Electrical Machines – II

(EEE 243)

Batch: 20
Credit: 3.0
Level 02, Term 02
Contact Hour: 3 Period/Week
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering

Chittagong University of Engineering and Technology

1
Course Teacher (Part I)

+88 01885 196 249

Text book (part 01)

Objective Electrical Technology

By V.K. Mehta and Rohit Mehta

Electric Machinery Fundamentals

By Stephen J. Chapman
Three Phase Induction Motor
 3-Φ induction motor (3-Φ IM): General principle

 Construction of 3-Φ IM

 Rotating magnetic field (RMF) (2-Φ & 3-Φ supply),

Synchronous speed

 Operation (operating principle) of 3-Φ IM (why

does rotor rotates)

 Slip and effect of slip on rotor frequency, current,

voltage and Torque
 Three Phase Induction motor (3-Φ IM)
 3-Φ IM has a stator and rotor
 Power is supplied to the stator only from a 3-Φ supply
 It can be considered as a rotating transformer whose
primary (stator) is stationary & secondary (rotor) is
rotating.
 The rotor is Separated from stator by a small air-gap.
Construction of 3-Φ IM

Stator

Rotor
 Stator
 Stator carries a 3-Φ winding (Stator Winding)
which is fed from 3-Φ supply
 slots are provided on the inner periphery of the
stator which houses the 3 phase winding.
 When 3-phase supply is given to the stator winding,
a rotating magnetic field (RMF) of constant
magnitude is produced.
 This RMF induces currents in the rotor by
electromagnetic induction due to RMF.
 Rotor
Rotor carries a short-circuited winding known as rotor
winding which receives power from stator by electromagnetic
induction

2 types of rotor

Squirrel cage type

Wound type
Squirrel cage type rotor
 Squirrel cage rotor
 It consists of a laminated cylindrical core having parallel
slots on its outer periphery.

 One copper or aluminum bar is placed in

each slot

 All these bars are joined at each end

by metal rings called end rings

 This forms a permanently short-

circuited winding which is indestructible.

The entire construction (bars and end rings) resembles

a squirrel cage and hence the name.
 Squirrel cage rotor

It suffers from the disadvantage of a low starting torque. It is

because the rotor bars are permanently short-circuited and it
is not possible to add any external resistance to the rotor
circuit to have a large starting torque.
Wound cage
type rotor
 Wound cage type rotor
 It consists of laminated cylindrical core and carries 3Φ
winding (usually star-connected), similar to stator
 Open ends of the rotor winding are joined to 3 insulated
slip rings mounted on the rotor shaft with 1 brush resting
on each slip ring
 3 brushes are connected to a 3-phase star-connected
rheostat
 At starting, the external resistances are included in the
rotor circuit to give a large starting torque.
 Rheostats are gradually reduced to zero by short
circuiting 3 brushes as the motor runs up to normal speed.
 Advantages and disadvantages
of
squirrel case and wound type rotor.
 Rotating Magnetic Field (RMF)
 When 3-phase supply is given to the stator winding, a
rotating magnetic field(RMF) of constant magnitude is
produced.
 This RMF induces currents in the rotor by
electromagnetic induction.
S N S
N

S
S

N
N
Rotating Magnetic Field Due to 3-Phase Currents

When a 3Φ winding is energized from a 3Φ supply, a rotating magnetic field is produced.

Magnitude of this rotating field is constant and is equal

to 1.5 Фm where Фm is the maximum flux due to any phase.

30o 60o 90o

0o
Rotating Magnetic Field Due to 3-Phase Currents
(i) At instant 1
Current in phase X is 0 and currents in Φ Y & Z are equal & opposite.

Currents are flowing outward in the top conductors and

inward in the bottom conductors
This establishes a resultant flux towards right
(i) At instant 2
Current is maximum (-ve) in Фy phase Y & 0.5 maximum (+ve)
in phases X and Y.
(i) At instant 3
Current in phase Z is 0 and currents in Φ X & Y are equal & opposite.
(i) At instant 4
Current is maximum (-ve) in Фx phase Y & 0.5 maximum (+ve)
in phases Y & Z.

This establishes a resultant flux downward

 Speed of rotating magnetic field
Synchronous speed (Ns):The speed at which the rotating magnetic field revolves

In a 2-pole stator winding, the field makes one revolution in one cycle of current

In a 4-pole stator winding, the rotating field makes one revolution in two cycles of current.

Thus for P poles, the rotating field makes one revolution in P/2 cycles of current.

Speed of RMF is the same as the speed of the alternator that is supplying power to the motor
if the two have the same number of poles. Hence the magnetic flux is said to rotate at
synchronous speed.
 Direction of rotating magnetic field
Rotor in a 3Ф induction motor runs in the same direction as
the rotating magnetic field

If this sequence(X-Z-Y) is changed to X-Z-Y, direction of

rotation of the field is reversed i.e., the field rotates
counterclockwise rather than clockwise.

Therefore, the direction of rotation of a 3Ф induction

motor can be reversed by interchanging any two of the
three motor supply lines
 Principle of Operation
 When 3Ф stator winding is energized from a 3Ф supply, a RMF is set
up which rotates round the stator at synchronous speed Ns
 RMF passes through the air gap & cuts the rotor conductors, which as
yet, are stationary.
 Due to Relative speed between the rotating flux & stationary rotor,
e.m.f.s are induced in rotor conductors.
 Since rotor circuit is short-circuited, currents start flowing in the
rotor conductors in a direction to maintain LENZ law.

LENZ law :Direction of rotor currents will be such that they tend to
oppose the cause producing them.

 The Cause of producing rotor currents is The Relative speed

 Hence to reduce this Relative speed, the rotor starts running in the
same direction as that of stator field and tries to catch it.
1. Rotating Magnetic Field
2. Synchronous Speed (Ns)
3. Slip
Slip and effect of slip on rotor frequency, current and
voltage

= Synchronous speed = The speed of the RMF

To reduce the Relative speed between the rotor and RMF, the
rotor runs at the same direction of RMF and tries to catch it.

N = Rotor speed

Difference between synchronous speed and rotor speed

S=
Rotor Parameters Rotor Parameters
when running when standstill

f’ = sf
x’2 = sx2
E’2 = sE2
R’2 = R2
f = supply frequency or rotor frequency at
standstill
f’ = Rotor frequency when running at slip s

f’ = sf
Relation between speed and frequency

N=

f=
R2 = R 2
 Standstill

-N Running condition

−N

Speed (N) increase -----> Relative speed reduce [slip,s reduce]

------> Flux cut reduce
------> E’2 reduce N s
 Rotor

Rotor circuit per phase (standstill) Rotor circuit per phase (Running)
Equivalent Circuit
Power Flow Diagram
 Rotor Torque

Torque (T) ∞ Power

Torque (Starting)
Maximum Torque (Starting)
Torque (Running)
 Torque-slip Characteristics

S= R2/X2

T ∞ 1/s
T∞s

Ns = N N=0, Starting

S= 1 to 0