te;J NrHe;jhH. ehd;F ehl;fSf;Fg;gpwF khepy gpujpepjpfshy; mtH
rPdf; Fbaurpd; jiytuhfj; NjHe;njLf;fg;gl;lhH. lhf;lH nrd;dpd; 27 Mz;L fhyg;
Nghuhl;lj;jpw;Fg;gpwF gpd; tho;tpd; neLehisaf; fdT ntw;wpfukhf edthdijf;
fz;lhH.
 86

Nrhtpaj; u\;ahTldhd cwT

Fbahl;rpf; fhyj;jpy; lhf;lH nrd; may;ehl;Lg; Nguhjpf;fk;> fl;rpapd;
xw;Wikapd;ik> cs;ehl;Lr; rpf;fy; Mfpatw;why; my;yy;gl;lhH. mj;Jld; mtH
jg;gpf;fTk; Kbahky; mitfisj; jPHf;fTk; Kbahky; Jd;gg;ll
; hH. mr;rkaj;jpy;
Nghy;\;tpf; Gul;rp Gj;njhspiaAk;> Jhz;LjiyAk; mtUf;F mspj;jJ. MfNt
Nrhtpaj; jd; Nehf;fj;ij ePl;baNghJ mtH mijg;gw;wpf; nfhz;lhH. 1922-k; Mz;L
Nrhtpaj; murhq;fk; mlhy;g; N[hNg vd;gtiu mjd; gpujpepjpahf rPdhtpw;F
mDg;gpaJ. Lhf;lH nrd;Df;Fk; N[hNgTf;Fk; XH xg;ge;jk; Vw;gl;lJ. mjd;gb
rPdhtpw;Fg; nghJTilik Vw;wjd;W vd;gJ Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.
rPdhtpw;F MNyhrHfis mDg;gp cjtp nra;tjhfTk;> jd; gioa
rYiffis cjwpjs;StjhfTk; u\;ah $wpaJ. u\;ah cjtpAld; mJ fl;rp
xw;Wikia epiy ehl;baJ. Njrpa If;fpaj;ijAk;> mjd; Gduikg;igAk; Vw;gLj;j
mJ tYthd mikg;G xd;iw epWt Kw;gl;lJ. 1923-k; Mz;by; Nrhtpaj; ehL
kpfTk; mDgtk; tha;e;j murpay; je;jphpahd NghNuhbd; vd;gtiu nrd;dpd; Njrpaf;
fl;rpiar; rPuikf;f mDg;gpaJ. Jw;NghJ rPdg;nghJTilik fl;rpf;Fk; Nfhkpd;lhq;
fl;rpf;Fk; xw;Wik Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. NghNuhbd; nry;thf;fhy; mtH %d;W Gjpa
nfhs;iffis ntspapl;lhH. mitfshtd.
1) Nrhtpaj; u\;ahTld; el;G
2) rPdg; nghJTilik fl;rpapd; cwTfs;
3) njhoyhsHfs;> FbahdtHfs; MfpNahhpd; ,af;fj;jpw;F MjuT

fhz;ldpd; njd;rd
P f; Fbauir Vw;gLj;Jjy;
Athd; ,we;j gpwF lhf;lH rd; ahl; nrd; kPz;Lk; xU uhZt Ml;rpiaf;
fhz;ldpy; 1917-y; Vw;gLj;jpdhH. mJ ahq; brp ejpapd; njd;gFjp KItijAk;
cs;slf;fp ,Ue;jJ. tpiutpNyNa nrd;Df;Fk; mtuJ uhZtj; jsgjpfSf;Fk;
,ilapy; NtWghL Vw;gl;lJ. mtH \hq;fhz; vd;Dkplj;jpy; milf;fyk; Gf
Nehpl;lJ. gpd;dH mtH fhz;lidf; ifg;gw;wpdhH. murhq;fj;ijAk; GJg;gpj;jhH.
cs;ehl;Lj; njhy;iyfshYk; jd; mjpfhhpfspd; fPo;gbahj; jd;ikahYk; my;yy;gl;l
nrd; NkiyehLfspd; Mjuit ehbdhH. mtHfNsh NghHj; jsgjpgis jl;bf;
nfhLj;J nfhz;bapUe;jdH.
mtuJ kuzk;
fhz;ldpy; jd; murhq;fj;ij epiyehl;bag;gpd; mtH jd; ftdj;ij
tlgFjpapy; jpUg;gp rPdhit xd;WgLj;j Kw;gl;lhH. 1924-y; ngq; vd;w NghHj;jsgjp
gPfpq;iff; ifg;gw;wp „nrd;‟id rPdhit If;fpag;gLj;Jk; khehl;bw;F tutioj;jhH.
mtuJ cly; eyk; ghjpf;fg;gl;bUe;jhYk; mq;F fye;J nfhs;sr; nrd;whH. Mdhy;
mtH vijAk; rhjpg;gjw;F Kd; cly; eyk; kpfTk; Fd;wp 1925-y; ,we;J NghdhH.
 87

,Ugj;NjhU Nfhhpf;iffs;
rPdhtpd; nghUshjhu tsj;jpd; kPJk‟;> murpay; ,iwikapd; kPJk;
ntspg;gilahf Fwp itf;fg;gl;l Mf;fpukpg;G mk;ghf „,Ugj;NjhU Nfhhpf;iffs;‟
rPdh kPJ [g;ghd; mike;jpUe;jd. ,e;j Nfhhpf;iffspdhy; rPdh kPJ [g;ghd; jd;
Nguhjpf;fj;ijj; jpzpf;Fk; nraiyf; fhz Kbe;jJ. cs;ehl;Lr; rpf;fyhYk;>
Athdpd; murpay; re;jHg;gthjq;fshYk; cyfg; Nghhpd; gPjpapdhYk; rPdhtpd;
epiyik kpfTk; Nkhrkhfj; njd;gl;lJ. ,r;#o;epiyapy; [g;ghd; rPdhtpy; Eioe;J
Mjhak; Njl Kw;gl;lJ.
[g;ghdpa 21 Nfhhpf;iffs; rPdhtplk; itf;fg;gLtjw;Fhpa #o;epiyfs;
1914-k; Mz;L Kjy; cyfg; NghH Vw;gl;lJ. mjpy; INuhg;gpa ehLfs; gyTk;
<Lgl;ld. “rPdh eLepiyik tfpf;f Kaw;rpj;jJ. ,Wjpapy; mJ Nghhpy; <LgLk;gb
fl;lhag;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. “rPdhtpy; Mjpf;fk; nrYj;j [g;ghd; ,g;Nghiu gad;gLj;jpf;
nfhs;Sk;” vd;W xU rkak; Athd; Fwpg;gpl;lhH.
kQ;Rf;fSf;Fg; gpd; mhpaiz Vwp Kbahl;rpia epiy ehl;l Ntz;Lnkd;W
Athd; jpl;lkpl;bUe;jhH vd;gij Vw;fdNt fz;Nlhk;. Gul;rpthjpfs; Kbahl;rpia
kPz;Lk; nfhz;LtUfij vjpHj;jhHfs; mjd; tpisthf cs;ehl;Lj; njhy;iyfs;
Vw;gl;ld. a+dhdpy; Gul;rp ntbj;jJ. Athd; mij mlf;f gil xd;iw mDg;gpdhH.
Mdhy; mtH mk;Kaw;rpapy; ntw;wp ngw tpy;iy. kw;w khepyq;fSk; mijg;
gpd;gw;wpd. lahq;rpapd; MSeUk; Gul;rpia Muk;gpj;jhH. gy khepyq;fs; jq;fs;
tpLjiyia mwptpj;jd. epiyik fl;Lf;flq;fhky; nrd;wJ. ,e;jf; Fog;gkhd
#o;epiyapy; [g;ghd; jd;Dila Gfo;; ngw;w 21 Nfhhpf;iffis ntspapl;lJ.
1914-k; Mz;L jpq;fs; [g;ghd; n[Hkdpapd; Fj;jifg; gFjpahd \hz;Lq;if
vLj;Jf; nfhz;lJ. ,e;j Mf;fpukpg;ig Athdhy; jLf;fKbatpy;iy. 1915-k; Mz;L
[dthpj; jpq;fspy; rPdh kPj [g;ghd; jd;Dila 21 Nfhhpf;iffis itj;jJ.
mf;Nfhhpf;iffis rPdh Vw;Wf; nfhs;SNkahdhy; mJ [g;ghdpd; FbNaw;w ehlhf;
fUjg;gLk; vd;gJ jpz;zk;. [g;ghpd; cjtp Njit vd;gjhy; Nghhpd; NghJ
NkiyehLfs; mt;tp\aj;jpy; jiyapltpy;iy. ,e;j rkaj;jpy; rPdh xd;Wgl;L jd;
jiytH gpd;dhy; nray;glyhapw;W. mf;Nfhhpf;ifs; tpguk; gpd;tUkhW>
1. \hz;Lq;fpy; ,Jtiu n[Hkdp mDgtpj;J te;j chpikfis [g;ghd;
mDgtpf;f rPdh xg;Gjy; mspf;f Ntz;Lk;.
2. \hz;Lq;fpypUe;j Kf;fpa JiwKfq;fisAk;> efuq;fisAk; [g;ghDf;Fj;
jpwe;J tplg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
3. ypNahLq;> nl;auhd;> cs; kq;Nfhypah Mfpa ,lq;fspy; [g;ghd; ngw;wpUe;j
chpikfs; mq;fPfhpf;fg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;.
 88

4. N`hg;NgapypUe;j `hd;Na kpq;fpd; ,Uk;G v/Fj; njhopwrhiy>

rpahq;rpypUe;j gpq;\pahq; epyf;fhp Ruq;fj; njhopw;rhiy Mfpatw;wpy;
[g;ghd; gq;Fngw rPdh xg;Gjy; mspf;f Ntz;Lk;.
5. rPdf; flq;fiuapypUe;J JiwKfk; vJitAk; NtW ve;j ehl;bw;F
Fj;jiff;F tplf;$lhJ.
6. rPdhtpd; murpay;> epjp> uhZtj;Jiwfspy; [g;ghpd; MNyhrfHfs; ,lk;
ngw Ntz;Lk;.
7. rPdhtpy; Kf;fpa efuq;fspy; ,Ue;j fhty;Jiw rP-[g;ghdpa Nkw;ghHitapy;
itf;fg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;.
8. rPdhtpd; MAj cw;gj;jpr; rhiyia ,U ehLfSk; ,ize;J ftdpj;jy;
Ntz;Lk;.
9. t+r;Rq;fpypUe;J ehd;rhq; tiuapyhd ,Ug;Gg;ghijf;fhd nryT epjpia
mspf;Fk; chpikia [g;ghDf;F mspf;f Ntz;Lk;.
10. \hz;Lq;fpYs;s Kf;fpa ,lq;fspy; [g;ghdpaHfs; thzpgk; nra;aTk;>
jq;fp thoTk; rPdh mDkjp jUjy; Ntz;Lk;.
11. MHjH JiwKfk;> njw;F k~;#hpah Mfpatw;wpd; Fj;jiff;fhyk; 99
Mz;Lfs; ePbf;fg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;.
12. Njw;F kQ;#hpah> cs;kq;Nfhypah Mfpa ,lq;fspy; cs;s [g;ghpdpaHfs;
Fj;jiff;F epyk; ngwTk;> nrhe;jkhf epyk; thq;fTk; chpik ngWjy;
Ntz;Lk;.
13. Njw;F kQ;#hpah> cs;kq;Nfhypahtpd; fpof;Fg; gFjp Mfpa ,lq;fspy;
[g;ghdpaHfs; jq;F jilapd;wp nry;yTk; thzpgk; nra;aTk; Rje;jpuk;
mspf;fg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;.
14. Njw;F kQ;#hpah> cs;kq;Nfhypahtpd; fpof;Fg; gFjp Mfpa gFjpfspd;
thpg; ghJfhg;gpw;F vjpuhf %d;whtJ ehl;by; fld; thq;Fk; NghJ rPd
murhq;fk; [g;ghdpa murhq;fj;jplk; MNyhrid nra;a Ntz;Lk;.
15. rPdhtpd; cl;gFjpfspy; cs;s [g;ghdpa kUj;Jtkidfs;> jpUr;rigfs;>
gs;spfs; Mfpaitfs; epyk; gnw;Wf; nfhs;s chpik toq;fg;gLjy;
Ntz;Lk;.
16. [g;ghdpaHfs; Gj;jkjj;ijg; gug;g rPdHfs; xg;Gjy; juNtz;Lk;.
17. Njw;F kQ;#hpah> cs; kq;Nfhypahtpd; fpof;Fg;gFjp Mfpa ,lq;fspy;
,Ue;j [g;ghpdpaHfspd; Ruq;f chpikfis rPdh Vw;Wf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk.
18. Nkw;fz;l ,uz;L ,lq;fspy; [g;ghdpa MNyhrHfspd; cjtpia rPdh ehl
Ntz;Lk; vd mJ NfhhpaJ.
19. [g;ghdpd; mDkjpapd;wp rPdh `hd;-Na-gpq; fk;ngdpapd; chpikfisAk;>
nrhj;Jf;fisAk; tpw;ff; $lhJ.
 89

20. Mjd‟ mDkjpapd;wp fk;ngdpapd; ntspapy; 1hd;-Na gpq;fpd; nrhe;j

fdptsq;fs; nray;glf;$lhJ.
21. Gfpd; vd;w ,lj;jpy; [g;ghd; ,Ug;Gg;ghij fl;LtijAk; fdptsq;fisg;
gad;gLj;jpf; nfhs;tijAk; rPdh mDkjpf;f Ntz;Lk;.
Nfhhpf;iffspd; jd;ik
1. \hz;Lq;ifg; gw;wpaJ
2. kQ;#hpah> cs; kq;Nfhypahitg; gw;wpaJ
3. `hd;-Na gpq; fk;ngdpiag; gw;wpaJ. rPdhTk; [g;ghDk; ,ize;J
nray;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;.
4. rPdj;Jiw Kfq;fis Fj;jiff;F tpLtJ rhHghf #d;whtJ ehL mq;F
tUjy; $lhJ
5. ehyhtpjkhdit-rPdhtpd; cs;ehl;L epHthfj;jpy; [g;ghdpd; Mjpf;fk;.
Kjy; ehd;F gphptpy; cs;sij rPdh Vw;Wf; nfhz;lhy; mjDila Rje;jpuKk;
xw;WikAk; ghjpf;fg;glhJ. Mdhy; etPd Nguhjpf;fk; vd;w ngahpy; [g;ghd;
nry;thf;Fg; ngw tha;g;G Vw;gLk;. Ie;jhtJ ghptpy; cs;sJ. rPdhtpd;
epHthfj;ij ,of;Fk; epiyia Vw;gLj;Jk; vd;gJ Gyg;gl;lJ. rPd murpay;>
epjp> uhZtj;Jiwfspy; [g;ghdpa MNyhrHfis epakpg;gJ Kf;fpa ,lq;fspy;
rPd-[g;ghdpa $l;Lwtpy; fhty; Jiwapidf; fz;fhzpg;gJ> [g;ghdplkpUe;J
Fwpg;gpl;l NghHf;fUtpfis thq;FtJ (50 rjtPfpjk; my;yJ mjw;F Nky;)
MAjr;rhiyfisf; $l;lhf Nkw;ghHitapLtJ Mfpait ,f;Nfhhpf;iffspy;
mlq;Fk;. rPdhtpd; MAj uhZt mikg;Gfspy; [g;ghd; Nkyhjpf;fk; ngw
tif nra;jJ. jd;id xU %d;whk; juehlhf khw;Wk; mstpw;F Nfhhpf;iffs;
mike;jpUg;gij ve;jnthU ehLk; xj;Jf; nfhs;shJ.
[g;ghdpa tw;GWj;jy;
Kjy; cyfg;NghH Vw;gl;ljd; tpisthf [g;ghdpd; njhopy;fs; tskile;jd.
mjd; tpisthf njhopw;rhiyf;F fr;rhg;nghUs;fs; Njitg;gl;lNjhL> cw;gj;jpg;
nghUs;fSf;Fr; re;ijAk; Njitg;gl;lJ. mg;Gjpa njhopw;mjpgHfSk;> thzpg
NkijfSk; jq;fs; Nfhhpf;ifis epiwNtw;Wk;gb [g;ghdpaj; jiytHfis
tw;GWj;jpdH. Mjdhy; xFkhtpd; jiyikapyhd [g;ghdpa murhq;fk; 21
Nfhhpf;iffis jahH nra;J mspj;jJ.
mf;Nfhhpf;iffis itj;J Athid tw;GWj;jpaJ. [g;ghpda murhq;fk;
Kjyhtjhf uhZt gilnaLg;Gf;F gae;J Athd; xg;Gf; nfhs;Sk; epiyikf;Fj;
js;sg;gl;lhH. ,uz;lhtjhf Gul;rpthjpfSf;F [g;ghdpa MjuT fpl;LtpLNkh vd
Athd; gae;J nfhz;lhH. rPdh xU murhf ePbf;Fk; epiyf;Fk;> Athd; \pNf
Ml;rpahsuhf ,Ug;gjw;Fk; [g;ghdhy; Mgj;Jk; gaKk; Vw;gl;lJ. mNj Neuj;jpy;
 90

mtUila nrhe;j FLk;gj;jpw;Fk;> mtUf;Fk; Mgj;J Vw;glhky; caHtjw;F MjuT

vd;Dk; ifa+l;ilAk; toq;fpaJ [g;ghd;.
rPd vjpHg;G
[g;ghdpd; 21 Nfhhpf;iffisf; Nfs;tpAw;w rPd kf;fs; rPw;wk; nfhz;ldH.
,aw;ifahfNt [g;ghdpaHfis vjpHf;fyhapdH. Nra;jpj;jhs;fs; mf;Nfhhpf;iffis
Gwf;fzpj;jd. [g;ghdpa vjpHg;G czHr;rpiaj; Jhz;bd. [g;ghpda Mgj;ij vjpHf;f
AthDf;F 19 MSeHfs; MjuT ey;fpdH. mtHfs; mijj; jLf;f Kw;gl;ldH. Njrpa
kPl;rp epjp jpul;lg;gl;lJ. jq;fisj; jahH nra;J nfhs;s vy;NyhUk; epjp mspj;jdH.
ehnlq;fpYk; Nghuhl;lq;fs; eilngw;wd. [g;ghdpag; nghUs;fs; gfp\;fhuk;
nra;ag;gl;ld. [g;ghdpypUe;J rPd khztHfs; jhafk; jpUk;gpdH.
Athdpd; fPo;g;gbjy;
[g;ghdpa tw;GWj;jiy jLf;f vy;yhf;fl;rpfSk; Athdpd; jiyikapy; mzp
jpuz;ld. ve;j xU ,uhZtj; jhf;FjiyAk; rPdhthy; rkhspf;f Kbahnjd Athd;
czHe;jhH. Jhuf;fpof;F ehLfspy; ty;yuR rkepiyiag; guhkhpj;J te;J [g;ghdpd;
Mf;fpukpg;ig cz;ikahf jil nra;j INuhg;gpa ty;yuRfs; INuhg;gh fz;lj;jpy;
„tho;th my;yJ rhth? Vd;w Nghuhl;lj;jpy; <Lgl;bUe;jd. Ahdpd; epiyAk; Ml;lk;
fz;bUe;jJ.
rpy Nfhhpf;iffisahtJ Vw;Wf;nfhs;shky; ,Uf;f KbahJ vd Athd;
czHe;jhH. 1915-k; Mz;L Nk jpq;fs; [g;ghd; typAWj;jy; jhq;fhky; Kjy; 4
gphpTfspy; fz;l Nfhhpf;iffis mtH Vw;Wf; nfhz;lhH. Ie;jhtijj; js;spitj;jhH.
rl;lkd;wj;jpd; MNyhridapy;yhky; mtH [g;ghDld; XH cld;ghL nra;J
nfhz;lhH. ,Wjp xg;ge;jj;jpy; Ie;jthJ gphptpYs;s Nfhhpf;iffs; gpwF
MNyhrpf;fg;gl itf;fg;gl;lJ. KOikAk; epuhfhpg;gjpy;iy vd KbT nra;ag;gl;lJ.
vdpDk; jiyf;F Nky; cs;s fj;jpiag; Nghy; [g;ghpd Nghuhgj;J cz;L vd;gJ
njhlHe;J fhzg;gl;lJ.
Athd; fPo;g;gbe;jjhy; Vw;gl;l tpisT
vjpHghuhj moptpdhy; Vw;gLk; gaj;ijAk; mjd; tpisthf Njrpak; ntbj;J
vOk;epiyapidAk;” ,Ugj;NjhU Nfhhpf;iffs; Vw;gLj;jptpl;ld‟ vd;W ,khDNty; #
vd;gtH Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shH. Kf;fis ,r;nra;jp ntFthf ghjpj;jJ. „vhpfpd;w neUg;gpy;
vz;nza; thHg;gJ Nghy;‟ ,J mike;Jtpl;lJ. „ ntspapy; ngUk; ty;yuRfis
vjpHg;gJ cs;ehl;by; JNuhfpfis ntspNaw;WtJ‟ vd kf;fs; cWjp g+z;ldH.
[g;ghid jpUg;jpg;gLj;j Athd; Nkw;nfhz;l nfhs;ifia rPd kf;fs; vjpHj;jdH.
ntWj;jdH. Athdpd; nry;thf;F ntFthff; Fiwe;jJ. mtuJ typikaw;w epiy
kf;fSf;Fg; Gyg;gl;lJ. kf;fs; mtH kPJ nfhz;bUe;j ek;gpf;ifia ,oe;jdH.
 91

rPdHfs; kPJ uh[je;jpu ntw;wpia [g;ghd; ngw;w NghjpYk; mjd; Mf;fpukpg;Gg; grp
jPutpy;iy.

rPdhTk; Kjy; cyfg;NghUk;

1914-k; Mz;by; Kjy; cyfg;NghH Vw;gl;lJ. rPdh mg;NghJ cs;ehl;Lr;
rpf;fy;fshYk;> Fog;gj;jpdhYk; jtpj;Jf; nfhz;bapUe;jJ. [g;ghDk;> rPdhTk;
Neubahfg; Nghhpy; <Lgltpy;iy vd;whYk; mitfSila Njrpa eyd;fisg;
ghJfhj;Jf; nfhs;s Nghhpy; <LgLj;jg;gl;ld.
NerehLfSk;> mr;R ehLfSk; NrHe;J nfhz;L rPdhitr; Ruz;LjYf;F
,iuahf;fp tpl;ld. NghHf;fhyj;jpy; Athd; \p Nf eLepiyik tfpj;jhH.
rPdhtpd; eLepiyj; jd;ik kjpf;fg;gLk; vd;w cWjpnkhopia mnkhpf;f
cjtpAld; rPdh Kaw;rp nra;J ngw;wJ. n[Hkdpiaj; jtpu NtW ve;j ehLk;
rPdhtpd; Ntz;Ljiy xj;Jf; nfhs;stpy;iy.
\hz;Lq; jPgfw;gj;ij [g;ghd; ifg;gw;Wjy;
„gok; eOtp ghypy; tpOe;jJ‟ Nghy Kjy; cyfg;NghH [g;ghDf;F xU
tug;gpujkhf mike;jJ. jd;Dila Mjpf;fj;ij rPdhtpy; tphpTgLj;j [g;ghd;
Kw;gl;lJ. Kf;fpa Nkiy ehLfSf;F ,ilapy; eilngw;w xU jw;nfhiyg;
Nghuhl;lkhf Kjy; cyfg;NghH [g;ghdpd; fz;fSf;Fj; njhpe;jJ vd;W fPl;ld;
Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shH. Mg;NghJ [g;ghd; mikjpahf jd; typikAk; nghypitAk; ngw;wJ
vd;Wk;> Jhuf;fpof;fpy; ey;yNjhH epiyapid mJ ngw;wJ vd;Wk;> mtH NkYk;
Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shH. Mjd;gb [g;ghd; fpNul; gphpl;ldpd; el;G ehlhfg; Nghhpy; <Lgl;lJ.
gpd;dH n[Hkdpf;F vjpuhfg; nghhpy; <Lgl;lJ. mJ n[Hkdpf;F ,Wjp vr;rhpf;ifia
tpLj;jJ. mj;Jld; rPd [g;ghdpa ePHg;gFjpapypUe;J mJ jd; gilfis tpyf;fpf;
nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd;wJ. fpahnrsit [g;ghdplk; jpUg;gpj; jUk;gb $wpaJ.
\hz;Lq; gFjpiaf; ifg;gw;Wk; nghUl;L [g;ghdpag; gilfs; rPdg;gFjpfs; topahfr;
nrd;wjd; %yk; mitfs; rPdHfspd; eLepiyapid kPwpAk; gd;dhl;Lr; rl;lq;fSf;Fg;
Gwk;ghfTk; ele;J nfhz;ld. Jhuf;fpof;fpy; mikjpiag; NgzNt n[HkdpAld;
NkhJtjhf [g;ghd; $wpaJ. ,Wjpapy; \hz;Lq; rPdhtplk; xg;gilf;fg;gLk; vd;W
$wpd. Mdhy; ,itfs; vy;yhk; ntWk; fz;Jilg;Ng. [g;ghd; \hz;Lq;if
rPdhtpw;Fj; jpUg;gp mspf;ftpy;iy. mg;gFjpapy; mJ jd; Mjpf;fj;ij epiy
ehl;bf;nfhz;lJ. Ahtd;\pNfapdhy; mij vjpHg;gijj; jtpu NtW vJTk; nra;a
Kbatpy;iy.
,Ugj;NjhU Nfhhpf;ifs;
Mdhy; ,U ehLfSf;fpilapyhd cwTfspy; frg;G Vw;glyhapw;W.
\hz;lfspypUe;J [g;ghd; ntspNaWtjw;Fg; gjpyhf rPdh kPJ 21 Nfhhpf;iffis
jpzpj;jJ. me;jf; Nfhhpf;ifs; kpfTk; fLikahdit> ntw;wp ngw;w ehL Njhy;tpAw;w
 92

ehl;bd; kPJ Rkj;Jtijg; Nghy mitfs; mike;jpUe;jd. me;j Nfhhpf;iffs; 5

tiffisr; rhHe;jpUe;jd. \hz;Lq;if Fj;jifahfg; ngWtjpy; [g;ghd; Kw;Whpik
ngw tpUk;gpaJ. [g;ghd; rPdhtpd; ngUk; fdptsq;fs; nfhz;l FOkj;ij rPd-
[g;ghdpa $l;LwT FOkkhf khw;w tpUk;gpaJ. rPdf;flw;fiug; gFjpapy; mJ NtW
ve;j ehl;bw;Fk; vg;gFjpiaAk; Fj;jiff;F tplf;$lhJ. njw;F kQ;#hpahtpYk;>
cs;kq;NfhypahtpYk; [g;ghdpaHfs; nrhj;J itj;Jf; nfhs;s chpik ngw;wdH. ,J
kl;Lky;y> [g;ghdpa murpay;> epjp uhZtj;Jiwfspd; MNyhrfHfs; rPdhtpy; ,lk;
ngw;wdH. NkYk; rPd [g;ghdpa $l;Lf;fhty; JiwapdH rPdhtpd; Kf;fpa efuq;fspy;
fhty; gzpapidf; ftdpf;fyhapdH.
Nkiy ehLfspy; mnkhpf;fhitj; jtpu vy;yh ehLfSNk Nghhpy;
<Lgl;bUe;jjhy;> [g;ghpd; Mf;fpukpg;igj; jLf;f vJTk; nra;a Kbatpy;iy.
,Wjpahf 6tJ gphptpd; fPopUe;j Nfhhpf;iffs; gpd;dhy; ftdpf;f Ntz;b js;sp
itf;fg;gl;lJ. rpy khWjy;fs; nra;J Kjy; ehd;F gphptpYs;s Nfhhpf;iffis
Athd; Vw;Wf; nfhz;lhH. ,e;j cld;gbf;iffs; njw;F kQ;#hpah>
cs;kq;Nfhypahtpd;fpof;Fg;gFjp> \hz;Lq; Mfpa ,lq;fspy; [g;ghdpd; Nkyhjpf;fk;
Vw;gl top nra;jd.
rPdh Nghhpy; ,wq;Fjy;
1916-f;Fk; 1917f;Fk; ,ilapy; NerehLfs; gLNjhy;tp fz;ld. gy NghH
Kidfspy; n[HkhdpaHfs; ngUk; ntw;wp ngw;wdH. 1916-k; Mz;by;
gpuhd;Rk;>gphpl;lDk; Vuhskhd rPdj; njhopyhsHfis uhZtj;jpy; NrHj;J gapw;rp
nfhLj;jd. Nkiy ehl;Lj; jiytHfspd; cw;rhfkhd cWjp nkhopfshy;
Jhz;lg;gl;l rPdHfs; mikjp khehl;by; ,lk; fpilf;Fk; vd;W vjpHghHj;j rPdHfs;
Mty; nfhz;L 1917-y; mr;R ehLfSf;F vjpuhf Nghhpy; <Lgl;ldH. rPd Nghhpy;
<Lgl;ljhy; cs;ehl;Lr; rpf;fy; Vw;gl;lJ. gPfpq;if Mz;L te;j uhZtj; jsgjp
JthDf;Fk; ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; ngUk;ghd;ik ,lj;ijg; ngw;wpUe;j Nfhkpd;lhq;
fl;rpapdUf;Fk; Nghuhl;lk; eilngw;W te;jJ. Jthdpd; Nehf;fq;fis re;Njfpj;J>
mtH Ner ehLfSld; Nguk; Ngrpaij Nfhkpd;lhq; fl;rpapdH vjpHj;jdH. vg;gbapUe;j
NghjpYk; ,Wjpahf Jthdpd; fl;rpapdH ntw;wp ngw;wdH.
rPdh Nghhpy; <Lgl;ljhy; Vw;gl;l tpisTfs;
NghH eilngWk; ,lq;fSf;Fj; Njitahd tPuHfis nghWf;fp vLg;gjw;F xU
yl;rj;J vOgj;ije;jhapuk; rPdf; $yp Ml;fis mDg;g mDkjp je;jJ. rPdh
cs;ehl;Lf; rpf;fypy; cod;W nfhz;bUe;jjhy; Nghhpy; jPtpukhf <Lgl ,aytpy;iy.
mJ Nghhpy; <Lgl;ljhy; fPo;f;fhZk; ed;ikfis mile;jJ.
1) jdf;Fr; rhjfkhf Rq;fthp khw;wj;jpidg; ngw;W nfhz;lJ.
2) ghf;rH fytuj;jpd; NghJ xj;Jf;nfhz;l ,og;gPl;Lj; njhif Fwpg;ghf
n[Hkdpf;Fk;> M];jphpahtpw;Fk; nrYj;jg; glhj njhif ePf;fg;gl;lJ.
 93

mj;Jld; mitfSf;Fr; nrYj;j Ntz;ba njhifahdJ Ie;jhz;LfSf;F

epWj;jp itf;fg;gl;lJ.
3) bad;rpd; `hd;nfs Mfpa ,lq;fspy; n[Hkd; ngw;wpUe;j rYiffis
rPdh vLj;Jf; nfhz;lJ.
4) u\;a-kQ;#hpa ,Ug;Gg;ghijapy; NerehLfs; ngw;wpUe;j Mjpf;fj;jpy;
rPdhTk; gq;F ngw;wJ.
5) mikjp khehl;by; ,lkspg;gjhf rPdhTf;F cWjp mspf;fg;gl;lJ.
rPdhTk; mikjp khehLk;
Nghhpd; Kbtpy; Vw;gl;l ghhp]; mikjp khehl;by; fye;J nfhs;tjw;F rPdh
jd; gpujpepjpfis mDg;gpaJ. mtHfs; gPfpq;> fhz;ld; murhq;fq;fspypUe;J
nrd;wdH. \hz;Lq;fpypUe;j Ke;ija n[hkd; nrhj;Jf;fis rPdhtpw;F mspf;f
Ntz;Lnkd;W rPdg;gpujpepjpfs; tw;GWj;jpdH. Mj;Jld; may;ehl;Lj; JUg;Gfis
tpyf;fpf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd;W Rq;fthpapy; jd;dhl;rp chpik mspf;fg;lNtz;Lk;
vd;Wk; mtHfs; tw;GWj;jpdH. \hz;Lq;if rPdhTf;F kPz;Lk; mspf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W
mnkhpf;fh kl;Lk; jhd; $wpaJ. rPdhtpd; kw;w Nfhhpf;iffs; tpthjj;jpw;F vLj;Jf;
nfhs;sg;gltpy;iy. Vnddpy; mitfs; khehl;bw;F mg;ghw;gl;lit vd;gNjahFk;.
rPdhtpd; Nfhhpf;iffis epuhfhpj;jy;
mikjp khehl;by; rPdh ,uz;L njhy;iyfisr; rkhspf;f Ntz;bapUe;jJ.
Kjyhtjhf rPdhtpy; ve;jnthU ika mjpfhuKk; ,y;iy. mq;F ,uz;L
murhq;fq;fs; xd;W gPfpq;fpYk;> kw;nwhd;W fhz;ldpYk; nray;gl;L t;e;jd. MfNNt
rPdh mikjp khehl;byl jd; ehl;Lf;F vd;W vijAk; NgrKbatpy;iy.
,uz;lhtjhf [g;ghd; Nghhpd; NghJ xU ty;yurhf vOr;rp ngw;wJ. [g;ghdpd;
flw;gilj; jsq;fisg; gad;gLj;jpf; nfhs;tjpy; NerehLfs; kpfTk; ghJfhf;fg;gLk;
vd;W INuhg;gpa ehLfs; mjw;F ,ufrpakhf thf;Ff; nfhLj;jpUe;jd. MfNt
mnkhpf;fhitj; jtpu kw;w vy;yh NerehLfSk; [g;ghid Mjhpj;jd. gpd;dhy;
mnkhpf;fhTk; me;j ehLfs; gf;fk; Nruyhapw;W. ,t;thW [g;ghd; \hz;Lq;fpd;
chpikapid vy;yh ehLfspd; mDkjpAld; ngw;Wf; nfhz;lJ. ,ij rPdh Vw;Wf;
nfhs;stpy;iy. jq;fs; ehl;bw;F Vw;gl;l nghpa JNuhfkhf mijf; fUjpaJ. rPdh.
,r;nra;jp rPdhtpw;F vl;baJk; ehNl nfhe;jspj;jJ. [g;ghDf;F vjpuhd fpsHr;rp
Vw;gl;lJ. gPfpq;fpy; fyfk; Vw;gl;lJ. [g;ghpdag; nghUs;fs; gfp\;fhpf;fg;gl;ld.
ntHNry;]; cld;ghl;by; rPdh ifnaOj;jpl kWj;jJ. mg;NghJ n[HkdpAld; mJ XH
cld;ghL nra;J nfhz;lJ. mJ jd; chpikfis rPdhtpw;F tpl;Lf; nfhLj;jJ. rPd
n[Hkdpa cld;ghL xU Kf;fpa epfo;rr
; pahFk;. Rkkhd Kiwapy; rPdhTld;
cld;ghL nra;J nfhz;l xNu INuhg;gpah ehL n[HkdpahFk;.
 94

Nk ehd;fhk; ehs; ,af;fk;

ghhp]; mikjp khehl;by; rPdhtpw;F ngUk; Vkhw;wk; Vw;gl;lJ. mtHfsJ
ek;gpf;if jfHf;fg;gl;lJ. vdNt mtHfs; mjpUg;jp mile;jdH. \hz;Lq;
gpur;ridapy; rPdhit NkiyehLfs; Vkhw;wpa nra;jp mtHfSf;F 1919-k; Mz;L
Vg;uy; jpq;fs; 30-k; ehspy; vl;baJ. mjd; tpisthf ehblq;fpYk; MHg;ghl;lq;fs;
eilngw;wd. vjpHg;G Vw;gl;lJ. mJ nghJ kf;fspd; Nfhgj;ijf; fpswpaJ. Njrpa
czHr;rpiaj; Jhz;baJ. Nkiyehl;bd; kPJ Vkhw;wj;ij Vw;gLj;jpaJ. ntHNry;];
KbTfisf; nfhz;L JNuhfpfis vjpHj;J Mapuf;fzf;fhd khztHfs; fpsHr;rpapy;
<Lgl;ldH. Ig;ghdpag; nghUs;fis gfp\;fhuk; nra;jhHfs;. fpsHr;rpf;fhuHfis
mlf;f murhq;fk; Kaw;rp nra;jJ. Mdhy; mJ „vhpfpd;w neUg;gpy; vz;nza;
thHg;gJ Nghy mike;Jtpl;lJ.
,af;fj;jpw;fhd fhuzq;fs;
1. kQ;R tk;rj;jpd; tPo;r;rpf;Fg; gpd; ehl;bd; epiyikapy; vt;tpj khw;wKk;
Vw;gltpy;iy. ,uhZtj; jsgjpfs; gyH Ml;rpiag; gpbj;jdH. mtHfs;
kf;fspd; eyd; fUjhky; Ml;rp nra;J te;jdH. uhZtj;jpdH gy
fpuhkq;fspy; nfhs;isabg;gjpYk;> ehrNtiyfspYk; ,wq;fpdH. ehl;by;
mikjp ,y;iy. ,jdhy; kf;fs; kdf;frg;gile;jdH.
2. trjpahd nry;tk; kpf;f kf;fs; NkYk; trjpAk; nry;tKk; ngw;W
tho;e;jdH. Vio kf;fs; ngUk; Jd;gk; mile;jdH. mjpfhhpfsplj;jpy;
CoYk; mjpfhuj;ij jtwhfg; gad;gLj;Jk; nraYk; fhzg;gl;ld.
FbahdtHfs; thpapd; nfhLikapy; cod;W nfhz;bUe;jdH. rpyhplk;
epyKk; nry;tKk; Ftpe;jpUe;jhy;> FbahdtHfs; Ntiy Njb efuj;Jf;Fr;
nry;yyhdhHfs;.
3. Nghhpd; NghJ nghUshjhu tsHr;rpf;F rpy eltbf;iffs;
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld. Vuhskhd [Tsp Miyfs; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;ld. xU ika
tq;fp Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. tzpf tq;fpfs; gy Vw;gLj;jg;gl;ld. „gy Gjpa
njhopw;rhiyfs; epHkhzpf;fg;gl;ld. Mdhy; rPdHfSf;F Vw;Wkjp
thzpgj;ij fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; chpik ,y;iy. may;ehl;L tzpfHfsplkpUe;J
fLk; Nghl;bapid rkhspf;f Ntz;bapUe;jJ. rPd kf;fs; jq;fs;
nghUshjhuj;ijf; fl;LgLj;jpdhy; jhd; jq;fs; tho;T tskilAk; vd;W
fUjpdH.
4. rPdhtpy; njhopyhsHfspd; gzpepiy kpfTk; Jd;gkakhdjhf
mike;jpUe;jJ. mj;Jld; mtHfs; mgpdpgof;fj;ijAk;> gpw nfl;l
gof;fq;fisAk; nfhz;bUe;jdH. Nghhpd; NghJ mtHfs; gpuhd;rpd;
njhopyhsHfspd; njhlHgpidg; ngw;whHfs;. mtHfNs ed;F mikf;fg;gl;L
 95

ey;y epiyapy; ,Ue;jhHfs;. ,J rPdj; njhopyhsHfsplj;jpy; xU

Gj;JzHr;rpapid Vw;gLj;jpaJ.
5. ,t;tpaf;fj;jpd; Kf;fpa Mjhuk; khztHfshtH. mtHfs; mwpQHfshYk;>
rpe;jidahsHfshYk; ntFthfj; Jhz;lg;gl;lhHfs;. Nkiy ehl;L
ehfhpfj;ij epuhfhpg;gjhy; jq;fSf;F VJk; mD$yk; ,y;iy vd;wdH.
gioa ehfhpfj;ijAk; Gjpa ehfhpfj;ijAk; ,izj;J tpsq;Ffpd;w rPd
ehfhpfNk jq;fSf;Fj; Njit vd;wdH. gy nra;jpj;jhs;fs; Njhd;wpd.
mitfspy; kpfTk; nry;thf;F ngw;Wj; jpfo;e;jJ „Gjpa ,sik‟ ahFk;.
,J 1915-k; Mz;L nrd;-J-rpA vd;gtuhy; Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;lJ. r%f
murpay; Gul;rpapy; nrd;-J-rpA ngUk; gq;fhw;wpdhH. mtH gioa
fd;g+\paff; fUj;Jf;fis mwNt epuhfhpj;jhH. Gjpa fUj;Jf;fis
gug;gyhdhH.
6. ghhP]; mikjp khehLk; ntHNry;]; cld;gbf;ifAk; Gul;rpapd; cldbf;
fhuzq;fshf mike;jd. \hz;Lq;fpy; [g;ghdpd; Mjpf;f Vw;gLj;Jk;
chpikapid ntHNry;]; tpjp typAWj;jpaJ. ,J rPdHfSf;F Vw;gl;l
gyj;j mbahFk;.

,af;fj;jpd; Nghf;F
1919-k; Mz;L Nk jpq;fs; ehd;fhk; ehs; gPfpq;fpy; %thapuk; khztHfs; xU
fpsHr;rpapid Muk;gpj;jdH. JNuhfpfis jz;bf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk;> [g;ghdpa
nghUs;fis gfp\;fhuk; nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk; Fuy; vOg;gpf; nfhz;L CHtykhfr;
nrd;wdH. mtHfs; [g;ghdpd; 21 Nfhhpf;iffis uj;J nra;a Ntz;Lk; vdf; NfhhpdH.
Me;j khztHfspd; CHtyk; mikr;rHfspd; ,y;yq;fspy; GFe;J ehrkhf;fpa
NghJ td;Kiwahf khwpaH. rPd murhq;fk; mlf;F Kiwffis fl;ltpo;j;J tpl;lJ.
khztHfs; Rw;wp tisf;fg;gl;ldH. vdNt fpsHr;rp gy ,lq;fspy; gutyhapw;W.
Nfhgk; nfhz;bUe;j kf;fs; khztHfSf;F MjuT ey;fpdH. njhoyhsHfs; Ntiy
epWj;jk; nra;jdH. [g;ghdpag; nghUs;fs; gfp\;fhuk; nra;ag;gl;ld. ehnlq;fpYk;
td;Kiwapd; miyfs; vOr;rpAw;wd. me;jr;rkaj;jpy; Giftz;bj; njhopyhsHfs;
Ntiy epWj;jk; nra;ag; Nghtjhfg; gaKWj;jpdH. ,J murhq;fj;ij Ml;lk; fhz
itj;jJ. ifJ nra;ag;gl;l khztHfs; tpLjiy nra;ag;gl;ldH. [g;ghdpa MjuT
ngw;w murhq;fk; gjtp tpyfpaJ. Me;j khztHfspd; fpsHr;rp jhd; Nk ehd;fhk;
ehs; ,af;fk; vd;W miof;fg;gl;lJ.
 96

th\pq;ld; khehL
th\pq;ld; khehL $bajw;fhd fhuzq;fs;
1.mnkhpf;ftpw;Fk; [g;ghDf;Fk; ,ilapyhd Nghl;b
Mnkhpf;fh Jhufpof;fpy; jd;Dila gq;fpw;F `tha;> gpypg;igd; jPTfs;
Mfpatw;iwg; gpbj;Jf; nfhz;lJ. mjd; %yk; rPdr; re;ijapy; ,lk; ngw Kw;gl;lJ.
mjd; njhopy;fs; mq;F ed;F tsHr;rp mile;jjhy; Jhuf;fpof;fpy; mjw;F re;ij
Njitg;gl;lJ. k~Q;#hpahtpy; [g;ghd; nry;thf;F ngw;wij mnkhpf;fh kpfTk;
ntWj;jJ. jpwe;jf;fjTf; nfhs;iff;F Kuzhf [g;ghd; rPdhtpd; kPJ Mf;fpukpg;Gf;
nfhs;ifapidj; njhlHe;J Nkw;nfhz;bUe;jJ. Mq;fpNya [g;ghdpa cld;ghl;bdhy;
mnkhpf;fh [g;ghidj; jl;bf; Nfl;f Kbatpy;iy. 1917-k; Mz;by; Vw;gl;l
Nghy;\;tpf; Gul;rpapd; %yk; nghJTilik Ml;rp u\;ahtpy; Vw;gl;L Kjyhspj;Jt
ehLfSf;Fg; nghJ Mgj;jhf tpsq;fpaJ. ,e;j Mgj;J mnkhpf;fh> [g;ghd; Mfpa
ehLfis jpiff;f itj;jjhy; mitfs; ,uz;Lk; yhd;\p`;-, cld;ghl;ilr; nra;J
nfhz;ld. mjd;gb Gtpapay; mbg;gilrPdhtpy; [g;ghdpa eyd;fs; ghJfhf;fg;gLk;
vd;W mnkhpf;fh xg;Gf; nfhz;lJ. Mdhy; Vw;fdNt [g;ghdpa Kd;Ndw;wj;ij
mnkhpf;fHfs; tpUk;gtpy;iy. MfNt yhd;\pep-,[p xg;ge;jj;ij $ba tpiutpNyNa
Kbj;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lnkd;W mtHfs; vz;zpdH. u\;a cs;ehl;by; Nghhpd; NghJ
irgPhpahit [g;ghd; Mf;fpukpj;jJ. mnkhpf;fhit mjpHr;rpAwr; nra;jJ. MfNt
[g;ghdpd; Mjpf;fg; Nguhirapid jLj;J epWj;j xd;Wl;l khehl;ilf; $l;l
Ntz;Lnkd mnkhpf;fh fUjpaJ.

2.Mq;fpNya-[g;ghdpa cld;ghl;bd; KwpT

1902-k; Mz;by; Vw;gl;l Mq;fpNya-[g;ghdpa cld;ghl;bid Kwpj;Jf; nfhs;s
,q;fpyhe;J re;jHg;gj;ij vjpH Nehf;fp ,Ue;jJ. me;j cld;ghL Kjd; Kjypy;
u\;ahtpw;F vjpuhf KLf;fp tplg;gl;lJ. gpd;dH n[Hkdpf;F vjpuhf jpUg;gg;gl;lJ.
1920y; u\;ahTk;> n[HkdpAk; tPo;rr
; pAw;wTld; Mq;fpNya-[g;ghdpa cld;ghl;bd; gad;
Kbe;jJ Nghy; Njhd;wpaJ.
,ij [g;ghd; mnkhpf;fhtpw;F vjpuhfg; gad;gLj;j Kw;gl;ljhy; Mq;fpNya-
mnkhpf;f cwtpy; tphpry; Vw;gLk; tha;g;G Vw;gl;lJ. vdNt ,q;fpyhe;J me;j
xg;ge;jj;ij iftpl tpUk;gpaJ. NkYk; gphpl;b\; nlhkpdpad;fSk; M];jpNuypah>
fdlh Nghd;w ehLfSk; me;j cld;ghl;bypUe;J ,q;fpyhe;ij tpyf;fpf; nfhs;sj;
Jhz;bd. NkYk; Mrpahtpy; [g;ghpdag; nghUshjhu Mjpf;fj;ijf; fz;L mtHfs;
ntWg;Gw;wdH. ,e;jtpjkhf gphpl;lDk; xU gd;dhl;L khehl;ilf; $l;b me;j
cld;ghl;bw;F Kw;Wg;Gs;sp itf;f tpUk;gpaJ.
 97

3.[g;ghdpa fUj;J
Mq;fpNya-[g;ghdpa cld;ghL Kwpe;J Nghdhy; jhd; jdpj;J tplg;gl;L tpLk;
vd;W [g;ghd; czHe;jJ. uhZt Ml;rpapy; mJ ngw;wpUe;j ek;gpf;if jLkhw;wk;
nfhs;syhapw;W. kpd; nra;Njh fl;rpahdJ njhopy; tsj;jpy; ehl;lk; nfhz;bUe;jjhy;
Mf;fpaukpg;Gf; nfhs;ifapd; Ntfj;ij fl;Lg;gLj;j Kw;gl;lJ. mNj Neuj;jpy;
rPdHfs; [g;ghdpag; nghUs;fisg; gfp\;fhuk; nra;jJ> mtrpakw;w irgPhpag;
gpur;rpid Mfpait mjd; epjp epiyikia kpfTk; ghjpj;jd. ,r;#o;epiyfshy;
[g;ghd; th\pq;ld; khehl;by; fye;J nfhz;L jd; gpur;ridfis mur je;jpu hPjpapy;
jPHj;Jf; nfhs;syhk; vd;W vz;zpaJ.

4.rPdhpd; vjpHghHg;G
Kjy; cyfg;NghUf;Fg;gpd; rPdhtpw;F ngUk; Vkhw;wk; Vw;gl;lJ. ntHNry;];
cld;ghL> 21 Nfhhpf;iffs; Mfpa epfo;rr
; pfs; rPdHfspd; ehl;Lg;gw;iwj;
Jhz;btpl;ld. ehnlq;fpYk; Vw;gl;l Nghul;lk; Nk ehd;fhk; ehs; ,af;fj;jpw;F
toptFj;jJ. ,jdhy; Nkiy ehLfs; kPJ rPdh Nfhgk; nfhz;lJ. MfNt gd;dhl;L
khehl;bd; %yk; rPdhtpd; mePjp ePf;fg;gLk; vd;W fUjg;gl;lJ.
th\pq;ld; khehL
mnkhpf;fhtpd; Kaw;rpahy; th\pq;ld; khehL $l;lg;gl;lJ. NghUf;F Kd;
typTk; nghypTk; ngw;wpUe;j ehd;F ty;yuR ehLfshd gphpl;ld;> gpuhd;];> [g;ghd;>
,j;jhyp MfpaitfSld; Juhf;fpof;F ehLfspy; epjp> epy; ngw MHtk;
nfhz;bUe;jj gpw ehLfshd rPdh> nejHyhe;J> NghHr;Rf;fy; ngy;[pak; Mfpait
mknhpf;fhthy; khehl;bw;F miof;fg;gl;ld. nghJTilik ehlhd u\;ah
miof;fg;gltpy;iy. NkNy $wg;gl; xd;gJ ehLfSk; th\pq;ldpy; xU khehl;by;
$bd. Mitfs; 1921-k; Mz;L etk;gH jpq;fs; Kjy; 1922-k; Mz;L gpg;uthp jpq;fs;
tiu gy njhlH $l;lq;fspy; $bg;Ngrpd.
khehl;by; nra;Jnfhs;sg;gl;l xg;ge;jq;fs;
th\pq;ld; khehL cld;gbf;iffspy; KbT ngw;wJ. khehl;bw;F mg;ghy;
,uz;L jdpj;jdp cld;gbf;iffs; Vw;gl;ld. mjpy; Kbthd cld;gbf;iffisAk;
mq;F gpd;gw;wpa jPHkhdq;fisAk; RUf;fkhf fhz;Nghk;.
ehd;F ty;yuRfspd; cld;gbf;if: gphpl;ld;> mnkhpf;fh> [g;ghd;> gpuhd;]; Mfpa
ehd;F ehLfSk; ,t;Tld;gbf;ifapy; ifnaOj;jpl;ld. Jhuf;fpof;F ehLfspd;
gpur;ridfisj; jPHf;f ,e;j ehd;F ehLfSk; NrHe;j KbT vLf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W
xg;Gf; nfhz;ld. nghJthd tp\aq;fspy; mnkhpf;fhTk; <Lgl;L MNyhrid $w top
nra;ag;gl;lJ. Mq;fpNya-[g;ghdpa cld;ghLk; yhd;\p`; ,\p xg;ge;jKk; ,e;j
ehd;F ty;yuRfspd; cld;ghl;lhy; KbTf;Ff; nfhz;L tug;gl;ld.
 98

Ie;J ty;yuRfspd; flw;gil cld;gbf;if Kjy; cyfg;NghH Mukgj;jpy;

mnkhpf;fhTk; [g;ghDk; fg;gw;gilapidg; ngUf;Ftjpy; Nghl;b Nghl;Lf;
nfhz;bUe;jd. ,J ,uz;L ehLfSf;FNk mopitj;jUk; nrayhFk;. ,e;j Ie;J
ty;yuRfspd; „fg;gw;gil cld;gbf;if‟ flw;gilfspd; Nghl;bf;F Kw;Wg;Gs;sp
itj;jJ. me;j cld;gbf;if ngUk; fg;gy;fspd; vilapid ld; msT Kiwapy;
epHzak; nra;jJ.
Xd;gJ ty;yuRfspd; cld;gbf;if rPdhitg; gw;wpajhFk;. ,e;j
cld;gbf;ifapdhy; me;j ty;yuRfs; rPdhtpd; Mjpgj;jpa chpikfis kjpf;f
Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk;> jpwe;j fjTf; nfhsifapidg; gpd;gw;w Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk;>
jdpchpikfs; ngWk; vz;zj;jpy; rPdhtpd; epiyapidg; gad;gLj;JtJ ,y;iy
vd;Wk;> mJ jd;id rPuikj;Jf; nfhs;s mDkjpf;fg;glNtz;Lk; vd;Wk;
xg;Gf;nfhz;ld. Mdhy; Vw;fdNt rPdh nra;J nfhz;l cld;gbf;ifapypUe;J
tpLtpf;f ,e;j cld;gbf;if xd;Wk; nra;atpy;iy. vdpDk; rPd-kf;fspd;
czHr;rpfis mJTk; Njrpa czHTfis epiwNtw;wTk;> rPdhtpd; ,iwikapidg;
NgzTk; Nkw;nfhz;l ey;yNjhH Kjy; eltbf;ifahFk;.
rPd-[g;ghdpa cld;gbf;if: th\pq;ld; khehl;bw;F ntspNa rPdhTk;-[g;ghDk;
\hz;Lq; gpur;ridiaj; jPHj;Jf; nfhs;tJ vd;W KbT nra;jd. ,uz;L ehLfSk;
xU cld;gbf;if nra;J nfhz;ld. mjd;gb rPdhtpw;F \hz;Lq;if jpUg;gpf;
nfhLf;f [g;ghd; xg;Gf;nfhz;lJ. NkYk; rPdh [g;ghd; nra;j Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;fhd
<l;Lj;njhifia mjw;F mspg;gjhf xg;Gf; nfhz;lJ. Mdhy; [g;ghd; jd;Dila 21
Nfhhpf;iffis ePf;fpf; nfhs;s kWj;Jtpl;lJ.
kw;w cld;gbf;iffs;
NkYk; rpy cld;gbf;iffis rPdh ty;yuRfSld; nra;J nfhz;lJ.
mitfs; mjw;F gads;sitahf mike;jd.
1. xU xg;ge;jj;jpd; %yk; rPd mQ;ryfj; Jiwfs; kPjpUe;j me;epa Mjpf;fk;
xopf;fg;gl;lJ.
2. thndhyp epiyaq;fs; cl;gl;l gy nra;jpj; njhlHG rhjdq;fis epaha
tpiyf;F tpw;f may;ehLfs; xg;Gf; nfhz;ld.
3. rftpfpj fhg;G thpapid epHzapj;Jf; nfhs;Sk; chpik rPdhtpw;F
mspf;fg;gl;lJ.
4. tpNr\g; gpuNjr chpikg; gpur;ridia rPuhf;f xU FOit epHzapf;f
me;ehLfs; xg;Gf; nfhz;ld.
5. epiyik rPuhdg;gpd; ghf;rH xg;ge;jj;jpd; %yk; may;ehLfs; mq;F
itj;jpUe;j jq;fs; gilfis tpyf;fpf; nfhs;s xg;G; nfhz;ld.
 99

Nfhkpd;lhq; fl;rpapd; vOr;rpAk; tPo;rr

; pAk;

fl;rpapd; vOr;rp:
1911-k; Mz;Lg; Gul;rpapid ntw;wpfukhff; nfhz;L te;j Jq; nkq; `{a; vd;w
ufrpa mikg;gpypUe;J> vOr;rp ngw;wJjhd; Nfhkpd;lhq; fl;rp vdyhk;. kQ;R tk;rk;
Jhf;fp vwpag;gl;lgpd; lhf;lH rd; ahl; nrd; ,j;Jld; gpw ,ufrpa rq;fq;fis
,izj;J „Njrpa kf;fs; fl;rp‟ my;yJ Nfhkpd;lhq; vd;gij Vw;gLj;jpdhH.
Athd;\pNfjd; nry;thf;if epiyehl;Ltijf; fz;L Nfhkpd;lhq; fl;rp mtiu Kjy;
ghuhSkd;w $l;lj;jpy; fLikahf vjpHj;jJ. AthDldhd Nghuhl;lj;jpd; Muk;gj;jpy;
lhf;flH nrd; Fiwe;j ntw;wpiag; ngw;whH. ,Wjpahf Nfhkpd;lhq; fl;rp gPfpq;
murhq;fj;jpypUe;J tpLgl;L rPdf; Fbauir fhz;ldpy; epWtpaJ. Mjd; jiytuhf
lhf;lH nrd; tpsq;fpdhH.
Njrpa fl;rpapd; Njhw;wj;jpw;fhd fhuzq;fs;
,f;fhyj;jpy; Nfhkpd;lhq; fl;rpapd; vOr;rpf;F rpy rhjfkhd #o;epiyfs;
Vw;gl;ld. Kjy; cyfg;NghH 21 Nfhhpf;iffs;> 1917-k; Mz;L u\;ag; Gul;rp ghhP];
khehl;by; Vw;gl;l Vkhw;wk; Mfpa midj;Jk; tYthd Njrg;gw;iw Vw;gLj;jpd.
ehl;Lg;gw;W nfhz;l Vuhskhd khztHfs; mf;fl;rpapy; NrHe;jd. 1920-k; Mz;by;
Nfhkpd;lhq; fl;rpAld; gpw murpay; epWtdq;fSk; neUq;fp tu Muk;gpj;jd. Nrhtpaj;
ehl;bd; Gul;rpapidg; gpd;gw;wp rPd mwpQHfs; rPdg; nghJTilikf; fl;rpapid
Vw;gLj;jpdhHfs;. u\;aHfSk; mij tpUk;gpdhHfs;. Vnddpy; Nfhkpd;lhq; fl;rpapd;
%yk; nghJTilikf; Nfhl;ghl;ilg; gug;gpf; nfhs;syhk; vd;gNj mjw;Ff;
fhuzkhFk;.
Nrhtpaj; u\;ahTld; $l;L
Muk;gj;jpy; Nfhkpd;lhq; fl;rp Nrhtpaj; u\;ahTld; khWgl;l fUj;jpidf;
nfhz;bUe;jJ. fl;rpapd; xU gphpT kh];Nfhtpd; nraiy tpUk;gtpy;iy. kw;nwhU
gphptpdH mijg; nghpJk; Mjhpj;jdH. rPdj;Njrpathjpfs; Nguhjpf;ff; Nfhl;ghl;bw;F
vjpuhf ,Ue;j kh];Nfhtpd; epiyapidg; nghpJk; Mjhpj;jhHfs;. ehl;Lg; gw;Ws;s
rPdHfs; kQ;#hpahit [g;ghd; fgspfuk; nra;Ak; nraiy u\;ah vjpHg;gJ fz;L
mjd;ghy; <LghL nfhz;ldH. Nkiy ehLfs; gytw;iw mz;b cjtp Nfhhpa
lhfflH nrd; cjtp fpilf;fhky; NghfNt u\;ahtpw;F nrd;W cjtpf;NfhhpdhH.
Mg;NghJ mJ kdkhu mtiu tuNtw;wJ. may;ehl;bdiu vjpHj;J mtH Nghuhbaij
u\;ah nghpJk; ghuhl;b> cjtp nra;a Kd; te;jJ. mg;NghJ mtH “ehq;fs; ,dpNky;
NkiyehLfisg; ghHf;f Ntz;bajpy;iy;: ehq;fs; u\pahtpd; gf;fk; jpUk;gpAs;Nshk;”
vd;W $wpdhH.
 100

Nfhkpd; lhq;fpd; mikg;G

u\;ah muRje;jpu> uhZtf; FO xd;iw rPdhtpw;F mDg;gpaJ. Mjd; jiyik
MNyhrfuhf ikf;Nfy; NghNuhbd; tpsq;fpdhH. mtH MNyhridapd; gb
u\;ag;nghJTilikf; fl;rpapidg; Nghy; Nfhkpd;lhq;Fk; khw;wp mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
murpay; MizahsHfs; mkHj;jg;gl;ldH. fl;rpapd; ghy; fLikahd xOf;fk;
typAWj;jg;gl;lJ. fl;rpf;F XH uhZtk; mikf;fg;gl;lJ. tpsk;guj;Jiw xd;W
mikf;g;gl;lJ. Nrhtpaj;ehl;bd; Jhz;Ljypd; Nghpy; Nfhkpd;lhq; fl;rp ehl;by;
Vfhjpgj;jpa vjpHg;G> rKf nghUshjhu> tptrhaj; njhopyhsUf;fhhd rPHjpUj;jq;fs;
Mfpatw;iwg; gpd;gw;wpaJ/ ,e;j ,uz;L fUj;Jf;fSk; Nfhkpd;lhq; fl;rpapid
tYthf;fpd. Mdhy; mij nghJTilikf; fl;rpaplkpUe;J NtWgLj;jpf; fhl;l
Kbatpy;iy.
Kjy; khehL
Nfhkpd;lhq; fl;rpapd; Kjy; khehL 1924-y; $baJ. fl;rpapd; murpay;
Nfhl;ghLfshf lhf;lH nrd;dpd; %d;W nfhs;iffs; Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;ld.
Nfhkpd;lhq; fl;rp mjd; mwpf;ifapy; %d;W nfhs;iffisf; $wpaJ. mitfshtd>
1. Nrhtpaj; ehl;bDldhd $l;L
2. rPdg; nghJTilikAldhd $l;L
3. ciog;ghspfisAk;> FbahdtHfisAk; Mjhpj;jy; Fbahd
tptrhapfisAk;> efuj; njhopyhsHfisAk; Gul;rpia Mjhpf;Fk;gb mJ
Nfl;Lf;nfhz;lJ. may;ehl;Lf; nfhs;ifapy; cld;gbf;if ehLfs;
mDgtpj;J te;j gpuNjrikf; fl;rp> jhd; ngw;wpUe;j rpwe;j epHthfj;jpYk;
typikahd gpur;rhu ,ae;jpuj;jhYk; nry;thf;F ngw;W tpsq;fpaJ.
rpahq; Nf N\f;
lhf;flH nrd; ,we;j gpwF Nfhkpd;lhq; fl;rpapid %tH elj;jp te;jdH.
mtHfspy; thq; rpq;-nta; vd;gtH ,lJ rhhpfspd; jiytuhthH. NghNuhbd; vd;gtH
u\;a MNYhrfuhthH. mtH fl;rpapd; jiytuhthH. %thpy; ,isQuhd rpahq; kpfTk;
jpwikahd uhZtj; jiytuhthH.
rPdhit If;fpag;gLj;Jjy;
Nrhtpaj; u\;ahtpypUe;J jpUk;gpaJk; rpahq; Nf-N\f; thk;Nghth uhZtf;
fofj;jpd; jiyikg; nghWg;gpid Vw;whH. mf;fofk; Nfhkpd;lhq; fl;rpapd;
mjpfhhpfSf;Fg; gapw;rp mspj;J te;jJ. lhf;lH nrd; ,we;jTld; Nfhkpd; lhq;
fl;rpapd; jhidj; jsgjpahf rpahq; nghWg;Ngw;whH. rpahq; xU kpjthjp. mtH
vg;NghJk; jPtpuf; nfhs;ifapy; ehl;lk; nfhz;ltH ,y;iy. fl;rpapy; Kd;dpiyf;F
tUk; msTf;F ey;y jpwikapidg; ngw;wpUe;jhH.
1925-k; Mz;L mtH Fthq;Lq;> Fthq;rp Mfpa ,UgFjpfisAk; Nfhkpd;lhq;
fl;rpapd; fl;Lg;ghl;Lf;Fs; nfhz;L te;jhH. 1926-k; Mz;by; rpahq; ahq;bro
 101

gs;sj;jhf;fpd; uhZtj;jsgjpfis Kwpabj;J rpwg;GkpF ntw;wp fz;lhH. Njrpag;gil

ngw;wpUe;j cd;djkhd gapw;rpapdhy; jhd; ,j;jifa ntw;wp fpilj;jJ vdyhk;.
Ehl;bd; If;fpak; rpahq;fpdhy; ,uz;L fl;lq;fspy; milaNeHe;jJ. KjyhtJ
fl;lj;jpy; Njrpag;gil `hd;nfs efiug; ifg;gw;wpaJ. Njrpathjpfspd;
jiyefukhdJ fhz;ldpypUe;J mq;F khw;wg;gl;lJ. ,uz;lhtJ fl;lj;jpy; Njrpa
gilahdJ 1928-k; Mz;by; [Pd; jpq;fspy; gPpfpq;fpy; Eioe;jJ.
nghJTilikthjpfspd; nry;thf;F tsHjy;
,jw;fpilapy; Nfhkpd;lhq; ,uz;L gphpthf gphpe;jJ. mg;gbg; gphpe;jtHfs;
tyJrhhpfs;> nghJTilik thjpfs; rYiffis u\;ah ePf;fpaJ. tpN\g; gpuNjr
chpikfisAk; ePf;fpaJ. kh];Nfhtpd; gapw;rp ngw;w jsgjp \pahq;Nf N\f;fpd;
jiyikapy; thk;Nghth vd;w ,lj;jpy; ,uhZtf;fofk; xd;W Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
murpayikg;gpid cUthf;Fjy;
fl;rpf;fhd murpayikg;ig Kjy; khehL cUthf;fpaJ. mjpy; ika
nraw;FO xd;W epWtg;gl;lJ. mf;FO mjpfhuj;jpd; ikakhfTk;> nghWg;Gs;sjhfTk;
tpsq;fpaJ. mf;FO xU fl;rp murhq;fj;jpd; fUthf ,Ue;J te;jJ. ,t;thW
Nfhkpd;lhqlfpd; rHthjpfhuk; vOr;rp ngw;wJ. Mdhy; mJ rhjhuz Kiwapy;
mikf;fg;gl;l xU epWtdkhFk;. Mjpy; gy gphpTfs; fhzg;gl;ld. mjpy; tyJ rhhp
Njrpathjpfs; ,Ue;jdH. mtHfs; murpaypy; Njrpaj;ijAk; tYthd muirAk;
cUthf;f Ntz;Lnkd tpUk;gpdhHfs;. NkYk; kp;jthj jhuhsthjpfs; mjpy;
,Ue;jdH. mtHfs; r%f nghUshjhu rPHjpUj;jq;fis tpUk;gpdH. ,t;thW
gygphptpdH me;epWtdj;jpy; ,Ue;jjhy; ,Wjpapy; Nfhkpd;lhq; fl;rp typik
Fd;wyhapw;W.
fl;rp gpsTg;gly;
nghJTilik fl;rp tsHr;rp ngw;wjd; fhuzkhf 1924-k; Mz;L fl;rpapy;
gpsT Vw;gl;lJ. kpjthjpfs; \hq;fha; gFjpf;Fr; nrd;wdH. mq;F mtHfs; „ntz;ik
Nfhkpd;lhq; vd;gij Vw;gLj;jpdH. mJ fhz;ldpy; ,Ue;j nrd;fl;rpf;F vjpHg;G
mzpahFk;. Mdhy; rd;ahl;nrd; capUld; ,Uf;Fk; tiuapy; jhd; gpsitj; jLf;f
Kbe;jJ.
lhf;lH nrd;dpd; ,wg;G
1925-k; Mz;L lhf;lH nrd; ,we;J NghdhH. mtH ,og;G Nghpog;ghFk;. Mjd;
gpd; ,uz;L Mz;Lfspy; Nguhjpf;f Nguhgj;Jk;> ehl;il If;fpag;gLj;j Vw;gl;l uhZt
eltbf;ifAk; Nfhkpd;lhq;if xd;WgLj;jpd. nghJTilik vdg;gl;ldH. ,J
rPdtuyhw;wpy; xU Kf;fpa epfo;rr
; pahFk;. nghJTilik thjpfspd; fpsHr;rp
gpuGf;fSf;F vjpuhf FbahdtHfisj; Jhz;btpl;lJ. njhopw;rq;fq;fspy;
nghJTilik thjpfspd; if Xq;fpapUe;jJ. mtHfs; Kjyhspj;Jtj;ijr; rhbdH.
Kjyhspj;Jtg; gpuGf;fSk; nry;te;jHfshd eLj;jutHf;fj;jpdUk; ,ijf;fz;L
 102

mr;rKw;W mtHfisj; jLf;f Kw;gl;ldH. mtHfs; rpahq;if kiyNghy; ek;gpdH.

Mthplk; uhZt mjpfhuk; ,Ue;jJ. vdNt jPtputhjpfis mtuhy; mlf;f KbAk;
vd;W mtHfs; vz;zpdH. KjyhspfSk;> gpuGf;fSk; rpahq;if eltbf;if
vLf;Fk;gb Nfl;Lf; nfhz;ldH. rPdg;Gul;rpapd; Kjd;ikahd jiytdhf Mfyhk;
vd;w Nguthtpy; mtH ,lJ rhhpfis xLf;Fk; Kaw;rpapy; <Lgl;lhH.
Mjpf;fg;Nghl;bapy; rpahq;fpd; ntw;wp
1827-y; fl;rpapy; ,Wjpg;gpsT Vw;gl;lJ. Nfhkpd;lhq;fpd; ,lJrhhpfSk;>
nghJTilik thjpfSk; rPd Njrpathjpfspd; Gul;rpia r%fg;Gul;rpf;F mioj;Jr;
nrd;wdH. nghJTilikthjpfspd; kpfj; jPtpug; gpur;rhukhdJ ehnlq;fpYk;
NtiyepWj;jk;> fyfk; Mfpatw;iw Njhw;Wtpj;jJ. mtHfs; rpahq;if gjtpapypUe;J
mfw;wTk; Kw;gl;ldH. Mdhy; rpahq;fpw;F `hq;fha; efhpd; ngUk; nry;te;jHfspd;
Jiz fpl;baJ.
,jw;fpilapy; ,lJrhhpfspd; jiytH thq;fpw;Fk;> nghJTilik
thjpfSf;Fk; rz;il Vw;gl;lJ. Nfhkpd;lhq;if nghJTilik thjpfs; ifg;gw;w
Kaw;rpf;fpwhHfs; vd;W mwpe;j thq; mtHfis thfhd; vd;w ,lj;jpypUe;J
ntspNaw;wyhdhH. Yhq; rpahq;Fld; NrHe;J nfhz;L gzpahw;wpajhy;> rpahq; 1928-y;
Nfhkpq;lhq;fpd; jiytuhdhH.
1928-k; Mz;L [Pd; jpq;fspy; rpahq; jd;Dila tlKidg; gilnaLg;ig
Kbg;gjpy; Kide;J epd;whH. r[ahq;fpd; jiyikapyhd Njrpag;gil gPfpq;iff;
ifg;gw;wpaJ. gPfpq;if Mz;L te;j rhq; Nrhypd; Xl;lk; gpbf;fyhdhH. ,Wjpapy;
mtH xU Gjpuhd ntbFz;L tpgj;jpy; nfhy;yg;gl;lhH. mtH ,we;jgpd; mtuJ kfd;
(%d;W fpof;F khepyq;fis Mz;L te;jhH) xU xg;ge;jk; nra;J nfhz;L
Nfhkpd;lhq; nfhbia Vw;Wf; nfhz;lhH. ,t;thW rPdhthdJ rpahq;Nf N\f;fpd;
uhZt eltbf;if %yk; xd;WgLj;jg;gl;lJ.
Ehd;fpq; murhq;fk;
Rpahq;Nf N\f; ehd;fpq;if jkJ Nfhkpd;lhq; murpd; jiyefuhff; nfhz;lhH.
mnkhpf;fh> gphpl;ld;> gpuhd;]; cs;spl;l gd;dpnuz;L NkiyehLfs; ehd;fpq;
murhq;fj;ij mq;fPfhpj;jd. me;jg; Gjpa FbaurhdJ lhf;lH nrd;dpd; KjyhtJ
Nfhl;ghlhd Njrpak; vd;gij miltjpy; ntw;wp ngw;wJ. ,uz;lhtJ nfhs;ifia
cldbahfr; nray;gLj;Jtjhf Nfhkpd;lhq; fl;rp mwptpj;jJ. mf;nfhs;is jhd;
kf;fshl;rpahFk;. Kf;fs; eyk; NgZjy; vd;w %d;whtJ nfhs;ifia mjw;Fg;gpd;
mky; nra;tjhf mwptpj;jJ.‟
Nfhkpd;lhq;fpw;Fk; nghJTilik thjpfSf;Fk; ,ilapy; Vw;gl;l Nghuhl;lk;
jsgjpfspd; Ml;rp Muk;gj;jjpypUe;J NtW ve;j murhq;fKk; ehd;fpq;
murhq;fj;ijg; nghy rPdhtpd; ngUk; gFjpfis jd;fPo; nfhz;Ltutpy;iy vdyhk;.
Fhg;Gthpapy; jd;dhjpf; kPl;rp> tpN\rgpuNjr chpikfis xopj;jy; Mfpatw;iw
 103

ngw;wjd; tpisthf Njrpag; ngUik ngUfpaJ. Mdhy; ehd;fpq; murhq;fk;

cs;ehl;L murpay; Fog;gj;jpy; Ko;fpaJ rPdg; nghJTilikf; fl;rpapd; tsHr;rp
mjw;F Mgj;jhf tpsq;fp te;jJ. efuq;fspy; gutpa nghJTilik Nfhl;ghLfis
eRf;f Nfhkpd;lhq;fhy; Kbe;jJ. Mdhy; cl;gFjpfspy; nghJTilikapdH
typNthLk; nghypNthLk; tpsq;fyhdhHfs;. Ahq;brpf;Fj; njw;Nf kj;jpa rpahq;rpapy;
khNthtpd; jiyikapy; Nrhtpaj; Fbauir epWt mtHfs; Kw;gl;ldH.
mwpthspfSk;> FbahdtHfSk; mtHgf;fk; miynad jpuz;Lte;jdH.
nghJTilikthjpfs; caHe;j Cjpak; ngwTk; jq;fs; gzp epiyapid rPuhf;fpf;
nfhs;s gyTk; gy rq;fq;fis epWtpdH. mtHfs; ngUk; epWtpdH. mtHfs; ngUk;
epyg;gug;Gfisg; gwpKjy; nra;J epykw;wtHfSf;F gfpHe;J mspj;jdH. mtHfsJ
fl;Lghl;Lf;Fs; ,Ue;j ,lq;fspy; epythp Fiwe;jJ. $l;Lg; gz;iz Kiwiag;
GFj;jpdH. ,e;j ey;y rPHjpUj;jq;fs; nghJTilikthjpfspd; nry;thf;if
nkd;NkYk; tsHj;jd. FbahdtHfSk;> njhopyhsHfSk; tdr;nrQ;Nridia
cUthf;f cjtpdH. “Gul;rpapd; ghijapy; nrd;W MAjq;fs; Ve;jp> gy gFjpfisf;
ifg;gw;wp kf;fspd; Gul;rpf;rf;jpapid ghJfhj;J gug;g Kw;gl;lJ” vd;gJ khNthtpd;
Fwpg;GfspypUe;J GydhfpwJ.
ePz;l eilg;gazk;
rPdg; nghJTilikapid Kwpabf;f> Nfhkpd;lhq; mtHfspd; ika ,lkhd
rpahq;rpiaj; jhf;fpaJ. nghJTilikthjpfs; Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;L tpul;babf;fg;gl;ldH.
,Jjhd; ePz;l eilg;gazj;jpd; njhlf;fkhFk;. Jq;fisr; #o;e;J nfhz;bUe;j
Nfhkpd;lhq;fpd; gilfis vjpHj;Jg; Nghuhb Vwf;Fiwa 6000 iky;fs; rPd
njd;Nkw;Fg; gFjpapy; gy ,lHghLfSf;F ,ilapy; gy ,lq;fspy;
rz;ilapl;LmtHfs; gpd;Ndhf;fpr; nrd;wdH. ,Wjpahf mtHfspy; nrhy;nyhd;dhj;
Jd;gq;fSf;F cs;shfpg; gpioj;j 20>000 NgH khNthtpd; jiyikapy; 1935-y;
n\d;rpapd; tlgFjpapy; te;J NrHe;jdH. mq;F mtHfs; jq;fs; epiyapid
typikg;gLj;jpf; nfhz;L neUq;fp te;j [g;ghdpa Mgj;ijAk; Kwpabf;f Kw;gl;ldH.
ePz;l eilg;gazk; cz;ikapNyNa xU khngUk; rhjidahFk;. mjw;W khNthtpd;
jiyikNa fhuzk; MFk;. rpahq; nrQ;Nridia mopg;gjpy; Njhy;tpNa fz;lhH.
,JNt mtH epiyikia rPHFiyar; nra;jJ.
[g;ghdpa Mf;fpukpg;G
rPdhtpy; tYthd murhq;fk; Vw;gLtij [g;ghd; tpUk;gtpy;iy. mt;thW
Vw;gl;lhy; jd; nghUshjhuj;jpw;F mJ jPq;fhf KbAk; vd vz;zpaJ. Jd;
nghUshjhu Mjpf;fj;ijf; fhj;Jf;nfhs;s [g;ghd; 1931-y; kQ;#hpahitf;
ifg;gw;wpaJ. mjw;Fg;gpd; mJ rPdhtpd; tlfpof;Fg; gFjpfis gpbf;fg; Nghtjhf
gaKWj;jpaJ. ,r;#o;epiyapy; rpahq; Kd;ndr;rhpf;ifahf nray;glyhdhH.
[g;ghDld; Nkhj Nfhkpd;lhq; tpUk;gtpy;iy. MfNt mtH 1933-k; Mz;L Nk
 104

jpq;fspy; Njhq;F xg;ge;jk; nra;J nfhz;lhH. mjd;gb NghH epWj;jk; Vw;gl;lJ.

rPdg;ngUQ;RtH tiu tpyfpg; Nghtjhf [g;ghdpa JUg;Gfs; xg;Gf;nfhz;ld. ,e;j
rkurf; nfhs;ifahdJ rPd Njrpa thjpfSf;Fggpbf;ftpy;iy.
murpay; If;fpaj;jpw;fhd Kaw;rp – rpahd; epfo;rr
; p
rPdg;nghJTilikapdH [g;ghid je;jpukhd Kiwapy; 1932-y; jhf;f
Kw;gl;ldH. me;jrkaj;jpy; rpahq; nghJTilikapdiu eRf;f Kw;gl;lhH. [g;ghid
Kwpabf;f Ntz;b ,Ug;gjhy; cs;ehl;Lg; Nghiuj; jtpHj;J nghJTilikapdiu
mlf;Ftij epWj;jf; NfhhpdH. Rpahq; mtHfsJ Nfhhpf;ifia Vw;ftpy;iy. mj;Jld;
Njrpathjpfs; ehl;bd; ghJfhg;gpw;fhf nfhz;L te;j fUj;jpidAk; xJf;fpj; js;spdH.
Ntspg;gilahd je;jp> fbjk; Mfpatw;wpd; %yk; nrq;fhtyHfs; ehl;bd; ghJfhg;ig
typAWj;jpdH. mtHfsJ gpur;rhuj;ij cjwp js;sptpl;L rpahq; mtHfis eRf;Fk;
nghUl;L rpahd; vd;w ,lj;jpw;Fr; nrd;W n\d;rpapYs;s mtHfsJ gFjpfis
mopf;f Kw;gl;lhH. 1936-k; Mz;L brk;gH jpq;fs; md;W rpahq;> rpahd; vd;w ,lj;jpy;
jd;ehl;L kf;fshy; gpbgl;L rpiwapy; milf;fg;gl;lhH. mtHfs; mtiu
nghJTilikapdhpd; ehl;Lg; ghJfhg;gpw;fhd fUj;ij Vw;Wf; nfhs;Sk;gbAk;
[g;ghid Kwpabf;f xd;W Nru Ntz;Lk; vd;gij xj;Jf; nfhs;Sk; gbAk;
tw;GWj;jpdhH. rpahq;fpd; capH Mgj;jpy; ,Ue;jJ. kh-Nr-Jq; RKfkhd Ngr;rpy;
<Lgl # vd; yha; vd;gtiu rpahDf;F mDg;gpdhH. XH xg;ge;jkhdJ nfhz;L
tug;gl;lJ. mjd;gb khNthtpd; nghJTilikg; gilfs; Njrpa murhq;fj;jpd; fPo;f;
nfhz;L tux g;Gf; nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.
td;Kiwapy; jw;NghJs;s murhq;fj;ij tPo;j;jp Nrhtpaj; ghzpapyhd murhq;fj;ij
Vw;gLj;JtijAk; mtHfs; iftpl;L tpl;ljhf mwptpj;jdH. 1936-k; Mz;L fpwp];Jk];
ehsd;W rpahq; tpLtpf;fg;ll
; hH. ehd;fpq; murhq;fk; [g;ghid Kwpabf;f KO
Kaw;rpapid vLj;Jf; nfhz;lJ. mj;Jld; mJ r%f nghUshjhur;
rPHjpUj;jq;fisAk; kf;fshl;rpapidAk; mspg;gjhf thf;FWjp mspj;jJ.
nghJTilik thjpfSf;Fk; rpahq;fpw;Fk; Vw;gl;l ,e;j xg;ge;jj;ij rPdHfs;
tuNtw;wdH. ,e;j ,uz;L fl;rpfSk; kPz;Lk; ,ize;jd. ,J rPdg;Gul;rpapy; xU
GJrfhg;gjj;ij Jtf;Ftjhf khNth $wpdhH. Mdhy; me;j If;fpak; ,uz;Nl
Mz;Lfs; jhd; ePbj;jJ. mg;NghJ 1937-y; Vw;gl;l rPd-[g;ghdpag; Nghhpy; ed;F
vjpHj;J epw;f Kbe;jJ.
1937-45 tiuapYk; eilngw;w rPd-[g;ghdpa NghH
Rpahq; me;j xg;ge;jg;gb ele;J [g;ghid fLikahf vjpHj;jhH. Nfhkpd;lhq;-
nghJTilik thjpfspd; $l;lhy; [g;ghDf;F mjpHr;rp Vw;gl;lJ. me;j If;fpaj;jpid
Kwpabf;f mJ Kw;gl;lJ. nghJTilikapypUe;J tpLgl [g;ghd; rpahq;fpw;F cjt
Kd;te;jJ. Mdhy; rpahq; jd; ehl;Lg;gw;Wf;Fk;> ehl;bw;Fk; Fe;jfk; Vw;glhky;
cz;ikahf ele;J nfhz;lhH. MfNt [g;ghdpag;gilnaLg;ghsHfis fLikahfj;
 105

jhf;fpdhH. [g;ghdpaHfs; Ntfkhf Kd;Ndwp gy efuq;fisAk;> rPdhtpd;

ngUk;gFjpfisAk; ifg;gw;wpdH. Jiyefuk; tPo;e;jJ. murhq;fk; Rq;fpq;fpw;Fg;
gpd;thq;fpaJ. Nghhpd; NghJ mnkhpf;fh gphpl;ld; Mfpa ehLfsplkpUe;J rPdh jhuhs
cjtpapidg; ngw;wJ. me;j [g;ghDldhd NghH ,uz;lhk; cyfg;NghUld; ,uz;lhf
fye;Jtpl;lJ.
Nfhkplhq;fpd; tPo;r;rp
Nfhkpd;lhq; murhq;fk; [g;ghid vjpHj;J jpwk;glr;nray;gl;lJ. ehl;bd;
Gduikg;Gf;Fk; mJ kpfTk; ghLgl;lJ. Nghhpd; Jtf;fj;jpy; rpy rPHjpUj;jq;fisr;
nra;jNjhL Nfhkpd;lhq; fl;rpapd; murhq;fk; typikFd;wpf; fhzg;gl;lJ. jpwikaw;W
fhzg;gl;lJ. Coy; kype;J fhzg;gl;lJ. Mq;fpNya mnkhpf;f cjtpiar;
rhHe;jpUe;jJ. Vfhjpgj;jpa thjpfspd; ifg;ghitahf rpahq; khwptpl;lhH vd;W
nghJTilik thjpfs; gpur;rhuk; nra;a ,J gad;gl;lJ. jFe;j Neuj;jpy;
rPHjpUj;jq;fos Nkw;nfhs;shjjhy; Nfhkpd;lhq; NguhjuT Njbf; nfhs;sj;
jtwptpl;lJ. uhZt eltbf;iffshYk;> mlf;F KiwfshYk; jd; fhyj;ij
fopj;jJ. mYtyq;fspy; GiuNahbf; nfhz;bUe;j Coiy mwNt xopf;f
Kbatpy;iy. ,itfs; vy;yhk; mjd; nghWikf;F rpWik je;jd. ,Wjpahf [g;ghd;
NerehLfshy; Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;lhYk; NghUf;Fg; gpd; Nfhkpd;lhq; rpjwp rpd;dhgpd;dkhfp
fhzg;gl;lJ.
Nfhkpd;lhq;fpd; tPo;r;rp
1940-k; Mz;by; nghJTilikapd; 8tJ 4tJ topg;ghij uhZtj;jpdiu
kQ;rs; ejp jPuj;jpypUe;J ntspNaWk;gb Mizapl;lhH rpahq;. ,jidg;
nghJTilikapdH Gwf;fzpj;jdH. nghJTilik uhZtj;jpdiu mq;fpUe;J
mfw;wptpl;L [g;ghdplk; ruzila rjp nra;fpwhH rpahq; vd;W mtHfs; Fiw $wpdH.
1943-k; Mz;by; nrg;lk;ghpy; Nfhkpd;lhq;fpd; ika nraw;FO $b
nfhJTilikthjpfSlhd NtWghLfis ePf;fpf; nfhs;s jPHkhdk; epiwNtw;wpaJ.
1947-k; Mz;by; jsgjp khH\y; nghJTilikthjpfSf;Fk;> NjrpathjpfSf;Fk;
,ilapy; Vw;gltpUe;j cs;ehl;Lg;Nghiu jtpHf;f Kw;gl;lhH. Mdhy; khH\y; jd;
gzpapy; Njhw;Wg; NghdhH. Cs;ehl;Lg;NghH Njhd;wpaJ. mjpy; nghJTilik thjpfs;
ntw;wp ngw;wdH. rpahq; ghHNkhrhtpw;F gpd;thq;fpdhH. ,t;thW rPdhtpy;
Nfhkpd;lhq;fpd; Ml;rp KbTf;Ff; nfhz;Ltug;gl;lJ.
Njrpathjpfs; Njhy;tpf;F fhuzq;fs;
1) vl;L Mz;Lfhy [g;ghdpag; NghH: Njrpa thjpfspd; Njhy;tpf;F kpf
Kf;fpkhd fhuzk; vl;L Mz;L fhy [g;ghdpa NghuhFk;. Mjdhy;
murhq;fk; ,uhZt> epjp> czHT g+Ht hPjpapy; fisg;gile;J tpl;lJ.
mjd; Nkhrkhd tpisTfs; nghJTilikthjpfSld; Nkhjpa NghJk;
njhlHe;J fhzg;gl;ld.
 106

2) uhZtj;jpd; epiy: Njrpathjpfspd; uhZtk; ,isg;Gk;> rypg;Gk; mile;J

fhzg;gl;lJ. [g;ghdpag; Nghhpy; Vw;fdNt fisg;gile;j mtHfs; Xa;Tk;>
mikjpAk; ngw tpUk;gpdhHfs;.

3) gztPf;fKk; nghUshjhu eypTk;: fhfpjg;gzk; epiwa ntspapl;ljd;

tpisthf gz tPf;fk; Vw;gl;lJ. gztPf;fKk;> epjp epHthfr;rPHNfLk;
Ehw;Wf;fzf;fhd Mapufzf;fhd rPdHfspd; tho;it ehrkhf;fpaJ.
mtHfs; xl;L nkhj;jkhf murhq;fj;ij vjpHf;fyhdhHfs;.

4) nghJkf;fspd; kjpg;igAk; ek;gpf;ifAk; ,oj;jy;: Coyhd murhq;f

mjpfhhpfs; murhq;fj;jpw;Ff; Nflhf elf;fyhdhHfs;.
Mijg;Gwf;fzpf;fyhdhHfs;. vdNt mtHfs; kf;fspd; ek;gpf;ifia
,oe;jdH. kjpg;ig ,oe;jdH.

5) mnkhpf;f cjtp rkurk; Mfpatw;wpd; Njhy;tp: [hH[; khH\y; ,U

gphptpdiuAk; rkurk; nra;a Kad;W Njhy;tp fz;lhH. mtuJ
nfhs;iffSf;Fk;> Nfhl;ghLfSf;Fk; ngUj;j ,ilntsp ,Ue;jjy;
mtuhy; mij ,izf;f Kbatpy;iy. mnkhpf;fhthy; Njrpa
murhq;fj;ijg; Gwfzpf;fTk; Kbatpy;iy. rPdhtpypUe;J ntspNawTk;
Kbatpy;iy. Mdhy; fl;Lg;ghlhd XusT cjtpapidr; nra;jJ. ghjpasT
mq;fpUe;J ntspNawpaJ vd;w ,e;j miukdJldhd jaq;fpa nrayhdJ
NjrpathjpfSf;F cjtpahf mikatpy;iy.

6) r%f nghUshjhur; rPHjpUj;jq;fis epiyehl;ly;: r%f nghUshjhur;

rPHjpUj;jq;fis nrt;tNd Nkw;nfhs;shjJ mtHfspd; tPo;rr
; pf;F top
mikj;J vdyhk;. njhlHr;rpahd cs;ehl;Lg; NghuhYk;> rz;ilfshYk;
Njrpathjpfs; rPhjpUj;jq;fisg; Gwfzpj;jdH. mj;Jld; lhf;lH nrd;dpd;
“cOgtDf;F epyk;” vd;w nfhs;if Vl;lstpy; kl;LNk ,Ue;J te;jJ.
,j;jifa fhuzq;fshy; Njrpathjpfs; Njhy;tpfz;ldH.

1. rpahq; Nf-N\f;
rpahq;fpd; ,sik tho;f;if
1887-k; Mz;by; nrf;fpahq; khepyj;jpy; xU vspa FLk;gj;jpy; rpahq; gpwe;jhH.
ehL ,f;fl;lhd fl;lj;ij fle;j NghJ rpahq; jd; ,sik tho;f;ifiaf; fle;j
nrd;whH. mg;NghJ ehL may;ehl;L Mjpf;fj;jpy; fl;Lz;L fple;jJ. typTk;> nghypTk;
 107

ngw;w mayehl;Lg;gil ghf;rH fytuj;ij mlf;fpaJ mtuJ kdjpy; gRkuj;jhzp

Nghy; gjpe;jJ. mtHfs; gad;gLj;jpa MAjq;fs; EZf;fq;fs; Mfpatw;iw mwpa
mtH Mty; nfhz;lhH. MfNt uhZtj;jpy; Nru KbT nra;jhH. mtH uhZtf;
fy;tpapid Kjypy; rPdhtpy; gapd;whH. gpd;dH [g;ghdpYk; Nrhtpaj; ehl;bYk;
gapd;whH. mtH rd; ahl; nrd;dpd; cz;ikahd rPluhthH. ek;gpf;ifahd
njhz;luhthH.
rPdh If;fpakiljy;
Nfhkpd;lhq; uhZt mjpfhhpfSf;Fg; gapw;rp mspf;Fk; thk;Nghth uhZtf;
fofj;jpd; jiytuhf Nrhtpaj; u\;ahtpypUe;J jpUk;gpaJk; nghWg;Ngw;whH. lhf;lH
nrd; ,we;jJk; Nfhkpd;lhq; uhZtj;jpd; jsgjpahdhH. mtH xU rPuhd
nfhs;ifapidg; gpd;gw;Wk; xU kpjthjp jPtputhjp my;yH. Fl;rpay; ey;yNjhH
nghWg;gpid mila mtH murpay; je;jpuj;ijg; gad;gLj;jpdhH.
1925k; Mz;by; mtHFthd;Lq;> Fthq;rp Mfpa khepyq;fis Nfhkpd;lhq;fpd;
fl;Lg;ghl;Lf;Fs; nfhz;Lte;jhH. ahq;rpa; gs;sjhf;fpd; NghHj;jsgjpfs; kPj mtH
1926-y; ngUk; ntw;wp nfhz;lhH. ,jw;Ff; fhuzk; Njrpag;gilfs; ngw;wpUe;j rpwe;j
gapw;rpAk; ey;y NghHj;jpwDk; vdyhk;. mtH ,uz;L fl;lq;fspy; rPdhtpd;
If;fpaj;ij nfhz;L te;jhH. Kjyhtjhf Njrpathjpfs; `hd;nfsitg; gpbj;J>
fhz;ldpypUe;J jiyefiu khw;wpdhH. ,uz;lhtJ fl;lj;jpy; Njrpag;gilfs; 1928-y;
gPfpq;fpy; GFe;jd.
nghJTilikr; nry;thf;fpd; tsHr;rp
,jw;fpilapy; Nfhkpd;lhq; fl;rp ,uz;lhfg; gphpe;J tyRrhhp nghJTilikf;
fl;rpfshf khwpd. rPdtuyhw;wpy; ,J xU Kf;fpa epfo;rr
; pahFk;.
nghJTilikapdhpd; Nghuhl;lk; tptrhapfis epyg;gug;GfSf;F vjpuhff; fpsHe;njor;
nra;jJ. mtHfs; KjyhspJtj;ij Kwpabf;f Kw;gl;ldH. nry;te;jHfs; gPjpf;
nfhz;L nghJTilik thjpfis mlf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W rpahq;if ehbdH. Mthplk;
uhZt mjpfhuk; ,Ue;jjhy; mtuhy; nghJTilikapdiu mlf;f KbAk; vd
vz;zpdH. Epyg;gpuGf;fSk; KjhyhspfSk; mtiu Jhz;b nray;gl itj;jdH.
rpahq;Fk; rPdg;Gul;rpapd; KO Kjy; jiytuhf Mf Ntz;Lk; vd;w mth
nfhz;bUe;jhH.

mjpfhug; Nghuhl;lj;jpy; rpahq;fpd; ntw;wp

1927-k; Mz;by; ,Wjpahf fl;rpapy; gpsT Vw;gl;lJ. ,lJrhhpfSk;
gnhJTilikthjpfSk; rPd Njrpathjpfspd; Gul;rpapid r%fg; Gul;rpahf khw;wpdH.
jPtpug;gpur;rhuj;jhy; nghJTilikthjpfs; ehnlq;fpYk; NtiyepWj;jq;fs;> fpsHr;rpfs;
Mfpatw;iw Vw;gLj;jpdH. mtHfs; rpahq;if mjpfhuj;jpypUe;J ePf;fTk; Kw;gl;ldH.
Mdhy; rpahq;fpw;F \hd;fha; epjpKjiyfspd; NguhjuT ,Ue;jJ.
 108

,jw;fpilapy; ,lJrhhpj; jiytuhd thq;fpw;Fk; nghJTilik thjpfSf;Fk;

rz;il Vw;gl;lJ. mtHfs; Nfhkpd;lhq;fpd; jiyikapid vLj;Jf; nfhs;thHfNsh
vd;w gaj;jhy; mtHfis t+`hdpypUe;J ntspNaw;w Kw;gl;lhH. thq;rpahq;Fld;
NrHe;J nray;gl;ljhy; rpahq; 1928-k; Mz;L [dthpj; jp;q;fspy; Nfhkpd;lhq;fpd;
jiytuhdhH.
1928-k; Mz;L [Pd jpq;fspy; rpahq; tlgFjpg;gilnaLg;ig Kbj;Jf; nfhs;s
Ntz;b jd; ftdj;ijr; nrYj;jpdhH. rpahq;fpd; jiyikapyhd Njrpathjpfspd;
gil gPfpq;ifg; gpbj;jJ. gPfpq; murpd; jiytuhd rhq;Nrhypd; Xl;lk; gpbj;jhH.
,Wjpapy; mtH ntbf;Fz;L tpgj;Jf;Fs;shfp khz;lhH. mtH ,we;jgpwF mtuJ
kfd;fs; %d;W khepyq;fis jd; fPo; itj;jpUe;jhH. mtH rpahq;Fld; rkurkhfp
Nfhkpd;lhq;fpd; nfhbapid Vw;Wf; nfhz;lhH. ,e;j tpjkhf rPdh rpahq;Nf N\f;fpd;
uhZt Ml;rpahy; xUq;fpizf;fgl;lJ. ehd;fpq; rPdhtpd; jiyefukhf;fg;gl;lJ.
Ehd;fpq; murhq;fk;
Gphpl;ld;> mnkhpf;fh> gpuhd;]; cs;spl;l 12 NkiyehLfs; ehd;fpq;
murhq;fj;ij mq;ff
P hpj;jd. me;jg; Gjpa FbauR lhf;lH nrd;dpd; KjyhtJ
Nfhl;ghlhd Njrpak; vd;gij mila Kw;gl;lJ. cldbahf ,uz;lhtJ
nfhs;ifahd kf;fs; tho;f;if eyd; vd;gij milAk; vd;wJ.
Rpahq;fpd; ntw;wpf;fhd fhuzq;fs;
1928-k; Mz;by; rpahq; rPdhtpd; cz;ikahd Ml;rpahsuhdhH. mtH Gul;rpg;
gilapd; jsgjpahf tpsq;fpdhH. NghHj; jsgjpfs; vjpHg;ig Kwpabj;jhH. mtuJ
uhZtje;jpuj;jhy; Nfhkpd;lhq; ,lJrhhpapdiuAk;> nghJTilik thjpfisAk;
,izj;jhH. Vw;fdNt rpahq;Nf N\f;fpw;F \hq;fhapy; tpahghhpahfTk; jufuhfTk;
,Ue;j mDgtk; cz;L. mtH xU cz;ikahd ,uhZt tPuH mtH njhopNy
uhZt tPuH njhopyhFk;. mtH [g;ghd;> Nrhtpaj; u\;ah Mfpa ehLfsplk; ngUk;
njhlHG nfhz;bUe;jhH. thy;Nghthtpd; uhZtf; fofj;jiytH vd;w Kiwapy; mtH
Gul;rp uhZtf; fofj;jiytH vd;w Kiwapy; mtH Gul;rp uhZt mjpfhhpfSf;F
ed;F gapw;rp nfhLj;jhH. ,jdhy; jd; tPuHfspd; ed;kjpg;gpidg; ngw;whH. jpUkzk;
mtuJ ngUikahdJ NkYk; mjpfkhdJ. ,f; fhuzq;fshy; rpahq; $l;Lg;gilfspd;
epfuw;w jiytuhf tpsq;f Kbe;jJ.
rkkw;w cld;gbf;iffis tpyf;fp nfhs;Sjy;
NkiyehLfs; rPdh kPJ gy rkkw;w cld;gbf;iffisj; jpzpj;jd. rPdHfs;
mtw;iw vjpHj;jdH. mitfspyl tpNr\g; gpuNjr chpik> fhg;G thpapid
epHzapf;f jd;Dhpik ,y;yhik Mfpa ,uz;ilAk; mtHfs; ntWj;jdH. rpahq;
,jw;nfy;yhk; KbT fl;l Kw;gl;lhH. 1928-k; Mz;L [Piy jpq;fspyl ehd;fpq;
murhq;fk; mwptpj;j cld;gbf;iffspd; fhyf;nfL Kbj;jTld; mitfs; ePf;fg;gl;L
tpl;ljhf mwptpj;jhH. mjw;Fg; gjpyhf Gjpa xg;ge;jq;fs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld.
 109

NkiyehLfs; Gjpa #o;epiyapidg; Ghpe;J nfhz;L rPdhtpw;F fhg;Gthpj;

jd;Dhpikapid mspj;jd. 1930-k; Mz;by; 9 ehLfs; jq;fs; tpNr\g;gpuNjr
chpikfis tpl;Lf; nfhLj;jd. mjpypUe;J may;ehl;Lr; rl;l kPwy;fhuHfs; rPdhtpd;
rl;lq;fs; %yk; rPd ePjpkd;wq;fspy; tprhhpf;fg;gl;ldH.
Nfhkpd;lhq;fpw;Fk; nghJTilik thjpfSf;Fk; ,ilapyhd Nghuhl;lk;
NghHj; jsgjpfspd; Ml;rp Vw;gl;ljpypUe;J NtW ve;j murhq;fKk; ngw;wpuhj
msTf;F ehd;fpq; murhq;f rPdhtpd; ngUk; gFjpapidg; ngw;W tpsq;fpaJ. fhg;G
thpapy; jd;dhl;rp> tpNr\g; gpuNjr chpikfis KbTf;Ff; nfhz;L te;jJ. rPdhtpd;
ngUikapidg; ngUfplr; nra;jJ. ehd;fpq; murhq;fj;jpy; cs; murpay; g+ry;
fhzg;gl;J. Njrpa murhq;fj;jpw;Fk; nghJTilikapdUf;Fk; Nghuhl;lk; Vw;gl;lJ.
efuq;fspy; ,Ue;j nghJTilikapdhpd; nry;thf;ifj; jhd; mtHfshy; eRf;f
Kbe;jJ. Mdhy; fpuhkg;Gwq;fspy; mtHfs; ehnshU NkdpAk; nghOnjhU
tz;zKkhf tsHe;J te;jJ. mtHfs; kj;jpa rpahq;fpYk; ahl;rpfpd; njw;Fg;
gFjpapYk; kh Nr Jq;fpd; jiyikapy; Nrhtpaj; mikg;gpy; Fbauir Vw;gLj;jpdH.
ePz;l eilg; gazk;
rPdg; nghJTilikapdiu mlf;Ftjw;fhf mtHfsj ika ,lkhd
rpahq;fpia Nfhkpd;lhq; fl;rpapdH jhf;fpdhHfs. nghJTilikthjpfs;
Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;L Juj;jg;gl;ldH. mJjhd; „ePz;l eilgazj;jpd;‟ Muk;gkhFk;.
Nfhkpd;lhq;fpd; gilapid Kwpabj;Jf; nfhz;L mtHfgs; 6000 iky;fisf; fle;J
tuNtz;bajhapw;W. nrhy;nyhz;zhj; Jd;gq;fis jhq;fp mtHfs; khNthtpd;
jiyikapy; (20>000 NgH) 1935-y; n\d;rpyl te;J NrHe;jdH. me;jg; gFjpapyl
mtHfs; jq;fs; Gul;rp fsj;ij mikj;jdH. Mf;fpukpg;ghduhd [g;ghdpaHfisAk;
Kwpabf;f Kw;gl;ldH. cz;ikapNyNa ,e;j „ePz;l eilg;gazk;‟ khngUk;
rhjidahFk;. khNthtpd; jiyikf;F fpilj;j khngUk; ntw;wpahFk;. nrQ;Nridia
Kwpabg;gjpy; rpahq; Njhy;tp fz;lhH. mJNt ,Wjpahf mtuJ epiyikia
rPHNflhd epiyf;Fj; js;sptpl;lJ.
[g;ghdpaH Mf;fpukpg;G
rPdhtpy; tYthd murhq;fk; Vw;gLtij [g;ghd; tpUk;gtpy;iy. 1931-k;
Mz;by; [g;ghd; kQ;#hpahitf; ifg;gw;wpaJ. mjd;gpd; mJ tlfpof;F
rPdg;GjpfisAk; ifg;gw;w Kaw;rpj;jJ. mg;NghJ [g;ghid vjpHj;J epw;gJ uhZt
murpay; hPjpapy; ,ayhj fhhpak; vd;git rpahq; vz;zpdhH. MfNt mtH 1935-k;
Mz;L Njq;F xg;ge;jj;ij Vw;Wf; nfhz;lhH. mjd;gb NghH jw;fhypkhf epWj;jp
itf;fg;gl;lJ. [g;ghDldhd mikjpf; nfhs;ifia Njrpathjpfs; tpUk;gtpy;iy.
murpay; xw;Wikf;fhd Kaw;rpahd epfo;rr
; p
1632-k; Mz;L nghJTilik thjpfshy; elj;jg;gl;L te;j rPdNrhtpaj;
FbauR [g;ghDld; je;jpukhd topapy; Nghhpl Kw;gl;lJ. mg;NghJ rpahq;
 110

nghJTilikapdiu eRf;f Kw;gl;lhH. [g;ghdpaiu tpul;l rPdHfs; xd;Wgl Ntz;Lk;

vd rpahq;fpw;F nghJTilikapdH $wpdH. Mij rpahq; Gwf;fzpj;jhH.
Njrpathjpfspd; mNj Nfhhpf;ifiaAk; mtH Vw;ftpy;iy. ntspg;gilahd fbjq;fs;
je;jpfs; %yk; If;fpaj;jpw;fhf nrQ;Nridapdhpd; gpur;rhuk; tPWf;nfhz;lJ. mijg;
nghUl;gLj;jhky; rpahq; nghJTilikapdiu eRf;Fk; jpl;lj;ij Kbthf;f
rpahDf;Fr; nrd;whH. rpahq; vd;gJ n\d;rpapYs;s nrQ;Nridahpd jskhFk;. 1936-k;
Mz;by; rpahq; rpiwg;gpbf;fg;ll
; hH. ,t;thWjd; ehl;LkdpjHfshy; ifjpahf;fg;gl;lhH.
[g;ghid Kwpabf;f ,U jug;gpdUk; ,ize;J nray;gLk; nghJTilikapdhpd;
jpl;lj;ij Vw;Wf; nfhs;SkhW tw;GWj;jpdH. Rpahq;fpd; capH mg;NghJ Mgj;jpy;
,Ue;jJ. khNth-# vd; yha; vd;gtiu mDg;gp rkurk; Vw;gl;lJ. khNthtpd; gilfs;
rpahq;Fld; ,ize;J Nghhpl;L [g;ghid tpl;LtJ vd;W KbT nra;ag;gl;lJ.
td;Kiwia mfw;wp Nrhtpaj; Kiwapyhd murhq;fk; Vw;gLj;Jk; vz;zj;ijAk;
iftpLtJ vd;gij mtHfs; xg;Gf; nfhz;ldH. 1936-k; Mz;L fpwp];Jk]; ehsd;W
mtH tpLjiy nra;ag;gl;lhH. tpiutpy; Nfhkpd;lhq;FfSf;Fk; fk;a+dp];LfSf;F
kpilapy; cld;ghL Vw;gl;lJ. ,U fl;rpapdUk; ,ize;J [g;ghid vjpHj;Jg; Nghuhl
KbT nra;jdH.
1937-45y; eilngw;w rPd [g;ghdpag; NghH
Rpahq; [g;ghdpaiu vjpHg;gjpy; KO Kaw;rpAld; <Lgl;lhH. Nfhkpd;lhq;Fk;>
nghJTilikapdUk; ,ize;jJ fz;L [g;ghd; mjpHr;rp mile;jJ. me;j
xw;Wikiaf; Fiyf;f mJ ngUk;Kaw;rp vLj;Jf; nfhz;lJ. nghJTilikapdiu
eRf;f [g;ghDk; mtUf;F MjuT mspg;gjhff; $l mwptpj;jJ. Mdhy; rpahq; jd;
Njrg;gw;Wf;F JNuhfk; Vw;glhtz;zk; cz;ikahf ele;J nfhz;lhH. mtHfisf;
fLikahf tpul;l Kw;gl;lhH. Mdhy; [g;ghdpaHfs; kpf Ntfkhf Kd;Ndwp gy
efuq;fisAk;> rPdhtpd; gy gFjpfisAk; gpbj;Jf; nfhz;ldH. jiyefuk; tPo;e;jJ.
Rq;fpq; vd;w ,lj;jpw;F murhq;fk; gpd;thq;fpaJ. Nghhpd; NghJ rPdhthdJ
,q;fpyhe;J> mnkhpf;fh Mfpa ehLfsolkpUe;J jhuhskhf cjtpiag; ngw;wJ.
mg;NghJ [g;ghDk; ,uz;lhk; cyfg; Nghhpy; fye;J nfhz;lJ.
Nfhkpd;lhq; tPo;rr
; p
Nfhkpd;lhq;fpdH [g;ghidAk; vjpHj;J ehl;ilAk; Gduikg;G nra;a Ntz;Lk;
vd;W KbT nra;jdH. Nghhpd; Muk;gj;jpy; rpy rPHjpUj;jq;fis nra;j gpd; me;j
murhq;fk; typikaw;W jpwikaw;W Coy; kype;J fhzg;gl;lJ. mJ Mq;fpNya-
mnkhpf;fh Kfhikg; nghpJk; rhHe;jpUe;jJ. nghJTilikapdH jq;fs; gpur;rhu gPuq;fp
%yk; rpahq; Mq;fpNya> mnkhpf;fhtpd; ifg;ghitahf khwptpl;lhH vd;gij
kf;fSf;F mwptpj;jdH. Nfhkpd;lhq;Fk; fhyj;NjhL cfe;j rPHjpUj;jq;fisr; nra;a
jtwptpl;lJ. Nfhkpd;lhq; jd; gpbia mlf;F KiwahYk; ,uhZt KiwahYk; jf;f
itf;f Kad;wJ. mYtyfq;fspy; kype;J fple;j Coiy NtH mWf;f mJ
 111

jtwptpl;lJ. ,itfs; vy;yhk; mjd; ngUikapid kpfTk; Fiwj;J tpl;lJ. Ner

ehLfshy; [g;ghd; ,Wjpahfj; Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;lhYk; Nfhkpd;lhq; mbgl;L Ntjid
mile;J NghhpypUe;J ntspg;gl;lJ vd;gJ nts;spilkiy.
nghJTilikapilUdhd NtWghLfSk; Nfhkpd;lhq;fpd; tPo;r;rpAk;
Nfhkpd;lhq;fpw;Fk;> nghJTilikapdUf;Fk; ,ilapy; ,uz;lhz;L fSf;Fg;
gpd; NtWghLfs; jiynaLj;jd. Njrpaj;Jld; rPHjpUj;jq;fis ,ize;J
nghJTilikapdH> tptrhapfspd; ngUk; Mjuitg; ngw;wdH. tl;b tpfpjq;fspd;
Fiwg;G> epyq;fisg; gwpj;J epykw;NwhHf;Fg; gfpHe;jspj;jy;> gpw nghUshjhur;
rPHjpUj;jq;fs; MfpaitAk; mtHfsJ ngUikia caHj;jpd. nghJTilikapdH
fpuhkGwq;fspy; jq;fsJ nfhhpy;yhj; jsq;fis Vw;gLj;jpdH. Mjd;%yk; gy
gFjpfis tpLtpj;jdH.
Nfhkpd;lhq; mlf;FKiwapid mtpo;j;J tpl;lJ. nghJTilik fl;rpapypUe;J
rhq;FNth> jNth vd;w jiytH tpyfpajhy; 1938-y; %d;W Kf;fpa kf;fs;
mikg;Gfs; td;Kiwahy; mlf;fg;gl;ld. rpahq; rPdf; fk;a+dp];Lfis Vw;Wf;
nfhs;s kdk; xg;gtpy;iy. mtH fPo;f;fhZkhW Fwpg;gpl;lhH. [g;ghdpaH Njhy;
tpahjpiag; Nghd;wtHfs;” nghJTilikapdH ,Uja Neha; Nghd;wtHfs; khNth
mjw;Fr; rhpahd Kiwapy; vjpHg;Gj; njhptpf;f Kw;gl;lhH.
1940-k; Mz;by; rpahq; nghJTilikapdhpd; 8tJ top uhZtk;> Gjpa 4tJ
top uhZtk; Mfpatw;iw kQ;rs; ejpf;F tlf;Nf mfd;W nry;y Mizapl;lhH.
mtHfs; mijg; Gwfzpj;jdH. ,t;thW nra;tjd; %yk; mtH [g;ghdplk;‟
ruzilag; NghfpwhH vdf; Fiw $wpdH. 1943-k; Mz;L nrg;lk;gH jpq;fspy;
Nfhkpd;lhq;fpd; kj;jpa nraw;FO xU jPHkhdk; nfhz;Lte;jJ. mjd;gb
nghJTilikapdUldhd NtWghLfis fistJ vd;W KbT nra;ag;gl;lJ. 1947-k;
Mz;by; jsgjp khH\y; mijj; jLf;f Kw;gl;lhH. mtuJ Kaw;rp Njhy;tpapy;
Kbe;jJ. cs;ehl;Lg; NghH Vw;gl;lJ. rpahq; Njhy;tp mile;jhH. nghJTilikapdH
ntw;wp ngw;wdH. rpahq; ghHNkhrhtpw;Fr; nrd;whH. ,t;thW rPdhtpy; Nfhkpd;lhq;fpd;
Ml;rp KbTf;F nfhz;Ltug;gl;lJ.

rPdg; nghJTilikf; fl;rp

1917-k; Mz;by; u\;ahtpy; Vw;gl;l Nghy;\;tpf; Gul;rp rPd mwpQHfisg;
nghpJk; ghjpj;jJ. 1918-k; Mz;L gPfpq; gy;fiyf; fofg; NguhrphpaHfshd tpjNth>
rNth> nrd;JrpA MfpNahH Kjypy; khHf;rPaf; Nfhl;ghl;il MuhAk; FOtpis
Vw;gLj;jpdhH.,uz;lhz;LfSf;Fg; gpd; 1920-k; Mz;by; nrg;lk;gH jpq;fspy; nrd;J>
rpA vd;gtH Nrhtpaj; ehl;bd; nray;fspy; cjtpahy; rPdg; nghJTilikf;
fl;rpapid Vw;gLj;jpdhH. kh NrJq;> yp rNth-rp> # vd;yha;> # Nj MfpNahH
mf;fl;rpapid Muk;gpj;jtHfspy; Kf;fpakhdtHfs; MthHfs;.
 112

njhlf;ffhy tuyhW
njhopyhsH ey muir Vw;gLj;JtJ jhd; rPdg; nghJTilikf; fl;rpapd;
Kf;fpa Nehf;fkhFk;. ,J u\;ag; nghJTilikf; Nfhl;ghl;ilg; Nghd;wjhFk;.
Muk;gfhyj;jpy; mg;nghJTilikf; fl;rp kh];NfhTld; neUq;fp njhlHG
nfhz;bUe;jJ. u\;aHfspd; nrhw;gb mf;fl;rp rPdhtpypUe;j Nfhkpd;lhq;fpd;
el;GwTld; 1923 Kjy; 1927 tiu ,Ue;J te;jJ. mg;NghJ mJ jd; cWg;gpdHfspd;
vz;zpf;ifapid mjpfkhf;fpf; nfhz;L typTk;> nghypTk; ngw;W tpsq;fpaJ.
fl;rpia ef;F tsHj;Jf; nfhz;lJ. nrQ;NridiaAk; mJ Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhz;lJ.
rpahq; Nf N\f;fpd; Njrpag; gilfs; jpBnud;W rPdg; nghJTilikapidj;
jhf;fpajhy; mf;fl;rpapdUf;Fk; Nfhkpd;lhq; fl;rpf;Fk; gpsT Vw;gl;lJ.
u\;ag; nghJTilikapdhpd; Vw;wk; (1931-27) my;yJ Mjpf;fk;
1921ypUe;J 1927 tiu rPdg;nghJTIlikapdhpd; tsHr;rpapy; u\;ag;
nghJTilikapdhpd; Mjpf;fk; mjpfk; jiyfhl;baJ. mjw;F „Nfhkpd;lhq;‟
nry;thf;F vd;W ngaH. mjd; nrayuhd thjpd;];fp nghJTilikffl;rp
Njhd;Wtjw;F nrd;Df;F kpfTk; cjtp nra;jhH. Nrhtpaj; Gul;rpf;Fg; gpd; u\;ah
jdpj;J tplg;gl;lJ. mJ Nkiyehl;bdhpd; Nguhjpf;fj;jpw;F vjpuhf mzpNrHf;f
tpUk;gpaJ. Mg;NghJ Nkiy ehl;lthpd; vjpHg;G czHr;rp rPdhtpy; kpFe;J
fhzg;gl;lJ. MfNt u\;aHfs; rPdg; nghJTilikapid Nfhkpd;lhq;Fld; NrHe;J
Nkiyehl;ltiu vjpHf;f Jhz;baJ. Kjy; gj;J Mz;Lfspy; rPdg;nghJTilikapdH
mt;tsT ey;y ntw;wpfisg; ngwtpy;iy vdyhk;. Mjd; gpd;khHf;ra
P f; Nfhl;ghl;ilg;
gapd;wtHfs; Gul;rpthjpfshf khwpdH. mtHfs; jq;fSf;nfd xU gilapid
Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhz;ldH.
kh Nr Jq;fpd; vOr;rp
1927-k; Mz;bypUe;J 1930-k; Mz;Ltiu nghJTilikf; fl;rp gy
fpsHr;rpfspy; <Lgl;L Njhy;tp fz;lJ. 1927-k; M:L Mf];L jpq;fs; nghJTilikf;
fl;rp xU uhZtg; Gul;rp xd;iw Vw;gLj;jpaJ. mijj; njhlHe;J `{dhdpy;
FbahdtH Gul;rp xd;Wk; Vw;gl;lJ. mJ kh Nr Jq;fpd; jiyikapy; eilngw;wJ.
mitfs; Njhy;tpapy; Kbe;jd. khNrJq; fpahq;rpq;fpw;F te;J NrHe;jhH. mq;F rPd
Nrhtpaj;ij Vw;gLj;jpdhH. # Njapd; cjtpahy; fpahq;rpapy; nrQ;Nrid
cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. me;j fuL Kulhd gFjpapypUe;J kpf caHe;j Nfhkpd;lhq;fpd;
gilfis khNth vjpHf;fyhdhH. 1934-k; Mz;by; mtH fpahq;rpapypUe;J n\d;rpt
e;jile;jJ tiu gy ,d;dy;fisAk;> ,lHghLfisAk; mile;jhH. kh Nr Jq;Fk;
mtUld; NrHe;j 70>000 MjuthsHfSk; Vwf;Fiwa 6000 iky;fis flf;Fk; tiu
gy ,lq;fspy; Nghhpl;L njhy;iyfs; gy mile;J mq;F te;J NrHe;jdH. ,e;j
; p jhd; Gfo; ngw;w „ePz;leilg; gazk;‟ vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ. Kh Nr Jq;
epfo;rr
 113

,t;thwhf fl;rpapd; jiyikapj;ij n\d;rpf;F khw;wpdhH. mg;NghJ mtH fl;rpapd;

epfuw;w jiytuhf tpsq;fpdhH.
nghJTilikapdH Ml;rpapd; Muk;gfhyk;
ehl;bd; tpLjiyf;F Nfhkpd;lhq;Fld; nghJTilikapdH ,ize;J
nray;glNtz;Lk; vd;w u\pahpd; nrhw;gb mtHfs; nray;gl;ldH vd;gij Kd;dNu
fz;Nlhk;. 1927-k; Mz;by; nghJTilikf;fl;rpAk; Nfhkpd;lhq;Fk; gphpe;J epd;wd.
Nfhkpd;lhq; nghJTilikthjpfis eRf;f Kw;gl;lJ. MfNt mtHfs; a+dhd;>
rpahq;fp Mfpa kiyg;gFjpfspy; jQ;rk; GFe;jdH. mq;F mtHfs; tptrhaf;
$l;likg;Gfis Vw;gLj;jpdH. ngUk; epyr;Rthd; jhuHfspd; epyq;fisg; gwpKjy;
nra;jdH. mtHfs; mijg; gfpHe;jspj;jdH. tpiyfs; fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;ld. tpiyfs;
Fiwf;fg;gl;ld. ,uhZtj;jpw;F ,isQHfs; NrHf;fg;gl;ldH. mtHfisf; nfhz;L
nrQ;Nrid cUthf;fg;;gl;lJ. tpLjiy ngw;w gFjpfspy; rl;lkd;wq;fis
Vw;gLj;jpdH. thf;F %yk; mjd; cWg;gpdHfs; NjHe;njLf;fg;gl;ldH. mtHfs;
n\d;rpf;F te;jile;jTld; rpy rPHjpUj;jq;fis Nkw; nfhz;ldH. rPuhd thp
tpjpg;Gf;nfhs;ifiag; gpd;gw;wpdH. Thlif> fld;Kiwfs; fl;Lg;ghl;Lf;Fs;
nfhz;Ltug;gl;ld. fl;Lg;ghL xOq;F ey jpl;lk; Mfpatw;wpd; %yk; mtHfs;
tlNkw;F rPdhit jq;fspd; fPo; nfhz;Lte;jhHfs;.
Gjpa kf;fshl;rpf; Nfhl;ghL
kh NrJq; n\d;rpapd; Nghuhl;lf;fsj;jpypUe;J jd;Dila Gjpa kf;fshl;rpf;
Nfhl;ghl;il cUthf;fpdhH. rPdh KOikahd rkjHk Ml;rpf;Fj; jahuhftpy;iy
vd;gij khNth czHe;jhH. muRf;Fj; nrhe;jkhd jdpg;gl;l $l;LwT Kiwapyhd
epWtdq;fs; ,ize;j fyg;Gg; nghUshjhuj;ij mtH ntspapl;lhH. fl;rpapd; $l;L
murhq;fj;ij mtH ntspapl;lhH. mjhtJ mjpy; njhopyhsH FbahdtHfs;
eLj;jukf;fs; MfpNahH gq;F ngWjy; Ntz;Lk; vd;whH. mJNt Gjpa kf;fshl;rpf;
Nfhl;ghlhFk; ehsiltpy; epykhdpa eLj;jutHf;ff; $Wfs; mfw;wg;gl;LtpLk; vd;whH.
mLj;j fl;lj;jpy; KOikahd rkjHkk; Vw;gLj;jg;gLk; vd;whH. mq;Fk;
njhopyhsHfspd; tHf;fk; ey;yKiwapy; mikahjjhy; ,e;jr;rPuhd jpl;lq;fis mtH
Nkw;nfhz;lhh;. rd;ahl; nrd;dpd; %d;W Nfhl;ghLfspd; kWgjpg;Gj; jhd; “Gjpa
kf;fshl;rpf; Nfhl;ghL” vd;W kh-Nth $wpdhH. ,f;Nfhl;ghl;bw;F kf;fsplkpUe;J
kfj;jhd tuNtw;G fpilj;jJ.
[g;ghdpd; Mf;fpukpg;G
1931-k; Mz;by; [g;ghd;-tQ;#hpah kPJ gilnaLj;j NghJ rPdHfs;
[g;ghdpaHfis ntWj;jdH. MfNt ,e;j [g;ghdpa vjpHg;G czHr;rpiag;
gad‟gLj;jpf; nfhz;L rPd nghJTilikapdH 1932-k; Mz;L gpg;uthpj; jpq;fs; mjd;
kPJ NghH njhLj;jdH. mtHfs; gy $l;lq;fspy‟ [g;ghdpa vjpHg;G czHitj;
 114

Jhz;bdH. ehnlq;fpYk; mtHfs; kPjhd ntWg;G gutyhapw;W.

“[g;ghdpaHfSf;nfjpuhd rPdHfspd; If;fpak;” vd;w Nfh\j;ij khNth vOg;gpdH
[g;ghdpaHfis Kwpabf;f nghJTilikapdH Nfhkpd;lhq;Fld; xj;Jioj;jdH.
Mifahy; rpahq; Nf N\f; nghJTilikthjpfis eRf;fpa gpwNf [g;ghid
Kwpabf;f Ntz;Lnkd KbT nra;jhH. rpahdpy; rpiw itf;fg;gl;L capUf;F Mgj;J
te;jij czHe;j gpwNf N\f; mtHfsJ xj;Jiog;ig Vw;Wf; nfhz;lhH. NghH
eilngw;w NghJ$l mtHfspilNa epytpa cwT RKfkhf ,y;iy.
[g;ghdpaHfs; gy ,lq;fisg; gpbj;J Kd;Ndwpa NghJ Nfhkpd;lhq;
nghJTilik Mfpa fl;rpfspd; gilfs; gpd;jq;fpNa ,Ue;jd. nfhhpy;yh
je;jpuj;ijg; gpd;gw;wpa nghJTilikapdH [g;ghdpaHfSf;F vy;iyapy;yhj;
njhy;iyfisj; je;jdH. mjd;%yk; gy ntw;wpfis vl;bdH. mg;NghJ Njrpa
nfhhpy;yhg; gilapdiuAk; jq;fSld; mtHfs; NrHj;Jf; nfhz;ldH. [g;ghdpaHfs;
ruzile;jNghJ tpLjiy ngw;w gFjpfs; nghJTIlikapdH trk; NrHe;jJ.
nrQ;Nridapd; tsHr;rp
rpahq;fpd; Ml;rpapy; nrQ;Nrid ed;F rPuikf;fg;gLk; vd;w fhuzj;jhy;
nrQ;Nrid Njrpag;gilfSld; xj;Jioj;jJ. ,j;jifa cwtpdpilNa $l mJ
jd; jdpj;jd;ikapid epiyehl;b te;jJ. #Njapd; jiyikapy; mbg;gilapdH
murpay; mwpT ngw;wdH. ey;y jpwikapidAk; ngw;wdH. mg;gil %d;W tiffshfg;
gphpf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ. mit KiwNa>
1) xOq;fhd ,uhZtk;
2) ed;F gapw;rp ngw;w nfhhpy;yhg; gilfs;
3) tptrhapfspd; ,uhZtk;
MFk;. Nghhpd; Kbtpy; mg;gilapdhpd; vz;zpf;if %d;W kpy;ypad;fshFk;.
[g;ghdpaH ruzile;jNghJ Vw;gl;l ntw;wplj;ij mtHfs; ed;F mikf;fg;gl;l
,uhZtk;> jpwikahd fl;rp ,ae;jpuk;> epyg;gq;fPL> epyr;rPHjpUj;jk; Mfpa
ftHr;rpahd rPHjpUj;jq;fisg; ngw;W epug;gpdH.
cs;ehl;Lg; NghH
Nfhkpd;lhq;> nghJTilikapdhpd; $l;il rPdHfs; tuNtw;wdaH. Mdhy;
mtHfspilNa re;Njfk; Fbnfhz;bUe;jJ. kQ;#hpahit ntd;wgpd; [g;ghdpaHfsl
1937-k; Mz;by; KOikahd glnaLg;gpy; <Lgl;ldH. midj;J Kf;fpa efuq;fSk;>
nra;jpj; njhlHG epiyaq;fSk; [g;ghdpaHfs; Kd; tpOe;jd. 1938-k; Mz;by;
rpahq;fpd; jiyikapy; kf;fspd; mit epWtg;gl;lJ. mjd;gb [g;ghdpaHfis
tpul;LtJ> Njrpar;rPuikg;G Nkw;nfhs;tJ vd;gJ KbT nra;ag;gl;lJ. mjdhy;
gaNdJk; tpisatpy;iy. nghJTilikapdH mt; mitia jq;fspd; fl;rpg;
gpur;rhuj;Jf;Fg; gad;gLj;Jfpd;wdH vd;W mtHfs; mtiuf; Fiw $wpdH. ,t;thW
khwpkhwpf; Fiw $wpf; nfhz;ldH. 1939-y;,uz;L fl;rpfSf;Fk; ,ilapy;
 115

ntspg;gilahd Nkhjy; Vw;gl;lJ. 1941-k; Mz;L [dthpapy; jpBnud Nfhkpd;lhq;

fl;rpapdH njd;md;ntapy; ,Ue;j nghJTIlikf; fl;rpapdiuj; jhf;fpdH. mjpy; 5000
nrQ;rPdH gLnfhiy nra;ag;gl;ldH. [g;ghdpd; Njhy;tp jtpHf;f KbahJ vd;gij
czHe;j ,Ujug;gpdUk; Nkhjpf; nfhs;syhdhHfs;.
[g;ghd; kPJ Nrhtpaj; ehL NghH mwptpg;G nra;jTld; # Nj [g;ghd;
if;g;gw;wpa gFjpfis ifg;gw;Wk;gb nrQ;Nridf;F Mizapl;lhH. rpahq; mij
tpyf;fpf; nfhs;SkhW #-NjTf;Ff; $wpdhH. mJ ntspg;gilahf nghJTilikapdH
mjpfhuj;ijf; ifg;gw;Wk; top vd;W mtH $wpdhH. #-Nj rpahq;fpd; Mizia
nrtpkLf;ftpy;iy. mJ ,Ujug;gpdUk; Nkhjiyf; nfhz;L te;jJ. ,t;thWm rPdh
cs;ehl;Lg; Nghhpy; rpf;fpaJ.
gadw;w mnkhpf;fj; jiyaPL
gpaH]; JiwKf epfo;rr
; pf;Fg; gpd; mnkhpf;fh grpgpf;fpy; Nghhpl;Lf;
nfhz;bUe;jJ. [g;ghDld; rPdh Nghhpy; <Lgl;lNghJ mnkhpf;fh rPdhtpw;F Vuhskhd
cjtpapidr; nra;J te;jJ. ehl;bd; Gduikg;Gf;F mt;tpU jug;gpdhpd; NghH
Kaw;rpia mnkhpf;fh Cf;Ftpj;jJ. mnkhpf;fhthdJ mtHfspd; xw;Wikf;Fg;
ghLgl;l NghJk; Nkhjiyj; jtpHf;f Kbatpy;iy.. Nfhkpd;lhq;Fk;>
nghJTilikapdUk; mbf;fb Nkhjpf; nfhz;ldH. Njrpa murhq;fk;
nghJTilikthjpfis KOikahf tpul;l Kw;gl;lJ. mnkhpf;f mjpgH l;&kd;
vd;gtH jsgjp khH\iy rPdhtpw;F rkurk; nra;a mDg;gpdhH. khH\y;
,Ujug;gpdiuAk; Ngr;R thHj;ijf;Ff; $l;bdhYk; gaNdJk; tpisatpy;iy. Njrpa
thjpfs; ve;jtpjr; rYiffisAk; nghJTilikapUf;F mspf;f Kd;tutpy;iy.
rpahq;fpw;Fj; njhlHe;J mnkhpf;f cjtp fpl;Lk; vd cWj mspf;fg;gl;lJ. mtH
fLikahd eltbf;ifapid Nkw;nfhs;syhdhH. Rpahq;fpd; rPdh cUf;Fiya
Muk;gpj;jJ. nghUshjhu murpay; Fog;gk; fhuzkhf rPdh kpf Ntfkhf mopit
Nehf;fpr; nrd;W nfhz;bUe;jJ. “Nfhkpd;lhq; cl;g+ry;fspd; ciwtplk;”vd;gij
mnkhpf;f rkurthjpfs; fz;ldH. nghJTilik thjpfs; 10 Mz;L cs;ehl;Lg;
NghUf;Fg; gpd;Gk; nghJTilikapdH 7 Mz;L [g;ghdpag; gilnaLg;gpw;Fg; gpd;Gk;
tho Kbe;jJ. mjw;Ff; fhuzk; nghJ kf;fspd; MjuNt vdyhk;. Typikapy;
ek;gpf;ifAk;> njhlHr;rpahd mnkhpf;f cjtpAk; ngw;wpUe;Jk; Njrpa thjpfshy;
ntw;wp fhzKbatpy;iy. nghJTilikthjpfs; mtHfis vjpHj;J cWjpahf
epw;fKbe;jJ. ,t;thW khH\y; gzp Njhy;tpapy; Kbe;jJ.
nghJTilikapdhpd; ntw;wp
mnkhpf;f mZ Fz;Lfs; tPrg;gl;L `pNuh\pkh> ehfrhfp efuq;fs;
ehrkhf;fgl;l gpd; [g;ghd; 1945-k; Mz;L Mf\;Lj; jpq;fspy; ruzile;jJ.
[g;ghdhy; tplg;gl;l epyg;gFjpfis vLj;Jf; nfhs;tjpy; NjrpathjpfSk;>
nghJTilikthjpfSk; Nghl;b Nghl;ldH, kQ;#hpahtpYk;> mt;tpU jug;gpdUf;Fk;
 116

gifik %z;lJ. Nghl;bapd; Muk;gfl;lj;jpy; ed;F gapw;rp ngw;w ,uhZt

tPuHfisg; ngw;wpUe;jjhy; Njrpathjpfsp gy ntw;wpfisg; ngw;wdH. mtHfs;
tlNkw;F rPdh> n\d;rpapYs;s nghJTilikapdH jiyikapyhd a+dhd;
Mfpatw;iwg; gpbj;Jf; nfhz;ldH. vdpDk; nghJTilikapdhpd; xw;Wik xOq;if
mtHfshy; Fiyf;f Kbatpy;iy. efuq;fspypUe;J ntspNaw;wg;gl;l mtHfs;
fpuhkq;fspy; gpbg;ig Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhz;ldH. mq;nfy;yhk; Njrpag;gilfSf;Fj;
njhy;iynfhLf;fyhdhHfs;. mtHfspd; nra;jpg; Nghf;Ftuj;ijj; Jz;bj;jdH.
nrQ;Nrid my;yJ nrk;gil jw;NghJ „kf;fspd;gil‟ vd;W miof;fg;gl;lJ. mJ
typNthKl; nghypNthLk; Nghhpl;lJ. mnkhpf;f cjtpfpl;ba NghJk; $l mtHfshy;
nghJTilikapdhpd; epiyahd jhf;FjYf;F Kd; epiyj;J epw;f Kbatpy;iy.
mtHfsJ gy ,yhZtg; gphpTfs; nghJTilikapdhpd; Kd; ruzile;jd.
tpiutpNyNa mtHfs; rPdhtpd; ngUk;gFjpf;Fk;> n`a;dhd; vd;w gFjpf;Fk;
jiytuhdhHfs;. 1950-k; Mz;by; vQ;rpapUe;j Njrpag;gilfs; ghHNkhrhtpw;Ff;
FbNawpd.
Nfhkpd;lhq;fpd; tPo;r;rpf;Ff; fhuzq;fs;
[g;ghdpd; tPo;rr
; pf;Fg; gpd; Njrpathjpfs; rPdhit Mz;ldH. mtHfsJ
Ml;rpapy; jd;dyKk; CoYk;> yQ;rKk; jhz;ltkhbd. Fpuhkg;Gw epyg;gpug;Gf;fs;
kpfTk; Ra ey Nehf;NfhL nray;gl;ldH. ey;y rPHjpUj;jq;fs; nfhz;Ltuj;
jtwptpl;ldH. Viokf;fSf;F mtHfs; VJk; nra;atpy;iy. epyr;Rthd;jhuHfspd;
Mjuthy; mJ epH%ykhapw;W vd;why; mJ kpifahfhJ. NkYk; mjdhy; Nfhkpd;lhq;
Kd;Ndw;wkw;w> mwpthspfSf;F khwhd fl;rpahf khwptpl;lJ.
mjw;Fkhwhf nghJTilikthjpfs; kpf caHe;j ,uhZt mikg;igf;
nfhz;bUe;jdH. ey;y je;jpuj;ijf; ifahz;ldH. rpwg;GkpF rPHjpUj;jq;fis
Nkw;nfhz;ldH. ,tw;wpw;nfy;yhk; Kj;jha;g;G itg;gJ Nghy; ey;y jiyik ,Ue;jJ.
mJ rPd kf;fis ed;F Jhz;b vOr;rpngwr; nra;a VJthf ,Ue;jJ.
 117

myF - III
,uz;lhk; rPd [g;ghdpag; NghUk; ,uz;lhk; cyfg; NghUk;

1931-k; Mz;by; [g;ghd; kQ;#hpahitf; ifg;gw;wpa gpd; ,uz;L ehLfSf;Fk;

,ilzpy; Nkhjy; Vw;gl;lJ. ed;F rPuikf;fg;glhj jiytHfs; mw;w rPdHfs;
may;ehl;lthpd; Mf;fpukpg;ig fLikahf vjpHg;gjpy; Kide;J epd;wdH. [g;ghdpYk;
,uhZtj; jsgjpfs; ntw;wp ngw;wdH. mjd; tpisthf rPd [g;ghdpag; NghH
Vw;gl;lJ. 1941-k; Mz;by; [g;ghd; ngHy; JiwKfj;ijj; jhf;fpa NghJ mg;NghH
,uz;lhk; cyfg;NghUld; ,uz;lwf; fye;Jtpl;lJ. ,g;NghH [g;ghdpaHfshy; xU
epfo;rr
; p vd;Nw miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
Nghhpd; fhuzq;fs;
1) [g;ghdpaHfs; rPdh kPJ NghH njhLf;ff; fhuzk; mjd; jpwikapd;ikAk;>
mq;F epytpa cs;ehl;Lr; rpf;fYk; MFk;. vdNt [g;ghd; rPd kz;zpy;
td;Kiwapy; gd;Kiw jhf;f Kw;gl;lJ.
2) Rpahq; Nf-N\f;fpd; nray;fs; [g;ghdpaUf;Fr; rhjfkhf mike;jd. mtH
[g;ghdpag; gilnaLg;ig Njhy; kPJ fhzg;gLk; xU k&c Nghd;Wk;>
nghJTilikapdhpd; Mgj;ij ,Ujaj;jpy; cs;s xU Neha; Nghd;Wk;
fUjpdhH. MfNt mtH [g;ghdpaUld; njhq;F xg;ge;jj;ijr; nra;J
nfhz;lhH. ,J kQ;#hpahit kiwKfkhf vLj;Jf; nfhs;sr; nra;j
xg;ge;jkhFk;.
3) kQ;#hpahtpy; ntw;wp ngw;wjhy; [g;ghd; NkYk; cw;rhfk; nfhz;L
ijhpaj;Jld; nray;gl Kw;gl;lJ. [g;ghdpa ,uhZt tPuHfs;
,t;ntw;wpapdhy; ngUkpjk; nfhz;L murpay;thjpfis NkYk; Mf;fpukpg;gpy;
<LgLk;gbj; Jhz;bdH. gd;dhl;L mikg;G vJTk; mijj; jLf;f
Kbahjjhy; Mf;fpukpg;gpy; mtHfs; <Lgl;ldH.
4) INuhg;ghtpd; mr;R ehLfs; gf;fk; [g;ghd; NrHe;J ,Ue;jjhy; mtHfsJ
Mf;fpukpg;G vz;zk; mjw;F Vw;gl;ljpy; tpag;gpy;iy. NkYk; mJ
nghJTilik vjpHg;G mzpapy; NrHe;jpUe;jjhy; ,aw;ifahfNt mij
vjpHg;gjpy; Jzpe;J epd;wJ.
5) [g;ghdpaUf;F vjpuhd tsHe;J tUk; vjpHg;G czHT [g;ghdpa
murhq;fj;ij njhy;iyf;F cs;shf;fpaJ nrQ;Nridapd; gpur;rhuKk;>
mjd; nfhhpy;yhg; NghH KiwfSk; mtHfis ntWg;Gf;F cs;shf;fpaJ.
,Wjpahf Njrpa If;fpa Kd;ddp cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. [g;ghDf;F gPjpia
Vw;gLj;jpaJ. ,J typik miltjw;Fs; mopf;f Ntz;Lnkd [g;ghd;
vz;zpaJ.
 118

6) mt;tpU ehLfSf;Fs; gifik tsu rPdhtpd; eltbf;iffs; rpyTk;

fhuzkhFk;. Fthq;Lq; khepyj;jpy; xU [g;ghdpa kUe;J tpahghhp
nfhy;yg;gl;lhH. `hq; nfs vd;w ,lj;jpy; Jhjuff; fhtyhsp nfhiy
nra;ag;gl;lhh;. [g;ghdpa Jhjufj;jpy; ntbFz;Lfs; itf;fg;gl;lJ
fz;Lgpbf;fg;ll
; J. rPdHfshy; [g;ghdpa khYkpfs; \hq;fha; vd;Dkplj;jpy;
Rl;Lf; nfhy;yg;gl;ldH.
7) cldbf; fhuzk;:- Yh-nfs-rpah epfo;rr
; p:- Fthq;Lq; gilapypUe;J ,dk;
[g;ghdpa mjpfhhpfs; Yh-nfs-rpahtpy; (khHf;NfhNghNyh ghyk;)
epfo;rr
; pia cUthf;fpdhHfs;. Me;j ,lk; gPfpq; efUf;F Nkw;Nf gj;Jf;fy;
njhiytpy; cs;sJ. me;j epfo;rr
; p 1937-k; Mz;L [Piyapy; eilg;ngw;wJ.
mjdhy; rPdg;gilapy; ryryg;G Vw;gl;lJ. 1901-y; Vw;gl;l ghf;rH
xg;ge;jg;gb [g;ghDk; tlrPdhtpy; khHNfh NghNy ghyj;jpw;F mUfpy; jd;
gilfis epWj;jpaJ. xU rpg;ghiaf; fhztpy;iy vd;w tje;jpapy;
[g;ghdpaHfs; rPdg;gilg;gphptpy; Njl Kw;gl> rPdHfs; kWf;f> [g;ghdpaHfs;
efuj;ijf; Fz;Lfs; tPrp jfHf;f ,UehLfSf;Fkpilapy; gpufldk; nra;a
NghH %z;lJ.
Nghhpd; Nghf;F (1937-1941)
1.Muk;gfl;lk;:- Nghhpy; Muk;gj;jpy; [g;ghdpaHfsl gPfpq;fpw;F mUfpYs;s
Kf;fpa ,lq;fisf; ifg;gw;wpf; nfhz;ldH. xd;wpa rPdh mtHfsJ vjpHg;ig
ijhpakhf rkhspj;jJ. nghJTilikapdH cl;gl vy;yh murpay; fl;rpfSk; rpahq;
jiyikapy; xd;W jpuz;ldH. mtHfs; „tlf;F njw;F vd;w Ngjkpy;iy> tajhdtH
,isQH vd;w ghFghby;iy. vy;NyhUk; fLk; xOf;fj;Jld; murhq;fj;jpd; topg;gb
elf;f Ntz;Lk;” vd;W $wpdH. etPd kakhf;fg;gl;l MAjq;fis nfhz;bUe;j
[g;ghid vjpHg;gJ rPdHfSf;F ngUk; NrhjidahfNt ,Ue;jJ. gPfpq; efiuj; jhf;f
[g;ghdpaHfs; Kw;gl;lhHfs;. mjd; tpiykjpg;gw;w fiyrl nry;tq;fis fhg;ghw;w
rPdHfs; nghpJk; f\;lg;gl;ldH.
2) \hq;fhapy; ,uz;lhk; Kid: Mf];L jpq;fspy; \Phq;fha; efhpy; [g;ghd;
,uz;lhk; NghH Kidapidj; jpwe;jJ. mJ rPdhtpy; epjptrjp ngw;w ,lkhFk;.
Mjd; nghUshjhu trjpia eRf;fptpl KbT nraJ mt;thW nray;gl;lJ.
3)ehd;fpq;iff; ifg;gw;Wjy; (1937): kpf tPuhNtrj;Jld; rPdHfs; \hq;fhiaf;
fhg;ghw;wpa NghjpYk;> [g;ghd; mij kPwp ehd;fpq; Eiothapy; tiu Kd;Ndhf;fpr;
nrd;wJ. me;j jiyefuhdJ brk;gH jpq;fspy; tPoe;jJ. mjd; tPo;rr
; piaj; njhlHe;J
10>000 NgH td;Kiwapy; nfhd;W Ftpf;fg;gl;ldH. mJjhd; “ehd;fpq;fpd; fw;gopg;G”
my;yJ ehd;fpq;if #iwahLjy;” vd;W ngaH.
 119

4. tlrPdhitf; ifg;gw;Wjy;: tlf;fpy; rPdHfs; kQ;rd; ejpf;Fj; njw;FgFjp tiuapy;

Juj;jp mopf;fg;gl;ldH. ehd;fpq;fpypUe;J xU [g;ghdpag;gilt lf;F Nehf;fpr; nrd;W
bad;rpid mile;jJ. me;efuk; ifg;gw;wg;gl;lJ.
5) t+`hd;> fhz;ldpd; tPo;rr
; p (1938-39): mLj;J ngUk; NghH t+`hdpy; eilngw;wJ.
mJ brk;gH jpq;fspy; 1938-k; Mz;by; eilngw;wJ. mijj; njhlHe;J 1939-k; Mz;L
mf;NlhgH jpq;fspy; fhz;ld; tPoe;jJ.
6) t+`hd; tPo;rr
; p Kjy; ngHy; JiwKfk; jhf;fg;gl;lJ tiu: mLj;j fl;lj;jpy;
[g;ghdpaHfs; gy efuq;fisg; gpbj;Jf; nfhz;ldH. Nghf;Ftuj;J nra;jpj;
njhlHGfisj; Jz;bj;jdH. ,J fpof;F rPdhtpy; cs;s ,lq;fspy; eilngw;wJ
vdpDk; rPdHfs; mopf;Fk; nfhs;ifapidAk;> nfhhpy;yhg;Nghh KiwfisAk;
gpd;gw;wpdH.
7) nghk;ik murhq;fj;ij Vw;gLj;Jjy;: ,jpy; ntw;wp fz;lNghjpYk; [g;ghdpaHfs;
Nghhpy; ntw;wp mila Kbatpy;iy. Nlhf;fpNah ,Wjpahf Fog;gj;jpy; js;sg;gl;lJ.
ntw;wp fz;l ,lq;fspy; nghk;ik murhq;fis Vw;Lj;j Kw;gl;lJ. 1937-y; kq;Nfhypa
jd;dhl;rp murhq;fk; xd;iw Vw;gLj;jpaJ. thq;rpq;nta; vd;w JNuhfpapd; cjtpAld;
ehd;fpq;fpy; rPdHfspd; rPHjpUj;j murhq;fk; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
8) fpof;F Mrpahtpy; Gjpa khw;wk; (m) Nfhl;ghL: [g;ghdpaHspd; murpay;
nghUshjhu Mjpf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jpa Nguikr;rH NfhNdhap “fpof;F Mrpahtpy; Gjpa
Nfhl;ghl;il”Vw;gLj;jpdhh;. ,J xU tifapy; „[g;ghdpa kd;Nwh Nfhl;ghL‟ vd;W
ngaH ngw;wJ. ,jd; Nehf;fk; Mrpa ehLfspd; Mjpf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;JtNj MFk;.
nghJTilikapdUf;Fk; Nfhkpd;lhq;fpw;Fk; ,ilapyhd NtWghLfs;
rPf;fpa Kd;ddp jpwk;gl nray;gl kf;fspd; murpay; mit xd;W
epWtg;gl;lJ. nghJTilikapdUk; fye;J nfhz;l nghJthd Kd;dzp
mJNtahFk;. rPdr; nrQ;Nrid vl;lhtJ tOg;gil vd;W khw;wp mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
mJ Njrpathjpfspd; nghWg;gpy; tplg;gl;lJ. ,uz;L gphptpdUf;Fk; ,ilapy; epytpa
nghwhik> gak;> jtwhd vz;zk; Mfpatw;why; fUj;J NtWghLfs; Njhd;wpd.
MfNt If;fpa Kd;dzp ngaustpy; nray;gl;lJ. Nghhpd; vQ;rpa fhyk; KOtJk;
nghJTIlikapdUflFk; Nfhkpd;lhq;fpw;Fk; ,ilapy; Vw;gl;l jfuhiwj; jPHf;f
Kbatpy;iy.
Jhufpof;fpy; 2tJ cyfg;NghUf;fhd epfo;rr
; pfs;
Jhufpof;F muq;fpy; 2k; cyfg;NghH eilngWtjw;Ff; fhuzk; [g;ghdpd;
Nghujpf;f grpNa vdyhk;. Vw;fdNt [g;ghd; Nuhy;-ngHypd;-Nlhf;fpNah mr;rpd;
cWg;gpduhFk;. mJ n[Hkdp> ,j;jhypAld; NrHe;J nfhz;L fk;a+dpr vjpHg;G
xg;ge;jj;jpy; ifnahg;gkpl;lJ. 1830-k; Mz;L nrg;lk;gH jpq;fspy; fk;a+dpr vjpHg;G
xg;ge;jk; ,uhZt xg;ge;jkhf khw;wg;gl;L mnkhpf;fhtpw;F vjpuhf KLf;fpgplg;gl;lJ.
INhuhg;ghtpd; vy;yh ty;yuRfSk; „tho;th rhth vd;w Nghhpy; <Lgl;bUe;j NghJ
 120

mnkhpf;fh kl;Lk; Jhuf; fpof;fpy; MHtk; fhl;baJ. mJjjhd; [g;ghdpd; Mjpf;f

Mirf;F miz Nghl;L jLf;f Kw;gl;lJ vdyhk;. ,e;NjhrPdhit [g;ghd; ifg;gw;w
Kw;gl;l NghJ mijf; fz;bj;jJ. mjd; %yk; [g;ghd; mnkhpf;fhtpd; ,wf;Fkjp
ruf;FfSf;F fl;Lg;ghLfs; tpjpj;jJ. Fwpg;ghf ,Uk;G v/F ,ae;jpur;rhiyfs;
mjpy; mlq;Fk;. rPdh mnkhpf;fhtpd; cjtp ngWk; tifapy; tpythu kNrhjh
jpUj;jg;gl;lJ. ,jdhyl [g;ghDf;Fk; mnkhpf;fhtpw;Fk; ,ilapy; jfuhW Vw;gl;lJ.
cldbahf [g;ghd; mnkhpf;fhtpDlhd thzpg xg;ge;jj;ij epuhfhpj;jJ. MfNt
mnkhpf;fhTk; jd; ehl;bypUe;j [g;ghdpa nrhj;Jf;fis tpyf;fpf; nfhs;s
Mizapl;lJ. mNj Neuj;jpy; ,U rhuhUk; Ngr;R thHj;ijfspy; <Lgl;ldH. Mdhy;
[g;ghd; `tha[ypUe;j mnkhpf;ff; fg;gw;gilj; jskhd ngHy; JiwKfj;ijj;
jhf;fp mOj;jJ. mJNt mnkhpf;fh kPJ NghH njhLg;gjw;fhd mwptpg;ghFk;. ,t;thW
Jhuf;fpof;fpy; 2-k; cyfg;NghH Muk;gkhapw;W.
rPdhTk; Ner ehLfSk;
1937-k; Mz;L [Piyj; jpq;fspy; NghH Muk;gpj;jJ 1944-k; Mz;L brk;gH
jpq;fspy; ngHy; JiwKfj;jpid [g;ghd; jhf;fpaJ tiuapy; rPdh jdpj;Nj Nghhpl;lJ.
mJ gpw ehLfspd; mDjhgj;ijAk;> jhHkPf MjuitAk; ngw;wJ. Nkiy
ehLfspypUe;J rpWrpW fld; njhiffisg; ngw;W te;jJ. 1939-k; Mz;by; nrg;lk;gH
jpq;fspy; INuhg;ghtpy; NghH Vw;gl;l NghJ Nghhpy; jpUg;gk; Vw;gl;lJ. u\;ah> gphpl;ld;>
gpuhd;]; Mfpait [g;ghid Kwpabf;f Kw;gl;ld. mnkhpf;f [g;ghdpa cwtpy;
tphpry; Vw;gl;l NghJ rPdh mjw;F cjt Kd;te;jJ.
[g;ghd; ngHy; JiwKfj;ijj; jhf;fpajhy; rPdg; NghhpYk; khw;wk; Vw;gl;lJ.
Mq;fpNyNa-mnkhpf;fg; gilfs; [g;ghid Kwpabf;f Kw;gl;ld. [g;ghDk;
mtHfSf;F vjpuhf mr;R ehLfs; gf;fk; Nruyhapw;W. MfNt NghH MrpahtpYk;
gutpaJ. ,t;thW NghH cyfk; KOtjpYk; Mf;fpukpg;Gf;Fk;> rHthjpfhuj;jpw;Fk;
vjpuhf eilngwyhapw;W.
,uz;lhtJ cyfg;Nghhpy; rPdhtpd; gq;F
1941-k; Mz;L cyfk; KOtjpYk; gutpa NghH rPdhtpw;F mt;tsthf eyk;
gag;gjhf ,y;iy. mjw;Fhpa fhuzq;fshtd:
1) rPdhtpw;F cldbahf cjtp nra;tjhf gphpl;lDk;> mnkhpf;fhTk;
cWjpaspj;j NghJk; mitfshy; mijr; nra;a Kbatpy;iy. mtHfsJ
NghHj; je;jpuj;jpd;gb INuhg;gpa muq;F Nghhpy; Kjyplk; ngw;wJ.
mtHfsJ KOf;ftdKk; mq;F nrYj;jg;gl;lJ. [g;ghdpd; gpbapy; rpf;fpa
rPdhtpd; ,f;fl;lhd epiyAk; mtHfSf;Fj; njhpAk;. mtHfshy; VJk;
VJk; nra;a Kbahj epiy. vdpDk; cjl;lsT cjtpNa nra;a Kbe;jJ.
2) 1941-k; Mz;by; u\;ahTk;> [g;ghDk; Mf;fpukpg;G ,y;yhky; ,Uf;f XH
cld;ghL nra;J nfhz;ld. MfNt ntspg;gilahf rPdhtpw;F cjt mJ
 121

Kd; tutpy;iy. [g;ghDld; ve;jnthU NkhjYk; ,y;yhky; ,Uf;f u\;ah

kpfTk; vr;rhpf;ifahfNt nray;gl;lJ.
3) rPdhtpd; flNyhug; ngUk;gFjpfs; [g;ghd; trk; MdjhYk;> grpgpf;
jPTfSk; mjd; trk; ,Ue;jjhYk; Ner ehLfs; rPdhtpw;F cjtp nra;aj;
jpzwpd.
4) rPdhitj; njhlHGgLj;jpa vy;yh flw;fiu topfSk; %lg;gl;ld.
mnkhpf;fhtpd; tpkhdq;fs; ,kakiyiaj; jhz;b XusT cjtp nra;J
te;jd. gpd;dH Gfo; tha;e;j “NyNlh rhiy” fl;lg;gl;lJ. mjd; %yk;
rPdhtpw;F cjtp mspf;fg;gl;lJ.
5) 1945-k; Mz;by; mnkhpf;fh 500 kpy;ypad; lhyH cjtpapid rPdhtpw;F
mDg;gp itj;jJ. mnkhpf;fg; NghH mikr;rH $wpaJ Nghy “ehq;fs;
nra;j cjtpapd; %yk; rPdHfs KOikahd Mf;fpukpg;igj; jLj;jplTk;
,dpNky; jLf;fTk; Kbe;jJ.” vd;gJ cz;ikNaahFk;.
6) N[hrg; ];by;nty; vd;w mnkhpf;f nkhop mjpfhhp gPfpq;fpypUe;J Rq;fpd;
vd;w ,lj;jpw;F mDg;gg;gl;lhH. mtH rpahq;fpd; ,uhZtj;
jiyikajpfhhpahfg; gzpahw;wpdhH.
7) ,uz;lhtJ cyfg;Nghhpy; rPdh ghJfhg;G KidapNy ,Ue;J te;jJ. mJ
ntw;wpfukhf [g;ghdpd; Kd;Ndw;wj;ij jLj;J epWj;jpaJ. mjd;
jiyikafk; Rq;fpq;fpw;F khw;wg;gl;lJ. [g;ghdpd; ftdk; njd;fpof;F
Mrpa ehLfspd; gf;fk; jpUk;gpajhy; rPdh jw;fhypfkhf [g;ghdpa fLk;
jhf;FjypUe;J tpLgl;lJ.
8) ,f; fhyfl;lj;jpy; Nfhkpd;lhq; fl;rpf;Fk; rPd nghJTilikf; fl;rpf;Fk;
,ilapy; ey;YwT epyttpy;iy. mitfSf;F ,ilapy; nghwhik>
re;Njfk;> gak; Fbnfhz;ljhy; [g;ghDf;F vjpuhf ed;F nray;gl
Kbatpy;iy.
9) 1943-y; Vw;gl;l nfa;Nuh khehl;by; rpahq;Nf N\f; mjpgH #];nty;l;LlDk;>
gphpl;b\; gpujkH rHr;rpy; clDk; Jhuf;fpof;fpd; NghHj; je;jpuk; gw;wp
Muha;e;jhH. nfa;Nuh mwptpg;G Kjd; Kjypy; [g;ghid vt;tpj
epge;jidAkpd;wp ruz; milAk;gb NfhhpaJ. NkYk; 1834-k; Mz;bypUe;J
,J tiuapy; [g;ghd; Mf;fpukpj;j gFjpfs; jpUg;gp mspf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;
vd;wJ.
10) 1945-k; Mz;by; Vw;gl;l NghH];lk; mwptpg;G [g;ghid “gzpe;J Ngh”
,y;iyNay; mope;J Nghtha;” vd;wJ. [g;ghd; mijr; nrtpkLf;fhjjhy;
Kjy; mZFz;L Mf];L jpq;fs; 6-k; ehspy; `PNukh\pkhtpd; kPJ
tPrg;gl;lJ. ,uz;L ehl;fs; fopj;J u\;ah Nghhpy; <Lgl;lJ. Mf];L 9-k;
 122

ehs; ,uz;lhtJ mZFz;L ehfrhfpapy; tPrg;gl;lJ. Mf];L 14-k; ehspy;

[g;ghdpag; NguurH epge;jidapd;wp ruz; mile;jhH. ruzile;j
ifnahg;gkhdJ Nlhf;fpNah tisFlhtpy; mnkhpf;fhthy; kpn]shpapy;
(fg;gypd; ngaH) ngwg;gl;lJ.
Nghhpd; tpisTfs;
1) Nkiy ehLfspd; neUf;fbapypUe;Jk; nghUshjhuf; fl;Lg;ghl;bypUe;Jk;
rPdh tpLgl;lJ. tpN\rg; gpuNjr chpikfs; gw;wpa cld;gbf;iffSk;
mfw;wg;gl;ld. I.ehtpy; mjw;F ,lkspf;fg;gl;lJ. ghJfhg;G mitapy;
,lk;ngw;wNjhL “uj;J mjpfhuj;ijAk;” ,J ngw;wpUe;jJ.
2) Nghhpy; jPtpukhf <Lgl;bUe;j Njrpa murhq;fk; epiy Fiye;jjhy; mjd;
vjpHg;Gfis Fwpg;ghf NghUf;Fg; gpd; rkhspf;f Kbatpy;iy vdyhk;.
3) rPdhtpd; gw;whf;Fiw tuT nryTj; jpl;lk; mjpfkhfpf; nfhz;Nl nrd;wJ.
mjdhy; gztPf;fk; Vw;gl;lJ. mJ ,uhZtj;ijg; ghjpj;jJ. epHthfk;
rPHFiye;jJ. kf;fs; tho;f;ifiag; ghjpj;jjJ. eLj;jutHf;fj;jpdH
ghjpf;fg;gl;ldH.
4) vl;L Mz;Lfs; Jd;gg;gl;ljhy; kf;fs; cs;sk; NrhHe;jdH. mtHfs;
mikjpiaj; jtpu NtW vijAk; ehltpy;iy.
5) jPHf;fg;glhj nghJTilikapdH rpf;fy; kPz;Lk; jiyJhf;fpaJ. mtHfsJ
nghJ vjphpahd [g;ghd; Kwpabf;fg;gl;ljhy; kPz;Lk; Nghl;b> nghwhik
jiy Jhf;fpaJ. khNthtpd; jiyikapy; nghJTilikapdH
Nfhkpd;lhq;if vjpHj;Jk; Nghhpl;ldH. mjd; tpisT cs;ehl;Lg; NghuhFk;.
mJ nghJTilikapdhpd; ntw;wpapy; Ngha; Kbe;jJ.

rPdhtpy; nghJTilikapdhpd; Ml;rp

rPd kf;fs; FbauR
Nfhtpd;lhq;fpd; tPo;rr
; pf;Fg; gpwF nghJTilikf; fl;rp rPdkf;fs; Fbauir
1949-y; Vw;gLj;jpaJ. me;jg; Gjpa murhq;fk; %d;W gphpTfisf; nfhz;bUe;jJ.
mit 1. rPd kf;fspd; murpay; MNyhrid khwhL gw;wpa rl;lq;fs; 2) kf;fspd;
kj;jpa murhq;fk; gw;wpa %yr;rl;lq;fs; 3) rPd kf;fspd; murpay; khehL gw;wpa
nghJthd jpl;lk;> ,itfs; vy;yhk; 1934-k; Mz;L nrg;lk;gH jpq;fspy; Vw;gl;l
murpayikg;gpd; NghJ khw;wg;gl;ld. mf;fl;rpapd; cs;ehl;Lf; nfhs;if
vr;rhpf;ifapd;gb eilngw top nra;ag;gl;lJ.
rPd kf;fspd; Fbaurpd; mjpfhuj;ijAk;> nghJTilikapdhpd; ntw;wpfisAk;
xUq;fpizf;f Kaw;rpfs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld. cldb eltbf;iffs; VJk; ,y;iy.
cghp epyq;fs;> tPuHfs;> tptrhaf; fUtpfs; gwpKjy; nra;ag;gl;ld. rpW
tptrhapfSk;> chpikahsHfSk; ghjpf;fg;gltpy;iy. njhopy; Jiwapy; Ke;ija
 123

murhq;fr; nrhj;Jfs; kl;Lk; Njrpakakhf;fg;gl;ld. ehl;by; thlif Fiwf;fg;gl;lJ.

epyq;fs; gfpHe;jspf;fg;gl;ld. gpw eyd; gaf;Fk; nray;fs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld.
,t;thW kf;fspd; kdj;ijf; nfhs;is nfhz;ldH. mNj Neuj;jpy; tzpfHfSk;>
trjpahd FbahdtHfSk; Jd;gk; VJk; mDgtpf;ftpy;iy.
1) epyr;rPHjpUj;jq;fs;
rPdg;gpuGj;Jtj; njhy;iyapypUe;J tpLgl rPdf; fk;a+dp];L murhq;fk; jPtpu
tptrhag; Gul;rpapy; <Lgl;lJ. 1950k; Mz;by; tptrhar; rPHjpUj;j rl;lk; xd;iw
murhq;fk; nfhz;L te;jJ. mjd; %yk; epyk; gwpf;fg;gl;lJ. epykhdpa Kiw
xopf;fg;gl;lJ. epykw;NwhHf;F tptrhaf; fUtpfs; mspf;fg;gl;ld. 1952-k; Mz;L
,Wjpapy; 300kpy;ypad; FbahdtHfSf;F Vwf;Fiwa 700 kpy;ypad; nksepyq;fs;
gfpHe;jspf;fg; gl;ld. xU nks vd;gJ 116 Vf;fH epykhFk;.
2) tptrhar; rPHjpUj;jKk;> $l;likg;Gk; (m) murhq;fg; nghJTilik
cztpy; jd;dpiwT nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd;w Kf;fpaf; Fwpf;Nfhis murhq;fk;
Nkw;nfhz;lJ. Nrhtpaj; ehl;by; ,Ug;gJ Nghd;W $l;LwT Kiwapy; tptrhak;
nra;a Mty; nfhz;lJ. epyj;jpl;lk; %d;W fl;lq;fshfg; gphpf;fg;gl;lJ.
mitfshtd> xUtUf;nfhUtH cjtp nra;J nfhs;tJ> cw;gj;jpahsH $l;LwT:
murhq;fg; nghJTilik Kjy; fl;lj;jpy; tpthrhapfs; cw;gj;jpapy;
fl;Lg;ghl;bidg; ngw;wpUe;jdH. mijg; NghyNt EfHT> tpw;gid Mfpatw;wpYk;
Mjpf;fk; ngw;wpUe;jdH. ciog;ig jw;fhypfkhfg; ngw;wdH. mLj;j fl;lj;jpy;
tptrhaf; fUtpfSk;> ciog;Gk; cw;gj;jpapd; ngUf;fj;jpw;Fk;> jpl;lj;jpw;Fk;
gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld. FbahdtHfs; Ntz;Lk; NghJ tpyfpf; nfhs;s chpik
,Ue;jJ. ,Wjpf; fl;lj;jpy; FbahdtHfs; ey chpikapid ,oe;jdH.tpUk;Gk;
NghJ tpyf eilKiw chpik ngw;wpUe;jdH. jPtpur; rPHjpUj;j eltbf;ifs;
vLf;fTk; Kad;wdH.
3.nghUshjhu tsHr;rp
nghJTilik murhq;fk; gz tPf;fj;ijg; Nghf;fp epjp epiyikapidr; rPuhf;f
Kaw;rpfs; vLj;Jf; nfhz;lJ. epjpepiyika[idr; rPuhf;f nghJTilikapdH
1949-k; Mz;L Nk jpq;fspy; kf;fspd; fhfpjg; gzj;ij ntspapl;ldH.
Gof;fj;jpypUe;J may; ehl;L ehzaKiw jil nra;ag;gl;lJ. tpiyfs; Cjpak;
Mfpait rOuikf;f Kaw;rpfs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld. njhopyhsHfSf;F rk;gsk;
toq;f Cjpa Kiw GFj;jg;gl;lJ. gz;lq;fs; gwpkhwpf; nfhs;s Nghf;Ftuj;J
Kiwfs; epiyehl;lg;gl;ld. tptrha> njhopy;Jiw> tzpf rhHghditfisr;
rhHe;j tpw;gidthp> tUkhdthpf;fhd Gjpa top Kiw GFj;jg;gl;lJ. ,e;j
eltbf;iffshy; 1957-y; gztPf;fk; fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. murhq;f tuT nryTj;
jpl;lKk; rkkhf;fg;gl;lJ.
 124

4)fk;a+d; my;yJ efuhl;rpg; gphpT

1958-k; Mz;by; murhq;fk; mg;NghjpUe;j r%f nghUshjhu mikg;gpid
fk;a+d;fs; vd;w Ml;rpg; gphpTfis Vw;gLj;jp khw;w Kad;wJ. fk;a+d;fs; rPdg;
nghJTilikr; rKjhaj;jpd; mbg;gilg; gphpTfshFk;. xU Mz;Lf;Fs;shf 24000
fk;a+d;fs; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;ld. mjpy; 500 kpy;ypad; kf;fs; ,Ue;jdH. Vuhskhd rpW
rpW $l;LwTg; gz;izfis xUq;fpizj;jd; %yk; ,e;j fk;a+d;fs;
eilKiwf;Ff; nfhz;L tug;gl;ld. mit Xuhapuj;jypUe;J gj;jhapuk; tiuapyhd
FLk;gq;fSf;F Ntz;ba vy;yhtw;iwAk; ftdpj;J te;jd. mitfs; epHthfj;jpd;
mbg;gil mikg;GfshfTk; nray;gl;ld. mitfis mwpKfg;gLj;jpajhy;
cldbahf tptrha cw;gj;jp mjpfhpf;ftpy;iy. xNu ,utpy; jpBH khw;wk; VJk;
epfotpy;iy. rpyH mij vjpHf;fTk; nra;jdH. ,jw;F fhuzk; jdpj;jd;ik
xLf;fg;gl;lJk; fk;a+d;fspy; tho;f;if fLk; fl;Lg;ghlhf ,Ue;jJNkahFk;.
5)njhopy; kakhjYk; murk;
rPdhtpy; Vw;gl;l Gjpa murhq;fk; njhopy; kakhf;FjYf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
nfhLj;jJ. Muk;gj;jpy; nkd;ikahd nfhs;ifiag; gpd;gw;wpaJ. mjhtJ
jdpg;gl;NlhH KjyPL ,lk; ngw;wJ. Ml;rp typik ngw;wTld; jPtpu eltbf;iffs;
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl‟ld. ehsiltpy; murpd; jpl;lj;jpw;Fk; Mjpf;fj;jpw;Fk; me;j
jdpg;gl;NlhH Kaw;rp toptpl;lJ. 1953-k; Mz;L Kjy; Ie;jhz;L jpl;lk;
eilKiwf;Ff; nfhz;Ltug;gl;lJ. mJ jd; Fwpf;Nfhis mile;jjhy; cw;rhfk;
nfhz;l jpl;l mikg;ghsHfs; NkYk; gy jpl;lq;fisj; jPl;BdH. gy Jiwfspy; gy
Fiwfs; fhzg;gl;lhYk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f Kd;Ndw;wk; njhopy; Jiwapy; Vw;gl;lJ
vd;gij vtUk; kWg;gjw;fpy;iy.
6)ngUk; Kd;Ndhf;fpj; jfty; ,af;fk; (1958)
Murhq;fk; nghUshjhuj;ij Nky;ehL milar; nra;a “ngUk; Kd;Ndhf;fpj;
jtfy; ,af;fk;” nfh;Ltug;gl;lJ. ,Uk;G kpd;rhk; epyf;fhp Mfpaitfspd;
cw;gj;jpia mjpfhpf;f me;j ,af;fk; vz;zk; nfhz;lJ. msTf; Fwpf;Nfhs;
epHzapf;fg;gl;lJ. njhopy; cw;gj;jpapy; xt;nthUtUk; gq;Fngw tw;GWj;jg;gl;ldH.
mjd; tpisthf 1958-k; Mz;by; 600000 ciyfs; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;ld. me;j Mz;L
,Wjpf;Fs; ,ae;jpuf;fUtpfs; %d;W klq;fhfTk; epyf;fhpAk; v/Fk; ,uz;L
klq;fhfTk; vz;nza; 50 rjtpfpjKk; kpd;rhuk; 40 rjtpfpjJk; mjpfhpj;jJ.
7)gz;ghl;Lg; Gul;rp
gjpide;J Mz;LfSf;Fg;gpd; nghJTilikapdhpd; Ml;rp ed;F Vw;gl;Lk; $l
kf;fs; XusT Rje;jpuj;ij FWfpa fhyk; tiu ngw;wpUe;jJ tpag;NgahFk;. 1957-k;
Mz;L khNth “EhW kyHfs; kyul;Lk;: EhW GJf;fUj;Jfs; my;yJ rpe;jidfs;
cjakhfl;Lk;” vd;w NNfh\j;ij Kof;fpdhH. khNth “rpe;jidg; gz;ghL>
 125

gof;ftof;fk; Mfpait Nghuhl;lj;jpd; %yk; gpwf;f Ntz;Lk;: Nghuhl;lk; njhlHe;J

eilngw;W gioa fhy vy;iyapid milAk; tiu njhlu Ntz;Lk;” vd;W $wpdhH.
,e;j mwptpg;ghy; mij rpyH Fiw $w Kw;gl;ldH. 1958-k; Mz;by; xU ngUk;
Gul;rpfukhd fpsHr;rpahdJ Vw;gl;lJ. mJ gioa fUj;Jf;fs;> gioa gz;ghL>
gof;f tof;fq;fis vjpH;J Vw;gl;l jhFk;. ,JNt gz;ghl;Lg; Gul;rpahFk;.
Mg;Gul;rpapid khNth ed;F gad;gLj;jpf; nfhz;L jpUj;jk; my;yJ khw;wk;
Ntz;LNthH> re;jHg;gthjpfs;> ,fo;gtHfs; MfpNahiu mjpfhuj;jpypUe;J ,wf;fpdhH.
nghJTilikf; fl;rpapd; kj;jpaf;FO xU Nfhl;ghl;il ntspapl;lJ. mjd;gb
kf;fis ek;G: mtHfisf; rhHe;jpU: mtHfsJ Kaw;rpf;F kjpg;gsp: gaj;ij Nghf;F:
mikjpapd;ikiaf; fz;L mQ;rhNj vd;gJ ntspaplg;gl;lJ. gz;ghl;Lg; Gul;rpapy;
GutyUk;> ghJfhtyUk; khNthNt vdyhk;. khztH gphptpd; nrq;fhtyHfs; gioa
cyif jiyfPohf khw;W vd;W Nfh\kpl;ldH. khNthtp;d ePz;lehs; ez;gHfspy;
gyhpd; gjtp gwpg;Nghapd. Jizj; jiytuhd ypA rNth-rp gjtpapwf;fk;
nra;ag;gl;lhH. ngq;nrd; murpay; jpiuthdpypUe;J kiwe;njhope;jhH: gz;ghl;Lg; Gul;rp
KOikahd nrq;fhtyH fpsHr;rpahf khwpaJ. kPz;Lk; khNthtpd; mjpfhuj;ij
epiyehl;baJ. ngUk; Gul;rp miyfs; g+H\Pthg; ghzpapd; fiy> ,yf;fpaj;ij
mbj;Jr; nrd;W rkjHk njhopyhsH ey fiy ,yf;fpaj;ij nfhz;L te;jJ vd;W
$wg;gLfpwJ. khNthtpd; “Kd;Ndhf;fpj;jhty;” ,af;fj;jpid fpz;ly; nra;j gioa
ghzp mwpQHfs; firabf;F Mshfp midtUk; ghHf;Fk; tz;zk; nghJ ,lq;fspy;
itf;fg;gl;ldH.
8)rKf cs,ay; epiyfis fl;Lg;gLj;Jjy;
Fwpg;gpl;l Nehf;fq;fis milaNtz;Lkhdhy; khNthtpd; fUj;Jg;gb kf;fs;
,af;fk; nray;glNtz;Lk;. mt;tpaf;fj;jpd; %yk; fl;rpAk;> murhq;fKk; jq;fs;
Njrpaf;nfhs;ifapid nray;gLj;j Kbfpd;wJ. nra;jpg; Nghf;Ftuj;jpy; Kw;Whpik>
ghJfhg;G Mfpatw;iwg; ngw rKjhaj;Jld; ,izj;J nray;gl;lhYk; fhw;Wg;Gfh
tz;zk; ,Uf;fr; nra;fpd;wd.
Fk;a+dprj;jpd; fPo; ,aq;fpa Gjpa rKjhak; Gjpaghzpapy; mike;j
tho;f;ifia cUthf;f Kide;jJ. mj;Jld; rKjhaj;jpy; kdpjd; rkjHk Nehf;fpy;
tho Ntz;Lk; vd vz;zk; nfhz;lJ.
rPd tuyhW fz;buhj msTf;F kf;fs; mikg;Gfs; %yKk;> ,ufrpa
fhty;Jiwapd; %yKk;> nra;jpnjhlHG> kdkhw;w Kaw;rpfs; Mfpatw;wpd; %yKk;
murhq;fk; kf;fis fl;Lg;gLj;jp> rKjhaj;ij khw;Wtjpy; ntw;wp fz;lJ. xU
fhyj;jpy; jdpj;jd;ik nfhz;bUe;j rPd rKjhak; cyfpNyNa fLikahd
newpapidg; gpd;gw;Wk; rKjhakhf khwpaJ vd;why; mJ kpifahfhJ.
 126

kh-Nr-Jq;
nghJTilik ,af;fj;jpd; Njhw;wk; kh-Nr-Jq;fpd; jdpg;gl;l tho;f;ifNahL
gpize;J fhzg;gl;ljhFk;. kh-Nr-Jq;fpd; cUtKk; mjhtJ Njhw;wKk;> mtuJ
MSikAk; 1920 Kjy; 1976 tiu rPdhit Ml;bg; gilj;jJ vdyhk;. rPd
Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;F fhuzk; khNthtpd; jdpj;jd;ik nfhz;l> kpfr; rPhpa gq;F vd;why;
mjpy; vl;LidAk; Iakpy;iy.
,sikg; gUtk;
khNth `Pdhd; khepyj;jpy; 1893k; Mz;by; gpwe;jhH. gpwtpNyNa mthplk;
fpsHe;njOk; kdg;ghq;F fhzg;gl;lJ. mtH jd; je;ijia vjpHj;jhH. jd;
MrphpaHfis vjpHj;jhH. jhNd gbj;J mwpT ngwyhdhH. Rhq;fhtpy; jd; gbg;ig
Kbj;Jf;nfhz;L mtH gPfpq;if te;jile;jhH. mq;Fs;s gPfpq; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpd;
Ehy; epiyaj;jpy; vspa vOj;jhsuhfg; gzpg;Ghpe;J te;jhH.
mtuJ ,sikf;fhy murpay; tho;T
mtH Kjyhtjhf lhf;lH rd;ahl; nrd;dpd; Gul;rp mikg;ghy; ftug;gl;L
<Hf;fg;gl;lhH. gpd;dH u\;ahtpd; Nghy;\;tpf; Gul;rp gw;wp Nfs;tpg;gl;lhH. gpd; khHf;rPaf;
Nfhl;ghl;bd; nry;thf;fhy; ce;jg;gl;lhH. rPdg;nghJTilikapidj;
Njhw;Wtpj;jtHfspy; mtUk; xUtuhthH. 1921-k; Mz;by; mtH rPdg;nghJTilikf;
fl;rpapid jd; cw;w ez;gHfSld; Jtf;fpdhH. Muk;gj;jpy; mJ Nfhkpd;lhq;Fld;
njhlHG nfhz;bUe;jJ. gpd; mtH fl;rpNahL ,uz;lwf; fye;J fhzg;gl;lhH.
mjpypUe;J mtH ngUifkpF epiyf;F caHj;jg;gl;lhH.
Kjy; fpsHr;rp
nghJTilikthjpfSf;F 1927-k; Mz;L xU ,f;fl;lhd Mz;lhFk;. mNj
rkaj;jpy; mJ khNthtpd; murpay; tho;tpy; xU jpUg;G ikakhFk;. Thd; vd;w
,lj;jpy; nghJTilikthjpfSf;F vjpuhf “ntz;ikg; gaq;fuk;” fl;ltpo;e;J
tplg;gl;lJ. Mapuf;fzf;fhd nghJTilikAdH fUizapd;wp nfhd;W
Ftpf;fg;gl;ldH. khNthtpd; fUj;Jg;gb nghJTilikapdH>“gag;gltpy;iy
ntw;wpf;nfhs;stpy;iy> njhy;iygLj;jg;gltpy;iy vd;gJ Nghd;W ,uj;jf;fiwfisj;
Jilj;Jf;nfhz;L kPz;Lk; vOe;J epd;whHfs;. khz;ltHfisg; Gijj;jhHfs;:
rz;ilapidj; njhlHe;J elj;jpdhHfs;.
1927k; Mz;by; rPdg; nghJTilikf; fl;rp tptrhapfisf; fpsHe;J vOk;gb
xU rpwg;G khehl;ilf; $l;baJ. fpuhkg;Gw tptrhapfspd; ghy; kpf;f MHtk; nfhz;l
khNth `Pdhd; fpahq;fp gFjpfspy; rPd Nrhtpaj;Jf;fis Vw;gLj;jpdhH. mNj Mz;L
,iyAjpHf; fhyj;jpy; mtH “mWtilf; fpsHr;rp”apid Muk;gpj;jhH. mJ Njhy;tpapy;
Kbe;jJ. Mdhy; fl;rpt l;lhuj;jpy; mJ mtUf;F ew;ngaiu Vw;gLj;jpaJ.
 127

gpd;dH # Njapd; cjtpahy; Gfo;kpf;f “nrQ;Nrid”ia mikj;jhH. mJ

rPdhtpy;nghJTilikapid Vw;gLj;j ngUk; gq;fhw;wpaJ. 1930-k; Mz;by;
mg;gFjpapy; kl;Lk; Vwf;Fiwa 15 ,lq;fspy; nrQ;Nridapd; jsq;fs; epWtg;gl;ld.
mf;fhyj;jpy; mtuJ kw;nwhU rhjidahf tpsq;fpaJ. “fpahq;rpapYs;s #a;rpd;dpy;
fpuhkg;Gwj; njhopyhsHfspd; ika murhq;fj;ij” epWtpajhFk;. 1931-k; Mz;L
Kbtpy; rPdg;nghJTilikf; fl;rp khNthtpd; jiyikapy; rPd Nrhtpaj; Fbauir
Vw;gLj;jpaJ.
ePz;l eilg;gazk; (1931)
1930-f;Fk; 1932f;Fk; ,ilapy; Nfhkpd;lhq;fl;rp ehd;F gilnaLg;Gfis
`Pdha;> fpahq;rp jsq;fSf;F vjpuhf elj;jpaJ. n[Hkdpapd; gapw;rp ngw;w
mtHfsJ gilfs; nrQ;Nridahy; Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;ld. nrQ;Nrid nfhhpy;yhg; NghH
Kiwapy; jpwik ngw;W tpsq;fpaJ. mtuJ je;jpu Kiwfs; gpd;tUk; ehd;F
Nfh\q;fspy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
1) giftHfs; Kd;Ndhf;fp tUk;NghJ ehk; gpd;thq;FNthk;.
2) giftHfs; epd;W jhf;Fk;NghJ mtHfisj; njhy;iyg;gLj;JNthk;.
3) giftHfs; rz;iliaj; jtpHf;Fk; NghJ mtHfis njhlHNthk;.
4) giftHfs; GwKJF fhl;Lk;NghJ mtHfisj; njhlHNthk;.
1938-k; Mz;by; Ie;jhtJ gilnaLg;G eilngw;wJ. mJ mtHfsJ
nghUshjhuj;ij eRf;fNt mDg;gg;gl;lJ. miu kpy;ypaDf;F Nkyhf
giltPuHfs; fye;J nfhz;ldH. 400 NghH tpkhdq;fs; rye;J nfhz;ld.
nrQ;NridapdH xU $z;Lf;Fs; milg;gl;lJ Nghy xU ,Uk;G tisak; Nghd;w
nghUshjhu jilf;FS; rpf;Fz;L jtpj;jdH. mij cilj;njwpAk; jpwd;
ngw;wpUe;jhH khNth. Mj;jilia kPwp Gfo; ngw;w ePzl eilg;gazj;ij mtH
njhlq;fpdhH. mjpy; 85>000 tPuHfSk;> 15>000 murhq;ff; fl;rp mYtyHfSk;
fye;J nfhz;ldH. mtHfs; fpahq;rp jsj;jpypUe;J Nkw;F Nehf;fp gpd;
tlf;Fg;gf;fk; jpUk;gp ,Wjpahf n\d;rpapd; ngUk; RtH cs;s njd;gFjpapy;
te;J NrHe;jdH.
khNthtpd; vl;L mk;rf; nfhs;if
nrQ;NridapdH jq;fs; ePz;l eilg;gazj;jpy; vl;L mk;rf; nhfs;ifiag;
gpd;gw;wpdH. Mitfshtd>
1) gad;gLj;jg;gl;l nghUSf;F khw;Wg; nghUis itj;jy;
2) ghiar; RUl;b FbahdtHfsplk; xg;gilj;jy;
3) kdpjhgpkhdj;Jld; Kbe;j cjtpiar; nra;jy;
4) fld; thq;fpa nghUs;fisj; jpUg;gpj; jUjy;
5) ehrkhd nghUs;fis kPz;Lk; nfhzHjy;
6) FbahdtHfsplk; vy;yhtw;wpYk; cz;ikahf ele;J nfhs;sy;
 128

7) jhq;fs; thq;fpa vy;yhg; nghUs;fSf;Fk; gzk; nrYj;Jjy;

8) Jg;Guthf ,Uj;jy;> kf;fs; trpf;Fk; ,y;yq;fSf;F ntF njhiytpy;
fopg;gplq;fis mikj;jy;.
[g;ghdpaHfSf;F vjpuhf Njrpa If;fpa Kd;dzp
[g;ghdpaiu vjpHg;gjpy; nrQ;NridapdH kpf;f jPtpuk; fhl;bdH. mtHfsJ
Nfh\q;fshtd:
“tlGyk; nrd;W [g;ghdpaUf;F vjpuhfg; NghhpLq;fs;”
“If;fpa Kd;dzpia mikAq;fs;”
“[g;ghid jLj;J epWj;Jq;fs;”
“rPdHfs; rPdHfSf;F vjpuhf rz;ilapf; $lhJ”. MfNt rpahd; epfo;rr
; papy;
mtHfs; xw;Wik kdg;ghd;ikapidf; fhl;b Nfhkpd;lhq; fl;rpAld; ,ize;J
mtHfs; Vty;gb elf;fyhdhHfs;. Mjd; tpisTjhd; [g;ghDf;F vjpuhd Njrpa
If;fpa Kd;dzpahFk;.
cs;ehl;Lg; NghH (1945-49)
[g;ghd; ruzile;j epfo;rr
; piaj; njhlHe;J kPz;Lk; nghJTilikapdUf;Fk;
Nfhkpd;lhq;fpdUf;Fk; nghwhik Nghl;b Vw;gl;lJ. kPz;Lk; rPdhtpy; cs;ehl;Lg; NghH
Fb nfhz;lJ. mjpy; khNth gpukpf;fjf;f ntw;wpapidg; ngw;whH. Nfhkpd;lhq;fpdhH
Njhy;tp fz;ldH. mtHfs; rPdhit tpl;L tul;lg;gl;ldH. ,Wjpapy; mtHfs;
ijthdpy; jQ;rk; GFe;jdH. 1949-k; Mz;L mf;NlhgH jpq;fspy; rPdkf;fs; FbauR
Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
khNth rPd kf;fs; Fbaurpd; jiytuhjy;
mtuJ nfhs;ifs;
1) Gjpa kf;fshl;rp: khNthtpd; Gjpa kf;fshl;rpf; Nfhl;ghl;bd;gb rPdhtpd;
Gjpa murpayikg;G epWtg;gl;lJ. murhq;fKk; mjd;gb elj;jg;gl;lJ.
Nguhjpf;fj;jpw;F vjpuhd epykhdpaf; nfhs;iff;F khwhd kf;fspd;
njhopyhsHfspd; $l;lhy; ty;yhl;rp epWt rpghhpR nra;ag;gl;lJ.
2) EW kyHfs; kyul;Lk;: ,j;jifa Nfh\j;jpdhy; khNth kf;fSf;F FWfpa
fhyj;Jf;Fg; Ngr;R Rje;jpuk; mspj;jhH.
3) eptHj;jpf;Fk; ,af;fk;: ,jd; %yk; mlq;fp tho;tijAk; goikf;F khwhd
nray;fisAk; eptHj;jpf;f Kw;gl;lhH. fl;rpapy; ey;yNjhH gw;wpidAk;
,yf;fpaj;jpy; njhlHgpidAk; ngw tpioe;jhH.
4) Gjpa Gul;rpf; nfhs;iffs;: ,uz;Lf; fl;l Gul;rpf;fUj;Jk; FbahdtH
,af;fKk; mtuhy; typAWj;jg;gl;ld. r%f nray;fs; Nghuhl;lk;> Nghl;b>
Nkhjy; %yNk nray;gLj;jg;gLk; vd;whh;.
 129

rkjHkkk; cs;s fhyk; tiuapy; Nghuhl;lj; njhlHe;J eilngWk;

vd;whH khNth. “Jg;ghf;fpfspd; %yNk murpay; mjpfhuk; tsUk;”
vd;whH mtH. mjd;%yk; mtH MAjg;gilf;Fk; td;Kiwf;Fk;
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; mspj;jhH.

gz;ghl;L Gul;rp
rPdhtpy; Njhd;wpa ghl;lhsp kf;fspd; khngUk; gz;ghl;Lg; Gul;rp nghpnjhU
r%f> murpay;> fyhr;rhu khWjyhff; fUjg;gLfpwJ. 1963-y; vOj;jhsHfs;>
fiyQHfs; MfpNahiuf; Fiw $wpajd; %yk; Vw;gl;l rpW nghwp tpiutpy; ngUk;
jPahf khwp vQ;rpapUe;j Kjyhspj;Jt r%fg; gz;ghLfis vhpj;J rhk;gyhf;fp
rPdhit khNth rpe;jid kyHg;g+q;fhthf khw;wpaJ. 1949-y; Vw;gl;l murpay;
Gul;rpiaj; njhlHe;J 1963y; r%fg; Gul;rp Vw;gl;L murpay; khw;wq;fs; rKjha
khw;wq;fSf;F top tFj;jJ. mjhtJ murpaypy; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l Nrh\yp]k;
rKjhaj;jpd; mbj;jsj;jpYk; CLUtp mq;Fs;s g+H\{th gof;f tof;fq;fisAk;
rpe;jidfisAk; mbNahL xopg;gij Nehf;fkhff; nfhz;bUg;gjhfg; giw
rhw;wg;gl;lJ. mNj rkaj;jpy; khNthtpd; murpaypy; vjphpfis xopj;Jf; fl;LtijAk;
khNthtpd; Nfhl;ghLfis epiy ehl;LtijAk; cz;ik Nehf;fq;fshf
nfhz;bUe;jJ.
gz;ghl;Lg; Gul;rp Njhd;wpa #o;epiyfs;
1.ngUk; Kd;Ndhf;fpf; fhty; kw;Wk; fk;a+d; ,af;fq;fspd; Njhy;tp: nghpa
tpsk;guq;fSld; njhlq;fg;gl;l ngUk; Kd;Ndhf;fpj; jhty; (Great Leap
Forward) ,af;fk; Njhy;tpapy; Kbe;jJ. mjd; Fwp ,yf;Ffs; vl;lhf; fdpahfNt
,Ue;jd. cWjpahd ek;gpf;ifAlDk; cahpa ,yl;rpaj;JlDk; njhlq;fg;gl;l
fk;a+d;fSk; cUg;gbahd gyd;fisj; jutpy;iy. Jhpjkhf Nrh\ypr ,yl;rpaj;ij
mile;J tplyhk; vd;w Jbg;Gld; Nghlg;gl;l FWf;F topfs; Fog;gj;jpy; KbTw;W>
Vkhw;wq;fSk; mt ek;gpf;iffSNk kpQ;rpd. Mjdhy; Vw;gl;l nghUshjhu
neUf;fbfisAk;> murpay; mjpUg;jpfisAk; kiwg;gjw;Fk; kwf;fbg;gjw;Fk;
GjpanjhU “Nfh\k;” Njitg;gl;lJ.
2.khNthtpd; nfhs;iffspYk;> jiyikapYk; Vw;gl;l Vkhw;wk;: ,e;j Fog;g
#o;epiyfisf; fz;l rpy caHkl;lj; jiytHfs; khNthtpd; Nfhl;ghLfisf; Fiw
$wj; jiyg;gl;ldH. „nfhhpy;yhg; NghH kdg;ghd;ikAld; ehl;il elj;jpr; nry;fpwhH:
eilKiwf;nfht;thj fhyj;jpw;Nfw;fhj Nfhl;ghLfisr; nray;gLj;JfpwhH” vdf;
fz;ldH. ehl;il Nrh\yprg;g+q;fhthf khw;w mtH filg;gpbj;j tpiuthd FWf;F
top eltbf;iffs; “lhd;Fapf; \hl;” nray;fisg; Nghy; eifg;g+l;Ltjhf
 130

,Ug;gjhff; fUjpdH. Ml;rpg; nghWg;gpy; ,Ue;j xU rpyH kiwKf khNth vjpHg;Gf;

nfhs;iffisf; nfhz;bUe;jdH.
3.u\;a “];lhypd; xopg;Gf; nfhs;ifapd;” vjpnuhyp: 1965y; mfpy cyf fk;a+dp];
jiyikf; Nfe;jpukhd kh];Nfhtpy; FUN\t; ];lhypd; xopg;Gf; nfhs;ifiag;
gpufldg;gLj;jpdhH. jdpegH topghL kw;Wk; jtwhd Nfhl;ghLfs; fz;bf;fg;gl;ld.
$l;Lj; jiyik typAWj;jg;gl;lJ. ,J rPdhtpYk; vjpnuhypf;fj; njhlq;fpaJ. u\;a
eltbf;iffSf;Nfw;g rPd fk;a+dp];l; fl;rp rPuikf;fg;gl;lJ. khNth topghL
iftplg;gl;lJ. ,g;Gjpa khw;wq;fs; khNth MjuthsH Kfhkpy; ryryg;Gf;fis
cz;L gz;zpd.
4. rPd> u\;ag; gpsT: ,jw;fpilapy; rPd u\;aj;jiytHfspil Vw;gl;l
Nfhl;ghl;Lg;gpsT rPdhitg; nghpJk; ghjpj;jJ. fk;a+dp] cyfpy; kh];Nfhtpd;
jiyik mjpfhuj;ij Fwpg;ghf FUN\tpd; Nghf;fpid khNth fz;ldk; nra;aj;
njhlq;fpdhH. u\;aj;jiytHfis “etPdjphpG thjpfs;” vdf; Fiw $wpdhH.
khHf;]pa fk;a+dp]j;jpw;F rhpahd tpsf;fk; $wj; jFjpaw;wtHfs; vdr; rhbdhH.
,f;Nfhl;ghl;Lf; FsWgbiaj; jhlHe;J u\;ah jhd; rPdhtpw;F mspj;J te;j
nghUspay;> njhopy; El;g cjtpfis jpUk;g ngw;Wf; nfhz;lJk;> vy;iyj;jfuhWk;
Nkhjy;fs; epfo;e;jJk; ,UehLfSf;fpilapy; epytpa RKf cwitf; nfhLj;jJ.
,r;rkaj;jpy; rPd fk;a+dp];l; fl;rpapy; xU gphptpdH khNthtpd; Kiwaw;w
Nghf;Fj;jhd; gifik czHtpw;F mbg;gilf; fhuznkd;W fUjpdH. u\;a cjtp
rPd murpay; xUikg;ghl;bw;Fk;> tsHr;rpf;Fk; ,d;wpikahjJ vdTk; fUjpdH.
5. “Kjyhspj;Jt rhiyapy; nry;gtHfspd; Njhw;wk;” $l;Lj; jiyik vd;w
Nfhl;ghl;bd;gb rPuikf;fg;gl;l rPd-fk;a+dp];l; fl;rpg;nghWg;gpy; GjpatHfs;
mkHe;jpUe;jdH. FbauRj; jiytuhd ypa+\hNth-rp fl;rpapd; nrayhsuhd
nlq;\pNah-gpq; MfpNahH khNthtpd; Nfhl;ghL rPdhtpd; eyDf;F cfe;jJ md;W
vd;W cWjpahff; fUjpdH. jPtpu fk;a+dp]g; ghijapdpd;W rw;W nefpo;e;J
nfhLf;Fk; jhuhsf; Nfhl;ghL topapy; nry;y Kad;wdH. ,tHfisj;jhd; gpd;dH
khNthtpd; MjuthsHfs; “Kjyhspj;Jt rhiyapy; nry;gtHfs;” vd tHzpj;jdH.
6.fiy ,yf;fpa tl;lj;jpy; tyJrhhp fUj;Jf;fspd; kWkyHr;rp: fiyQHfs; kPz;Lk;
gioa r%f murpay; fUg;nghUl;fspd; mbg;gilapy; Gjpa gilg;Gfisg; gilf;fj;
jiyg;gl;ldH. gz;ila tuyhw;Wr; rpwg;Gf;fs; Nghw;wg;gl;ld. gz;ila tuyhw;Wr;
rpwg;Gf;fs; Nghw;wg;gl;ld. gz;ila caHgz;Gfshd kdpjtpay; czHr;rpfs;
ew;gapGhpAk; muR Mfpait rpwg;gpf;fg;gl;ld. fd;g+rpa]; fUj;juq;Fs;
eilngwyhapd. ,itaidj;Jk; khNthtpd; MjuthsHfSf;F gz;ilag; gz;ghl;Lr
rpwg;Gfis kPz;Lk; epiyehl;l nra;ag;gLk; jpl;lkpl; Kaw;rpfshfj; Njhd;wpd.
fk;a+dp]; Gul;rp kNdhghtq;fSf;F vjpuhd tyJrhhp Kjyhspj;Jtg; gz;ghLfisg;
 131

GJg;gpf;Fk; nray;fshfj; njd;gl;ld. vdNt fk;a+dp] czHTfis rKjhaj;jpYk;

Gjpg;gpf;f Gul;rp Njit vdTk; czHe;jdH.
gz;ghl;Lg; Gul;rpapd; njhlf;fk;
“tpLjiyg;gil” (Liberation Army) vd;w ehspjo; Gul;rpapd; Kjy; ntbia
ntbj;jJ. 1965 etk;gH ,jopy; gPfpq; gy;fiyf; fofg;NguhrphpaHfspd; Kjyhspj;Jt
rhHghd ,yf;fpag; gilg;Gfisf; fz;bj;J fl;Liu ntspaplg;gl;lJ.
,f;fz;ldj;ijj; njhlHe;J “Kjyhspj;Jt rhiyfspy; nry;gtHfis”vjpHj;J
NghHf;Fuy; vOg;gg;gl;lJ. 1966 [Pdpy; \hq;if efuj;Jr; RtHfspy; gPfpq;
gy;fiyf;fofj;J Kjy;tiuAk; mtuJ nfhs;iffisAk; jhf;fp Rtnuhl;bfs;
fhzg;gl;ld. Mf];by; fl;rpapd; vl;lhtJ FOtpd; gjpNdhuhtJ $l;lj;jpy; gz;ghl;L
hPjpapy; Gul;rp Njit vdj; jPHkhdk; ,aw;wg;gl;lJ. ,j;jPHkhdk; mg;Gul;rpf;F gjpdhW
mk;rj; jpl;lnkhd;iwAk; tiue;jJ Kjyhspj;Jt rhiyapy; nry;NthiuAk;
fz;bj;jJ. ,t;thW gz;ghl;Lg; Gul;rpf;F gr;irf;nfhb fhl;lg;gl;lJ.
Gul;rpapd; Nghf;F
1. “ehd;F goikfs;” xopf;fg;gly;: Kjyhspj;Jt r%f mikg;gpy; cs;s
gioa gof;f tof;fq;fs;> nray;Kiwfs;> fyhr;rhuq;fs;> vz;zq;fs;
Mfpait xopf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;: Gjpa Gul;gul;rpf;fhd rKjhaj;jpw;Nf
vz;zq;fSk; GFj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
2. Fl;rpapy; fisnaLg;G: gz;ghl;Lg; Gul;rpapd; Kjy; gzpahf mg;Gul;rpf;
Nfhl;ghLfis vjpHj;j fl;rpg; gpuKfHfs;> jiytHfs;> ,yf;fpa
fHj;jhf;fs; fz;ldk; nra;ag;gl;L fl;rpapypUe;J ePf;fk; nra;ag;gl;ldH.
Fwpg;ghf khNthtpd; murpay; vjphpfs; fisnaLf;fg;gl;ldH. mtHfSs;
Kf;fpakhdtHfs; rPdf;Fbahl;rpj; jiytH ypa+\hNthrp> fl;rpr; nrayhsH
nlq;\pNah-gpq;> gPfpq; efu NkaH ngz;nrd; MfpNahuhtH.
3. Gz;ghl;L Gul;rpf; FOf;fs; epWtg;gly;: 1966 etk;ghpy‟ gjpNdO
cWg;gpdHfslq;fpa kj;jpa gz;ghl;L Gul;rpf;FO epWtg;gl;lJ. mjw;Fj;
jiytuhf khNthtpd; jdpr; nrayhsuhd nrd; Nghl;lhTk; Kjy;
cjtpj;jiytuhf khNthtpd; kidtp rpahq; rpq;Fk; NjHe;njLf;fg;gl;ldH.
,f;FOtpd; gpahNth jiyikapy; cs;s uhZtf;FOTld; ,ize;J
nray;gl;lJ. ,tHfsidtUk; khNthtpd; jiyikapd; fPo; mtuJ
topfhl;lypd;gb ,aq;fpdH.
4. Rtnuhl;bfs;: gz;ghl;Lg; Gul;rpf; fhyj;jpy; kf;fspd; vz;zq;fSf;F xU
gbtk; nfhLj;J nghJ kf;fs; fUj;jpidg; gpujpgypf;Fk; tz;zk; nghpa
Rtnuhl;bfs; Kf;fpa efuq;fspy; xl;lg;gl;ld.mtw;wpy; Gul;rpthrfq;fs;
fhzg;gl;ld. Kjyhspj;Jt rhiyapy; nry;gtHfs; milahsk;
 132

fhl;lg;gl;ldH. Kjy; Rtnuhl;b gPfpq; gy;fiyf; fof Kjy;tiu Fiw

$Wk; tz;zk; mike;jpUe;jJ. khNth,jd; thrfq;fisg; Gfo;e;jNjhL
mtw;iwr; nra;jpjhl;fspy; gpuRhpf;f Ntz;Lnkdf; Nfl;Lf; nfhz;lhH.
gpd;dkhfNth “jiyikafj;ijj; jhf;Fq;fs;” vdj; jiyg;gpl;l
Rtnuhl;biaj; jahhpj;jhH. ,j;jifa Rtnuhl;bfs; kf;fspik jPtpu
czHr;rpfisf; fpswpaNjhL vspa nra;jpg; gug;Gf; fUtpahfTk; tpsq;fpd.
5. Nrq;fhtyHfs;: gz;ghl;Lg; Gul;rp ,af;fj;jpd; <l;b Kidfshf
tpsq;fpatHfs; nrq;fhtyHfs; MtH. gs;spfspYk; fy;YhhpfspYk; gapYk;
khztHfspy; Gul;rp MHtk; nfhz;ltHfs; nrq;fhtyH mzpapy; NeHe;jdH.
“ehd;F goikfis” xopg;gjpy; jPtpukhf <Lgl;ldH. rpwpa nre;epwg;
Gj;jfkhd “khNth rpe;jidfs;” ,tHfsJ Ntj Ehyhf tpsq;fpaJ.
uapy;fspYk; NgUe;JfspYk; ,tHfs; ,ytrkhfg; gazk; nra;a
mDkjpf;fg;gl;ldH. ehnlq;Fk; nrd;W rKjhaj;jpy; cs;s gioa
Kjyhspj;Jtg; gz;Gfis mfw;wpdH: goikg; gw;wpidr; rhbdH: nghpa
Rtnuhl;b thrfq;fisj; jahhpj;jdH. jdpahH mYtyfq;fisj; jhf;fpdH:
efuq;fSk; njUf;fSf;Fk; $l Gjpa ngaHfisr; #l;bdH. may;ehl;Lg;
gpuKfHfs; Vsdk; nra;ag;gl;ldH. may;ehl;Lg; gof;f tof;fq;fs;>
cilfs; fz;bf;fg;gl;ld.
6. kf;fs; tpLjiyg; gil: gz;ghl;Lg; Gul;rpapd; capHehbahfr;
nrq;fhtyHfs; tpsq;fpdhHfs; vd;why; kf;fs; tpLjiyg;gil mjd;
cWJizf; fhtyha; epd;wJ. ypd;gpahNth jiyikapy; cUthd
mg;gilf;F jdpr;PUilNah> KfhNkh fpilahJ. Kf;fNshL kf;fshff;
fye;J epd;w ,g;gil tptrhag; gz;izfs; mikj;jdH. Miyfis
elj;jpdH. Gz;ghl;Lg; Gul;rpf; fUj;Jf;fis gug;Gtijf; flikahff;
nfhz;l mg;gil tPuHfs; khNthtpd; jiyikiaAk;> Nfhl;ghl;ilAk;
Vw;Wf; nfhz;ldH.
7. mjpfhuj;ijf; ifg;gw;Wjy;: vy;yh epWtdq;fspYKs;s gpw;Nghf;fhsHfis
tpul;b mtHfspd; mjpfhuj;ijf; ifg;gw;wp mjpy; khNthtpd;
MjuthsHfis mkHj;Jjy; Gul;rpapd; ,Wjpf;fl;lkhf eilngw;wJ. 1968
nrg;lk;gUf;Fs; khNth MjuthsHfs; 29 khepyq;fs;> gpuhe;jpaq;fs;>
efuhl;rp kd;wq;fs; Mfpatw;iwf; ifg;gw;Wtjpy; ntw;wp ngw;wdH.
mq;nfy;yhk; mtw;iw epHtfpf;f Gul;rpf; FOf;fs; epWtg;gl;ld.
Gz;ghl;Lg; Gul;rpapd; KbT
1969 Vg;uypy; fl;rpapd; xd;gjhtJ khehL $l;lg;gl;lJ. mJ khNr Jq;if
fl;rpapd; jiytuhff; Vfkdjhfj; NjHe;njLj;jJ. ypd; gpahNth Jizj;jiytuhf
 133

NjHe;njLf;fg;gl;lhH. khNthtpd; rpe;jidfs; fl;rpapd; Nfhl;ghLfshf Vw;Wf;

nfhs;sg;gl;ld.
Gz;ghl;Lg; Gul;rpapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
1. fyhr;rhug; Gul;rpahfj; Njhd;wpa ,e;epfo;rr
; pfisnaLg;Gg; Gul;rpahf khwp>
nrq;fhtyHfspd; ngaH khw;wg; Nghuhl;lkhf ePz;L ,Wjpapy; murpay;
Mjpf;fg; Nghuhl;lkhf KbTw;wJ. khNthtpd; jiyik Mjpf;fj;ij vjpHj;j
midtuk; xopj;Jf; fl;lg;gl;ldH. khNthtpd; Mjpf;fk; cWjpahf
epue;jukhf epiyehl;lg;gl;lJ.
2. ,g;Gul;rp rPdf; fk;a+dp]j;jpd; jdpj;jd;ikiag; giwrhw;wpaJ: fk;a+dp]f;
Nfhl;ghLfSf;F tpsf;fkspf;Fk; VfNghf chpikia kh];NfhtplkpUe;J
gwpj;jJ. u\;ag; ghzpapyhd fk;a+dp];j; jiyikAk; nfhs;ifAk; rPdhtpy;
EioahjthW nra;Jtpl;lJ.
3. nghJkf;fspd; murpay; Mhtj;ij mjpfhpj;J ,iseHfSk; Gul;rp
mDgtk; ngw xU tha;g;gspj;jJ. Gul;rp rKjhaj;jpd; jFjp tha;e;j
thhpRfshf khwTk; re;jHg;gkspj;jJ.
4. “khNth” ntWk; jiytuhf kl;Lkpd;wp etPd rPdhtpd; nja;tkhfTk;
caHj;jg;gl;lhH. khNth topghL Cf;Ftpf;fg;gl;lJ. khNthtpd; rpe;jidfs;
mlq;fpa “rpwpa nre;epwEhy;” rPdHfspd; iggpshf khwpaJ.

rPdhtpd; may;ehl;Lf; nfhs;if

„rPd kf;fs; Fbaurpd; may;ehl;Lf; nfhs;ifahdJ `hd; Nguhjpf;fj;ijAk;>
rPd Njrpaj;ijAk; kh Nr Jq;fpd; Gul;rp je;jpuj;ijAk; NrHe;j xU fyitahFk;
„gd;dhl;L nghJTilikapd;ghy; gw;W ,Ue;j NghjpYk; khNthTk; mtuJ
MjuthsHfSk; kdj;jstpy; Njrpag; nghJTilik vz;zj;jpidf; nfhz;bUe;jdH.
mNj rkaj;jpy; fle;j Ehw;whz;Lfspy; rPdhtpw;F Vw;gl;l mtyq;fisAk;
kwe;jhhpy;iy. mjd; Kf;fpa may;ehl;Lf; nfhs;if mjd; tpLjiyiag; ghJfhg;gJ
vd;gij Kjypy; mwptpj;jJ. ehl;bd; ,iwikapidAk; Rje;jpuj;ijAk; NgZtJ
vd;W mwptpj;jJ. 1) Kd;fhyj;jpy; epytpa rhaphd epiyapid kPz;Lk; nfhz;L tu
Ntz;Lk;. 2) nghpa ehLfspd; thpirapy; vz;zg;gl;L te;j rPdh mgpdpg; NghUf;Fg;
gpd; kWf;fg;gl;lJ. mij kPz;Lk; rPdh mila Ntz;Lk;. 3) mtH ehl;ltuhy;
Gwf;fzpf;fg;gl;l Njrpa ek;gpf;ifapidg; GJg;gpf;f Ntz;Lk;: Rakhpahijapidg;
Ngz Ntz;Lk; vd;W Nguth nfhz;ldH.
,khDNty; `R vd;gthpd; fUj;Jg;gb rPd may;ehl;Lf; nfhs;if
fPo;fz;lthW 5 fhuzpfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L tpsq;fyhapw;W
1) NjrpaKk; ty;yuR epiyapidg; ngWjYk;
 134

2) gd;dhl;L nghJTilik ,af;fj;jpd; murpay;

3) Cs;ehl;L murpaypd; epiyapidg; ftdpj;jy;
4) khHf;rpak;-nydpd; Nfhl;ghL-khNthfl nfhs;if
5) gz;ila fUj;Jf;fpsd; mbg;gilapy; murpay; je;jpuj;jpid
cyfhPjpapy; gpd;gw;Wjy;
fle;j Kg;gJ Mz;Lfspy; rPdf; Fbaurpd; may;ehl;Lf; nfhs;ifahdJ
ngUk; khw;wj;ijg; ngw;wJ. mjw;Ff; fhuzk; cs;NsAk; ntspapNyAk;
nghUshjhu murpay; mikg;gpy; Vw;gl;l khw;wq;fNsahFk;. Mjd; may;ehl;Lf;
nfhs;ifapy; 4 fl;lq;fs; Vw;gl;ld.
1) Kjy;fl;lk; (1949 Kjy; 1952 tiu): ,f;fhyfl;lj;jpy; cyf
ty;yuR ehLfspy; xd;whf mJ ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W vz;zpaJ.
I.eh.tpy; ,lk; ngWtJk; Mrpahtpy; nghJTilikf; nfhs;ifiag;
gug;GtJk; kw;nwhU Nehf;fkhFk;: Vfhjpgj;jpaq;fis vjpHj;J
tpLjiy Njrpa ,af;fq;fis Mjhpg;gJ kw;nwhU Nehf;fkhFk;.
,f;fhyj;jpy; mnkhpf;fhtpw;Fk; u\;ah-rPdhtpw;Fk; nfLgpbg;NghH
eilg;ngw;wJ. rPdhthdJ u\;ahtpd; gf;fk; rhHe;J ,Ue;jJ.
mnkhpf;fhTld; rPdh ey;yNjhH cwtpid Nkw;nfhs;s tpioe;jJ.
Mdhy; nfhhpahg; Nghhpy; <Lgl;lJk; tpal;ehkpd; Nfh-rpkpd; vd;gtiu
Mjhpj;jJk; mz;il ehLfspil Iaj;ij Vw;gLj;jpaJ.
2) ,uz;lhtJ fl;lk; (1952 Kjy; 1958 tiu): ,f;fhyfl;lj;jpy; rPdh
eLepiyik tfpf;Fk; ehLfis my;yJ $l;Lr;Nruh ehLfs; ghy;
ey;Ywtpid Nkw;nfhs;s Kw;gl;lJ. Fwpg;ghf ,e;jpahTk; rPdhTk;
ey;Ywtid Nkw;nfhz;ld. 1955-y; Vw;gl;l ghz;Lq; khehl;by; mJ
Mrpa Mg;gphpf;f ehLfspd; ez;gd; vd;W $wpf; nfhz;lJ. Mdhy;
rPdhtpw;Fk; ,e;jpahtpw;Fk; gpd;dH frg;G Vw;glyhapw;W. mg;NghJk;
mnkhpf;fhTldhd mjd; gifik mg;gbNa ,Ue;J te;jJ.
3) %d;whtJ fl;lk; (1958 Kjy; 1970 tiuapyhd fhyk;):
,f;fhyfl;lj;jpy; rPdhtpw;Fk; u\;ahtpw;Fk; fUj;J NtWghL
Vw;gl;lJ. ,e;jpa-rPdj;jfuhW ntspg;gilahf cUf;nfhz;lJ.
nghJTilik cyfpd; jiyik ,lj;ij rPdh gpbf;f Kad;wJ.
4) ,Wjpfl;lj;joy; rPd-mnkhpf;f cwtpd; nfLgpb epiyapy; fhZk;
jPtpu Kd;Ndw;wj;jpy; ntw;wp fz;lJ: I.eh. tpy; ijthd;
murhq;fj;jpw;F gjpyhf nrQ;Nrid ,lk; ngw;wJ.
 135

u\;ahTldhd rPd cwTfs;

1) ,dpa cwtpd; NjdpyTf; fhyk;:
1.Muk;gj;jpy; rPdhTk; u\;ahTk; cwtpid Nkw;nfhz;ld. xw;Wik
epytpaJ. 1949y; khNth jd;Dila u\;arhHGf; nfhs;ifapid
ntspapl;lhH. “rPd kf;fs; Vfhjpgj;jpaf; Nfhl;ghl;bd; gf;fk; my;y:
rkjHkf; Nfhl;ghl;bd; gf;fNk rhHe;J ,Ug;ghHfs;” vd;W mtH
nrhd;dhH. Mjpy; vt;tpj khWghLk; fpilahJ. Kjpy; Nky; cs;s
g+id Nghd;w epiy ,y;iy. “%d;whtJ topAk; ,y;iy” vd;W mtH
NkYk; Fwpg;gpl;lhH.
2)rPdhit cldbahf u\;ah mq;fPfhpj;jNjhL I.eh.tpy; mjw;F ,lk;
ju Ntz;Lk; vd type;J $wpaJ. mq;F rPdg; nghJTilik Ml;rp
Vw;gl;lJ. u\;ahtpw;Fg; ngUk; ntw;wpahFk;.
3)u\;ahtpw;Fk; rPdhtpw;Fk; ,ilapy; Vw;gl;l “gu];gu cjtp el;GwT
$l;L cld;gbf;ifahdJ” (1950) mtHfsJ cwit NkYk; typT
ngwr; nra;jJ. ,e;j cld;gbf;ifahy; ,UehLfSk; xd;Wf;nfhd;W
cjtp nra;J nfhs;tJ vd;W u\;ah cWjp mspj;jJ. u\;ah NghHl;
MHjhpypUe;Jk; nla;udpypUe;Jk; tpyfpf; nfhz;L> kQ;#hpa
,Ug;Gg;ghijapd; chpikapidAk; rPdhTf;F tpl;Lf; nfhLj;jJ. rPd
njhopy; Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;Fk; etPd kakhf;FjYf;Fk; mJ cjtp
nra;tjhf cWjp mspj;jJ. Muk;gj;jpy; kh];Nfh-gPfpq; mr;R rPdhtpd;
ntspehl;Lf; nfhs;ifapd; MzpNtuhfj; jpfo;e;jJ. ,e;j mr;R
cilahj rpwg;G tha;e;jjhFk; vd khNth Gfo;eJs;shH. rPdhtpw;F
Vuhskhd mwptpay; mwpQHfis u\;ah mDg;gp itj;jJ: mj;Jld;
njhopy; ty;YeH fisAj;> ,uhZt MNyhrfHfisAk; mDg;gp 156
cw;gj;jp epiyaq;fisAk; Vw;gLj;j toptFj;jJ. 1957-k; Mz;by;
rPdhtpd; mZ Muha;r;rp tsHr;rpf;F cjtp nra;a u\;ah nghpJk;
ghLgl;lJ. mjd; gpd; Xuhz;L fopj;J gy ngUk; ,ae;jpuq;fis
mDg;gpaJ.
gpstpd; Muk;g milahsq;fs;:
,U ehLfSf;Fk; ,ilapy; Ntw;Wik tsuyhapw;W. mjw;Fhpa
fhuzq;fshtd:
1) 1955-k; Mz;by; FUN\Tk; Gy;fhdpDk; ,e;jpah gHkh Mfpa ehLfSf;Fr;
nrd;wdH: ,ijr; rPdh jtwhfg; Ghpe;J nfhz;L jdf;F Vw;gl;Ls;s Mrpa
vjpHg;Gf; nfhs;ifapd; ghJfhtyHfs; vd epidj;jJ rPdhtplk; cs;s
MHtk; Nghy MrpahtpYk; mJ MHtk; nfhz;Ls;sjhf mwptpj;jJ.
 136

2) Gjpjhf Rje;jpuk; ngw;w ehLfSf;F cjtpa u\;ahit rPdh Fiw

$wyhapw;W.
3) rPdhtpd; ngUk; Kd;Ndw;wKk; gz;ghl;Lg; Gul;rpAk; u\;ahtpw;F vhpr;riy
%l;baJ.
4) ];lhypd; nfhs;ifapid FUN\t; Fiw $wpaJ rPdj; jiytHfSf;F
mMj;jpukhf ,Ue;jj. ];lhypidg; Gwf;fzpj;jij mtHfs; tpUk;gtpy;iy.
,J khNthit kiwKfkhfj; jhf;Ftjhff; fUjpdhHfs;.
5) khNthTk; nghJTilik cyfpy; u\;aj; jiyikapid mq;fPfhpf;tpy;iy.
3)gpsT mjpfkhjy;
1950k; Mz;L KbAk; NghJ ,UehLfSf;F ,ilapyhd cwT kpfTk;
NkhrkhdJ. Mjw;Fhpa fhuzq;fshtd:
1) 1958-y; Vw;gl;l f;a+kha;-kl;R rpf;fypy; u\;ah rPdhtpw;F cjtp
nra;atpy;iy. mJ ijthd; Njrpa murhq;fj;jpw;F vjpuhd flw;fiuj;
jPTfs; gw;wpa rpf;fyhFk;.
2) rPd-,e;jpa vy;iyj; njhy;iyapd; NghJ rPdhit u\;ah Mjhpf;ftpy;iy.
1962-y; Vw;gl;l ,e;jpa-rPdg;Nghhpy; u\;ah eLepiyik tfpj;jJ rPdhtpw;F
cjt Kd;tutpy;iy.
3) 22tJ fl;rp khehl;bd;NghJ (1961) ,UehLfSf;F ,ilapyhd jfuhW
mjpfkhapw;W. mg;NghJ FUN\t; rPd MjuT ngw;w my;Ngdpaf;
fl;rpapidj; jhf;fpdhH.
4) FUN\t; rPdhtpw;Fr; nrd;wNghJ (1959) eilngw;w rpy epfo;rr
; pfs; u\;aj;
jiytHfspd; Nfhgj;ij fpswpaJ.
5) rPdhtpypUe;J u\;aj; njhopy; EZf;f mwpQHfisAk; gpw epGzHfisAk;
mJ jpUk;g mioj;Jf; nfhz;lJ rPdhtpw;F Mj;jpuj;ij %l;baJ.
rPdhtpw;F vz;nza; mDg;GtijAk; u\;ah epWj;jpf; nfhz;lJ.
6) mZFz;L nra;a rPdhtpw;F mu\;ah cjtp nra;a kWj;jJ. ngUk;
JNuhfkhff; mij rPdh fUjpaJ. khjphp mZFz;L nra;a cjTk;
cWjpnkhopAk; epuhfhpf;fg;gl;lJ.
7) fpa+ghr; rpf;fypy; u\;ah gpd;thq;fpaJ xU Nfhioj;jdkhdjhFk; vd rPdh
vz;zpaJ. vdNt mJ u\;ahit “fhfpjg;Gyp” vd;W vs;sp eifahbaJ.
4)fUj;J Nkhjy;
FUN\t; ];lhypid Fiw$wp mtuJ nfhs;iffisj; Jhf;fp vwpe;jjhy; rPd-
u\;a cwtpy; ntspg;gilahd gpsT njd;gl;lJ. ,J 1956-y‟; eilngw;w Nrhtpaj;
nghJTilik khehl;by; epfo;e;jj. fpuhkg;Gw cotHfshd rP kf;fs; efuj;
njhopyhsHfisf; nfhz;l u\;ahit ntWj;jdH. rPdHfs; nfhhpy;yh Kiwapidg;
gpd;gw;WgtHfs;: u\;aHfs; Gul;rpthjpfs; ,jdhy; fUj;J NtWghL Vw;gl;lJ. u\;ah
 137

mikjpiag; Ngz ehl;lk; nfhz;lJ. rPdh rkj;Jtj;jpw;Fk; Kjyhspj;Jtj;jpw;Fk;

,ilapy; Vw;gLk; Nkhjiy jtpHf;f KbahJ vd;wJ. MfNt rPdHfs; u\;ahtpd;
nfhs;ifapdr; rhbdH.
khNthtpd; vOr;rp u\;aHfshy; tpUk;ggltpy;iy: mtiu gy nghJTilik
ehLfs; Mjhpj;jd. u\;ah mijj; jLf;f Kad;Wk; Kbatpy;iy.
5)vy;iyj; jfuhW
,U ehLfSf;Fk; ,ilapy; 4150 iky;fs; gug;G nfhz;l vy;iy epyk;
rk;ge;jkhf jfuhW Vw;gl;lJ. khNth me;j vy;iyj; jfuhiw rPuhf;f Kw;gl;lhH. mJ
ePz;l ehl;fshfNt u\;ahtplk; cs;sJ. neHr;rpd;];f; cld;gbf;if (1689)> nfa;jh
cld;ghL (1727)> ma;$d; cld;gbf;if (1858)> gPfpq; cld;gbf;if (1860)>
gPll
; H];gHf; cld;ghL (1881) Mfpaitfshy; rPdhtpd; Mapuf;fzf;fhd rJu iky;
epyq;fs; u\;ahthy; nfhs;isabf;fg;gl;ld. 1963-y; gPfpq; xU mwptpg;G %yk; ,oe;j
epyg;gFjpapd; msT 5000 rJu iky;fs; vd;wJ. mikjpahd Kiwapy; ,ijj;
jPHf;f Ngr;R thHj;ijfs; eilngw;wd. Mdhy; mJ Njhy;tpapy; Kbe;jJ. ,uz;Lk;
xd;iw xd;W Jhw;wpf; nfhz;ld. ,J NghUf;F top tFj;jJ.
,e;epiy Kjyhspj;Jt ehLfSf;F Mjhakhf mike;jJ. ,jdhy; rkjHk
ehLfspd; xw;Wik rPHFie;jJ tsHe;J tUk; ehLfshd ,e;jpah> ,yq;ifapy;
nghJTilikapd; nry;thf;Ff; Fiwa top tFj;jJ. MfNt ,J “CH
,uz;Lgl;lhy; $j;jhbf;Ff; nfhz;lhl;lk;” vd;gJ Nghyhapw;W.
rPdhtpw;Fk; ,e;jpahtpw;Fk; ,ilapyhd cwT gw;wpf; $Wf
rPdhTk; ,e;jpahTk; cyfpy; ngUk; ehLfshFk;. Vwf;Fiwa xNu rkaj;jpy;
tpLjiy ngw;w ehLfshFk;. Mitfs; nghJthd vy;iyapidg; ngw;Ws;sd. Gj;j
rkak; %yk; gz;ghl;Lj; njhlHG nfhz;Ls;sd. MfNt R%fkhd cwT ,Ue;jjpy;
tpag;NgJkpy;iy. mJ njhlHtjw;fhd fhuzq;fs; gpd;tUkhW:
1) rPdg; nghJTilikapd; Ml;rpapid mq;fPfhpj;j ehLfspy; ,e;jpah
Kjyplk; ngw;wpUe;jJ. NkYk; Jhjuhf cwtpid Nkw; nfhz;lJ.
2) I.ehtpy; rPdhtpw;F ,lk; Ntz;Lk; vd ,e;jpah thjhbaJ. jPHkhdq;fs;
gytw;iw mJ nfhz;L te;jJ.
3) 1950-y; jpnghj;jpy; rPdg;gilfs; epioe;j NghJ ,e;jpah mjpHr;rpAw;whYk;
gpd;dH 1954-y; XH cld;ghL nra;J nfhz;lJ. mjd; %yk; jpngj;jpd; rPd
,iwikapid mq;fPfhpj;jJ.
Mt;tpU ehLfSk; Gfo;tha;e;j gQ;rrPyf; nfhs;ifapid 1954y; Vw;Wf;
nfhz;ld. mjd;gb 1)xd;Wf;nfhd;W ,iwikapid kjpj;J elg;gJ:
epyg;ggFjpapid rhpnra;J nfhs;tJ 2) Mf;fpukpg;gpd;ik 3) cs;ehl;L
tptfhuq;fspy; jiyaplhik 4) xd;Wf;nfhd;W eyk; ngWtJ: rkj;Jtkhf
,Ug;gJ 5) gu];guk; mikjpiag; NgZjy;
 138

,jd;%yk; tzpfj;jyq;fspd; nrayfq;fisg; GJby;yp fy;fj;jh>

fhypk;ghq; Mfpa ,lq;fspy; Vw;gLjpf; nfhs;s chpik ngw;wJ. mjw;F <lhf
jpngj;jpy; fhq;lhf; vd;w ,lj;jpy; ,e;jpah jd; tzpf epiyaj;ij Vw;gLj;jpf;
nfhs;s mDkjp ngw;wJ.
5)Nghhpd; NghJ ,e;jpah eLepiyf; nfhs;ifapidg; gpd;gw;wpaJ. mnkhpf;fhTld;
Nruhjjijf; fz;l rPdh kfpo;T nfhz;lJ.
6)mnkhpf;fh rPdhtpw;F vjpuhf “rPl;Nlh” vd;W njd;fpof;F Mrpa ehLfspd; ghJfhg;G
mikg;gpid epWtpaJ. Mg;NghJ ,e;jpah eLepiyik tfpj;jJ. ,e;jpah mjpy; Nru
kWj;Jtpl;lJ.
7) ,UehLfspd; may;ehl;Lf; nfhs;iffspy; gy xNu khjphpahdit. ,UehLfSNk
Nghuhjpf;fk;> FbNaw;wk; ,dntwp Mfpatw;iw vjpHj;jd. Nkiy ehLfspd;
gpbapypUe;J Mg;gphpf;f ehLfs; tpLjiy ngw mitfs; MjuT ey;fpd.
8)1950-52y; eilngw;w nfhhpahg; Nghhpy; ,e;jpah eLepiyik tfpj;jJ. mnkhpf;fh 38-
tJ ,itf; Nfhl;iljhz;b ahYk; Mw;wpd; fiuapy; Nghhpl;l NghJ ,e;jpah mij
vjpHj;jJ. nfhhpahtpy; NghH epWj;jk; nra;a Kaw;rp nra;jJ ,e;jpahjhd; vd;why;
mJ kpifahfhJ.
9)1955y; Vw;gl;l ghz;Lq; khehl;by; ,U ehLfSk; NrHe;J Mrpa Mg;gphpf;f ehLfspd;
xw;Wikf;F topfhl;bd.
cwtpy; tphpry; Vw;glf; fhuzq;fs;
1.,U ehLfSk; ey;Ywtpid ehba NghjpYk; fUj;J NtWghLfs;
fhzg;gl;ld. mitfs; NjHe;njLj;Jf; nfhz;l Kd;Ndw;wg;ghijfs; ntt;Ntwhdit.
vdNt kdf;frg;G Vw;gl;lJ.
2. ,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; Ie;jhz;Lj; jpl;l Kd;Ndw;wq;fs; rpdhtpw;F
nghwhikapid Vw;gLj;jpaJ. nghUshjhuj;jpy; jq;fis tpQ;rpLk; vd rPdHfs;
mQ;rpdH.
3. 1959-y; jpngj;jpy; fpsHr;rp xd;W Vw;gl;lJ. rPdHfs; mij mlf;fp tpl;ldH.
mtHfspd; nfhLikapid ,e;jpah fz;bj;jJ.
4.jiyyhkh jpngj;jpypUe;J jg;gp ,e;jpahtpy; jQ;rk; GFe;jhH. ,jdhy; rPdh
Nfhgk; nfhz;lJ.
5. mj;Jld; rPdhtpd; cs;ehl;Lj; njhy;iyfs; Vkhw;wq;fs;> ntWg;G Mfpait
mjd; may;ehl;Lf; nfhs;ifapid ghjpj;jd. u\;ahthdJ ,e;jpahtpw;F cjtpaij
mtHfs; ntWj;jdH. vdNt mtHfs; kf;fs; ftdj;ijj; jpUg;g ek; vy;iyapy;
njhy;iy nfhLj;jdH.
6.rPdg;glj;jpy; ,e;jpag; gFjpfs; NrHf;fg;gl;bUe;jd. ,ij ,e;jpah rPd
mjpfhhpfspd; ftdj;jpw;F nfhz;L te;j NghJ mtHfs; rhpahd gjpy; $wtpy;iy.
gpd;dH mtHfs; jq;fs; $w;Nw rhpnad thjpl;ldH.
 139

7) 1950-y; rPdh yhq;R vd;w gFjpapidAk; ylhf;fpy; 12000 rJu iky;fs;

nfhz;l epyg;gFjpapidAk; tlfpof;F vy;iyg;gFjpapidAk; NfhhpaJ. ,jdhy; gy
Nkhjy;fs; Vw;gl;ld. mf;NlhgH jpq;fspy; 9 ,e;jpar; rpg;gha;fs; nfhy;yg;gl;ldH.
NghH Vw;gLjy;
1960-y; ,UehLfspd; Nguikr;rHfSk; by;ypapy; $b mikjpfhz Kw;gl;ldH.
,U ehLfspd; mjpfhhpfSk; mq;F nrd;W ghHitapl;ldH. xg;ge;jk; VJk;
Vw;glhjjhy; NghH Vw;gl;lJ. rPdh ,e;jpahtpd; ylhf; tlfpof;F vy;iyg;Gwq;fis
ed;F jhf;fpaJ. rPdHfis tpul;Ltjpy; ,e;jpahTk; Kw;gl;lJ. ,Wjpapy; ,j;jhyp
,uhZtj;jpw;F xU rthyhf mike;jJ. rPdhtpw;Fk; ,e;jpahtpw;Fk; ey;YwT Vw;gl
Mrpa Mg;gphpf;f ehLfs; Kad;wd. nfhOk;Gj; jpl;lk; nfhz;L tug;gl;lJ. ,U
ehLfSk; mij Vw;Wf; nfhz;ld. ,d;Wk; Mapuf;fzf;fhd rJu iky; nfhz;l
ek;gFjpfs; rPdhtplk; cs;sd.
ghfp];jhDf;F rPdh MjuT
,e;j vy;iyg; Nghhpdhy;; rPdh-ghfp];jhDld; ey;YwT nfhz;lJ. mJ
,uhZt nghUshjhu cjtp nra;jJ. fh\;kPH rpf;fyp;y; rPdh ghfp];jhid
Mjhpf;fyhapw;W. ,e;jpah-ghfp];jhd; Nghhpd; NghJ (1965-70) rPdh ,e;jpahit
fz;bf;fyhapw;W.
,e;jpahtpd; epiy
,t;thW ,Ue;Jk; $l I.eh.tpy rPdhtpw;F ,lk; ju Ntz;Lk; vd ,e;jpah
typAWj;jp te;jJ. NkYk; rpf;fiyj; jPHf;f vg;NghJk; jahh; vd ,e;jpah $wpaJ.
Mdhy; rPdh jd; ,uhZt tsHr;rpapy; ftdk; fhl;b tUfpwJ. mZ MAjq;fisAk;
jahH nra;J tUfpwJ.
 140

myF - IV

nka;[p Kd;dpiyapy; kPl;rp my;yJ nka;[p Gul;rp

[g;ghdpaHfs;jq;fs; ehl;Lf;Fs; td;Kiwapy; gd;Kiw Gfe;j me;epaHfis
mwNt ntWf;fyhdhHfs;. Mj;Jld; mtHfSld; nra;J nfhz;l NeHikaw;w
cld;ghLfis njhrPdg;gLj;jyhdhHfs;. mtHfSila kdj;jpNy xU nghpa Gulrp
eilngw;Wf; nfhz;bUe;jJ. Gjpa epiyikf;Fj; jFe;jgb jq;fis khw;wpf; nfhz;L
te;jhHfs;. jq;fs; murhq;fj;ij rPuhf;f Ntz;Lk; vd vz;zpdhHfs;. kpfhNlhtpd;
MjuthsHfs; xd;W jpuz;ldH. mjpUg;jpahsHfspd; jiytHfshf tpsq;fp mtHfs;
1867-k; Mz;by; fpsHr;rp nra;jhHfs;. me;epaHfSf;F Mjuthf ,Ue;j N\hfidAk;
mtHfs; ntWj;jdH. “Nguuirg; Nghw;WNthk;: fhl;Lkpuhz;bfis ntspNaw;WNthk;”
(Son-o-jo-i- Revere the Empereror and expel the barbarians) vd;WehL KOtJk; mtHfs;
Kof;fk; nra;jdH. ,JNt me;epaHfis tpul;l topfhl;baJ. N\hfd; nra;tjwpahJ
jpifj;jhH. ehl;by; mikjp> xOq;F nfl;lJ. ,jdhy; N\hfdpd; ngUik Fd;wpaJ.
ehl;by; cs;ehl;Lg; NghH Vw;gl;lJ. mjpy; me;epaHfSk; jiyapl;ldH. td;Kiw
jiytphpj;jhbaJ. Mij mlf;f Kbahj [g;ghdpd; jpwikapd;ik Fwpg;ghf
fhNfh\pkh (Kagoshima)> \pNkhNdhnrfp (Shimonoseki) Mfpa ,lq;fspy; ed;F
njhpa te;jJ. ,ijf; fz;L rhKuha;fs; Mj;jpukile;jdH. mtHfs; N\hfpd;
jahuw;w epiyiaAk; Nfhiojdj;ijAk; td;ikahfr; rhbdH. Ehl;Lf;F ey;yNjhH
Ml;rp Njit vd;W mtHfs; $f;Fuypl;ldH.
fhuzq;fs;
ngaustpw;Fg; gjtpapy; tPw;wpUe;j kpfhLhf;fs; cz;ikahd mjpfhuq;fis
tfpj;Jte;j N\hfd;fis ePf;fptpl;L mtHfsJ mjpfhuq;fis nray;gLj;jyhdhHfs;.
Me;j epiyaia vt;thW mtHfs; mile;jhHfs; vd;gij fz;L Nehf;FNthkhf.
Kjyhtjhf> epykhdpag; gpuGf;fs; typTk; nghypTk; ngw;W tpsq;fpdhHfs;.
mtHfspy; gyH VNjh (Yado) vd;w efuj;jpw;F ntFnjhiytpy; tho;e;J te;jhHfs;.
vNjh vd;w ,lk;jhd; N[hfdpd; jiyikaplkhFk;. Jq;fs; tpUg;gk;Nghy; mtHfs;
ele;J te;jjhy; mJ N\hfdpd; Ml;rpia ntFthfg; ghjpj;jJ.
,uz;lhtjhf> eLj;ju kf;fspd; epiy ,Ujiyf; nfhs;spvWk;G ,Ue;jJ. xU
gf;fk; jpwikaw;w N\hfd;: kw;nwhU gf;fk; typik Fd;wpa gilj;jsgjpfs;
me;epaUf;F <LnfhLf;f Kbahky;; ,Ue;j epiy ,uz;bw;FkpilNa mtHfs;
my;yy;gl;Lf; nfhz;bU;jdH.
%d;whtjhf> [g;ghdpa mwpQHfs; ehl;bd; epiyia ed;F rPHJhf;fp Muha;e;J>
kd;dhpdl mjpfhuq;fisg; ghJfhf;f Ntz;Lnkd;W tpUk;gpdhHfs;. Gz;ila
[g;ghdpy; kd;dH vt;thW ,Ue;jhnud;W kf;fSf;Fg; glk; gpbj;Jf; fhl;bdhHfs;.
 141

Me;j epiyikia kPz;Lk; nfhz;Ltu mtHfs; Kaw;rp nra;jhHfs;. kd;dH vd;gtH

[g;ghdpd; cz;ikahd kdduhf tpsq;f Ntz;Lnkd;gNj mtHfSila
NguththFk;. N\hfd; vd;gtH kd;dhpd; mjpfhukw;w nrayp MthH. mtiu tpul;l
Ntz;Lk;: tPz; Kaw;rpapy; nrd;W nfhz;bUf;Fk; N\hfid ePf;fp Kd;dpiy
kPl;rpiaf; nfhz;Ltu Ntz;Lnkd;W tug;gp te;jhHfs;.
Ehd;fhtjhf> me;epaHfs; [g;ghdpy; GFe;jTld; mtHfspd; Mf;fpukpg;igAk;>
ml;^opaq;fisAk; Kwpabf;f Ntz;ba Kaw;rpapy; N\hfd;fs; Njhy;tp fz;ljhy;
mijj; jpwk;glr; nra;a murpay; jiytHfs; gyH KbT nra;jdH. mtHfis
kd;dhpd; MjuthsHfs; gykhff; fz;bj;jdH. ehl;ilr; rPHFiyf;Fk; ehrfhhpfs;
vd;wdH. MfNt N\hfDf;F vjpuhdtHfs; xd;W jpuz;L xU Nghuhl;lj;jpy; <Lgl;L
[g;ghdpy; xU ey;yuir> ty;yuir cUthf;f Ntz;bajpd; tpisthf Kd;dpiy
kPl;rp Vw;gl;lJ.
Ie;jhtjhf> Nguurpd; MjuthsHfSf;Fk; N\hfd;fSf;FkpilNa Vw;gl;l
rpf;fy;fs;> Nghuhl;lq;fs; Kd;dpiy kPl;rpf;F toptFj;jd.
,Wjpahf> N\hfidg; gy typik nghUe;jpa epyg;gpuGf;fs;> ngUk;gpuGf;fs;
jhf;fyhdhHfs;. mtHfspy; Fwpg;ghf rhj;Rkh (Satsuma) Nrh\{ (Chosu)> `prd;
(Hizen) Njhrh (Tosa) Mfpa gpuGf;fs; Kf;fpakhdtHfshtHfs;. ,e;epfo;rr
; p 1867-k;
Mz;by; cr;r epiyia mile;jJ. mjw;F Ke;jpa Mz;by; filrp N\hfdhf
njhFfth nfa;fp (Tokugawa Kieki) vd;gtH gjtpNaw;whH. mtiu nah\p`prh vd;Wk;
miog;gH. Mg;NghJ [g;ghDila njhy;iyfSf;Fj; jPHTfhz Kbahky; ,Ue;j
N\hfid ntspNaWk;gb NahNjh vd;w gpuG kd;dhplk; xU tpz;zg;gj;ijf;
nfhLj;jhH. fz;fisf; fl;b fhl;by; tpl;lijg;Nghy jpifj;j N\hfd; 1867-k;
Mz;by; mf;NlhgH jpq;fs; 14-k; ehspy; jd; gjtpapypUe;J tpyfpdhH. ,t;thW
Vwf;Fiwa 700 Mz;Lfshf ,Ue;j N\hfd; gjtpf;F Kw;Wg;Gs;sp itf;fg;gl;lJ.
mj;Jld; ,ul;il Ml;rpAk; kz;NzhL kz;zhf FopNjhz;bg; Gijf;fg;gl;lJ. NguurH
fhnkfp (Kakeki) ,we;JtplNt mtUila 15 taJ rpWtH NguurH nka;[p (Emperor
Meli) vd;W miof;fg;gLk; Kl;R`pNlh (Mutsuhito) Ml;rpg; nghWg;ig Vw;whH. mtH
1867-k; Mz;bypUe;J 1912-k; Mz;Ltiu Ml;rp Ghpe;jhH. me;j Mz;bypUe;J etPd
[g;ghdpd; tuyhW cjakhfpwJ vd;why; mJ kpifahfhJ. mJNt Kd;dpiy kPl;rp
vd;Wk; nka;[p Gul;rp my;yJ nka;[p kPl;rp vd;W [g;ghdpd; tuyhw;wpy;
toq;fg;gLfpwJ. Nka;[p vd;why; xsp nghUe;jpa Ml;rp vd;Wk;> mwpTj;jpwd;kpf;f
Ml;rp vd;Wk; nghUshFk;. ,t;thl;rp 1868-k; Mz;bypUe;J 1912 tiu ePbj;jJ.
mf;fhyf; fl;lj;jpy; [g;ghdpy; murpay; r%f> nghUshjhuj;Jiwfspy; mhpa nghpa
khWjy;fs; Vw;gl;ld. mjdhy; [g;ghd; etPd ehlhf Kw;Nghf;fhd ehlhf khwpaJ.
cyf tuyhw;wpy; gy ehLfspy; kf;fs; eyd; NgZk; ty;yurHfs; my;yJ mwpT
 142

rhHe;j ty;yurHfs; (enlightened Despots) Njhd;wp khw;wj;ij Vw;gLj;jpaijg; Nghy

,q;Fk; gy khw;wq;fs; Vw;gl;ld. u\;ahTf;F xU khkd;dH gPl;liug; NghyTk;>
gpu\;ahtpw;F xU khkd;dH gpunlhpf;ifg; NghyTk;> M];jphpahTf;F xU
N[h]g;igg; NghyTk;> JUf;fpf;F xU fkhy; gh\hitg; NghyTk; [g;ghDf;F
Kl;R`pNlh Njhd;wpdhH vd;gJ rhyg; nghUj;jkhFk;. NkYk; ,e;j Kd;dpiy
kPl;rpahdJ ,q;fpyhe;jpy; Njhd;wpa Kd;dpiy kPl;rpiag; Nghd;wjhFk; vd rpy
tuyhw;whrphpaHfs; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shHfs;. Mifahy; ,ij nka;[p rfhg;jk; (Meji era)
vd;Wk; $wyhk;.
kPl;rpf;F gpwF [g;ghd; NkiyehLfspd; gy nray;fis mg;gbNa
gpd;gw;wpdhYk; $l mJ jd;Dila gz;ila gz;ghl;ilAk; gof;f tof;fq;fisAk;
tpl;Lf; nfhLf;ftpy;iy. ,t;thW [g;ghd; gz;ila tho;f;if KiwapidAk; Nkiy
ehl;L ehfhpfj;ijAk; ,izf;Fk; ,lkhf tpsq;fpaJ.

nka;[papd; rPHjpUj;jq;fs;
Kl;R`pNlh [g;ghdpd; NguurH MdJk; jdJ jiyefiu fpNahj;NjhtpypUe;J
(Kyoto) vNjh (Yeto)Tf;F khw;wpf; nfhz;lhH. mjd; gpd;dH vNjh Nlhf;fpNah
vd;W miof;fg;gl;lJ. mJ [g;ghdpd; Gjpa jiyefuhf ,d;wsTk; tpsq;fp tUfpwJ.
NguurH ehl;bid khw;wpaikf;fg; gy rPHjpUj;jq;fisf; nfhz;Lte;jhH. mtw;wpid
<z;L fhz;Nghkhf>
fhg;GWjpg; gj;jpuk;
NguurH Kjyhtjhf kf;fspd; chpikfisg; ghJfhf;Fk; tifapy; “fhg;GWjpg;
gj;jpuk;” (Charter of Oath) xd;iw ntspapl;lhH. mJ 1868-k; Mz;by;
ntspaplg;gl;lJ. mJ gpnuQ;Rg;Gul;rpapd; NghJ kf;fSf;F mspf;fg;gl;l “kdpjdpd;
chpikfs; gpufldk;” (Declaration of the Rights of Man) vd;gjw;F
epfuhdjhFk;. Mijf;fz;l kf;fs; cja#hpad; ehl;by; xU Gjpa njd;wy;
tPRtijg;Nghy czuyhdhHfs;. Mjd;gb mtHfSf;F gy chpikfs; toq;fg;gl;ld.
rl;lkd;wq;fs; %yk; Ml;rp nra;J nfhs;sTk; jdp kdpjDf;Fhpa tho;f;fif
rk;ge;jg;gl;l chpikfis mDgtpf;fTk; rkkhd ePjp toq;fTk; ehl;bd; eyidg;
NgzTk; mJ top nra;jJ.
epykhdpa Kiw mopjy;
epykhdpa Kiwf;F [g;ghdpy; rhTkzp mbf;fg;gl;lJ. 1869 Mz;L khHr;
jpq;fspy; mg;gzpahdJ Jtq;fg;gl;lJ. mka;[p kPl;rpf;Ff; fhuzkhd kpfg; ngUk;
epyg;gpuGf;fshd rhj;Rkh> Nrh\{> Njh\h> `prd; Mfpa ehd;F NgHfSk;
jq;fsplkpUe;j epyq;fis Nguurhplk; xg;gilj;jdH. 1871-k; Mz;L mjw;fhd Miz
xd;W gpwg;gpf;fg;gl;lJ. mj;Jld; epykhdpa Kiw mope;jJ. NkYk; mg;gpuGf;fs;
 143

Nguurhpd; ,uhZtj;jpw;F cjtpGhpAk; tifapy; jq;fSila tPuHfis mDg;gp>

NguurUf;F vjpuhd rpy gpuGf;fis mlf;fpdH. epykhdpa gpuGf;fspd; gz;izfisf;
ftdpf;f murhq;f mjpfhhp xUtH epakpf;fgl;lhH. gilkhdpa Kiw xopf;fg;gl;lJ.
mq;F Njrpa ,uhZtg;gilnahd;W Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. ,jpy; ngUk;ghyhd gjtpfis
rhKuha;fd; ngw;wdH. epyg;gpuGf;fSf;F ,og;gPl;Lj; njhif toq;fg;gl;lJ.
rhKuha;fspd; Cjpak; Fiwf;fg;gl;lJ. rpy epyg;gpuGf;fs; RNgjHfshf (Subedars)
epakpf;fg;gl;lhHfs;. ,t;thW mtHfs; NguurUf;Ff; fl;Lg;gl;L tho;e;J te;jhHfs;.
1871-k; Mz;L Vg;uy; jpq;fs; 29-k; ehs; NguurH xU Mizia ntspapl;L
[g;ghd; ehl;il %d;W ngUk; gphpTfshfg; (Fues) gphpj;jhH. mj;Jld; 72
gpuNjrq;fshfTk; mJ gphpf;fg;gl;lJ. gpuNjrq;fs; ika Ml;rpahy; epakpf;fg;gl;l
MSeuhy; Ml;rp nra;ag;gl;L te;jd. xt;nthU gpuNjrKk; gy khtl;lq;fshfTk;
(Districts) efuq;fshfTk; (Towns) fpuhkq;fshfTk; (Villages) gphpf;fg;gl;ld. ,t;thW
ika Ml;rp typik ngw;wjhf tpsq;fpaJ. mjd; tpisthf epykhdpa gpuGf;fs;
epiyFiye;jdH. epykhdpa kiw mope;jjpd; tpisthf tptrhapfSf;F Vw;gl;l
tpisTfisg;gw;wp Fwpg;gpLk;NghJ fpisLk; gPH]Pk; “tptrhapfs; epykhdpa
gpuGf;fsplj;jpy; thoTk; Kbahky; rhfTk; Kbahky; ,Ue;jdH. 1871-f;F gpwF
mtHfs; jq;fs; jiytpjpia jq;fs; tpUg;gk;Nghy; NjHe;njLj;Jf; nfhz;ldH.
mjhtJ thoNth my;yJ rhfNth> epyj;ijg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sNt my;yJ tpw;Wtpl;L
efuj;jpw;Fr; nry;yNth mtHfshy; Kbe;jJ” vd;W $Wfpd;wdH. epykhdpa Kiw
mope;j tpjj;ijg; gw;wp tpsf;fkhf E. n`HgHl; ehHkd; (E.Herbert Norman) vd;gtH
„[g;ghd; etPd ehlhf vopr;rp miljy;‟ (Japan‟s Emergence as a Modern State) vd;w
Ehypy; ed;F tpsf;fpAs;shH.
1889-k; Mz;L murpay; rl;lk; (The Constitutions of 1889)
Nka;[p rfhg;jj;jpy; kw;nwhU Kf;fpa rPHjpUj;jk; 1829-k; Mz;L Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l
murpayikg;ghFk;. mJ fTz;l; ,Nlr `Puh Gkp vd;gtuhy; cUthf;fg;gl;ljhFk;.
Me;j murpaikg;ghdJ ,uz;L tifahd Nfhl;ghLfps;d mbg;gilapy; vOe;jjhFk;.
Xd;W NguurH vy;yh mjpfhuq;fisAk; nfhz;L tpsq;FtNjhL kl;Lkpy;yhky; ePjp
toq;f$batuhfTk; nray;gl;lhH. Nguurpd; nray;fs; mt;tjpfhuq;fis
nray;glj;jyhk; vd;gJ kw;nwhd;uhFk;. ,e;j murpayikg;ghdJ gNthpahtpd;
murpayikg;igg; Nghd;Ws;sJ vd;gJ Nehf;fw;ghyJ. ,ij cUthf;fpatHfs;
Mq;fpNya mnkhpf;f murpayikg;Gfspd; mbg;gilapy; cUthf;fpdhHfs; vd;why;
mJ rhyr; rpwe;jjhFk;.
NguurH (The Emperor)
1889-k; Mz;by; Vw;gl;l ,e;j murpayikg;G NguurUf;Fhpa rfy
mjpfhuq;fisAk; tiuaWj;jJ. mJkl;Lkpy;;yhky; mJ Nguurhpd; epiyiaAk;
 144

njspthff; fhl;bAs;sJ. NguurH murpay; kd;w rl;lkd;w ePjpkd;w mjpfhuq;fisg;

ngw;W xNu jiytuhf ehl;by; tpsq;fpdhH. gz;ila Gdpjg; nguurH my;yJ
nja;tf
P g; NguurH vd;W kpfhNlh miof;fg;gl;lhH. Nguikr;rH murhq;fj;jpd;
mjpfhhpfs; MfpNahhpd; MNyhridapd; Nghpy; mtH mt;tjpfhuq;fisg; gad;gLj;jp
te;jhH. murpay; Mizfs;> Vidag;gj;jpuq;fs; murhq;f mikr;rhpd;
ifnahg;gj;ijg; ngw;Nw ntsptuNtz;Lnkd top nra;ag;gl;lJ. Nguikr;riu
%j;NjhH mitapdhpd; MNyhridapd; Nghpy; epakdk; nra;jhH. Vida mikr;rHfs;
Nguikr;rhpd; MNyhridapd; gb Nguuruhyl epakpf;fg;gl;ldH. ehl;bYs;s
jiug;gilf;Fk;> fg;gw;gilf;Fk; mtNu jiytuhthH. Rz;ilaplNth my;yJ
rkhjhdk; nra;J nfhs;sNth mtUf;F mjpfhuKz;L. rl;lq;fis ,aw;wNth
my;yJ khw;wNth my;yJ ePf;fNth mtUf;F mjpfhuKz;L. mtUila
mDkjpapd;wp ve;j kNrhjhTk; rl;lkhf ntsptuhJ. ehlhSkd;wj;ij $l;lNth> xj;jp
NghlNt> fiyf;fNth mtUf;F chpik cz;L. mtUila Gdpj MSikahdJ
ed;F ghJfhf;fg;gl;lJ. ehlhSkd;wk; $l mtUf;F ,zq;f Nrit nra;J te;jJ.
NguurUf;F MNyhrid $w xU mikr;ruitAk; ,Ue;jd.
ehlhSkd;wk; (Imperial Diet)
[g;ghdpd; ghuhSkd;wk; my;yJ ehlhSkd;wk; jhd; „lal;‟ vd;W gpujpepjpfs;
mit (House of Retpresentatives) vd ,U mitfs; ,Ue;jd. gpuGf;fs; mitapy;
ngUk;ghNyhH kd;dHFyj;ijr; NrHe;jtHfshtH. ,jpy; caHFyg; gpuGf;fSk;
,Ue;jdH.. ,tHfs; MAs; cWg;gpdHfshthHfs;. fTz;bfs;> itnfsz;bfs;>
rPkhd;fs; MfpNahH gpuGf;fshy; NjHe;njLf;fg;gl;L 7 Mz;Lfs; cWg;gpdHfshf
,Ue;jhHfs;. NguurH rpyiu mt;titf;F epakdk; nra;jhH. mjpfthp nrYj;JNthhpd;
gpujpepjpfSk; mjpy; mq;fk; tfpj;jdH. gpujpepjpfs; mitapy; cs;s midtUk;
NjHe;njLf;fg;gl;ltHfshtH. nrhj;JilatHfs; midtUk; mtHfisj;
NjHe;njLf;Fk; chpikiag; ngw;wpUe;jdH. ,U mitfSk; epjp> ePjp rhHe;j
mjpfhuq;fisr; rkkhfg; ngw;wpUe;jd. ehl;bd; tuT nryT jpl;lk; (Budget)
ehlhSkd;wj;jpd; mDkjp ngw;Nw eil Kiwf;Ff; nfhz;Ltu Ntz;Lk;. mjd;
mDkjpapd;wp vt;tpj thpAk; tpjpf;fKbahJ. Mijg;NghyNt ehlhWkd;wj;jpd;
mDkjpapd;wp murhq;fk; fld; thq;f$lhJ. ehlhSkd;wk; nraypy; ,y;yhjNghJ
mtru epjp rhHghd Mizfisg; NguurH ntspaplyhk;. ehlhWkd;wk; tuT-nryT
jpl;lj;ij Vw;f kWj;jjhy; eilKiw Mz;bd; tuT nryTj; jpl;lj;ijNa tUfpw
Mz;bYk; gpd;gw;wyhk;. ehlhSkd;wk; mjpfhpf;Fk; nrytpdq;fis kWf;f chpik
ngw;wpUe;jJ.
Murpayikg;gpy; Gwpg;gplhj rl;lq;fis ehlhSkd;wk; eilKiwf;F
nfhz;Ltuyhk;. ehlhSkd;wk; Mz;bw;F xU Kiw $lNtz;Lk;. Nguurhpd; ,irT
 145

ngw;W ehlhSkd;wk; mikr;rHfs; kPJ Fw;wk; rhl;lyhk;. ehlhSkd;wk; nfhz;L tUk;

ve;j kNrhjhitAk; NguurH uj;J nra;ayhk;. mtUf;F uj;J mjpfhuk; (Veto power)
cz;L.
gpujpepjpfs; mitAk; gpuGf;fs; mitiag;Nghy mjpfhuq;fisg; ngw;W
tpsq;fpaJ. gz kNrhjhf;fis gpujpepjpfs; mitapy; nfhz;Ltu Ntz;Lk;. kw;w
kNrhjhf;fis VNjDk; xU mitapy; nfhz;Ltuyhk;. Nkyitapy; 120 NgUk;>
fPoitapy; 363 NgUk; ,Ue;jdH.
Mikr;ruit (Cabinet or council of Ministers)
Nguikr;rH Nguuruhy; epakpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;W Kd;dNu fz;Nlhk;. mtH
%j;NjhH mitapd; MNyhridg;gb epakpf;fg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk; mNj rkaj;jpy; Vida
mikr;rH Fohk; Nguikr;rhpd; MNyhridapd; Nghpy; NguurH epakdk; nra;a
Ntz;Lk;. mikr;rHfis NguurNu epakpg;gjhy; mtH ehlhSkd;wj;jpw;F
fl;Lg;gl;ltuy;yH. ,uhZtf; nfhs;ifiag; gw;wp thjpl NeUk;NghJ NguurH
jiug;gil> fg;gw;gilj; jiytHfisAk; mJ rk;ge;jg;gl;l mikr;rHfisAk; fye;J
MNyhrid Nkw;nfhs;syhk;.
murg; Nguit (Privy Council)
murg; Nguitapy; xU jiytUk;> xU Jizj;jiytUk; 24 cWg;gpdHfSk;
mikr;rHfSk; mq;fk; tfpj;jdH. murpay; mikg;G rk;ge;jg;gl;l jpUj;jq;fis
Vw;Wf; nfhz;L murpay; mikg;Gf;Fj; Jziahd rpy MizfisAk; rl;lq;fisAk;
Vw;Wf; nfhs;tJ> neUf;fb fhyj;jpy; nfhz;Ltug;gLk; neUf;fb Mizfs;> neUf;fb
epjp rhHe;j Mizfs; Mfpatw;wpw;F mDkjp toq;FtJ cld;gbf;ifs;
Nkw;nfhs;tJ ,jDila gzpfshFk;.
%j;NjH mit (Genro or Elder Statemen)
[g;ghdpy; 1889 Mk; Mz;L Vw;gl;l murpayikg;gpd; Kf;fpa epWtdq;fspy;
%j;NjhH mitAk; xd;whFk;. [g;ghid Kd;Ndw;wg; ghijapy; elj;jpr; nry;y mJ
topfhl;baJ. mjpy; tajpy; KjpHe;j> mDgtj;jpy; KjpHe;j murpaypy; gOj;j
jpwikahd nghpNahHfs; mq;fk; tfpj;jpUe;jdH. mjDila MNyhridapd; Nghpy;
NguurH Nguikr;riu epakpf;fNtz;Lk;. [g;ghdpd; murpay; tuyhw;wpy; mJ Kf;fpa
gq;if tfpf;fpwJ. mjDila gq;ifg; gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpLk; NghJ hpr;rHL ];Nlhhp
(Rechard Story) “Mz;Lfs; nry;yr; nry;y %j;NjhH mitapd; nry;thf;Fk;
ngUfpaJ. etPd [g;ghid cUthf;f nka;[p fhyj;jpy; Vw;gLj;jg;g;l %j;NjhH mit
rpwe;j jiyikiaf; nfhz;L tpsq;fpaJ” vd;W Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shH. fpisLk; gPH]{k;
%j;NjhH mitapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij thahug; Gfo;e;Js;sdH. mtHfs; $w;Wg;gb
1880-1900 Mz;Lfspy; etPd [g;ghid cUthf;f mJ rpwe;j Kiwapy; nray;gl;lJ
vd;gJ cz;ikNaahFk;. “mJ ek;gpf;ifAs;s ed; Kaw;rpAs;s %j;j murpay;
 146

epGzHfshyhd mitahFk;. mtHfs; jq;fs; jpwikia ed;F gad;gLj;jp

KbTfis Nkw;nfhs;fpwhHfs;. mtHfs; mDkjpapd;wp ve;j KbTk; vLg;gjpy;iy.
cz;ikapy; mtHfs; jhd; mk;KbTfis cUthf;FfpwhHfs;.” Vd;W mtHfs;
$Wfpd;wdH.
[g;ghdpd; murpayikg;ig cUthf;fpatuhd fTz;l ,Nl`pNuh Gkp vd;gtH
%j;NjhH mitapd; Kjd;ikahd cWg;gpduhthH. mtUld; akfjh (Yamagata)
[g;ghDf;F etPd ,uhZtj;ij mikj;J je;jtH: ,NdhNah (Inoyo) thpr;
rPHjpUj;jj;ij toq;fpatH. ngUiktha;ej Njrpa tPuuhd Xahkh (oyama) Kl;Rfjh
(Mustsukata) vd;w epjp epHthfo irNahdp[p (Saiongi) MfpNahUk; mjpy; ,lk;
ngw;wpUe;jdH. ,t;mit 1882-y; ,Nlh vd;gtiug; Nguikr;ruhfj; NjHe;njLj;jJ. mJ
Kjw;nfhz;L gy Nguikr;rHfis mJ [g;ghDf;F mspj;Js;sJ. ,J vy;yhj;
JiwfspYk; rpwe;j Kiwapy; nray;gl;lJ. ve;jnthU [g;ghdpaDk; [g;ghdpa
ehl;by; gopthq;fg;glhky; mJ ghHj;Jf;nfhz;lJ. vdNt mjd; nry;thf;F [g;ghdpy;
nfhbfl;bg; gue;jJ.
kf;fspd; chpikfSk; flikfSk;
kf;fs; rptpy;> ,uhZtj;Jiwfspy; gzpg;Ghpa chpik ngw;wpUe;jdH. rl;lg;gb
mtHfs; chpikfis mDgtpf;fTk;> ePjpiag; ngwTk;> jz;lidia milaTk; tpjp
tif nra;jJ. jdpg;gl;lthpdl ,ufrpa kly;fs; mtUila mDkjpapd;wp ghHitapl
mDkjpf;fg;gltpy;iy. rka Rje;jpuk;> Ngr;R Rje;jpuk;> vOj;J Rje;jpuk;> fUj;Jf;fs;
ntspapl Rje;jpuk;> rq;fk; mikj;Jf;nfhs;sTk; $l;lk; $lTk; Rje;jpuk;
toq;fg;gl;lJ. ,t;Thpikfs; kf;fspd; flikfisg; ghjpf;fh tifapy;
mike;jpUe;jd.
ePjpkd;wq;fs;
Nguurhpd; fPo; ePjpkd;wq;fs; nray;gl;ld. ePjpgjpfSf;F ePjpia toq;Ftjpy;
Rje;jpuk; mspf;ftpy;iy. murpay; mjpfhhpfis tprhhpf;f jdp ePjpkd;wq;fs;
,aq;fpd. NkiyehLfisg; gpd;gw;wp mq;F rl;lq;fs; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;ld. tof;Ffis
tprhuiz nra;tJk;> jPHg;Gfs; toq;FtJk; ntspg;gilahf eilngw;wd.
epjp (Finance)
,t;turpayikg;gpd;gb epjp epHthfk; xOq;F nra;ag;gl;lJ. ehlhSkd;w
mDkjpapd; Nghpy; thpfs; t#ypf;fg;gl;ld. gpujpepjpfs; mitapy; Kjypy; tuT
nryTj; jpl;lk; jhf;fy; nra;ag;gl;L gpd;dH mLj;j mitf;F mDg;Gk; Kiw
gpd;gw;wg;gl;lJ. xJf;fg;gl;l epjp (Reserve Fund) Vw;gLj;j murpayikg;gpy; tpjp
Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
 147

nghUshjhu gz;ghl;Lr; rPHjpUj;jq;fs;

njhopy; Kd;Ndw;wk;
xU ehL Kd;Ndw Ntz;Lkhdhy; mq;F nghUshjhuk; nghypTld;
tpsq;fNtz;Lk;. nghUshjhuk; nghypTld; tpsq;f Ntz;Lkhdhy; mq;F njhopy;
tsKilajhfTk; eyKilajhfTk; mikjy; Ntz;Lk;. MfNtjhd; xU ehl;bd;
nghUshjhuj;jpw;F ,U fz;fshf njhopy; tsKk; Ntshz;ikAk;
mike;jpUf;fpd;wd. nka;[papd; Gul;rpapd; NghJ njhopy;tsk; ngw;W gy;tifapYk;
rpwe;J tpsq;fp ,Ue;jJ. murpaypy; rPhpa Njhw;wj;ijf; nfhz;L te;j nka;[p NguurH
nghUshjhuj;jpYk; mj;jifa khw;wj;ijf; nfhz;Ltu tpioe;jjpy; tpag;NgJkpy;iy.
murpaYk; nghUshjhuKk; jdpj;jdpahd $Wfs; my;y vd;gij mtH czHe;J
Jhpj Kiwapy; njhopy; tsHr;rpiaf; nfhz;L te;jhH.
fp.gp.1868-k; Mz;Lf;F Kd;Ng N\hfd;fs; njhopy; tsHr;rpapy; rpwpJ ftdk;
nrYj;jpdH. Nka;[p rfhg;jj;jpd;NghJ ,d;Dk; jPtpu ftdk; nrYj;jg;gl;lJ. rj;Rkh
,Uk;Gj; njhopw;rhiy xd;iw epHkhzpj;jhH. NkiyehLfspd; ghzpapy; gy fg;gy;fs;
fl;lg;gl;ld. nka;[p kd;dH Vw;fdNt ,Ue;j njhopw;rhiyfis ed;F guhkhpj;jhH.
Gjpa fg;gy; fl;Lk; njhopw;rhiyfs; epHkhzpf;fg;gl;ld. NfhNg (Kobe) ehfrhfp
(Nagasaki) NahNfhRfh (Yokosuka) Mfpa ,lq;fs; NghHj;jsthlq;fis jahH
nra;Ak; ika ,lq;fshf mike;jd. murhq;fk; Nghf;Ftuj;J> nra;jpj; njhlHG
Mfpatw;wpYk; ftdk; nrYj;jpaJ. je;jp> uapy;ghij Vw;gLj;jg;gl;ld. 1880-k;
Mz;bNyNa [g;ghdpd; ngUefuq;fspy; gy njhiyNgrp %yk; ,izf;fg;gl;ld.
[g;ghd; kiyfs; epiwe;j gFjpahjyhy; ,Ug;Gg;ghijfs; mikg;gJ kpfTk; fbdkhf
,Ue;jJ. mJ mtrpakhdjhfTk; fUjg;gl;lJ. KjyhtJ ,Ug;Gghij NahNf `hkh
(Yokohama)it Nlhf;fpNahTld; ,izj;jJ. mjd; ePsk; 16 iky;fshFk;.
,uz;lhtJ ,Ug;Gg; ghij NrhNg> xrhfh> fpahj;Njh Mfpa efuq;fis ,izj;jJ.
nka;[p murhq;fk; gl;L njhopw;rhiyfs; gytw;iw Vw;gLj;jpaJ. gQ;rhiyfs;
ehnlq;fpYk; epHkhzpf;fg;gl;ld. rpnkz;l;> fz;zhb (Tiles) XLfs; Mfpatw;iw
cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; njhopw;rhiyfs; Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;ld. Ntjpapay; nghUs;fs;
(Chemicals) jahH nra;Ak; njhopw;rhiy xd;Wk; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. gUj;jp Ehw;ghiy
xd;Wk; rHf;fiuj; njhopw;rhiy xd;Wk; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;ld. ,Nlhtpd; fhyj;jpYk;>
mtUf;Fg; gpd;Dk; njhopy; mikr;rfk; xd;W jdpNa nray;gl;L te;jJ. ,J 1870-y;
njhlq;fp itf;fg;gl;lJ. gz KjyhspfSk;> jdpg;gl;NlhUk; murhq;f
njhopw;rhiyfis epHkhzpf;fg; gzcjtp nra;jdH. mjw;F Fiwe;j tl;b
nfhLf;fg;gl;lJ. murhq;fj;jpd; Kaw;rpahy; fk;gsp Milfs; jahhpf;Fk; njhopw;rhiy
xd;W Jtq;fg;gl;lJ. [g;ghdpd; ,j;Jhpj njhopy;tsHr;rpahy; ngUk; njhopy;
Kd;Ndw;wkile;j ehlhf mJ vOr;rp ngw;wJ. 1880k; Mz;by; njhopypy; mtHfs;
 148

Nkw;nfhz;bUe;j “Neubf; fl;Lg;ghL” (Diredct Control) ePf;fg;gl;L “kiwKfg;

ghJfhg;G (Indirect protection) mspf;Fk; nfhs;ifahdJ gpd;gw;wg;gl;lJ. ,jdhy;
ntspehLfspd; flDjtp ,y;yhkNyNa [g;ghdpd; nghUshjhuk; 19-k; Ehw;whz;by;
mjpf Kd;Ndw;wk; ngw;W tpsq;fpaJ vd;W fpisLk; gPH]{k; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shHfs;.
[g;ghidj; jhopy;kakhd ehlhf khw;Wtjpy; rpy njhy;iyfSk; ,Ue;jd.
KjyPL ,y;yhky; murhq;fk; jtpj;jJ. tpahghu EZf;fq;fSk; njhopy;
je;ejpuq;fSk; rpyhplk; rpf;fp nfhz;bUe;jJ. me;jr; rpyH n[a;gl;R (Zaibatsu)
vd miof;fg;gl;ldH. kpl;Ra; (Mitsui) mpl;Rgp[p (Mitubishi)> Rkpnjhnkh
(Sumitome) aRjh (Yesuda) Mrpa FLk;gq;fs; Kf;fpakhd n[a;gl;Rfshf
tpsq;fp te;jhHfs;. mj;Jld; x$uh (Okura) mrNdh (Asano) Fguh (Kubara)
xfhthjdhfh (Okawa-Tanoko) fthrhfp (Kawasahi) \pGrth (Shibusawa)
GUfth (Furukawa) Nkhhp (Mori) Mfpa,g;gphptpdHfspy; typik ngw;w n[a;gl;Rfshf
tpsq;fp e;jhHfs;. tq;fpfs; (Banks) MAs; fhg;GWjp epWtdq;fs; (Life Insurance
Companies) gy;tif njhopy;epWtdq;fs; Mfpait me;j n[a;gl;Rfspd;
fl;Lg;ghLfSf;Fs;spUe;jd. mtHfs; nrk;G njhopw;rhiyfspy; %d;wpy; xU gq;ifAk;
epyf;fhp cw;gj;jpapy; ghjpiaAk; fg;gy; fl;Lk; njhopy; fhfpjk; jahhpf;Fk; njhopy;>
ntspehl;L thzpfk;> vz;nza; cw;gj;jp> rHf;fiu jahhpj;jy; Mfpa midj;Jj;
njhopy;fisAk; mtHfSila fl;Lg;ghl;Lf;Fs; itj;jpUe;jdH. jdpg;gl;NlhH
iffspy; njhopw;rhiyfs;; midj;Jk; Klq;fp ,Ue;jhYk; [g;ghdpaH ,q;fpyhe;jpYk;
mnkhpf;fhtpYk; njhopy;Jiwapy; nfhz;L te;J GFj;jpa fz;Lgpbg;Gfisf; fz;L
gad; milAk; tha;g;gpidg; ngwhkypy;iy. murhq;fk; ntspehLfspypUe;J ,ae;jpg;
nghUs;fis ,wf;Fkjp nra;jJ. ehl;bd; ghJfhg;Gf;Fhpa nghUs;fisj; jahhpf;Fk;
njhopw;rhiyfis Vw;gLj;Jtjoy; murhq;fk; fz;Zk; fUj;Jkhf ,Ue;jJ. 1890-k;
Mz;L ,Wjpf;Fs; [g;ghdpy; ePuhtpapdhy; ,af;ff; $ba 850 ,ae;jpuq;fs; ,lk;
ngw;wpUe;jd.
1873k; Mz;by; murhq;fk; fdptsj; Jiwnahd;iw Vw;gLj;jpaJ. mjd;
tpisthf ehl;by; gy Ruq;fq;fs; fz;Lg;gpbf;fg;gl;ld. 1880-y; epyf;fhpr;
Ruq;fq;fSk; ,d;dgpw fdptsr; Ruq;fq;fSk; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;ld. ntspehl;lthpd;
cjtpahy; mitfs g+kpapypUe;J Njhz;b vLf;fg;gl;ld. ,t;thW nka;[p fhyj;jpy;
[g;ghd; xU njhopy; kakhd ehlhf khw;wg;gl;lJ.
2.Ntshz;ik
murpaypy; khw;wq;fisf; nfhzHtjpy; vj;jifa MHtj;ijf; fhl;bdhHfNsh>
njhopy; tsHr;rpapy; Jhpj KdNdw;wk; fhz vj;jifa Cf;fj;ij fhl;bdhHfNsh
mj;jifa MHtj;ijAk; Cf;fj;ijAk; ehl;bd; KJnfOk;G Nghd;w Ntshz;ikapy;
fhl;l Kw;gl;lJ. Muk;gj;jpypUe;Nj ,j;Jiwapy; Gul;rpfukhd khWjy;fis
 149

nfhz;Ltu Kw;gl;lhHfs;. nka;[p kPl;rpf;Fg; gpwF epyk; tpw;gJ rl;lg+Htkhf;fg;gl;lJ.

1873-k; Mz;by; jPtpu thpr; rPHjpUj;jk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. gz;ila Kiwfs;
khw;wpaikf;fg;gl;ld. mjpy; %d;W Kf;fpa khw;wq;fis murhq;fk; ntspapl;lJ. 1)
epyj;jpd; kjpg;igg; nghWj;J thp tpjpf;fg;gl;lJ. 2) epythp epHzapf;fg;gl;lJ: mJ 3
rjtpfpjkhFk; 3) thpahdJ gzkhf t#yypf;fg;gl;lJ: ,jw;F Kd;G nghUshf
(ney;) t#y; nra;jJ mfw;wg;gl;lJ Mdhy; tptrhapfspd; epiy kpfTk;
ghpjhgkhfNt ,Ue;jJ. 1874-k; Mz;by; xU Fbahdtd; ruhrhpahfg; gaphplg;gl;lJ.
2.35 Vf;fuhFk;. mJ 1909y; 2.38 Vf;fuhfTk;> 1914-y; 2.61 Vf;fuhfTk; ,Ue;jJ. ,jpy;
ney;; tpisAkplq;fSk;> fuk;G epyq;fSk; mlq;fpapUe;jd. tptrhap cw;gj;jp nra;Ak;
kf#ypy; (Producer Yield) ngUk; gFjpia epyg; gpuGf;fs; vLj;Jf; nfhz;ldH.
tptrhapfs; gy njhy;iyfis mDgtpj;jNghJq;$l [g;ghdpd; nghJthd
nghUshjhu Kd;Ndw;wk; nghypNthL tpsq;fpaJ. rpwg;ghf thzpfk;> Ntshz;ik>
ifj;njhopy;fs; Mfpait ntspehl;lthpd; ,wf;Fkjpahy; ,we;Jgltpy;iy
mope;Jgltpy;iy. 20-k; Ehw;whz;bd; Muk;gj;jpy; tptrhag; nghUs;fspd; cw;gj;jp
,U klq;fhfpaJ. ,jw;F murhq;f ePHghrd trjpfisr; nra;J nfhLj;jJ. kw;Wk;
gy cjtpfis mtHfSf;F mspj;jJ.
Nka;[papd; rfhg;jj;jpd; nghJ njhopy; EZf;fk;> Ntshz;ik ,d;dgpw
JiwfSk; ed;F tsHr;rp mile;jd. 1873-y; ,Nlhtpd; Kaw;rpapdhy; [g;ghdpy; tq;fp
cd;;W Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;lJ. ,J nghUshjhu Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;F topNfhopaJ. 1879-y;
mjd; vz;zpf;if 4 MfTk; 1889-y; 151 MfTk; mJ mjpfhpj;jJ. may;ehLfSld;
thzpf cwTfis Nkw;nfhz;ljd; tpisthf jq;fj;jpd; juk; epHzapf;fg;gl;lJ.
jq;fk;> nts;sp ehzag; gof;fkhdJ epWj;jg;gl;L fhfpj ehzak; ntspaplg;gl;lJ.
,ij ntw;wpAld; nray;gLj;jNt tq;fp Kiwfs; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;ld.
3.fy;tp rPHjpUj;jq;fs;
Nka;[p fhyj;J [g;ghd;> [g;ghdpaHfspd; Kaw;rpapdhy; cz;lhf;fg;gl;l
NghjpYk; mJ gpwe;j #o;epiyia Nehf;Fk; NghJ NkiyehLfspd; njhlHghy;
gpwe;jJ vd;gJ njspthFk; vd fpisLk; gPH]{k; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shHfs;. [g;ghdpaH ,e;j
fhyj;jpy; Gul;rpfukhd fy;tpr; rPHjpUj;jq;fisf; fz;ldH. NkiyehLfspd;
fy;tpapd;ghy; mtHfs; nghpJk; <Hf;fg;gl;ldH. mtw;iwf; fw;gjw;F mtHfSf;F
vt;tpj jilAkpy;iy. ,jw;F Kd;G chpikfs; ngw;w caHFyj;jpdH kl;LNk fy;tp
fw;Fk; tha;g;gpidg; ngw;whHfs. Nkiyehl;L Kiwapy; rpwg;ghf mnnkhpf;f Kiwapy;
mq;F fy;tp mky; nra;ag;gl;lJ. nka;[p kPl;rpf;Fg; gpwF 1871-k; Mz;by; fy;tp
Jiwnahd;W Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. [g;ghd; vl;L gy;fiyf;fof khtl;l gphpTfshfg;
gphpf;fg;gl;lJ. xt;nthU gy;fiyf;fof khtl;lj;jpd; fPo; Kg;gj;jpuz;L
caHepiyg;gs;spfs; ,Ue;jd. xt;nthU caHepiyg;gs;sp gphptpd; fPo; 210
Muk;ggs;spfs; eilngw;W te;jd. 1872-k; Mz;L fl;lhaf; fy;tp Kiw
 150

GFj;jg;gl;lJ. gjpdhWtajpw;F clgl;l xt;nthU Mz;gps;isAk; Fiwe;jJ gjpdhW

khjq;fshtJ fl;lhaf; fy;tpia Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd;W rl;lk;
nfhz;Ltug;gl;lJ. gpd;dH mJ %d;W Mz;Lfshf mjpfhpf;fg;gl;lJ. mjd; gpd;dH
mJ MW Mz;Lfshf mjpfhpf;fg;gl;lJ. mjd; gpd;dH mJ Mz;Lfshf
mjpfkhf;fg;gl;lJ khztHfSf;F jq;fs; Fztpay;Gfis vt;thW mikj;Jf;
nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ gw;wpf; fw;W nfhLf;fg;gl;lJ. ehl;Lg;gw;Wk; mtHfSf;F
Cl;lg;gl;lJ. 1902-k; Mz;Lf;F gpwF ngz;fSf;F caH fy;tp mspf;f tif
nra;ag;gl;lJ. gpnuQ;R> mnkhpf;f ghlj;jpl;lq;fs; [g;ghdpy; gpd;gw;wg;gl;ld. 1883-k;
Mz;by; 33>00>0000 khztHfs; fy;tp fw;wdH. 1990-k; Mz;by; 50>00>0000 khztHfs;
fy;tp ngw;W te;jdH. mg;NghJ [g;ghdpy; 27>000 Muk;ggs;spfs; ,Ue;jd. 1803-k;
Mz;by; 240 njhopy; EZf;fg; gs;spfs; (Techical Schools) nray;gl;ld. 1886-k;
Mz;by; Nlhf;fpNah NguuRg; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; vy;yhtpjkhd fy;tp KiwfSk;
ghlq;fSk; nfhz;Ltug;gl;ld. 1897-k; Mz;by; KiwfSk; ghlq;fSk;
nfhz;Ltug;gl;ld. 1897-k; Mz;by; MrhpaHfisg; gapw;Wtpg;gjhf gapw;rpgs;spfs;
Vw;gLj;jg;gl;ld. gs;spfspYk; gy;fiyf;fofq;fspYk; gy Jiwfspy; jpwikahd
MrphpaUf;Nf Ntiy nfhLf;fg;gl;lJ. ntspehLfspypUe;J rpwe;j NguhrphpaHfs;
[g;ghDf;F tutiof;fg;gl;ldH. Mapuf;fzf;fhd khztHfs; Nkiy ehLfspy;
caHfy;tp ngWk; nghUl;L mDg;gg;gl;lhHfs;.
1901-k; Mz;by; jhd; Kjd; Kjyhf ngz;fSf;nfd xU gy;fiyf;fofk;
[pQ;N[h eUNr (Jin-Jo-Naruse) vd;gtuhy; Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;lJ. fy;tpapy; gy rPhpa
khw;wq;fisf; nfhz;L tUtjpy; rpwe;J tpsq;fpatH Nkhhp mhpNjhhp (Mori Arinoti)
vd;w fy;tp mikr;ryhthH. Kf;fSf;F Mq;fpyf;fy;tpNa mspf;fg;gl;lJ. Vnddpy;
[g;ghdpa nkhop rPd nkhopapd; fyg;ghFk; mjidf; fw;gJ kpfTk; fbdkhFk;.
MfNt Mq;fpyf; fy;tp toq;fg;gl;lJ.
Rka gz;ghl;by; Njhd;wpa khWjy;fs;
[g;ghd; jd;Dila gok; ngUikia epiyehl;Lk; tiuapy; ,j;Jiwapy;
nray;gl;lJ. MfNt jd; rkakhd \pd;Njh rkaj;ij ed;F Ngzp tsHj;jJ.
[g;ghdpd; jw;fhy njrPa gw;Wf;F mtHfspd; \pd;Njh rkak; mtrpakhdjhf ,Ue;J
te;Js;sJ vd;gij fpisLk; gPH]Pk; jq;fs; Ehypy; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shHfs;. Fd;g+\pa>
Gj;j rkaq;fs; fhYhd;Wtjw;F Kd;G jd;dpiyflF nfhz;Ltu \pd;Njh rka
rhHghd nray;fis ftdpf;f mYtyfk; xd;W Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. mjpy; mYtyHfs;
gyH gzpGhpe;J te;jdH. mijj; jtpu Vida rkaq;fs; jil nra;ag;gl;ld.
\pd;Njh rkak; murpaiyAk; tpRthrj;ijAk; ehl;Lg;gw;iwAk; fye;J kf;fSf;F
mspj;jJ. kf;fs; gw;WlDk; ghrj;JlDk; kdrhl;rpAlDk; elf;fNtz;Lk; vd;gJ
tw;GWj;jg;gl;lJ. \pd;Njh rkak; ,U tiffshfg; gphpf;fg;lb
; Ue;jJ. xd;W
murhq;fj;jhy; ghJfhf;fg;ngw;w \pd;Njh rkak; ,J NkNy nrhd;djhFk;.
 151

Kw;nwhd;D kf;fshy; Mjhpf;fg;gl;l \pd;Njh rkakhFk;. \pd;Njh rak; NguurH

nja;tj
P ; jd;ik ngUe;jpatH vd;Wk;> [g;ghd; nja;tq;fspd; g+kp vd;Wk; mwpT
xspia kf;fSf;F toq;fNtz;Lnkd;Wk; $WfpwJ. Nka;[p fhyj;jpy; rkak; ehl;il
tYthf;Ftjw;Nf gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. fpisLk; gPH]}k; \pd;Njh rkaj;jpd;
Nfhl;ghLfis kf;fshl;rpf;F Kuzhdit vd;W Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shHfs;. ,Wjpapy;
\pd;Njh rkaj;Jld; Gj;j rkakk; fpwp];Jt rkaKk; gutpd.
kPl;rpf;Fg; gpd;dH [g;ghd; njhopy; Jiwapy; gPL eilNghl;lJ vd;W fhz;Nghk;.
Kf;fs; njhifAk; mg;NghJ mjpfhpj;J te;jJ. FbahdtHfs; fpuhkq;fistpl;L
efuq;fSf;F Fb ngaHe;jdH. vdNt FLk;g mikg;G Kiw epiyFiye;jJ mjdhy;
FLk;gj;jpYs;s mq;fj;jpdHfSf;fpilNa ey;YYwT epiyf;ftpy;iy. NkYk; mtHfs;
Nkiyehl;L ehfhpfj; njd;wypdhy; <Hf;fg;gl;L mjw;F mbikfshdhHfs. tFg;G
Ntw;Wikfs; mwNt xopf;fg;gl;ld. Gj;j re;epahrpfSk; jpUkzk; nra;J nfhz;L
FLk;g tho;f;ifia Nkw;nfhz;lhHfs;. mtHfs; Gyhy; cz;lhHfs;. Nkiyehl;L
cil> eil> Vida gof;ftof;fq;fs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld. njhFRth fhyj;jpy;
vq;Fk; Fbnfhz;bUe;J fUr;rpiyT (Abortion) rpRtij (Infanticide)
Mfpa gof;fq;fs; jw;NghJ jil nra;ag;gl;ld. nghJ ePuhLJiwfspy; ,UghyUk;
,ize;J Fspg;gJ> nghOJ Nghf;F kd;wq;fs; (Mz;fSk;< ngz;fSk; NrHe;J
nghOJNghf;Fk; kd;wq;fs;) MfpaitfSk; mfw;wg;gl;ld. Nkiyehl;L ehfhpfj;jpy;
xU Nguth mtHfsplj;jpy; fhzg;gl;lhYk;$l 1885 f;Fg; gpwF mtHfs; gz;ila
gz;ghl;Lf; $Wfis ed;F ghJfhj;Nj te;jhHfs;.

rPd [g;ghdpag; NghHfs;

Kjy; rPd [g;ghdpag; NghH myF- 1
(,uz;lhk; rPd [g;ghdpag;NghH myF -2
(Ke;ija ghlq;fspy; nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ
u\;a [g;ghdpag; NghH (1904-1905)
Mrpahtpd; tuyhw;wpy; kl;Lkpy;yhky;yhky; cyf tuyhw;wpy; eilngw;w
Kf;fpa epfo;rr
; pfspy; xd;whf u\;a-[g;ghdpag; NghH ,lk;ngw;Ws;sJ. mjd;
tpisTjhd; MrpahtpNyNa [g;ghd; xU ty;yuR vOr;rp ngw;wJ vd;why; mJ kpfTk;
nghUj;jKilajhFk;. Gd;dhl;L murpaiy gy;tiffspy; khw;wpaikj;j ngUik
,g;NghUf;Nf chpj;jhFk;.
fhuzq;fs;
u\;a [g;ghdpag; NghUf;nfd jdpahf ve;jnthU fhuzj;ijAk; $w ,ayhJ.
NghUf;nfd tpijfs; 1875-k; Mz;bNyNa Jhtg;gl;Ltpl;ld. vdpDk; NghH 1905-k;
Mz;by;jhd; Vw;gl;lJ. mjw;Fhpa fhuzq;fshtd>
 152

1. 1875-k; Mz;by; [g;ghDila gFjpahd rfhypd; vd;w jPit (Sakhalin

Island) u\;ah td;Kiwapy; ifg;gw;wpf; nfhz;lJ. ehl;Lg;gw;W nfhz;l
ey;NyhHfs; ,ijf; fz;L kdk; nfhjpg;gile;jdH. vdpDk; mr;#o;epiyapy;
[g;ghd; Nghiu tpUk;gtpy;iy. u\;ahtpd; td;nraiy cs;sf;FKwNyhL
,d;nrayhf Vw;Wf;nfhz;L thshapUe;jhHfs;. xU kPpd;tUksTk;
thbapUf;Fkhk; nfhf;F vd;gijg;Nghy; [g;ghd; mijg; ngWtjw;F jf;f
jUzj;ij vjpHNehf;fp ,Ue;jJ.
2. 1895-y; eilngw;w rP-[g;ghdpag; Nghhpy; rPdh gLNjhy;tp mile;jJ.
rPdhtplkpUe;J ypNahLq;> NghHl; MHjH Mfpa ,U JiwKfq;fisAk; [g;ghd;
ngw;Wf; nfhz;lJ. Mdhy; ,e;j ,U ,lq;fSk; %d;W ehLfspd; jiyaPl;lhy;
kPz;Lk; rPdhTf;F nfhLf;fg;gl;lJ. mk;%tH jiyaPl;Lf; $l;by; u\;ah>
n[Hkdp> gpuhd;]; NrHe;jpUe;jd. ,e;ehLfisj; jpUg;gpj; jUtjw;F u\;ahNt
KO Kjw; fhuzk; vd [g;ghd; vz;zpaJ. ,e;j mtkhdj;ij
Jilj;njwpaTk;> u\;ahitg; gopthq;fTk; mJ fhj;Jf; nfhz;bUe;jJ.
3. u\;ah> rPdhtpd; ghJfhtyd; vdf; $wpf;nfhz;L [g;ghDf;nfjpuhf mq;F jd;
nry;thf;if epiyehl;baJ. u\;ah> rPdhtplkpUe;J gy thzpfr; rYiffisg;
ngw;wJ. Fwpg;ghf ypNahLq;> NghHl; MHjH JiwKfq;fspy; jdpf;fhl;L uh[h
Nghy mJ cyhtp te;jJ. [g;ghdplkpUe;J gwpj;J mijr; rOdhTf;F
mspg;gjhff; $wp rfy chpikfisAk; u\;ahNt mDgtpg;gijg; ghHj;J
[g;ghDf;F tapw;nwhpr;ryhf ,Ue;jJ. ,r;#o;epiyapy; mq;F ehl;Lg;gw;W
tpiuthfg; gutp kf;fspd; cs;sj;ij Ml;nfhz;lJ.
4. 1894-95-k; Mz;Lfspy; eilngw;w rPd-[g;ghdpag; Nghhpy; nfhhpahit
ngw;Wf;nfhz;lJ vd;W fz;Nlhky;yNth? Mq;F jd; tpUg;gk;Nghy; [g;ghd;
rpy rPHjpUj;jq;fis mky; nra;jJ. nfhhpahtpd; Rje;jpuj;ij [g;ghd;
mDkjpj;jhYk; $l mjd; nghUshjhuk; [g;ghDila nry;thf;fpy; rpf;Fz;L
fple;jJ. mr;rHP jpUj;jq;fis me;ehl;L murp tpUk;gtpy;iy. mjd; tpisthf
fpsHr;rp Vw;gl;L mtH nfhy;yg;gl;lhH. ,jdhy; [g;ghid nfhhpaHfs;
ntWj;jdH. mg;NghJ nfhhpa kd;dH u\;a Jhjufj;jpy; jQ;rkile;jhH. ,ij
[g;ghd; ntWj;jJ. mj;Jld; u\;ahtpd; nry;thf;F mq;F ed;F tsHe;J
te;jJ. MfNt u\;ah> [g;ghd; Mfpa ,U ehfSf;fpilapy; epytpa cwtpy;
gpsT Vw;gl;lJ. gy cld;ghLfs; Vw;gl;Lk; epiyik
rhpahftpy;iy.mtHfSf;fpilapy; ,Ue;j gpzf;F NkYk; NkYk; Nkhrkile;J
nfhz;Nl nrd;wJ. mg;NghJ [g;ghd; u\;ahtplk; xU MNyhridiaj;
njhptpj;jJ. mjhtJ kQ;#hpahtpy; u\;ah jd; nry;thf;if epiyehl;bf;
nfhs;tnjd;gJk;> nfhhpahit jd;dplk; tpl;LtplNtz;Lnkd;gJk; Mfk;. me;j
MNyhrid u\;ah> [g;ghdpd; nghUshjhu Mirfis kl;Lk; nfhhpahtpy;
 153

epiwNtw;wpf; nfhs;s xg;Gf; nfhz;lJ. Mdhy; mJ murpay;> ,uhZt

Kiwfis mq;F epiyehl;l mDkjpf;ftpy;iy. ,ij [g;ghd; tpUk;ghjjhy;
mikjpg; Ngr;R thHj;ijfs; Kwpe;jd. 1904-k; Mz;L [dthpj; jpq;fs; 12-k;
ehs; kPz;Lk; [g;ghd; mNj MNyhridia u\;ahtplk; njhptpj;jJ. ,ij
u\;ah ftdpg;gjhf fhl;bf; nfhs;stpy;iy. ,ijf;fz;l [g;ghd; u\;ah kPJ
mlq;fhf; Nfhgk; nfhz;lJ. ,JNt u\;a-[g;ghpda NghUf;F kpf Kf;fpakhd
fhuzkhFk;.
5. u\;a-[g;ghdpag; NghUf;F kw;nwhU Kf;fpa fhuzk; u\;ahTk;> [g;ghDk;
fPo;j;jpir ehLfspy; Fwpg;ghf kQ;#hpahtpYk;> nfhhpahtpYk; jq;fs; jq;fs;
Mjpf;fj;ijg; ngUf;fpf; nfhs;s Nghl;bapl;lNjahFk;. Nfhhpahtpy; mtHfs;
nfhz;bUe;j nfhs;if NtWghl;il NkNy fz;Nlhk;. kQ;#hpahtpy;
,UehLfSk; Mjpf;fg; Nghl;bapypwq;fpd. rPd-[g;ghdpag; NghUf;F gpwF u\;ah
kQ;#hpa ,Ug;Gg; ghijia mikf;f rPdhtplkpUe;J rYifia ngw;wJ. mJ
1000 iky; ePsq; nfhz;l nghpa ,Ug;Gg; ghijahFk;. Mij mikf;f
Mapufzf;fhd u\;aHfs; kQ;#hpahtpy; te;jpwq;fpdH. rPdhtpy; ghf;rH fyfk;
Vw;gl;lNghJ u\;ah XNlhbr; nrd;W cjtpr; nra;J mjd; ey;nyz;zj;ijg;
ngw;wJ mg;ngUk; ,Ug;Gghijia ghJfhf;f Ntz;b u\;ah jd; gilfisAk;
mq;F mDg;gp itj;jJ. cz;ikapNyNa kQ;#hpahit fgsPfuk; nra;a
Ntz;Lnkd;gNj u\;ahtpd; Nehf;fkhFk;. rPdhtplkpUe;J nkd;NkYk;
rYiffisf; Nfhhpa u\;ahtpd; njhy;iy jhq;fhky; mJ cyf ehLfspd;
cjtpiaf; Nfl;lJ. u\;ahitg; NghyNt [g;ghDk; mjd; ,aw;if
tsq;fisg; gad;gLj;Jk; tifapy; mjpf <LghL fhl;baJ. tsHe;J tUk;
u\;ahtpd; nry;thf;F [g;ghdpd; ghJfhg;Gf;F gq;fk; Vw;gLk; vd;W fUjpa
[g;ghd; u\;ahtplk; mikjpahfr; nry;y Kad;Wk; Njhy;tp fz;lJ. ,t;thW
u\;ahTk; [g;ghDk; kQ;#hpahtpy; jq;fs; jq;fs; Mjpf;fj;ijf epiyehl;l
Nghl;bapl;Lf; nfhz;lJ NghUf;F top tFj;jJ.
6. 1902-k; Mz;by; Vw;gl;l Mq;fpNya-[g;ghdpa cld;gbf;ifahdJ u\;ahtpd;
tsHe;JtUk; nry;thf;iff; fz;L gakile;j me;ehLfspuz;Lk; Vw;gLj;jpf;
nfhz;l xd;whFk;. u\;ahtplk; mikjpahfr; nry;tjw;F khwhf ,q;fpyhe;Jld;
nra;J nfhz;l ,t;Tld;gbf;ifia gy [g;ghdpaHfs; fz;bj;jdH.
u\;ahtpw;W epiyahd xU ez;gd; ,y;yhjNghJ ,t;Tld;gbf;ifahdJ
Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. ,jdhy; [g;ghDf;F Gjpa njk;Gk;> MHtKk;> ek;gpf;ifAk;
Vw;gl;lJ.
7. Nka;[p kPl;rpf;Fg; gpwF ehnlq;fpYk; ehl;Lg;gw;W tsHe;J tuyhapw;W. typik
nghUe;jpa ehlhf khwNtz;Lkhdhy; [g;ghdpd; ,uhZtk; etPd Kiwapy;
mikf;fg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk; vd;gij mJ czHe;jJ. ehl;by; cs;s vy;yh
 154

epWtdq;fSk; etPdkakhf;fg;gl;ld. ,e;j etPdkakhjy; (me;ehl;L

kf;fsplj;jpy; jsuhj jd;dk;gpf;ifia cz;lhf;fpaJ. jq;fs; Nguhjpf;f
tsHr;rpf;F vJ Kl;Lf;fl;ilahf ,Ue;jhYk; mij Kwpj;J vwpNthk; vd;W
mtHfs; tPWnfhz;L vOe;jhHfs;. vdNt [g;ghd; mtHfSf;F
Kl;Lf;fl;ilahf epw;fNt mij Kwpabf;f mtHfs; mjDld; Nghhpy;
<Lgl;lhHfs;.
8. u\;a-[g;ghdpag; NghUf;F kw;nwhU Kf;fpa fhuzk; [g;ghdpd; ehLgpbf;Fk;
MirNa MFk;. [g;ghDf;F rPdhitj; jtpu> NtW ,lj;jpy; jd; Mjpf;fj;ij
gug;Gtjw;F ,lkpy;iy. jd; nry;thf;if mq;F tphpthf;fp> jd;Dila
tsHe;JtUk; kf;fs; njhifia mq;F FbNawr; nra;J jd; ehl;by;
cw;gj;jpahFk; nghUl;fis mq;F epug;gp tho tpUg;gk; nfhz;lJ. rpwg;ghf
mjd; fz;fSf;F nfhhpahTk; kQ;#hpahTk; jFjpahd ,lq;fshff;
fhl;rpaspj;jd. me;j ,lq;fis mjw;F toq;f kWf;fNt> mJ
nghWikapoe;jJ: nghq;fp vOe;jJ> Nghhpy; <Lgl;lJ.
NghH epfo;r;rpfs;
u\;ahTf;Fk; [g;ghDf;Fk; ,ilNa epytpa cwtpy; gpsT Vw;gl;ljhy; NghH
Muk;gkhapw;W. 1904-k; Mz;L gpg;uthp jpq;fs; 8>9 k; ehl;fspd; es;sputpy; [g;ghd;
jd;Dila gilfis nfhhpahtpw;F mDg;gpaJ. Nfhhpahtpd; jiyefuhd nrTiy
Kw;Wifapl;L MHjH JiwKfj;ij jhf;f mJ jpl;lkpl;lJ. gpuhd;];> n[Hkdp
Mfpa ehLfspypUe;J cjtpia vjpHghHj;j u\;ah Vkhw;wk; milaNt jdpahf
[g;ghid jhf;f Kw;gl;lJ. Nk jpq;fs; Kjyhk; ehsl rpy [g;ghdpa tPuHfs;
u\;ahtpw;F Fj;jiff;F tplg;gl;l rpy gFjpfis (njd; kQ;#hpahtpd mUfpy;
cs;sit) Kw;Wifapl;lhHfs;. u\;aHfis MHjH JiwKfj;jpypUe;J
tpul;babf;Fk; gzp Muk;gkhapw;W.
[g;ghdpd; rhHgpy; chpa+ vd;w fg;gw;gilj; jsgjpAk; NlhNfh vd;w
jiug;gilj; jsgjpAk; fye;J nfhz;ldH. MHjH JiwKfj;jpy; eilngw;w NghH
fLikahf ,Ue;jJ. ,U jug;gpYk; fLk; Nrjq;fs; tpise;jd. mg;Nghuhl;lk; 6
ehl;fs; njhlHe;J eilngw;wJ. MHjH JiwKfk; tpohjjhy; kw;nwhU jsgjp
ifkhKuh mq;F te;J NrHe;jhH. mg;NghJ tpdhbth];lhf; efuKk; jhf;fg;gl;lJ.
MHjH JiwKf Kw;Wifia Kwpabf;f kf;fhuhg; vd;w u\;a jsgjp Kdte;jhH.
NghH njhlHe;J eilngw;wJ. NlhNfhtpd; jhf;Fjy;fSf;F jhq;fhky; u\;af;
fg;gy;fSk; mope;jd. u\;a jsgjpAk; khz;L NghdhH. vdpDk; u\;aHfs; gyj;j
vjpHg;igf; nfhLj;jdH. vdNt [g;ghdpauhy; MHjH JiwKfj;jpYk;
tpshbth];lhfpYk; Eioa Kbatpy;iy.
mNj rkaj;jpy; [g;ghdpa gilfs; nrTypy; Nghhpl;L nfhz;bUe;jd.
[g;ghdpag; gilfspd; vz;zpf;ifNa fzf;fpylq;fh. mtHfs; ngw;w gapw;rpNah
 155

nrhy;Yk; jukd;W. mtHfs; nfhz;bUe;j MAjq;fNsh mstpylq;fh. Mij

NghyNt u\;ahtplKk; Vuhskhd gil tPuHfs; ,Ue;jdH. u\;ah ,g;NghUf;F
Fiwe;j tPuHfis mDg;gp tpl;L kPjpAs;stHfis INuhg;gpa vjphpfisf;
fz;fhzpf;fg; gad;gLj;jpaJ. MHjH JiwKfj;jpYk; tpshbth];lhf;fpYk; NghH
eilngw;W;f nfhz;bUe;j NghNj FNuhfpapd; jiyikapy; xU gil
tlnfhhpahit Kw;Wifapl;L> gpd;ahq; vd;w efiuf; ifg;gw;wpaJ. mjd; gpd;dH
ahYejpapd; fiuapy; jq;fpapUe;j u\;ag; gilia jhf;f Kw;gl;lhH. mg;NghJjhd;
u\;ahtpd; jiyikj; jsgjpahd FNuhghfpd; mq;F te;J NrHe;jhH. ,U jug;G
gilfSk; ahY ejpapd; Jiz ejpahd IN`htpy; NghUf;Fj; jahuhf
mzptFj;J epd;wd. NghH Muk;gpj;jJ. ntw;wp kfd; [g;ghidr; Rw;wp tl;lkpl;Lf;
nfhz;bUe;jhd;. vdNt mtHfs; u\;ag; gilfisg; gpd;dilar; nra;J fpQ;Nja;>
,f;fpa+hp> xNrfpj; jPT> RNfhijj; jPT kw;Wk; gy ,lq;fisAk; ifg;gw;wpf;
nfhz;ldH. ,jpy; [g;ghd; ngU ntw;wp ngw;wJ. ,g;Nghhpy; [g;ghdpahpd; gf;fk;
Mapuk; NgUk;> u\;ahtpd; gf;fk; %thapuk; NgUk; nfhy;yg;gl;ldH.
u\;ag; gilfSf;Fk; [g;ghdpag; gilfSf;Fk; NghH Mq;fhq;Nf eilg;ngw;Wf;
nfhz;bUe;jd. Nk jpq;fs; Kjyhk; ehs; kw;nwhU [g;ghdpaf; flw;gil xd;W
jsgjp xF (Oku) jiyikapd; fPo; njw;F kQ;#hpahtpy; ypNahLq; vd;w ,lj;ij
te;jilej;J. kw;Wk; jsgjp nehj;R (Nodzu) jiyikapy; kw;nwhu gilt e;J
NrHe;jJ. Nk jpq;fs; 26-k; ehs; [g;ghdpaH ehd;\d; (Nanshen) vd;w u\;ag;
Nghf;Fuj;Jj; jsj;ij Jz;bj;jdH. mtHfis MHjH JiwKfj;jpypUe;J
ntspNaw;w epidj;J fLk; Nghhpy; ,wq;fpdH. mjd; gpd;dH [Piy 31-k;
ehspypUe;J njhlHe;J rpy ehl;fspy; vQ;rpapUe;j [g;ghdpag; gilfs; Vwf;Fiwa
1>23>000 tPuHfs; 1>58>000 tPuHfisf; nfhz;L tpsq;fpa u\;aj; jsgjp
FNuhghfpd;id Kf;ld; vd;w ,lj;jpw;F njw;fpy; re;jpj;jd. Kf;ld; vd;gJ
kQ;#hpahtpd; jiyefukhFk;. Mf];L jpq;fs; 23-k; whspypUe;J nrg;lk;gH jpq;fs;
3-k; whs; tiu ypNahahq; vd;w ,lj;jpy; fLk; NghUk; (The Battle of Liaoyang)
mjd; gpd;dH Kf;ldpy; 1905-k; Mz;L gpg;uthp jpq;fs; 23-k; ehspypUe;J khHr;
jpq;fs; 19k; ehs; tiu kw;nwhU NghUk; (The Battle of Mukden) eilngw;wd.
Kf;ld; Nghhpy; Kjd;Kjyhf [g;ghd; u\;ahittpl mjpf tPuHfisg;
ngw;wpUe;jJ. [g;ghdpd; gf;fk; 4>00>000 tPuHfSk; u\;ahtpd; gf;fk; 3>25>000
tPuHfSk; ,Ue;jdH. ,Ujug;Gg; gilfSk; fLikahf Nkhjpf; nfhz;ld.
,g;Nghhpy; u\;ah gLNjhy;tp mile;jJ. Njhy;tp Nky; Njhy;tp fz;l u\;ah
Kf;ld; Nghhpy; Kw;wpYk; Kwpabf;fg;gl;lJ. ,g;Nghiu cyf tuyhw;wpy; kpfr;
rpsg;G tha;e;j Nghuhf tuyhw;whrphpaHfs; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shHfs;. ,g;Nghhpd; ntw;wpf;F
[g;ghdpaf; flw;gilj; jsgjp NlhNfhtpd; kde;jsuhikAk; Cf;fKk; tplh
 156

Kaw;rpAk; tPur;nraYNk fhuzq;fshFk;. Kf;ld; NghHf;fsk; xU ePz;l

NghHf;fskhFk;. ,ijr; rkhspf;f u\;aHfshy; Kbatpy;iy. vdNt mtHfs;
Njhy;tpiaj; jOtpf; nfhz;ldH.
Kf;ld; Nghhpy; Kwpabf;fg;gl;Ls;s u\;ah kPz;LnkhU ngUk; Nghhpy;
Njhy;tpiaf; fz;lJ. mJjhd; #rpkh ( Tsushima) vd;w flw;NghuhFk;. Mg;Nghhpy;
jsgjp NlhNfh jd; KOj; jpwikiaAk; jd; Nguhw;wiyAk;> Nghuhw;wiyAk;
fhl;bdhH. u\;ag; gilfisj; jsgjp NlhNfh #rpkhr; rz;ilapy; (The Battle of
Tsushima) Njhw;fbj;jhH. u\;ahtpd; flw;gil gLehrj;jpw;Fs;shfpaJ.
mtHfSila ghy;bf; fly; fg;gw;gilj;jsk; rpd;dhgpd;dkhf;fg;gl;lJ. khtPud;
neg;NghypaDf;Fk; jsgjp ney;rDf;Fk; ele; bughy;fH NghUf;Fg;gpd; etPd NghHf;
fg;gy;fisg; gad;gLj;jpa Kjy; NghH #rpkhg; NghNuahFk;. MfNt ,g;NghH
u\;a-[g;ghdpag; Nghhpd; jiytpjpia epHzapj;jJ vd;why; mJ kpifahfhJ.
,j;Jld; NghUk; KbTw;wJ.
mikjpia Nehf;fp
u\;a-[g;ghdpag; NghH eilngw;Wf; nfhz;bUe;jNghNj mikjpg;
Ngr;RthHj;ijfisg; gw;wp mt;tpU ehLfSk; rpe;jpj;Jf; nfhz;bUe;jd. NkYk;
nghpa ty;yurhd u\;ah rpwpa ehlhd [g;ghdplk; gLNjhy;tp mile;j nra;jp
cyf ehLfspilNa gugug;ig %l;bd. njhlHe;J eilngw;W te;j NghHfspdhy;
[g;ghdpd; nry;tk; rPuope;jJ. ,jdhy; ehl;by; kdf;frg;G tsHe;jJ.
,r;#o;epiyapy; ,U ehLfSk; mikjpia Nehf;fp mbnaLj;J itj;jd.
mnkhpf;f FbauR jiytH &];nty;l; vd;gtH jiyaPll
; hy; ,U
ehLfSf;fpilapy; mikjpg; Ngr;RthHj;ijfs; 1905-k; Mz;L [{d; jpq;fs; 3-k;
ehs; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;ld. u\;a kd;dH ,uz;lhk; epf;Nfhy]; mjpy; fye;J
nfhz;lhH. ,t;thW Jha gPl;lH];gHf;Fk; Nlhf;fpNahTk; 1905-k; Mz;L nrg;lk;gH
jpq;fs; 5-k; whs; NghHl;];kTj; cld;gbf;ifapy; ifnaOj;jpl;ld.
ghHl;]k
; Tj; cld;gbf;if (Treaty of Portsmouth)
NghHl;]k
; Tj; cld;bf;ifiag; gw;wp fpisLk; gPH]{k; fPo;fz;lthW
Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sdH. “,t;Tld;gbf;ifahdJ Jhuf;fpof;F ehLfspd; jw;fhy
tuyhw;wpy; Vw;gl;l Kf;fpaNjhH cld;gbf;ifahFk;. ,g;Nghiu ePl;bg;gjhy;
ahnjhU gaDkpy;iy vd;gij ,U rhuhUk; czHe;jdH. cz;ikapNyNa
,t;Tld;gbf;if kQ;#hpahtpy; u\;;a [g;ghdpahpd; el;Gwtpw;F ey;topia
mikj;Jf; nfhLj;jJ”. Nghhpd; Kbtpy; ,t;Tld;gbf;if Vw;gl;lJ.
tpjpfs;
1. nfhhpahtpy;> [g;ghDila murpay;> nghUshjhu uhZt chpikfis
u\;ah mDkjpj;jJ.
 157

2. ypNahLq; jPgfw;gj;jpy; jhd; mDgtpj;J te;j chpikfis [g;ghDf;F

khw;wptpl u\;ah xg;Gf; nfhz;lJ. NkYk; MHjH JiwKfj;ijAk;
Kf;lidAk; njhlHG gLj;Jk; my;yJ ,izf;Fk; ,Ug;Gg;ghijiaAk;
mjw;Fj;; jUtjhf xg;Gf; nfhz;lJ.
3. 1875-k; Mz;by; u\;ah ifg;gw;wp rfhypd; jPit [g;ghDf;FjpUg;gpj;ju
xg;Gfl nfhz;lJ. mjpy; kPd; gpbf;Fk; chpikAk; mjw;Ff; fpilj;jJ.
4. u\;ahTk; [g;ghDk; jq;fs; gilfis kQ;#hpahtplkpUe;J 18
khjq;fSf;Fs; jpUg;gpg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;sr; rk;kjpjd. Jq;fSila
,Ug;Gg;ghijfis ghJfhf;f mitfs; gilfis itj;Jf; nfhs;syhk;.
5. Kq;#hpahtpy; thzpfk;> njhopy; ,itfspd; tsHr;rpf;fhf vy;yh
ehLfSf;Fk; nghJthd eltbf;iffis rPdh vLj;Jf;nfhs;Skhdhy;
mij u\;ahTk;> [g;ghDk; kWf;ff; $lhJ.
6. kQ;#hpahtpYs;s ,Ug;Gg;ghijfis tzpf Nghf;Ftuj;Jf;F kl;LNk
gad;gLj;jpf; nfhs;tJ vd;Wk; kw;w murpay; ,uhZt Nehf;fq;fSf;Fg;
gad;gLj;Jtjpy;iy vd;Wk; ,U ehLfSk; xg;Gf;nfhz;ld.
7. ,uz;L ehLfSk; fhrpy;yh EioTr; rPl;Lf; nfhs;ifia rkkhf vy;yh
ehLfsplj;jpYk; guhkhpg;gJ vd;W Vw;Wf; nfhz;ld.
Nghhpd; tpisTfs;
1. u\;a-[g;ghdpag; Nghhpd; tpisthf nfhhpahTk; kQ;#hpahTk; [g;ghdpd;
trkhapd. u\;a Mgj;jdhJ kiwe;jJ. [g;ghd; jd;Dila ,uhZt
MNyhrfHfisf; nfhhpahtpy; epakpj;jJ. kQ;#hpahtpd; njd;gFjp
[g;ghdpd; nry;thf;F fl;Lg;ghl;Lf;Fs; nfhz;L tug;gl;lJ.
2. mnkhpf;fhtpw;Fk; [g;ghDf;Fk; ,ilNa epytp te;j cwT Kwpa
Muk;gpj;jJ. mnkhpf;fhtpd; nry;thf;F [g;ghdhy; jilg;gl;L tpLNkh vd
mJ mQ;rpaJ.
3. [g;ghdpy; murpay; khw;wk; Vw;gl;lJ. Nghhpy; mJ jd; nry;tk; vy;yhk;
,oe;jJ. cld;gbf;ifapd; NghJ e\;l-<L Nfl;Fk;gb kf;fs; tw;GWj;jpAk;
muR nrtpld; fhjpy; Cjpa rq;F Nghy ,Ue;Jtpl;lJ. ,jdhy; ntWg;Gw;w
kf;fs; rpwpJ ehl;fSf;Fg; gpwF murhq;fj;ij khw;wpdhHfs.
Mg;NghjpUe;jJ fl;#uh mikr;ruitahFk;.
4. [g;ghdpd; ngUik; gd;dhl;L murpay; muq;fpy; njhpayhapw;W. hpr;rHL
];Nlhhp $WtJ Nghy cyf ty;yuRfspy; xd;whf [g;ghd; tpiutpNyNa
vOr;rp ngw;wJ. me;ehLfshy; ghuhl;lg;gld vd;gJ cz;ikahFk;. ,jdhy;
NkYk; NkYk; jd; Nguhjpf;ff; nfhs;ifia tphpthf;Fk; vz;zj;jpNyNa
,Ue;J te;jJ.
 158

5. Nfhhpah kQ;#hpah Mfpa ehLfspy; tskhd gFjpfisg; ngw;w [g;ghd;

nghUshjhuj;jpy; Kd;Ndw;wk; mila toptFj;Jf; nfhz;lJ. nghUshjhu
Kd;Ndw;wk; Vw;glNt kf;fspd; tho;f;ifj;juKk; caHe;jJ.
6. Nghhpd; tpisthf u\;ah Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;lJ. ,J INuhg;gpa murpay;
muq;fpy; gy khw;wq;fisf; nfhz;L te;jJ. Muk;gj;jpy; [g;ghd;
Njhw;WtpLk; vd;W fUjpajhy; INuhg;gpa ehLfs; ,g;Nghhpy; mf;fiw
fhl;ltpy;iy. u\;ah Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;lTlNd cyfNk tpag;gpy; Mo;e;jJ.
Nghhpdhy; [g;ghDf;F mjpf ed;ikfSk; gyd;fSk; fpilj;jd vd;W
NkNy fz;Nlhk;. Mdhy; u\;ahTf;F mjpf e\;lq;fSk; jPikfSNk
Vw;gl;ld. u\;ahtpy; tsHe;J tUk; Mrpa nry;thf;F jil nra;ag;gl;lJ.
u\;ahitg; nghWj;jkl;by; ,J 1914-k; Mz;L rPdhtpy; ngw;wpUe;j
nry;thf;fpid ,oe;jJ. gd;dhl;L murpaypy; mJ ngUik Fd;wp epd;wJ.
NkYk; ,g;NghH u\;ahtpd; ,uhZt fg;gw;gilfspd; jpwikapd;ikia
cyFf;F ntspg;gLj;jpaJ. ,jdhy; u\;ahtpy; cs;ehl;Lg;NghH Vw;gl;lJ.
mJ 1917-k; Mz;by; Vw;gl;l u\;ag; Gul;rpapy; Ngha; KbTw;wJ.
njhopyhsHfspilNa mikjpapd;ik Vw;gl;lJ. rhH kd;dhpd; ngUik
Fd;wpaJ. kdr;frg;G> ntWg;G> mikjpapd;ik ehl;by; Fbnfhz;ld.
tpUg;gj;jpw;F khwhf rhH u\;a kf;fSf;F rpy rPHjpUj;jq;fis mspf;f
Ntz;bapUe;jJ.
7. [g;ghd;> kQ;#hpah> u\;ah> rPdh Mfpa ehLfspy; tpisTfis Vw;gLj;jpa
,g;Nghh; INuhg;gpa ehLfisAk; tpl;L itf;ftpy;iy. INuhg;ghtpYk;
MrpahtpYk; epytp te;j ty;yuR rkepiyapy; (Balance of Power) fyq;fk;
Vw;gl;lJ. mjw;F CW Neh;e;jJ> u\;ah fPNo js;sg;gl;lJk; mjdhy;
cz;lhd ntw;wplj;ij epug;Gtjw;Fg; Nghl;b Vw;gl;lJ. [g;ghd; ty;yurhf
cyf murpaypy; gtdp te;jJ. mnkhpf;fhTf;Fk; [g;ghDf;Fkpilapyhd
cwtpy; gpsT Vw;gl;lJ. rPdhtpy; rPHjpUj;j ,af;fq;fs; Njhd;wyhapd. rPd
khztHfSk; [g;ghdpaiu Kd;khjphpahff; nfhz;L mtHfisg; Nghy
tsHr;rp mila vz;zp mq;F nrd;wdH. mq;F fw;Wj; jpUk;gpa mtHfs;
rPdhtpy; Gul;rpia Vw;gLj;jpdhHfs;.
8. ,g;Nghhpd; tisthf cyfpd; gy gFjpfspy; tpLjiy ,af;fq;fs;
kyHe;jd. ,e;jpahtpYk; mJ Vw;gl;lJ. ,e;Njh-rPdh fpof;F ,e;jpaj;
jPTfs; Mfpa ,lq;fisAk; mJ tpl;L itf;ftpy;iy. mitfSk;
jq;fSila Nguhir gpbj;j Nguhjpf;f ehLfspd; gpbapypUe;J tpLgl
vz;zpd.
9. ,g;Nghhpd; tpisthf u\;ahtpd; jpwikapd;ik cyFf;F
vLj;Jf;fhl;lg;gl;lJ vd;W fz;Nlhk;. vdNt u\;ah ,q;fpyhe;Jld; xU
 159

cld;gbf;ifr; nra;J nfhz;lJ ,jw;F Mq;fpNya-u\;a cld;gbf;if

(Anglo-Russian Convention)vd;W ngaH.
u\;ah Njhy;tp mile;jjw;fhd fhuzq;fs;
typTk;> nghypTk; ngw;W tpsq;fpa nghpa ehlhd u\;ah Rz;ilf;fha; ehlhd
[g;ghdplk; Njhy;tpaile;jjhy; cyfNk tpag;gpy; Mo;e;jJ. mjw;Fhpa
fhuzq;fshtd>
Kjyhtjhf> u\;ahtpw;Fk;> [g;ghDf;Fk; kdf;frg;G Vw;gl;l NghjpYk; $l
u\;ah Nghiu vjpHghHf;ftpy;iy. MfNt mJ jd;Dil ,uhZtj;ijg;
gyg;gLj;jhky; thshtpUe;Jtpl;lJ. mNj Neuj;jpy; [g;ghd; vd;whtJ xU ehs;
u\;ahtpd; kPJ NghH njhLj;Nj Mf Ntz;Lk; vd;w vz;zj;jpy; nray;gl;lJ.
jpBnud;W jhf;fpa [g;ghid u\;ah jLf;fKbahky; jpzwpaJ.
,uz;lhtjhf> u\;ahtpw;Fg; gzneUf;fb Vw;gl;lJ. gpuhd;rpd; cjtpia
vjpHghHj;J mJ Vkhe;jJ. mr;rkaj;jpy; cs;ehl;Lj; njhy;iyfSk; mij neUf;fpf;
nfhz;bUe;jd. ,Ujiyf;nfhs;sp vWk;G Nghyhd u\;ah> neUg;gpypl;l GOitg;Nghy
Jbj;Jf; nfhz;bUe;jJ. vdNt mJ Njhy;tpia jOtpf; nfhz;lJ.
%d;whtjhf> kQ;#hpahtpy; NghH eilngw;Wf; nfhz;bUe;j NghJ [g;ghdpag;
gilfSf;Fj; Njitahd MAjq;fs;> czTg;nghUl;fs; tpiytpy; fpilj;jd.
Vnddpy; [g;ghd; kQ;#hpahtpd; mUfpy; cs;sJ. u\;ah njhiytpy; cs;sjhy;
mjw;Fj; Njitahd NghHj; jsthlq;fs;> czTg;nghUl;fs; fpilf;fhky; jpzwpaJ.
njhlHG nfhs;sTk; mjdhy; Kbatpy;iy.
Ehd;fhtjhf> [g;ghd; Mq;fpNya-[g;ghdpa cld;ghl;by; NrHe;jpUe;jjhy;
,q;fpyhe;jpd; MjuT mjw;Ff; fpilj;jJ. Mdhy; u\;ahTld; NrHe;jpUe;j ehLfshd
n[HkdpAk; gpuhd;Rk; ,q;fpyhe;jpd; gifikiaj; Njbf;nfhs;s tpUk;gtpy;iy.
mnkhpf;fhTk; jiyaplhky; ,Ue;Jtpl;lJ. ,jdhy; [g;ghd; ntw;wp ngw;wJ. u\;ah
Njhy;tp mile;jJ.
,t;thW u\;a-[g;ghdpag; NghH [g;ghdpd; nry;thf;if Mrpahtpy;
kl;Lkpy;yhky; cyfpNyNa epiyehl;btpl;lJ vd;g Jed;F tpsq;Fk;. u\;ahtpw;F
cs;ehl;bYk; ntsp cyfpYk; gy gpur;ridfis mg;NghH cz;lhf;fptpl;lJ.
[g;ghDk; nfhhpahTk;
[g;ghDf;Fk; nfhhpahTf;FkpilNa 16-k; Ehw;whz;bypUe;Nj njhlHG tsu
Muk;gpj;jJ. me;j Ehw;whz;by;jhd; [g;ghd; nfhhpahtpd; kPJ jd; filf;fz;
ghHitiar; nrYj;jpaJ. nfhhpah [g;ghdpd; nry;thf;fpy; tho;it Nehf;fp eilNghl
Muk;gpj;jJ. [g;ghidg; NghyNt rPdhTk; nfhhpahtpy; jd; nry;thf;if nrYj;j
Kw;gl;lJ. [g;ghd; ntspehLfSld; jd;Dila cwtpid Jz;bj;Jf;nfhz;L
fjTfis ,Wf %bf;nfhz;L tho;e;j 200 Mz;Lfspy; mjDila nry;thf;fhdJ
nfhhpahtpy; Fiwayhapw;W> mJ nry;yhf;fhrhf kjpf;fg;gl;lJ. mNj rkaj;jpy;
 160

rPdhtpd; nry;thf;Fg; ngUfpaJ. Nka;[p kPl;rpf;Fg; gpwF [g;ghd; jdpik tho;it

Kbj;Jf; nfhz;L ntsp cyfpy; fhyb vLj;J itj;jNghJ kPz;Lk; mJ
nfhhpahitf; fhz tpioe;jJ. nka;[p kd;dH nfhhpahtpy; jd; Mjpf;fj;ij
epiyehl;l Kaw;rp nra;jhH. nfhhpah kf;fs; mijf; fz;L nfhjpg;gile;jdH. ,e;j
mtkhdj;ij [g;ghdpd; Njrpathjpfs; nghWj;Jf; nfhs;stpy;iy. nka;[p kd;dH
nfhhpahtpd; nfhl;lj;ij mlf;f jf;f jUzj;ij vjpH Nehf;fpapUe;jhH.
1870-f;Fk; 1873f;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l Mz;Lfspy; [g;ghd; kWgbAk; nfhhpahtpy;
tzpf cwTfis Nkw;nfhs;s Kaw;rp nra;jJ. Mdhy; Njhy;tpNa fz;lJ.
,jw;fpilapy; rPdhTk; [g;ghDk; nfhhpahtpy; Mf;fpukpg;G jtpHg;Gf; nfhs;ifiaf;
filg;gpbj;jdH. Mdhy; [g;ghd; nfhhpahitj; jd;Dila nry;thf;F kz;lj;jpd; fPo;
nfhz;LtuNtz;Lnkd;w vz;zj;ij kwf;fNtapy;iy. mr;rkaj;jpy; ele;j
epfo;rr
; pnahd;W [g;ghdpd; Mjpf;fj;ijj; Jhz;btpl;lJ. 1875-k; Mz;byl
nfhhpaHfspd; Jg;ghf;fpg; gilfshy; [g;ghdpa fg;gnyhd;W jPf;fpiuahf;fg;gl;lJ.
vdNt [g;ghdpaH nfhhpah kPJ NghH njhLj;jdH. mtHfs; mq;fpUe;j xU
JiwKfj;ijf; ifg;gw;wpdH. ,jw;fpilapy; [g;ghd; ,uz;L JhJf; FOf;fis xd;W
gPfpq;fpw;Fk; kw;nwhd;W nfhhpahtpw;Fkhf mDg;gpitj;jJ. ,Wjpapy; [g;ghDf;Fk;
nfhhpahTf;FkpilNa xU xg;ge;jk; epiwNtwpaJ. Mjd; %yk; [g;ghd; nfhhpahtpy;
xU MNyhrfiu itj;Jf; nfhs;Sk; chpikiag; ngw;wJ. ,U ehLfspd;
mikr;rHfSk; gu];guk; jq;fSf;Fs; fUj;Jf;fis gwpkhwpf; nfhs;sTk; ehLfis
Rw;wpg; ghHf;fTk; xg;Gf; nfhz;lhHfs;. nfhhpah rpy JiwKfq;fis [g;ghDf;F
jpwe;J tpl;lJ. tzpf cwtpid Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhs;sTk; mJ ,irT je;jJ.
,e;epiy ePbf;ftpy;iy. nfhhpahtpd; kd;dH kf;fis [g;ghDf;nfjpuhfj;
Jhz;btpl;lhH. rPdhTk; mtHfSf;F cjtp nra;jJ. goikthjpfSf;Fk;
rPHjpUj;jthjpfSf;Fkpilapy; fUj;J NtWghLfs; NtW Vw;gl;ld. rPdh mikjpiag;
ghJfhf;f Kw;gl;lJ. ,jw;Fs; rpy [g;ghdpaHfs; nfhhpaHfshy; nfhiy
nra;ag;gl;ldH. [g;ghdpaH kPPJ td;Kiwr; nray;fis elj;jpdH. Jq;fs;
clikfisAk; capiuAk; fhg;ghw;wpf; nfhs;Sk; nghUl;L [g;ghdpaHfs;
nfhhpahtpypue;J ntspNawpdH. ,ijf;fz;L gPjp mile;j [g;ghd; nfhhpahtpw;F gy
Nfhhpf;iffs; nfhz;l gj;jpuk; xd;iw jhf;fPJ nra;jJ. mjpy; [g;ghdplk; nfhhpah
kd;dpg;Gf; Nfhu Ntz;Lnkd;Wk; [g;ghdpaH gLnfhiyf;Ff; fhuzkhd nfhhpaHfis
jz;bf;f Ntz;Lnkd;Wk; nfhhpahtpYs;s [g;ghdpaHfSf;Fk; mtHfSila
nrhj;Jf;fSf;Fk; ghJfhg;gspf;f Ntz;Lnkd;Wk; nfhhpaHfshy; nfy;yg;gl;l
[g;ghdpaHfs; FLk;gq;fSf;Fj; jf;f Kiwapy; ,og;gPl;Lj; njhif
toq;fNtz;Lnkd;Wk; me;j gj;jpuj;jpy; Fwpg;gpl;bUe;jhHfs;. ,itfis Vw;Wf;
nfhs;s nfhhpah kWj;jJ. ,r;#o;epiyia rkhspf;Fk; nghUl;L rPdh ey;Ywit
Vw;gLj;j Kaw;rp nra;jJ. ,ij [g;ghd; mDkjpf;ftpy;iy. ,ij [g;ghd;
 161

mDkjpf;ftpy;iy. kPz;Lk; jd; Nfhhpf;iffis typAWj;JtjpNyNa mJ fz;Zk;

fUj;Jkha; ,Ue;jJ. ,Wjpahf> 1882-k; Mz;L Mf];L jpq;fs; 30-k; whs; nfhhpah
[g;ghDld; nrk;GNyh cld;gbf;ifiar; nra;J nfhz;lJ. ,t;Tld;gbf;ifapd;
%yk; nfhhpahtpy; [g;ghd; jd; gilfis itj;Jf; nfhs;s mDkjp ngw;wJ.
mg;gilfSf;fhd nryit nfhhpahNt Vw;Wf;nfhz;lJ.
,t;Tld;gbf;ifapd; tisthf rPd MjuthsHfSf;Fk; [g;ghdpd;
MjuthsHfSf;Fk; ,ilNa fUj;J NtWghLfs; mjpfkhff fhzg;gl;ld. MfNt
,UehLfspd; cwtpYk; tphpry; Vw;gl;lJ. 1884-k; Mz;L [g;ghdpaHfs;
mtHfSila MjuthsHfspd; cjtpapy; Gjpa murhq;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jpdH. rPdhTk;
mjpy; jiyapl;ljpd; tpisthf 1885-y; bad;]pd; cld;gbf;if Vw;gl;lJ. ,Ug;gpDk;
,e;j ,f;fl;lhd #o;epiy kiwatpy;iy. MfNt rPd-[g;ghdpag; NghH 1894-95k;
Mz;Lfspy; Vw;gl;lJ. mjd; ,Wjpapy; \pNkhdhn]fp cld;gbf;if Kbthapw;W
vd;W Kd;dNu fz;Nlhk;. Mjd; tpisthf 1902-k; Mz;by; Mq;fpNya-[g;ghdpag;
el;GwT cld;ghL Kbthapw;W. [g;ghd; rPdhitf; fhl;bYk; nfhhpahtpy; nry;thf;F
ngw;W tpsq;fpaJ. Mdhy; mg;NghJ nfhhpahtpy; fpsHr;rp Vw;glNt murp
nfhy;yg;gl;lhH. kd;dH u\;aJhjufj;jpy; milf;fyk; GFe;jhH. mjpypUe;J u\;ahtpd;
nry;thf;F mq;F tsu Muk;gpj;jJ. ,ijf; fz;l [g;ghd; gPjp mile;jJ. vdpDk;
[g;ghd; u\;ahit mZfp jhd; nfhhpah kPJ nfhz;l Mtiy ntspg;gLj;jpaJ. 1896-
k; Mz;by; [{d; 5-k; whspy; afkhjh-NyhgNdht; xg;ge;jk; (Yamagata-Lobanoff
Protocol) mt;tpU ehLfSf;fpilapy; ifnaOj;jhapw;W. mt;nthg;ge;jj;jpd; gb
nfhhpahtpy; mikjpia epiyehl;l kd;dH vLj;Jf;nfhs;Sk; Kaw;rpfSf;F
Mjutspg;gJ> epjp neUf;fbiar; rPuhf;FtJ> nfhhpahtpy; ,U ehLfSk; ,ize;J
epjprhHe;j rPHjpUj;jq;fisf; nfhz;L tur; nra;tJ Nghd;wit KbT nra;ag;gl;lJ.
1898-k; Mz;L Vg;uy; jpq;fs; 28-k; ehs; kPz;Lk; ,U ehLfSk; $b ep\pNuuhr
xg;ge;jj;ij (Nishi-Rosen Convention) Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhz;lJ. mjd;gb nfhhpahtpd;
,iwikiaAk; Rje;jpuj;ijAk; fhg;gjhf ,UehLfSk; cWjpnkhop mspj;jd.
[g;ghDf;Fk; nfhhpahTf;FkpilNa eilngw;W tUk; thzpf> njhopy; cwTfspy;
jiyapLtjpy;iy vd;W u\;ah thf;FWjpaspj;jJ. ,t;TwT 1904-k; Mz;L u\;ah-
[g;ghdpag; NghH Vw;gLfpd;w tiuapYk; ePbj;jJ. mg;Nghhpy; rpwpa ehlhd [g;ghdplk;
nghpa ehlhd u\;ah gLNjhy;tp mile;jJ. ,t;Tld;gbf;ifapd; kw;nwhU
tpisthFk;. ,t;thW nfhhpahtpy; rpwg;ghd nry;thf;F [g;ghd; ngw;wpUe;jJ.
[g;ghDk; Kjy; cyfg;NghUk;
u\;a-[g;ghdpag; NghUf;Fg;gpd; [g;ghdpd; ngUik Fd;wpd; kPJ ,l;l
tpsf;ifg;Nghy RlHtpl;Lg; gpufhrpj;jJ. rPdhtpy; mjd; nry;thf;Fg; ngUfpaJ.
nfhhpahitAk;> kQ;#hpahtpy; njd;gFjpiaAk; ngw;wjhy; mJ nghUshjhuj;ij
tsKilajhf;fpf; nfhz;lJ. ,r;#o;epiyapy; mJ jd; Nguhjpf;fj;ij tsHf;f
 162

Kw;gl;lJ. mg;NghJ Vw;gl;l Kjy; cyfg;NghH mjw;F tug;gpurhjkhf mike;jJ.

INuhg;gpa ehLfs; Nghhpy; <Lgl;bUe;j Neuj;jpy; [g;ghd; jd; Mjpf;f tsHr;rpapy;
jPtpu ftdk; nrYj;jpaJ. NghH KbTw;w gpwF [g;ghd; MrpahtpNy kpfg; nghpa
typik nghUe;jpa ehlhfj; jpfo;e;jJ.
Kjy; cyfg;NghH gy fhuzq;fshy; Vw;gl;lJ vd;W $wpdhYk; $l mjw;F
cldbf; fhuzkhf mike;jJ M];jphpahtpd; ,sturH MHr;ba+f; gpuhd;rp];
ngHbdhz;Lk; mtUila kidtpAk; nrHgpahtpy; nfhiy nra;ag;gl;ldH
vd;gNjahFk;. ,e;epfo;r;rp 1914-k; Mz;L [{d; jpq;fs; 28-k; whs; eilngw;wJ.
,jdhy; M];jphpah> nrHgpah ehl;bd; kPJ nfhiyf;Ff; fhuzkhdtHfisj;
jz;bf;fhjjijAk; jf;f ,og;gPl juhjijAk; fhuzk; fhl;b NghH njhLj;jJ. u\;ah
nrHgpahTf;F Mjuthfg; Nghhpy <Lgl;lJ. n[Hkdp M];jphpahtpd; gf;fk; NrHe;jJ.
gpuhd;Rk; ,q;fpyhe;Jk; u\;ahtpd; gf;fk; NrHe;jd. ,t;thW M];jphpa ,sturdpd;
gLnfhiy gy ehLfisg; Nghhpy; <LgLj;jpajhy; Kjy; cyfg;NghH Vw;gl;lJ.
INuhg;ghtpy; ,e;epfo;r;rpfs; eilngw;Wf; nfhz;bUe;j NghJ [g;ghd;
,q;fpyhe;Jld; nra;J nfhz;l cld;gbf;ifiag; GJg;gpj;Jf; nfhz;lJ. mJ NkYk;
gj;J Mz;LfSf;F ePbj;jJ. mg;NghJ ,q;fpyhe;J [g;ghid mZfp gphpl;b\; tzpf
fg;gy;fSf;F Nrjk; Vw;gLk; gl;rj;jpy; [g;ghd; cjtp nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd;W Nfl;Lf;
nfhz;lJ. ,t;thW ,q;fpyhe;J jdJ Jhuf;fpof;F Ner ehlhd [g;ghid jd;Dld;
Nghhpy; fye;J nfhs;sr; nra;jJ. vdNt 1914-k; Mz;L Mf];L jpq;fs; 23-k; ehs;
[g;ghDk; gphpl;lDk; NrHe;J nfhz;L n[Hkdpapd; kPJ NghH njhLj;jd. [g;ghd;
fpahnrs vd;w rPdj; jiwKfj;ijf; ifg;gw;wp nfhz;lJ. \hz;Lq; khepyj;ij
n[Hkdp Fj;jifahf rPdhtplkpUe;J ngw;W mDgtpj;Jf; nfhz;bUe;jJ.
mg;gFjpiaAk; [g;ghd; ifg;gw;wpf; nfhz;lJ. rPdhtpd; chpikfis eRf;fp [g;ghd;
mj;JkPwp ele;Jnfhz;lij ve;jnthU INuhg;gpa ehLk; rPdhTf;F ghpe;J NgrTk;
[g;ghid vjpHf;fTk; tutpy;iy. mJkl;Lky;yhky; [g;ghd; rPdhtpy; rpq;NjhtpypUe;J
rpdhk; tiuapYKs;s ,Ug;Gg;ghijiaf; ifg;gw;wpf; nfhz;lJ. mj;Jld;
mg;ghijapd; neLfpYKs;s n[Hkhdpahpd; Ruq;fq;fis vLj;Jf; nfhz;lJ. ,t;thW
[g;ghd; \hz;Lq; khepyj;jpy; cWjpahf jd; Mjpf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhz;L
tpl;lJ. mq;F jd; murpay; nry;thf;ifAk; mjpfhuj;ijAk; epiyehl;lTk; vz;zk;
nfhz;bUe;jJ.
N[Hkdp jd;Dila flw;gil typikia grpgpf; kfhflypy; jpwk;gl
elj;Jtjw;Fhpa epiyapy; itj;Jf; nfhz;bUe;jJ. mjDila flyhjpf;fk; mq;F
FiwaNt ,y;iy. grpgpf; kfhflypy; n[hkdp khH\y;> fNuhypdh jPTfspy; jq;fs;
jsq;fisr; nrt;tNd mikj;Jf; nfhz;bUe;jJ. ,ijf; ifg;gw;Wtjpy; mJ jPtpuk;
fhl;baJ. ,Wjpapy; mitfs; [g;ghdplk; te;J NrHe;jd. mjd; gpd;dH [g;ghd;
M];jpNuypah Mg;gphpf;ff; flypyk; jd; Mjpf;fj;ij epiyehl;baJ. INuhg;gpa
 163

ehLfs; Kjy; cyfg;Nghhpy; jPtpukhf <Lgl;bUe;j Neuj;jpy; Mrpahtpy; vd;d

elf;fpwJ vd;Nw mtHfs; ftdpf;ftpy;iy. ,jdhy; [g;ghd; jd; Mjpf;f tsHr;rpf;F
miz nghlhky; mij tsHj;Jf; nfhz;Nl te;jJ.
rPdhtpypUe;J ,Jtiu ngw;w rYiffspdhy; jpUg;jp milahj [g;ghd; mij
KOikahfj; jd; Mjpf;fj;jpd; fPo; nfhz;Ltu jpl;lkpl;lJ. vdNt tuyhw;wpNy
fz;Lk; Nfl;Lk; mwpahj xU Nfhhpf;if tpz;zg;gk; jahH nra;J rPdhtplk;
rkHg;gpj;jJ. mjpy; 21 Nfhhpf;iffs; mlq;fpapUe;jd.
rPdhtpd; jiytuhd Athq; \p rfha; nra;tjwpahJ jpifj;jhH. rpw;rpy
khWjy;fSld; [g;ghdpd; 21 Nfhhpf;iffis Vw;Wf; nfhz;lhH. Athdpd;
,r;nraiyf; fz;bj;J rPdHfs; Fog;gk; tpistpj;jdH. [g;ghdpag; nghUs;fis
rPdHfs; thq;f kWj;jhHfs;. ,r;rkaj;jpy; Athd; jpBnud ,we;Jtpl;lhH. mjd;
gpd;dUk; fyfq;fs; mlq;fpaghby;iy. mg;NghJ mnkhpf;fhtpd; Ntz;LNfhis Vw;W
rPdh Kjy; cyfg;Nghhpy; n[Hkdpf;F vjpuhf Fjpj;jJ.
,Jtiuapy; njhy;iyapy;yhky; jd; Mjpf;f vy;iyia tphpthf;fpf;
nfhz;bUe;j [g;ghDf;Fk; xU rpf;fy; te;J NrHe;jJ. mg;NghJ [g;ghdpag;
ngUl;fspd; tpiyfs; tp\k;Nghy; Vwpf;nfhz;L nrd;wd. NghHf; fhykhjjhy;
nghUs;fspd; tpiy Vwpf; nfhz;bUe;jjpy; tpag;NghJkpy;iy. murhq;fk;
tpiythrpfisf; fl;Lg;gLj;j Kad;W Njhy;tp fz;lJ. $ypf;Fk; tpiyf;Fk; Vzp
itj;jjhYk; vl;lhjJ Nghy epiyik ,Ue;J te;jJ. mhprpg; gw;whFiwapdhy; 1918-
k; Mz;byl mhprpf;fyfk; [g;ghdpy; Vw;gl;lJ. kpfTk; rpukg;gl;L mjpfhhpfs;
mf;fyfj;ij xLf;fpdH.
1917-k; Mz;bw;Fg; gpwF (Nghy;\;tpf; Gul;rpf;Fg; gpwF) u\;ahtpd; epiyapy;
jw;fhypfkhf rpy khw;wq;fs; Vw;gl;ld. Jhuf;fpof;F ehLfspy; mJ ngw;wpUe;j
nry;thf;F [g;ghDf;Fr; rhjfkhf khwptpl;lJ. ,ijg; gad;gLj;jpf; nfhz;L
irgPhpahtpypUe;J u\;ahit tpul;l [g;ghd; jpl;lkpl;lJ. mJkl;Lky;yhkyl
u\;ahit kQ;#hpahtpypUe;Jk; ntspNaw;w Ntz;Lk; vd;W vz;zk; nfhz;lJ.
kq;NfhypahtpYk;> kQ;#hpahtpYk; cs;s rPd ,Ug;Gg;gij KOtijAk; [g;ghd;
vLj;Jf; nfhs;s Nguhir nfhz;bUe;jJ. ,e;j [g;ghdpa jiyaPl;il mnkhpf;fh
tpUk;gtpy;iy. mjw;F irgPhpahtpd; ,Ug;gplNk fhuzkhFk;. mJ Nkw;fj;jpa
ehLfSf;Fk; mnkhpf;fhTk; ,ilapy; mike;Js;sJ. ,ij fhty; gFjp my;yJ
jil ehlhfg; gad;gLj;jpf; nfhs;s [g;ghd; vz;zpajpy; tpag;NgJkpy;iy. [g;ghdpd;
gilfs; irgPhpahtpy; te;J Ftpe;jd. NkiyehLfspy; $l;Lg;gilfs; [g;ghdpag;
gilfSf;F Kd;Ng mq;F te;J NrHe;jd. [g;ghd; tpshbth];lhf; vd;w efuj;ijg;
gpbj;Jf; nfhz;lJ. mg;NghJ [g;ghdpa mjpfhhpfSf;fpilNa jfuhW Vw;gl;ljhy;
irgPhpa kf;fs; mtHfis tpUk;gtpy;iy. MfNt mq;F mtHfSf;Fs; Vw;gl;l
iffyg;gpy; rpy [g;ghdpaHfs; irgPhpa kf;fshy; nfhy;yg;gl;lhHfs;. ,ijg;
 164

gad;gLj;jpf; nfhz;L [g;ghd; rfhypidf; ifg;gw;wpaJ. ,e;j irgPhpag; gilnaLg;G

mtHfSila nghUshjhuj;ijg; ghohf;Fk; tifapy; mike;jjhy; ,Wjpapy;
iftplg;gl;lJ.
[g;ghd; rpy tPuHfis mDg;gp kQ;#hpahitf; ifg;gw;w Kaw;rp nra;jJ.
mnkhpf;fh jiyaplNt [g;ghd; gpd;thq;fpf; nfhz;lJ. ,e;jr; #o;epiyapy; Kjy;
cyfg;NghUk; Kbtile;jJ. ,jdhy; [g;ghd; nghUshjhuj;jpy; ey;y
Kd;Ndw;wkile;j ehLfspy; xd;whfj; jpfo Kbe;jJ. ,t;thW Kjy; cyfg;NghH
mjw;F nghpa ntFkjpahf mike;jJ.
NghH eilngw;Wf; nfhz;bUe;jNghNj [g;ghd;> kQ;#hpah kq;NfhypahTld; xU
cld;gbf;ifia 1915k; Mz;by; nra;J nfhz;lJ. \jz;Lq; khepyj;ijg; gw;wpa
xU cld;ghl;il rPdhTld; nra;Jnfhz;lJ. ,jd; %yk; [g;ghdpd; Mjpf;fk; mq;F
epiyehl;lg;gl;lJ. 1917-k; Mz;by; [g;ghDk; ,q;fpyhe;Jk; xU cld;gbf;ifiaAk;
[g;ghDk; ,j;jhypAk; NrHe;J xU cld;gbf;ifiaAk; nra;J nfhz;lJ. ,jd;gb
NghHKbe;j gpwF \hz;Lq; khepyk; rhHghf [g;ghdpd; Nfhhpf;ifia me;ehL
Mjhpg;gJ vd kbT nra;jd. mNj Mz;by; mnkhpf;fhtpypUe;j [g;ghdpa JhjH
,\p vd;gtUk; mnkhpf;f ntspehl;L mikr;ruhd yhd;\pq; vd;gtUk; NrHe;J xU
cld;gbf;ifiar; nra;J nfhz;ldH. ,jw;F yhd;\pq; ,\p cld;gbf;if vd;W
ngaH. ,jdhy; mnkhpf;fh Gtpapay; mbg;gilapy; [g;ghd; rPdh kPJ nfhz;bUe;j
MHtj;ij mDkjpj;jJ.
cyfg;Nghhpy; rPdh <Lgl;ljhy; mJTk; ghhP]; mikjp khehl;by; fye;J
nfhs;Sk; tha;g;gpid ngw;wJ. [g;ghd; \hz;Lq; khepyj;jpy; Fj;jif chpik
Ntz;Lnkd;W NfhhpaJ. ,ij rPdh Vw;Wf; nfhs;stpy;iy. ,Wjptiu mJ [g;ghd;
Nfhhpf;ifia Vw;Wf;nfhs;stpy;iy. ,Jtiuapy; mk;khepyj;jpd; chpikiaf;
Fj;jif ngw;wpUe;j n[Hkdp mij [g;ghDf;F tpl;Lf;nfhLj;jJ. MfNt rPdh
cld;gbf;ifapy; ifnaOj;jplhkNy khehl;bypUe;J Nfhgkhf ntspNawptpl;lJ.
 165

myF - V

[g;ghDk; ,uz;lhk; cyfg;NghUk;

[g;ghdpy; fl;rp Ml;rpapd; nry;thf;Ff; FiwaNt mq;F ,uhZtj;
jsgjpfspd; nry;thf;F mjpfkhfpf; nfhz;L te;jJ. mjd; tpisthf mtHfs;
kQ;#hpahtpy; ntw;wpNky; ntw;wp ngw;whHfs; vd;W Kd;,aypy; fz;Nlhk;. MfNt
1930-k; Mz;bw;Fg; gpd; ,uhZt rHthjpfhuk; my;yJ ,uhZt tsHr;rpiaf;
fz;lgpd; ,uz;lhtJ cyfg;NghUf;F mJ vt;thW tpj;jpl;lJ. [g;ghd; vt;thW
<Lgl;lJ vd;gJ gw;wpg; ghHg;gJ rhyr; rpwe;jjhFk;.
,uhZt tsHr;rp Kiw
fp.K.Kjy; Ehw;whz;bypUe;Nj [g;ghdpy; ,uhZt Kiw tsu Muk;gpj;jJ.
[g;ghdpy; gy ,dq;fs; tho;e;J te;jd. xt;nthU ,dKk; xU jiytd; fPopUe;J
te;jJ. mjpy; typik nghUe;jpa ,dk; kw;wtHfisf; fl;Lg;gLj;jp tho;e;J
nfhz;bUe;jJ. ehsiltpy; mt;tpdj;jpd; jiytd; kd;dUf;Fhpa mjpfhuq;fisAk;
nrYj;j Muk;gpj;jhd;. kpNdhnkhj;Njh nahhpj;njhNkh vd;gtH vOr;rpapypUe;J
,uhZt mjpfhuk; cUf;nfhz;lJ. mtH Mapufzf;fhd gapw;rp ngw;w tPuHfis
itj;jpUe;jhH. mtH N\hfd; gjtpiag; ngw;whH. mtH cz;ikahd mjpfhuq;fis
mDgtpj;J te;jhH. gjpdhd;fhy; Ehw;whz;by; Vw;gl;l Mjpf;fg; Nghl;bapy; njhFRth
N\hfd;fs; Ml;rpf;F te;jdH. nka;[p kPl;rpapd; NghJ mtHfSila nry;thf;Ff;
Fiwatpy;iy. mtHfs; nkd;NkYk; typik ngw;W tho;e;J te;jhHfs;.
[g;ghdpy; ,uhZt Kiw ed;FtsHtjw;F mtHfSila Nguhjpf;f Kiw
Kf;fpa fhuzkhFk;. NkYk; [g;ghdpa mjpfhhpfs; murpaypy; fye;Jnfhs;s
mt;turpayikg;G mDkjpj;jJ. mj;Jld; Nkiy ehLfSld; mtHfs; Nghl;b
Nghl;Lf; nfhz;L MAjq;fisj; jahH nra;tjpYk;> NghHg; gapw;rpia
Nkw;nfhs;tjpYk; jPtpukhf <Lgl;lhHfs;. fl;rp Ml;rp Kiw ntw;wpfukhf
,aq;fhjjhy; ,uhZt Kiw vOr;rp ngw;wJ. mq;F xU Njrpaj; jiytH
Njhd;whjNj mjw;F kw;nwhU fuzkhff; $wyhk;. 1918 ypUe;J 1921 tiu 12
Nguikr;rHfs; nghWg;Ngw;wjhHfs;. ,tHfSila Nfhl;ghLfs;> Nehf;fq;fs;
kf;fSf;Fg; gpbf;fhjjhy; mbf;fb ,e;j khw;wq;fs; Vw;gl;ld. ,uhZt Kiw
xd;wpdhy; jhd; rpwe;j tsHr;rpia milaKbAk; vd;W mtHfs; fUjp 1923-ypUe;J
1927 tiu ,uhZt mjpfhhpfis Nguikr;rHfshf; nfhz;L te;jhHfs;.
,uhZt tsHr;rp Kiwapy; Kf;fpa gq;fpid Vw;wtH akfjh vd;gtuhthH.
,tUila fhyj;jpy; mjpfhu tHf;fj;jpdUk;> nghUshjhuj;jpy; rpwe;J tpsq;fpa
FLk;gq;fshd n[a;gl;RTk; mt;tsHr;rpiaj; jLf;f Kaw;rp nra;jdH. cd;whl;L
ntspehl;Lf; nfhs;iffis mtHfNs jPHkhdpj;J te;jdH. Nguikr;rH ,Zfha;
vd;gthpd; gLnfhiy cs;ehl;by; rpf;fiy Vw;gLj;jpaJ. mj;Jld; [g;ghd; rHtNjr
 166

rq;fj;jpypUe;J ntspNawpaJ cyf murpaypy; rpf;fiy mjpfkhf;fptpl;lJ. mg;NghJ

[g;ghdpd; ,uhZtj; jsgjpfs; #o;epiyia gad;gLj;jpf; nfhz;L Kd;Ndhf;fp
nry;yyhdhHfs;. mtHfspilNa ,U gphptpdH ,Ue;jdH. xd;W murpay;
fl;rpfisAk;> n[a;gl;RitAk; mfw;Wtij Nehf;fkhff; nfhz;l ,sk; mjpfhhpfshy;
Md „NfhNl `h‟ (Hode Ha) my;yJ Nguhjpf;fj;jpw;F topfhl;Lk; gphptpdH (The
Imeprial Way Faction) MFk;. kw;nwhd;W> jsgjp NjhN[h cs;spl;l nghpa mjpfhhpfs;
mlq;fpa Njhnra; `h (Tosei Ha) my;yJ mlf;fp MSk; gphptpdH (Control Faction)
vd;gJ ,tHfs; td;Kiwapy; ek;gpf;if nfhs;stpy;iy. Neubr; nray;fspYk; MHtk;
fhl;ltpy;iy.
NfhNlh `h vd;w gphptpdH kpfTk; jPtputhjpfshf tpsq;fp te;jNjhL
kl;Lkpy;yhky; td;nray;fspYk; <Lgl;L te;jhHfs;. 1935-k; Mz;L Mf];L jpq;fspy;
,uhZt mjpfhhp xUtH ,uhZt mikr;riuf; nfhd;W tpl;lhH. 1936-k; Mz;L
gpg;uthpj; jpq;fspy; giltPuHfs; kQ;#hpahtpw;Fg; Nghf kWj;jhHfs;. fpsHr;rpapy;
<Lgl;l mtHfs; xfhjh (Okada) vd;w Nguikr;rhpd; capiugopthq;f Kaw;rp
nra;jdH. mtH jg;gpj;J tpl;lhH. Mdhy; rpy mikr;rHfs; mf;fhyj;jpy;
nfhy;yg;gl;ldH. 1936-k; Mz;by; Vw;gl;l ,e;epfo;rr
; papdhy; ,uhZtk; nkd;NkYk;
nry;thf;F ngw;W tuyhapw;W. ,uz;lhtJ cyfg;Nghhpd; NghJ ,uhZt mjpfhhpfs;
[g;ghidg; Nghhpy; <LgLj;jpdH. 1941Mk; Mz;by; [g;ghd; KOtJk; ,uhZtj;
jsgjpfspd; fl;Lg;ghl;Lf;Fs; nray;gl Muk;gpj;jJ. mg;NghJ [g;ghdpd;
Nguikr;ruhd jsgjp Njh[h vd;gthpd; NguhirNa ,uz;lhk; cyfg;Nghiu
Vw;gLj;jpaJ vdyhk;.
[g;ghdpd; Mf;fpukpg;G
,r;#o;epiyapy; [g;ghd; kQ;#hpahtpy; ngUk; ntw;wpiaAk; tlrPdhtpy; gy
ntw;wpfisAk; ngw;Wf;nfhz;L te;jJ. 1934-k; Mz;L Vg;uy; jpq;fs; 17-k; ehs; mkht;
<[p vd;w [g;ghdpa ntspAwT mjpfhhp xU Nfhl;ghl;il ntspapl;lhH. mjd;gb
[g;ghd; jdpj;J epd;W fpof;F Mrpahtpy; mikjpia epiyehl;Lk; vd;Wk;> mjw;F
rPdhitj; jtpu NtW ve;j ehLk; [g;ghDld; gq;Fngw KbahJ vd;Wk; $wpdhH.
,jw;F mNkht; <[pf; Nfhl;ghL (Amau Eiji Doctrine) vd;W ngaH. ,ij
mnkhpf;fhTk;> gphpl;lDk; td;ikahff; fz;bj;jd. kw;w ehLfs; rPdhtpy;; ngw;wpUf;Fk;
chpikfSf;Fj; jPq;F Neuhtz;zk;jhd; nray;gLtjhf [g;ghd; cWjp mspj;jJ.
vdpDk; [g;ghd; rPdhtpy; Mf;fpukpg;igj; njhlHe;J elj;jp te;jJ.
[g;ghdpa MjuthsHfshd ,uz;L rPd ehspjo;fspd; epUgHfis bad;]pdpy;
nfhiy nra;J tpl;ljpd; fhuzkhf [g;ghd;> rPdhtplk; N`h-cNkjh xg;ge;jj;ijr;
nra;J nfhz;L rpy rYiffisg; ngw;Wf; nfhz;lJ. vdpDk; [g;ghdp
kq;NfhypahtpYk;> fpof;F N`hg;igapYk; jd;Dila nghk;ik murhq;fq;fis 1935-
 167

36k; Mz;Lfspy; Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhz;lJ. ,ij ehd;fpq; murhq;fk; td;ikahf

vjpHj;jJ. ,r;rkaj;jpy; rPdhtpy; Nfhkpd;lhq; fl;rpAk; nghJTilikf;fl;rpAk; xd;whf
,ize;J [g;ghid tpul;l vz;zpd. [g;ghDf;nfjpuhd rPdf; fpsHr;rpahdJ rPdhtpd;
tl khepyq;fspy; eilngw;W te;jd. 1933-k; Mz;by; Vw;gl;l `pNuhjh murhq;fk;
„Gjpa mikg;G‟ my;yJ „Gjpa Mjpf;fk;‟ (New Order) vd;gij rPdhtpy; GFj;jpaJ.
mjd;gb kQ;#Nfhtpy; gy Kd;Ndw;w eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;tnjd;Wk;>
tlf;fpypUe;J nghJTilikf; fl;rpia ntspNaw;WtJ vd;Wk; nghUshjhuj;ijg;
nghWj;jkl;by; [g;ghd;> kQ;#Nfh> rPdh Mfpa ehLfSf;fpilNa xw;Wikia
Vw;gLj;JtJ vd;Wk; mwptpf;fg;gl;lJ. ,jpy; tpUg;gk; ,y;yhj rPdHfs; [g;ghDf;F
vjpuhd td;nray;fspy; <Lgl;ldH. ,Wjpapy; 1937-k; Mz;L ,sturH NfhNdhap
jiyapyhd mikr;ruit rPdhTld; Nghhplj; Jtq;fpaJ.
1937-ypUe;J 1941 tiu rPd [g;ghdpag; NguhdJ eilngw;wJ. mJ
khHNfhNghNyh ghyj;jpy; eilngw;w iffyg;gpdhy; Vw;gl;lnjd;gij Kd; ,aypy;
fz;Nlhk;. ,Wjpapy; rpahq; Nf N\f;Fld; mikjp cld;ghL nra;Jnfhs;s [g;ghd;
Kaw;rp nra;jJ. ,ij rpahq; Vw;Wf; nfhs;stpy;iy mtUila gioa giftuhd
thq; fpq; it mij Vw;Wf;nfhz;lhH. vdNt [g;ghdpauhy; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l murhq;fk;
rPdhtpy; 1940-y; nghWg;Ngw;wJ. Mdhy; Rq;fpq; vd;w efhpypUe;J rpahq; njhlHe;J
[g;ghdpaiu vjpHj;jhH. [g;ghdhy; mij rkhspf;f Kbatpy;iy. vdNt 1939-f;F
gpwF mJ rPdhTf;F cjtp nra;J te;j Ner ehLfspd; kPJ NghH njhLj;jJ. mJNt
,uz;lhk; cyfg;NghuhFk;. Nghhpd;NghJ [g;ghd; mr;R ehLfs; gf;fk; mjhtJ
n[Hkdp>,j;jhyp Mfpa ehLfspd; gf;fk; NrHe;J nfhz;lJ. me;ehLfSf;F vjpuhf
Ner ehLfs; nray;gl;ld. mitfs; u\;ah> ,q;fpyheJ mnkhpf;fh> gpuhd;R
MfpaitfNsahFk;.
NghUf;F fhuzq;fs;
Kjy; cyfg;Nghhpd; Kbtpy; Vw;gl;l ntHnra; cld;gbf;ifapd; %yk;
n[Hkdp gopthq;fg;gl;lJ. mJ tskpoe;J eykpoe;J gilfis ,oe;J kpfTk;
Nkhrkhd epiyikf;Fj; js;sg;gl;lJ. vdNt mJ `pl;yhpd; jiyikapy;
vOr;rpngw;W NerehLfisg; gopthq;fj; Jbj;Jf; nfhz;bUe;jJ. `pl;yH
Nghye;jpd;kPJ jd; Mf;fpukpg;ig njhlq;fpdhH. mjdhy; ,uz;lhk; cyfg;NghH
Vw;gl;lJ. mj;Jld; ,j;jhypapy; KNrhypdpapd; rHthjpfhuj; Njhw;wKk;> ,uhZtg;
Nghl;bapd; fLikAk; rHthjpfhu ehLfSf;Fk; Fbahl;rp ehLfSf;Fk; Vw;gl;l
Nghl;bAk; Nghiu cUthf;fptpl;ld. [g;ghdpy; Nguhir ,jw;F kw;nwhU fhuzkhFk;.
[g;ghdpd; Nguikr;ruhd jsgjp Njh[htpd; NguhirAk;> NghuhirAk; NghUf;F
toptFj;jd vdyhk;.
NghH Muk;gpg;gjw;F Kd;G> th\pq;ldpypUe;j [g;ghdpaj; JhjH neh%uh
(Nomura) vd;gtH mnkhpf;f ntsptptfhu mikr;ruhd fhHly; `y; (Cordall
 168

Hull)vd;gtUld; jq;fs; ehLfSf;fpilNa cs;s gpur;ridfisj; jPHj;Jf;

nfhs;tjw;fhd mikjpg; Ngr;R thHj;ijfspy; <Lgl;lhH. ,J 1941-k; Mz;by;
eilngw;wJ. mikjp Vw;gLtjw;Fhpa ek;gpf;ifr; rpjwYk; 1941-k; Mz;L mf;NlhgH
jpq;fs; 17-k; ehs; Nguikr;rH Nfhndhap vd;gthpd; gjtp tpyfyhy; rpjwptpl;lJ.
Vnddpy; mtH [g;ghd; Nghhpy; <LgLtij tpUk;gtpy;iy. mtUf;F gpd; nghWg;Ngw;w
jsgjp NlhN[h rGNuh FUR vd;gtiu neh%uhTf;F cjtp nra;a mDg;gp itj;jhH.
mikjpg; Ngr;RthHj;ijfs; eilngw;Wf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;NghNj [g;ghd; jpBnud Nghhpy;
<Lgl;Ltpl;lJ. [g;ghd; vt;tpj Kd;ndr;rhpf;ifAk; ,d;wp 1941-k; Mz;L brk;gH
jpq;fs; 7k; ehs; mnkhpf;f fg;gw;gilj; jskhd ngHy; JiwKfj;ij jhf;fpaJ.
vjpHghuhj jhf;Fjypdhy; mnkhpf;fhtpd; fg;gw;gil ngUk; Nrjj;jpw;Fs;shdJ.
,jdhy; mnkhpf;fhTldhd NghH Muk;gkhapw;W. mjw;F kWehs; gphpl;ld;> nejHyhe;J>
rPdh Mfpa ehLfSk; Nghhpy; ,wq;fpd.
[g;ghdpd; tpaj;jF ntw;wpfs;
ngHy; JiwKfj; jhf;FjYf;Fr; rpy khjq;fSf;Fg; gpwF [g;ghd; gy
tpaj;jF ntw;wpfs; ngw;wJ. [g;ghdpag; gilfs; xd;wd; gpd; xd;whf Nq;fpNya>
mnkhpf;f> lr;Rg; gFjpfSf;Fg; ngUk; Nrjk; tpistpj;jd. ,t;thW ngHy;
JiwKfj;jpd; ngUk; Nrjk;> gpypg;igd; jPTfspyl ,Ue;j mnkhpf;f tpkhdg;gilapd;
ngUk;gFjpapd; mopT> jPTfis [g;ghdpaH ifg;gw;wpf; nfhz;lJ. gphpl;b\;
NghHf;fg;gy;fs; „hpgy;];‟(Repulse) Nty;]; ,sturH‟(Prince of Wales) ,uz;Lk;
Ko;fbf;fg;gl;lJ Mfpait midj;Jk; mnkhpf;fhTf;Fg; gPjpia Vw;gLj;jpaJ.
Mdhy; ,d;Dk; gy nghpa tpgj;Jf;fs; tutpUe;jd. FWfpa fhyj;Jf;Fs; [g;ghd;
xNu gha;r;ryhf ,e;Njh-rPdhitAk; jha;yhe;ijAk; kNyah jPgfw;gj;ijAk; fle;J
gykhd jw;fhg;Gs;s rpq;fg;g+iuf; ifg;gw;wp Rkj;uh> [hth> NlhHdpNah> nryg];>
ijNkhH> khf;Nfh Mfpa jPTfisAk; mlf;fp epa+fpdpf;Ff; fpof;Nf ughcy;
JiwKfj;ij trkhf;fp rhynkd; jPTfisAk; Mf;fpukpj;J M];jpNuypahTf;Fj;
jpfpiy cz;lhf;fpaJ. [g;ghdpa gilapd; kw;nwhU gphpT gHkhitg; gpse;J
Kd;Ndwp rPdhitj; jdpg;gLj;jp ,e;jpa vy;iyia vl;baJ. ,t;thW 1942k; Mz;bd;
Nfhilfhyj;Jf;F Kd; Mrpahtpd; ngUk;ghfKk; mtHfs; trk; te;J NrHe;jJ.
Nkw;Fgrpgpf;fpy; mtHfs; Mjpf;fk; nrYj;jyhdhHfs;. NkYk;< ,e;NjhNdrpahtpd;
fw;gidf; flq;fhj vz;nza;> ug;gH nts;sa
P k; Kjyhd tsq;fSk; mtHfSf;Ff;
fpilj;jd. cyf tuyhw;wpNyNa NtW xU ehLk; ,t;tsT FWfpa fhyj;jpy;
,t;tsT kfj;jdh ntw;wpfs; ngw;wjpy;iy. [g;ghdpaH Mrpa ehLfspd; tsj;jpw;F
“MrpaHfSf;Nf Mrpah”“Mrpahtpd; kd;Nwhf; nfhs;if Mfpa Kof;fq;fis Koq;fp
te;jdH.
 169

Nghhpd; jpUg;G ikak;

,jw;fpilapy; [g;ghdpaH ntw;wp Nehahy; gPbf;fg;gl;L grpgpf; gpuNjrj;jpy; vQ;rp
epd;w NerehLfspd; rf;jpiaAk; rpjwbf;f Kw;gl;ldH. 1942-k; Mz;L Nk jpq;fspy;
M];jpNuypahit mLj;J tlf;NfapUf;Fk; gtsf;flypy; ,Ue;j mnkhpf;ff;
fg;gy;fis mtHfs; eRf;fpdhHfs;. ,J xU Kf;fpag; NghuhFk; “fg;gy;fs; xd;wpd;
Nky;; xd;W gPuq;fpf; Fz;L tPrhj rz;il ,J. flw;Nghhpd; tuyhw;wpNyNa ,g;gbg;gl;l
Kjy;; epfo;rr
; p ,JNt” vd;W flw;gil mjpfhhp fpq; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shH.. ,uz;L
gf;fq;fspYk; Nrjk; Vw;gl;ld. rpythuq;fs; fopj;J [{d; 4-6kl ehl;fspy; jPtpukhd
kpl;Nt NghH (The Battle of Midway) ele;jJ. kpl;Nt `tha; jPTf;F 1>500 iky;
Nkw;NfAs;s xU rpW gtsj; jPthFk;. Mnkhpf;f tpkhdg;gil [g;ghdpag;
gilfSf;Ff; fLk; Nrjj;ij cz;lhf;fpaJ. [g;ghdpaH gae;J Xl;lk; gpbj;jdH.
mnkhpf;f tpkhdq;fs; NkYk; nghpa e\;lj;ijAk; NguopitAk; cz;L gz;zpd.
[g;ghDf;F mJNt Kjy; nghpa flw;Njhy;tp. Gpd;dhy; elf;fg;NghFk; epfo;rr
; pfSf;F
mJ mr;rhuk; fhl;baJ. mjd; gpd;dH mnkhpf;fh rhynkd; jPtpYs;s Fthlyfdhy;
vd;w ,lj;ij Mf];L jpqlfspy; ifg;gw;wpf; nfhz;lJ. mnkhpf;f ,uhZt
tuyhw;wpy; kpf;f fLikahd eltbf;ifahf ,J fUjg;gLfpwJ. Kwf;f KbajJk;
$l> Vnddpy;,g;NghH MW khjq;fs; eilngw;wd. njhlHe;J eilngw;w ,gNghH
[g;ghdpahpd; ,Ujaj;idg; gpsg;gJNghy; mike;Jtpl;lJ. njhlHe;J gy nghpa
flw;NghHfSk;> gaq;fukhd jiug;NghHfSk; mNefkha; ehs; jtwhky; tpkhdg;
NghHfSk; eilngw;wd. Fthy;lfdhy; flw;Nghhpy; [g;ghdpaH ,uz;L NghHf;
fg;gy;fisAk;> xU f;&rH fg;giyAk; ,uz;L ehrfhhpf; fg;gy;fisAk; tPuHfs;
mlq;fpa gj;J fg;gy;fisAk; ,oe;jdH. 1943-k; Mz;L gpg;uthpj; jpq;fs; [g;ghdpaH
Fthly;fdhy; gFjpapypUe;J ntspNawpdH. Mjd; gpwF njd; grpgpf; gFjpfspy;
mnkhpf;fhtpd; if Xq;fpaJ.
Fthlyfdhy; ntw;wpf;Fg; gpwF [g;ghdpaH jhuthu(Tarawara) my;a+\d;
jPTfs(Aleutian Island); Mfpatw;iw Ner ehLfsplk; 1943y‟ ,oe;jJ. ,e;j
ntw;wpfspd; fhuzkhf [g;ghdpaH tlNkw;F %iyapypUf;Fk; myh];fh topahf
tlmnkhpf;fhitj; jhf;ff;$Lk; vd;w gak; ePq;fpw;W. 1944-k; Mz;by; irghd;
gpypg;igd; jPTfs; Mfpatw;iw Nerehl;Lg; gilfs; ifggw;wpf; nfhz;ld. mjw;F
Kd;Ng gp];khHf; flw;Nghhpy; (Bismark Islands) [g;ghdpaf; fg;gy;fSk;
gLehrkile;jd. [g;ghdpa jsgjpahd aknkhnjh vd;gtUk; capHJwe;jhH. kPz;Lk;
mtHfs; rhykd; jPTfisAk;><Nth[pkh xfpehth> Mfpa jPTfisAk; ifg;gw;wpdH
,jw;fpilapy; gHkhtpy; fLk; NghH eilngw;Wf; nfhz;bUe;jJ. 1944-k; Mz;bd;
,Wjpapy; [g;ghd; cWjpahf Njhw;WtpLk; vd;w epiy Vw;gl;lJ. vdpDk; mtHfs;
fLikahf vjpHj;J te;jdH.
 170

,jw;fpilapy; ntw;wpNky; ntw;wp ngw;W te;j `pl;yUk;> KN]hdpAk; $l

mopTg;gijia Nehf;fp eilNghl Muk;gpj;jdH. Njhy;tp mtHfisj; jOtpf;
nfhs;Sk; Neuk; neUq;fptpl;lJ Nghhpd; ,Wjpf;fl;lKk; Muk;gkhapw;W. n[Hkhdpaiu
fpof;NfAk;> njw;NfAk; ,Ue;J u\;aHfSk;> Nkw;Nf ,Ue;J Mq;fpNyaUk;>
mnkhpf;fUk; neUq;fpdH. ,j;jhypapy; ,[HkdpaH MAjq;fisf; fPNo tPrp vwpe;jdH.
n[Hkhdpahpd; NghHj;je;jpuq;fs; jtpL nghbahapd. Vg;uy; jpq;fspy; u\;a> mnkhpf;fg;
gilfs; n[Hkhdpaiu ngHypd; efhpNyNa fLikahfj; jhf;fpd. ngHypd; efuj;jpd;
tPo;rr
; p cWjp vd;gij czHe;J `pl;yH jw;nfhiy nra;J nfhz;lhH. mjw;F
Kd;Ng KN]hypdpia ntwpf;Nfhgk; nfhz;l ,j;jhypaH nfhd;Wtpl;ldH. Nk 7-k;
ehs; vQ;rpa n[Hkd; gilfs; ruzile;jd.
N[Hkdp> ,j;jhyp Mfpatw;iw Kwpabj;j gpd;dH NerehLfs; jq;fs;
ftdj;ij [g;ghd; gf;fk; jpUg;gpd. [g;ghdpd; Njhy;tp vd;Dk; ehlfj;jpy; tPo;rr
; p
vd;Dk; ,Uk;Gj;jpiu tpOk; Neuk; neUq;fpf; nfhz;bUe;jJ. 1945-k; Mz;L [{iy 17-
k; ehspypUe;J Mf];L jpq;fs; 2-k; ehs; tiu Ner ehLfspd; jiytHfs; ghl;];lk;
(Potsdam) vd;w efhpy; $b [g;ghid Nehf;fp “jho;eJ Ngh my;yJ mope;J Ngh”
vd;W miw $tpdH. [g;ghdpa murhq;fk; me;j vr;rhpf;ifia mrl;il nra;jJ.
[g;ghd; ruziljy;
NerehLfspd; vr;rhpf;ifia mrl;il nra;jjhy; mitfs; Nkw;nfhz;L jsgjp
kf; MHjH (Max Arthur) jiyikapy; jPtpu eltbf;iffspy; <Lgl;ldH. Mf];L
jpq;fs; 6-k; ehs; xU jdp (gp 29) tpkhdk; `pNuh\pkh (Hiroshima) vd;Dk; njhopy;
tskile;j efuj;jpd; Nkyl gwe;J xU mZFz;il (Auto bomb) tPrpaJ %d;W
ehl;fs; fopj;J ,uz;lhtJ mZFz;L ehfrhfp (Nagasaki)vd;Dk; efH Nky;
tPrg;gl;lJ. ,U efuq;fSk; g];gkhapd. mjhtJ epH%ykhapd. Kuzj;jhYk;
fhaj;jhYk; mopf;fg;gl;ltHfs; Vuhsk;. Vwf;Fiwa mtHfs; xU yl;rj;jpw;F
mjpfnkd;W fzf;fplg;gLfpwJ. midtUk; $z;NlhL ,we;JtpLNthk; my;yJ
moe;JtpLNthk; vd;W fUjpa [g;ghd; Mf];K jpq;fs; 14-k; ehs; jiytzq;f
Muk;gpj;jJ. Nlhf;fpNah mikjp cld;ghL nra;J nfhs;s Kd;;te;jJ. nrg;lk;gH
,uz;lhk; ehs; kpnrshp vd;w mnkhpf;f NghHf;fg;gypy; Nlhf;fpNah tisFlhtpy;
[g;ghdpag; gpujpepjpfs; mikjp cld;ghl;by; ifnaOj;jpl;ldH. mj;Jld; cyf
kf;fis vy;yhk; miyf;fopj;Jf; nfhz;bUe;j nfhLikahd NghH KbT ngw;wJ.

NghUf;Fg; gpd; [g;ghdpd; epiy

1945-k; Mz;by; Ner ehLfspd; Kd; [g;ghd; ruzile;jJ vd;W Kd; ,aypy;
fz;Nlhk;. mJ jd; Rje;jpuj;ij ,oe;jJ. Ner ehLfspd; ngUk; jhidj; jiytuhf
(Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers (SCAP) jsgjp nkf; MHjH [g;ghdpy;
 171

nghWg;Ngw;whH. [g;ghdpd; gLNjhy;tpf;F mnkhpf;fhNt Kf;fpaf; fhuzkhf

mike;jjhy; mJNt mij Vw;W elj;j Muk;gpj;jJ. mjw;F mtH jiyik
jhq;fpdhH. mtH 1957-k; Mz;L tiu Ml;rp elj;jp te;jhH.
[g;ghd; Njhy;tpaile;j gpwF mJ nka;[p kPl;rpf;Fg; gpd; ngw;w gFjpfis
,oe;Jtpl;lJ. Fhpy;] (Kurilies); rfhypdpd; njd;gFjp u\;ahTf;Ff; fpilj;jJ. Kjy;
cyfg;Nghhpy; n[HkdpaplkpUe;J ntw;wp nfhz;l gRgpf; jPTfis mnkhpf;fhTf;F
mspj;jJ. kQ;#hpahtpypUe;Jk; rPdhtpypUe;Jk; [g;ghd; ntspNaw;wg;gl;lJ. ghHNkhrh>
ng];fNlhH]; rPdhTf;Ff; nfhLf;fg;gl;ld. nfhhpahit mnkhpf;fhTk; u\;ahTk;
gphpj;Jf; nfhz;ld. ,t;thW [g;ghd; Fiwf;fg;gl;L jd;Dila gioa ehd;F
jPTfshd `hd;\{> \pNfhF> fpa+\{ N`hf;iifNlhTld; tplg;gl;lJ.
Ig;ghidg; gd;dhl;L Mjpf;fj;jpd; fPo; nfhz;Lte;j NghjpYk;$l
nray;Kiwapy; mnkhpf;fhNt vy;yhtw;iwAk; ftdpj;J te;jJ. 1945-k; Mz;by;
brk;gH jpq;fspy; gjpndhU ehLfslq;fpa Jhuf;fpof;F ehLfspd; FO (Eleven Nations
For Estern Commisision) xd;Wk;> ehd;F ty;yuRfslq;fpa rig (Four power allied
Council for Janpan) xd;Wk; Vw;gLj;j KbT nra;ag;gl;lJ. mf;FO nfhs;iffis
tFf;fTk;> rig my;yJ fTd;rpy; MNyhrid $wTk; mikf;fg;gl;lJ. FOtpd;
jiyikafk; th\pq;ldpy; ,Ue;jJ. jsgjp nkf; MHjH vd;gtH mjd;
nfhs;iffis cUthf;fpj; je;jhH. [g;ghid mnkhpf;fh Vw;w gpd;Gk; mq;F NguurH
`pNuh `pNlh vd;gtH Mz;L te;jhH. SCAP epHthfg; nghWg;G midj;ijAk;
ftdpj;J te;jJ.
Ig;ghdpd; epHthfj;ij Vw;Wf;nfhz;ljd; Nehf;fq;fs;
cyfpy; mikjpf;Fk;> ghJfhg;Gf;Fk; vt;tpj NfLk; [g;ghdhy;
Vw;glf;$lhnjd;gjw;fhfNt mtHfs; mij Vw;Wf;nfhz;lhHfs;. ,ijg;gw;wp fpisLk;>
gPHRk; “[g;ghid Vw;Wf; nfhs;tjpd; KONehf;fk; cyfpy; ,dp mjd; %yk;
mikjpf;Fk; ghJfhg;Gf;Fk; gq;fk; Vw;glf;$lhJ vd;gjw;fhfTk;> [g;ghdpa kf;fs;
Mjhpf;Fk; xU Rje;jpu murpd; Kd;Ndw;wj;ij Cf;fg;gLj;JtjhfTk; ,ij
NerehLfs; Vw;Wf;nfhz;ld” vd;W $Wfpd;wdH. mj;Jld; [g;ghdpd; mjpfhuk; mjd;
vy;iyf;Fs; fl;Lg;gl;bUf;f Ntz;Lnkd;Wk; mjd; ,uhZt gyk; mopf;fg;gl
Ntz;Lnkd;Wk; NghHf;Fw;wthspfs; jz;bf;fg;gl Ntz;Lnkd;Wk; Ntshz;ik njhopy;>
njhopyhsH eyd; Mfpatw;iw Cf;Ftpf;f Ntz;Lnkd;Wk;> cw;gj;jpiag;
gfpHe;jspf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk;> rpe;jidfs; %yk; kf;fshl;rp tskila fy;tpr;
rHjpUj;jq;fis Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;Lnkd;Wk; me;j Jhuf; fpof;F ehLfspd; FO (Far
Eastern Commission- F.E.C) Nehf;fq;fshff; nfhz;bUe;jJ.
 172

kf;fshl;rpf; $Wfisf; nfhLj;jy;

[g;ghdpa kf;fSf;Fk;> [g;ghdpa epWtdq;fSf;Fk; kf;fshl;rpapd; khz;Gfis
mspg;gjw;fhfg; gy Kaw;rpfis Nkw;nfhz;lhHfs;. murpay; ifjpfs; tpLjiy
nra;ag;gl;ldH. vOj;J> Ngr;R> rka Rje;jpuq;fs; mspf;fg;gl;ld. $l;lk; $l
chpikAk; mtHfSf;F mspf;fg;gl;lJ. me;epaUf;F tpNuhjkhdtHfs;> ,uhZtj;
jsgjpfs;> Vida td;Kiwapy; <LgLk; Fk;gy;fs; mtHfspd; epWtdq;fs; vy;yhk;
jil nra;ag;gl;ld. ngz;fSf;F thf;Fhpik mspf;fg;gl;lJ. thf;Fhpik taJ
25ypUe;J 20 Mff; nfhz;Ltug;gl;lJ. 1946-k; Mz;L Vg;uy; jpq;fs; 10-k; ehs;
ehlhSkd;w NjHjy; eilngw;wJ. Gjpa murpayikg;G ntspaplg;gl;lJ. 1947-k;
Mz;L Nk jpq;fs; 3-k; ehs; Mf mJ eilKiwf;F te;jJ. gy mjpfhhpfs;
NjHe;njLf;fg;gl;ldH. jy murhq;fq;fs; mjpf mjpfhuj;ijg; ngw;W tpsq;fpd.
fhty; Jiwapd; mjpfhuk; gd;Kfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. fpuhkq;fspYk; fhty;gil
epHkhdpf;fg;gl;lJ. nghJ kf;fs; fUj;JfSf;F Vw;g jy murhq;fq;fs; eilngw;W
te;jd.
Gjpa murpayikg;G
jsgjp nkf; MHjH vd;gthpd; jiyikapy; mtUila mjpfhhpfs; Gjpa
murpayikg;ig cUthf;fpdhHfs;. Mjpy; Kbahl;rp epiyehl;lg;gl;bUe;jJ. Nghiuj;
jtpHj;J> gilkhdpa Kiw xopf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ. ,g;Gjpa murpayikg;gpd;gb
kf;fSf;F ,iwik nfhLf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ. kf;fspd; xw;Wikapd; milahsNk
NguhruhthH vd;W mjpy; Fwpg;gpl;bUe;jJ. ntspehl;Lj; JhJtHfis epakpf;Fk;
mjpfhuk; mikr;ruitf;Ff; nfhLf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ. <uq;f rl;lkd;w Kiw (Bi-
Cameralis) ahdJ ghJfhf;fg;gl;lJ. xt;nthU rigapd; %d;wpy; ,uz;L gq;F
cWg;gpdHfshy; kl;LNk murpay; rl;lj;jpw;Fj; jpUj;jq;fs; nfhz;Ltuyhnkd
,g;Gjpa murpayikg;G top nra;jJ. mJ gpd;dH kf;fs; thf;nfLg;ghy; Vw;Wf;
nfhs;sg;glNtz;Lk;. ,g;Gjpa murpayikg;ghdJ 1946-k; Mz;L mf;NlhgH jpq;fspy;
[g;ghdpa ehlhSkd;wj;jhy; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;L> etk;gH jpq;fspy; Nguuruhy;
ntspaplg;gl;L> 1947-k; Mz;L Nk jpq;fspy; eilKiwf;F te;jJ.
1.NguurH
NguurH murpd; milahskhfTk;> kf;fspd; xw;Wikr; rpd;dkhfTk; ,Uf;f
ntz;Lk;. kf;fspd; tpUg;gg;gb mtH elf;f Ntz;Lk;> Nguurhpd; mhpaiz guk;giu
chpikiaf; nfhz;lJ. mikr;ruitapd; MNyhridapd; Nghpy; mtH elj;jy;
Ntz;Lk;. ehlhSkd;w tpUg;gg;gb mtH Nguikr;riu epakpf;f Ntz;Lk;. jiyik
ePjpgjpia mtH epakpf;fyhk;. Mikr;ruitapd; MNyhridapd; Nghpy; mtH
murpayikg;G jpUj;jq;fisf; nfhz;L tuyhk;. ghuhSkd;wj;ijf; $l;lTk;
fiyf;fTk; NjHjy;fs; elj;jTk; mikr;ruit Vw;gLj;jTk; ePf;fTk; ntspehl;Lj;
JhJtHfis Vw;fTk; murpay; gj;jpuq;fspy; ifnahg;gkplTk; muR tpof;fspy; gq;F
 173

ngw;W elj;jTk; mtUf;F mjpfhuKz;L. ehlhSkd;w mDkjpapd;wp mtH nghUs;

NrHj;Jf;nfhs;sNth my;yJ ngw;Wf;nfhs;sNth $lhJ. [g;ghdpa kf;fs; Nghiu
iftpl;Ltpl Ntz;Lnkd;Wk; me;j Gjpa murpay; tpjp top nra;Js;sJ.
2.kf;fspd; chpikfSk; flikfSk;
kf;fSf;F gytpj chpikfs; mspf;f top nra;ag;gl;lJ. muR kf;fspd;
chpikfisg; ghJfhf;Fnkd;Wk;> kf;fSf;F tho chpik> tpLjiy chpik cz;L
vd;Wk; mwptpf;fg;gl;lJ. rl;lj;jpd; Kd; midtUk; rkk; vd;W fUjg;gl;lhHfs;
gpuGj;Jtk; mDkjpf;fg;gltpy;iy. nghJ epHthf mjpfhhpfis NjHe;njLj;Jf;
nfhs;s kf;fSf;F chpik cz;L. taJ te;j midtUf;Fk; thf;Fhpik
mspf;fg;gl;lJ. ,ufrpa thf;Fg;gjpT Kiw GFj;jg;gl;lJ. kf;fs; mikjpahd
Kiwapy; jq;fs; Fiwfis muRf;Fj; njhptpj;Jf; nfhs;syhk;. Rpe;jid> rka
Rje;jpuj;ij midtUk; kjpf;fNtz;Lk;. tpUk;gpa ,lj;jpy; Ntz;ba njhopiy
Nkw;nfhs;s kf;fSf;F chpik nfhLf;fg;gl;lJ. fy;tpr; Rje;jpuk; mspf;fg;gl;lJ.
fztDk; kidtpAk; rkkhd chpikfisg; ngw;wdH. gz;ghL> fy;tp Mfpatw;iw
midtUk; filg;gpbf;fNtz;Lk;, mj;Jld; kf;fs; Ntiy nra;aTk; nrhj;J
itj;Jf; nfhs;sTk; rl;lg;gb jz;lid ngwTk; fhuzkpy;yhky; ifJ
nra;ahkypUf;fTk; tpiutpy; tof;Ffis tprhuiz nra;ag; NfhuTk; chpikfs;
ngw;wdH. NkYk; fLikahd jz;lidfSk; Jd;GWj;jYk; jil nra;ag;gl;ld.
3.ehlhSkd;wk; (Diet)
rl;lq;fis cUthf;Fk; kpf caHe;j muR epWtdk; ehlhSkd;wNkahFk;.
Mjpy; ,uz;L rigfs; ,Uf;fpd;wd. xd;W gpujpepjpfs; rig (House of
Representatives) kw;nwhd;W cWg;gpdHfs; mit (House of Councillors) Kjy;
rigapYs;stHfs; 4 Mz;LfSf;Fj; NjHe;njLf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. ,uz;lhk;
mitapYs;stHfs; 6 Mz;LfSf;Fj; NjHe;njLf;fg; glNtz;Lk;. mjpy; ghjpg;NgH
%d;W Mz;LfSflF xU Kiw gjtp tpyfNtz;Lk;. Mz;Lf;F xU Kiw
ehlhSkd;wk; $l;lg;gl Ntz;Lk;. rpwg;Gf; $l;lq;fSk; $l;lyhk;. %d;wpy; xU gq;F
cWg;gpdHfs; $l;lj;jpy; fye;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. xt;nthU rigf;Fk; xU jiytH
(Presiding Officer) cz;L. mjd; eltbf;iffis mtNu Nkw;nfhs;thH. ,uz;L
mitfspYk; epiwNtwpa gpd;Ng ve;jnthU kNrhjhTk; rl;lkhf;fg;gLk;;. tuT-nryTj;
jpl;lk; Kjypy; gpujpepjpfs; rigapy; jhf;fy; nra;ag;glNtz;Lk.
4.mikr;ruit
epHthf mjpfhuq;fisf; nfhz;Ltpsq;FtJ mikr;ruitahFk;. Nguikr;rUk;
kw;w mikr;rHfSk; ,jpy; cs;sdH. ehlhSkd;wk; Nguikr;riu epakpf;Fk;. mtH
kw;w mikr;rHfis epakpg;ghH. Ek;gpf;ifapy;yhj; jPHkhdj;jpd; Nghpy; mikr;ruit
gjtp tpyf Ntz;Lk;. mikr;ruit rl;lq;fis ,aw;wTk; cld;gbf;iffis
 174

Nkw;nfhs;sTk;> nghJ ephthfj;ij Nkw;Nfhs;sTk;> tuT-nryTj; jpl;lj;ijf; jahH

nra;aTk; mikr;ruit Mzifis ntspaplTk; chpik ngw;Ws;sJ. Mzifs;
midj;Jk; me;je;jj; Jiw mikr;ruhy; ifnahg;gkplg;gl;L> Nguikr;ruhy;
ifnahg;gkplg;gl;l gpd;dNu ntsptUk;. tuT-nryTf; fzf;Ffisj; jzpf;if ghHf;f
jzpf;if FO (Board of Audit)xd;W Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. mJ nghJf;fzf;Ffisf;
jzpf;if nra;J mjd; mwpf;ifia ehlhSkd;wj;jpw;F mDg;gNtz;Lk; vd tpjpfs;
tFf;fg;gl;ld.
5.ePjpj;Jiw
ePjp ghpghydk; caH ePjpkd;wj;jhy; ghJfhf;fg;gl;lJ. jdpg;gl;l Nky;
KiwaPl;L kd;wq;fs; Vw;gLj;jg;gltpy;iy. ePjpgjpfs; midtUk; kdrhl;rpf;Fl;gl;L
Rje;jpukhfr; nraygl Ntz;Lk;. fPo; ePjpkd;wq;fisj; jiyik ePjpkd;wq;fs; elj;jpr;
nry;y Ntz;Lk;. ,uh[j; JNuhff; Fw;wk; rhl;lg;gl;lhnyhopa ePjpgjpfisg;
gjtpapypUe;J tpyf;f KbahJ. Jiyik kd;w ePjpgjpfs; mikr;ruitahy;
epakpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;W me;jg; Gjpa murpay; mikg;G $wpaJ. hpr;rHL ];Nlhhp
vd;gtH $W;Wg;gb nka;[p murpayikg;ghdJ Jhf;fpnawpg;gl;lJ. mnkhpf;f
mwpQHfshy; cUthf;fg;gl;l Gjpa murpayikg;G [g;ghdpa kf;fshy; Vw;Wf;
nfhs;sg;gl;lJ vd;gJ nghUj;jkhdNjahFk;. “1947k; Mz;by; Vw;gl;l Gjpa
murpayikg;ghdJ [g;ghdpaHfspd; xU Gul;rpfukhd chpikg; gj;jpukhFk;” vd;W
fpisLk;> gPHRk; Fwpg;gpl;L;s;sdH.
nghUshjhu rPHjpUj;jq;fs;
nghUshjhuk; Kd;Ndw;wk; mile;jhy;jhd; [g;ghdpy; kf;fshl;rp tsu
#o;epiyfs; Vw;gLnkd;Wk; tsUk; ,uhZt Kiw jil nra;ag;gLnkd;Wk; mij
Vw;Wf;nfhz;l NerehLfs; vz;zpd. vdNt 1946-k; Mz;L mf;NlhgH jpq;fspy; xU
kNrhjh nfhz;Ltug;gl;lJ. mjd;gb [g;ghdpy; nrhe;j epyq;fNshL FbapUg;gtUk;
FbNawpatUk; 9.8Vf;fH epyk; itj;Jf;nfhs;s mDkjpf;fg;gl;ldH. epyf;FO (Land
Commission) xd;W Vw;gLj;jg;gl;L Njitf;F mjpfkhd epyq;fs; (9.8 Vf;fUf;F
mjpfkhdit) mjdplk; xg;gilf;fg;gl;ld. mf;FOtpd; cWg;gpdHfs; kf;fshy;
NjHe;njLf;fg;gl;ltHfshthHfs;. Mf;FO me;epyq;fis epykpy;yhj
FbahdtHfSf;F tpw;wJ. mtHfs; epyj;jpd; tpiyia Kg;gJ jtizfspy;
nrYj;jp te;jdH. bal;khd; vd;gtH 1952-k; Mz;by; 10 yl;rk; Vf;fH epyq;fs;
ifkhwpd vd;Wk;> 90rjtpfpj gz;iz epyq;fs; cOgtUf;Nf nrhe;jkhf ,Ue;jd
vd;Wk; $wpAs;shH.
[g;ghdpy; njhopyhsHfs; rq;fk; itj;Jf;nfhs;sTk;> $l;lhf fld; thq;fTk;
Ntiy epWj;jk; nra;aTk; chpik ngw;wdH. 1948-k; Mz;by; njhopw;rq;fq;fspd;
cWg;gpdH vz;zpf;if 6>93>700 Mf ,Ue;jJ. mjpy; ghjpg;Ngh; Ntshz;ikj;
 175

njhopypy; <LglhjtHfshthHfs;. Mdhy; murhq;f mYty;fspy; Ntiy nra;NthH>

nghJ kf;fs; eyk; NgZk; Jiwfspy; Ntiynra;NthH> Ntiy epWj;jk;
nra;af;$lhJ. [g;ghdpd; nghUshjhuj;jpd; KJnfYk;ghf tPw;wpUe;j n[a;gl;R vd;w
gzKjiyfs;> Miy mjpgHfs; njhopy;fspy; <LgLtjpypUe;J jLf;fg;gl;ldH.
mjw;Fhpa rl;lk; 1947-k; Mz;by; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. 1949-y; [g;ghd; jd; gioa
nghUshjhug; nghypit mile;JtpLk; vd;W vjpHghHj;jdH. mjd;gb mtHfspd;
Nehf;fKk; <NlwpaJ.
mikjp cld;gbf;iffs;
1951-k; Mz;L [{iy jpq;fs; mnkhpf;fhTk;> ghpl;lDk; [g;ghDld; Nghhpy;
<Lgl;l 55 ehLfSf;F miog;G mDg;gpaJ. xU mikjp cld;ghL nfhs;sNt
me;ehLfs; mt;thW nra;jd. mjd;gb 1951-k; Mz;L nrg;lk;gH jpq;fs; 4-k; ehs;
rhd;gpuhd;rp];Nfhtpy; (Sanfrancisco) mikjp ehL (Peace Conference) $baJ. ,Wjpapy;
nrg;lk;gH jpq;fs; 8-k; ehs; [g;ghDk; 48 ehLfSk; rhd;gpuhd;rp];Nfh cld;ghl;by;
ifnaOj;jpl;ld. u\;ah> nrf;Nfh];NyhtpaH> Nghye;J Mfpa ehLfs; khehl;by;
fye;J nfhz;ld. Mdhy; cld;ghl;by; ifnaOj;jpltpy;iy. ,e;jpahTk; gHkhTk;
jdpj;jdpahf [g;ghDld; cld;gbf;if nra;J nfhz;ld. ,j;jifa
cld;gbf;iffshy; Ner ehLfSf;Fk; [g;ghDf;Fk; ,ilNa eilngw;W te;j NghH
KbTw;wJ. nfhhpah> ghHNkhrh> ng];fNlhH]; Mfpa gFjpfspypUe;J [g;ghd; jd;
gilfis tpyf;fpf; nfhz;lJ. I.eh. rq;fj;jpd; ,uz;lhtJ tpjpia Vw;Wf;
nfhz;lJ. u\;ahTk; Vida nghJTilik ehLfSk; mjpy; ePz;l ehl;fs;
NruhkNyNa ,Ue;jd. 1956-k; Mz;by; u\;ahtpw;Fk; [g;ghDf;FkpilNa xU xg;ge;jk;
Vw;gl;lJ. mjd;gb mtHfSf;fpilapypUe;j gifik kiwe;jJ. ,Wjpapy;
mnkhpf;fhtpw;Fk; [g;ghDf;FkpilNa 1952-k; Mz;L Vg;uy; jpq;fs; 28-k; ehs; xU
cld;gbf;if ifnaOj;jhapw;W. mjpypUe;J Nerehl;Lg;gilfs; [g;ghdpypUe;J
ntspNawpd. NkYk; mnkhpf;fh [g;ghdpd; epHthfj;ij Vw;W elj;jpte;j Ml;rpAk;
Kbtile;jJ. [g;ghdpd; ghJfhg;gpw;fhf mnkhpf;fh mq;F xU gilia itj;Jf;
nfhs;s mDkjp ngw;wJ. ,t;thW [g;ghdpy; epHthfj;ij Vw;Wf; nfhz;l MW
Mz;Lfspy; gy khw;wq;fs; mq;F Vw;gl;ld.

[g;ghdpa ntspehl;Lf; nfhs;if

[g;ghd; 1945-k; Mz;Lf;Fg; gpd; mnkhpf;fhtpd; fPo; rpy Mz;Lfs; ,Ue;J

gpd;jdpNa jd; Ml;rpapid elj;j Kw;gl;lJ. mJ rkfhy INuhg;gpa ehLfSlDk;>
gpw ehLfSlDk; ey;yNjhH cwtpid Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhz;l mt;Twtpid gw;wp <z;L
Nehf;FNthkhf>
 176

mnkhpf;fh
[g;ghd; mnkhpf;fhTld; ,Utopf; nfhs;ifapidg; gpd;gw;wp tUfpd;wJ. xd;W
mnkhpf;fhtpid neUq;fp neUq;fpg; Ngha; nfhz;bUg;gJ. Kw;nwhd;W mnkhpf;fh
gpd;gw;Wk; nfhs;ifapypUe;J tpyfpr; nry;tJ.
[g;ghdpy; ,J tiuapy; nghWg;Ngw;w Nguikr;rHfSk; ntspehl;L
mikr;rHfSk;> gd;dhl;L mikjp;f;Fk;> epiyahd jd;ikf;Fk; “Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
nfhLj;J typAWj;jp te;Js;sdH. 1978 Kjy; 1980 tiu nghWg;gpypUe;j kR Nah`p
\puh mnkhpf;fhTld; Kd;Gs;stHfs; gpd;gw;wpa nfhs;ifapidNa gpd;gw;wpdhH.
mtUf;Fg; gpd;dhy; Nguikr;rH nghWg;Ngw;w nrd;Nfh RRfp mtHfs; “ehq;fs;
mnkhpf;fhTld; ghJfhg;G cld;ghl;by; NrHe;Js;sJ vjw;fhfntd;why; vq;fs;
Rje;jpuj;ijg; NgzTk; vq;fs; ghJfhg;ig Kd;dpl;Lk; MFk;” vd;W
Fwpg;gpl;ljpypUe;J mtuJ Nghf;Fk; Nehf;Fk; ,dpJ tpsq;Fk;. gd;dhl;L muq;fpy;
[g;ghdpd; gq;F mikjpiagl NgZtNj MFk; vd;W RRfp NkYk; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shH.
u\;ah
1956-k; Mz;by; [g;ghDk; Nrhtpaj;Jk; ntspapl;l mwpf;ifapd; Nghpy;jhd;
mt;tpU ehLfspd; cwT mike;Js;sJ vdyhk;. 1972-k; Mz;by; FNuhkpNfh
[g;ghDf;F gazk; Nkw;nfhz;lhH. mjpypUe;J mtHfSf;F ek;gpf;if xsp Vw;gl;lJ.
mjd;%yk; rpyjPTfspd; gpur;ridfSf;Fj; jPHT fhZk; ek;gpf;ifAk; Vw;gl;ljpy;
tpag;NgJkpy;iy.
thzpgj;ijg; nghWj;j kl;by; ,U ehLfSf;fpilapy; yhgfukhd thzpgk;
eilngw;wJ vd;why; mjpy; vl;LizAk; Iakpy;iy. ,U ehLfSf;fpilapy; gy
xg;ge;jq;fs; Vw;gl;ld. „ehnshU NkdpAk; nghOnjhU tz;zKkhf thzpgk; tsHe;J
te;jJ. 1974-k; Mz;by; Nkw;nfhz;L 58 rjtpfpjk; tsHr;rp ngw;wJ. ehl;bd;
fdptsq;fisg; gad;gLj;jpf; nfhs;tjpy; ,U ehLfSk; gy xg;ge;je;fis nra;J
nfhz;ld. rhfhapd; jPtpYs;s vz;nza; gw;Wk; vhpthAtpidg; gad;gLj;jpf; nfhs;s
,uz;L ehLfSk; xg;ge;jk; nra;J nfhz;ld. 1976-k; Mz;by; gpg;uthpj; jpq;fspy;
,uz;L murhq;fq;fSf;Fk; ,ilapyhd xg;ge;jq;fs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld.
rkPg fhyq;fspy; Rg;hPk; Nrhtpaj;Jk; [g;ghdpd; lal;Lk; gy xg;ge;jq;fs;
nra;J nfhz;ld. ,J 1990-k; Mz;L Nrhtpaj; u\;ah rpije;J Nghtjw;F Kd;G
Vw;gl;ljhFk;. ,U ehLfSf;Fk; gz;ghl;L hPjpapyk;> fiyj;JiwapYk; gy cwTfs;
Vw;gl;Ls;sd. [g;ghdpd; Gfo;ngw;w fiyQHfs; Nrhtpaj; u\;ahtpw;Fr; nrd;W jq;fs;
nray;ghLfis vLj;Jf;fhl;b cs;sdH. FNuhkpNfhtpd; muR Kiwapyhd gazk;
,jw;F typTk; nghypTk; nfhLj;jJ.
 177

rPdh
1975-k; Mz;by; Jtq;fg;gl;l [g;ghdpa rPd-Ngr;R thHj;ijfspd; %yk‟; ,uz;L
ehLfSf;F ,ilapyhd cwT Nkd;NkYk; tsHe;J tuyhapw;W. [g;ghd; u\;ahTlDk;>
rPdhTlDk; rk mstpy; rkJhuj;jpa Kiwapyhd cwtpid Nkw;nfhz;L RKfkhf
,Ue;J tUfpd;wJ.
rPd [g;ghdpa cwTfs; ,UehLfspy; ntsptptfhu mikr;rHfs; %yk; ed;F
gpizf;fg;gl;lJ. 1976-k; Mz;by; kPd;gpbj;jy; njhlHghd xU xg;ge;jKk; nra;J
nfhz;lJ.
ijthd; gpur;ridiaj; jtpu NtW gpur;ridfSk; gy ,Ue;jd. mitfis
vy;yhk; Ngr;R thHj;ijfs; %yk; ed;F rPuhf;f Kaw;rpfs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld.
1978-k; Mz;by; rPd-[g;ghdpa mikjp kw;Wk; el;GwT cld;gbf;if xd;W
ifnaOj;jhdJ. gy fUj;J NtWghLfSf;fpilapy; jlq;fSf;Fapilapy; RKfkhf
cld;ghl;bid ,U ehLfs; Vw;Wf; nfhz;ld.
[g;ghDk; MrpahTk;
[g;ghd; njd;fpof;F Mrpa ehLfspd; fr;rhg; nghUs;fs; kPJk; %yg;nghUs;fs;
kPJk; MHtKk; ftHr;rpAk; nfhz;bUe;jJ. mJ Nghd;Nw njd;fpof;F Mrpa ehLfSk;
[g;ghdpa KjyPl;lhsHfs;ghy; ehl;lk; nfhz;bUe;jd. mJ kl;Lky;yhky; thzpfk;
nra;a jf;f ,lkhf mij vz;zp te;jhHfs;. vdNt mjw;F Vw;w nfhs;ifapid
cUthf;f vz;zk; nfhz;bUe;jdH.
[g;ghd; njd;nfhhpahTlDk; RKf cwtpid Nkw;nfhz;bUe;jJ.
[g;ghd; ,e;jpahTlDk; rPhpa el;Gwtpid Nkw;nfhz;bUe;jJ.
fr;rhg;nghUl;fisg; ngwTk;> nghUs;fSf;Fhpa re;ijapidg; ngwTk; [g;ghd; gy
jpl;lq;fis Nkw;nfhz;lJ.
,ijg;NghyNt njd;fpof;F Mrpa ehLfSlDk; [g;ghd; ey;yNjhH cwtpid
Nkw;nfhz;Ls;sJ. “1980fspy; [g;ghdpd; ntspehl;Lf; nfhs;if” vd;w Ehypy;
[g;ghdpa ntspehl;L mikr;rH RGNuh xfplh vd;gtH ntspehl;Lf; nfhs;ifapid
ed;F Nfhbl;Lf; fhl;bAs;shH. mJ mikjpf;fhf mHg;gzk; nra;J nfhz;Ls;sjhff;
fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. gd;dhl;L mikjp> eiyj;j jd;ikapid [g;ghd; nghpJk;
NjitahdJ vd;W fUJfpwJ. Mjd; Nehf;fk; vd;dntd;why; gd;dhl;L
epiyj;jd;ikapid guhkhpg;gjhFk;. nghJthf cyfj;Jf;F njhopy; EZf;fj;jpy;
njtpLjy;. Fwpg;ghf Vio ehLfSf;F cjtp nra;jy; MFk;. njhoy; EZf;f
Jiwapy; vy;yh ehLfSf;F cjtNtz;Lk; vd;w caHthd vz;zj;jpid mJ
ngw;Ws;sJ. tuNtw;fjf;fjhFk;. murpay;> nghUshjhuj;jpy; xU tpo;g;GzHit
Vw;gLj;j Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ kw;nwhU Nehf;fkhFk;. rkPg Mz;Lfspy; [g;ghd; cyf
ehLfSld; mjpraj;jf;f Kiwapy; ey;yNjhH cwtpid Vw;gLj;jp te;J cs;sJ
vd;gij vtUk; kWf;fNth my;yJ kiwf;fNth KbahJ.