AC

MACHINE
Preliminary notes
A. Synchronous Machines
 the magnetic field current is
supplied by a separate DC
power source
 Syn. Gen is a primary source of
electrical energy
Syn. Motor Used as motors as
well as power factor
compensators (synchronous
condensers).
B. Induction (Asynchronous)
Machines
 the magnetic field current is
supplied by magnetic induction
(transformer action) into their
field windings
 Induction motor most widely used
electrical motors in both domestic
and industrial applications
 Due to lack of a separate field
excitation, these machines are
rarely used as generators
INDUCTION
MOTOR
CONSTRUCTION
A 3-phase induction motor has two main parts:

1. STATOR
2. ROTOR
1. STATOR
Stator has three main parts:
 Outer Frame- It is the outer body of the
motor and it protects the inner part of
the machine.
 Stator core- Build of high grade silicon
steel and carries the alternating
magnetic field
 Stator winding- Has a three phase
winding
 ROTOR
There are two types of rotors which are employed in three phase induction motor

1. Squirrel Case Rotor

2. Wound Rotor/ Slip Ring Rotor
Squirrel Case
Rotor
 It consists of laminated cylindrical
core having slots on the surface Short circuits all
rotor bars.

 Copper or aluminum bar conductor

are pushed in these slots and short
circuited at each end by copper or
aluminum rings called short circuiting
rings. /rotor winding

 The rotor winding is permanently

short circuited and it is not possible
to add any external resistance

 Rotor slots are not parallel to shaft

but skewed :

 Reduce humming
 Provide smoother torque for different
positions of rotor
 Reduce magnetic locking of rotor to
stator
Phase Wound
Rotor
 Consists up a laminated core
having slots at the outer
periphery and carries the three
phase insulated windings .

 The rotor is wound for same

number of poles as that of stator

 The three finish terminals are

connected together forming a
star point and three star
terminals are connected to three
slip rings fixed on shaft
INDUCTION MOTOR OPERATION
 The rotating field is set in the stator
when three phase supply is given .

 The stationary rotor cuts the

revolving field and due to
electromagnetic induction an e.m.f.
is induced in the rotor conductor.

 As the rotor conductor is short

circuited , current flows through
them.

 It becomes the current carrying

conductor in magnetic field and
starts rotating(Lorentz force)

 It is also called asynchronous motor

Rotating Magnetic flux
•The basic idea of an electric motor is to generate two magnetic fields: rotor
magnetic field and stator magnetic field and make the stator field rotating. In
this situation, the rotor will constantly turning to align its magnetic field with
the stator field.

•When three phase winding displaced in space by 120 deg is supplied by three
phase current displaced in time by 120 deg, then resultant magnetic flux which
is rotating is produced.
Rotating Magnetic flux Contd…
When θ = 0ᵒ, ØR = 0, ØY = (-√3/2) Øm, ØB = (√3/2) Øm
So, Ør = 2*(√3/2) Øm cos(60/2) = 1.5 Øm

When θ = 60ᵒ, ØR = (√3/2) Øm , ØY = (-√3/2) Øm, ØB = 0

So, Ør = 2*(√3/2) Øm cos(60/2) = 1.5 Øm

When θ = 120ᵒ, ØR = (√3/2) Øm , ØY =0, ØB = (-√3/2) Øm

So, Ør = 2*(√3/2) Øm cos(60/2) = 1.5 Øm
R Y B
Rotating Magnetic flux Contd…
Rotation of rotor in IM
• The resultant flux is rotating at constant magnitude (1.5 * maximum flux)
and synchronous speed given by ns = 120 f/P.
• The rotating flux passes through air gap, sweeps through rotor surface, and
cuts rotor conductors which are still stationary.
• Due to relative speed between rotating flux and stationary conductors, emf
is induced in conductors whose frequency is same to that of supply
frequency.
• The magnitude of emf is proportional to this relative speed.
• Since rotor bars conductors forms close circuit, rotor current is produced
whose direction is as such to oppose the vary cause of producing it. (Lenz’s
Law)
• Here the cause of producing rotor current is the relative speed.
• Hence to reduce the relative speed, the rotor starts to rotate (with speed nr)
in the direction of rotating flux and tries to catch it.
• In practice, rotor never succeeds in catching with stator flux speed.
• If it catches, then the relative speed is zero, so no induced emf, no rotor
current and so no rotor rotation.
SLIP AND ROTOR SPEED
Slip s
 The rotor speed of an Induction machine is different from the
speed of Rotating magnetic field. The % difference of the speed is
called slip. n n
s s r
OR nr  ns (1  s )
ns

Where; ns = synchronous speed (rpm)

nr = mechanical speed of rotor (rpm)

 under normal operating conditions, s= 0.01 ~ 0.05, which is very

small and the actual speed is very close to synchronous speed.
17
SYNCHRONOUS
MACHINE
CONSTRUCTION

 The stator is similar in construction that of a

induction motor

 The function of the synchronous machine stator

is to provide a rotating mmf to the rotor, just as
the stator of the induction machine

 Rotor of syn. m/c differs with that of induction

m/c.

 The rotor of the synchronous machine is a

rotating electromagnet with the same number of
poles as the stator and are created by rotor
winding carrying DC current .

 The magnetic fields of the stator and the rotor

tend to align themselves
 The rotor can be Salient(low speed,SPSM) or
Non-Salient (cylindrical rotor or high speed,
CRSM )
SYNCRONOUS MOTOR OPERATION
 The field current(DC- curent ) of a synchronous
motor produces a steady-state(not revolving type)
magnetic field BR

 A three-phase set of voltages is applied to the

stator windings of the motor, which produces a
three-phase current flow in the windings. This
three-phase set of currents in the armature Fig. same type of pole in stator and rotor , repels
rotor counter clockwise direction
winding produces a uniform rotating magnetic
field of Bs

 Therefore, there are two magnetic fields present

in the machine, and the rotor field will tend to
line up with the stator field, just as two bar
magnets will tend to line up if placed near each
other.

 Since the stator magnetic field is rotating, the Fig. opposite type of pole in stator and rotor ,
attract rotor clockwise direction
rotor magnetic field (and the rotor itself) will try
to catch up
SYNCRONOUS GENERATOR OPERATION

The rotor of the generator is driven by a prime-mover

A dc current is flowing in the rotor winding which

produces a rotating magnetic field within the
machine

The rotating magnetic field induces a three-phase

voltage in the stator winding of the generator