Objective : To verify geometrically that x (a + b) = G x á +

Pre-requisite knowledge : Knowledge of vector algebra, addition of vectors, cross product of vectors, etc.
Materials required : Geometry box, cardboard, white paper, cutter, sketch pen and cellotape.
Procedure :
1. On a cardboard of suitable size paste a white paper using cellotape.
2. Draw line segment OA = 8 cm representing c.
3. Draw line segment OB = 6 cm representing a such that ZAOB = 60°. Let O6 = á
4. Draw line segment BC = 4 cm representing b and making angle of 30° with OA.

M L A

Figure 20.1

5. Draw BM I OA, CL l OA and BN I CL.

6. Complete the parallelograms OAQB, OAPC and BQPC.

Observations
1. |c x a| =| ||a| in 60°
=OA x BM
=Area of parallelogram OAQB.
2. |o x b = ||6|sin 30°
=OA x CN
= BQ x CN
= Area of parallelogram BQPC.
 3. OB = á and B =B

and ZCOA = d.
4. C x (a + b)) = |o| |a + B
b| sin d
OA x OC sin d= OA x CL
= Area of parallelogram OAPC.
5. Area of parallelogram OAPC = (0A) (CL)
= OA x (LN + NC)
=OA (BM + NC)
= (OAXBM) + (0A)(NC)
= Area of parallelogram OAQB + Area of parallelogram BQPC

6. b), * áand
Cx (a + xb are prependicular to the same plane.
. x(a + b) =G x a + xb (condition of co-planarity)
Conclusion

From the above activity it is verified that for any three vectors a, 6 and c we have

Application : Useful to understand distributive property of vectors.

 Objective: To verify that angle in a semicircle is a ight angle, using vector method.
Pre-requisite knowledge : Knowledge of circle and its properties, knowledge of veotoi
Materials required : Cardboard, white sheets of paper, nails, hammer, thread, gluestick, papel
ae
Procedure :

1. On a cardboard of size 25 cm x 25 cm, paste a white sheet of paper.

2. On the white sheet of paper. draw a circle of radjus 10 cm, with centre O.
3. Draw a diameter PQ of this circle.
4. lake any point Aon the circumference of this circle, as shown in figure 21.1.
5. Fix nails at 0, P. Q and A.
arrowheads on threads along OP, OQ, OA, PA
6. Join OP, OQ, OA, PA and QA, using thread. Stick
and QA, as shown in fig 21.1.
Arrowheads show that OP, OQ, OA, PA and QA are vectors.

A
B

P
P

Fig, 21.1 Fig.21.2

 7. Nowtake another cardboard sheet of dimensions 25 cm x
25 cm and repeat steps 1, 2 and 3 above.
Take any tWo points B and Con the circumference of the circle. as
shown in figure Z1.2.
Fix nails at O, P, Q, B and C.
10. Join OP. OQ, OB, OC, PB, PC, QB, QC using threads. Stick arrowheads on threads along OP, OQ,
OB. OG, PB, PO, QB and QG, as shown in figure 212 These arrowheads are to make them veGtOl.

Observations
1. By actual measurement (figure 21.1) we have :
OAI =10 cm, |OP| = 10 cm, looI = 10 cm
PA =12 cm, |QA| = 16 cm, lPÓI= 20 cm
PAI2 + |QÁ? =144 + 256 = 400 = lPÓ?
ZPAQ=90° [(Pythagoras theorem]
PÁ.QÁ= PA|IQÀI COs 90° = 0
2. Similarly by actual measurements (figure 21.2), we have
jOÀ =|0c| =|OP| = (oá| = 10cm
IPB|= 8cm, |QZ|= 18.3 cm, lPÞ| =20cm
PI =17 cm, Qc| = 10.5 cm
.. PB + (QB2 = 82 + (18.3)² a 400 = |PO?
PBQ = 90° [Pythagoras theorem]

PB. QB =|PB| |QB| COs 90° = 0.

Also, |PC|2 + |QCj? = 172 + (10.5) 400 = |Pá|?
’ PCQ =90°.

P . QC = |PCI QC| cos 90° = 0.

between the vectors PA and QÀ, it comes out to
3. Also using a protractor, if we measure the angle
be 90°, ie., ZPAQ = 90°
and QB, is 90°, i.e, ZPBQ = 90 and angle
Similarly, on measuring : angles between the vectors PB90°.
between the vectors P and Q is 90°, i.e., ZPCQ =

Conclusion angle in a semicircle is a right angle.

From the above activity, it is verified that the
product and perpendicular vectors.
Application : Useful to understand the concept of dot
Objective : To measure the shortest distance between two skew lines and vertify it analytically.
Pre-requisite knowledge : Knowledge of various forms of equations of a straight line, skew lines. shortest
distance between two skew lines.
Materials required: Thick cardboard sheets, graph paper (squared paper), three wooden blocks of dimen.
sions 1cm x 1cm x 1cm each, one wooden block of size 1 cm x 1cm x 3 cm, thread, gluestick, etc.
Procedure :
1. On acardboard sheet of dimensions 30 cm x 20 cm, paste a graph paper.
2. On this graph paper, draw two perpendicular lines OX and OY. These lines represent x-axis and
y-axis respectively.
3. Mark the points P(2, 2), Q(7, 2), R(11, 9) and S(4, 8) on the graph paper.
4. Label the three wooden blocks of dimensions 1 cm x 1 cm x 1 cm as a, b and C. Label the other
wooden block of dimensions 1 cm x 1 cm x 3 cm as d.

11

(11,9, 3)
10

81
(4, 8, 0)

4.

(2, 2, 1)
2

B (7, 2,0)
1:
b

2 5
15SX
3
10 11 13 14

Fig. 26.1
5. Now fix the wooden blocks labelled as a, b and cat P(2, 2), Q(7, 2)
and S(4, 8) respectively, Suo
that their base centres fall exactly at these points. Fix the wooden block labelled as d at R (11, 9)
with its centre exactly at (11, 9).
 6 Using gluestick, fix a piece of thread joining points Aand D, where Aand Dare centres of the tops
f blocks aand d respectively.
Here keep in mind that the thread remains tight (i.e., it does not
7. Similarlyfix a piece of thread joining points B and C, where Bandbend).
C are centres of bases of blocks
b and c respectively.
8. Take athread and join it perpendicularly with the lines AD and BC and measure the actual distance.
b . aset square such that its one side forming the right angle is along the thread BC.
ve the set square along AD til its other side forming the right angle touches the other piece of
thread.
Moasure the distance between the two threads in this position, to get the required shortest distance
11. BC.
between AD and
Observations
1 The threads joining AD and BC represent two skew lines.
2 On actual measurement in step 11 (above), the shortest distance between the skew lines = 1.8 cm
, Fouations of the line joining A(2, 2, 1) and D(11, 9, 3) are given Dy X-2_y-2_z-1
11-2 9-2 3-1
X-2_ y-2_z-1
9 7 2
Equations of the lines joining B(7, 2, 0) and C(4, 8, 0) are
X-7 y-2 z-0 x-7_y -2_z
4-7 8-2 or
-3 6
() ...

4. Now we know that the shortest distance d between the lines X-X_y-Y1_Z-Z
a, b, CA

and X-X_Y-Y2-2 is given by

b,
Z,-Z|
a, b,
d=
b, C

Va, b, - a,b,' + (b,c, - b,c,) +(c,a, - C,a,)

given by
So, the shortest distance d between the lines (i) and (i) in 3 (above) is

|7-2 2-2 0-1|

9 7 2
-3 6
cm
V(54 +21)° +(0 -12) +(6 +0|
-135
|76.19 cm = 1.77 cm.
5. Fromn 3 and 4 above, we see that the shortest distance between skew lines AD and BC, by actual
distance obtained analytically.
measurement is approxinmately equal to the shortest
Concl
From uthesionabove activity, we observe that the shortest
distance between two skew lines obtained by actual
equal.
Measurement and obtained analytically comes out to be
Objective : To explain the computation of conditional probability of a given event A when event B
has already occurred, through an example of throwing a pair of dice.
Pre-requisite knowledge : Knowledge of probability, terms related to it, (i.e., random experiment,
sample space, event, equally likely events, etc.), conditional probability,
etc.

Materials required : Cardboard sheet, squared sheet (2 cm x 2 cm), gluestick, et.

Procedure
1. On a cardboard sheet, paste a squared paper containing 36 squares, each square of size
2cm x 2 cm, as shown in figure 27.1.
 2. Write all possible
following
outcomes obtained by throwing two dice on the paper i.e., write
the outcomes on the
Squared paper as squared
(1, 1), (1, 2). (1, 3), (1, 4), (1, 5), (1, 6), (2, 1), shown in figure 27.1.
(2, 2), (2, 3). (2, 4), (2, 5), (2, 6), (3, 1),
(3. 2).(3, 3), (3, 4), (3, 5), (3, 6), (4, 1), (4, 2) (4, 3). (4, 5), (4, 6), (5, 1), (5, 2),
(5. 3),(5, 4), (5, 5), (5, 6), (6, 1), (6, 2), (6, 3), (6, 4), (6, 5), 4),(6,(44,6)
(1, 1) (1, 2) (1, 3) (1, 4) | (1, 5)|(1, 6)

(2, 1) (2, 2) (2, 3) (2, 4) (2, 5) (2. 6)

(3, 1) (3, 2) (3, 3) (3, 4) (3, 5) (3. 6)

(4, 1) (4, 2) (4, 3) (4, 4) (4, 5)(4, 6)

(5, 1) (5, 2) (5, 3) (5, 4) (5, 5) (5, 6)

(6, 1) (6, 2) (6, 3) (6, 4) (6, 5) (6, 6)

Fig, 27.1

Observations
already occurred, where A is the
Case I: To find the conditional probability of an event A, when B has already
on both dice and B is the event 4 has appeared on one of the
event a number 4 appears
dice. Here we have to find PA/B)
1. From the figure 27.1 :
Outcome favourable to A is (4, 4)
:. No. of outcomes favourable to A, i.e., n (A) = 1.
Outcomes favourable to B are
3), (4, 5). (4, 6)
,9), (2, 4), (3, 4), (4, 4), (5, 4), (6, 4), (4, 1), (4, 2), (4,
. No of outcomes favourable to B, i.e., n(B) = 11
Outcome which is common to Aand Bis (4, 4)
:. No of outcomes favourable to (An B) i.e., n (An B) = 1

Hence, P(AB) = n(AnB)1

n(B) 11 P(A n B)
=
Another Method: We can also use P(A/B) P(B)
Total no. of outcomes =36
n(S) = 36
P(B) = n(B) 11
n(S) 36
P(An B) n(AnB) 1
n(S) 36
67
 1
So, P(A/B) =
P(AnB)_ 36
P(B) 11 11
36
occurred, where A is the evene
Case 2 : To find the conditional probability of an event A when B has already
to find P(A/RI
getting a sum 10 and Bis the event a doublet has already Occurred. Here also, we have
2. From the figure 27.1: Outcomes favourable toA are (4, 6), (5, 5),
(6, 4)
.:. No of outcomes favourable to A, ie., n (A) = 3
Outcomes favourable to B are (1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (4, 4), (5, 5), (6, 6).
.:. No of outcomes favourable to B i.e, n(B) = 6
Outcome which is common to A and B is (5, 5).
.:. No of outcomes favourable to (A B), i.e., n(AnB) = 1.
n(AnB) 1
Hence, P(AB) = 6
n(B)
Another method:
P(AnB)
We can also use P(A/B) =
P(B)
n(S) = 36
n(B) 6 1
P(B) =
n(S) 36, 6
P(An B) =
iAB) 1
n(S) 36
1
P(AnB)_ 361
So, P(A/B) = P(B) 1 6
6

Case 3 : To find the conditional probability of an event Awhen Bhas already occurred, where Ais the
event the sum of the numbers on the two dice is 6 and B is the event numbers appearing on two
dice are different.
Here also we have to find P(AB).
3. From figure 27.1, we have :
Outcomes favourable to Aare (1, 5), (2, 4). (3, 3), (4, 2), (5, 1).
:. No of outcomes favourable to A, i.e., n(A) = 5
Outcomes favourable to B are
(1. 2), (1, 3), (1, 4), (1, 5). (1, 6). (2, 1), (2, 3), (2, 4), (2, 5), (2, 6). (3, 1), (3, 2), (3, 4)., (3, 5). (3, 6)
(4, 1), (4, 2), (4, 3), (4, 5), (4, 6), (5, 1), (5, 2). (5, 3), (5, 4). (5, 6), (6, 1), (6, 2), (6, 3), (6, 4) (6, 5)
:. No of outcomes favourable to B, i.e., n (B) = 30
Outcomes which are common to Aand Bare (1, 5), (2, 4), (4, 2), (5, 1)
No of outcomes favourable to (A n B) = 4
n(AnB) 4 2
Hence, P(A/B) = 30 15
n(B)
Another Method :
P(AnB)
We can also use P(AB) = P(B)
nS)= 36
n(B) 30 15
P(B) =
n(S) 36 18
nB) 4 1
PIA B) = n(A
n(s) 36
1
P(AnB) 9 2
So, P(AB) = 15
P(B) 15
18

Conclusion
The above activity explains how to compute the conditional probability of an event, when another event
has already occurred.
Application : Useful to illustrate the concept of Bayes' theorem.
Objective : To understand the concepts of absolute maximum and minimum values of a function in a given
closed interval through its graph.
Pre-requisite knowledge : Knowledge of maxima, minima, absolute maximum, absolute minimum, etc.
Materials required : Drawing board, white chart paper, adhesive, sketch pens, calculator.
Procedure :
1. Paste a white chart paper of suitable size on the drawing board.
2. Draw two lines on the graph paper representing the two rectangular axes, as shown in the figure
15.1.

3. Graduate the two axes as shown in the figure 15.1.

4. Let us consider fx) = 2x + 3x?- 12x in the interval -3, 3]
5. We take different values of x in 3, 31, find the values of f(x).
 45

-40

35

30+

25

20+

154

404

-5

X
-3 -2 -1

-10+

Figure 15.1
Some ordered pairs representing points on the graph of x) are as follows :
X -3 -2 -1 0 1 3
f(x) 9 20 13 -7 4 45
6. By plotting these points on the graph paper and joining the points we obtain the curve of the given
function.
I. We join the plotted points by a free hand curve and obtain the graph of the function as shown in the
figure 15.1.

Observations
1. From the graph, we see that the value of fx) at x =3 is 45, which is maximum in -3, 3]. So, absolute
maximum value of f(x) is 45.
2. Also, from the graph, we see that the value of fx) at x = 1 is -7. which is minimum in -3, 3]. So,
absolute minimum value of f(x) is -7.

Conclusion activity explains the concepts of absolute maximum and absolute

The above minimum values of afunction
in a
closed internal through its graph.
absolute maxima and minima using graph.
:Useful to understand the concept of