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TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. GENERAL………………………………………………..............................................................................................4
1.1 INTRODCUTION………………………………………………………………………………………………….4
1.2 PURPOSE….………………………………………………………………………………………………………4
1.3 DEFINITIONS……………………………………………………………………………………………………..4
1.4 SCOPE……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..5

2. CODES AND STANDARDS ………………………………..……………………………………………………... ..5

3. REFERENCE DOCUMENTS………………………………………………………………… .........................5

4. EQUIPMENT DESIGN PRESSURE.…..………………………………………………………………………...... .6

4.1 DESIGN PRESSURE SELECTION ……………………………………………………………………………. .6
4.2 DESIGN PRESSURE PROFILE FOR COLUMNS AND REACTORS ………………….. ............................... .7
4.3 DESIGN PRESSURE AT THE DISCHARGE OF A CENTRIFUGAL PUMP …………………………….….. .7
4.4 COMPRESSOR SEPARATORS ………………………………………………………………………………… 8
4.5 TUBE RUPTURE PROTECTION OF HEAT EXCHANGERS ……………………………………………….. .8
4.6 STEAM CONTAINING EQUIPMENT…………………………………………………………………………. .8

5. DESIGN TEMPERATURE………………………………………………………………………………………… .9
5.1 EQUIPMENT OPERATING AT TEMPERATURE ABOVE 0°C……………………… ...................................................... .9
5.2 EQUIPMENT OPERATING AT TEMPARATURES BELOW 0°C………………………………………… .. 10
5.3 DISCONTINUOUS / CYCLED PROCESSES.……………………………………………………………......... 10

6. METALLURGICAL REQUIREMENTS...………………………………………………………………………..10

7. OVERSIZING FACTORS...………………………………………………………………………………………. .. 10
7.1 HEAT EXCHANGERS/AIR COOLERS……………………………………………………………………... .... 10
7.2 PUMPS…..…..……………………………………………………………………………… ............................... 10
7.3 COMPRESSORS……………………………………………………………………………………………… .... 11
7.4 FIRED HEATERS……………………………………………………………………………………………… .. 11
7.5 FRACTIONATION COLUMNS, ABSORBERS & REGENERATORS……………………………………… .. 11

8. EXCHANGERS FOULING FACTORS……………………………………………………………………………11

9 ENERAL REQUIREMENTS FOR EQUIPMENT………………………………………………………………. . 12

9.1 DIAMETER OF VESSELS……………………………………………………………………………………… 12
9.2 VALVES TRAY FLOODING…………………………………………………………………………………… 12
9.3 ELEVATION OF EQUIPMENT………………………………………………………………………………… 13
9.4 DRUM TYPE SELECTION…………………………………………………………………………………… .. 13

10. SPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS FOR HEAT EXCHANGERS..………………………………………………….13

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11. LIQUID RESIDENCE TIME AND LEVEL POSITIONS….…………………………………………………. .... 14

11.1 LIQUID HOLD-UP AND RESIDENCE TIME….…………………………………………………………… . 14
11.2 LEVEL POSITIONS………………….……………………………………………………………………….. .. 14

12. NOZZLES PROCESS STANDARDS…………………………………………………………………………… .... 14

13. INSULATION AND TRACING…………………………….…………………………………………………....... 16

14. PIPING……………………………………………….…………………………………………………………... ..... 17

14.1 LINE SIZING CRITERIA FOR LIQUID……………….…………………………………………………… ... 17
14.2 LINE SIZING CRITERIA FOR GAS AND STEAM …………….……………………………………….…... 17
14.3 LINE SIZING CRITERIA FOR MIXED PHASE FLUID……….…………………………………………...... 19
14.4 LINE SIZING CRITERIA FOR OFFSITE LINES….………….……………………………………………. ... 19

15. APPENDICES / ATTACHMENTS …………………………………………………………………………….… .. 19

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1.0 GENERAL

1.1 Introduction
This specification describes the process criteria for the design and construction of
various facilities during the Engineering Design phase for the ABU DHABI GAS
INDUSTRIES LTD. (GASCO).
1.2 Purpose
The purpose of this document is to define the rules and criteria which shall be followed
to implement the process design of the various facilities during the Engineering Design
phase of a PROJECT.

This document provides guidance to:

 Establish and correlate a source of basic information of typically multidiscipline
interest agreed as a common reference of easy access.
 Define the minimum basic sizing criteria.

1.3 Definitions

Where used in this specification, the following terms shall have the meanings indicated
below unless otherwise clearly indicated by context of their use.

COMPANY - ABU DHABI GAS INDUSTRIES LTD. (GASCO)

CONTRACTOR - The party which carries out all or part of the design engineering,
procurement, construction and commissioning or management of the PROJECT.

CONCESSION REQUEST - A deviation requested by the CONTRACTOR or VENDOR,

usually after receiving the contract package or purchase order. Often, it refers to an
authorization to use, repair, recondition, reclaim, or release materials, components or
equipment already in progress or completely manufactured but which does not meet or
comply with COMPANY requirements. A CONCESSION REQUEST is subject to
COMPANY approval.

LICENSOR - The party(s) which provides the technology and the basic design package
for the engineering, procurement, construction, commissioning of the PROJECT.

PROJECT - (To be defined)

SHALL and SHOULD - The word „Shall‟ is to be understood as a mandatory and the
word „Should‟ as strongly recommended to comply with the requirements of this
document.

ENGINEER / FEED ENGINEER - An Engineering Company / firm appointed by

COMPANY to perform The Front End Engineering Design (FEED) and / or Engineering
Design for the PROJECT.

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1.4 Scope
This document outlines the basic design / sizing process criteria to be applied as a
minimum in the specification of equipment, piping and insulation.

For Licensed process/package, no change will be considered to the basic design data
and specific design criteria given by the Process LICENSOR without prior approval
from the LICENSOR and/or COMPANY.

Request for any change in LICENSOR basic design data or criteria shall be submitted
to the COMPANY for review and approval only in the event that the Process LICENSOR
criteria are less stringent than that for non licensed process units. In all cases where
the LICENSOR design criteria or basic data is less stringent than those given below,
the FEED ENGINEER shall bring this to the notice of the COMPANY.

In the event that the Process LICENSOR proposes specific design criteria which is
more stringent than the one summarized in this document, that shall take precedence.
The following process design criteria given below shall be applied to equipment, which
is not specified by LICENSOR.

2.0 CODES AND STANDARDS

The following codes and standards, to the extent specified herein shall apply. Where a
specific edition is not indicated, it shall be taken that the most current edition (including
addenda) shall apply.
API 12J Specification for Oil & Gas Separators
API 521 American Petroleum Institute Standard „Pressure
Relieving and Depressurizing Systems‟
ASME Section VIII, Division 1 ‟Boilers and Pressure Vessels‟
Shell DEP 31.22.05.11 Gen Gas/Liquid Separators – Type Selection & Design Rule
TEMA Tubular Exchangers Manufacturer‟s Association

3.0 REFERENCE DOCUMENTS

The following reference documents, to the extent specified herein, form a part of this
specification. When an edition date is not indicated for a document, the latest edition in
force at the time of the project execution shall apply.

Design General Specifications

DGS 6300-006 Material Selection & Corrosion Control Philosophy
DGS-0810-002 Pressure vessel design basis
DGS-6500-010 Hot insulation for piping and equipment
DGS-6500-020 Cold insulation for piping and equipment

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4.0 EQUIPMENT DESIGN PRESSURE

4.1 Design Pressure Selection

Except for specific items such as thin wall equipment (Vessels open to atmosphere,
storage tanks, etc.), the following design criteria shall be applied defining PD according
to:

PD : minimum mechanical design pressure

PSM : maximum continuous operating pressure

PSM (bar g) PD (bar g)

<0 Full vacuum (2) and 2.0 or 3.5 bar g (3)
0-10 PSM + 1 (3) (4) (5)
10-35 PSM x 1.1
35-70 PSM + 3.5
> 70 PSM x 1.05

Notes:

1. When applicable, maximum liquid density and maximum liquid height in vessel
shall be specified on the process data sheet for use in mechanical thickness
calculations.

2. Full vacuum design conditions shall be applied to equipment that fulfill one of the
following conditions :
 Normally operates under vacuum
 Is subject to vacuum during start-up, shut-down or regeneration
 Normally operates full of liquid and can be blocked in and cooled down
 Can undergo vacuum through the loss of heat input.

Partial vacuum design conditions are normally not considered, except for the
following cases:
 When the sub-atmospheric pressure is determined by the vapor pressure of
the vessel fluid. Then the vapor pressure corresponding to the minimum
ambient temperature has to be considered.
 When the thickness of equipment is determined by external pressure
calculation instead of internal pressure. This has to be considered on a case
by case basis.
3. Based on the minimum set pressure of safety valves:
 3.5 bar g for a safety valve discharging to flare
 2.0 bar g for a safety valve discharging to atmosphere for non-hydrocarbon /
sour service only.

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(This rule is not applicable for thin wall equipment such as vessels open to
atmosphere, storage tanks, where "full of liquid" may be the governing case).
4. For equipment in equilibrium with flare the design pressure is the flare design
pressure.
5. For tanks open to atmosphere, atmospheric pressure + full of water or specified
liquid (if specific gravity > 1.0).

4.2 Design Pressure Profile for Columns and Reactors

The same design pressure shall be selected for the top of a fractionation column and
associated condenser, reflux drum and interconnected piping.
The design pressure at the bottom of a fractionation column shall be determined as
follows:

PDB = PDT + P1

Where:
PDB : Design pressure at the bottom in the vapor phase
PDT : Design pressure at the top

P1 : Column pressure drop

The maximum liquid flowing density and the maximum liquid height shall be indicated
on the Process Data Sheet for use in the mechanical thickness calculations.

4.3 Design Pressure at the Discharge of a Centrifugal Pump

 As a general rule the design pressure shall be the maximum of the values
calculated by the two following formulas :
Hmax x dmax
PDD = PSM +
10.2
PDD = PDS + Hc x dmax

10.2
Where:

PDD : Design pressure at the discharge of the pump (bar g)

PDS : Design pressure at the suction of the pump (bar g)
PSM : Maximum operating pressure (bar g)
Hmax : Maximum differential head of the pump, generally at no flow
condition (m)
HC : Rated differential head (m)
dmax : Maximum flowing specific gravity.

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At the early stage of the project development when the maximum differential head
of the centrifugal pump is not available, the design pressure at the discharge of the
pump shall then be set as follows :

PDD = PDA + 1.2 x Hc x dmax

10.2
PDA : Safety valve set pressure for the suction vessel (bar g)
+ Pressure drop through the vessel (bar), if any
dmax
+ Maximum static head at pump suction (m) x
1 0.2

At the detail engineering stage, after pump selection, it shall be checked that the
design pressure calculated using above formula is in accordance with general criteria
stated above.

In case of two pumps in series, the maximum differential head shall be the sum of
the maximum differential head of each pump provided there is no pressure relief
valve between the pumps.

4.4 Compressor Separators

Settling-out pressure of compressors shall be considered for design pressure

calculations of compressor suction separator. This settling out pressure shall be
confirmed as soon as relevant detailed information becomes available from
compressors suppliers and Detailed Engineering Studies.

4.5 Tube Rupture Protection of Heat Exchangers

 This concerns TEMA and multitube heat exchangers.
 Tube rupture protection of heat exchangers rules shall follow API 521 (5th Edition,
January 2007) section 4.3.2 & 5.19.1. This practice applies only to the heat
exchanger itself and does not concern relevant piping and valving.
 Double pipe type of heat exchangers are not concerned by tube rupture protection as
per API 521 (5th Edition, January 2007)
 It has to be pointed out that considerations for thermal relief device implementation
have to be taken independently from any tube failure protection requirement.

4.6 Steam Containing Equipment

As a general rule, steam containing equipment shall be designed for full vacuum
conditions, since vacuum may happen during cooling down of such equipment when
not connected to atmosphere.
Steam out operation equipment design pressure to be partial vacuum or half Vacuum
based on the pressure detailed calculation.

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5.0 DESIGN TEMPERATURE

5.1 Equipment Operating at Temperature above 0°C

As a general rule the design temperature shall be:

TD = TSM + 30°C or TD = TE, whichever is the greater

Where:
TD : Design temperature (°C)
TSM : Maximum continuous operating temperature (°C)
TE : Exceptional operating temperature (°C) to be considered for operations
duration exceeding a total of 100 hours per year.
The minimum design temperature shall not be less than 85°C for any equipment which
normally operates at temperatures above 0 °C.

Notes:
1. The exceptional temperature generated by a fire should not be considered for
design temperature selection but shall be addressed as part of the depressurization
studies.
2. The accidental temperature which may occur in emergency situations such as loss
of utilities, valve closure, air cooler failure or any abnormal operation and
corresponding to a short duration are not to be taken into account as long as the
temperature increase does not exceed the codes limits.

However equipment containing parts which can be damaged by abnormal high

temperature has to be designed for this temperature. This mainly concerns
equipment internals.

3. Steam out conditions shall be specified on process data sheet when hard-pipe
steams out connections are provided. For non permanent connections, steam out
conditions should not supersede Process Design conditions.

4. A specific design temperature shall be associated to specified vacuum design

pressure.

5.2 Equipment Operating at Temperature Below 0°C

As a general rule the design temperature shall be:

TD = TSM - 10°C
Where:
TD : Design temperature (°C)
TSM : Minimum continuous operating temperature (°C).

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Notes:
1. Depending upon the depressurization philosophy of the plant, dynamic simulations of
equipment may have to be performed using COMPANY approved commercial
software to determine the relevant pressure and temperature profile conditions
during depressurization.

2. Temperature generated by depressurization of equipment or interconnected items

system shall be indicated on the datasheet as well as the related residual pressure.

3. Where depressurization in accordance with the above criteria results in temperatures

lower than -46°C, datasheet shall indicate Minimum Design Metal Temperature
(MDMT).

4. Minimum Design Metal Temperature (MDMT) shall be specified as per DGS-0810-

002 (Pressure vessel design basis).

5.3 Discontinuous / Cycled Processes

Various pressure and temperature conditions sets shall be specified for each phase of
equipment operation.
Mixing of extreme conditions of pressure and temperature shall not be considered.
Typical example is related to molecular sieves vessel design conditions specification.
The sets of conditions of each phase of the operating cycle shall all be specified, e.g.
design conditions of the adsorption phase, of the regeneration phase, etc.

6.0 METALLURGICAL REQUIREMENTS

The metallurgical selection to be applied for equipment and piping process design are
to be reported in the "Plant Corrosion Control and Material Selection Philosophy” and
shall take into consideration all the requirements of DGS-6300-006 and shall be shown
on Material Selection Diagrams developed for each Unit.

7.0 OVERSIZING FACTORS

7.1 Heat Exchangers / Air coolers

Irrespective of phase change, both Duty & Flowrate shall be increased by 10%. This
constitutes a 10% margin.
7.2 Pumps
The minimum margin between the normal flowrate and the rated flowrate shall be as
follows:

o Reflux pumps and pump around pumps : 20%

o Other process pumps : 10%
o Boiler feed water pumps : See applicable codes, but
not less than 10%
o Other utility pumps : 10%

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Notes:
1. When an automatically controlled minimum flow protection is not installed, the
recirculation permanent flow must be added to the net process flow.
2. Normal and rated flow rates may be identical for specific service such as intermittent
service, sump pumps, etc.
3. The above margin is to be applied at pump normal head.

7.3 Compressors

The minimum margin between the normal case and the rated case shall be as follows:

o Centrifugal compressors : 10%

o Instrument Air Compressors : 50% above max
demand
o Other compressors : 10% to 20%

7.4 Fired Heaters

No over sizing shall be considered over and above the design case unless specifically
identified.

7.5 Fractionation Columns, Absorbers and Regenrators

No over sizing shall be considered over and above the design case unless specifically
identified. However, the columns shall be designed to meet specification requirements
when operated at turndown conditions. Tray design shall have 10% margin on tray
loading.

8.0 EXCHANGERS FOULING FACTORS

The following fouling factor figures shall apply:

o Process fluids h.m2.°C/kcal m2.°C/W

Sour natural gas 0.00020 0.00017

Sweet gas 0.00020 0.00017

Liquid NGL 0.00020 0.00017
Liquid LPG 0.00020 0.00017
Raw Feed Condensate 0.00040 0.00035
Stabilized Condensate 0.00020 0.00017
Process water 0.00040 0.00035
Stripped water 0.00040 0.00035
Glycol 0.00040 0.00035
Amine Service (1) 0.0005 0.000375
(1) Filter or strainer is required for Amine Services

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o Licensed units fluids by by

LICENSOR LICENSOR

o Utilities
Chilled water 0.00020 0.00017
Potable water 0.00020 0.00017
Saturated steam / LP condensate 0.00020 0.00017
BFW / Demineralized water 0.00020 0.00017
Superheated steam 0.00010 0.00009

Nitrogen 0.00010 0.00009

Instrument air 0.00020 0.00017
Fuel gas 0.00020 0.00017
Diesel 0.00040 0.00035

9.0 REQUIREMENTS FOR EQUIPMENT

9.1 Diameter of Vessels

As a general rule, inside diameter shall be specified on process data sheets. The
equipment outside diameter and thickness shall be calculated by relevant specialists.
When the required inside diameter of a vessel is lower than 800 mm, a note should be
added on process data sheets specifying that a pipe element may be considered.
When the required inside diameter of a vessel is lower than 900 mm, flanged heads
may be specified on process data sheets.
In some applications proprietary separator design may have to be selected. This
applies mainly to separators where gas/liquid separation is of utmost importance for
downstream equipment.
Proprietary design items should however be checked with great care as size may be
reduced at the expense of performance and separation efficiency is very difficult to
check.
For items not covered here, SHELL DEPs /API standards to be followed

9.2 Valve Tray Flooding

The recommended flooding factor for valve trays should be as follows:

0.82 for pressure columns and atmospheric column
0.65 to 0.75 for columns with diameter lower than 900 mm.

Higher flooding factors may be considered in special cases subject to COMPANY

approval.
The system factors to be applied vary depending upon each service. Refer to the
relevant documents (Unit design basis, Process Datasheets, etc.) for full detailed
information. For LICENSOR units, the tray design criteria shall be as recommended
by LICENSOR.
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9.3 Elevation of Equipment

When no process constraint is involved, it should be indicated "mini for piping" in place
of elevation. Elevation shall then be determined during EPC phase.

Equipment elevation shall be specified on process data sheets and P&ID's when
required, i.e., pump NPSH requirements, fluid circulation in column side exchangers,
etc.

Equipment elevation, piping layout, equipment performances shall be checked and

confirmed acceptable when detailed information is available from relevant disciplines.

9.4 Drum Type Selection

Horizontal drums are preferred to vertical drums when the liquid handling requirements
are more stringent than those of the gas phase, as they lead to relatively smaller
drums.
Vertical vessels are be preferred when the gas/liquid efficiency is of critical impact,
since the efficiency of a vertical drum does not vary with liquid level.
Horizontal drums are preferred when a three-phase separation is required. Vertical
drums may be considered when the gas/liquid separation is considered more critical
for process operation than the liquid phase separation.
Other considerations such as plot plan requirements, etc. shall also be taken into
account.

10.0 SPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS FOR HEAT EXCHANGERS

 TEMA R should be generally used for all shell and tubes and hairpin type heat
exchangers.

Fixed tube sheet exchangers are acceptable for non fouling service being on the
shell side. In this case, Licenser and/or Contractor shall define all exceptional
operating conditions (start-up, shutdown) to check the necessity to provide an
expansion bellow on the shell.

For water coolers, the sizing of by-pass on water side shall be 3/4" for water pipes
up to 3", 1" for water pipes up to 8" and 1 1/2" for water pipes more than 8".
 Induced draft is preferred for air coolers, except when inlet temperature of fluids
above 175 °C, outlet temperature of fluid is above 85°C and air outlet over 77°C.
Temperature control on air coolers shall be set by Process requirements (Bypass,
variable speed motors, etc). Louvres should be avoided as they are prone to stick.

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11. LIQUID RESIDENCE TIME AND LEVEL POSITIONS

11.1 Liquid Hold-up and Residence Time

The hold-up time is defined between Low Liquid Level (LLL) and High Liquid
Level (HLL).

As a general rule hold-up times shall be as follows:

SERVICE HOLD-UP TIME (minimum)

Surge 20 to 30 minutes

Reflux 5 minutes
or 2 minutes if product is sent to storage
15 minutes if product feeds a column

Product to storage 2 minutes if direct cooling

5 minutes if heat exchange with other
process streams

Product to process 5 minutes if liquid level is controlled

15 minutes if flowrate is controlled

Reboiling by kettle kettle liquid hold-up may be taken into

account when considering the fractionation
system liquid bottom product hold-up

The Normal Liquid Level (NLL) is generally set at 50% of the HLL-LLL range.

11.2 Level Positions

Unless otherwise specified by Process LICENSOR, the following alarm and cut-off
setting shall be used:

HLL Defines the 100% point of the controllable range.

HLA At 80% of the controllable range.
NLL At 50% of the controllable range.
LLA At 20% of the controllable range.
LLL Defines the 0% point of the controllable range.

HHLA / HLCO At a few seconds / minutes above HLL

LLLA / LLCO At a few seconds / minutes above LLL

Trip tappings, e.g. dedicated to HLCO or LLCO, shall be independent from other
instrument tappings.

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12. NOZZLES PROCESS STANDARDS

 Manholes installation
Vessels of 6 meters or longer (tangent to tangent length) shall be provided with a
minimum of two manholes or more depending upon vessel specific internal
arrangement.

Specific COMPANY requirements for additional manholes should be incorporated

when manholes on vessel top are deemed necessary for proper equipment ventilation
during internal inspection.

In columns with trays, manholes should be provided at the top, below the bottom tray,
at the feed tray, at any other tray at which removable internals are located, and at
intermediate points so that the maximum spacing of manholes does not exceed
10 trays. The minimum tray spacing with manhole in the internal shall not be less than
760 mm.

Minimum size of manholes shall be 24”. Size other than this, i.e. up to 20” requires
COMPANY approval. The handholes size is 8" minimum.

For vessels containing catalyst/chemicals the manhole size shall be 30 “.

 Nozzle sizes

All nozzles shall be flanged and minimum nozzle diameter permitted is 2” (50.8 mm)
nominal.

The following nozzle sizes shall not be used: 1:25", 2.5", 3.5", 5", 7", 9", 22" and 26".

The minimum vessels vent and drain sizes shall be as follows:

Volume or diameter of Vent diameter Drain diameter

vessel (m3 or mm)
V < 75 or D < 4 500 2" 2"
75 < V < 220 or 3" 3"
4500 < D < 6 000
220 < V < 420 or 4" 4"
D > 6 000
V > 420 6" 4"

Note: Vent and drain connections may not necessarily be located on vessels,
however, drains should be connected at the lowest point to allow complete drainage
of the vessel.

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The purge connections for vessels shall be sized as follows:

Drums and heat exchangers (when applicable) 2"

 Column diameter (m)
o D < 4.5 2"
o 4.5 < D < 6 3"
o D>6 4"

• The steam out connections shall be of 2" for standardization reasons.

• For large vessels (D ≥ 4.5m and columns), 2 X 2" connections shall be
provided.

Notes:

1. The purge and steam out connections, when specifically required, may not
necessarily be located on vessels (advantage may be taken of available
connections such as drains for steam out service).

2. Steam out connections should be distinct and independent from drains.

13. INSULATION AND TRACING

Thermal insulation for hot or cold services is required for:

 Heat or cold conservation of equipment and piping. (For more details, refer to
DGS-6500-010 & DGS-6500-020).
 Personnel protection of equipment for operating temperatures above 60°C.
 Temperature control to avoid condensation, solidification or a too high
viscosity.
 Anti external condensation
 Steam or electrical tracing provided to prevent freezing or to keep a gas above
its dew point.

Depending on the type and composition of insulation, if found to be fire resistant

certified, then credit maybe taken for its ability to reduce the relief load during a fire in
accordance with API 521.

Acoustic Insulation shall be required where noise levels are predicted to exceed
PROJECT standards.

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14. PIPING

14.1 Line Sizing Criteria for Liquid

The following line sizing criteria shall apply for liquid services.
The following criteria are valid for onsite lines sizing. Refer to paragraph 13.4 for
offsite and interconnecting lines.

MAXIMUM
SERVICE LINE SIZE VELOCITY PRESSURE DROP
(m/s) Normal Max.
(bar/km) (bar/km)

Pump suction, bubble < 2” 0.6 0.6 0.9

point (1)(3)
3" - 10” 0.9 “ “
12" - 18” 1.20 “ “
> 20" 1.5 ” “

Pump suction, subcooled < 2” 0.9 2.3 3.5

(3)
3" - 6” 1.2 “ “
8" - 18” 1.5 “ “
> 20" 1.8 ” “

Pump discharge, P < 50 1.5 to 6 3.5 4.5

bar
Pumpg discharge, P > 50 1.5 to 6 7.0 9.0
bar g
Gravity flow 0.6 0.25 0.45

Side-stream draw-off (2) < 2” 0.6 0.6 0.9

> 3" 0.9 ” “
Cooling water 3.0 2.3 3.5
BFW 6.0 3.5 4.5

Notes:
1. Applicable to liquid to thermosiphon reboiler and liquid containing dissolved gas.
2. Provide a vertical run of 3 meters minimum from nozzle, at nozzle size, before
reducing the size of the line.
3. For high pumping temperature, extra margins shall be considered to compensate for
piping expansion devices pressure drop.

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ABU DHABI GAS INDUSTRIES LTD. (GASCO)
PROCESS DESIGN CRITERIA

14.2 Line Sizing Criteria for Gas and Steam

The following line sizing criteria shall apply for gas and steam services.
The following criteria are valid for onsite lines sizing. Refer to paragraph 14.4 for offsite
and interconnecting lines.

MAXIMUM MAXIMUM
SERVICE PRESSURE LINE SIZE VELOCITY (m/s) V2
(bar g)
(kg.m.S-2)
Gases; General (1) P < 20 (5) 15 000
20 < P < 50 (5) 15 000
50 < P < 80 (5) 15 000
P > 80 (5) 15 000
Compressor Suction (3)

Reciprocating (5) 3 000

Centrifugal (5) 6 000

Heat exchangers nozzle (5) 6 000
(in/out) (3)
Steam, saturated (3) < 2" (5) 15 000
3” - 8" (5) “
> 10” (5) ”
Steam, superheated (1) < 2" (5) “
(3) 3” - 8" (5) ”
> 10” (5) “

Notes:

1. The above indicated line sizing criteria are valid for continuous operation. Pressure
drop in bar/km shall be less than 5% of the static absolute pressure for long headers
and 10% for short headers. For intermittent operation, these limits may be relaxed on
a case by case analysis. As far as steam let down stations are concerned, for
example, where sufficient pressure drop is available, the pressure drop limit of 10%
for short headers may be increased to 30% and the V2 limit of 15000 may be
increased to 25000.

2. Allowable pressure drop between 0.2 and 0.7 bar/km

3. Allowable pressure drop between 0.5 and 1.2 bar/km.

4. In addition, to these criterions, flowing velocity for a noise point of view has to be
considered.

5. Maximum velocity shall be determined from ρν² based on vapor/steam density at that
condition.

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ABU DHABI GAS INDUSTRIES LTD. (GASCO)
PROCESS DESIGN CRITERIA

14.3 Line Sizing Criteria for Mixed Phase Fluid

The following criteria are valid for onsite lines sizing. Refer to paragraph 14.4 for offsite
and interconnecting lines.

For preliminary mixed phase fluid line size calculations, the average density method
shall be used while considering the following criteria:

 vM : 10 to 23 m/s
 M2 : 5000 to 10000 Pa
 M3 : 100000 to 150000 kg/s3
 Where vM is the average fluid velocity.

Ultimate checking of flow patterns shall be made using appropriate published charts
such as those by G. A. GREGORY & M. FOGARISI.

For horizontal and vertical flows, continuous flow patterns should be ensured such as:

 Stratified, annular, bubble, wavy flow patterns, etc. for horizontal lines or slightly
sloped.
 Annular or bubble flow, etc. for the vertical lines

14.4 Line Sizing Criteria for Offsite Lines

The following criteria are typical and may have to be supported by economical
appraisal.

P(bar / km) Max. velocity

LINE TYPE (m/s)
Normal Max
Long carbon steel water 0,58 1,16 -
line
- - 2.5 to 3
Bonna line
0.2 to 0.3 - 10 to 20
Steam condensate
(mixture)
15. APPENDICES / ATTACHMENTS

None

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