ASS0SA UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF
ENGINEERIN
Department Of Construction Technology and Management

INTERNSHIP FINAL REPORT

HOSTING COMPANY: WALABU CONSTRUCTION S.C

PREPARED BY: BUZUNESH ADUGNA

DURATION TIME:

FOUR MONTHS

DATE / /2015 E.C

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ASSOSA, ETHIOPIA

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DECLARATION
I declare that the report here submitted is original except for source material explicitly
acknowledged. I also here by declare that all the information and facts stated are true, correct and
complete that I performed during my internship program. The submitted soft copy with details
listed in the submission details is identical to the hard copy, which is going to be submitted. I
also acknowledge that I aware of university’s policy and regulations on honesty in academic
work, and of the disciplinary guidelines and procedures.
I assure that the report contains actual events and facts that I observed and performed during my
internship practice program. All the contents are not been submitted to any other institute or
university.

Name of the mentor instructor Signature Date

Tigabu A (MSc) __________ ______________
Student’s name Signature ID NO
Lelise Beshura ___________ RU/0781/11

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First, I would like to thanks my almighty God for keeping my life from any injures from
beginning to end of my project and for helping me to attend & accomplish my internship
program, all professionals and workers in peace and in good relationship.
I would like to thanks Assosa University college of Engineering and Technology department of
Construction Technology and Management Engineering that have prepared this program &
helped me to have a practical knowledge over our courses.
I also wish to express our deepest gratitude for the company Walabu Construction S.C for giving
me this chance to do my internship in their site.
I would like to thanks my advisor Mr. Tigabu A. (MSc) for helping me in all my needs and I
would like to thanks also, site engineer Eng.KumaA. and foreman Eng.Tadase B. and Bakale E.
and other staff members of the site for their showing different things on site work, answer, and
expression in ambiguous points for their involvement in my internship program.
Finally, I would like to thanks all that who support us in all direction.

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
This report is an outcome of the exercise I conducted during my internship program from
Octaber 2022 to Fabraury 20223 G.C. The program was an opportunity for me to put in to
practice the theoretical knowledge I had acquired during my four years of study at Assosa
University. The purpose of this report is to put in writing the work experience I had performed
and the learning attained from performing specific tasks while working in a professional
environment.

The first part of the report describes about our hosting company called Walabu construction S.C
grade one general contractor in Ethiopia and Objectives of internship. The company is well
experienced in providing professional services in a wide range of civil, Mechanical and
Electrical engineering works to different user since its establishments in 2018 G.C.

The second part of my report briefly explains the overall internship experience I have gained
during my practical periods. I got into my internship hosting company at its Nekemte Integrated
Agro- Industrial Park project site following the acceptance of my requesting letter by the
company. In this project, the client “Oromia Industrial Parks Development Corporation”, the
consultant “EF Architects and Engineering Consulting Plc”, and the contractor “Walabu
Construction Share Company” are involved.On the internship program, I tried to cover all the
basic work sections in both office and site level activities. Among others, I had performed -
drawing reading, bar schedule and etc works. Regarding the site work, I have also seen the step-
by-step procedures on how to construct beams, columns, and slabs and shear wall.

Both site challenges and personal challenges faced and measures taken during our internship are
also addressed in this report.

The third part of my report briefly explains about the overall benefits we gained from our
internship in terms of improving our practical skills, interpersonal communication skills, team
playing skills, leadership skills, upgrading my theoretical knowledge and work ethics.

Finally, I made a conclusion and some recommendations are forwarded for my company and
university. And the references I used and Appendix.
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Table of Contents
............................................................................................................................................................................. i

DECLARATION..............................................................................................................................I
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS............................................................................................................II
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY...........................................................................................................III
LIST OF FIGURES................................................................................................................................................VI
LIST OF TABLES.................................................................................................................................................VI
ACRONYMS........................................................................................................................................................VII

CHAPTER ONE..............................................................................................................................1
1. INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................................................1
1.1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION ABOUT INTERNSHIP..........................................................1
1.2 GENERAL BACKGROUND OF HOSTING COMPANY................................................................................................1
1.2.1Background of the Company.......................................................................................................................1
1.2.2Mission, Vision and Core Values ................................................................................................................2
1.2.3 Working licensee of company.....................................................................................................................3
1.2.4 The end user of this construction company.................................................................................................3
1.2.5 Governance, Management and Organization Structure.............................................................................4
1.2.6 Work flow of our hosting company.............................................................................................................6
1.2.7 Manpower Description...............................................................................................................................7
1.2.8 Machineries and Equipment of the Company.............................................................................................9
1.3 GENERAL INFORMATION..................................................................................................................................12

CHAPTER TWO...........................................................................................................................13
2. OVER ALL INTERNSHIP EXPERIENCE..............................................................................13
2.1 OBJECTIVE OF INTERNSHIP PROGRAM..................................................................................................13
2.1.1 General objective.....................................................................................................................................13
2.1.2 Specific objective......................................................................................................................................13
2.2 HOW I GET TO THE COMPANY.........................................................................................................................13
2.3 SITE WORK.......................................................................................................................................................14
2.3.1 Super structure work................................................................................................................................14
2.3.2 Office work...............................................................................................................................................14
2.4 MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY....................................................................................................................15
2.4.1 Concrete Work..........................................................................................................................................15
2.4.1.1 Materials for Concrete..........................................................................................................................15
2.4.1.2 Concrete................................................................................................................................................16
2.4.1.3 Concrete mixing....................................................................................................................................18
2.4.1.4 Column Work.........................................................................................................................................19
2.4.1.5 Beam work............................................................................................................................................20

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2.4.2 Slabs.........................................................................................................................................................21
2.4.2.1 Solid slab...............................................................................................................................................22
2.4.3 Stair case work.........................................................................................................................................23
2.4.4 Spacer.......................................................................................................................................................24
2.4.5 Stirrup...................................................................................................................................................... 25
2.4.6 Reinforcement bar....................................................................................................................................26
2.4.7 Scaffoldings..............................................................................................................................................26
2.5 FORM WORK.....................................................................................................................................................27
2.5.1 Fixing form work......................................................................................................................................27
2.5.2 Removal of formwork...............................................................................................................................27
2.6 WALL WORK....................................................................................................................................................28
2.6.1 Plastering.................................................................................................................................................29
2.7, SHEAR WALL...................................................................................................................................................30
2.8 CHALLENGES I FACED ON SITE.........................................................................................................................31
2.9 MEASURES TAKEN TO THOSE CHALLENGES......................................................................................................32

CHAPTER THREE.......................................................................................................................33
3. OVERALL BENEFITS I GAINED FROM THE INTERNSHIP.............................................33
3. 1 IMPROVING PRACTICAL KNOWLEDGE.............................................................................................................34
3. 2 IMPROVING THEORETICAL KNOWLEDGE..........................................................................................................34
3.3 IMPROVING INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION SKILLS...................................................................................34
3.4 IMPROVING TEAM PLAYING SKILLS..................................................................................................................35
3.5 IMPROVING LEADERSHIP SKILLS......................................................................................................................36
3.6 UNDERSTANDING WORK ETHICS AND RELATED ISSUES...................................................................................36
3.7 ENTREPRENEURSHIP SKILLS ACQUIRED............................................................................................................38

CHAPTER FOUR.........................................................................................................................39
4. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION........................................................................39
4.1 CONCLUSION............................................................................................................................................... 39
4.2. RECOMMENDATION..................................................................................................................................40
4.2.1. Recommendation for the company...........................................................................................................40
4.2.2. Recommendation for the university.........................................................................................................40

REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................41
APPENDICES...............................................................................................................................42

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LIST OF FIGURES
.........................................................................................................................................................5
Figure 1. 1 Walabu share company structures.................................................................................5
Figure 1.2 General Work Flow at nekemte city project..................................................................6
Figure 2. 1 Coarse and Fine Aggregate.........................................................................................16
Figure 2. 2 box figures for batching aggregate and sand..............................................................17
Figure 2. 3 mixing machines.........................................................................................................18
Figure 2. 4 Column work...............................................................................................................20
Figure 2.5 solid slabs.....................................................................................................................23
Figure 2. 7 Spacer (cover block)....................................................................................................25
Figure 2.8 Stirrups........................................................................................................................25
Figure 2. 9 positive and negative bars...........................................................................................26
Figure 2. 10 Removal of formwork on slab...................................................................................27
Figure 2. 13 shear wall...................................................................................................................31

LIST OF TABLES
Table 1.1 Walabu Equipement and machinery..............................................................................10
Table 2. 1 Mixing Ratio.................................................................................................................17
Table 2. 2 Removal of formwork..................................................................................................28

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ACRONYMS

BoD----------------------------Board of Directors

C-5-------------------------------Concrete grade for 5MPa compressive strength

C-25------------------------------Concrete grade for 25MPa compressive strength

C-30 -----------------------------Concrete grade for 30MPa compressive strength

C-35------------------------------Concrete grade for 35Mpa comprenssive strength

GC-1----------------------------Grade one contractor

HCB---------------------------- Hollow concrete block

HR--------------------------------Human resource

IAIP----------------------------Integrated Agro Industrial Park.

OPC -----------------------------Ordinary Portland cement

PLC------------------------------Private limited company

PPC-------------------------------Pozzolano Portland cement

RC-------------------------------Reinforcement concrete

SME----------------------------Small Micro Enterprise

WCShC---------------------- Walabu Construction Share Company

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CHAPTER ONE
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 General introduction about internship
The term internship program is concerned to integrate, familiarize, combine, and to mix both
theoretical and practical skill.Internship should give us to practical skills, work place experience
and greater knowledge of that industry in exchange for the employer benefiting from our labour.
Internship is professional learning experience that offers meaningful practical work related to a
student’s field of study or career interest.

1.2 General background of hosting company

1.2.1Background of the Company

Walabu Construction Share Company was established in March 2018 according to Ethiopian
Commercial Law of 1952 with12 founding members having registered capital amounting ETB
320,040,000 and paid up capital of ETB 80,010,000. Its establishment is to realize the economic
revolution of the Oromia Regional State by participating in major civil construction works in the
Region. It starts operations in Oromia Regional State as General Contractor Grade – I with the
objective of providing efficient, quality and adequate services in the construction sector through
fair competition in the industry and ethical business. Some of major areas of engagements are
construction of buildings, roads, rail ways, bridges, air ports, water works, dams and other
related business as required. Its business outreach will be expected to go beyond the Oromia
Regional State and stretches to other Regional States. Moreover, the WCShC desires to operate
in global business markets. After its establishment, WCShC signed about 11 contract agreements
with different clients. Among these contract agreements 7 of the them were signed with Oromia
Industrial Park Corporation for the construction of works of Integrated Agro Industrial Park
(IAIP) at Bulbula (Phase I,II,III), construction works of shashamane Rural Transforming Center
projects ( phase I,II.III) ,Nekemte Integrated Agro Industrial Park,Bedele Boarding school,
Nedjo Boarding school Itaya Rural Training Center project. Furthermore, one project contract
agreement was made with Oromia coffee Producers Cooperative Union, one project with Kenga
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Beverage Share Company, one project with Bishoftu city Administration and two asphalt road
projects were signed with Ethiopia Road Authority. It recorded a significant turn over as
compared to most of local contractors and this paved ways for more potential to execute even
larger projects. In the construction of these projects, WCSH has created a job opportunity for
many contractors and local community. 15 The company also creates job opportunity for 7
contractors, 309 SMEs and about 5,400 local daily laborers. Right now, the company has over
350 employees (permanent and contractual). There are several qualified staff in various disciples,
who are young, energetic, and committed to see the growth and prosperity of the company. The
company is growing and expanding its capacity towards a standardized approach. It is possible to
join and reach higher performers categories and then exceed most of them by integrating
commitment and concerted efforts of management and staffs at all levels. The Company aspires
to be one of the competent construction firms locally and internationally.

1.2.2Mission, Vision and Core Values

A, Mission

 WCShC wants to be preferred contractors of choice that plays key roles in economic
development through stakeholders’ partnership, integrity, timely delivery of projects,
high standard of works and customers’ satisfaction enhance by focus wealth creation for
young people who are trained owners of business and specialized sub-contractors
working with integrity and excellence.

B, Vision

 Statement to see the leading construction company in 5 years in Ethiopia and10 years in
Africa.

C, Core Values

1) Integrity and Honest: Zero Tolerance to corruption and nepotism

2) Safety and quality: High quality standards

3) Continues Learning: Commitment to excellence

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4) Accountable and responsible:

5) Team Work

6) Customers & Shareholders Satisfaction

1.2.3 Working licensee of company

Walabu Construction Share Company was established in March 2018 according to Ethiopian
Ethiopian Commercial Law of 1952 with12 founding members having registered capital
amounting ETB 320,040,000 and paid up capital of ETB 80,010,000. Its establishment is to
realize the economic revolution of the Oromia Regional State by participating in major civil
construction works in the Region. It starts operations in Oromia Regional State as General
Contractor Grade – I with the objective of providing efficient, quality and adequate services in
the construction sector through fair competition in the industry and ethical business.

1.2.4 The end user of this construction company

Some of major areas of engagements are construction of buildings, roads, rail ways, bridges, air
ports, water works, dams and other related business as required. Its business outreach will be
expected to go beyond the Oromia Regional State and stretches to other Regional States.
Moreover, the WCShC desires to operate in global business markets. Directly or indirectly, the
main customers or end users based on the direct service can be generalised as

 Governmental constructions
 Private owners
 NGO constructions owners etc.

1.2.5 Governance, Management and Organization Structure

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WCShC is governed and managed by a general assembly of shareholder members, a Board of

Directors, a General Manager, and management staff. The General Assembly is the highest
decision making body in Walabu. It is composed of the representatives of member from
shareholders. The highest decision making body at the WCShC is the Board of Directors (BoD).
A management team led by the General Manager manages the company based on the policy and
strategic directions given by the BoD. The BoD is mandated to approve annual budget and work
program of the Walabu; assign an Auditor for the audit of the books of accounts and financial
documents of the company; examine and approve reports submitted to it from the General
Manager and the Auditor; and approve internal regulations of the company, and give decisions
on other crucial strategic matters. Walabu Construction Company adopts organizational structure
in order to accomplish its vision, mission, goals, and objectives and minimize confusion over job
execution among and within departments and work units. Having an organizational structure
helps Walabu Construction Company to coordinate activities by clearly identifying which
individuals are responsible for which tasks and the company Organizational Structure is as
follow.

Walabu Board
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General Manager
Executive secretary Legal Service Director

IT, Quality Management And System Dev., Director

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Figure 1. 1 Walabu share company structures.

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1.2.6 Work flow of our hosting company

The general work flow of Walabu Construction Share Company in our site (at nekemte city) is
shown in figure below.

Project manager

Administration

Secretary

Storekeeper

Timekeeper

Figure 1.2 General Work Flow at nekemte city project

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1.2.7 Manpower Description

Client: the person or legal entity who contracts with an individual or organization under a
construction contract and pays for the works.
Consultant: - the client’s advisor on design, cost and other matters. Such advisors might include
project managers. Consultants work on the side of the client and they have the responsibility of
conducting necessary quality control mechanisms to make sure that the project is being
constructed as per design.

Contractor: a person or organization, which, as a party to a contract, is responsible for the

organization, management, and execution of that construction, comprised in the contract with the
employer.Executes the construction by employing different workers such as carpenters, masons,
daily laborers and machine operators etc.
Project manager: - is the most important person for the failure and success of the project.
Directs, coordinates, and implements the plans and programs of the project. In general the
project manager act likes as leader & has the following duty

 Supervise the overall site activities

 Cheek and control as the work is carried out according to the contract
 Corrects and approves any design problem and changes
 Check and control material quality and standard.
 Responsible for the project, at the site
 Manages the site work executions.

Contract administration: - is a major element of supervision and it has the following functions.

 quality control
 time control
Subcontractor :-in building work there has been a long trend to pass the majority of work to
sub-contractors, who specialize in various trades, where many operations are ‘packaged up’ and

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sub-let to them. Thus sub-contractors may be let for excavation, formworks, reinforcement
making and erecting, plastering masonry work, etc.

Site engineer: -Is controls all the activities in the site and is responsible for the whole
construction works like directing, planning, organizing, coordinating and controlling the activity
of the site.
Generally, the site engineer;
 Weekly or monthly work implementation.
 Checks and Controls all construction activities on the site from the
beginning.
 Prepares daily laborers output report.
 Organizes the monthly reports to be sent to Head office.
 Schedules reviews any sub contract payments.
 Responsible for whole construction

General Forman: - Acts as the agent’s right hand man for the execution of the work at the field,
his duty is to keep the work moving as the agent has planned it. He often has much authority on
the site, and is often astonishingly capable from their long experience of construction

Trade Forman: - Controls the work most of the skilled (masons, carpenters, plumber…) and
unskilled (gang leaders) labors by giving directions that he receive from the general manager or
the site engineer.

Office engineer :- Studies contract documents, reports, drafts and make himself ,The main
responsibility of the office engineers are:-

 Prepare material lists for the project and ensuring deployment

 Preparing payment certificates for sub contract
 documentation
Data collector: - Report daily data’s to the site engineer, manage the complains from the site,
and prepare monthly report.

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Sanitary engineer:-The sanitary work is carried out by a sub-contractor and the sanitary
engineer conducts the sanitary work carried out is as per the drawings and suggest (propose)
constructive ideas if there is any need to change the drawings

Mason: - : a person who executes masonry and concrete works.

Carpenter: - is a craft responsible for making wood structures for supporting different structural
components like beams and columns, formworks, and chip wood works.
Plumber :- responsible for installing, repairing and maintaining pipes and other construction
materials used for water supply and waste water disposal.
Electricians: -perform works required for the repair, maintenance, installation and
modernization of electrical systems.
Machine operators: -operate, fix and maintain different machineries on the site like, vibrator,
mixer, generator etc.
Metalworkers: -fabricate, assemble, install and repair sheet metal products and equipment’s.
Finance-The finance takes care of monthly salary (fee) of the employees; finance the purchasing
of requested materials.
Storekeeper:-Control the amount and type of materials entering and leaving the store
Time keeper: a person who controls time of entrance and exit of workers on the site.

Cashier: a person responsible for keeping and paying wages of workers.

1.2.8 Machineries and Equipment of the Company

 Construction machinery and equipment are the most crucial and critical resource for any
construction company. Construction machinery and equipment are a prerequisite for timely
completion of all construction projects. Furthermore, machinery and equipment are one of
the most capital-intensive long terms investments that a construction company makes.
 Expenses related to construction equipment have a major impact on profits or losses. Thus,
Walabu Construction Company has to evaluate the economic viability of own and rental
machinery and the related expenses and be able to take practical decisions with regards to

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management of the construction machinery and equipment to ensure maximum benefits

with minimal expenses for the company.
 Construction machinery and equipment should preferably pay for themselves by helping the
company earn more than it costs to own, operate, maintain, store and use the machine.

Operation costs are a recurring expense based on frequency of use while idle sitting machines
are a drain he income. Construction fleets should be evaluated continuously to determine
whether new machinery and equipment need to be added to the fleet, any of its parts need to be
replaced, and when underutilized or damaged machines need to be discarded and at what cost.
The choice of construction equipment for a job site is a key factor to be considered for timely
completion of the project within the stipulated budget. It is crucial that the company should
thoroughly understand the tasks that need to be completed, the machines that need to be used, the
budget and time constraints in the execution of the construction project.

 Currently, Walabu Construction Company has owned different machinery and

equipment for the last two years (2018-2020)

Table 1.1 Walabu Equipement and machinery

NO EQUIPEMENT 2018 2019 2020 TOTAL

TYPE
O R O R O R O R
1 Bul Dozer 5 3 1 9
2 Excavator 2 2 3 12 3 2 3 16
3 Grader 5 9 2 3 2 17
4 Loaeder 10 11 2 6 2 27
5 Back Hoe-Loader 1 2 2 5
6 Roller 1 2 2 5
7 Padestrial Loader 2 3 2 3 2 3 6
8 Truck Crane 2 3 2 7

9 Truck Mixer 2 2 2 2 4

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10 Dump Truck 13 50 13 13 13 50
11 Water Truck 5 14 10 29

12 Carrier Truck 2 2 2 6
13 Feul Truck 1 1 1 3

14 Low-bed Truck
1 1 1 3
15 Small Vehicle 6 2 19 2 12 2 37

16 Automobile 2 3 3 8

17 Concrete Vibrator 63 63 63 63 0
18 Concrete Mixer 17 33 33 33 0
19 Compacters 6 6 6 6 0
20 Building Clamping 42 42 42 0
Winch
21 Blocket Machine 7 7 7 7 0
22 Terazzo Machine 2 2 2 2 0
23 Wood Machine 2 2 2 2 0
24 Generators 17 17 17 17 0
25 Welding Machines 2 2 2 2 0
26 Air Compressor 2 2 2 2 0
27 Feul Dispenser 2 2 2 0
28 Water Pumps 14 14 14 14 0
29 Grinding Machine 6 6 6 6 0

TOTAL 153 90 219 83 225 50 225 223

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1.3 General Information

 Project name; - Nekemte Intgrated Agro-Industrial Park
 Client: - Oromia Industrial Parks Development Corporation
 Contractor: -Walabu Construction S.C
 Consultant: -EF Architects and Engineers constlucting PLC
 Location: - Nekemte City
 Project land cover; - 250 hectares
 Project duration; - 365 caledars days
 Date of signuters; - 12 May 2021 G.C
 Site working time; - (2-11hrs a day, 6days a week)
 Total project cost: -692.15 Million

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CHAPTER TWO
2. OVER ALL INTERNSHIP EXPERIENCE

2.1 OBJECTIVE OF INTERNSHIP PROGRAM

2.1.1 General objective
The general objective of the internship program is to provide a bridge between school and
professional world and to advance the practical knowledge of students to be a good and real
Engineer of tomorrow.

2.1.2 Specific objective

The specific objectives of this internship program are:-

 To improve self-confidence in managing manpower on construction works.

 To develop Interpersonal communication skill and team work skill.
 Open the door to a job offer about the next steps I should take on my career path.
 Provide a better understanding of what is expected if we are to succeed in the work place.
2.2 How I Get To the Company
Since the first step of my internship practice is searching for company which is willing to serve
students. Previously I have been given different orientation, which related to internships. One of
these orientations is about the company that going to serve the students. In my case, the way I get
in Walabu Construction S.C is by asking the owner, giving a letter given to me from Assosa
University, college of Engineering and Technology to work the internship program in their
company for about Four months.
Then almost I reached an agreement in everything and stayed with them for all of the internship
period.
The reason why I choose Walabu Construction S.C is that:-
 This company has many buildings at Nekemte city, which is at different stage, so that it
known as I have the chance to see many part of the building while on construction in
different sites.
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 Location of the sites is an economical in terms of transportation.

 Due to super structure Construction stage on that site.
 Location - Nekemte town is the nearest town to my families’ resident.
 Its overall capacity and level of business in the country.
 The facilities and services they give for me in terms of advising and follow me.

 Also I get shear wall structure.

2.3 Site work

In the time of working in Walabu Construction S.C construction they trained me different types
of site works plus they showed me different on site activities like,
 concrete casting,
 formwork bracing,
 Reinforcement placing and their controlling system as well.
 Machinery and equipment works

2.3.1 Super structure work

Super structure is part of building above ground floor. It includes columns, beams, slabs, stair,
lift house & etc.

2.3.2 Office work

Office work covers all the managing, monitoring, directing and revealing process of the project
work. It consists of:

 Verify the collected data and confirm the quantity of each work.

 Check the design with the real work as per specification.

 Preparing weekly progress report.

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2.4 Materials and Methodology

2.4.1 Concrete Work

2.4.1.1 Materials for Concrete

1. Cement is a binder, it is the substance that sets and hardens independently, and can bind other
materials together. It is one of the major ingredients of concrete.

 Shall comply in all respects with the requirements of Ethiopian building code standards.
Portland cement is used on the site of our internship.

2. Water is an important ingredient as it actively participates in the chemical reaction with

cement. Water has two advantages in concrete mix. These are it reacts chemically with cement
and it lubricates all other materials and makes the concrete workable.

3. Aggregates:-Aggregates the most important constituent of concrete and the filler materials
which make up a large portion (approximately 70-75%) of the concrete volume. There are two
types of aggregates used. Those are Fine aggregate and Course aggregates

 Fine aggregatesSand,

 Usually, the natural river sand is used as a fine aggregate. It is an aggregate which is
passing through the 4.75 -µm sieve and retained on the 75-µm sieve.

 Coarse Aggregate
 Coarse aggregate for the works should be river gravel or crushed stone. And it should be
hard, strong, dense, durable, and clean.

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Figure 2. 1 Coarse and Fine Aggregate

2.4.1.2 Concrete
 Concrete is very important for the structural construction such as in beams, slabs,
columns, retaining wall etc.
Advantages such as:-
- Concrete is highly resistance to compressive force
- Highly resistance to fire and weather.
- Is good insulator.
- Easily molded any shape.
- Water proof if properly mixed, vibrated.

- The maintenance cost of concrete is very low.

Disadvantages such as:-

- Compared to other binding materials, the tensile strength of concrete is relatively low.
- Concrete is less ductile.

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Table 2. 2 Mixing Ratio

Concrete Class Ratio Box Dimension(cm3) Uses

C-5 1:5:7 50*40*20 Lean Concrete

C-25 1:2:3 50*40*18 Footing Pad, Grade Beam

C-30 1:2:3 50*40*16 Footing Column, Slab

C-35 1:2:3 50*40*13 Elevation Column, Shear Wall

Figure 2. 2 box figures for batching aggregate and sand.

Concrete cover: - A structure must have concrete cover to protect the steel from external heat
and corrosion.

In our site: - Concrete cover for

 Beams & Columns- 25 mm
 Slabs -20mm and Stairs – 40 mm
 Shaer wall- 50mm

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On our site: -concrete quality;

 Structural members…C-25 and C-30

2.4.1.3 Concrete mixing

Concrete mixers are used to mix the ingredients of concrete. The design of concrete mixtures
(mix design) involves the determination of the most economical and practical combination of
ingredients to make the concrete workable in its plastic stage and to make it develop the required
quantities when hardened. Generally, a properly designed concrete mix achieved three
objectives. These are:-
 Workability of the fresh concrete
 Required quantities of the hardened concrete and
 The economy

 In my construction company there are mixing machines are used

Figure 2. 3 mixing machines

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2.4.1.4 Column Work

Column is a vertical structure element that transmits through compression, the weight of the
structure above to other structure element below. Columns support loads in compression, they
carried bending and axial compression where the bending can be more important than the axial
load.
Columns also designed to resist lateral forces for the purpose of wind or earthquake load.
Columns are frequently used to support beams, slab and upper parts of the wall or ceiling.
Depending on structural or architectural requirements, columns may be various shapes
Those are; circular, rectangular &square.
 Procedures of column methodology

 Reading drawing or design carefully.

 Preparing reinforcements as designed or with correct size and shape.

 Fixing main and false crasher by the size of column on fresh concrete around the overlap
bars of previous column.
 Tying main bars with stirrups and inter connecting main bars with overlap of previous
columns.
 Tying spacers that are pre casted for that purposes on stirrups.
 Preparing and fixing formwork.
 Checking alignment.
 Casting.
 Removing formwork.
 Curing
 Concrete C-30 will be casted and compacted using vibrator.
 Removing time of formwork 16-24hr.

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kerevat
keracheri

Stanga

Figure 2. 4 Column work

2.4.1.5 Beam work

A beam is a structural member used for carrying loads. It is typically used for resisting vertical
loads, shearing forces and bending moments.

There are two directional beams

 Longitudinal direction :constructed along longest side of the building

 Transversal direction : constructed along shortest side of the building

After differentiate the longitudinal and transversal direction, the main beam constructed on the
longitudinal side.

During construction, It is known that 1 bar (berga) =12m length and if the span length is greater
than 12m which means it need additional length for the beam.
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This additional length is divided in to 3:-

1. Lap length: used for both top and bottom bar. During construction of the beam, the top
bar of the beam was greater than 12m and the maximum length of the bar was 12m,
which means it needed additional bar so the new bar was placed and overlap with the old
bar in the middle between the two columns. Used to transfer tensile force from old bar to
the new bar.

2. Anchorage length: applied on bottom bar. Bottom bar was always anchor at column or
support and overlap at 50*diameter of the bar. Anchor length used to transfer tensile load
from the bar to the concrete.

3. Development length (ganjo): the bar, which is bending in the end part of the beam.

 Procedure for intermediate beam construction

 Firstly, carpenters erect cristae.

 Construct the formwork of the beam.
 Fix the reinforcement by stisrrups.
 Putting spacer, which has a thickness of 2.5cm.
 Casting of C-25 concrete is going to be haled with slab.
 Curing of the concrete for 21 days.
 Removal of formwork.

2.4.2 Slabs
Slabs are structural flat plates used to provide useful horizontal surface mainly for roofs and
floors of buildings, parking and other structures. In my site, I have gate the chance to see a solid.

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2.4.2.1 Solid slab

Solid slabs are customized, loosely reinforced, full concrete slab which is residential and
industrial constructed. C-25 used.

Based on load transferring mechanisms there are two types of slabs. These are one way and two
way slabs.

1. One-way slabs: As tried to define in the introduction one way slab may occurs if slab is
supported on flanged beam or the ratio of longer to shorter span is greater than two.

2. Two-way slabs: In two way slab the ratio of longer to shorter span is less than or equal two.

Methodology of solid slabs

 Supporting system is constructed and form is laid panels and checked entirely for
not being pierced.
 Reinforcement are provided according to their detail and spacers are placed between
panel and reinforcement bar.
 Concrete is casted properly while fulfilling its requirements.
 The form work for slabs has to wait minimum of 21 days to be removed until then
the slabs has to be cured in order to affair its ultimate strength.

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Figure 2.5 solid slabs

2.4.3 Stair case work

Stair is a set of steps which leading from one floor to another and provided in a building to
afford m eans of communication between various floors. Steps are arranged in series and placed
in an enclosure is called staircase.

 Procedure for stair construction

 Reading drawing or design carefully.

 Fixing distance of inclination and landing.

 Providing form works.

 Providing reinforcement bars.

 Providing risers and treads with framework.

 Inserting spacers.

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 Checking alignment.

 Casting.

 Removing formwork.

Figure 2.6 Stair case

2.4.4 Spacer
Spacers are cover blocks that are placed to prevent the steel rods from touching the formwork
and it provide a minimum cover and fix the reinforcements. It made from cement, sand and small
aggregate should match with the mix proportion of the surrounding concrete.

It has the following advantages;

- It prevent the reinforcement from corrosion
- It control the thickness of concrete cover
- It makes the panel easy for removing after casting of concrete
- It Protect the bar from the damage

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Spacer

Figure 2. 7 Spacer (cover block)

2.4.5 Stirrup
A stirrup is a closed or opened loop of reinforcement bar that is used to hold the main
reinforcement bars together in RC structure and to resist shear force and strengthen the structure.

Stirrup

Figure 2.8 Stirrups

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2.4.6 Reinforcement bar

In reinforced concrete structures steel bars are provided to resist stress due to flexure, shear and
tension. This is because concrete is weak in tension. Steel is jointly constructed with concrete.
The reinforcement bar will resist tension stress and the concrete will resist compression stress.

There are steel bars of diameter of Ø 8, Ø 10, Ø 12, Ø 14, Ø 16, Ø 20 & Ø 24 deformed
reinforcement bar. The main purpose of providing reinforcement bars is to resist tension in the
structure.

 Positive bars – These kinds of bars are mainly used to resist the positive moment. This
moment is mostly developed at the mid span on the beams.
 Negative bars – These are bars used to resist negative moment. This moment is mostly
developed at the support.

Negative bar

Positive bar

Figure 2. 9 positive and negative bars

2.4.7 Scaffoldings
Scaffoldings are used as a temporary staircase, and for placing wooden formworks, which are
used as a walkway for the workers.
Scaffoldings are constructed from Steel/prop and Wood

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2.5 Form work

Form work is a temporary construction material used for mold a structure with a required shape
and dimensions and support it until it harden sufficiently to become self-supporting.
There are two types of formwork. Those are Wooden (Timber) and Steel formwork.

2.5.1 Fixing form work

I observed how much they care while fixing form works. It should be properly fixed to avoid loss
of concrete material and unwanted shape on the structure. Proper fixing also minimizes great
chiseling to remove the unwanted shapes. Before the column, beam or slab is cast the carpenter
foreman check the necessary thing like

 Vertical and horizontal alignment for column

 The level of the panel for the slabs
 Any defects on the panel

2.5.2 Removal of formwork

Formwork will be carefully removed without shock or disturbance to concrete. No formwork will
be removed until the concrete has gained sufficient strength to with stand safety any stress to
which it may thereby be subjected.

Removal of formwork form slab

Figure 2. 10 Removal of formwork on slab

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Table 2. 3 Removal of formwork

Curing Time Curing Time

Form-work Without admixture With admixture

Vertical member ( columns ) 16 hrs. 10 hr.

Soffit formwork to slab 21 day 7 day

Propose to slab 14 day 5 day

Soffit formwork to beam 21 day 7 day

Propose to beam 14 day 5 day

2.6 Wall Work

Wall is the vertical member that provided between each column to transfer load from
intermediate beam.
The walls in the construction site I have been practicing.
 HCB wall
HCB (stretcher blocks) work
The most commonly used concrete blocks are stretcher blocks with nominal dimensions of:
40cmx 20cmx20cm: - can resist much load (both lateral and vertical
40cm x 20cmx15cm: - good resistance of lateral and vertical loads than blocks with 10cm
40cm x 20cmx10cm: -weak in resistance of load mostly for partition not for load bearing.

 It is takes least space 3

 Apply least load
 It is very economical

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 Steps of construction process HCB

- Preparing mortar that will used to make bond in between HCB

- Putting mortar over the surface in which HCB is to be constructed

- Arranging HCBs on mortared surface by keeping both vertical and horizontal alignments.

- Provide mortar in between HCBs to make vertical bond

- Repeat the above process until the required construction level is to be built

Stretcher
bond

Figure 2.11 Hallow concrete Block for wall work

2.6.1 Plastering
Plastering is the process of covering the wall and the skeleton part of the building with a
plastering material like cement mortar. Before plastering the skeletal part of the building need to
be hammered with sharp edged material to change their smooth surface in to, rough in order to
stick the mortar on them. It also provides a protective coating against atmospheric effects.

It has three steps namely first round plastering, second round plastering and third round
plastering. The total thickness off plastering is 20 mm.
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Figure 2.12 plastering work

 Additionally I have get chance to see the shear wall in our site (its not super
structure but I have see parallel as a chance on because of this I include this
structure in this document )

2.7, Shear wall;- is a verticall element of a system that is designed to resist in plane lateral
forces, typically wind and seistemic loads in many juridisctions.

Shear wall is a structural wall which is used to resist loads mainly horizontal forces and acts as
retaining wall to resist lateral pressure of the soil and to increase the aesthetics value of the
building. In addition to load resistance, it has another function. It is strong and provides security
of the building. The shear wall in our site was 800mm in bottom and 300mm in top thick. I see a
shear walls are constructed around building.

The size of reinforcement used in our site are 12Ø for horizontal and 12Ø for vertical this is
because shear wall are resist loads mainly horizontal forces and the vertical.

We were make the following major works when shear wall constructed like:

 Formwork preparation
 Reinforcement work
 Ø80mm PVC pipes
 Concrete casting

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Figure 2. 13 shear wall

2.8 Challenges I faced on site

It is known that anybody can face difficulties and challenges when she/he engages herself or
himself on a new work for him or her but usual for others.

I have faced some challenges during my internship experience in the past four months. Most of
the challenges are at the work place are;-

o Challenge to communicate with the workers, foreman’s, carpenters, masons & site
engineer, because the words they use on the site are new, and hard to memorize in the
first few weeks of the internship period.

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o Not having enough number of safety materials like helmet, safety clothes for the students.

These challenges are presence of:

 Lack of enough safety material like helmet, safety shoes and glove…. etc.

 Communication challenges with workers due to site language.

 Drawings reading & interpretation problem.

 Misunderstanding and some workers were not happy to accept interns‟ suggestions’’.

2.9 Measures taken to those challenges

 I tried to refer books and asked my site engineer to help me how I use drawings,
installation methodologies and symbols of drawing.
 I try to use every skilled and unskilled labor to understand the work for lack of site
adviser problem
 For communicate and understand of processes it was important to know these words their
meaning, so I asked and write it with their meaning.
 In fact, humans by nature are not happy when they are told their mistakes even if it
depends on how it is being told. Thus, I criticize them individually and my relation
becomes smooth.

 I tried to refer books and asked my site engineer to help me how I use drawings,
installation methodologies and symbols of drawing. I have learned the words they used
by asking and trying to memorize each word. I tried to resolve this by translating the
terminologies to their English equivalent and having a lesson about the points with the
help of general Forman and site engineer.

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CHAPTER THREE
3. OVERALL BENEFITS I GAINED FROM THE INTERNSHIP
Work experience gives me the opportunity to gain greater understanding about I chosen field. As
a full time student, one of the best ways to gain this experience is by working as an intern in my
field of study to gain practical experience. An internship offers me the chance to learn by doing
in a setting where I was supervised by a work-place professional, and have the opportunity to
achieve own learning goals, without the responsibilities of being a permanent employ.

In general, an internship program can be:

 Apply classroom learning to authentic work experience.

 Develop leadership skills and build character.

 Help me learn about a career field from the inside.

 Gives me new skills and add to knowledge base.

 Gives me the opportunity to practice communication and teamwork skills.

 Provide a bridge between school and the professional world.

 Open the door to a job offer or a recommendation about the next steps I should take on
career path.

 Provide a better understanding of what is ex pected if, I was to succeed in the workplace.

 Provide evidence that i have initiative, reliable and have a sense of responsibility.

 Gives us confidence in own abilities.

In my near four-month internship, I have been able to acquire the following benefits:-

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3. 1 Improving Practical Knowledge

When I first started on the company everything was new for me. I had only the theoretical
knowledge of the works.

It was really fascinating and inspiring to see and experience the lessons I have been learning for
the past four years. So I tried to experience and learn every work as much as I can. I tried to learn
every aspects of the work both technical and non-technical terms.
Practice makes us to be familiar with construction of some building components
Such as: Concrete, Beam, Column, Slab, Stair, Formwork, Scaffolding etc…
Some of the practical skills that I gained or learned during the internship program
Preparation of take-off sheet, Preparation of bar schedule, Quality control, checking the work
3. 2 improving theoretical knowledge
I believe that I have upgraded my theoretical knowledge by working on site. Most of the courses
I take are in theory. They are not accompanied by practice. So this internship program has helped
me interrelate what I learned at school in theory with the actual reality of the construction
industry.
Theoretical knowledge is all about logic, calculation and principles. Theories can be understood,
but they can be forgotten if they are not supported by real visualization. When I was working I
started to compare my theoretical knowledge to how and why things are applied in practice.
It was a new and challenging experience until I became familiar with the words. But learning
them was/is of great importance because it will surely avoid communication barriers which
would have been inevitable with little or no knowledge.

3.3 Improving Interpersonal Communication skills

There are two types of communication i.e. interpersonal and intrapersonal communication. The
ability to communicate is the primary factor that distinguishes human beings from animals and
one individual from another.

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The fact is that, apart from the necessities, one need to be equipped with habits of good
communication skills, as this is what will make us a happy and successful social being, which
refers to interpersonal communication.

Interpersonal communication is the ongoing process of interaction between individuals who

build the personal knowledge of one another as they create a meaning or work out put.

Interpersonal communication skill is very vital in the construction world. Due to the job’s
character, I supposed to meet different personal for the successful accomplishment of tasks, good
communication is obligatory with those personal I was faced.

I have been able to grasp the main attributes of effective interpersonal communication such as:
Truthfulness and Honesty, Being respectful, Fair and rational.

3.4 Improving Team playing skills

Team playing is a process where a group of people analyzes their group strengths and weakness,
capacity and potential in order to achieve and improve effectiveness. It can also be defined as a
structured attempt to develop the effectiveness of a group of people.

During internship, I had the opportunity to team up with other intern students from other
universities. While performing different tasks at the office and at the site by forming individuals.

Being trained in a project office which has a lot of experience, working with people possessing
lot of experience in all aspects of life and getting a chance to work with people from different
parts of the country gives me a lot of social benefits regarding to :-

 Improving interpersonal communication.

 How to resolve conflicts that arise during work.
 How to compromise problems that arise in interpersonal relationships.
 How to explain situations in ways most understands.
 Good team player possesses the following skill
 Communicates constructively
 Listens actively

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 Functions as an active participant shares openly and willingly

 Cooperates and pitches in to help
 Shows commitment to the team
 Works as a problem-solver
 Treats others in a respectful and supportive manner

Then in my site I gained team playing skill during construction time to solve the problem and
how to modified the drawing in peace way.

3.5 Improving Leadership skills

Leadership is a process of leading the careers of the company the problems in the company come
in all size, shape and color in different period time. In the internship program I was understand
the leadership skills, how to manage or lead one company in properly way. To help you move
forward in your career, you need ability to be a good leader.

Major experiences to lead gained from internships are:-

 I have seen how each worker is controlled and organized to perform its day-to-day
activities. Among all other managements, I have seen that human resource management
is the most important one.

 I have actually observed the method of controlling the working time and amount of work
done by each worker so that the work proceeds according to the work plan (schedule).

 Leadership is a skill to guide, control and monitor peoples.

3.6 Understanding Work Ethics and related issues

Ethical conduct of workers is very important for developing healthy working environment and
increasing productivity, Ethical work conduct enables us in order to posses’ appropriate
behaviors in the work and I can develop proper relationships with co-workers and it helps me to
create good working environment.

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During my internship, I have proved that proper application of ethical values benefits both the
company and the employees.

The basic values are:

 Punctuality: Punctuality doesn’t always refer to arriving on the work place on time, it
also infers to delivering given any task according to the deadline and being always
available if needed in working hours.

 Office disciplines- in work place you don’t have to disturb the working atmosphere. For
example abstain from opening loud voice, loud music, songs and things which disturb
other workers’ working mood.

 Honesty- Regarding this value each worker regardless of its status should abstain
from bad behaviours such as cheating , bias , corruption etc..

 Proper utilization of instruments and labor: this would prevent any wastage which
could result from careless and excessive use of instruments and labor, in turn saving
precious time and money.

 Cooperation: A worker should be able to team up and develop good relation with his/her
partners so as to be effective and create a smooth working platform.

 Attendance is the best requirement of work ethics.

 Character: - Display a high level of effort and commitment to performing and

completing work is honest in all situations Demonstrate trustworthiness and Responsible
behavior Displays loyalty, dependability, reliability.

 Appearance Present a neat, clean appearance Practice personal hygiene, wear clothing
suitable to the job, task and environment.

 Initiative, And Self-Discipline

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 Reliability- The worker should be qualified for the part he is supposed to be

performing . He/she must have appropriate skill and knowledge for the task
assigned.

3.7 Entrepreneurship skills acquired

Entrepreneurship is a key driver of economic growth and job creation. It provides many people
with career opportunities that better fit their preferences than waged employment.

After the completion of internship more motivated to look forward in construction business and
to start taking sub contract with different technique.

A construction project mainly requires large human, financial, physical (material and equipment)
institutional (management) resources. Entrepreneurship is defined as special human talent that
helps manage those factors of production such as labor machinery and capital and takes risks of
making loses.

Human resource management

Having a quality worker is a must if one needs to be productive and the need for employment
testing comes to picture to determine the candidate’s ability to perform the job, in addition
interviewing provides more opportunity to verify information on hand and to find out more about
the person’s interest, aspiration and expectation.

Equipment utilization management

Construction equipment management helps a person to plan implement and monitor construction
equipment to:

 Enhance optimum operation

 Harmonize standards and enhance the quality of working

 Increase efficiency or productivity of inputs to the products of the construction

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CHAPTER FOUR
4. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
4.1 CONCLUSION
The period of internship program has major role in equipping practical knowledge and
understanding the meaning of some courses that I have taken in the field of Construction
Technology and Management.
The internship time is a time that let me to build up and test real building construction world.
And it helped me to develop self-confidence and introduced us to the practical world of
construction Industry. In addition to this it helps me to understand the theory that I have learned
in the class.
Internship program is proved to be a construction between the theoretical and practical
knowledge. The various types of orientation programs, tasks and trainings that I have been
undertaking during this past four month on the site and the office increased my knowledge not
only in building construction but also on knowing the working environment. I’m very lucky to
see that what I have learnt in the university can be repeated in the working world.
I have been involved in the internship program for the last four months in Walabu
ConstructionS.C
The internship experience has helped us to: -
 Upgrade my theoretical knowledge.
 What the real working environment looks like.
 In predicting what my future work stream will be.
 Learn Practical consideration for building construction & design.
 Learn about project evaluations & cost management

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 Be originative, communicable, and confident and take risks in my future professional

career. In generally, the internship program was important in getting many experiences,
knowledge and skills from concerned professionals to become as competent construction
technology and management at national and international level.

4.2. RECOMMENDATION

4.2.1. Recommendation for the company

 It is better to provide appropriate facilities for intern students like paper & copies of
materials needed.

 It should provide emergency insurance for its workers.

 It should provide safety wears like helmet for its workers.

 The interns were not taken information in proper way that is why there were no learning
classes.

 The host company is responsible for supply of cement and reinforcement bars but due to
shortage of these construction materials, the construction was delayed. For the future I
recommended that the company should increase its manufacturing efficiency so that the
projects will not be delay.

4.2.2. Recommendation for the university

▪ The intern recommends the university to carry out constant supervision and monitoring of
students during the internship training so as to encourage them to perform the duties fully
and also accurately. This will also put a close link between the academic supervisors and
the field supervisors so as to foster appropriate assessment of what the interns are doing
in the field.

▪ The teaching learning method shall be more practical other than theoretical. The
attachment program helps in incorporating the practical and theoretical. A practice has to

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go hand in hand with the theoretical learning. It will help students to easily visualize what
is being told in class.

▪ I would like to recommend that the construction technology and management add
software course (Sap, ETAB, and 3DAutoCAD etc.). In to the curriculum to make
student more competitive with the outside world.

REFERENCES

Company document containing organizational structure and brief history of WCSC

Day to day reports during internship program.
EBCS. ((Ethiopian Building Code Standard)). 1995. 5th edition.
Lecture note I had taken 4th year class
Internet browse
S.RAMAMRUTHAM, B. (1682). Design of reinforced concrete structures. India: J.C Kapur fot
Dhanpa: Rai& Sons, Delhi-Jullundundur.

Reinforced Concrete Structures 2. (April 23, 2020). Addis Ababa institute of Technology .

www.walabu Construction S.C.com

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APPENDICES
 Fonte: is a post or straight standing woods, which support formwork of slab& beam at
bottom.
 Skuadra: made up of metal used to check for right angle or 90 degrees.
 Staffa: is stirrup, which used as a shear resistance members of columns, beams and
shears walls.
 Phondo: is bottom soffit, which used as a formwork for beams and slabs at the bottom.
 Esponda: is sideboard, which used as a formwork for beams and slabs on vertical sides.
 Stanga: is vertical bracing woods, which used to kill column.
 Ganch: is a wood used to attach stanga on it.
 Christi: is vertical beam support wood used to support slab formwork.
 Tumbi: is plumb bob, which used for checking alignment of structures.
 Sibago: is a string, which used to maintain horizontal alignment.
 Cravat: which used to fix the formwork of column together in their position
 Maincracher: is two piece of wood used to fix the column.
 Ferayo: is bar bender, or cutter.
 Modin: is a horizontal slab support.
 Kebelato: Separate between bottom and top reinforcement, it is used like as spacer.
 Armata; is a concrete
 Berga; which is 12 meter reinforcement bar

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