I N T R O D U CI ION

HE system w h ich employs belting and pulleys

is the most common of all system s of power
transmission It is particularly universal for
.

small amounts of power and is the ultimate ,

means of dis t ribution in mills and factories ex ,

cept W here electric motors are employed and even then there ,

are fre quently found belting and pulleys used at the beginning ,

and the end of the system for transmission from the prime
mover to the dynamo and from the motor to the machines
,
.

E ffi ciency of transmission both as regards first cost and loss

,

of power in an electrical system invariably receives the most ,

careful consideration while the e fii c ie n c y of the belting

,

system is almost as generally neglected The selection of .

belts and pulleys for machines is left to the handy man “ ”

of the shop who from carelessness or ignorance may make

an extravagant and perm a
, , ,

nently ineffi cient investment in a

new plant or w h o in making extensions to an old one will
, , ,

use whatever old pulleys and greasy beltin g that may be

lying around material which would better be consigned to
,

the scrap pile .

Most drives are belt drives .

M any belt drives are bad .

There are two reasons for this :First one is apt to think ,

of the belt as a simple band that moves on e pulley because

it is moved by another witho u t considering that this trans
,
‘

mission necessarily i nvolves some loss of power and that this ,

loss wil l be governed by the kind of pulleys and belting in

use and their arrang ement .

S econd those who have charge o f making such installa

, i

tion lack reliable data in a convenient form as to the differ ,

ent kinds of belting and pulleys and their relative merits .

T h e e n g in e er in g h andbooks as a rule give only empirical

‘

, ,
formula based upon assumed sets of conditions which in ,

general are not reali z ed ; while the experimental data from

which they are derived is generally based upon tests o f iron
pulleys only and n o t applicable to those o f wood paper o r
, , ,

various other materials which have recently been place d

upon the market The theoretical tre atment as found in
.

te x t books is t o o complex f o r ready assimilation and cannot ,

be applied to every day problems wi t hout elaborate com

-

p u t at io n s .

In the following pages will be found the usual t h e o r e t i

cal treatment reduced to its simplest possible form combine d ,

with experi m ental data taken f ro m tests toge ther with data ,

and tables easily applicable t o the practical design of correct

belt transmission systems .

The tests referre d to were made upon pulleys o f various

makes and materials in common use and were conducted at ,

the S ibley College of E ngineering Cornell University

,
.

The following treatise is divided into three main parts

PA R T I — VA RI O U S K I NDS O F BE L T DRI V E S ; T HE IR A RR AN G E
M E N T AND M A T E RI A L S U S E D I N T HE I R CON S T R U C T I ON .

PA R T I I — T HE O R ! O F B E L T D RI V I N G T E S T S A ND P R A C T IC A L
,

FO R M U L /E D E V E L O P E D
.

PA R T I I I — H O R S E P O W ER T A B L E S F O R P U L P W OOD C AS T
-

, ,

I R ON A ND RO C K W OOD PA P E R P U LL E ! S .

The engineer thoroughly conversant with belt driving in

general will spend but little time upon Part I which to him ,

can only be in the nature of an i n trodu c tion to Par t I I It is .

hoped that the horse power tables in Part II I will prove

-

of service .
 PAR T 1 .

V ari o us Ki nds Be lt D ri ve s ;
-

The i r
Arrange me nt and Materials Used
in The i r Co nstructio n
 BELT DR ly Es
B efore entering into a discussion of t he materials of
which belts and pulleys are made it will be well to first
,

take up something about the theory of belt driving z A

'

.
, ,

requirements for sat isfactory running etc ,

.

The working element in a belt drive is the tr active

force or friction between the bel t and the pulley This .

depends upon the pressure of the belt on the pulley on the ,

nature of the pulley surface and as will be shown later

, , ,

upon the speed of slip of the belt and the arc of contact .

The pre ssure o f the belt upon the pulley is due to the
tension in the belt which is Obtained by stretching when
,

it is put on In or d er that this tension may be maintained

.

it is necessary that the belt be O f an e l astic material and ,

that it be permanently elastic under the maximum tension

to which it is subj ec t ed in operation A s this tension is .

considerably below the ultimate strength of the belt it is ,

t his feature that determines the maximum tension allo w

able If the tension is too high the belt wil l stretch per
.
,

m an e n t l y and must be fre quently taken up t o prevent

slipping If it is t o o l o w the horse power trans m itted is
.
,
-

reduce d and the maximum e ffi ciency is not obtained In the .

transmissio n of power by belting o n e side o f the belt has

necessarily a greater tension than the other O ne side is .

tight the other is slack The di ff erence between the tensions

,
.

O f t h e tight and loose sides is the a

f f air/e p ul l of the belt ,

an d is equal to the total friction between the belt and the

pulley It will therefore be evident that with a given ten
.

sion in the belt the power transmi t ted depends upon the
,

the friction between the pulley and the belt and that that ,

combination of belt and pulley is the most e ffective in

which the ratio of friction to belt pressure (the c o e fiic ie n t
of friction ) is the greatest .
KI NDB Q? D RI VEB
“

4 . T h ose in Which the we igh t of the b elt alon e is

e l asti
c p rop ert ies (I f t h e b elt T his is by f ar t h e mo st
“

c o m mon c a se a l tho ug h t h e we ig h t o f the b el t its e l f u s ual ly

“

h e lps as un der a
“

.
,

is gratin m -

a or?

th is is this us e nf a t ens io n
‘
“
-

I t)
 MAT ERI AL FOR BELT DRIV ES
O

A . BE L T I N G
B elts are to day made o f various materials such as
-

leather rubber canvas etc

L
.
, , ,

eather is by far the most common and so far also the , , ,

best material for belting The best quality is Obtained from .

the hides of young bulls ; the hides o f the older animals and
of cows are inferior being less elastic and uniform The
, .

average hide after being trimmed and worked down flat

furnishes a strip of material suitable for belt leather from
3 to 4 % feet long and something less than these figures wide .

The average thickness of single belt leather is n o t far from

fi inch some hides however furnish somewhat heavier
r
, , , ,

others thinner material .

The best material Of the hide is down the middle o f the

back although it is the thinnest there The re ason for this
,
.

is that the leather at that poin t is of uniform quality as

regards its elastic properties which is n o t true of the sides , .

The leather at the sides is le ss fir m and elastic than at the

center and this di ff e rence increases as the cuts are made
,

further and further from the center The same defe ct .

appears as the length of the cuts or laps increases runnin g

up o n the ne ck S O that it is found that belts with short laps
.
” “

cut from cent e rs stretch uniformly and run true while

” “
,

belts cut from sides o r with long laps stretch more on one
side than on the other and therefore run crooked and are le ss
,

e fficient transmitters as a uniform tension cannot be main

,

t ain e d over their width The sides should therefo r e be used

.

for narrow belts only 8 to 1 0 inches being the maximum

,

limit and even this should be decreased f o r high tensions

, .

S ingle leather belts up to three feet W ide may be cut

from extra heavy hides provided they are cut equally from ,

each side of the center but ordinarily the limit of width is

,

I I
reached somewhat sooner than this and for wider belts it ,

is necessary to use double belts the width being obtained ,

by combining t w o o r more strips of hide A s a matter of .

fact beyond 1 8 inche s wide single belts cease t o be very

,

satisfactory owing to the decided di fference in the qualities

,

o f the leather at middle and sides of belt .

S ho r t l ap single leather bel t s cut from c m l rr s of heavy

-

hides will be found superior to double belt s o n pulleys of

small diameter on account o f their greater flexibility They
, .

will howeve r generally have to be made t o order as this

, , ,

grade o f hides is usually re ser v ed for use in the more e x p e n

sive wide doubl e belts .

D o u ble belts can be made much wider than single belts

the bad e ffect of the irregularity o f the leather being over
come by laying up the belt so that the more elastic parts
combine with t hose less elastic ; that is with the sides of ,

the hides over the centers .

In making up the length o f the belt each hide furnishes

a strip which may be from forty t o sixty inche s long Fifty .

four inches is a safe fig u re and if this is spe ci fied a good

,

quality o f leather is assured The ends of the strip are

.

scarfed down f o r a distance of from six to fifte en inches ,

depending on the width of the belt The scarfed ends are .

lapped o v er each other and glued together the j oint being ,

allowed to dry under pressure The j oint is so m etimes

.

riveted o r laced in addition as a f u rther pre caution If the .

belt is to be e x posed to a damp atmosphere riveting o r lacing

of j oints is a necessity B ut as a leather belt should never
.

be r un in a damp place be cause when s o run t h e value of

,

the glue d j oi nts is practically noth ing it is qu e stionable if ,

this practice is of any advantage In the case of double .

belting the width of the belt is made up in the same

,

manner In the case of extre m ely wide belts centers only

.
,

should be used ; and the width o f o n e ply Sho u ld be made

o f t w o centers with the j oint in the midd l e and the width ,

o f the other ply of three centers with the j oints lying opp os i t e

1 2
the solid parts of the first ply Three ply belts should .
-

be made with one ply having t w o centers ; the other t w o

plys having three centers with the j oints overlapped In .

making double belts the flesh s iG e o f the hide is either

,

shaved down in the high spots to produce a uniform thick

ne ss or the low spots filled with leather strips to equal
,

the thickness of the high spots both systems having some ,

advocates It is claimed that the filling system produces

.

a stronger belt as the densest portion of the hide is on the

flesh sid e ,

The general opinion seems to be that oak tanned leather -

belting is the best The tensile strength o f leather may be

.
'

taken to be from to pounds per square inch The .

j oints made in making up the length of the belt cause this

strength to fall O ff from 2 0 to 3 per cen t and it should 0 ,

be remembered that a glued or laced joint is not as stro n g

as one gl u ed and riveted .

The limit of real strength o f a belt however is that , ,

of the j oint connecting the two ends just as a chain is no ,

stronger than its weakest link This is made either by .

lacing wit h strips of leather sewing with fin e wire by belt

, ,

hooks or other fastenings— general l y patented

,
.

E ndless belts are made by s c ar fin g the ends lapping ,

them and j oining with glue S uch a j oint is ideal and if

.
,

well made it has nearly the full strength of the rest o f the
belt and is almost as flexible It should always be allowed
,
.

ample time to dry under uniform pre ssure W i d e high .

,

speed belts should always be made endless and there is ,

little e xcuse excep t the delay of waiting to dry for not

, ,

making small ones in this way They are certain to give .

bett e r service in the long run O f the other m ethods .

,

lacing is the most common and best as it is convenient

'

and the joint is flexi ble To obtain the greatest strength

.

in a laced j oint the holes should be small and the lace as

large as can be drawn through them .

It is a good r ule t o stre tch all belts for t w o or three

1 3
 days before using them T he tension applied should be .

t w o or three times the maximum ten sion likely to be use d

during operation B y this method a gre at deal of the

. .

stretch is taken out of the belt and the trouble some taki n g ,
“

”
up o f the belts is rendered much le ss frequent This .

stretching before use is o f course more important f o r large

than for small belts In this country it is general practice
.

t o run the hair side o f the belt ne x t the pulley In E urope .

the opposite practice is foll owed A s the hair side is softer .

and smoother and thus make s better contact with the pulley ,

it seems re asonable to suppose that it will transmit the greater

power E xperimental data on this subj e ct is meagre S ome
. .

tests made at the M assachu setts In stitute of Tech nology

Show in most cases a Slight increase in the friction o f the
hair side over that Of the flesh sid e while in a f e w instances ,

the flesh side shows better results .

B elts of other materials such as rubber hemp canvas , , ,

or cotton are sometimes use d instead o f le ather The

, .

reasons f o r this are : The tendency f o r leather belting to

change its length with varying humidity o f surrounding
atmosphere ; the strong influence of atmospheric condition s
in general upon the life o f leather belting and the n e ces ,

s it y o f buil d ing up a belt from comparatively sm all unit

material It cannot be said that any of th e substitute
.

materials above mentioned have replaced leather to any

gre at extent It should be kept in mind that the elastic
.

properties of the material and n o t the tensile strength , ,

is the important thing .

Cotton belting according to Unwin is made o f from

, ,

four to ten thicknesses of cotton duck sti t ched together .

F our ply belti n g is from V to 6 inche s wide ; Six ply 3

-
I Z
-

to 1 2 inche s ; eight ply 6 t o 3 0 inches and ten ply

-

, to ,
-

,
1 2

6 0 inches .

O rdinarily four ply cotton belting is taken as the e q u iv a

-

lent o f single leather and eight ply equal t o double leather

,
-

belting .

1 4
 Rubber belting is fre quently used in e x tremely d amp
places o r upon machinery where the belting is constantly
exposed to the splashing of water as is the case in certain ,

classe s of paper machinery .

In the case of high speed operation there are two ,

things which decrease the e ff e ctive friction or adhesive ,

power between the belt and pulley face The first of these
,
.

is the e ff ect of centrifugal force which tends to throw the

,

belt away from the pulley as it moves around with it The .

se cond is supposed to be a layer o f air which is drawn

between belt and pulley face owing to the high speed ,
.

The e ff ect of the centrifugal force cannot be readily over

come it being directly dependent upon the speed and the
,

weight of the belt Proof Of the second e ffect seems to

.

have been obtained in a number of cases where it was

demonstrated that belts and pulleys gave better tractive
results when perforated o r grooved The gain that can in .

this way be obtained however is not constant throughout

, ,

the range o f tensions o n a given belt the good e ff ect being ,

relatively greater when the belt is slack than when it is

tight Care must also be tak en t o see that the e ffe ctive
.

surface of eith er belt or pulley is not cut down so far as

to o ff set the gain by perforating .

W here the d istance between axes of shafts is short for ,

high velocity ratios or for damp places chain and link belts ,

give excellent service This kind of belt is more flexible

.

and is easily shorte ned or lengthened by the taking out or

insertion of extra links but its use is con fined to compara
,

at iv e l y low linear velocities on account of di ffi culties in

proper lubrication at high speeds .

B P U LL E ! S
.

The most common material f o r pulleys is cast iron This -

.

is ideal in re spect to cost of manufacture as it can be con ,

v e n ie n t l y cast in any shape desired It is however a heavy .

, ,

material and except in such cases as engine fl y wheels where

,
-

heavy weight is require d con siderations of cheap product

,

1 5
 have led t o the reduction of cross sections to such a point
th at shrinkage strains due t o irregular cooling are liable
, ,

to greatly reduce the useful strength of the material Cor .

rect de sign and careful handling in the foundry may largely

overcome the trouble from this source but as such care tends
,

to the reduction of output the extent to which its bene fits

,

are reali z e d in the commercial product is doubtful S plit .

pulleys are less liable to shrinkage strains and large si z es

,

should always be made with their hubs se ctionali z ed t o ,

partly relieve the strain in the rim The irregularitie s of

.

moulding result in pulleys that are out of balance due t o the ,

occurrence of greater thickne ss in some parts S uch pulleys .

are usually balance d by one o r two more or less he avy

weights attached to the inside of the rim The se weights .

are necessarily placed at the lightest part of the rim and ,

their centrifugal force con centrated at a point on the rim

that is already weaker than normal is an element Of we ak
,

ne ss and danger that is seldom appre ciated S uch pulley s .

wil l frequently burst at speeds b u t little greater than one “

half the theoretical bursting speed o f a pulley with uniform

cross se ctions of rim .

E ff or t s t o overcome the great weight of cast iron pulleys -

have le d to the co n struction of pulleys made wholly or in

part of sheet steel These are sometime s made of a s t eel
.

rim riveted to a central spider consisting of hub and spoke s

o f cast iron ; or sometimes the spokes are of steel cast into a

central hub o f iron These pulleys are usually split the two
.
,

halves be ing bolted together at the hub and rim A s far .

as light weight is con cerned the se pulleys are certainly a

,

succe ss but the same cannot be said of their wearing quali

,

ties as the fastenings are liable to work loose and the light
,

rims are frequently d eforme d under the belt and the cen t r if
ugal tensions due to he avy load and high speeds .

M any e fforts have been made to increase the friction o r

t ractive e f fort between the t an d t h e iro n pulley
-

by the use o f pulle y coverings of various m ateri als h aving ,

1 6
a more yielding and fibrous surface S uch coverings may .

answer the purpose for a short time but they are n o t durable
and have to be frequently renewe d .

m ai l m
Pulleys of w o o
at m g
w
g fi
p e n a n d rml m h ax e b e enfid

r u c t io n s all of which are claimed

e v is e d - _ _

g c ,

by their manufacturers t o possess greater adhesive powers

and to transmit more power than the others A ssertions by .

the makers in th is respect have been many and t heir ,

explanations of advantages have be en plausible but actual ,

data and tests under running conditions have not been

obtainable t o substantiate the se C laims It was with the .

Obj ect of supplying such experimental data from an unbiased ,

source that the tests described in the following pages were

,

undertaken by the S ibley College of E ngineering at the ,

request of the Rockwood Manufacturing Company m an u f ac ,

t u r e r s O f the Rockwood Patented Paper Pulley .

W ood pulleys Of the solid type generally consist of a cast

iron hub upon which is fastened a rim built up of segments
of well seasoned wood se curely fastened together with glue and
dowel pins They are also frequently made in the split form
-
.
,

and these are usually made entirely of woo d They all sh are .

the general disadvantage of wood constructions z change

'

.
,

under v ariation of atmospheric moistu re conditions In one .

respe ct they are much inferior to cast iron and that is in the ,

lack of uniformity of the quality Of the surface because in ,

some places the ends O f the grain are perpendicular to the

surface and at others the direction o f the fibres is tangen
,

tial to the surface The former condition presents a good

.

driving surface for the belt the latter a surface which wears
,

smooth and has little tracti v e power The result is an .

uneven wearing surface which although it may be imper

, ,

c e p t ib l e t o ordinary Observation is bound to have its e ff ect

,

o n the life of the belt .

A nother C lass o f pulleys is made of paper fibre Of which ,

there are two kinds pulp pulleys and p ap e r p u l l e y s Most

, y
m
.

people confound them as bein g t h e same thing but the ,

I 7
method o f manufacture is radically di ff erent and cause s a
large d i fference in the quality of the resulting pulleys In .

the making o f pulp pulleys straw paper scrap is reduced to ,

pulp which is put into molds and compressed an d dried

,

under pressure The pulp boards thus formed are from one
.
,

half to one inch thick The fibre s during this process are
.

not arranged in a uniform o r fixed direction and co n se ,

quently the re sulting pulp board does not posse ss a grain .

The strength of the boards is dependent therefore upon the , ,

bon ding materials which have to be used in considerable

,

quantity The pulp boards are glued together to build the

.

pulley The disadvantage of pulleys made o f boards as

.

above de scribed is that at t he surface of the rim a large part

,

of the fibres are tangential to the face as is the case with ,

some parts o f the face o f the wood pulley Further the .

,

bonding material soon glaz es over the face under the action
of the belt and both the tangential fibre s and bonding mate
,

rial tend t o decrease the tractive power o f the pulley .

The Rockwood Paper Pulley while made of essentially ,

the same raw material is owing to the difference in it s

, ,

manufacture much superior to the pulp pulley above de

,

scribed and is as will be shown by the results of te sts which

, ,

follow also superior to cast iron and wood pulleys The

,
-

Rockwood Paper Pulley inste ad of being made of thick

boards of grainless pulp is built up o f thin sheets of straw
,

fibre cemented togeth er and compressed under hydraulic

,

pressure These sheets of straw fibre are n o t compressed

.

from a mass of paper scrap but are formed very much in the ,

same w ay paper is made and the result is a sheet which has

,

de finite longitudinal grain o r fibre In the m anufacture of .

the pulley the discs and rings forming the web and rim are
,

cut from the se sheets and are assembled so that the edge s o f
the sheets form the fac e o f the pulley the ends of the fibres ,

thus coming directly in contact with the belt In assem .

bling the direction of the grain or fibre of alternate sheets is

,

crossed so that at al l parts o f the pulley face the fibres

,

I S
pro !ect outward each individ ual fibre be ing thus in a position
,

to exert a direct pull on the belt .

The tractive p o wer of su ch a surface would naturally be

gre at er than that presented by t h e fixar d surface of cast iron -

the irregular surface of the segments of a wood pulley o r ,

the non fib ro u s compound filled material of the pulp pulley

-
.

These advantages while su ffi ciently evident from the strue

,

tural details are not pre sented W ithout the evidence of actual
,

demo nstration by tests under se rvice conditions the results ,

of which will be found in tables immediately fo llowing t h e

mathematical discus sion o f the the ory Of belting .

The rims of paper and pulp pulleys in general are

strengthened by wooden dowel pins that extend through the-

rim and web the latter corre sponding to the arms of a cast
,

iron pull e y The web s are fast e ned t o cast iron hubs by
.
-

clamping them with bolts between flanges secured to the

hubs The mechanical construction of the Rockwood Paper
.

P ulley is shown by Fig I o n page A s will be appreciat e d

. 20 .

from the illustrations paper pulleys require little or no bal

,

an c in g and are ther e fore n o t subj ected to the irregular cen

, , ,

t r if u g al strains caused by balance weights and are c o n s e ,

quently free from dang e r of bursting at o rdinary sp e eds .

l 9
FIG . 1

20
 S hould
the position of the pul
leys o r shaft at an angle n o t be a
matter of choice guide pulleys are ,

re quire d These can be so arranged

.

that the driv e is reversible .

The manner of doing this is

F 4 I G . be st shown by a diagram F ig 6 ,
. .

S uppose I and I I are the t w o pul

leys to be conne cted and suppose ,

also that the middle planes of the se

pulleys intersect in the line A B .

F
IG . 5
It will then be ne cessary o nly to
draw from any convenient points ,

such as I or o n this line tangents to the pulley as shown

2 , , , ,

and to place the planes of the guide pulleys in the planes

determined by the tangents —3 —6 and —4 —5 r e s p e c
1 ,
1 2 ,
2 ,

t iv e l y This arrangement allows of the operation of the

.

drive in either direction but the guide pulleys have dif

,

f er e n t axes .

If it is desired to operate in one direction only it is ,

possible to give the guide pulleys a common shaft The .

guide pulleys should then be of the same si z e with their ,

planes perpendicular to the line A B If it is desired t o .

operate the drive in the direction o f the arrow o n e o f these ,

plane s should touch the pulley I at the point 4 the other the ,

pulley I I at the point 6 .

The above discussion is based on the assumption that

the belt is a perfe ctly elastic band of in finitesimal cross
section In practice several points come into play which
.

change the conclusions somewhat In any twisted belt .

drive outside o f a crossed belt the force s on the cross

,

section o f the belt be come unequally distributed owing t o ,

the fact that one edge o f the belt is always strained more
than the other and sets up lateral forces which ten d t o run
the be l t to o n e side of the pulley This tendency of a .

twisted belt to run to o n e side to the Side away from the

,

22
point in wh ich the axe s of the shafts would cross is vari ,

able in amount depen d ing both upon the degree of twist

,

and the tension in the belt The tendency de crease s as .

the tension increase s and is therefore less in a tight than

,

in a Slack belt and less in the tight than in the slack side
,

of a twiste d belt in Operation The remedy is to O ff set the .

pulleys somewhat from the position s dictated by theory .

Take the case of Fig 2 f o r instance and suppose the u p per

.
,

p ulley to be the driver rotating as shown by the arrow .

In practice these pulleys

should be o ff set as shown
in F ig 7 N o de finite . .

values can be given for -

t h e O ffsets a and Since

much depends upon the
quality and condition of
the belt B ach in his .
,

M a s ch in e n e l e m e n t e ,

which contain s an excel

lent discussion on be l t
geari n g makes
,
t o 6 6 and b= 1 to 5 where c is the
.
, . . 2 ,

width Of the belt .

C RO W N IN G
A nother practical point to be considered in this c o n
n e c t io n is the crowning Of pulleys S light inaccuracies in .

the alig nment o f shafting une qual we ar of belt bendin g

, ,

o f shafting all the se may cause the running o f the belt to

“

one side of the pull ey A gai n should the belt be suddenly

.
,

overloaded and slip the se things h ave a strong tendency

,

t o throw the belt completely o ff the pulley In practice .

,

however none o f these things can be entirely avoided and

,
,

the remedy for these evils is to crown the pulley Th is .

causes the belt t o r u n toward the high po int of the crown

and materially reduces any tendency t o o n e sided running -

or the belt leaving the pulley There are t w o things h o w .

,

ever which should never be forgotten In the first place

,
.

24
there is a limit t o the amount of inaccuracy that the crowning
of the pulley will cure and in the second crowning is, ,

to be looked upon somewhat as a necessary evil Running .

on a crowned pul l ey puts greater ! tress in that part of the

belt running over the crown and the crowning should ,

t herefore be as little as is co n sistent with safe operation .

In parallel Shafts with either Ope n or crossed belts it is

, ,

ne cessary to crown only one of the pulleys and that should ,

be the driven pulley In a quarter twist drive crowning

.
-

is entire l y superfluous .

Standard C ro wns fo r Pulle ys

Fa ce C w
ro n Fa ce C w
ro n C w ro n Fa ce C w
ro n C w ro n
I h
nc es I h
nc es I h
nc es I h
nc es I h nc es I h nc es I h
nc es I h nc es

10 30 40
1 1 31 41
12 32 42
13 33 43
14 9 34
N
15 35 45
5 16 36 46
H
37 47
38 48
39 49

25
than C and so o n through sections E F G e t c around to , , ,
.
,

the point D It will thus be seen that each s e ction from the
,
.

point E is lagging slightly behind that section o f the pulley

,

with which it was in contact at the point E this lag in cre as ,,

ing as we pass around the pulley and be coming consid erable

in amount at the final point of delivery O f the belt from the
pulley It will thus be seen that these sections wh en they
.

arrive at that point will have slip p ed over the surfa ce of the
'

pulley as they pass from E to D A similar action take s

, ,
.

place o n the driven pulley The se ctions H and I as they

L
.
,

move into the positions J K and have their tension and

, ,

conse quently their length gradually in creased until when ,

they reach the point M o n the tight side they are sliding ,

over the pulley with considerable velocity This kind of .

slip o r creep as it is sometimes called is entirely distinct

, , ,

from any actual sliding o f the belt over the pulley which may
occur at the points o f approach E and E It is in fact
, , ,
.

probable that when the slip increases to the point where

there is actual sliding at the points of approach that the ,

limit o f practical transmission is reached as beyond this the ,

slip would in crease very rapidly and if the belt could be ,

kept o n the Slip would be come

,
per cent o r complete 1 00 .
,

slip and no power would be transmitted O wing t o imper

,
.

f e c t alignment o f the pulleys or unequal stretching o f the belt ,

this point is seldom reached as the belt leaves the pulleys

soon after actual sliding at the point of approac h begins .

S lip o r creep may be O f considerable amount It is h o w .

,

ever found that in good operation it is seldom in excess

,

of per cent without cau sing noise and flapping Of the belt
1 .
,

an d other signs of distress and this therefore may be called

, , ,

the commercial limit Of the slip The actual limit is how .

,

ever variable and depends upon the straightness and uni

, ,

formity of the belt and the alignment of the pulleys Under .

the most favorable conditions one and one half per cent -

may b e allowed .

While with a commerci al Slip o f s ay 1 per cent there .

30
is little di ff erence as regards e fficiency o f transmission b e
tween various makes o f belts and pulleys— the e fficiency
being in nearly all cases co nsiderably over 9 per cent 0 .

there is a de cided difference bet we en them as t o the initial

tension required to c On fin e the slip t o commercial limits It .

is in this respect that some belts are better than others ,

and some pulleys ar e superior to others F or if in any .

,

given belt drive a certain horse power can be transmitted -

with a certain initial tension and in a second belt drive of ,

the same pulley and belt di mensions and the same speed
the belt has to be t w o or three times as tight as in the first
case t o do the same work e v idently the first drive is the
,

better whether due to belt or pulley H igh tensions mean

, .

larger friction losses in bear ings and increased wear o n

belt resulting in a decrease in the life of the belt and
,

lower total e ff iciency O r looking at it in another way if

.
, ,

the first drive were keyed up to the tension of the second ,

it would transm it more power than the second d r iv e b e f o r e

the commercial slip li mit is re ach e d or a narrower belt ,

could be used for the same power .

B T H E T HE O R ! O F BE L T T R A NS M I SS I ON
.

S uppose referring to Fig 9 that a belt passes around

, .
,

a pulley s o that T is the tension on the tight Side and

1

T the tension on the Slack side

2
the tractive e ffort P of , , ,

the belt is then T — T The frictional resistance to slip

, ,
.

T +d T

F IG . 9 FIG . 10

3I
is b e st determin e d by considering an in finit e simal part d s of
t h e e n ti r e ar c of contact S This small l e ngth of arc d s
,
.

is that subtended by the angle (1 9 in F ig 9 This ar e is . .

r e pr oduc e d in F ig I O f o r t h e sake of cl e arn e ss

.
“

The re sistanc e to Slipping o ffered by any t w o surfac e s

in contact is the product o f the n ormal pre ssu r e p on , ,

th e s e sur fac e s multiplied by the coe ffi ci e nt of friction f ,

.

Th at is t h e fr ictional r e sistance O ff ere d is

,

s f

At one e nd of the arc d b = d s in Fig 1 the tension is T . 0

, ,

at the other e nd it may be considered e qual to T + d T ,

although f o r our pu rpose d T may be neglect e d T h e no rmal .

pre ssu re p is t h e re sultant of the tensions at the e nds

, ,

of this ar c d s =arc d b If a d and ab re pre s e nt th e se two

,
.

tensions t h e r e sultant p iS represented by the line a c

, , ,
.

d0
N o w t he angle ad e = an gl e _
and a e = % ac = % p .

a e
SHI ZQ

CM d f)
m 1
.

ae z a d s z T $n
2 2

(1 9
from wh i ch p = 2 ae z 2T SI n —
2

This f or o ur purpose may be w ritten

T he nor mal forc e p with which t h e belt pre sse s against

, ,

the pulley is however decreased by t h e c e ntrifugal forc e

, ,

acting on t h e belt at the same time T he c e n tr ifugal force .

of the in finit e simal arc d s m ay be express e d by

2
(I v
d s
g r h)
where q =t he w e ight O f belt o n e foot long v = v e l o c it y of b e lt ,

in fee t per s e cond r r ad iu s of pulley in fe e t and g = 3 2 2

,
z
,
. .

N ow sinc e (I s =r d (9 ( ) may be written

,
2

2
1
£ V
S ”d
C e ntr i fugal force r d 0 _

r
—
_
V 9
(3 )
g g

32
The net nor ma l f o rce
“

.
“

, p , is t he re f o r e

p:T d @ 09
2
V

Multip l ying this by th e co e ffi cie nt of “

f r icti o n , f we have
the tot al fricti onal resi stanc e
F2
( g)
T— v 2 d at (4)
that a
On th e as Sump t iQI I
‘
n y f urth er i n crea s e In the t en

sio n T c au s es Co m plet e sl ippi ng w e must h ave

.
, ,

In t egrating (6) b et w ee n t he lim it s of T and ,

T , , w e h ave

If t he e ff e ct of ce ntrifuga l f Orc e h ad b een neg l e cte d

“

T
M O z log
T ; (8 )
"
in whic h si mp l er for m t he theoret ical re s ul t is mos t f re
qu ently s t at ed E q uat ion (8) is s afe f o r mod e rate spe e d s
.

wh e re t he a ct i on o f ce n trifu gal force is much l e ss f e l t .

B y putting t he t ra c tiv e fo rce

P =T,— T

ari d witho ut ent ering into t he detail s o f t h e re d uct ion the

-

f o l lowing equations m ay b e d erived from e quatio n (7 )

q
T1 2

(9)
V
f e g
e _
,

f 9
1
P: (I I )
.

T, v 2

where e z b as e
-
o f n atural log arith ms : 2 .
71 8 .

33
 A gain
neglecting centrifugal force equation (1 ) might ,
1

have been written

P = T1
(1 2 )

those w h o d o not care t o f ollow the above mathe

Fo r
m at ic al deduction the meaning o f equation (1 ) becomes
,
2

plain when we consider a concrete case S uppose w e assume .

that the arc of contact (9 is 8 3 4 radian s F o r this case

I o
°
z . I .

equation ( ) reduce s to
1 2

P Z T 1

N ow since f is never a negativ e quantity it appears that the ,

l
greater the value o f f the smaller will be the quantity
,
f

and the greater will P b e It appears therefore that any t w o

.

Similar drive s running at the same speed will f o r the same T ,

and the same v alue O f f transmit the same horse power B ut

,
-
.

this formu la says nothing Of t h e initial tension required to

produce s u ch value o f f or the slip which takes place at the
,

same time B ut in j ust these points lies the di ff erence

.

between various belts and pulleys C o n fin in g th e slip t o .

comm ercial conditions may mean a much higher initial tension

in o n e case than in another and the relation between slip and
,

the coe fficient o f friction f is therefore the most importa nt

, ,

feature o f the who l e case The influen ce of the arc Of con

.

tact 9 may be explained in the same manner The greater

, ,
.

the arc Of contact the greater the value o f P although it

, ,

must not be assumed that P increases in the same proportion

as 9. Corre ction factors f o r reduction o f calculated re sults
t o any desired arc o f contact will be given in the tab l e s

following this discussion .

T o determine the relation bet w e e n slip and coe ffi cient

of friction various tests were made at Cornell University

during the year 1 9 4 5 The se tests served t o determine
0 -
0 .

I . The initial tension in the belt .

I I The tensions in the slack and tight Sides of the belt

. . .

34
 I I I The amount O f Slip
. .

IV The transmitted horse power

.
-
.

V T h e coeffi cient Of friction

.
.

The te sting machine used (see Fig I I from Carpenter s .

’

E xperimental E ngineering ) consists essentially of t w o parts ,

A the tension carriage ; B the brake carriage an arrange

, , ,

ment for taking O ff power and f o r changing the tension in the

belt The machine is essentially that described by Mr W il
L
. .

fred ewis in V o l VI II Transactions O f the A merican

.
,

S ociety o f Mechanical E ngineers .

FIG . ll— B EL
T T E ST I N
-
G M AC H I N E OF E C L
SI LB LEGE
! O

Power is transmitted to the drivi ng pulley C through , ,

the dynamometer D not used during this series of tests and

, , ,

the universal coupling E The t w o bearings supporting the

,
.

wheel C are held by a framework which is pivoted by thin

, ,

steel plates at the points F This framework is free t o ,

.

swing about F an d in this case tends to swing t o the right

, , , ,

according t o the pull of the belt This tendency t o rotate is .

35
 measured by a scale placed
under the support G at , ,

H Fig 1 shows t h e ten . . 2

sion carriage diagrammati

cally C is the driving .

pulley rotating as shown .

I
The tension in the two
ends of the belt m ay be r e
presented by their result
ant T + T at the center , 2

of C W represents in pounds the tendency of the frame to

.

turn about the pivot F A ssuming that the leng th of t h e

,
.

hori ontal ar m x that of the vertical ar m y w e shall hav e

z z
,
z
,

summation of moments about point F

W X = (T 1 i" T 2 ) y-

from Wt h we Obta i n
Wx
TI + T2
!

The brake carriage B Fig I supports the brake wheel

, ,
. 1
, ,

I and the driven p ul ley K The carriage is mounte d on

, ,
.

rails and its distanc e from the tension carriage can be

altered by means of the hand wheel and screw thus ,
L ,

changing the initial tension in t h e belt .

B y means of
he brak e I v a , ,

loads are
n t o the belt ,

brake r e ac
being meas
d by a scale at

M Fig 3 shows . . I

the b r a k e car
r iag e in diagra m .

The belt ten sions are again T and T ; let the radius of the , 2

driven pulley K be r the reaction at M be W an d t h e

, , , ,,

length of the arm Of the bra k e b e Z ; summing the moment s

about the center o f K an d I we shall h ave ,

36
 The pulleys use d in the Sibl e y Col l e g e te sts were 4 2

inches in diamet er b y 8 inch e s fac e F our s e ts w e re tested

.

cast iron wood pulp and paper Al l we re of standard make

, ,
. .

The b e lt was 5 inches w ide singl e ,

inche s thick oak ,
“
I ; ,

tanned l e ath er about 3 5 feet long n e arly n e w The hair sid e

,
.

was run n e x t to pull e y according to acce pt e d pr actice and

, ,

care was tak e n to have the belt in same condition for all
tests N o b e lt d re ssing of any kind was used
. .

The m e thod of t e st was also strictly the same in all

cases S tar ting with a slack belt at a c e rtain m e asu r ed initial
.

tension t h e load on the belt was in cre as e d in re gular steps

, ,

until the b e lt ran o ff the pulley owing to e x ce ssive slip or

,

until t h e b e lt show e d other signs of distre ss Th e n a higher .

initial stre ss was put into the belt by moving the brake ,

carriage and t h e b e lt again loaded up This was continued

,
.

until the last initial tension furnish e d what was thought to be

a considerab le overload f o r the belt F or e ach o n e of these
.

conditions of initial tension and load t h e readings outline d ,

in the t abl e on page 3 4 were eith er di re ctly Observed or

computed .

The following tabl e s and curves show t h e impo r tant

re sults o f t h e t e sts T h e belt speed varie d som e what being
.
,

a little lower at high than at low loads b u t th e aver age may ,

be taken at about feet per minut e .

 $ m c
5 S m o

5 E S
a
3
E u
n
a
w
a\
a
m
m
m
m
m 8 m
a
1
a o
o
n
a
2
: S
.
o
o
p
m 5 E
.
a
m g
2 o

: M p v c
c
m b 3 5 m
o c
n o
m
8
2 v
o
\e S
e
8 w
e n
o
3 c
s
b
c S s b
m O
xe d a
.
o h
N u

M
s 8 s
o
8 m S
0 e 3
C 3 2
? flo 3

c o
L
o d
s. E
x
8
_9 m
.

m
o
v.

m L
1
0

S
a
t

u
e
s w 4
e
c
c
o
e .
e
o
m
mm \a e

3
e
w n 9
s c a a
o e
t m
c 4 S
e
E t
-
o
n 2 R
e
a s
s e
; e
s
0 a
M w
c
o 3
h
a !
i: n s S
t
3 e
0 5 e
8
a f
5 —
x
e Q e m
mfi o
9 1 8 c o n
5 a
e a
e m s
o
0 a
A Sm
Q
E
R x
n o i
o R flm
m
.

s a
m
N
_e e
w
m
0
,
“

41
 Tables I and I I as co mpiled fr o m the S ibley C o llege,

tests hardly need any extended comment They Show clearly

, .

the s uperiority of the Rockw o o d Paper Pulley throughout

the range o f tests In Table I . for instance with a tight
.
,

belt (6 pounds initial tension ) and an allowable slip Of per

0 1

cent which may be taken to repre sent average practical

.
,

conditions the pulleys will transmit power in the following

,

ratios taking pulp as

,

P lp u

W d oo 1 10 .

Ca t i n s -

ro

R kw d P ap oc oo 2 68
er .

That is the Rockwood Paper Pull e y will under t he c o n

, ,

d it io n s outlined above transmit 6 8 per cent more power ,

1 .

than a pulp pulley and 5 per cent more t han a cast iron ,
0 .
-

pulley Under other conditions the gain is j ust as r e

.
,

markable .

A nother way of looking at this is presented in Table I I .

Taking 3 horse power per inch o f width as the av erage horse

-

po wer f o r sin gle belting under the Spee d used in t e sts and
with a com mercial slip say of I per cent the initial tension s .
,

re quired per inch in the belt t o d o this work bear the follow

ing relation t o each other taking that for the Rockwood ,

paper as
P lp u 2 73 .

W d oo 2 60 .

C ast -
i ro n
R o kw d P ap
c oo er

This means that the initial tension per inch of belt r e

quired for pulp must be times and that for cast iron ,
-

time s that required f o r the Rockwood Paper Pulley [ t is

a
.

har d ly necess ary to p o int out t/

ze d a t agv n e t /zus p ossessed by t he
’

R ockwo o d p ul l ey , t he ev il of t zg /zt bel t s being k nown t o ev ery

p ow er u ser .

There ar e thus t w o ways in which the superiority of the

Roc kwood pulley can be utili z ed :Under the same condition s
more power can be transmitted or if this is not desirable , , ,

43
t he same power can be transmitted with a much Slacker belt ,

meaning l ess l oss in f r ans m zs s zo u and a l o nger l if f bel t

' '

e o .

Table I I I presents figures f o r the coe ffi cient of friction ,

which are thought to be o f interest to the engineer in general .

E xperiments on the coe ffi cient of friction were made by

Morin and by Towne and B riggs Morin found that f o r .

le ather on iron pulleys the value of f was ,

when dry ,

when wet ,
when greasy and when oily K ent .

re commends that 5 be used f o r calculation if there be any

o . 1

probability that the belt become oily Towne and B riggs .

,

however Show that f o r ordinary cases f may be taken as

,

equal t o while again according to K ent R e l e au x

, ,

uses
B efore seeing how Table I I I agrees with these state
ments it is well to point o u t that according t o the results of
,

these experiments the coe ffi cie n t varies with the Slip and the
initial tension A t any given initial tension the coe ffi cie n t
.

increase s as the slip increases S ince a l o w slip at any g iven

.

tension means that only a part of the power of which the bel t
is capable is being t ran smitted and the transmitted power ,

increases wi t h the slip up to an excessive point this increase ,

o f the coe ffi cient with slip is quite consistent .

It is n o t s o e asy to se e why the coe ffi cient Should vary

with the initial tension A n examination o f the table will
.

Sh o w that the variation is not at all regular For pulp and .

wood there is generally an increase in the co e fli cie n t with an

incre ase in the tension Fo r cast iron there is no decide d
.
-

tendency wh ile f o r the Rockwood paper there is generally

,

some decrease The gains o r losses in the coeffi cient with

.

re spect to i nitial tension are however n o t nearly as pro , ,

n o u n c e d as they are f o r a change in the slip A s a matter o f .

fact by plotting all the values Obtained f o r slip and coe fficient
,

of friction at all tensions over one another curves (Fig 1 4) , .

c an be d r awn which represent this relation with su ffi cient

accuracy f o r all ordinary computatio n s This amounts t o .

averaging all the Observed values of f at any given slip and ,

44
 BELT DRIV E CO MP UTATI O NS
I .
— L
H O F BE L T S
EN G T

W henev e r possible this Should be dir e ctly me a

,
sured If .

this cannot be done there are accur at e although quite com

,

plicated for mul a fr om which it may b e obtaine d A rule o f .

thumb which gives t h e length app ro x imat e ly is as follows ,

A d d tog e th e r the diameters of the two pulleys divide ,

by and multiply this r e su

2 , 3 Add the r esulting
p roduct to twice the dis
tance bet wee n the centers
of the shafts N eedless .

to say that all dimensions ,

must be e ith er in feet or

inch e s .

T h e accurate formu l a
e

ar e as follows
I O pen belts
L
. .

e t I b e t h e distance between centers of shafts D the , ,

diameter of the larger pulley d that of t h e smaller ; (9 the

L
‘

, , ,

angle indicate d in F ig 1 5 in radians and the length of

.
,

the belt .

L
=
7

5
-
d)+ 2 l co s O

2 Crosse d b e lts
. .

For this cas e with the same notation as abov e we hav e

L(
, ,

= O
) (9

In the cas e s of e ithe r Open o r cross ed belts the best ,

method of procedu re is first to d e t e rmin e t h e sine o f the

D d _

angle 9 This for t h e open belt is sin 9 : 2 1 and for the

.

D d
crossed belt is sin 21
Then in any table of natural
trigonometric functions the value o f sin 9 d e t e rmin e s that o f
,

cos 9 and that of 9 in degree s which must b e r e duce d to

, ,

radians W ith thes e data the solution of t h e e quations

.

become s easy .
 It sometimes hap 3 .

n s that it is desired t o

tain t h e length of a belt

a given roll without
going to the trouble of
unrolling and measuring
it Fo r this case K ent .

F 6 IG -

gives the following rule :

1

The su m of t he diameter of the roll and of the eye in inche s

multiplied by the number of turns made by the belt an d
by 1 3 9 gi v e length o f belt in feet
0 .

I I — H 0 R S E P O W ER
.
-

A ccording t o equation ( ) of the previous chapter the 1 1 ,

tractive force exerted by a belt equals

f (f)

!
where 6

T I t e ns i o n in t i g h t s i d e
q w i gh t
e of be t l o ne foot l o ng

v v l i t y in f t
e oc .
— se c
e N ap i a b a
er n se 0
. 71 8
f i
co e ffi c e n t o f f ri c t i o n
6) d i an arc o f co n t ac t in ra s

If we let P be the tractiv e force per square inch of cross

section of belt T the tension in the tight side per square
, I

inch of cross section q becomes the weight of square inch o f

,
1

cross section of belt one foot long The weight of leather .

may be taken at 5 6 pounds per cubic foot from which the p ar ,

t icu l ar value o f q becomes S ubstitu t ing this in the

‘

abo v e equation we have tractive force per square inch

,
.

f Q—
e l

If let the width

we o f the belt be W inches the thic k ness ,

be t the cross section

0z W t sq . i nc h es
The total tractive force in any given b elt is then
1
8
w
_

P t o t a1 = (T 1 v 2
) t

47
and if v is the v e locity of the belt in fee t per se con d the ,

horse powe r transmitt e d wi l l be

-

e
(T l
—
001 2 v ) 2
w
.

H . P : f 9 t v
e

550
K t (1 4)
where K stands for the factor :

(T 01 2v 2 )
—
,
.

T he fo r mula as developed abov e is id e ntical with that o f

N agle re po rte d to t h e Ameri can S oci e ty of M e chanical E ngi
nee rs ,
1 88 1 T he e x pre ssion f o r K contains t h e v ariables
.

T ,,
v f and
, It is possible howeve r to assume average , ,

v alue s for some of the se and thus to comput e value s for K

which will give for mula ( 4) wide applicability 1 .

In p r actice 0is probably as an average in t h e neigh bor

hood o f 1 80 d eg r ees which corresponds t o ,
rad ians To .

be on the safe side we will assume that H= 3 0 . .

A cc e pting 1 per cent o f slip as the practical commercial .

value t h e av e r age values o f f were shown to be f o r

,

P lp u f = 0 29
W d oo
—0 3 1

Ca t i n s -
ro
—0 46
R k w o o d Pap
oc er = O 75

These values of f ho wever were obtained under best , ,

conditions T o allow f o r some little l ee way w e will round

.

t h em o ff as follows
P lp u f : 0 25
W d oo
— 0 25

C as t -
i ro n — 0 40
R o c kwo o d P aper
S omeave rage value will have to be assumed f o r the
factor v in t h e e xp re ssion for K F or mod e rate speeds t h e
”
.

part v is of minor influence and the err or will perhaps

2

not be gre at if we assume the averag e b e lt sp e ed at 5 feet 1 00

per minute making v = 2 5 feet per se cond

,
.

48
 In determining the av e rage value o f T t w o points ,,

should be kept in mind z e t h e e ff e ct of the ini t ial t ension

'

. .
, ,

and that of t he slip In our case the slip is to have the com
.

m er c ial value of one per cent T h e average figure f o r the .

initial tension is some what uncertain Mr Taylor in h is . .

,

valuable paper states that he keys his double belts up to

,

about 4 pounds initial tension per square inch of cross

2 0

section This amounts t o about 45 pounds per inch of width

.

f o r a single belt The experience of our tests has been

.

that this is a rather slack belt In fact most horse power .

-

formula on the basis of these tests point t o about 6 pounds

, ,
0

per inch of single belt o r about 3 pounds per square inch ,

20

of cross section as being ne arer the average figure

-

W ith an initial tension of 3 pounds per square inch the 20 ,

tests show that the maximum tension T varies for the vari , 1 )

ous pulleys when the slip value one per cent is reached . .

This is of course consistent since the pulleys transmit v ari

, ,

ous horse powers under those conditions The figures show

-

that for o n e p er c e nt slip at 6 pounds tension the value of

. 0

T was as follows :
I

P lp
u T1 2 245 p oun d s p er s q u ar e i nc h
W doo 85 5 p ou nd s per s q u are i nc h
C as t -
i ro n 290 p ou nd s p er s q u ar e i nch
R kw o o d P ap
oc er 380 p o u nd s p er s q u ar e i nc h
The value T = 9 pounds for cast iron is about what is
1
2 0 ,
-

ordinarily given for a laced belt but 3 8 pounds is not at all ,

0

excessive and t h e belt on test showed no sign of distress at

,

this load .

With the abo v e assumptions f o r T (9 f and v the value , , , ,

of K becomes for
P lp
u K z o 23
W doo —
0 24
C as t -
ir o n —O
37
R c kw o d P ap
o o er

The horse power that will be transmitted therefo re by

-

, ,

t he various pulleys may be expressed by the following,

49
form u l a f o r comm ercial condition s o f o n e per cent s l ip
, .
, 32 0
pounds per s q uare inch initial tension and (5) near ,

P lp u H . P : O 23
. . wtv
W d oo wtv
Ca t i n s -
ro wtv
R o kw d P ap
c oo er wtv
The following table shows the horse power transmitted -

by the various pulleys f o r the various speeds indicated W ith ,

o ut considering centrifugal force as computed from the ,

above formul a
L
.

TAB E I V

H o rse -

po wer fo r B lt I l nch Wide initial Te nsio n 320 P und

e .
, o s per

Square inch o f C ro ss Se tio n C o nta t I SO D e grees c . c , .

Slip I p er c ent , .

V el o c t y , i F eet N ag l e s
’

P lp W Ca i 12 0
523
1 0? d F 0 1
259
u o od st ro n 1 1 1 21
9
-

31

Per S ec o nd Pe r M i nu t e Ca ist -
ro n

10 6 00 . 43 . 45 . 70 . 73
20 1 200 . 86 . 90
30 1 800
40 2400
50 3000
60 3600
70 4200

L
I I A
M T I ON S O F T H E A B O V E H O R S E P O W E R F O R M U L I E
T ~
.

1 For a velocity greater than v : 5 feet per second f o r

. 0 ,

mula 3 page 48 should be use d A t the higher speeds the

1 , ,
.

centrifugal force commences to have an appre ciable e ffe c t .

A s a comparison the last column in Table IV shows t h e ,

horse powers at various speeds f o r a single belt as given by

~

N agle whose formula is in all re spects identical exc e pt that

, ,

in this case the centrifugal e ffect h as b e en taken into accou n t

f o r every value o f v It will be seen that above 5 0 feet per
.

se cond the horse power shows an appreciable falling o ff over

,
-

the result obtained by the more empirical for m ula above

given .

50
 2 .If the arc of contact is very di ff erent from 3 radians ,

e qual to about 8 degrees again the unabridged formula 3

1 0 ,
1

should be used The horse power incre ases or decreases with

.
-

the arc of contact .

If conditions are otherwise unfavorable either the full ,

formula should be used making proper allowances or the , ,

the value of the constant K should be lowered Crossed .

belts for instance while they incr ease the arc of contact
, , ,

su ff er loss through friction at the point of crossing A llow .

ance for this should be made if in connection with it the dis

tance between centers should be comparatively short For .

belts transmitting power which fluctuate s considerably the ,

average horse power t o be transmitted should be used in the

-

computations for belt dimensions but the constant K should ,

be decreased about 3 per cent B elts which require constant

0 .

shifting those which run on small pulleys or for those which

, ,

operate in a vertical direction or nearly so special allow , ,

an o e s should be made decreasing the constant K as may be

,

dictated by experience .

The following points should be kept in mind and worked

to whenever possible .

For open belts and transmission from a lower to a higher

,

speed have the highest points of the pulleys on a level ; if

,

this is not possible d o not go below a 45 degree line The .

lower side of the belt should be the tight side because the ,

sag o f the upper side increases the arc of contact ; 5 feet is 1

the limit of distances between centers for belts not wider

than 4 inches and 3 feet t o 45 feet is the upper limit for
,
0

wider belts For high speeds pulleys must have their plane s
.
,

perpendicular t o their shafts and the pulleys should be ,

balanced Failure in the first o f these requirements may

.

cause a belt to weave from side t o side failure in the second ,

may cause it to flop badly the same e ffect as is produced by ,

unsteady power .

In transmitting power from a higher to a slower speed ,

the same general precau tion s should be taken The driving .

51
pulley is best not less than 8 inches if possible and under 1 ,

certain extreme conditions as for i nstance for dynamo and

,

motor drives it is safest to cut K by from 3 to 6 per cent

,
0 0 .

If possible arrange the sh afting and machinery s o that

,

b elts are led o ff from the driving sh aft t o each side H ave .

the pulleys delivering t o Opposite side s in pairs close t o , ,

gether This reliev es the shaft largely o f side s trains and

.

reduce s j ournal friction .

If a belt through stretching refuses t o transmit the

, ,

maximum power it is called upon t o transmit it is best not ,

t o cut it at once but t o give it an appl ication o f tallow .

A ccording to a G erman authority this m akes the belt slip

worse at first but as soon 21 s the belt absorbs the fat it
,

shrinks about t w o per cent of its length which w ill m ake it

.
,

take hold Rosin and other sticky substances W hile they

.
,

may be e ffe ctive for a little W hile make a belt brittle and ,

dry and will soon ruin it .

Comparatively narrow belts may be placed on their pul

leys by sliding them o n over the edge of the pulley The .

same proceeding is n o t permissible with a wide and heavy

belt as the edge of the p ulley may cut it S uch belts should
,
.

be laced while held o n the pulleys by the aid of belt clam ps

, , ,

and if they have t o be thrown O ff they sh o uld be slid from ,

the driving pulley t o an idler pl aced next t o it .

RAT IO T R A N S M I SS I ON
OF

Fo r approximate work the ratio of transmission is t h e

ratio o f the diameters o f the pulleys Taking a concrete .

case let the diameter o f driving pulley be 3 6 inches that of

, ,

the driven pulley be 5 inches and the revolution s per

1 ,

minut e of the driver be The ratio o f tran smission is

2 00 .

then 36
15

and revol u tions per minute of driven pul l ey are

Fo r accurate work however it is necessary

, ,
to consider both
the thickness o f the belt and the slip .

52
 Computing this axial pressure for the various pulleys ,

for 9
( z rad ians we h ave the following :
,

Fo p lp an d w
r u d axial p oo ,
PWt r e s s u re

C a t i n ax i al p s
s -
ro , re 93 P W t
s u re .

R kw d pap
oc oo er 67 P W t I . .

A t 1 p e r c e nt slip and an initial tensi on of 3 0 poun ds per

.
,
2

square inch we can sub stitute f o r P and w e have ,

A xi al p u f p lp
re ss re or 1 78 w t
u

A x i al p u f w d
r ess re or 1 86 w t
oo

A xi al p u f at i n
r e ss re or c 1 91 w t
s -
ro

A xi al p f R kw d p ap
re ss u r e or 21 3 w t
oc oo er

This axial pre ssure is distributed over the bearings de

pending o u their posi t io n and caus es j o urnal friction B ut ,
.

the above equations show th at while there is some increase

in t h e lost work in the case of the pape i pulley over the '

others such incr e ase d loss is by n o means commens urate

,

with the gain in horse —power transmitted .

T I G H T E N E R A ND G U I D E P U LL E ! S
A n idler pulley is e mployed for t w o reasons :To maintain
a uniform tension in the belt an d t o in crease the arc o f con
t act F o r th ese reason s tighteners sho uld be placed on the
.

slack side o f the bel t an d near the smaller pulley .

In t h e case of angle drives the guide pulley on the tight ,

side of the be l t should have about the diameter o f the driving

pulley and about 54 times its width o f face The gui de
,
1 .

pulley on the s lack side should be about the si z e of the drive n

pulley with about two time s its width o f face .

54
 HO RSE POWER TA BLES -

The horse p ow e rs in the following tabl e s for pulp and -

wo od cast iron and Rockwood Paper Pulleys are computed

,
-

for an arc of co ntact of 8 degrees e for pulleys of e qual 1 0 .

,

diameters belted together W hen pulleys are of une qual .

diameters multiply the horse power Obt ained from the t able s
,
-

by t he decimal found in the table below under the given ar e ,

o f cont a ct T he e ffect of centrifugal forc e has bee n taken

.

in t o account The coe fficient of friction w as tak e n for wood

.
,

5 ; cast iron
2 4 ; Rockwood Pap e r 6 5 as determined on 0
-
-
. . .
, , ,

tests S lip o r creep is

.
p e r cent B elt w as oak tanned 1 .
-

l e ath er clean with hair side t o pulley

, ,
.

A rc of C o n t ac t , S ma ll er
P ll y u e 1 20
°
1 30
°
1 40
°
1 50
°
1 60
°
1 70 1 80
P lp and V p d P ll ey
u
V
o u s 76 80 84 88 93 97 1 0
C a t i n P ll y
.

s -
ro u e 79 83 87 91 94 97
R k w o d P ap P ll y
. . . . .

oc -
o er u e s 87 . 90 . 92 . 95 . 97 99 1 0

57
 H o rse po w e r T ransmitte d per I nch f Width by
L L
o
-

SI N G E L EATH ER BE TS and
R O C KWOO D PAP ER P ULLE! S
w
z
h
EV O L
UT I ON S P ER mN UT E
a
a
m
8 2 2
!
w I
o

9 2
0
9 3

8 5

0
0 8 6
9 7 6
0 .

1 9 8
2 1 0
. . 7 . 9

3
4 7 0
5 7 2
6 . 6 1
7 A 5 2

18 5 1 3
19 5 2
20 42 . 3
21 . 2
22 . 9 3 2 4
.

23 2 2 2
24 2 2 22 5
25 2 2 2 6
26 2 2 22 6
27 2 2 1 2
. 7

28 2 2 02
29 2 2 03
30 2 2 93 6
31 2 2 83
32 2 3 83 7

33 2 3 . 83
34 2 9 3 . 3
35 3 3 . 8
36 3 J 3 43
37 3 l 3 . 3

38 3 3 23
39 3 3 1 4
411 3 3 84 2
41 3 3 7 4
42 3 3 64 3

43 36 4 5 4 2
44 3 7 . 4 44 0
45 3 . 4 4 9
46 3 9 . 4 4 9
47 3 mo 4 4 7

48 4 4 7
49 4 4 5 3
5 11 4 4 2 2
51 4 4 0 0
52 4 4 8 8

53 4A 6 5
54 4 5 . 25 6
55 4 6 . 25
56 4 G . 05 2

57 4 5 7 5
58 4 5 5 7
59 4 5 25 5
60 4 5 95 2
Ho rse po w er Transmitte d per Inch f Width by
L L
-
o

SI N G E LEATHER BE TS and
R O C KWOOD PAPER P ULL E! S— Co ntinued

R E OL IO
V UT NS PE R M I N UT E

0 750 800 850 900 950 1 0001 1 001 2001 3001 4001 5001 60
65 0 70 01 7001 8001 9002000

a
o 0

0
0

0
o

a 0 0 o

a 0 0 o

a 0 0 o

0 o

0
0

0
o o

o
o
0 0 o

0 0 o

0 0 o

Fo r an arc of c o n t ac t h
l e s s t an 1 80° m u l t ip l y b y a
i
c o rr e c t o n co e ffi c e nt i as p e r t h e f o ll w i
o ng t ab e l
Ar c o f c o nt ac t 1 20° 1 30° 1 40° 1 5 0° 1 60° 1 70° 1 80°

C i
o e ffic e n t . 87 . 92 . 95 . 99
Ho rs e p ower Tran smi tted
-

p er I nch o f Wi dth by
DOUBLE L E ATHE R BELTS and

ROC KWOO D PAPE R P ULL EYS

R E OL
V UT I ON S PE R M I NUT E
425 450 475 5 00 550

99 1 06 9
1 33 1 41
1 67 1 76 5
2 02 2 11 1
2 35 2 49 5

2 68 2 & 7
3 m 3 20 88
3 3 0
3 68 3 89
4 02 4 % 2

4 35 4 58 53
4 67 4 93 93
4 98 5 26 32
5 29 5 57 68
5 59 5 % 05

5 90 6 W 2
6 % 6 $
6 49 6 85 2
6 77 7 16 6
7 W 7 47 1

7 36 7 76 4
7 63 8 03 44
7 90 8 32 73
8 18 8 0
8 43 8 84 7

8 69 9 1 53
8 93 9 5 0
9 16 9 3
9 42 9 2 23
9 66 0 43
l
l

9 88 1 0 20
1 0 1 01 0 5 1
1 0 32 1 0 7 3
1 0 m 1 0 90
1 0 7 01 1 07

1 0 89 1 1 %
11 M 1 1 M
11 W1 1 57
11 $1 1 W
11 $1 1 W
11 7 11 99
11 12 10
11 1 12 18
12 1
1 2 26
12 1212 34

12
12 m
12 %
1 2 3 5 1 2 49
1 2 40
12 fi

60
Ho rs e p ower Tran smi tted per I nch o f Wi dth by
-

SIN G LE L EAT HE R BELTS and

CAST IR ON
-
P ULLEYS

62
Hors e p o we r Transmitted per I nch
-
o f Wi dth by
SI N G LE L EATH E R BELTS and
CAST [RON P ULL EYS Continued
 H ors e po wer Transmi tted
-

p er I nch o f Wi dth by
DOUB LE L EAT HE R BELTS and
CAST I RON P ULL EYS
R E OL
V UT I ON S PER M I NUT E
200 220
4

o 29 32
o 39 &
o 49 fl
o 59 65
o 69 76

79o 87
89 98
o

99 1
o

1 09 1
o

1 1 19 1 3
o

1 1 1 29 1
o 4
1 1 1 39 1
o

1 1 1 1 49 1 6
m
o

1 1 1 1 1 7
m
o

8
.

1 1 1 1 1 o1

1 1 1 1 1 78 1 9
o

1 1 1 1 1 87 2 0
o

1 1 1 1 1 W2 1
o

1 1 1 1 1 2 W2o

1 1
. 1 1 1 2 16 2 3
o

1 1 1 1 2 2 o 26 2 4
1 1 1 1 2 2 o 35 2 5
1 1 1 1 2 2 o 45 2
1 1 1 2 2 2 o 2 7
1 1 1 2 2 2 o 63 2

1 1 1 2 2 2 72 2 9
o

1 1 2 2 2 2 82 3
o

1 1 2 2 2 2 91 8 1
m
o

1 1 2 2 2 3 3
m
o

1 1
. 2 2 2 3 o3 3

1 1 2 2 2 3 183
o 4
1 2 2 2 2 3 o3 5
1 2 2 2 3 3 38 3
o 6
1 2 2 2 3 3 45 3
o 7
1 2 2 2 3 3 543
o 8

2 2 2 3 3 o 63 3 9
2 2 3 3 3 o 704 0
2 2 3 3 3 o 79 4 1
2 2 3 3 3 o 4 2
2 2 3 3 3 o 96 4 3

2 2 2 3 3 4M 44
o

2 2 2 3 3 4 I3 4 5
o

2 2 3 3 3 4 o45
2 2 3 3 3 4 29 4 6
o

2 2 3 3 3 4 37 4 7
o

2 2 3 3 4 4 o 48
2 2 3 3 4 4 o 49
2 2 3 3 4 4 6 o 4 9
2 2 3 3 4 4 69o 5 0
2 3 3 3 4 4 76o 5 1

2 3 3 3 4 4 84 5
2 3 3 4 4 4 92 5
2 3 3 4 4 1 99 5
2 3 3 4 4 5 06 5

2 3 3 4 4 5 13 5 5
2 3 3 4 4 5 20 5 5
2 3 3 4 4 5 25 5 6
2 3 3 4 4 5 29 5 6
 Hors e p ower Tran smitted per I n ch o f Wi dth by
-

DOU BLE L EATHE R BELTS and

C AST I RON PULL EYS Co ntinued

R E OL
VUT I ON S PE R MI N UT E

600 65 0 1 0001 1 0
0 1 4001 5 0
0

L
L
m
m
. w 1 fi 1 62
1 W2 16
2 fi 2
o

o
2
2
3
m
o

1 w 2 3 19
o 3
2 w 3 o fl 3 66
o 4

2 “ 3 m
4 12 5
m
o

22 4 4 56 5
m
o

3 9 4 4 98o 5
32 4 w5 6
m
o

N
3 5 % 5 :2o 6

3 w 5 6 04
o 6
4w 5 6 13
o 6
4 w 6 6 56
o 6
4w 6 6 70
o 6
5w 6 6 80
o

52 6 6 85
5 2 6 6
m ”
.

5 6 6 18
5 m 6
m
6 69
6 . 6 m

6m 6
6 w
6 m
6 m
6 m

6
6
6
6
6

6w
6w
6 m

F o r an ar c c o ntact l e s than 1 80 m l t i p l y b y a
of s °
u

c orr ect ion c o e ffic i ent a p t h f ollo w i n g tab l e

s er e

A rc of c o ntact 1 20 1 30°
1 40 1 50
°
1 60 1 70
° °
1 80 ° ° °

C o e ffi c i ent 79 . 87 91 94 9? . .
Hors e po w e r Transmi tted
-

per I nch o f Wi dth by

SIN G LE L EAT HE R BELTS and

WOOD P ULL EYS

R E OL
V UT I ON S PE R M I NUT E

66
 Hors e p ower Transmi tted
-

pe r I n ch of Wi dth by

L
SI N G LE L EATHE R BELTS and

WOO D PU L E ! S — C o n l in u e d

R E OL
V UT I ON S PE R M I NUT E
600 650 700 750 800 850 900 1 1 001 2001 3001 4001 5001 6001 7001 800 2000

w w m $
m w m m1 5
o o

m w m w 19
o o

m
o o

w o o fi 1 9
m
w o w o w1 . .

% 1 M m1 $ 2“
m1 w m2 9 2 5
o o

1
m1 m m23 2&
o o

1 o w o

1 % 1 u o o w 25 2M
1 @ 1 w o o a 29 2fi

$1 m2 2 9
m22
o o .

M 1 2 9
m2 9
o o

M 1 2 9
m29
o o

& 1
m2 9
o o

% 2 o o

2 W2 w
m m
o o

2 W2 o o

2 N 2 % o o

2 % 2 % o o

2 % 2 fl o o

2 m2 a
2 m2 m
o

2 m2 m
o

2 w2 w
2 m2 m
o

2 m2
2 m2
o

2 2 o

2 2 o

2 2 o

% 2 m
% 2 a
m m
2
&

h orse p ow e r t ran sm i tted by p l p p l l y is 9

The -
u u e s

p e r cent l e ss than that g i en i n the tab l e s f w d

. v or oo

p ll ey s
u .

F or an a r c f c o ntact l e ss than 1 80 m l t i p l y by a
o °
u

c orr ectio n fli i t a s p e r the f ollo w i n g tab l e

co e c en

A rc of c o ntact 1 20 1 30 1 40 1 5 0 1 60
°
1 70 1 80
° ° ° ° ° °

C o e fli c ie nt . . 76 . 80 . 84 . 88 . 93 . 97
 H ors e p o wer Tra nsmitted per I nch o f Wi dth by
-

DOU BLE L E AT HE R BELTS and

WOO D P ULL EYS
R E OL
V UT I ON S PER M I NUT E
1 m 200 220 240 260 280 300 325 H5

m
m
m
w
w
o

o
w
w
w
w
w
0

0
m
w
w
u
m
%
%
fi
m
o

w m
o

w m w m
o

o
m w
m w
m w
fi
o

o
3
3
3
0

0
m
u
m
m m am m w wM %
mm m
o 0

a
0 o o

W w w %n 1
m m m % w w1 m
o 0 o o 0

w 1 %
a mm m % 1 w1 w1 m
o 0 o o 0

1 %
m mm m 1 m1 w 1 w 1 m
o 0 o o 0

o 0 o o 1 0

m 3 M 1 m 1 u 1 m 1 m1 3 1 m
m 1 m 1 m 1 m1 w 1 m 1 m m
o 0 o o 0

n 1
m w 1 m1 w 1 m1 w 1 u 1 m
o 0 0

w
o o

1
a 1 m1 m 1 m 1 % 1 fi 1 a 1 m m
o 0 o o 0

1
m 1 m1 1 3 1 M 1 fi 1 w1 m
o 0 o o 0

o 0 o o 2 0 w
fi 1 w m1 fl 1 a 1 M 1 m 1 w 2 w
1 w w 1 w 1 m 1 M 1 m2 m
o 0 o o 0

1 fi 2 w
1 w m 1 w 1 m1 fi 1 % 2 w
o 0 o o 0

1W 2 w
m1 m 1 n 1 m 2 m 2 m
o 0 0

w
o o

1 u 1 2
m 1 a w 1 w 1 w 2 m 2 m2 m
o 0 o o 0

1 1 o 0 o o 2 0 w
1 1m 1 m M 1 1 % 2 W 2 m2 m 2 w
1 m 1 m % 1 2 % 2 w 2 m2 a
o 0 o o 0

1 2 w
1 a 1 w % 1 m2 m2 w 2 2 m
o 0 0

w
o o

1 1 2
2 m2 m2 w 2 m 2 3
o 0 o 0

w
o

1 1 1 1 n 2
2 m2 u
. o 0 o o 0

1 1 1 fi 1 w
o 2 w2 % 2
0 o o 8 0 w
1 1 1 3 1 w 2 m2 m 2 w 2 m2 m2 m 3
1 w 2 m2 w 2 a 2 w 2 m2 m
o 0 o o 0

1 1 1 3 3

L 1 % 2 m2 m2 y 2 M 2 m2 w
o 0 o o 0

1 1 1 13 3
2 w 2 m2 m2 2 M 2 m3 m
o 0 o o 0

1 1 1 3
a 2 w 2 % 2 u 2 a 2 m2 % 3 m
o 0 o o 0

1 1 1 1 3

m
o 0 o o 0

1 1 1 m 2 w 2 m2 m2 fi 2 3 m3 w 3 m
1 m 2 w 2 w 2 m2 m2 3 m3 m
o 0 o o 0

1 1 3 w
1 m 3 m3 w m
o 0 o o 0

1 1 2 w 2 fi 2 w2 w3 3
1 m 2 w 2 fi 2 m2 m3 m3 m3 a
o 0 o o 0

1 1 3 w
1 m 2 w 2 $ 2 fi 2 m3 m3 m3 m m
o 0 o o 0

1 1 o 0 o o 3 0

1 1 1 1 m 2 m2 m2 & 3 m3 m3 m3 m 3 w

m
2m 2 u 2 & 2 % 8 m3 m3 a 3 m m
o 0 o o 0

1 1 1 3
2 m2 m2 3 m3 a 3 a 3 w m
o 0 o o 0

1 1 1 2 4
2 w 2 m3 3 m3 w 3 m3 m
. o 0 o o 0

1 1 1 2n 4w
3 m3 fi 3 m 3 m m
o 0

2 a2 % 8
o o 0

1 1 1 2 n o 0 o o 4 0

1 1 1 2 m 2 m2 w 3 m3 w 3 w 3 w 3 & 4
m 2 n 2 w 3 m3 w 3 3 w3 m
o 0 o o 0

1 1 1 2 4
m 2 w 3 w 3 m3 fl 3 m 3 w 3 %
o 0 o o 0

1 1 2 2 4
m 2 a 3 w 8 w 3 m3 m 3 w 4
o 0 o o 0

1 1 2 2 4
m 2 w 8 w 3 m3 fi 3 m3 w 4
o 0 o o 0

1 1 2 2 o 0 o o 4 0

1 1 2 2M 2 w 8 m3 m 3 m3 m3 w 4 4 m
3 & 3 % 3 % 3 w4 m m
o 0

8 w8
o o 0

1 1 2 2fi 4
3 m3 m3 m3 W 4 w 4 w m
o 0 0

2w
o o

1 1 2 3 4
3 m3 u 8 % 3 % 3 M 4 w 4 w m
o 0 o o 0

1 1 2 2 4
m 3 m3 m8 w 3 m3 % 4 w 4 m
. o 0 o o 0

1 2 2 2 o 0 o o 4 0 w
1 2 2 2 3 8 m3 M 3 M 3 3 % 4 m4 4M
1 2 2 23 3 m 3 w 3 w 3 % 4 m4 m4 % 4 %
1 0
0 2 2 3 8 m 3 fi 3 w 3 M 4 m4 w 4 m 4W
1 2 2 2 m 3w 8 3 w 3 % 4 m4 m4
. . 4%

1 2 2 23 3 m 3 w 3 m4 w 4m 4 m 4 w
1 2 0
0 23 3 m w 3 w 4 m4 m4m 4m 4 w
1 2 2 2 m 3 m w 3 w 4 w 4 fl 4fi 4m 4 w
1 2 2 2 m 3 m w 3 w 4m 4 4m 4 m 4 w

68