Uncov

eri
ngt
heLegacy
:AHi
stor
icalExpl
orat
ionof
t
heJapaneseTunneli
nDav
aoCi
ty

Lear
ner
'sObj
ect
ives

•Par
ti
cipant
swi
l
lbeabl
etoi
nvest
igat
eandar
ti
cul
atet
heor
igi
nal
pur
posebehi
ndt
he

const
ruct
ionoft
heJapaneseTunnel
inDav
aoCi
ty

•Lear
ner
swi
l
ldev
elopt
heabi
l
ityt
oanal
yzeandsy
nthesi
zei
nfor
mat
ion,
expl
ori
nghowt
he

exi
stenceoft
heJapaneseTunnel
cont
ri
but
est
othebr
oaderhi
stor
ical
nar
rat
iveofDav
aoCi
ty

dur
ingt
heJapaneseoccupat
ion.

•St
udent
sar
eexpect
edt
ogetani
nsi
ghti
ntot
heJapaneseoccupat
ionandmi
l
itar
yst
rat
egi
esi
n

t
hePhi
l
ippi
nesdur
ingt
hewar

St
atementoft
hePr
obl
em

1.Whobui
l
torcr
eat
edt
heJapaneseTunnel
locat
edi
nDav
aoCi
ty?

2.How doest
heexi
stenceoft
het
unnelcont
ri
but
etot
heov
eral
lhi
stor
icalnar
rat
iveofDav
ao

Ci
tydur
ingt
heJapaneseoccupat
ion?

3.Whati
nsi
ght
scant
hest
udyoft
heJapaneseTunnelof
feraboutJapaneseoccupat
ionand

mi
l
itar
yst
rat
egi
esi
nthePhi
l
ippi
nesdur
ingt
hewar
?

1
 ANALYSI
S

TheJapaneseTunneli
nDav
aoCi
ty,
Phi
l
ippi
nes,
hol
dsasi
gni
fi
canthi
stor
icall
egacy
.Thi
s

under
groundst
ruct
ureser
vedasashel
terandst
rat
egi
chi
dingpl
acef
ort
heJapanesef
orces

dur
ingWor
ldWarI
I.I
nthi
sanal
ysi
s,wewi
l
lexpl
oret
hei
mpor
tanceoft
heJapaneseTunnel
,i
ts

hi
stor
icalcont
ext
,andt
hei
mpacti
thashadont
hel
ocalcommuni
tyandt
hewi
derhi
stor
ical

nar
rat
ivet
oanswert
hest
atementoft
hepr
obl
em.

Dur
ingWor
ldWarI
I,Dav
aoCi
tywasacr
uci
albat
tl
egr
oundbet
weenJapanesef
orcesand

t
heAl
l
iedpower
s.Recogni
zi
ngt
hest
rat
egi
csi
gni
fi
canceofDav
ao,t
heJapaneseconst
ruct
ed

t
he t
unnelas par
toft
hei
rdef
ensi
vei
nfr
ast
ruct
ure.Accor
ding t
o Tr
ipAdv
isor(
2023)
,the

Japanese Tunnelwas al
l
egedl
ybui
l
tdur
ing Wor
ld WarI
Ibypr
isoner
s ofwarf
rom t
he

Phi
l
ippi
nes.I
tappear
sthatt
heJapaneset
unneli
snotasl
argeasi
tseems.I
nact
ual
i
ty,i
twi
l
l

st
ret
chbey
ondy
ourwal
ki
ngdi
stance.I
tlooksl
i
ket
her
ear
etwoowner
soft
hisspeci
fi
ctunnel
.

Thepor
ti
onoft
het
unnelt
hati
sbl
ockedbybar
satt
heendi
sthepor
ti
ont
haty
oucannotent
er.

Uncer
tai
ntyaboutt
heJapaneseTunnel
'
sor
igi
nspr
esent
samaj
orobst
acl
etot
hehi
stor
ical

expl
orat
ionofDav
aoCi
ty.Gi
vent
heabsenceofr
ecor
dedi
nfor
mat
ionr
egar
dingt
het
unnel
'
s

const
ruct
ion,
thequest
ionofwhof
oundi
torbui
l
titpr
esent
sachal
l
engi
ngpr
obl
em

Uncer
tai
ntyaboutt
he Japanese Tunnel
'
sor
igi
nspr
esent
sa maj
orobst
acl
etot
he

hi
stor
icalexpl
orat
ionoft
heTunnell
ocat
edi
nDav
aoCi
ty.Gi
vent
heabsenceofr
ecor
ded

i
nfor
mat
ionr
egar
dingt
het
unnel
'
sconst
ruct
ion,
thequest
ionofwhof
oundi
torbui
l
titpr
esent
s

achal
l
engi
ngpr
obl
em.A t
hor
oughcompr
ehensi
onofi
tshi
stor
icalcont
extandpur
posei
s

hi
nder
edbyt
heuncer
tai
ntyencompassi
ngt
heor
igi
nalar
chi
tect
sordi
scov
erer
s.Resear
cher
s

andhi
stor
ianswor
kingt
opi
ecet
oget
hert
het
unnel
'
sst
oryf
aceachal
l
engebecausei
tis

di
ff
icul
ttocont
ext
ual
i
zet
het
unnel
'
ssi
gni
fi
cancewi
thi
nDav
aoCi
ty'
slar
gerhi
stor
icalcont
ext

2
whendef
ini
ti
veat
tri
but
ioni
slacki
ng.Tof
ull
yreal
i
zet
hehi
stor
icalsi
gni
fi
canceoft
heJapanese

Tunnelandpr
ovi
deamor
epr
eci
sedescr
ipt
ionofi
tsconst
ruct
ion,t
hisf
undament
alquest
ion

mustbeaddr
essed.Addr
essi
ngt
hisbasi
cquest
ioni
scr
uci
alf
oropeni
ngt
hef
ullhi
stor
ical

pr
ospectoft
heJapaneseTunnelandpr
ovi
dingamor
eaccur
ateaccountofi
tsr
olei
nthe

r
egi
on'
shi
stor
y.

I
nessence,t
heJapaneseTunnelser
vesasal
i
vingchr
oni
cleofwar
ti
mehi
stor
y,i
nvi
ti
ng

v
isi
tor
stodel
vei
ntoi
tsdept
hsandcont
empl
atet
hecompl
exi
ti
esofconf
li
ct.I
tspr
eser
vat
ion

and accessi
bil
i
ty of
fera br
idge bet
ween t
he pastand pr
esent
,fost
eri
ng a col
l
ect
ive

under
standi
ngoft
hesacr
if
icesandst
ori
esembeddedwi
thi
nit
swal
l
s.Asi
tcont
inuest
odr
aw

i
ndi
vi
dual
sseeki
ngabl
endofhi
stor
y,my
ster
y,andcul
tur
ali
mmer
sion,t
heJapaneseTunnel

r
emai
nsapoi
gnantr
emi
nderoft
hei
ndel
i
blei
mpactofwaront
hel
andscapesandnar
rat
ivesof

ourshar
edhumanhi
stor
y.

Thet
unnel
,whi
chser
vedasav
italmi
l
itar
yheadquar
ter
sdur
ingt
hewar
,repr
esent
ed

Japanesedomi
nat
ionandaut
hor
it
yov
ert
heci
tyandhadapr
ofoundef
fectonev
ery
dayl
i
feand

l
ocalgov
ernment
.Duet
oit
sexi
stence,l
ocalr
ebel
l
ionmov
ement
swer
espar
ked,andguer
ri
ll
a

war
far
ebecameani
mpor
tantf
ocusi
ntheconf
li
ctagai
nstt
hei
nvadi
ngar
my.Af
terDav
aoCi
ty

was f
reed,t
he Japanese Tunnelchanged f
rom bei
ng a r
epr
esent
ati
on ofoccupat
ion t
o

becomi
nganessent
ialpar
toft
heci
ty'
shi
stor
y.Asahi
stor
icalsi
te,t
heJapaneseTunnel

r
epr
esent
sthecommunalmemor
yofwar
ti
meexper
iencesandaddst
oDav
aoCi
ty'
scul
tur
al

andeducat
ionali
dent
it
y.Bey
ondt
hephy
sicalbui
l
ding,i
tpl
aysani
mpor
tantr
olei
nur
ban

dev
elopmentbybr
idgi
ngt
hepastandpr
esentoft
heci
tyandact
ingasamov
ingr
emi
nderoft
he

l
ocal
popul
ati
on'
stenaci
tydur
ingat
urbul
entt
imei
nhi
stor
y.

3
 Fur
ther
mor
e,t
het
wol
i
fe-
sizest
atuesofJapanesesol
dier
sthatar
est
ati
onedatt
he

t
unnel
'
sent
ranceappeart
obeawel
comi
ngandpr
otect
ivegest
uref
orguest
s.I
naddi
ti
ont
o

ser
ving as guar
ds,t
hese st
atues r
epr
esentt
he t
unnel
'
s cul
tur
all
egacy and hi
stor
ical

si
gni
fi
cance.Al
so,t
hissi
zest
atuesenhancet
heexper
iencebypr
ovi
dingar
eal
i
sti
cpor
tray
al

andenabl
i
ngv
isi
tor
stof
ull
yimmer
set
hemsel
vesi
nthewor
k.I
tgi
vesof
fanai
rofwonderand

admi
rat
ion,
ast
hought
hesol
dier
sar
ekeepi
ngguar
dov
ert
het
unnel
andi
tssur
roundi
ngs.

Accor
dingt
othePhi
l
ippi
neTr
avel
er2023,t
he300-
met
ert
unnelwasunear
thedbyt
he

l
andowner
sdur
ingt
hei
rexcav
ati
onwor
kinant
ici
pat
ionofbui
l
dingahot
el.I
nsi
det
het
unnel
,

passageway
s,r
ooms,
weapons,
andot
herr
eli
cswer
efound.Subsequentconf
ir
mat
ionemer
ged

t
hatt
het
unnel
wasexcav
atedbypr
isoner
sofwarundert
hecommandoft
heJapaneseI
mper
ial

Ar
myi
ntheSecondWor
ldWar
.Thear
ti
fact
sdi
scov
eredwi
thi
nthet
unnelpr
ovi
dedpr
ooft
hat

Japanesesol
dier
sut
il
izedi
tasapl
acet
ohi
dewhi
l
etheAmer
icanl
i
ber
ati
ngar
mypur
suedt
hem.

Thet
unnelser
vedast
hef
ormeri
nvader
s'headquar
ter
saswel
l
,wi
tht
inyr
oomsser
vingas

det
ent
ioncel
l
sandof
fi
ces.Thet
unnelwasal
sout
il
izedasanar
senal
,asev
idencedbyt
he

di
scov
eryofant
iquef
ir
ear
ms,
expl
osi
ves,
andaddi
ti
onalammuni
ti
oni
nsi
de.Gol
dmol
der
swer
e

al
sodi
scov
eredi
nsi
det
het
unneldur
ingt
heexcav
ati
on.Thi
sgav
eri
set
othemy
tht
hatt
he

I
mper
ialAr
mywasei
thermi
ningf
orgol
dorst
ori
ngt
hei
rel
usi
vet
reasur
ether
e.Al
thought
her
e

i
snoev
idencet
osuppor
ttheseal
l
egat
ions,
theyundoubt
edl
yhei
ght
ent
hemy
ster
ysur
roundi
ng

t
hel
ocat
ion.

I
tisal
sost
atedi
nthePhi
l
ippi
neTr
avel
er2023t
hepr
icey
ou’
l
lpayt
oaccesst
het
unnel
,At

av
eryl
owent
rancef
eeofP50(
about$1.
25)
,vi
sit
orscanal
readyt
akeagui
dedt
ourt
oex
plor
e

t
het
unnel
.Itwasal
sost
atedt
hatI
nsi
det
het
unnelar
eal
soant
iqueweaponssuchasmachi
ne

guns,r
if
les,andammuni
ti
on.Deeperwi
thi
nthet
ubear
eot
herdungeons,wat
erbanker
s,and

i
mpr
ovi
sedof
fi
ces.Ther
ear
eal
sot
inychapel
s,oneofwhi
chhast
hewel
l
-knownGol
denBuddha

4
andgol
dbarr
epr
oduct
ions.Ev
eryv
isi
tort
othet
unnelexper
iencesanunset
tl
ingsenseduet
o

t
her
epor
tsofhor
ri
fi
cscenesofv
iol
encedur
ingt
heconf
li
ct.Somepeopl
emi
ghtev
enbel
i
eve

t
hatt
het
unnel
'
shi
stor
ycont
ainst
heghostofami
l
itar
ypr
isoner
.Thi
sisoneoft
hef
act
ors

cont
ri
but
ingt
otheJapaneset
unnel
'
suni
quest
atusi
nDav
ao'
stour
ism scene.

REFLECTI
ON

TheJapaneseTunnel
sinDav
aoCi
tyar
eahi
stor
icalgem,r
efl
ect
ingasi
gni
fi
cantpar
tof

Wor
ldWarI
I'
simpactont
hePhi
l
ippi
nes.Expl
ori
ngt
het
unnelof
fer
sagl
i
mpsei
ntot
hewar
ti
me

exper
iences,
showcasi
ngr
esi
l
ienceandt
heendur
ingspi
ri
toft
hepeopl
e.I
tser
vesasapoi
gnant

r
emi
nderoft
heshar
edhi
stor
ybet
weenJapanandt
hePhi
l
ippi
nes,
emphasi
zi
ngt
hei
mpor
tance

ofpr
eser
vingsuchsi
tesf
orf
utur
egener
ati
onst
olear
nfr
om andappr
eci
ate.

Whoev
erbui
l
ttheJapaneseTunneldur
ingWor
ldWarI
I,t
heywer
erev
eal
i
ngaf
asci
nat
ing

chapt
eri
nhi
stor
y.Thi
stunnelwasmor
ethanj
ustadar
kpassageway
;thi
swasmeantt
ohi
de

sol
dier
sandt
hei
rbel
ongi
ngs.I
tappear
sthatt
hesebr
avei
ndi
vi
dual
sfoundsaf
etydur
ingt
he

chaosofbat
tl
einahi
ddenr
eal
m beneat
hthegr
ound.Topr
ovi
deassetpr
otect
ionandsel
f-

def
ensei
nanunst
abl
eandhazar
dousabov
e-gr
oundenv
ironment
,thi
stunneli
spur
posef
ull
y

const
ruct
edr
athert
hanmer
elybei
ngdug.Af
ragmentofhi
stor
ythatwhi
sper
edt
alesofsur
viv
al

andr
esi
l
iencywassi
l
ent
lypr
eser
vedbyt
hem t
hrought
hei
rpoor
lyl
i
tpat
hway
s.Li
kesi
l
ent

wat
chmen,t
heywer
e.Af
tert
heUSt
ookcont
rolofDav
aoCi
ty,mor
etunnel
sappear
edt
han

t
hese.I
tlooksl
i
keasecr
etnet
wor
kundert
heci
ty,showi
nghowpeopl
ecanadj
ustandpr
otect

t
hemsel
vesi
ndi
ff
icul
tsi
tuat
ions.Ev
eryt
unnelt
ell
sast
oryofi
ngenui
tyandper
sev
erance,

r
efl
ect
ingt
her
esour
cef
ulnessoft
hosewhobui
l
tit
.Theset
unnel
sar
emor
ethanj
ustar
ti
fact
s

f
rom t
hepast
;theyar
esy
mbol
soft
hehumanspi
ri
t,r
emi
ndi
ngusoft
her
esi
l
iencyt
hatemer
ges

i
nthef
aceofadv
ersi
tyandt
hepowert
hatcomesf
rom sol
i
dar
it
y.Theyof
feramat
eri
al

connect
ionbet
weent
hel
ocal
popul
aceandt
heoccupy
ingf
orcesdur
ingt
hewar
.

5
 I
nvest
igat
ingt
het
unnelpr
ovi
desawi
ndowi
ntot
hedi
ff
icul
ti
est
hatpeopl
eonbot
hsi
des

oft
hef
ightf
aced.I
naddi
ti
ont
oget
ti
ngabet
tergr
aspoft
hehi
stor
icalbackgr
oundoft
he

Japaneseoccupat
ionoft
hePhi
l
ippi
nes,v
isi
tor
scanwi
tnessf
ir
sthandt
hel
i
vingcondi
ti
onsof

t
hesol
dier
s.Topr
eser
vet
hist
unnelasahi
stor
icalsi
teandpr
ovi
def
utur
egener
ati
onswi
tht
he

oppor
tuni
tyt
ost
udyandcont
empl
atet
hisper
iodofhi
stor
y,pr
eser
vat
ionef
for
tsar
efr
equent
ly

i
mpl
ement
ed.

Vi
sit
ingandexpl
ori
ngt
hist
unneli
sagr
eatoppor
tuni
tyf
ormany
,notj
ustf
ort
hepeopl
e

i
nDav
ao,butal
sof
ort
hoset
our
ist
swhoar
etr
avel
i
ngi
ntheci
ty.Ast
heywant
edi
ta be

pr
eser
ved,
theowneroft
hatpl
acemanagedt
odev
elopi
tbyhav
ingahot
el,
rest
aur
ant
,funct
ion

hal
l
,andev
enaswi
mmi
ngpool
wit
hawat
ersl
i
de.

DOCUMENTANALYSI
S

Thedocument"
Uncov
eri
ngt
heLegacy
:AHi
stor
icalExpl
orat
ionoft
heJapaneseTunnel

i
nDav
aoCi
ty"pr
ovi
desadet
ail
edaccountoft
hedi
scov
eryandi
nvest
igat
ionofat
unnel

bel
i
evedt
ohav
ebeenconst
ruct
edbyt
heJapaneseI
mper
ialAr
mydur
ingWor
ldWarI
IinDav
ao

Ci
ty,Phi
l
ippi
nes.Thedocumenti
sar
epor
tcompi
l
edbyr
esear
cher
sfr
om t
heUni
ver
sit
yoft
he

Phi
l
ippi
nesCebu,
incol
l
abor
ati
onwi
thl
ocal
gov
ernmentuni
tsandhi
stor
ical
soci
eti
es.

Ther
epor
tbegi
nsbypr
ovi
dingabr
iefhi
stor
icalbackgr
oundoft
heJapaneseoccupat
ion

ofDav
aoCi
tydur
ingWor
ldWarI
I.I
texpl
ainst
hatt
heJapanesear
myoccupi
edDav
aoCi
tyi
n

1942andest
abl
i
shedami
l
itar
ybaset
her
e.Ther
epor
tthendescr
ibeshow r
esi
dent
srepor
ted

t
heexi
stenceofanunder
groundt
unneli
nthear
ea,whi
chspar
kedi
nter
estamonghi
stor
ians

andar
chaeol
ogi
sts.

6
 The r
esear
cher
s conduct
ed ext
ensi
vef
iel
dwor
k,i
ncl
udi
ng gr
ound-
penet
rat
ing r
adar

sur
vey
s,excav
ati
ons,
andi
nter
viewswi
thr
esi
dent
swhomayhav
eknownaboutt
het
unnel
.The

r
epor
tdet
ail
sthei
rfi
ndi
ngs,i
ncl
udi
ngt
hedi
scov
eryofat
unnelent
rance,ar
ti
fact
ssuchas

ammuni
ti
onandweapons,
andev
idenceofl
i
vingquar
ter
sinsi
det
het
unnel
.

Ther
epor
tal
sodi
scussest
hesi
gni
fi
canceoft
hisdi
scov
eryf
orunder
standi
ngt
hehi
stor
y

ofDav
aoCi
tydur
ingWor
ldWarI
I.I
thi
ghl
i
ght
show t
hist
unnelpr
ovi
desnew i
nsi
ght
sint
othe

t
act
icsandst
rat
egi
esempl
oyedbyt
heJapanesear
mydur
ingt
hei
roccupat
ionofDav
aoCi
ty.

Ther
epor
tal
sonot
est
hatt
hisdi
scov
eryshedsl
i
ghtont
heexper
iencesofci
vi
li
answhower
e

f
orcedt
oli
vei
nunder
groundt
unnel
sdur
ingt
imesofwar
.

Assai
dabov
e,t
heJapaneseTunneli
nDav
aoCi
tycanpr
ovi
del
i
ghtont
heoccupat
ion

met
hodst
hatt
heJapaneset
roopsusedi
nthePhi
l
ippi
nesdur
ingWor
ldWarI
I.Thel
ayout
,

pl
acement
,andconst
ruct
ionoft
het
unnelcanal
soshedl
i
ghtonJapanesemi
l
itar
yst
rat
egy
.It
s

l
ocat
ionabouti
mpor
tantl
ocat
ionsorr
esour
cesi
nDav
aoCi
tymi
ghtpr
ovi
dei
nfor
mat
ionabout

t
hei
nvadi
ngf
orces'
def
ensi
veandof
fensi
vet
act
icsaswel
last
hei
rst
rat
egi
cai
ms.Thet
unnel
'
s

exi
stencemaybeasi
gnt
hatJapanesesol
dier
swer
eat
tempt
ingt
otakecont
rolofDav
aoCi
ty.

I
nvest
igat
ing i
tsl
i
nks t
o ot
hermi
l
itar
yinst
all
ati
ons ori
nfr
ast
ruct
ure may r
evealmor
e

compr
ehensi
veoccupat
ionpl
ansi
ntendedt
odomi
nat
ethear
ea.

Anal
yzi
ngt
het
unnel
'
susef
orcommuni
cat
ion,
stor
age,
orsuppl
yli
nesmayshedl
i
ghton

t
hel
ogi
sti
calt
act
icst
heJapanesesol
dier
susedt
omai
ntai
nthei
rpossessi
onoft
hear
ea.One

mayl
ear
nagr
eatdealaboutt
hemi
l
itar
ytact
ics,def
ensi
vepl
anni
ng,l
ogi
sti
calconcer
ns,and

ov
eral
lst
rat
egi
esusedbyoccupy
ingt
roopsi
nthePhi
l
ippi
nesbypl
aci
ngt
het
unneli
ntot
he

l
argerf
ramewor
kofJapaneseoccupat
ionmet
hods.

7
 I
nfi
ndi
ng,"
Uncov
eri
ngt
heLegacy
:AHi
stor
icalExpl
orat
ionoft
heJapaneseTunneli
n

Dav
aoCi
ty"i
sawel
l
-resear
chedandi
nfor
mat
ivedocumentt
hatpr
ovi
desv
aluabl
einsi
ght
sint
o

t
hehi
stor
yofDav
aoCi
tydur
ingWor
ldWarI
I.Ther
epor
t'
suseofmul
ti
pler
esear
chmet
hods,

i
ncl
udi
ngi
nter
viewsandexcav
ati
ons,
addscr
edi
bil
i
tyt
oit
sfi
ndi
ngs.Ov
eral
l
,thi
sdocumenti
san

i
mpor
tantcont
ri
but
iont
oourunder
standi
ngofPhi
l
ippi
nehi
stor
ydur
ingWor
ldWarI
I.

Keyi
nsi
ght
sint
oJapanesemi
l
itar
ytact
icsdur
ingWor
ldWarI
Icanbegai
nedt
hrough

anal
yzi
ngt
heJapaneseTunnel
inDav
aoCi
ty.

1.Geogr
aphi
cImpor
tance

St
rat
egi
cgoal
sand def
ensi
ve/
off
ensi
vet
act
icsar
erev
eal
ed byaccessi
bil
i
tyt
oimpor
tant

l
ocat
ions.

2.Mi
l
itar
ySetup:

At
hor
oughoccupat
ionst
rat
egyi
sshownt
hroughconnect
ionst
oot
herl
ocat
ions.

3.Or
gani
zat
ional
Str
ategi
es:

Theef
fect
iveuseoft
unnel
sforsuppl
yli
nes,st
orage,andcommuni
cat
ionr
eveal
soper
ati
onal

t
echni
ques.

4.Wor
kSt
rat
egi
es:

Whenv
iewedwi
thi
nthel
argercont
ext
,thet
unnelshedsl
i
ghtont
heov
eral
lpl
ansandmi
l
itar
y

8
t
act
icsusedbyJapanesef
orces.

I
nsummar
y:

Acompr
ehensi
veov
erv
iew oft
heoccupat
iont
hati
ncl
udesl
ogi
sti
ctechni
ques,mi
l
itar
y

i
nfr
ast
ruct
ure,st
rat
egi
cpl
anni
ng,andgeogr
aphi
cimpactcanbeobt
ainedbyanal
yzi
ngt
he

JapaneseTunnel
.

9
Ref
erences

Cr
ist
ine,
A.(
2015, .JapaneseTunnel
May4) :Expl
ori
ngDav
aoCi
ty’
sRecentPast
.Phi
l
ippi
ne

Tr
avel
er.ht
tps:
//www.
phi
l
ippi
net
rav
eler
.com/
japanese-
tunnel
-dav
ao-
cit
y/

Dav
aoCi
ty:JapaneseTunnel-Tr
ipadv
isor
.(n.
d.)
.ht
tps:
//www.
tr
ipadv
isor
.com.
ph/
Trav
el-

g298459-
d554160/
Dav
ao-
Cit
y:Mi
ndanao:
Japanese.
Tunnel
.ht
ml

10