Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Edge Computing and Applications (ICECAA 2023)
IEEE Xplore Part Number: CFP23BV8-ART; ISBN: 979-8-3503-4757-9
Evaluating OFDM Performance under Carrier
Frequency Offset Effects
J. K. Aneesh Roghaan,
Dept. of ECE, College of Engineering Guindy,
Anna University, Chennai 600025, Tamil Nadu, India
aneeshroghaan@gmail.com
2023 2nd International Conference on Edge Computing and Applications (ICECAA) | 979-8-3503-4757-9/23/$31.00 ©2023 IEEE | DOI: 10.1109/ICECAA58104.2023.10212403
Abstract:
The purpose of this study is to evaluate how Orthogonal
Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) systems
function when their carrier frequency offset is fixed or
random. The effect of carrier frequency offset on
subcarrier orthogonality and the ensuing inter-carrier
interference (ICI) are investigated through simulation
using MATLAB. The results show that, even in the
presence of a high signal-to-noise ratio (S NR), a small
frequency offset can cause a significant decline in bit
error rate (BER). The BER vs S NR plot demonstrates
that even a slight increase in the carrier frequency offset,
such as 0.25, negatively affects the BER vs S NR curve.
Moreover, for a frequency offset of 0.5, the BER vs S NR
curve becomes a flat line, indicating no improvement in
S NR. These findings emphasize the critical role of
managing carrier frequency offset in OFDM systems to
maintain performance and mitigate interference.
Keywords: OFDM, Carrier Frequency offset, Bit Error
Rate, S ignal to Noise Ratio,
I. INTRODUCTION:
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
(OFDM) was a widely adopted modulation technique
in modern wireless communication systems.
Fig1. Applications of OFDM
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Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
(OFDM), first created in the 1960s for military use,
rose to prominence in later decades as a result of its
effective inter-symbol interference (ISI) and multipath
fading mitigation. This made it a good option for high
data rate transmission in a variety of applications,
including wireless local area networks (WLANs), 4G
LTE, and 5G wireless systems, as well as digital music
and video broadcasts. With improvements in digital
signal processing and a rising demand for high-speed
data transmission, OFDM was widely used and was a
success. Being able to split a high-speed data stream
into numerous lower-speed substreams and transmit
them in simultaneously using orthogonal subcarriers
was what made OFDM unique. This parallel gearbox
strategy increased spectrum efficiency and enhanced
system functionality. Due to this, OFDM became the
modulation method of choice in a variety of wireless
communication systems for providing dependable and
high-capacity transmission.
The fundamental concept of OFDM revolved
around the use of orthogonal subcarriers, which were
narrowband frequency channels spaced apart at precise
intervals. These subcarriers were typically modulated
using a digital modulation scheme, such as Quadrature
Amplitude Modulation (QAM) or Phase Shift Keying
(PSK), allowing multiple data symbols to be
transmitted simultaneously across the frequency
spectrum. The main advantage of OFDM lay in its
ability to combat the effects of frequency-selective
fading channels. The parallel transmission of
subcarriers allowed each subcarrier to experience a flat
fading channel, ensuring that the transmitted data was
received reliably. This was achieved by leveraging the
orthogonality property of the subcarriers, which
guaranteed minimal interference between them.
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
(OFDM) offers efficient bandwidth utilization in
communication systems. By dividing the available
spectrum into multiple orthogonal subcarriers, OFDM
allows simultaneous transmission of data across
different frequencies. This enables efficient use of the
available bandwidth and maximizes the overall data
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IEEE Xplore Part Number: CFP23BV8-ART; ISBN: 979-8-3503-4757-9
rate. Each subcarrier in OFDM is narrowband, and the
subcarriers are carefully spaced to avoid interference
between them. The orthogonality property of
subcarriers ensures that they do not interfere with each
other, resulting in efficient bandwidth utilization
without sacrificing data integrity. OFDM's ability to
mitigate the effects of frequency-selective fading
further enhances its bandwidth utilization, making it a
popular choice for high-speed data transmission in
various wireless communication standards.
Fig 2. Bandwidth utilization of OFDM
By carefully choosing the subcarrier frequencies
and their spacing, orthogonality was accomplished.
OFDM systems were able to effectively transfer the
data symbols from the time domain to the frequency
domain and vice versa by using the Inverse Fast
Fourier Transform (IFFT) at the transmitter and the
Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) at the receiver. This
conversion enabled the receiver to demodulate the
individual subcarriers independently, effectively
separating the transmitted symbols from each
subcarrier. The resilience of OFDM against multipath
fading and ISI was a result of the inherent guard
interval (or cyclic prefix) that was added to each
OFDM symbol. The guard interval acted as a buffer
between consecutive symbols, eliminating the ISI
caused by delayed echoes of the transmitted signal.
This ensured that the receiver could recover the
transmitted symbols accurately, even in the presence of
multipath propagation. The need for larger data speeds
and spectral efficiency have led to considerable
developments in OFDM over time. Several wireless
communication technologies, including Wi-Fi (IEEE
802.11a/g/n/ac/ax), Long Term Evolution (LTE), and
the future 5G and beyond systems, had largely adopted
it.
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Due to its effectiveness in preventing frequency-
selective fading and achieving high spectral efficiency,
orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM)
has become the dominant modulation scheme in
contemporary wireless communication systems.
However, the performance of OFDM was susceptible
to various impairments, among which carrier
frequency offset posed a significant challenge. Carrier
frequency offset referred to the deviation of the carrier
frequency at the receiver from the carrier frequency at
the transmitter, often caused by local oscillator
inaccuracies, Doppler shifts, or other factors. The
impact of carrier frequency offset on OFDM
performance had been extensively studied, as accurate
estimation and compensation of this offset were crucial
for maintaining reliable communication.
Understanding the effects of frequency offset on
OFDM performance was essential for designing robust
and efficient wireless systems.
Fig.3: Block representation of OFDM
Several crucial elements can be found in the block
diagram of an OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division
Multiplexing) system as shown in figure 3. The data
source provides the digital information to be
transmitted. The Serial-to-Parallel Converter divides
the data into parallel streams, each representing a
different subcarrier. Forward Error Correction (FEC)
adds redundancy through error correction codes. The
Mapper assigns symbols to each subcarrier using
modulation schemes like QAM or PSK. The parallel
symbol streams are transformed into time-domain
samples by the Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT).
In order to reduce multipath fading and inter-symbol
interference, cyclic prefix insertion adds a copy of the
last part of the OFDM symbol. The digital samples are
transformed into analogue signals for transmission by
the Digital-to-Analog Converter (DAC). RF
conversion, amplification, filtering, and mixing are all
handled by the RF transceiver.
The Channel represents the physical transmission
medium. The RF Receiver on the receiving end
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transforms the RF signal into baseband analogue
signals. The analogue signals are transformed into
digital samples by the analog-to-digital converter
(ADC). Cyclic Prefix Removal eliminates the cyclic
prefix to reveal the original OFDM symbol. The
received time-domain samples are changed back to
frequency domain using the Fast Fourier Transform
(FFT). The Demapper decodes the symbols received
on each subcarrier. The Reverse Parallel-to-Serial
Converter converts the parallel streams back into a
serial format. The Decoder performs error correction
by decoding the received data using error correction
codes. Finally, the Data Sink represents the destination
of the received data.
Using MATLAB simulation, the purpose of this
study was to assess how well OFDM performed when
there was a carrier frequency offset. To examine their
effects on important performance metrics like bit error
rate (BER) and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), both fixed
and random frequency offset scenarios were taken into
consideration. The receiver's fixed frequency offset
represented a consistent deviation from
The objectives of the implementation is as follows:
1. Examine how Orthogonal Frequency Division
Multiplexing (OFDM) systems perform with fixed and
random carrier frequency offset.
2. Run simulations in MATLAB to determine how the
carrier frequency offset, bit error rate (BER), and
signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) are related to one another.
3. Examine the data, and if there are any problems
keeping the subcarriers' orthogonality property,
suggest a solution.
II. LITERATURE SURVEY
[1] Discussed the problem of carrier
frequency offset (CFO) and sampling frequency offset
(SFO) estimation in digital video broadcasting-cable
(DVB-C2) systems. The authors proposed a new
scheme for CFO and SFO estimation based on the use
of scattered pilots (SPs) and edge pilots (EPs). They
demonstrated that their suggested scheme
outperformed two conventional ones with regard to of
mean square error (MSE) and bit error rate (BER). The
MSE of the suggested system in the additive white
Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel was also thoroughly
examined in the article. The literature review suggested
that the proposed scheme was a promising solution for
CFO and SFO estimation in DVB-C2 systems. [2]
Discuss the issue of frequency offset in OFDM
systems and its impact on signal quality. Various
methods were presented for estimating and
compensating for frequency offset, including time
domain and frequency domain approaches. The article
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also discussed the use of pilot tones for frequency
offset estimation and presented simulation results
comparing different methods. The importance of
accurate frequency offset estimation for maintaining
signal quality in OFDM systems was highlighted.
Additionally, the article discussed the use of multi-
band OFDM for improved wireless communication.
It is discussed how sensitive OFDM systems
are to carrier frequency offsets and how to track and
correct for them using a time-frequency decision-
feedback loop in [3]. Issue in OFDM systems, the
carrier frequency offset (CFO) and its impact on
system performance is discussed [4], it also highlights
that while OFDM is resilient to multipath reflections,
and it is sensitive to CFO, resulting in the degradation
of subcarrier orthogonality and a decline in system
performance. The author also emphasizes the
importance of accurate frequency synchronization in
OFDM systems. [5] concentrates on CFO estimation
for OFDM systems with time-varying DCO brought on
by gain mode switch of the low noise amplifier. For
the purpose of estimating CFO, a blind algorith m
based on linear TV-DCO approximation is proposed. It
includes DCO compensation and power leakage
reduction. In simulations, the suggested LVD-EDE
algorithm performs admirably, offering an alternative
strategy that doesn't rely on particular preambles or
training regimens.
[6] emphasizes the sensitivity of OFDM to
frequency offset and the potential loss of sub-carrier
orthogonality caused by Doppler shift. To enhance the
bit error rate (BER) performance, a new algorithm for
estimating Doppler spread is proposed. Theoretical
analyses and simulations are conducted to showcase
the benefits of this approach, particularly in indoor
environments. The introduction of a novel cyclic
cumulative frequency offset estimator enhances the
performance of traditional OFDM systems, bringing
them closer to an ideal state. With a focus on the
sensitivity of OFDM to Doppler frequency shift and
the ensuing risk of sub-carrier orthogonality
degradation, [7] examines the performance of OFDM
systems in high-speed railway communication
environments. A brand-new algorithm for estimating
Doppler spread is suggested in order to improve bit
error rate (BER) performance. Simulations and
theoretical analysis show the advantages of this
strategy in high-speed rail applications. The traditional
OFDM system is significantly improved and moved
closer to the ideal state thanks to the newly introduced
cyclic cumulative frequency offset estimator. [8]
focuses on estimating carrier frequency offset (CFO)
using training symbols and cyclic prefix (CP). It
focuses on the benefits of applying training symbol-
based estimation techniques. The study emphasises the
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IEEE Xplore Part Number: CFP23BV8-ART; ISBN: 979-8-3503-4757-9

superior performance of training symbol-based CFO

estimation in an AWGN channel with additive white
Gaussian noise. The study recommends additional
research into the use of this technique in MIMO-
OFDM systems, taking a more comprehensive system
model into account. The research's positive findings
suggest the potential for improved CFO estimation
methods in upcoming MIMO-OFDM systems.

For OFDM systems based on CM signalling,

a novel low-complexity blind carrier frequency offset
(CFO) estimation scheme is presented in [9]. The Fig. a: Frequency Offset
channel's characteristics of slowly time-varying are
utilised in this scheme. On the basis of the signal
amplitudes from successive OFDM symbols , a cost
function is created. In scenarios involving frequency -
selective fading channels, narrow-band noise, and
changes in signal gain, the suggested scheme performs
better than existing methods. [10] Combines
orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM)
and offset spatial modulation (OSM) to take advantage
of their benefits. The performance of OSM-OFDM
systems over a multipath Rayleigh fading channel,
where inter-carrier interference (ICI) exists, is Fig. b: Frequency Offset
examined, as well as the effects of carrier frequency
1. Inter-Carrier Interference (ICI): CFO introduces a
offset (CFO). The bit-error rate (BER) of CFO-
phase shift between the different subcarriers in an
impaired OSM-OFDM is calculated theoretically in
OFDM system. As a result, the orthogonality between
this paper, and it is validated through simulations.
the subcarriers is compromised, leading to inter-carrier
III. IMPLEMENTATION interference. ICI causes degradation in the received
signal quality and can result in a higher bit error rate
Carrier frequency offset (CFO) refers to the (BER).
deviation of the carrier frequency used in an OFDM
system from its intended value. This deviation can 2. Symbol Interference: CFO causes each subcarrier's
occur due to various factors, such as Doppler shifts, symbol to experience a different phase shift. This
oscillator inaccuracies, or synchronization errors. The phase shift leads to inter-symbol interference (ISI)
effects of carrier frequency offset on OFDM signals within each OFDM symbol. ISI can distort the
can be summarized as follows: symbols, making it more challenging to accurately
decode them at the receiver. This results in a decrease
in the receiver's ability to recover the original
transmitted data.

3. Frequency Selective Fading: CFO introduces

frequency selectivity in the channel response, as
different subcarriers experience different phase shifts.
The frequency selectivity of the channel can result in
severe fading conditions for certain subcarriers,
leading to a non-uniform degradation in signal quality
across the frequency spectrum.

4. Increased Side Lobes: CFO can lead to increased

side lobes in the frequency domain representation of
the OFDM signal. These side lobes can interfere with
adjacent subcarriers, causing interference and reducing
the overall spectral efficiency of the system.

5. Performance Degradation: The cumulative effects of

ICI, ISI, frequency selective fading, and increased side

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 Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Edge Computing and Applications (ICECAA 2023)
IEEE Xplore Part Number: CFP23BV8-ART; ISBN: 979-8-3503-4757-9
lobes due to CFO result in a degradation of the overall
system performance. The achievable data rate
decreases, and the system's robustness to noise and
channel impairments decreases as well.
The formula for calculating the carrier frequency offset
(F_offset) in an OFDM system can be expressed as
follows:
F_offset = (Δφ) / (2πT) --- (1)
Where Δφ represents the phase difference between two
consecutive received OFDM symbols and T is the
symbol duration.
Algorithm for the estimation of BER:
1. Set up the initial environment by clearing the
command window, workspace, and closing all
figures.
2. Prompt the user to input the cyclic prefix
duration (T_cp) and symbol duration
(T_symbol).
3. Define the OFDM parameters such as the
SNR range, number of subcarriers (N), bits
per subcarrier (b), and total number of OFDM
bits (n).
4. Calculate the cyclic prefix length (cp_len)
based on the given T_cp and T_symbol.
5. Generate random input bits (X) for
transmission.
6. Perform 1/2 rate convolutional encoding
using the specified constraint length (Clen)
and generator polynomial (Cgen).
7. Modulate the encoded bits using 16QAM
modulation (qammod).
8. Reshape the modulated symbols for serial to
parallel conversion (S to P).
9. 9. Use the inverse fast Fourier transform (ifft)
on the modulated symbols to apply the
inverse discrete Fourier transform (IDFT).
10. Apply cyclic prefix addition, simulate a
Rayleigh fading channel, add AWGN,
perform zero-forcing equalization, remove the
cyclic prefix, apply frequency offset, perform
parallel to serial conversion (P to S), apply
discrete Fourier transform (DFT) using the
fast Fourier transform (fft), demodulate using
16QAM demodulation (qamdemod), perform
Viterbi decoding (vitdec), and calculate the
bit error rate (BER) for different frequency
offset values and SNR levels.
The algorithm begins by setting up the environment
and obtaining user inputs for the cyclic prefix and
symbol durations. It then defines the OFDM
parameters such as the SNR range, number of
subcarriers, and bits per subcarrier. Random input bits
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are generated for transmission and undergo 1/2 rate
convolutional encoding. Next, the encoded bits are
modulated using 16QAM modulation. The modulated
symbols are reshaped for serial to parallel conversion
and then subjected to the inverse discrete Fourier
transform (IDFT) using the ifft function. Cyclic prefix
addition is performed, followed by the simulation of a
Rayleigh fading channel, addition of AWGN, and
zero-forcing equalization.
The cyclic prefix is then removed, and various
frequency offsets are applied to the received signal.
The signal is converted from parallel to serial, and the
inverse operations are performed: discrete Fourier
transform (DFT) using fft, demodulation using
16QAM demodulation, and Viterbi decoding. Finally,
the bit error rate (BER) is calculated for different
frequency offset values and SNR levels. This
algorithm allows for the analysis and evaluation of an
OFDM system under different channel conditions and
signal processing techniques. It demonstrates the key
steps involved in OFDM transmission, including
modulation, equalization, and decoding, while
considering factors such as cyclic prefix, channel
fading, and noise.
IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The plot comparing the bit error rate and the signal-to-
noise ratio. A system using orthogonal frequency
division multiplexing (OFDM) performs significantly
worse when the carrier frequency offset (CFO) is
present. Intercarrier interference (ICI), which worsens
the system's bit error rate (BER), results from it
causing the orthogonality between subcarriers to break
down. Particularly in high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR)
ranges, a slight frequency offset can result in a sizable
increase in the BER. This suggests that it is essential to
keep the transmitter and receiver's time and frequency
synchronisation precise in order to lessen the effects of
CFO.
The BER vs SNR plot reveals important
insights. It demonstrates that even a slight increase in
the carrier frequency offset, such as 0.25, has a
noticeable adverse impact on the BER vs SNR curve.
Furthermore, when the frequency offset reaches 0.5,
the BER vs SNR curve becomes a flat line, indicating
that there is no improvement in the SNR regardless of
further increases.
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Fig.5 : BER Vs SNR Plot
To address the challenges posed by CFO, pilot
sequences are inserted at regular intervals between the
subcarriers. These pilot sequences help in maintaining
the orthogonality property of the subcarriers by
providing reference points for synchronization. By
utilizing the information from these pilots, the receiver
can estimate and compensate for the carrier frequency
offset, thus preserving the integrity of the transmitted
data.
Fig. 6: Scatterplot after Modulation
The scatter plot and the constellation plot after
modulation displays the positions of the signal points
before any channel impairments or noise are
introduced which is simulated using Matlab and the
result is shown in figure 6 and 7 respectively. After
passing through the channel, the received signal is
processed to recover the original transmitted symbols.
Zero forcing is done to estimate the symbol in the
receiver side. The BER (Bit Error Rate) is then
calculated by comparing the received bits with the
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original bits, errors in the bits might be caused due to
factors such as channel fading, noise, and interference.
Fig.7: Constellation Plot after Modulati on
V. CONCLUSION
In conclusion, the simulation results clearly
demonstrate that even a small carrier frequency offset
can significantly impact the Orthogonal Frequency
Division Multiplexing (OFDM) system performance in
terms of Bit Error Rate (BER) and Signal-to-Noise
Ratio (SNR). The BER increases dramatically as the
frequency offset increases, leading to a degraded
overall system performance. Performance of an
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM)
system measured as Bit Error Rate (BER) versus
Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR). This interference leads
to errors in the demodulation and decoding processes,
adversely affecting the reliability and accuracy of the
transmitted data. To mitigate the negative effects of
frequency offset, it is crucial to maintain time and
frequency synchronization between the transmitter and
receiver. This synchronization can be achieved by
incorporating pilot sequences at regular intervals
between subcarriers. These pilot sequences help in
estimating and compensating for the carrier frequency
offset, thereby preserving the orthogonality of the
subcarriers and reducing ICI.
The flat line observed in the BER versus SNR
curve for a frequency offset of 0.5 indicates that the
system performance does not improve with higher
SNR values. This emphasizes the importance of
addressing carrier frequency offset to ensure reliable
communication in OFDM systems. Overall, the results
highlight the critical role of synchronization techniques
and the need for accurate frequency estimation and
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IEEE Xplore Part Number: CFP23BV8-ART; ISBN: 979-8-3503-4757-9

compensation algorithms to reduce the adverse effects

of CFO in OFDM-based communication systems.

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