‫اﻟﺠﻼﻳﻜﻮﻟﻴﺴﺲ )اﻻﻧﺤﻼل اﻟﺴﻜﺮي(‬

‫‪Glycolysis‬‬
 ‫‪Glucose‬‬

‫‪2 ADP‬‬
‫‪2 NAD+‬‬ ‫اﻻﻧﺤﻼل اﻟﺴﻜﺮي ﻫﻮ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺘﻔﻜﻚ ﺧﻼﻟﻬﺎ ﺟﺰئ اﻟﺠﻠﻮﻛﻮز •‬
‫‪+‬‬
‫ﺑﺴﻠﺴﻠﻪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼت اﻻﻧﺰﻳﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﻰ اﻟﺒﻴﺮوﻓﺎت ﻣﻊ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻄﺎﻗﻪ‬
‫‪2 P‬‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺮه اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬا اﻟﺘﺤﻮل ﻓﻰ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ‪ATP‬‬
‫‪2 NADH‬‬ ‫ﻳﻤﺜﻞ اﻟﺠﻠﻮﻛﻮز ﺟﺰئ اﻟﻮﻗﻮد اﻟﻤﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﻟﻤﻌﻈﻢ اﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎت •‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪ATP‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺎر اﻻﻧﺤﻼل اﻟﺴﻜﺮي ﻫﻮ اﺣﺪ ﻣﺴﺎرات اﻻﻳﺾ اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰﻳﻪ وﻳﻤﺜﻞ ﻣﺴﺎر •‬
‫‪2 H+‬‬
‫ﻋﺎم ﻟﺘﻔﻜﻚ اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻫﻴﺪرات‬

‫‪2 Pyruvate‬‬
‫ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﺛﻼث ﻣﻤﺮات أﻳﺾ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﻪ ﺗﺪﺧﻞ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ اﻟﺒﻴﺮوﻓﺎت ﺑﻌﺪ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ اﻻﻧﺤﻼل •‬
‫اﻟﺴﻜﺮي‬
‫ﻓﻰ اﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎت اﻟﻬﻮاﺋﻴﺔ ﻳﻤﺜﻞ اﻻﻧﺤﻼل اﻟﺴﻜﺮي اﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﻪ اﻻوﻟﻰ ﻓﻰ اﻟﺘﻔﻜﻚ اﻟﻬﻮاﺋﻲ •‬
‫ﻟﻠﺠﻠﻮﻛﻮز اﻟﻰ ﺛﺎﻧﻲ اﻛﺴﻴﺪ اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن واﻟﻤﺎء‬
‫اﻟﺒﻴﺮوﻓﺎت اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺠﻪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﺤﻠﻞ اﻟﺴﻜﺮي ﺗﺘﺎﻛﺴﺪ اﻟﻰ اﺳﻴﺘﺎﻳﻞ اﻟﻤﺮاﻓﻖ اﻻﻧﺰﻳﻤﻲ ‪• A‬‬
‫ﺑﻔﻘﺪ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻛﺮﺑﻮﻛﺴﻴﻞ ﻓﻰ ﺻﻮره ‪CO2‬‬
‫ﻳﺘﻢ ﺑﻌﺪ ذﻟﻚ اﻛﺴﺪة ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ اﻻﺳﻴﺘﺎﻳﻞ اﻟﻰ ‪ CO2‬ﻓﻰ دوره ﺣﻤﺾ اﻟﺴﺘﺮﻳﻚ •‬
‫ﻫﺬا اﻟﻤﺴﺎر ﻟﻠﺒﻴﺮوﻓﺎت ﻳﺘﻢ ﻓﻰ اﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ اﻟﻬﻮاﺋﻴﺔ ﻓﻰ اﻟﺤﻴﻮاﻧﺎت واﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎت •‬
 ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎر اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ﻟﻠﺒﻴﺮوﻓﺎت ﻫﻮ أﺧﺘﺰاﻟﻬﺎ اﻟﻰ‬
‫ﻻﻛﺘﺎت ﺗﺤﺖ اﻟﻈﺮوف اﻟﻼﻫﻮاﺋﻴﺔ ﻓﻰ‬
‫اﻟﻌﻀﻼت‬
‫اﻟﻬﻴﻜﻠﻴﺔ وﻓﻰ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎت اﻟﻤﺠﻬﺮﻳﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻼﻫﻮاﺋﻴﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻘﻮم ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺨﻤﺮ اﻟﻼﻛﺘﻴﻜﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺘﺤﻮل اﻟﺒﻴﺮوﻓﺎت ﺗﺤﺖ اﻟﻈﺮوف اﻟﻼﻫﻮاﺋﻴﺔ‬
‫أﻳﻀﺎ‬
‫اﻟﻰ إﻳﺜﺎﻧﻮل و ﺛﺎﻧﻲ أﻛﺴﻴﺪ اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ‬
‫ﻋﺪد‬
‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎت اﻟﻤﺠﻬﺮﻳﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﺨﻤﻴﺮه وﻫﺬا‬
‫اﻟﺘﺤﻮل‬
‫ﻳﻌﺮف ب اﻟﺘﺨﻤﺮ اﻟﻜﺤﻮﻟ‬
 ‫اﻻﻧﺤﻼل اﻟﺴﻜﺮي ﻳﺘﺄﻟﻒ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺘﻴﻦ وﻳﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺸﺮة ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻼت إﻧﺰﻳﻤﻴﺔ •‬
‫ﻫﺬه اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼت ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﻧﻘﻞ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ اﻟﻔﻮﺳﻔﺎت ﻣﻦ ‪ ATP‬اﻟﻰ اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺒﺎت اﻟﻮﺳﻴﻄﺔ •‬
‫ﻓﻰ اﻻﻧﺤﻼل اﻟﺴﻜﺮي‪.‬‬
‫وﻧﻘﻞ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ اﻟﻔﻮﺳﻔﺎت ﻣﻦ ﻣﻮﺿﻊ اﻟﻰ أﺧﺮ ﻓﻰ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﺠﺰئ •‬
‫وﺗﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﻣﺘﺸﻜﻞ اﻟﻰ أﺧﺮ وﺗﻔﻜﻴﻚ اﻟﺮاﺑﻄﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ذرﺗﻴﻦ ﻛﺮﺑﻮن •‬
 ‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ اﻟﻔﻮﺳﻔﺎت ﻟﻬﺎ ﺛﻼث وﻇﺎﺋﻒ أﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ •‬
‫‪ -1‬ﺗﻜﻮن ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ اﻟﻔﻮﺳﻔﺎت ﻣﺘﺄﻳﻨﻪ ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﺮﻗﻢ اﻟﻬﻴﺪروﺟﻴﻨﻲ اﻟﺴﺎﺋﺪ ﻓﻰ اﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ •‬
‫ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﻬﻲ ﺗﻤﻨﺢ اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺒﺎت اﻟﻮﺳﻴﻄﻪ ﺷﺤﻨﺔ ﺳﺎﻟﺒﺔ اﻟﺘﻰ ﺗﻤﻨﻊ ﺗﺴﺮب ﻫﺬه اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺒﺎت ﻣﻦ‬
‫اﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﻻن اﻟﻐﺸﺎء اﻟﺨﻠﻮي ﻋﺎدة ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻨﻔﺬ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﻛﺒﺎت اﻟﺘﻰ ﺗﺤﻤﻞ ﺷﺤﻨﻪ ﻛﻬﺮﺑﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ اﻟﻔﻮﺳﻔﺎت ﻛﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎت أرﺗﺒﺎط ﻓﻰ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﻣﺘﺮاﻛﺐ اﻻﻧﺰﻳﻢ •‬
‫ﻣﻊ ﻫﺬه اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺒﺎت‬
‫‪ -3‬ﻟﻬﺎ دور ﻣﻬﻢ ﻓﻰ ﺣﻔﻆ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﻪ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺒﺎت اﻟﻮﺳﻴﻄﺔ ﻓﻰ ﺑﻌﺾ •‬
‫ﺧﻄﻮات اﻟﻤﺴﺎر اﻟﻰ ‪ ADP‬ﻟﻴﺘﺤﻮل اﻟﻰ ‪ATP‬‬
‫ﻣﺴﺎر اﻻﻧﺤﻼل‬
‫اﻟﺴﻜﺮي‬
‫ﺗﺒﺪاء ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ اﻻﻧﺤﻼل اﻟﺴﻜﺮي ﺑﻔﺴﻔﺮة اﻟﺠﻠﻮﻛﻮز وﺗﺤﻮﻳﻠﻪ اﻟﻰ ﺟﻠﻮﻛﻮز ‪ -6‬ﻓﻮﺳﻔﺎت •‬
‫ﺛﻢ ﻳﺘﺤﻮل اﻟﻰ ﻓﺮﻛﺘﻮز ‪ -6‬ﻓﻮﺳﻔﺎت ﺛﻢ ﺑﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻓﺴﻔﺮه ﺛﺎﻧﻲ ﻳﺘﺤﻮل اﻟﻰ ﻓﺮﻛﺘﻮز ‪ 1‬و‬
‫‪ 6‬ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻲ ﻓﻮﺳﻔﺎت واﻟﺬي ﺑﺪوره ﻳﻨﺸﻄﺮ اﻟﻰ ﺟﺰﺋﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺠﻠﺴﺮاﻟﺪﻫﻴﺪ ‪ 3‬ﻓﻮﺳﻔﺎت‬
‫ﺟﻤﻴﻊ اﻟﺴﻜﺮﻳﺎت اﻻﺣﺎدﻳﻪ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻠﻬﺎ اﻟﻰ ﺟﺰﺋﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺠﻠﺴﺮاﻟﺪﻫﻴﺪ ‪ -3‬ﻓﻮﺳﻔﺎت •‬
‫اﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﻪ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺣﻔﻆ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﻪ وﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎن ﺟﻠﺴﺮاﻟﺪﻫﻴﺪ •‬
‫‪-3‬ﻓﻮﺳﻔﺎت اﻟﻰ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﻴﺮوﻓﺎت ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﻪ اﻻﻧﺰﻳﻤﺎت‪.‬‬
‫ﻳﺆدي ﻫﺬه اﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﻪ اﻟﻰ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ‪ 4‬ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎت ‪ ATP‬ﻟﻜﻦ اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ اﻟﺼﺎﻓﻰ ﻟﻼﻧﺤﻼل •‬
‫اﻟﺴﻜﺮي ﻫﻮ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﻴﻦ ‪ ATP‬ﻻﻧﻪ ﻳﺘﻢ اﺳﺘﻬﻼك ﺟﺰﻳﺌﻴﻦ ﻓﻰ ﻓﺴﻔﺮه اﻟﺴﻜﺮﻳﺎت‬
‫اﻟﺴﺪاﺳﻴﺔ ﻓﻰ اﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ اﻻوﻟﻰ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﻓﻮﺳﻔﻮ ﻓﺮﻛﺘﻮﻛﻴﻨﻴﺰ ﻫﻮ اﻻﻧﺰﻳﻢ اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻲ ﻓﻰ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﻣﺴﺎر اﻻﻧﺤﻼل اﻟﺴﻜﺮي •‬

‫ﻣﺴﺎر اﻻﻧﺤﻼل اﻟﺴﻜﺮي ﻟﻌﻪ دور ﻣﺰدوج وﻫﻮ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎت ‪ ATP‬اﻟﻼزﻣﺔ ﻟﻼﻧﺸﻄﻪ اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﻪ •‬
‫واﻣﺪاد اﻻﻧﻈﻤﺔ اﻟﺤﻴﺔ ﺑﺒﻌﺾ اﻟﻮﺣﺪات اﻟﺒﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ اﻟﻼزﻣﺔ ﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎت اﻟﺒﻨﺎء‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﻼ‪ :‬ﻳﺘﺤﻮل ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻲ ﻫﻴﺪروﻛﺴﻲ أﺳﻴﺘﻮن ﻓﻮﺳﻔﺎت اﻟﻰ ﺟﻠﻴﺴﺮول ﻓﻮﺳﻔﺎت واﻟﺬي ﻳﺪﺧﻞ ﻓﻰ ﺑﻨﺎء •‬
‫ﺛﻼﺛﻲ اﺳﻴﺘﺎﻳﻞ ﺟﻠﻴﺴﺮول أو اﻟﺪﻫﻮن اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻳﺘﺤﻮل ‪-3‬ﻓﻮﺳﻔﻮﺟﻠﻴﺴﺮات ﻓﻰ ﻛﻞ اﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ اﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﻴﺔ و اﻟﺤﻴﻮاﻧﻴﻪ اﻟﻰ اﻟﺤﻤﺾ اﻻﻣﻴﻨﻲ ﺳﻴﺮﻳﻦ •‬

‫واﻟﺬي ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺑﺪوره ان ﻳﺘﺤﻮل اﻟﻰ اﻟﺤﻤﺾ اﻻﻣﻴﻨﻲ ﺟﻠﻴﺴﻴﻦ و ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻴﻦ‬

‫اذا ﻣﻌﺪل ﺗﺤﻮل اﻟﺠﻠﻮﻛﻮز اﻟﻰ ﺑﻴﺮوﻓﺎت ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻤﻪ ﻟﻤﻮاﺟﻬﺔ إﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﺎت اﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ ن اﻟﻄﺎﻗﻪ •‬
‫واﻟﻮﺣﺪات اﻟﺒﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬
 ‫ﻓﻰ اي ﻣﺴﺎر اﻳﻀﻲ ﺗﻤﺜﻞ اﻻﻧﺰﻳﻤﺎت اﻟﺘﻰ ﺗﺤﻔﺰ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼت اﻟﻐﻴﺮ اﻧﻌﻜﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻣﻮاﺿﻊ •‬
‫اﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﻓﻰ ﻫﺬا اﻟﻤﺴﺎر‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﻰ اﻻﻧﺤﻼل اﻟﺴﻜﺮي •‬
‫أﻧﺰﻳﻤﺎت ﻫﻜﺴﻮﻛﻴﻨﻴﺰ و ﻓﻮﺳﻔﻮﻓﺮﻛﺘﻮ ﻛﻴﻨﻴﺰ و ﺑﻴﺮوﻓﺎت ﻛﻴﻨﻴﺰ ﻫﻲ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻼت ﻏﻴﺮ •‬
‫اﻧﻌﻜﺎﺳﻴﺔ وﻫﻲ ﺗﻤﺜﻞ ﻣﻮاﺿﻊ اﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ واﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﻓﻰ ﻣﺴﺎر اﻻﻧﺤﻼل اﻟﺴﻜﺮي‬
‫ﻳﻤﺜﻞ اﻧﺰﻳﻢ ﻓﻮﺳﻔﻮﻓﺮﻛﺘﻮ ﻛﻴﻨﻴﺰ أﻫﻢ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ اﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ واﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﻓﻰ ﻣﺴﺎر اﻻﻧﺤﻼل •‬
‫اﻟﺴﻜﺮي‬
‫ﻳﺜﺒﻂ ﻫﺬا اﻻﻧﺰﻳﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ اﻟﻤﺮﺗﻔﻊ ﻟﻞ ‪ ATP‬واﻟﺴﺘﺮات وﻳﺰداد ﻧﺸﺎط اﻻﻧﺰﻳﻢ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ •‬
‫ﻳﻨﺨﻔﻆ ﻣﺴﺘﻮى اﻟﻄﺎﻗﻪ ﻓﻰ اﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ و ﺗﺰداد اﻟﺤﺎﺟﻪ ﻟﻤﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻮﺣﺪات اﻟﺒﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﻣﺴﺎرات ﺗﺤﻮل‬
‫اﻟﺒﻴﺮوﻓﺎت‬
‫اﻟﺒﻴﺮوﻓﺎت ﺗﺘﺤﻮل اﻟﻰ ﻻﻛﺘﺎت ﻓﻰ اﻟﻌﻀﻼت وﻓﻰ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎت اﻟﻤﺠﻬﺮﻳﺔ •‬
‫ﺗﺘﻜﻮن اﻟﻼﻛﺘﺎت ﻋﺎدة ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﻴﺮوﻓﺎت ﻓﻰ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎت اﻟﻤﺠﻬﺮﻳﺔ وﻳﺘﻢ ﻫﺬا اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ •‬
‫اﻳﻀﺎ ﻓﻰ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ اﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎت اﻟﺮاﻗﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮن ﻛﻤﻴﺔ اﻻﻛﺴﺠﻴﻦ ﻣﺤﺪوده ﻣﺜﻞ‬
‫ﻣﺎﻳﺤﺪث ﻓﻰ اﻟﻌﻀﻼت أﺛﻨﺎء اﻟﻤﺠﻬﻮد اﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻲ اﻟﻤﻜﺜﻒ‪.‬‬
‫اﻟﺒﻴﺮوﻓﺎت ﺗﺘﺤﻮل اﻟﻰ إﻳﺜﺎﻧﻮل ﻓﻰ اﻟﺘﺨﻤﺮ اﻟﻜﺤﻮﻟﻲ ﻓﻰ اﻟﺨﻤﻴﺮة وﻓﻰ ﺑﻌﺾ •‬
‫اﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎت اﻟﻤﺠﻬﺮﻳﺔ اﻻﺧﺮى‪.‬‬
‫اﻟﺒﻴﺮوﻓﺎت ﺗﺘﺤﻮل اﻟﻰ أﺳﻴﺘﺎﻳﻞ ﻣﺮاﻓﻖ اﻧﺰﻳﻤﻲ ‪ A‬اﻟﺬي ﻳﺘﺎﻛﺴﺪ ﺗﺤﺖ اﻟﻈﺮوف •‬
‫اﻟﻬﻮاﺋﻴﺔ ﻓﻰ دورة ﺣﻤﺾ اﻟﺴﺘﺮﻳﻚ )ﻓﻰ ﻫﺬا اﻟﻤﺴﺎر ﻳﺘﻢ اﺳﺘﺨﻼص ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﻛﺒﻴﺮه ﻣﻦ‬
‫اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ(‪.‬‬
 ‫دﺧﻮل اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻫﻴﺪراﺗﻴﻪ اﻻﺧﺮى ﻓﻰ اﻻﻧﺤﻼل‬
‫اﻟﺴﻜﺮي‬
‫ﻋﺪد ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻫﻴﺪراﺗﻴﻪ ﺗﺪﺧﻞ ﻫﺬا اﻟﻤﺴﺎرﻋﻠﻰ اﺳﺎس ان ﻫﺬه اﻟﻤﻮاد •‬
‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ان ﺗﺘﺤﻮل اﻟﻰ اﻟﺠﻠﻮﻛﻮز أو اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺒﺎت اﻟﻮﺳﻴﻄﻪ اﻻﺧﺮى ﻓﻰ ﻣﺴﺎر اﻻﻧﺤﻼل‬
‫اﻟﺴﻜﺮي‬
‫أﻫﻢ ﻫﺬه اﻟﻤﻮاد ﻫﻰ ﻋﺪﻳﺪات اﻟﺴﻜﺮ اﻟﺘﻰ ﺗﺸﻤﻞ اﻟﺠﻼﻳﻜﻮﺟﻴﻦ ﻓﻰ اﻟﺤﻴﻮاﻧﺎت •‬
‫واﻟﻨﺸﺎء ﻓﻰ اﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎت واﻟﺴﻜﺮﻳﺎت اﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻣﺎﻟﺘﻮز وﻻﻛﺘﻮز و ﺳﻜﺮوز و اﻟﺴﻜﺮﻳﺎت‬
‫اﻻﺣﺎدﻳﺔ ﻓﺮﻛﺘﻮز و ﻣﺎﻧﻮز و ﺟﺎﻻﻛﺘﻮز‪.‬‬
‫دﺧﻮل اﻟﻨﺸﺎء واﻟﺠﻼﻳﻜﻮﺟﻴﻦ ﻓﻰ اﻻﻧﺤﻼل اﻟﺴﻜﺮي‬
‫ﻻﻳﻮﺟﺪ اﻟﺠﻠﻮﻛﻮز ﻓﻰ اﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﺑﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﻛﺒﻴﺮة ﻓﻰ ﺻﻮره ﺣﺮه ﻧﻈﺮا ﻟﺘﺎﺛﻴﺮه اﻟﻮاﺿﺢ ﻋﻠﻰ إرﺗﻔﺎع •‬
‫اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻻﺳﻤﻮزي ﻟﻠﺨﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻳﺨﺰن اﻟﺠﻠﻮﻛﻮز ﻓﻰ اﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ اﻟﺤﻴﻮاﻧﻴﺔ ﻓﻰ ﺻﻮرة ﺟﻼﻳﻜﻮﺟﻴﻦ وﻓﻰ اﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎت ﻓﻰ ﺻﻮرة ﻧﺸﺎء •‬
‫ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﻚ اﻟﻨﺸﺎء واﻟﺠﻼﻳﻜﻮﺟﻴﻦ ودﺧﻮﻟﻬﻤﺎ ﻓﻰ ﺳﻠﺴﺔ اﻻﻧﺤﻼل اﻟﺴﻜﺮي ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ اﻟﺘﺎﺛﻴﺮ •‬
‫اﻟﻤﺘﻌﺎﻗﺐ ﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ إﻧﺰﻳﻤﺎت ﻫﻲ‬
‫أﻧﺰﻳﻢ ﺟﻼﻳﻜﻮﺟﻴﻦ ﻓﻮﺳﻔﻮرﻳﻠﻴﺰ •‬
‫أﻧﺰﻳﻢ اﻟﻔﺎ ‪ 6-1‬ﺟﻼﻳﻜﻮﺳﻴﺪﻳﺰ •‬
‫أﻧﺰﻳﻢ ﻓﻮﺳﻔﻮ ﺟﻠﻮﻛﻮﻣﻴﻮﺗﻴﺰ •‬
‫ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻔﻜﻚ اﻟﺮاﺑﻄﻪ اﻟﻔﺎ ‪ 4-1‬ﻓﻰ اﻟﻄﺮف ﻏﻴﺮ اﻟﻤﺨﺘﺰل ﻟﺠﺰئ اﻟﻨﺸﺎء او اﻟﺠﻼﻳﻜﻮﺟﻴﻦ ﻣﻊ ﺗﺤﺮر ﺟﺰئ‬
‫ﺟﻠﻮﻛﻮز ‪-1‬ﻓﻮﺳﻔﺎت وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻳﻘﻞ ﺟﺰئ اﻟﻨﺸﺎء او اﻟﺠﻼﻳﻜﻮﺟﻴﻦ ﺑﻮﺣﺪة ﺟﻠﻮﻛﻮز ﻋﻦ اﻟﺠﺰء اﻻﺻﻠﻰ‬
 ‫ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﻚ اﻟﻤﺨﺰون اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻫﻴﺪراﺗﻲ‬
‫ﺗﺤﺮﻳﻚ اﻟﻤﺨﺰون اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻫﻴﺪراﺗﻲ ﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﺔ ﻓﻰ اﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺧﻼل ﻣﺴﺎر اﻻﻧﺤﻼل •‬
‫اﻟﺴﻜﺮي ﻳﺸﻤﻞ ﻓﻰ اﻟﺨﻄﻮة اﻻوﻟﻰ ﺗﻔﻜﻴﻚ اﻟﺠﻼﻳﻜﻮﺟﻴﻦ او اﻟﻨﺸﺎء اﻟﻰ ﺟﻠﻮﻛﻮز‬
‫‪-1‬ﻓﻮﺳﻔﺎت ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﻪ اﻧﺰﻳﻤﺎت اﻟﻔﻮﺳﻔﻮرﻳﻠﻴﺰ‬
‫ﻓﻰ اﻟﻌﻀﻼت ﻳﻮﺟﺪ اﻧﺰﻳﻢ اﻟﻔﻮﺳﻔﻮرﻳﻠﻴﺰ ﻓﻰ ﻫﻴﺌﺘﻴﻦ ‪ :‬ﻓﻮﺳﻔﻮرﻳﻠﻴﺰ ‪) a‬اﻟﺼﻮرة •‬
‫اﻟﻨﺸﻄﻪ( و ﻟﻔﻮﺳﻔﻮرﻳﻠﻴﺰ ‪) b‬اﻟﺼﻮرة ﻏﻴﺮ اﻟﻨﺸﻄﻪ(‪.‬‬
‫‪• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dfUIhhTJhdY‬‬
‫دﺧﻮل اﻟﻤﺎﻧﻮز واﻟﻔﺮﻛﺘﻮز واﻟﺠﺎﻻﻛﺘﻮز ﻓﻰ اﻻﻧﺤﻼل اﻟﺴﻜﺮي‬
‫ﻳﻮﺟﺪ اﻟﻤﺎﻧﻮز ﻓﻰ ﺻﻮرة ﺣﺮه ﻓﻰ ﺛﻤﺎر اﻟﻌﻨﺐ او ﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﻣﻦ اﻧﺤﻼل ﻋﺪﻳﺪ اﻟﺴﻜﺮ •‬
‫ﻳﺘﺤﻮل اﻟﻤﺎﻧﻮز اﻟﻰ ﻣﺎﻧﻮز ‪ -6‬ﻓﻮﺳﻔﺎت ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﻪ اﻧﺰﻳﻢ ﻫﻜﺴﻮﻛﻴﻨﻴﺰ اﻟﺬي ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻓﻰ •‬
‫اﻻﻧﺴﺠﻪ اﻟﺤﻴﻮاﻧﻴﻪ وﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎت اﻟﻤﺠﻬﺮﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻳﻘﻮم اﻧﺰﻳﻢ ﻓﻮﺳﻔﻮ ﻣﺎﻧﻮ اﻳﺴﻮﻣﺮﻳﺰ ﺑﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﻣﺎﻧﻮز ‪ -6‬ﻓﻮﺳﻔﺎت اﻟﻰ ﻓﺮﻛﺘﻮز ‪• -6‬‬
‫ﻓﻮﺳﻔﺎت وﻫﻮ اﺣﺪ اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺒﺎت اﻟﻮﺳﻴﻄﻪ ﻓﻰ ﻣﺴﺎر اﻻﻧﺤﻼل اﻟﺴﻜﺮي‬
‫اﻟﻔﺮﻛﺘﻮز ﻳﻤﺜﻞ ﺟﺰء ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻛﺮﺑﻮﻫﻴﺪرات اﻟﻤﺎده اﻟﻐﺬاﺋﻴﺔ •‬
‫ﻳﺪﺧﻞ اﻟﻔﺮﻛﺘﻮز ﻓﻰ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﻪ اﻻﻧﺤﻼل اﻟﺴﻜﺮي ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺘﻴﻦ •‬
‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎر اﻻول اﻟﺬى ﻳﺴﻮد ﻓﻰ اﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎت و اﻟﻌﻀﻼت و اﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﻳﻔﺴﻔﺮ اﻟﻔﺮﻛﺘﻮز ﻋﻨﺪ ذرة •‬
‫اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن اﻟﺴﺎدﺳﻪ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﻪ ﻫﻜﺴﻮﻛﻴﻨﻴﺰ‬
 ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎر اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻓﻰ ﻛﺒﺪ اﻟﺜﺪﻳﻴﺎت وﻳﺒﺪاء ﺑﺘﺤﻮل اﻟﻔﺮﻛﺘﻮز اﻟﻰ ﻓﺮﻛﺘﻮز •‬
‫‪-1‬ﻓﻮﺳﻔﺎت ﺛﻢ ﻳﻨﺸﻄﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺼﻒ اﻟﻰ ﺟﻠﻴﺴﺮاﻟﺪﻫﻴﺪ وﺛﻨﺎﺋﻲ ﻫﻴﺪروﻛﺴﻲ اﺳﻴﺘﻮن‬
‫ﻓﻮﺳﻔﺎت ﺛﻢ ﻳﺘﺤﻮل اﻟﺠﻠﻴﺴﺮاﻟﺪﻫﻴﺪ اﻟﻰ ﺟﻠﻴﺴﺮاﻟﺪﻫﻴﺪ ‪-3‬ﻓﻮﺳﻔﺎت واﻟﺬي ﻳﺪﺧﻞ ﻓﻰ‬
‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ اﻻﻧﺤﻼل اﻟﺴﻜﺮي‬

‫اﻟﺠﺎﻟﻜﺘﻮز ﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﺤﻠﻞ اﻟﻤﺎﺋﻲ ﻟﺴﻜﺮ اﻟﻼﻛﺘﻮز وﻫﻮ اﻟﻤﺎده اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻫﻴﺪراﺗﻴﺔ •‬

‫اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻓﻰ اﻟﻠﺒﻦ‪.‬‬
‫ﻳﺘﺤﻮل اﻟﺠﺎﻟﻼﻛﺘﻮز اﻟﻰ ﺟﻠﻮﻛﻮز ‪-1‬ﻓﻮﺳﻔﺎت ﻓﻰ ﺛﻼث ﺧﻄﻮات •‬
 ‫اﻟﺨﻄﻮه اﻻوﻟﻰ ‪ :‬ﻳﺘﺤﻮل اﻟﺠﺎﻻﻛﺘﻮز اﻟﻰ ﺟﺎﻻﻛﺘﻮز ‪ -1‬ﻓﻮﺳﻔﺎت ﺛﻢ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺒﺎدل ﺷﻖ •‬
‫ﺟﺎﻻﻛﺘﻮز ﻓﻮﺳﻔﺎت ﻣﻊ ﺷﻖ ﺟﻠﻮﻛﻮز ﻓﻮﺳﻔﺎت اﻟﻤﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﺎﻟﻴﻮرﻳﺪﻳﻦ أﺣﺎدي اﻟﻔﻮﺳﻔﺎت‬
‫وﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﺘﻜﻮن ﺟﻠﻮﻛﻮز ‪-1‬ﻓﻮﺳﻔﺎت و ﻳﻮرﻳﺪﻳﻦ ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻲ اﻟﻔﻮﺳﻔﺎت‪-‬ﺟﺎﻻﻛﺘﻮز‬

‫ﻓﻰ اﻟﺨﻄﻮة اﻟﺜﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻳﺘﺤﻮل ﺟﺎﻻﻛﺘﻮز وﻫﻢ ﻣﺎزال ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﻣﻊ اﻟﻴﻮرﻳﺪﻳﻦ اﻟﻰ ﺟﻠﻮﻛﻮز‬
‫ﺑﻘﻠﺐ اﻟﻮﺿﻊ اﻟﻔﺮاﻏﻲ ﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ اﻟﻬﻴﺪروﻛﺴﻴﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ذره اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن اﻟﺮاﺑﻌﻪ وذﻟﻚ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ‬
‫اﻻﻧﺰﻳﻤﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺨﺼﺼﺔ‪.‬‬
‫اﻟﻤﺮض اﻟﻮراﺛﻲ اﻟﻤﻌﺮوف ﺑﺎﺳﻢ اﻟﺠﻼﻛﺘﻮﺳﻴﻤﻴﺎ ﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﻋﻨﺪ اﻻﻃﻔﺎل اﻟﺮﺿﻊ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ •‬
‫ﻏﻴﺎب اﻧﺰﻳﻢ اﻟﺘﺮاﻧﺴﻔﻴﺮﻳﺰ اﻟﺬي ﻳﺤﻮل اﻟﺠﺎﻻﻛﺘﻮز اﻟﻰ اﻟﺠﻠﻮﻛﻮز وﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﺘﺮاﻛﻢ‬
‫اﻟﺠﺎﻻﻛﺘﻮز ﻓﻰ اﻟﺪم وﻳﺆدي اﻟﻰ ﻗﺼﻮر ﻋﻘﻠﻲ وﻣﺮض اﻟﻤﻴﺎه اﻟﺰرﻗﺎء ﻓﻰ اﻟﻌﻴﻦ‬
‫ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﺠﺐ اﺳﺘﺒﺪال اﻟﻼﻛﺘﻮز ﻓﻰ ﻏﺬاء اﻻﻃﻔﺎء ﺑﺤﻠﻴﺐ ﺧﺎﻟﻰ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻼﻛﺘﻮز •‬
 ‫دﺧﻮل اﻟﺴﻜﺮﻳﺎت اﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻓﻰ اﻻﻧﺤﻼل اﻟﺴﻜﺮي‬
‫ﻳﺠﺐ ﺗﻔﻜﻴﻚ اﻟﺴﻜﺮﻳﺎت اﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ اﻟﻰ ﺳﻜﺮﻳﺎت اﺣﺎدﻳﺔ ﻗﺒﻞ دﺧﻮﻟﻬﺎ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ اﻻﻧﺤﻼل •‬
‫اﻟﺴﻜﺮي‬
‫ﻳﺘﻢ ﻫﺬا اﻟﺘﻔﻜﻚ ﻓﻰ اﻻﻣﻌﺎء اﻟﺪﻗﻴﻘﻪ ﻓﻰ اﻟﺜﺪﻳﻴﺎت‪• .‬‬
‫اﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎت وﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎت اﻟﻤﺠﻬﺮﻳﻪ ﻟﻬﺎ اﻟﻘﺪرة ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﺴﻜﺮﻳﺎت اﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋﻴﻪ اﻟﻰ •‬
‫ﺳﻜﺮﻳﺎت اﺣﺎدﻳﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺴﻜﺮﻳﺎت اﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺸﺮه ﻓﻰ اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻪ ﺗﺸﻤﻞ اﻟﻤﺎﻟﺘﻮز و اﻟﻼﻛﺘﻮز و اﻟﺴﻜﺮوز •‬
‫وﺗﺘﺤﻠﻞ اﻟﻰ اﻟﺴﻜﺮﻳﺎت اﻟﻤﻘﺎﺑﻠﻪ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﻪ اﻧﺰﻳﻤﺎت اﻟﻤﺎﻟﺘﻴﺰ و اﻟﻼﻛﺘﻴﺰ و اﻟﺴﻜﺮﻳﺰ‬
 ‫دورة ﺣﻤﺾ اﻟﺴﺘﺮﻳﻚ‬
‫ﺗﻤﺜﻞ دورة ﺣﻤﺾ اﻟﺴﺘﺮﻳﻚ اﻟﻤﺴﺎر اﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻲ ﻻﻛﺴﺪة ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎت اﻟﻮﻗﻮد‪ -‬اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻫﻴﺪرات و •‬
‫اﻻﺣﻤﺎض اﻟﺪﻫﻨﻴﺔ واﻻﺣﻤﺎض اﻻﻣﻴﻨﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﻫﺬه اﻟﺠﺰﻳﺌﺎت ﺗﺪﺧﻞ دورة ﺣﻤﺾ اﻟﺴﺘﺮﻳﻚ ﻓﻰ ﺻﻮرة اﺳﻴﺘﺎﻳﻞ اﻟﻤﺮاﻓﻖ •‬
‫اﻻﻧﺰﻳﻤﻲ ‪A‬‬
‫ﺗﻮﻓﺮ دورة ﺣﻤﺾ اﻟﺴﺘﺮﻳﻚ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﻼزﻣﻪ ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎت اﻟﺨﻠﻮﻳﺔ واﻳﻀﺎ ﺗﻮﻓﺮ اﻟﻮﺣﺪات •‬
‫اﻟﺒﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ اﻟﻼزﻣﺔ ﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﻣﺴﺎرات اﻟﺒﻨﺎء‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺮف دورة ﺣﻤﺾ اﻟﺴﺘﺮﻳﻚ اﻳﻀﺎ ﺑﺪورة ﻛﺮﺑﺲ او دورة اﻻﺣﻤﺎض ﺛﻼﺛﻴﺔ اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻛﺴﻴﻞ •‬
‫ﺗﺘﻢ دورة ﺣﻤﺾ اﻟﺴﺘﺮﻳﻚ ﻓﻰ اﻟﻤﻴﺘﻮﻛﻨﺪرﻳﺎ ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺗﺘﻢ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻼت اﻻﻧﺤﻼل اﻟﺴﻜﺮي ﻓﻰ •‬
‫اﻟﺴﻴﺘﻮﺳﻮل‬
 ‫اﺳﻴﺘﺎﻳﻞ ﻣﺮاﻓﻖ اﻧﺰﻳﻤﻲ ‪ A‬ﻫﻮ اﻟﻤﺎدة اﻟﺒﺎدﺋﺔ ﻟﺪورة ﺣﻤﺾ اﻟﺴﺘﺮﻳﻚ •‬

‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ان ﻳﺸﺘﻖ اﺳﻴﺘﺎﻳﻞ ﻣﺮاﻓﻖ اﻧﺰﻳﻤﻲ ‪ A‬ﻣﻦ اﻻﺣﻤﺎض اﻟﺪﻫﻨﻴﺔ وﺑﻌﺾ اﻻﺣﻤﺎض •‬
‫اﻻﻣﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﻜﻦ اﻟﻤﺼﺪر اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻲ ﻟﻪ ﻓﻰ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ اﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﻫﻮ اﻟﺒﺮوﻓﺎت اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺠﻪ ﻣﻦ‬
‫اﻻﻧﺤﻼل اﻟﺴﻜﺮي‬
 ‫اﻟﻤﺨﻄﻂ اﻟﻌﺎم ﻟﺪورة‬
‫ﺣﻤﺾ‬
‫اﻟﺴﺘﺮﻳﻚ‬
‫ﺗﺤﺘﻮي دورة ﺣﻤﺾ اﻟﺴﺘﺮﻳﻚ ﻋﻠﻰ •‬
‫ﺛﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻼت ﻣﺤﻔﺰة أﻧﺰﻳﻤﻴﺎ‬
 ‫اﻟﺨﺼﺎﺋﺺ اﻻﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﺪورة ﺣﻤﺾ اﻟﺴﺘﺮﻳﻚ‬
‫‪ -1‬ﻳﺪﺧﻞ دورة ﺣﻤﺾ اﻟﺴﺘﺮﻳﻚ ذرﺗﻴﻦ ﻛﺮﺑﻮن ﻓﻰ ﺻﻮرة ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ اﺳﻴﺘﺎﻳﻞ واﻟﺘﻲ‬
‫ﺗﺘﻜﺎﺛﻒ ﻣﻊ‬
‫اﻻوﻛﺴﺎﻟﻮ اﺳﻴﺘﺎت وﻳﺨﺮج ﻣﻦ اﻟﺪورة ذرﺗﻴﻦ ﻛﺮﺑﻮن ﻓﻰ ﺻﻮرة ﺟﺰﺋﻴﻦ ﺛﺎﻧﻲ اﻛﺴﻴﺪ‬
‫اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن‬

‫‪ -2‬ﻳﺨﺮج ﻣﻦ اﻟﺪورة أرﺑﻌﺔ أزواج ﻣﻦ ذرات اﻟﻬﻴﺪروﺟﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ أرﺑﻌﺔ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻼت أﻛﺴﺪة‬

‫ﻓﻴﺨﺘﺰل ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎن ‪ +NAD‬وﻳﺨﺘﺰل ﺟﺰئ ‪ FAD‬ﻓﻰ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ أﻛﺴﺪة اﻟﺴﻜﺴﻴﻨﺎت وﺟﺰئ‬
‫‪NAD‬‬
‫ﻓﻰ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ اﻛﺴﺪة اﻟﻤﺎﻻت‬

‫‪ -3‬ﺗﺘﻮﻟﺪ راﺑﻄﺔ ﻓﻮﺳﻔﺎت ﻏﻨﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻓﻰ ﺻﻮرة ‪ GTP‬ﻣﻦ ﺗﺤﻠﻞ راﺑﻄﻪ اﺳﺘﺮاﻟﺜﻴﻮل‬
‫ﻓﻰ‬
‫ﺳﻜﺴﻴﻨﺎﻳﻞ ﻣﺮاﻓﻖ اﻧﺰﻳﻤﻲ ‪A‬‬

‫‪ -4‬ﻳﺴﺘﻬﻠﻚ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎن ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺎء أﺣﺪﻫﻤﺎ ﻓﻰ ﺑﻨﺎء اﻟﺴﺘﺮات واﻻﺧﺮ ﻓﻰ ﻫﺪرﺗﺔ اﻟﻔﻴﻮﻣﺎرات‬

‫دورة ﺣﻤﺾ اﻟﺴﺘﺮﻳﻚ ﻣﺼﺪر ﻟﻠﻤﻮاد اﻻوﻟﻴﺔ اﻟﻼزﻣﺔ ﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎت اﻟﺒﻨﺎء اﻟﺤﻴﻮي‬

‫أﻫﻤﻴﺔ دورة ﺣﻤﺾ اﻟﺴﺘﺮﻳﻚ ﻫﻮ •‬

‫‪ -‬ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﺤﺮة ﻓﻰ ﺻﻮرة ‪ ATP‬ﻣﻦ أﻛﺴﺪة ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎت اﻟﻮﻗﻮد •‬
‫‪ -‬ﺗﻮﻓﻴﺮ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻻوﻟﻴﺔ اﻟﻼزﻣﺔ ﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎت اﻟﺒﻨﺎء اﻟﺤﻴﻮي ﻣﺜﻞ •‬
‫اﻟﻔﺎﻛﻴﺘﻮ ﺟﻠﻮﺗﺎرات و أوﻛﺴﺎﻟﻮ أﺳﻴﺘﺎت و اﻟﺴﻜﺴﻴﻨﺎت ﺗﻤﺜﻞ ﻣﻮاد ﺑﺎدﺋﺔ ﻟﻌﺪد ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻻﺣﻤﺎض‬
‫اﻻﻣﻴﻨﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫أﻧﺰﻳﻤﺎت اﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ واﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﻓﻰ دورة ﺣﻤﺾ اﻟﺴﺘﺮﻳﻚ ﻫﻲ‬
‫أﻧﺰﻳﻢ أﻳﺴﻮﺳﺘﺮات دﻳﻬﻴﺪروﺟﻴﻨﻴﺰ‬
‫أﻧﺰﻳﻢ اﻟﻔﺎ‪-‬ﻛﻴﺘﻮﺟﻠﻮﺗﺎرات دﻳﻬﻴﺪروﺟﻴﻨﻴﺰ‬
‫اﻧﺰﻳﻢ ﺳﺘﺮات ﺳﻴﻨﺜﻴﺰ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﻧﻘﻞ اﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﺎت واﻟﻔﺴﻔﺮة اﻟﻤﺼﺎﺣﺒﺔ ﻟﻼﻛﺴﺪة‬
‫اﻟﻤﺮاﻓﻘﺎت اﻻﻧﺰﻳﻤﻴﺔ ‪ NADH‬و ‪ FADH2‬اﻟﺘﻰ ﺗﺘﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ اﻻﻧﺤﻼل اﻟﺴﻜﺮي ودورة •‬
‫ﺣﻤﺾ اﻟﺴﺘﺮﻳﻚ ﻫﻲ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎت ﻏﻨﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ أﺣﺘﻮاﺋﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ زوج ﻣﻦ‬
‫اﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﺎت‬
‫أﻧﺘﻘﺎل ﻫﺬه اﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﺎت اﻟﻰ اﻻﻛﺴﺠﻴﻦ ﻳﺆدي ﻟﺘﺤﺮر ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﻛﺒﻴﺮه ﻣﻦ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ •‬
‫ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻓﻰ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ‪ATP‬‬
‫اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺘﻜﻮن ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ‪ ATP‬ﻣﻦ ‪ ADP‬و اﻟﻔﻮﺳﻔﺎت ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ أﻧﺘﻘﺎل اﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﺎت •‬
‫ﻣﻦ ‪ NADH‬و ‪ FADH2‬اﻟﻰ اﻻﻛﺴﺠﻴﻦ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ ﺳﻠﺴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺎﻗﻼت اﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﺎت‬
‫ﺗﻌﺮف ب اﻟﻔﺴﻔﺮه اﻟﻤﺼﺎﺣﺒﺔ ﻟﻼﻛﺴﺪة‪.‬‬
‫ﻫﺬه اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ اﻟﻤﺼﺪر اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻲ ﻟﺠﺰﻳﺌﺎت ال ‪ ATP‬ﻓﻰ اﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎت اﻟﻬﻮاﺋﻴﺔ •‬
Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)

• Location: mitochondrial matrix.

• Acetyl CoA (2C) bonds to Oxalacetic acid (4C
- OAA) to make Citrate (6C).
• It takes 2 turns of the krebs cycle to oxidize 1
glucose molecule.

Mitochondrial
Matrix
3. Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)
1 Acetyl CoA (2C)

OAA (4C) Citrate (6C)

Krebs 2 CO2
Cycle
FADH2 (one turn) 3 NAD+

FAD
3 NADH

ATP ADP + P
3. Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)
2 Acetyl CoA (2C)

Citrate (6C)
OAA (4C)

Krebs 4 CO2
Cycle
2 FADH2 (two turns) 6 NAD+

2 FAD
6 NADH

2 ATP 2 ADP + P
3. Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)

• Total net yield (2 turns of krebs cycle)

1. 2 - ATP (substrate-level phosphorylation)

2. 6 - NADH
3. 2 - FADH2
4. 4 - CO2
4. Electron Transport Chain (ETC) and
Oxidative Phosphorylation (Chemiosmosis)

• The H+ then move via diffusion (Proton Motive

Force) through ATP Synthase to make ATP.

• All NADH and FADH2 converted to ATP during this

stage of cellular respiration.

• Each NADH converts to 3 ATP.

• Each FADH2 converts to 2 ATP (enters the ETC at
a lower level than NADH).
4. Electron Transport Chain (ETC) and
Oxidative Phosphorylation (Chemiosmosis)

Inner Matrix
membrane space Cristae
Outer
membrane
Inner
membrane
4. ETC and Oxidative Phosphorylation (Chemiosmosis for
NADH)

Intermembrane Space higher H+

concentration
1H+ 2H+ 3H+ H+ ATP
Synthase

Inner

E T C Mitochondrial
Membrane

O2
2H+ + 1/2
H2 O ADP + P
ATP
NADH NAD+ H+
+ H+

(Proton Pumping) lower H+

concentration
Matrix
4. ETC and Oxidative Phosphorylation (Chemiosmosis for
FADH2)
Intermembrane Space higher H+
concentration
1H+ 2H+ H+ ATP
Synthase

Inner

E T C Mitochondrial
Membrane

ADP + P
FADH2 FAD+
2H+ +
H2 O H+ ATP
+ H+ 1/2O2
(Proton Pumping)
lower H+
concentration
Matrix
TOTAL ATP YIELD
1. 04 ATP - substrate-level phosphorylation
2. 34 ATP - ETC & oxidative phosphorylation
38 ATP - TOTAL YIELD

ATP
Eukaryotes
(Have Membranes)
• Total ATP Yield
02 ATP - glycolysis (substrate-level phosphorylation)
04 ATP - converted from 2 NADH - glycolysis
06 ATP - converted from 2 NADH - grooming phase
02 ATP - Krebs cycle (substrate-level phosphorylation)
18 ATP - converted from 6 NADH - Krebs cycle
04 ATP - converted from 2 FADH2 - Krebs cycle
36 ATP - TOTAL
 Maximum ATP Yield for Cellular
Respiration (Eukaryotes)
Glucose
Cytosol
Mitochondria
Glycolysis 2 Acetyl CoA Krebs
Cycle
2 Pyruvate
2NADH 2 ATP
6NADH 2FADH2 (substrate-level
phosphorylation)
2NADH
ETC and Oxidative
Phosphorylation
2 ATP
(substrate-level
phosphorylation) 2ATP 4ATP 6ATP 18ATP 4ATP 2ATP

36 ATP (maximum per glucose)

Prokaryotes
(Lack Membranes)
• Total ATP Yield
02 ATP - glycolysis (substrate-level phosphorylation)
06 ATP - converted from 2 NADH - glycolysis
06 ATP - converted from 2 NADH - grooming phase
02 ATP - Krebs cycle (substrate-level phosphorylation)
18 ATP - converted from 6 NADH - Krebs cycle
4 ATP - converted from 2 FADH2 - Krebs cycle
38 ATP - TOTAL
Cellular Respiration Food

can “burn” other

kinds of Molecules
Besides glucose Poly-
saccharides
Fats Protein
s

Fatty Amino
Sugars Glycerol acids
Diverse types of acids

Amino groups
Carbohydrates

Fats
Glycolysis Acetyl- Krebs
CoA Cycle Electron
Transport
Proteins
Contributes its electrons at a lower energy level
 Enzyme that
actually makes
the ATP