1.

1 Working principle: production of rotating magnetic field, Synchronous speed,

rotor speed and slip.

Working principle of 3 phase Induction Motor:

Three-phase induction motor works on the principle of electromagnetic induction. The motor
is supplied only from stator side. When3-phaseACsupplyisgiventothree-phase stator
winding, three phase currents displaced in time phase by 120flows through three windings
displaced in space by 120. Therefore three fluxes displaced in time phase and also in
space by 120are produced in the air-gap. This results in the production of rotating magnetic
field (RMF) of constant magnitude in the air-gap. The rotating magnetic field rotates at
synchronous speed (Ns=120f/P).This RMF is cut by stationary rotor conductors. According
to Faraday’s laws of electromagnetic induction, emf is induced in the rotor conductors. As
the rotor conductors are short-circuited done ether sides by end rings, current flows
throughit. According to basic motor principle, whenever a current carrying conductor is
placed in a magnetic field, force is exerted on it. The direction of force depends upon the
direction of rotor current. According to Lenz’s law the induced rotor current direction is such
that it always opposes the cause which produces it. Here the cause is relative speed
between rotating magnetic field and rotor conductors. So the rotor currents cause force on
rotor conductors such that rotor rotates so as to reduce the relative speed between RMF
and rotor. Therefore rotor rotates in the same direction as that of rotating magnetic field, to
reduce the relative speed. The power is transferred from stator to rotor through
electromagnetic induction, hence the motor is named as Induction motor.

Production of Rotating Magnetic Field in Three-phase Induction Motor:

In three-phase induction motor, the three-phase stator windings are displaced in space by
120and their three-phase currents are displaced in time by 120. So they produce the
three-phase fluxes which are displaced in space by 120and also in time by 120. Such
fluxes give rise to the resultant rotating magnetic field.

When a three-phase supply is given to the three-phase stator winding, three-phase currents
flow and three-phase fluxes, which are displaced in space and also in time by 120are
produced. The waveforms of three-phase fluxes are shown in the figure. The directions of
fluxes in the air-gap are assumed as shown in the figure. The resultant total flux Tat any
instant is given by the phasor sum of the three fluxes R, Y, and B. The resultant flux T
can be obtained mathematically and graphically at instants 0, 1, 2 and 3 when angle is 0,
60, 120and 180as shown in the diagram of flux waveforms

1)At instant 0 (= 0):R= 0, Y= -0.866 m and B= 0.866 m With assumed flux
directions, the vector diagram for fluxes can be drawn as shown in the figure (a). It is seen
that the total flux is T= 1.5 m with direction vertically upward.

2)At instant 1 (= 60):R= 0.866 m, Y= -0.866 m and B= 0With assumed flux
directions, the vector diagram for fluxes can be drawn as shown in the figure (b). It is seen
that the total flux is T= 1.5 m with further clockwise rotation of 60in the space.

3)At instant 2 (= 120):R= 0.866 m, Y= 0 and B= -0.866 m With assumed flux
directions, the vector diagram for fluxes can be drawn as shown in the figure (c). It is seen
that the total flux is T= 1.5 m with further clockwise rotation of 60in the space.

4)At instant 3(= 180): R= 0, Y= 0.866 m and B= -0.866 m With assumed flux
directions, the vector diagram for fluxes can be drawn as shown in the figure (d). It is seen
that the total flux is T= 1.5 m with further clockwise rotation of 60in the space.

Thus it seen that the rotating magnetic field of constant magnitude (1.5 m) is produced in
the air-gap or central space of the stator.

Explain why induction motor can never run with the synchronous speed.

Ans: In induction motor, the force on rotor conductors, causing motion, is produced due to
the interaction between rotor currents and rotating magnetic field (RMF) of stator. The rotor
currents are due to the rotor emfs. The rotor emfs are due to the cutting of RMF by rotor
conductors. The rotor conductors cut the RMF due to the relative motion between rotor and
the RMF. Thus the root cause of the force or torque acting on the rotor is the relative motion
between the rotor and RMF. When the rotor catches the synchronous speed of the RMF,
the relative speed between rotor and RMF becomes zero. Then rotor conductors cannot cut
the RMF. Therefore no rotor emf and no rotor currents. Thus the force or torque acting on
the rotor becomes zero. With no driving torque, this condition cannot be maintained
because the friction is always present to oppose the speed and the speed falls below the
synchronous speed. Thus the induction motor can never run at synchronous speed
1.2 Constructional details of 3 phase induction motors: Squirrel cage induction motor
and Slip ring induction motor.

Construction of Three-phase Induction Motor:

There are two main parts of the three phase induction motor: i)Stator which is the stationary
part ii)Rotor which is the rotating part

1)Stator: The stator is composed of thin circular, ring-shaped laminations of good quality
silicon steel in which slots are provided round the inner periphery. Silicon steel has low
hysteresis loss. The laminations are insulated from each other to reduce eddy current loss.
These laminations are stacked together and fitted inside the frame of the motor to appear
like a hollow cylinder. A three-phase stator winding is uniformly distributed in the slots as
shown in the sectional view. The winding is wound for specific number of poles, say 2 or 4
or 6 etc. It is connected either in star or delta and the terminals are brought out to connect to
the 3-phase supply.

2) Rotor :There are two types of rotors: i)Squirrel cage rotor ii)Wound rotor or slip-ring rotor
i)Squirrel Cage Rotor: This rotor is formed by a laminated cylindrical core having semi-
closed slots provided around its outer periphery. This rotor is mounted on the shaft and
placed in the central space of the stator as shown in the sectional view. Thick copper or
aluminum bars are driven through the slots and short-circuited at the two ends by the two
thick end rings as shown in the figure (a). These bars are the rotor conductors. They are
brazed or welded to the end-rings to produce the short-circuited rotor winding. The
appearance of the rotor bars and the end rings is like a squirrel cage and hence the rotor is
called by that name. The rotor slots are not exactly parallel to the shaft but skewed slightly
to avoid magnetic noise and direct magnetic locking between rotor and stator teeth.

ii)Slip-Ring Rotor (Wound Rotor): This rotor is formed by a cylindrical laminated core having
slots on its outer periphery to carry a three-phase uniformly distributed winding, wound for
the same number of poles as that of the stator winding. The rotor winding is inherently
connected in star and the terminals are connected to the three copper slip-rings mounted on
the shaft. External resistance can be inserted in each phase of the rotor winding through
brushes and slip-rings. In this rotor also the slots are not exactly parallel to the shaft but
slightly skewed

Compare cage and wound rotor type 3-phase induction motor

1.3 Rotor quantities: frequency, induced e mf, power factor at starting and running
condition.

Expression for torque under running condition of 3 phase induction motor:

The following expression gives the power relations in the rotor of the motor. Power input to
rotor from stator

Condition for Maximum Starting Torque of Three-phase Induction Motor:

Effect of Rotor Resistance on Starting Torque:

Torque produced by Three-phase induction motor is given by,

The rotor standstill emf E2and rotor standstill reactance X2are constants, but the external
resistance can be inserted in rotor circuit through slip-ring and brush arrangement. So the
rotor resistance R2is considered variable. Thus starting torque depends upon rotor
resistance R2only. If rotor resistance is increased, the starting torque get increased.The
motor produces maximum torque at slip = 2 2When the rotor resistance is increased,
the slip at which maximum torque occurs also getsincreased (speed at which maximum
torque occurs get decreased). Thusbyincreasing the rotor resistance, it is possible to
achieve the maximum torque at start. For maximum starting torque, 2= 2.Thus if the rotor
resistance per phase i.e R2is equal to the rotor reactance per phase at standstill i.e X2, then
the motor produces maximum torque at start.The following graph shows the variation in the
starting torque with change in the rotor resistance. It is seen that when the rotor resistance
R2is increased from its initial value R21to R22R23R24, for given load
torquecharacteristic TL, the speed of motor drops down from N1to N2N3N4. The
maximum torque occurs subsequently at lower speeds. The starting torque gets increased
from its initial value Test1 to Test2 Test3. However it must be noted that if the rotor
resistance exceeds X2, the starting torque get reduced, which is shown byTest4.
Explain effect of voltage on torque speed characteristics of 3 phase IM

The torque equation of induction motor is given by

The simplified form of the above torque equation-

From the above equation it is clear that the torque at any speed is proportional to the square
of supply voltage V

Hence any change in supply voltage will be having great effect on running torque and
maximum torque.

As supply voltage decreases up to 50 % of the rated value, maximum torque decreases

almost up to 50 % of maximum torque.

This effect is shown in the above torque-speed characteristics

1.4 Characteristics of torque versus slip (speed), Torques: starting, full load and
maximum with relations among them.

Torque-Speed characteristics of 3-phase Induction Motor:

 When slip (s) ≈ 0, the rotor speed isequal to synchronous speed (i.e N≈Ns) and
torque is almost zero at no load.
 As load on motor increases, slip increases and therefore torques increases.
 For lower values of load, torque is proportional to slip, and characteristic is linear in
nature.
 At a particular value of slip, maximum torque will be obtained at condition R2= sX2.
On the characteristic, the maximum torque is indicated by break over torque or pull-
out torque. If load torque exceeds this break over torque, the motor is pulled out and
simply comes to rest.
 For higher values of slip, torque is inversely proportional to slip and characteristics
will be hyperbolic in nature.
 The maximum torque condition can be obtained at any required slip by changing
rotor resistance.
 At the time of starting, the motor produces starting torque, called stall torque, which
must be greater than the load torque, otherwise the motor will not pick up the speed
and simply stalled.
Expression for torque under running condition of 3 phase induction motor: The
following expression gives the power relations in the rotor of the motor. Power input to rotor
from stator

Condition for Maximum Starting Torque of Three-phase Induction Motor:

Derive the condition for Tmax of a 3-phase induction motor.
1 .5 Induction motor as a generalized transformer with phasor diagram.
1.6 Four quadrant operation, Power flow diagram

Four quadrant operation

If the phase sequence of the phase stator supply is changed. With the phase sequence R-Y
B, the machine can operate in either I" or III” quadrant.

In order to operate the machine in the fourth quadrant we need to interchange two of the
three input phases So the new phase sequence is R-B-Y.

Due to this change, the RMF starts rotating in the opposite direction and the rotor speeds up
in the opposite direction as shown in Fig . The operation in fourth quadrant is c alled as
reverse motoring.

The slip in the fourth quadrant is positive and the slip is less than 1 The power flow is from
source to load.

Now if the rotor speed is increased above Ns, then the slip becomes negative, the machine
operates as a generator and power is returned back to the source
Power flow diagram

Power Transfer Stages of Induction Motor :

Induction motor converts an electrical power supplied to it into mechanical power. The
various stages in this conversion is called as power transfer stages in an induction motor.
The 3-phase power input to an induction motor i.e,
Stator input,
Pin = √3 VL IL Cos φ
Where VL and IL are the line values of stator supply voltage and current and Cos φ is the
power factor of the motor.
A part of this power is consumed in stator iron and copper losses. The remaining power
is transferred inductively to the rotor through the air-gap. This is called as Rotor Input, P2
So,
P2 = Pin - Stator iron and Copper losses
The rotor losses consists of majority of copper losses and a very small rotor iron
losses which are generally neglected.
By substracting the rotor copper losses from ' P2 ', we get the gross mechanical power
developed by the motor, Pm
Pm = P2 - Rotor Copper losses
A part of ' Pm ' is consumed as mechanical losses and the remaining is the power
available to the load at the shaft. This is called as Net Output Power of the Motor, Pout
The above stages can be shown diagrammatically called as Power Flow Diagram of
Induction Motor.

Relation Between Rotor Input, Rotor Copper Losses and Rotor Output :

Let,

P2 - Rotor input

Pc - Rotor copper losses

Pm - Gross mechanical power developed or rotor output

Tg - Gross torque developed by the rotor in N-m

The actual torque available at the shaft called as Shaft Torque or Useful torque, T sh
T sh - Gross torque,

Tg - Torque lost due to the friction and windage losses

Now input to the rotor is through the air-gap with the help of rotating magnetic field
which is rotating at a speed of ' Ns ' rpm.

The rotor input can be expressed in terms of gross torque Tg and speed as,

P2 = 2π Ns T g / 60 . . . ( 1 )

Now torque developed remains same, but the rotor output which is gross mechanical power
developed, Pm is at a speed ' N ' rpm.

So from output side, we can write

Pm = 2π N T g / 60 watt

We know that,

Rotor copper losses,

Pc = P2 - Pm

= ( 2π N T g / 60 ) ( Ns - N ) . . . ( 2 )

Dividing equation ( 2 ) by ( 1 ), we get

Therefore,

Pc = sP2 . . . ( 3 )

So rotor copper losses are slip times the rotor input.

Now gross mechanical power developed,

Pm = P2 - Pc

= P2 - sP2

Therefore,

Pm = ( 1 - s ) P2 . . . ( 4 )

So gross mechanical power developed is ( 1 - s ) times the rotor input,

Dividing equation ( 3 ) by ( 4 ), we get

Pc / Pm = s / 1 - s

From the above, it can be concluded that

P2 : Pc : Pm = 1 : s : 1 - s

Gross Torque and Shaft Torque :

The torque produced by rotor is gross mechanical torque and due to mechanical losses
entire cannot be available to drive load.

The load torque is net output torque called shaft torque or useful toque.

Therefore,

Shaft torque

Gross torque,

where,

Tlost = Torque lost due to mechanical losses

Pout = Motor output

Pm = Mechanical power developed

N = Motor speed

Efficiency of an Induction Motor:

The ratio of net power available at the shaft ( Pout ) and the net electrical power input
( Pin ) to the motor is called as overall Efficiency of an Induction Motor.

% Efficiency = ( Pout / Pin ) × 100

The maximum efficiency occurs when variable losses become equal to constant losses.
The normal efficiency curve of the motor is shown above.

Rotor Efficiency,

1.7 Starters: need and types; stator resistance, auto transformer, star delta, rotor
resistance and soft starters.

Why it is necessary to use starter in 3-phase induction motor.

If we look at the equivalent circuit of the three phase induction motor at the time of starting,
we can see the motor behaves like an electrical transformer with short circuited secondary
winding, because at the time of starting, the rotor is stationary and the back emf due to the
rotation is not developed yet hence the motor draws the high starting current. So the reason
of using the starter is clear here. The equivalent circuit of three phase induction motor is
given below
In above equation, s is the slip. The value of slip is 1unity at start so value of R2+jX2is
smallest which results in large value of I2and therefore I1 i.e. stator current. As the motor
picks up the speed, value of slip reaches near to zero. This results in large value of
R2/s+jX2. Value of I2 falls to a small value and therefore I1 i.e. the stator current

1. Star Delta Starter for 3 Phase Induction Motor:

Explanation: The stator winding of the motor which is designed for delta operation is
connected in star during starting period. The arrangement is shown in the above figure; here
six leads of the stator windings are connected to change over switch. At the instant of
starting the switch is on the “Start” position which connects the stator winding in star
connection so that each stator phase gets the reduced voltage VL/√3 volts, where VLis the
line voltage. The application of reduced voltage reduces the starting current and protects the
motor from high starting current.

2. Construction and working of a auto-transformer starter used for starting 3-phase

induction motor:

The autotransformer reduced-voltage starter places the motor on the secondary of the
autotransformer while starting. The taps on the autotransformer limit the voltage applied to
the motor to 50%, 65% or 80% of the nominal voltage. The difference between line and
motor current is due to the transformer in the circuit.

It is provided with a number of tappings. The starter is connected to one particular tapping to
obtain the most suitable starting voltage. A double throw switch S is used to connect the
auto transformer in the circuit for starting. When the handle Hof the switch S in the START
position. The primary of the auto transformer is connected to the supply line, and the motor
is connected to the secondary of the auto transformer.

When the motor picks up the speed of about 80 percent of its rated value, the handle H is
quickly moved to the RUN position. Thus, the auto transformer is disconnected from the
circuit, and the motor is directly connected to the line and achieve its full rated voltage. The
handle is held in the RUN position by the under voltage relay.

If the supply voltage fails or falls below a certain value, the handle is released and returns to
the OFF position. Thermal overload relays provide the overload protection.

3. DOL Starter of 3 Phase Induction Moto:

Function of NOCNVC: The No-Volt-Coil (NVC)is a contactor coil (coil C) placed on an iron
core. When this coil is connected across two lines, it is energized and current flows through
it. This current magnetizes the core and therefore either a part of core or some soft iron
piece, called armature is attracted to the core against the spring tension. This movement is
used to close the contacts. The contacts remain closed so far the core is magnetized.
However, when supply fails, supply voltage becomes zero, called no-volt condition, the coil
current falls to zero, the core is demagnetized, attractive force becomes zero and the
armature is send back to its original position due to spring mechanism. Thus the contacts
are opened & motor is disconnected from the supply. On recovery of supply, motor can not
start because start push button normally open (NO) contact appears in series with the coil.
Thus accidental starting on recovery of supply is prevented and motor, operator, driven
machine are protected.

Function of OLC: The overload coil (OLC) is a heating coil which carries the motor current &
heats up the thermal bimetallic strip. The heat developed by this coil is proportional to the
heat developed in the motor by its copper loss. During over-load condition, if the motor
heating is about to damage the motor, the bi-metal strip bends and opens its normally
closed (NC) contact in series with the contactor coil. Therefore, the contactor coil current is
interrupted, contactor is tripped and motor is disconnected fr om the supply. Thus motor is
protected from severe over-load conditions.

4. Rotor resistance Starter

 1.8 Speed control methods: stator voltage, pole changing, rotor resistance and VVVF.
Following methods to control the speed of 3 phase induction motor:
1. By varying applied voltage (voltage control)
2. By Varying applied frequency (frequency control)
3. By varying number of poles of the stator winding (Pole changing control)
4. By rotor rheostatic control
5. By V/f method
1. By varying applied voltage (voltage control):

This method is very easy but rarely used in commercial practice because a large variation of
voltage produces a very small change in speed and much energy is wasted.
In this method three resistances are inserted in series with the stator win ding of the motor
and the value of these resistances is varied by a common handle, so that equal resistances
come in the stator circuit.
For a particular load when voltage increases, speed of the motor also increases and vice-
versa.

2. By varying applied Frequency (Frequency control):

The synchronous speed of an induction motor is given by

It is clear from the equation that the speed of the induction motor can be changed by
changing the frequency of the supply.

The speed of the motor will increase if frequency increased and vice- vesa.

Changing the frequency of supply to the motor is not an easy job. Therefore this method is
only employed where the variable frequency alternator is available for the above purpose.

3. By varying number of poles of the stator winding (pole changing control):

The synchronous speed of an induction motor is given by

When P=2 Ns=3000

When P=4 Ns=1500

When P=6 Ns=1000

When P=8 Ns=750

It is clear from the equation that if the number of poles of the stator is decreased, the speed
of the motor will increased.

When the number of poles are increases, the speed of the motor decreases.

The poles of the stator winding can be changed by having two or more separate stator
windings of different pole combination housed in common stator frame.

By selecting proper number of pole combination, Ns can be varied and hence the speed.
4. By rotor rheostatic control

Speed control of 3 phase Slip Ring Induction Motor

where, R2 is rotor resistance per phase in ohms, Thus if the rotor resistance is increased,
the torque produced decreases. But when the load on the motor is same, motor has to
supply same torque as load demands. So motor reacts by increasing its slip to compensate
decrease in T due to R2and maintains the load torque constant. So due to additional rotor
resistance R2, motor slip increases i.e the speed of the motor decreases. Thus by
increasing the rotor resistance R2, speed below normal value can be achieved

5. Speed Control by Changing Frequency of 3 Phase Induction Motor:

Synchronous speed is given by, NS= 120f/P, hence by varying the frequency we can
change the synchronous speed and hence the rotor speed which is given by NR= (1-s)NS.
We need a frequency changer equipment between the supply and the motor input terminals.
Now the emf equation for the motor is E = 4.44 ɸg f KWTPH volts. (It is to be noted that the
applied voltage V is approximately equal to the induced emf E).Hence V = 4.44 ɸg f KWTPH
volts To maintain a constant flux ɸg= E/(4.44f TPH) the ratio E/f (or approximately V/f) must
be maintained constant so that the air gap flux does not change and affect the performance
as changing only frequency will change the air gap flux ɸg leading to saturation of both
(stator and rotor) cores due to which the magnetization current increases. Hence changing
frequency will need to be accompanied by proportionally changing the supply voltage V
The torque variation for frequencies above and below normal (f1and f2respectively) is
shown in the figure.

The disadvantages of this method are:

The supply obtained cannot be used for other equipment. Hence every motor will need an
independent speed control unit.

The high iron and mechanical losses at higher speeds will lead to overheating and hence
need elaborate cooling arrangements

Advantages of 3 phase induction motor:

1) Simple in construction.

2) Economical in cost.

3) Requires very less maintenance.

4) High efficiency.

5) Low maintenance cost.

6) Self starting.

7) Robust and mechanically strong.

8) High overload capacity.

9) Small capacity motors, less than 5HP, don't need a starter. Disadvantages of 3 phase
induction motor:

1) Essentially a constant speed motor and its speed cannot be changed easily.

2) Medium starting torque.

3) Very sensitive to fluctuations in supply voltage.

4) Separate starter is required for stating for high capacity(more than 5HP) motors.

5) Cause of low system power factor, especially when motors are operated below its full
load capacity.

6) It takes a large current from line at instant of starting.

1.9 Motor selection for different applications as per the load torque speed
requirements.
 All types of industries need to install different types of electric motors as prime
mover for driving process equipment that is being used in their production unit.
 Now a day's highly diversified types of electric motors are easily available in the
market.
 Therefore the user must be very careful in selection of the most appropriate type
of motor, by considering a number of technical factors for each application, to
make sure that the motor would provide the desired and optimum performance.
 The desired characteristics of motors vary widely depending on the nature of their
application and the type of duty they are expected to perform.
 For example, the requirements such as constant speed, constant torque, variable
speed, continuous/ intermittent duty, steep/sudden starts, frequent start/stops, etc.
must be taken considered when selecting a motor for the specific application.

Importance of load torque requirements :

 One of the important criteria in selection of a motor for a particular application is
that the load torque characteristics should match with that of the motor.
 For smaller loads, say up to 20/30 kW, it may not be essential to pre-check the
torque-speed curve of the load with that of the motor.
 However, for critical applications and for larger motors it is essential to match the
speed-torque requirement of the load with that of the motor before selecting a
motor.

Types of loads:
Loads can generally be classified into four groups as shown in Table They are as follows :

 Low starting torque and constant torque at all speeds: Presses, punches, latches
and drilling machines.
 Medium starting torque and torque proportional to square of the speed : Fans,
blowers, centrifugal pumps and compressors.
 High starting torque and constant full load torque at all speeds: Rolling mills,
hammer mills.
 Very high starting torque and constant full load torque at all speeds : Conveyers
and hoists.

Suggest the three phase induction motor for the following applications with reason.1)Fans
and blowers2)Lift3)Lathe machines4)Centrifugal pumps
1.10 Maintenance of three phase induction motors

 All the electrical equipment including the induction motors, need planned
inspection and maintenance to keep them in proper working condition.
 Periodic inspections prevent serious damage to a motor, by locati ng potential
trouble areas.
 For example, the presence of a foul smell directs us to burning insulation; the
touch can detect excessive heating in windings or bearings; the careful hearing of
motor sound can detect excessive speed or vibration, and a careful visual
observation may detect excessive sparking and many mechanical faults.
 The problems sensed by careful observation should be supplemented by various
testin9 procedures to localize the trouble.

Inspection schedule:
The following schedule of preventive maintenance based on average operating
conditions.

Every week :

1. Inspect the commutator and brushes.

2. Check oil level in bearings.
3. Observe the exposed shaft to ensure that it is free of oil and grease.
4. Check the starter switch, fuses, and other controls.
5. Tighten loose connections if any.
6. See that the motor Is brought up to speed in normal time.

Every six monthly:

1. Clean motor thoroughly, by blowing out dirt from windings. Also wipe commutator and
brushes.
2. Inspect the brushes and replace them if they are more than half worn.
3. Examine brush holders, clean them if dirty and check brush pressure / Position.
4. Drain, wash out, and replace oil in sleeve bearings.
5. Check grease in ball or roller bearings.
6. Start the motor Properly and check its operating speed.
7. Make sure that end play of shaft is normal.
8. Inspect for any lose connections on motor and control and tighten them.
9. Measure the input current and compare it with its normal value.
10. Inspect the running motor for smooth running, absence of vibration, and worn gears,
chains, or belts.
11. Check various bolts, Pulley, coupling, gear, screws, and keys.
12. See that all covers, and belt and gear guards are place and in good condition

Once a year:

1. Clean out and apply a new grease in the bearings.

2. Check the conductor insulation with an ohmmeter.
3. Check air gap.
4. Clean the magnetic dirt after inspecting the poles.
5. Clean out undercut slots in commutator and then check it for smoothness.
6. Inspect all connections of commutator and armature coils.
If frequency of the supply voltage to the stator is 50 Hz, while the frequency of the
induced emf in the rotor is observed to be 90 cycles per min. Calculate the slip and
speed of the motor. Stator is wound for 6 poles.

Motor Speed (N):N = Ns(1 –s)= 1000 (1 -0.03) = 970 rpm

A 3-ph, 50 Hz, 4 pole, induction motor operated at a slip of 4%, calculate: (i) Speed of
motor (ii) Frequency of rotor emf. If the rotor has resistance of 1 ohm and standstill
reactance of 4 ohms per phase, calculate rotor power factor at:(i) Stand still (ii) At a
speed of 1440 r.p.m.
A 500V, 3 phase, 50 Hz Induction motor develops an output of 15 kW at 950 rpm. If
input power factor is 0.86 lagging, Mechanical losses are 730W and stator losses
1500W, find:1)The slip 2)The rotor copper loss 3)Motor Input 4)The line current

Ans:

Given: VL =500V, Pout=15 kW, Speed N= 950rpmP.F. = cos∅= 0.86 lag Mechanical loss =
730W, Stator losses = 1500 W.

(NOTE: Since data regarding number of poles is not specified, Examiners are requested to
award the marks appropriately to the examinee who has attempted to solve the problem)
A 4 pole, 50 Hz, 7.46kW induction motor has a starting torque of 160% of full load
torque and maximum torque of 200% of full load torque. Determine: (i)Full load
speed(ii) Speed at maximum torque
A 746 kW,3 phase, 50Hz, 6 pole Induction Motor has a rotor impedance of (0.02+j0.15)
at standstill. Full load torque is obtained at 360 rpm.

Calculate : 1)The ratio of maximum to full load torque.2)The speed at maximum torque
3)Rotor resistance to be added to get maximum starting torque.
A 3-phase induction motor has a synchronous speed of 250 r.p.m. and 4% slip at full
load. The rotor has resistance of0.02 ohms per phase and stand still leakage
reactance of 0.15 ohms per phase. Calculate:(i) The speed at which maximum torque
is developed.(ii) The ratio of maximum to full load torque.(iii) The ratio of maximum to
starting torque.(iv) What value should the resistance per phase have so that the
starting torque is half the maximum torque?
The useful torque of a 3 phase, 50 Hz, 8 pole induction motor is 190 N.M the rotor
frequency is 1.5 Hz. Calculate the rotor Cu loss if mechanical losses are 700 watts.

Pi= 15644 W Copper losses = s Pi = 0.03 x 15644= 469 W

The power input to a 500 V, 50 Hz, 6-pole, 3phaseinduction motor running at 975 rpm
is 40 kW. The stator losses are 1 kW and the friction and windage losses are 2 kW.
Calculate : i) Slip, ii) Rotor copper loss, iii) Shaft power, iv) Efficiency

Ans:
Given: 3-phase induction motor,

f = 50 Hz, P = 6 ,Actual Speed N = 975 rpm Line voltage VL= 500V

Stator input Power Pin= 40kW = 40×103W Stator losses = Ps loss= 1kW = 1000W

Friction & windage losses = Rotational losses PRot-loss= 2kW = 2000W

A 20 H.P., 3-phase, 50 Hz, 4 pole induction motor has a full load slip of 4%. The
friction and windages losses are 500 watts. Calculate the rotor copper loss and rotor
speed.

A 500 V, 3-phase, 50 Hz, induction motor develops an out-put of 15 kW at 950 r.p.m. If

the input power factor is 0.86 lagging, mechanical losses are 730 W and stator losses
are 500 W. Find:1) The slip 2) The rotor cu loss 3) The rotor input 4) The line current

Given Data: 3Ph, 50 Hz I.M Motor o/p = 15x 103W

N=Actual Speed= 950RPM

Assuming , NS=1000 RPM which is very close with N