ADDIS ABABA SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE AND CIVIL ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
Final internship report

Final internship hosting company; - Seblewerk Asmare General Construction

Prepared by; Bereketeab Yohannes Hailu

Id no; ETS 0297/10

Section; B

E mail address;bereketabyohannes@gmail.com

Period of internship; July 26 – September 18

Company supervisor; natnael girma

Academic advisor; Tesfamichael Tsegaye

ubmission date oct 8, 2021

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DECLARATION

I Bereketeab Yohannes a 4th year civil engineering student in AASTU have undertaken my internship
experience in SEBLE WERK ASMARE GENERAL CONSTRUCTION from July26/2021 to SEPTEMBER 18/2021
under the guidance of Mr.TESFAMICHAEL TSEGAYE (academic advisor) and Mr. NATNAEL GIRMA
(company supervisor).

I classify that my work is original compiled according to the Internship report guide given by the
department.

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ACKNOWLEDGMENT

First, I would like to thank my god for his merciful and endless guidance through my life. Next to god I
would like to thank my families for their great support and being beside me in all aspects. And next to
this I would like to thank Addis Ababa science and technology University College of architecture and civil
engineering department for providing this kind of internship program for us. And I would also like to
thank my hosting company seblewerke asmare general construction for their genuine hospitality and
continued effort to educate, supervise and foster my technical and professional skills throughout the
whole internship program.

at last but not the least I would like to express my special thanks to Eng. Natnael girma, all employees in
the site and other internship students for their encouragement and endless cooperation
throughout my stay in the internship programs.

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

An overall view that shows about what I have been doing. A report about the internship
experience that successes I have achieved during the period of the program in seblewerk asmare
general construction. This report gives detail information about site activities carried for building
project.

The contents of the report have been divided into three chapter. In the first chapter of my report, I
briefly described about over all internship experience. The second chapter of the report briefly explains
about benefit of the internship.in the third chapter of my report contain about, conclusion and
recommendation for my host company. To help anyone reading this report better understands for the
discussed topics and ideas.

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TABLE OF CONTENT

DECLARATION..................................................................................................................................... 2

ACKNOWLEDGMENT.............................................. ............................................................................3

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY........................................................................................................................4

List of Figure........................................................................................................................................7

CHAPTER ONE.................................................. ..................................................................................8

OVERALL ENTERNSHIP EXPERIENCE.................................................. ................................. …………….8

1.1 HOW I GET IN TO THE COMPANY .................................................................................................8

1.2 DESCRIPTION ABOUT THE PROJECT ..............................................................................................8

1.3 project work flow………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………9

1.4 MY INTERNSHIP EXPERIANCE .......................................................................................................10

1. form work .......................................................................................................................................11

2. spacer...............................................................................................................................................13

3. reinforcement work..........................................................................................................................14

4. concrete work .................................................................................................................................15

5. beam ...............................................................................................................................................19

6.slab ...................................................................................................................................................21

7. column..............................................................................................................................................28

8. staircase............................................................................................................................................30

9. partition and plastering ................................................................................................................. 31

1.5 CHALLENGES WHILE PERFORM TASKS.............................................................................................35

1.6 MEASURES IN OVERCOMING THE CHALLENGES .............................................................................35

CHAPTER TWO.......................................................................................................................................36

BENEFITS OF THE INTERNSHIP ..............................................................................................................36

2.1 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................................36

2.2 PRACTICAL SKILL..............................................................................................................................36

2.3 THEORETICAL KNOWLEDGE ..........................................................................................................37

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2.4 INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION SKILL ...................................................................................38.

2.5 IMPROVING TEAM PLAYING SKILL .................................................................................................38

2.6 IMPROVING LEADERSHIP SKILL .....................................................................................................39

2.7 ETHICAL BEHAVIORS ....................................................................................................................40

2.8 ENTREPRENEURSHIP SKILL..............................................................................................................40

CHAPTER THREE....................................................................................................................................41

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION ................................................. ...........................................41

3.1 CONCLUSION....................................................................................................................................41

3.2 RECOMMENDATION ........................................................................................................................42

Appendix ................................................................................................................................................43

Reference Book ......................................................................................................................................36

List of Figure

Fig 1 COLONM FORMWORK ..................................................... ............................................................12

Fig 2SLAB FORMWORK AND SCHAFOLDING.................................................. ......................................... 12

Fig 3STAIR FORM WORK .................................................... ....................................................................12

Fig 4 BEAM AND SLAB FORMWORK ................................................. .....................................................12

Fig 5 PARAPHET COLUNM FORWORK ............................................... .....................................................12

Fig 6 SHEAR WALL FORM WORK FOR ELEVATOR .....................................................................................13

Fig 7 SPACER ................................................. ...................................................... ..................................13

Fig 8 MIX TRUCK ............................................... ...................................................... ...............................13

Fig 9 PLACING CONCREAT TUBE ................................................... ..........................................................14

Fig 10 BEAM REBAR ............................................... ...................................................... ..........................20

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Fig 11 form work for suspended beam………………………………………………………………………………………………...21

Fig 12 slab rebar ..................................................... ..................................................... ...........................23

Fig 13positive and negative bar ................................................... ..........................................................23

Fig 14 concrete casting and kebeleto ................................................. ....................................................24

Fig 15 vibrator and concrete ................................................ ...................................................... ...........25

Fig 16HCB FOR RIBBED SLAB ............................................... ..................................................... ...........26

Fig 17 U BAR ............................................. ...................................................... .......................................27

Fig 18 POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE BAR ............................................... ......................................................27

FIG 19 column …………………………...................................................... ......................................................29

Fig 20 stair ................................................... ..................................................... ....................................31

Fig 21block work ............................................... ...................................................... ............................32

Fig 22 plastering………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…34

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1
1
 CHAPTER ONE

OVERALL ENTERNSHIP EXPERIENCE

1.1 HOW I GET IN TO THE COMPANY

First, I would like to start with how I got into the company before explaining my internship Experience.
After the application form was given to us from Addis Ababa science and Technology University, I
applied to different companies who could be good mentors for my future in my profession. Some were
polite and some hostile to receive my application and give me the required service. In contrary I faced
some companies who were not willing to accept internship student or give answers politely.

In the bright side I got accepted in different places and I preferred to work in seblewerk asmare general
construction. The reasons why I chose this company were, first the supervisors( site manager) was a
student in our campus AASTU and he also learn his master’s program in our campus and next the
willingness of the company to support the student and the availability of advising staff in the
company, the effort of the company in research and development and its willingness to give project
works for the students, the existence of updating new technology and other facilities.

1.2 DESCRIPTION ABOUT THE PROJECT

Project: Mixed use building

Site 1: Addis Ababa, bisrate gebriel site 2: Addis Ababa welo sefer

Story: B+G+9 story: B+G+10

Employer: abrham and natnael girma employer: aman and natnael

Contractor: seble werk asmare general construction

Consultant and Supervisor: architecture and engineering consultant

Plot area: 1147m2

Building area: 875m2

Site 1 has three main purposes which are used for commercial apartment and car parking.

Since it has basement +1 ground and +9 stories. The car parking area occupies basement and the

Commercial floors and parking are from ground floor and the 1st floor to the 9th floor is used for
apartment purpose.

Site 2 has four main purposes which are used for commercial, apartment, office and car parking. The car
parking areas occupies basement and the commercial floors are from ground floor and the 1st floor to
the 3rd is used for office and the 4th to the 10th floor is used for apartment purpose.

We start the internship program on July26 to September 18 for consecutive 2 month.

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1.3 project work flow

General Manager

General Manager: - Would be accountable to the company operation and would head the firm based
on his/her authority depicted on memorandum and job description.

Task of general manager

the whole site work execution

payment to sub contract workers

material request

the work processes

sub-contracting agreements

General Forman

the whole work process

some materials and makes request

any challenges of work procedures and their execution etc.

Sub-contractors

carpenter, bar bender or plasterer contractors.

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1.4 MY INTERNSHIP EXPERIANCE

In this chapter I will try to show what I have seen and what I have get in my 2-month experience.

Before I started my apparent time the site already on superstructure work, in the first two weeks I was
introducing with the project and the staff members who are at the site. I was familiar with the following
categories of works executed.

✓ Formwork

✓ Spacer

✓ Reinforcement work

✓ Beam

✓ Concrete work

✓ Stair

✓ Slab

✓ Column

✓ Partition and plastering

1. FORMWORK

I was saw wood form work which is depending the shape of the construction work.

The formwork is temporary construction material used as a mold for structure with required size
and shape while controlling its position and alignment to support and form concrete members. It can be
mainly made up of timber plywood of any desired shape mostly rectangular. It also treated with oil or
benzene to prevent sticking of formwork with concrete Thus, it can be named based on the type of
structural member

Construction such as slab formwork, beam formwork, column formwork, stair formwork shear wall for
lift formwork etc.

In our site the formworks that we preferred to use timber they from perspective view of the material,
they are made of i.e. used plywood for the erection of beams, columns, shear walls and stairs cases.

Example; - Plywood, H-frame or scaffolding, morale

When the concrete has reached the strength, the formwork is no longer needed and is removed.

The operation of removing formwork is called striping. After stripping the removed formwork

is reused for another structural element.

Period of removal of formwork (Stripping times)

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➢ Vertical formwork for columns, beams and walls…………………...1 days

➢ Soffit formwork to slab and stair case………………………… .........21 days.

➢ Soffit formwork to beam……………………………………………………...21 days.

Formwork must full fill the following requirement

➢ It must be accurately set out

➢ the material of formwork should be suitable for re-use of several time

➢ should be strong enough to carry the lodes placed on it, Example;- dead weight of the fresh

Concrete, reinforcement, HCB and daily labors

➢ the joint in the form work should be tight agent’s linkage

➢ should be brushed by releasing agent or oils

Fig 1,column form work fig 2,slab formwork and schafolding

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Fig 3,stair formwork fig4, beam and slab formwork

Fig 5, paraphet false column Fig 6,shear wall formwork for elevator

2,Spacer

It’s a space b/n reinforcement and formwork or lean concrete. The spacers are tied to the rebar before
casting the concrete

It has the purpose of protecting the rebar from corrosion, fire resistance also give reinforcing
bar

Sufficient imbedding to enable them to be stress without stepping

On our site we have seen spacer used in different structural elements

For super-structural works for beam and columns… 25mm

For slab and stair ……20m

Fig 7, Spacer

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3. REINFORCEMENT WORK

Reinforcement bars are a rounded steel bars with different size and shape of deformed

type used in reinforced concrete. Steel reinforcement is generally used in the form of bars or

circular cross section in concrete structure. Steel is one of the best forms of reinforcement, to

take care of those stresses and to strengthen the concrete to bear all kinds of loads. All

reinforcement bars are of the specified quality and in accordance with the standard technical

specification. The bars should be store in clean and dry area and also sheltered from rainfall. It

should be reasonably free from corrosion, rust and other impurities, such as grease, oil and other

kind of dirt which affect the strength of reinforcement. When it’s rust we should be brushed it

b/c of many types of dirty which affect the strength of reinforcement

NB check; - The Bar dimeter by Verner caliper, The Bar length By Meter ,

The steel strength no

It’s very important that the reinforcement is made up and placed strictly in accordance with the

drawing and that is so maintained during the placing reinforcement bars overlap location. During

the arrangement of reinforcement for the construction we have different types of reinforcement

bars

Stirrups

Stirrups Serve as shear reinforcement and are tied on longitudinal reinforcement to provide

resistance against outward buckling. The stirrups are different spacing for column and beam.

Most of the time we use 6 and 8 bars for stirrups. They are placed to provide diagonal shear

resistance, the diamond and spiral stirrup used to control lateral load ( earth quake and wind)

in our site I sow D/t types of stirrups for column spiral, rectangular, diamond etc.

Longitudinal reinforcement or +ve bar

Longitudinal bars are the vertical bars, which are in the vertical alignment within the column and

horizontal alignment in the slab and beam. They resist bending forces in beam, axial compression

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in the column and bending stress in slab. Reinforcement placed to resist moment created by flexure,
torsion, vertical load and it also support shear reinforcement and other force longitudinal
reinforcement proved resistance to compressive and tensile lode and tensile lode with concrete.

Negative bars –

These bars is used to resist negative moment. Most of the time they are found at the support of

the beams. They are placed on 1/3 of span length from the center of the column to top, where

bending moment is maximum.

Chair Bar (Kebelto)

➢ It’s uphold the gap between upper and lower cage

➢ It supports the upper cage

➢ Mostly used in solid slab and mat foundation

Lapping length

There are overlapping length for beam and column, in our sight we use 5φ

Ties of reinforcement

When bar diameter greater than φ8 we use double tie

When bar diameter greater than 32 it should be weld.

4. CONCRETE WORK

concrete is made by mixture of cement, sand, aggregate, water, air and admixture if required.

The strength and quality of concrete depend not only on the quality and quantity of the materials,

but on the procedures used in combining these materials and the skill involved in the

transportation, placing, compaction, finishing and curing of concrete.

Cement: the cement powder, when mixed with water forms paste. This past acts like glue and

holds or bonds the aggregate together. It’s like binding agent

Aggregate: used for strength, resistance for cover large volume. Based on size two types of

aggregates fine and cores.

Fine Aggregate (sand): - Its size greater than 4.75mm pass aggregate example. crashed sand (00)

aggregate and river sand Used for to fill void b/n (filler).

Coarse aggregate;- Its size at 25mm pass at 20mm retied Its cover large area

Water: Water fit for drinking is generally suitable for concrete. It facilitates the spreading of

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cement over the aggregate and makes the mix workable.

Admixture: -unlike cement, aggregate and water are not an essential component of the concrete

mix, but they are important and increasingly widespread component that are used to improve

certain properties of concrete.

An admixture can be defined as chemical product which is added to the concrete mix in qualities

no longer than 5%by mass of cement during mixing operation prior to the placing of concrete

for achieving specific modification to normal properties of concrete.

Type of admixture

1 retarder: - used to increase the initial setting time of concrete, mostly used in transportation

process when the concrete plan Bach is far from construction site

2 accelerators: - used to decrease initial setting time concrete, mostly used in pile casting process

when it has underground water table appear

3 air entries

4 plasticizers: - used to reduce amount o f water that present in mixed concrete large enough

5 super-plasticizers: - used to form concrete to jelly property during pumping process of concrete.

On my site, used concrete making materials are: OPC type of cement, well graded coarse
aggregate, with good quality of sand and clean water.

MIXING OF CONCRETE

Mixing of concrete materials should be done thoroughly to ensure the uniform

distribution of materials in concrete mass & this can be judged by consistency of concrete.

Method of mix may be hand mix or mechanical (machine) mix. In our site mixing process is

done in standing mixer and mixer truck

This all is about how I was investigated on slab work. As I mentioned I explain that, we

were used C-30 for column and C-25 for slab and beam

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Fig 8, mix truck

PLACING OF CONCRETE

Concrete should be deposited (poured) as near as possible to its final position in order to

reduce segregation. Problems that arise due to poor handling and placing of fresh concrete are

segregation and bleeding.

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Fig 9,placing concrete by tube

COMPACTION OF CONCRETE

After the concrete had been placed, the compaction or consolidation has been started

using vibrator. The purpose of vibration or consolidation is to expel or eliminate the air bubbles

from the concrete mass to the maximum extent in order to achieve maximum density of concrete.

But Over vibrate produced bleeding

Under vibration form honeycomb

CURING OF CONCRETE

Curing of concrete is a process of keeping mixing water design so hydration continue up to max

compressive strength gained Example; for PPC 45 Day and OPC 28 Day

The curing time may depend on concrete type, the type of the structural element and

environment of the working station. There are two setting times of concrete namely, initial

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setting time and final setting time.

Initial setting time;- is a time that takes for Mixing, discharging, transporting and casting period

required up to (30-45min)

Final setting time: - is a time that found b/n after cast of concrete to starting period of curing, so

it takes a minimum time of (10hr or 600min)

5, Beam

It is a building member used to carry and transfer loads to the consecutive columns and used

as a confining element for the slab. supper structure beams are

subjected to moments and shear loads. Detail provision and reinforcement are provided as

that of grade beams. But the difference is it does not have contact with the ground and thus

the construction needs bottom formwork (soffit) and props for casting. . This beam can be primary
and secondary beam.

Primary(main) beam is a type beam that runs from column to column, in this case the load

transfer directly to the column.

Secondary (distributed) beam is a type beam that runs from beam to beam not connected to the

column, in this case the load transfer directly to the primary beam and also the primary (main)

beam transfer the load to the column.

When the slab and

beams are to be made of the same concrete quality they are casted monolithically. On our site

all beams are rectangular dimension and fixed ended.

Beam reinforcement

Beam reinforcement placement was started after the form work of slab and Sponda of beam

were placed and slab reinforcement started. The reinforcement bar size were used in a beam

is diameter of 8 for stirrup, for main bar the diameter of the bar vary based on the plane.

During beam reinforcement placement the bottom bar over lap at the support and the top bar

overlap at the middle of the span, because at the bottom tension force is high and to resist

slippery of bar. All quantity of beam reinforcement bar passes through the supported

reinforcement bar. Because to proper transfer of load without sliding of beam down ward.

When two equal span length cross each other, the top one have high amount of negative

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reinforcement bar to increase the capacity of the beam. The location of stirrup on the beam

reinforcement bar changes at each tied. The use of stirrup is to hold the bar in a given spacing

and to keep the position of reinforcement bar and to keep the shape of the beam also prevent

the shear failure on the structure. Stirrups are tied on the beam reinforcement in alternate way

to resist failures.

Fig 10, beam rebar

Form work for beams

The main form works for beam are Sponda and fondo.

Fondo (sofit):-a form work which could be sited on the bottom of the beam.

Sponda:-side form work of the beam

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Fig 11, formwork for suspended beam

Concrete casting beams:-

➢ Both longitudinal bars and stirrups are provided according to their spacing

➢ Spacers are tied with bars and then formwork is constructed for the member

➢Its verticality is checked with plumb bob

➢ Concrete is poured into formwork and vibrated around rod reinforcement

➢ Formworks are removed after expiry of their period and the concrete surface is

watered until it sufficiently cures.

6, Slab

Slab is a structural part of the building having plate shape and used to cover the distance

between beams and possibly columns. Generally slabs are constructed monolithically with

beams and concreted in one operation for the full depth. The top surface of the slab is kept

rough to create a proper bond with any type of floor finish desired .there are solid ,flat and ribbed slab.

At our project site they incorporated solid slab at gebriel site and ribbed slab at welo sefer site.

A. solid slab

It was constructed from a concrete quality C-25.

A concrete slab or solid slab is a common structural element of modern building. It is a plane

horizontal structural element used to support live loads and dead loads and transfer these

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loads to the supporting beams or walls.

Slab reinforcement placement

Before slab reinforcement placements were started the formwork was painted gasoline and

the formwork of the slab and the beam is carried by props. Then after, reinforcements have

been placed completely.

During slab reinforcement was placed, first the bottom (mesh) bar was placed in two (x and

y) direction with in the same spacing. Then the reinforcement bar has been tied by black wire

to keep the position of the bars and the given spacing. The bars have bend at one end and

extended up to one third of the slab for each partition in external side. The top (negative)

reinforcement bar of slab has been placed up to one third of the span length from the beam or

support. Because, around one third of the span length there is high interaction of load and the

load would be transferred to the column from different parts of the structure through this way.

After have been finished bottom and top reinforcement placement of slab, kabeleto and

spacer was placed. kabaleto was made from wastage bar by bending both sides, which is

placed between bottom and top reinforcement of the slab to prevent the overlap of the bottom

and the top reinforcement during concrete caste and to keep the thickness (space) of bottom

and top reinforcement of slab. Spacer was placed between the formwork and the bottom

reinforcement of the slab to keep the clear cover of the concrete.

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Fig12,slab rebar

Fig13,positive and negative bar of slab

The Procedures on placing of suspended Beam and Slab can be summarized as follows:

➢ Place H-frame or scaffolding

➢ Construct beam form work

➢ put ply wood

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➢ arrange beam reinforcement

➢ Then arrange slab reinforcement

➢ Electrical, plumbing and sanitary installation

➢ Arrange electrical and sanitary fittings

➢ Check c/c , +ve and – ve bars

➢ Cast concrete both in slab and beams at once solid slab work

➢ compacted with vibrator . It was done to:

bond between concrete particles.

the air void.

the strength, durability and workability of the concrete mix.

the segregation or separation of concrete particles.

Fig14, placing concrete for slab and kebeleto

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Fig15, concrete work

B.RIBBED SLAB

Ribbed slab is type reinforced concrete slab in which some of the volume of concrete in the tension zone
is removed and replaced with hollow blocks or left as voids. This reduction in the volume of concrete in
tension zone (below the neutral axis) is based on the assumption that the tensile strength of the
concrete is zero, hence all the tensile stress is borne by the reinforcements in the tension zone. The
resulting construction is considerably lighter than a solid cross-section.

After completing the form work then we construct girder beam. A girder is a large and deep type of
beam that is used in construction. It is typically capable of longer spans and taking greater loads than a
normal beam, and is often used as a main horizontal structural support for smaller beams. Then after
constructing girder beam, we placed hollow concrete blocks between those hollow concrete blocks
construct rib beams. Then we reinforced the slab by 6mm diameter bar at the top which is used for
strengthening the slab .It is a type of slab which uses HCB, wide bend beams running between columns
and narrow ribs.

Ribbed slab can be selected for the following reasons:

➢ relatively light in weight and less expensive and economical.

➢ Has high capacity of sound absorbance or excellent vibration control

➢ For flexible uses of the construction

➢ Durable for low live load slab construction

In welosefer construction site ribbed slabs are used for all the floors excluding ground floor. Hollow

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block of 24cm is used but around the bathroom area18cm of hollow blocks are use for more

dampness resistance. The U-bar used has the diameter of 8mm. U-bar is used to
- Prevent the concrete from slipping under stress and moment.
- It also used to hold the ribbed reinforcements in position.
The procedure that were used to constrict this slab are a s follows

➢ The scaffoldings were erected by an appropriate height and put ply wood

➢ The beam reinforcements were placed in position

➢ Electrical, plumbing and sanitary installation

➢ U bars are constricted

➢ Negative bars were placed near the supports and Meshes the upper surface of slab

➢ Casting of mass concrete proceeds by the specified depth using a vibrator

Fig16,placing HCB for ribbed slab

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Fig17, placing u bar

Fig18, positive and negative bar

Slab formwork removing

The formwork was providing to keep the shape of fresh casted concrete and also it was

removed after the concrete gain the maximum strength. The formwork of the slab was

removed after 21 days of concrete caste.

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7. COLUMN

Columns are reinforced structures which transmit the axial loads to the foundations. It is used to

Carry and transfer loads from slabs, roofs and beams to the foundation.

Columns vary in size and shape. There are circular as well as rectangular columns in shape, the

circular column have higher required reinforcement than rectangular and esthetically beautiful.

As we know theoretically column has longitudinal (resist lateral load and axial load with aid of

concrete) and lateral reinforcement /stirrups (prevent buckling and tie the longitudinal

reinforcement).

Procedure followed to construct a column.

➢ First “kracheri” is fixed for marking center and edge of a column.

➢ Overlap the reinforcement bars with reference of structural drawing.

➢ Fix the formwork

➢ The form work will be fixed with “kerebat” and “stanga” and gindila ,it should be checked for the

actual position by suspending “plumb bob” in two opposite sides of column and with reference of other

columns.

➢ Cast concrete as per design.

➢ Remove the form work on the next day and curing it with wet cover

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Fig19, column

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8. STAIR CASE

Stairs are set of steps leading from one floor to another and are provided in a building to afford

as means of communication b/n varies floor. stair case is seen as connectors between at least two

different levels. this is super structure necessary for the building which has additional floor to

the ground floor of the building to another floor part of the building.

# Procedure followed to construct stair case

➢ Tie main bars on the grade beam

➢ Keep form work

➢ Mesh it in both direction

➢ Insert spacer b/n inclined form work and main bars

➢ Bend the bars 1/3 of the span around support

➢ Tie 90-degree bended bars for riser

➢ Keep spacer

➢ Form work for the riser

➢ Cheek the required alignment

➢ Cast the concrete

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Fig20,stair

9. Partition and plastering

Partition

In our site, we use concrete block work for partition

 One of the most common masonry units.

 It consists of hardened cement and may be completely solid or contain single or multiple
hollows.

 It is made from conventional cement mixes and various types of aggregates. These include:
sand, gravel, crushed stone, expanded Shale or clay, volcanic ciders (Pozzolana), scoria, pumice,
etc.

 Various types of blocks are manufactured to be used for wall construction.

 The partition work used to CHCB cement, sand material. HCB block use in different size that
means the external part 20cm because the external condition happened for different
occasions like –wind

_pressure

_rain snow

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 ➢ The interior wall times used 15cm HCB block because interior condition not attach the external
failure band additionally to save interior area.

➢ The mortar used 1:3 ratio

Fig21,block work

Plastering

How to calculate Quantity for plaster

Given:-

. 3 meter height

. 5 meter wide

. Thickness of the plastering = 15mm or 0.015m

Required: - Quantity for plaster

Solution

V = Height x width x thickness

3 meter x 5 meter x 0.015 meter = 0.225 m3

; - Dry volume of plaster =0.225m

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To find wet volume of the plaster

Wet volume of the plaster =1.54 x dry volume

➢ It’s the recent formula it was 1.4 the recent is 1.54 it varies from country to country in our

country Ethiopia , there is poor waste management due to absence of adapting management

tools like lean construction ,kaizen...... etc. that’s why cost of most projects are 200% of initial

budget

➢ 10% shrinkage (0.1)

➢ 44% wastage (0.44)

It counts up 54% which is 0.54

Volume of wet plaster =1.54 X 0.225m3=0.346 m3

Volume of wet plaster = 0.346m3

Let’s find the volume of sand and cement

To find the volumes of sand and cement we have to know the ratio of plaster it (1:4)

Ratio= 1:4 (means 1 cement and 4 sand)

It adds up 5

1+4=5

➢volume of cement

1/5 x 0.346m3= 0.07m3

➢Bag of cement

Bag of cement = 0.035m3

Number of bag of cement = 0.07m3/0.035m3

= 2 bag of cement

➢ Density of cement = 1440kg/m^3

Mass of cement = density x volume

Mass of cement = 100.8kg

Volume of sand

4/5 x 0.346 m3= 0.276m3 let’s take 0.28m3

Volume of sand = 0.28m3

25
Fig 22 plastering

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1.5 CHALLENGES WHILE PERFORM TASK

It is clear that I am a practicing employer. Due to this there are some challenges which faced me

at the real construction site.

Some of the challenges are: -➢ Unwillingness of some professional persons to share their
experience and practical

knowledge.

➢ Local (site) names of equipment and materials in the site

➢ During at the time of working on the site there are lacks safety which may endanger health.

➢ The office workers were busy, and they don't have time to help us, especially quantity

surveyor and to show Bill of quantity as well as general office works.

➢ terrible accident happens to one of the employees ,he fall from the 7th floor and I’m very disturbed

1.6 MEASURES IN OVERCOMING THE CHALLENGES

Some of the measures in overcoming the challenges are:

➢ Creating relation with Forman and site supervisor and I asked them. After that I became

familiar with every work and understood well.

➢ Creating smooth relation with unwilling persons.

➢ I asked carpenters and other daily laborers, through time I became familiar with all the site

names.

➢ I asked the foreman and he answered me “this is a new and temporary office. Therefore, we

will try to fulfill every facility for future. “Therefore, I did all office works manually.

➢ When I move here and there on the site I moved with great care. As a result, I finished the

tasks safely without any danger.

➢ I convince myself that I can adopt all site conditions such as the discrepancy of theoretical

learning and practical work .

➢ I have tried to come with my handouts daily and concerning with each other activity, in

addition to, using cape to solve rain y related problems.

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CHAPTER TWO

BENEFITS OF THE INTERNSHIP

2.1 INTRODUCTION

Internship program is a method of letting the students to assume themselves as a potentially

responsible workman for a particular work by assigning them to actively participating in

construction company. And such trends help students to have valuable work experience.

Internship programs are also potentially valuable to company.

In this internship that means within these four months I observed what the outside

construction world looks like more than what I usedto know when I was at school. At school I

learned or took many theoretical lessons even difficult to understand theoretically. So in this

internship period I have got opportunity to solve these difficulties. Because those things which

were theoretically difficult to understand, were not that much hard to understand when I faced it

practically.

The overall benefits of the internship are not limited to the practical skill only. I would

like to group the overall benefits in terms of d ifferent categories such as:

➢ In terms of improving practical skill

➢ In terms of upgrading theoretical knowledge

➢ In terms of improving interpersonal communication skill

➢ In terms of improving team playing skill

➢ In terms of improving leadership skill

➢ In terms of understanding about work ethics related issues

➢ In terms of entrepreneurship skill

2.2 PRACTICAL SKILL

the first thing I have get from my internship experience is practical skill. This is also the target

of university linkage administration office of my university.

Practical skill: - means skill performed by hands (as in tying a knot)or with human intervention

using equipment, tools or technology requiring guidance, force or movement.

I have theoretical knowledge from my 7 semester classes, thus this internship investigation helps

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me to compare and contrast my theoretical knowledge with the practical.

➢ I get a knowledge about how my structural designs will apply on real construction, and their

purpose on buildings.

➢ I get technical knowledge about how structural members and components of a structure

construct and methods of construction

➢ I get a knowledge about construction materials and equipment’s with their techniques and

methods of application

➢ I get a knowledge about reading of detail drawings

➢ I get a knowledge about how reinforcement bars arranged and how it becomes structural

member

➢ I get knowledge about how formwork is constructed for a temporary mold and its techniques

of construction.

➢ I get a knowledge about how concrete works are done

➢ I get a knowledge about mixing ratio of concrete materials at desired grade of concrete. And

sizes of boxes.

➢ I get knowledge about site language of a construction materials and construction

equipment’s and their site names

➢ I get a knowledge about types of construction machines and their methods of operations on

site.

➢ I get a knowledge about how quality of construction materials checked and standards of

material which are available at the market.

2.3 THEORETICAL KNOWLEDGE

Besides improving practical skill this program provides the student a chance to apply our

theoretical knowledge in the real construction world. Because to understand the practical world

everybody has to refer what we have learned before.

As every student & staff knows almost all the courses we took focused on theoretical part, thanks

to this internship program we now able to upgrade our theoretical knowledge by practice. So I

can say that my knowledge is upgraded by the practical things I saw when I was at the site.

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2.4 INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION SKILL

It’s the ability to convey information to another effectively and efficiently. Business managers

with good verbal, non-verbal and written communication skill helps facilitate the sharing of

information between people within a company for its commercial benefit.

I have exercised communication skill with contractors, Engineers, Forman, etc. This helps me to

upgrade my listening and understanding abilities. I had also a conversation with non-professional

workers by understanding the way they express their ideas. This needs a great patience,

respecting and understanding people's ideas and using the local language.

While accomplishing my task at the project site i have been able to increase my interpersonal

communication competence i.e. the ability to use verbal and nonverbal language and behavior

successfully in a variety of situations.

2.5 IMPROVING TEAM PLAYING SKILL

Since this internship program have arranged in order to practice theoretically knowledge, share

common experiences and getting addition information from the team which found in site

especially from experienced worker.

Especially in case of mistake happens on specific work; I learnt that as a team member how could

investigate such error and reach to the solution. Here, adopt the skill of decision-making and

conflict management whenever necessary. Additionally, I was gain the skill of comparing one’s

idea within a group member before going to reject the idea that might be important and gain

benefits in terms of improving my skills in different way in terms of what is expect from me as

a team member. This means how to accomplish site works, acting as a group or a team. Some of

the benefits that I had got in this skill

Task oriented

➢ Generating new ideas and discussing on it.

➢ Asking and sharing questions and ideas with each other about the tasks.

➢ Explaining ideas within a group

➢ Communicate each other with respectful and understandable ways.

➢ Sharing work task together.

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Social role oriented

➢ Keeping communication channel open

➢ Understanding difference between the group;

➢ Appreciate the ideas of the others.

➢ Conflict management skill

➢ Accept the group idea, etc.

Generally, I can improve team-playing skill very well. This is the main skill have to be improved

in our daily life, so I got this experience for

2.6 IMPROVING LEADERSHIP SKILL

Since construction work by itself relates with so many disciplines and different workers,

accordingly these workers have their own position at work place based on their education status

and experience in works so it is necessary to be o ne as a leader and the others leaded. Leadership

is a skill to guide, control and monitor peoples. A leader is basic for the whole project to be

hindered well. Leadership started from planning. This helps to know the progress of the work

have to be done and the required goal to be achieved. After having a good plan by organizing the

team and creating best strategies, we could achieve our goal.

If there is a good leadership throughout the whole construction work, the following things done

smoothly

➢ Wastage of materials and labor is controlled

➢ Proper co-ordination between all the categories of person will improved.

➢ The quality of products and workmanship will be better.

➢ Work has properly executed as per specifications.

➢ The work can be finished as per the specified period.

In my internship time, I have observed some tasks, which were related more of with leadership.

➢ I have seen how each worker is controlled and organized to perform its day-to-day activities.

➢ I have actually observed the method of controlling the working time and amount of work

done by each worker so that the work proceeds according to the work plan.

Generally, the internship time helps me to get and improve the skills to be a leader. Some of

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them are good speaking ability, to have the ability to listen to others, to be decisive, good

management skills and to know the subject one is working on thoroughly.

2.7 ETHICAL BEHAVIORS

The company has rules and regulations about the work ethics at work place, and this helps me to

conduct some ethical behaviors.

➢ Punctuality; I understand that I have to be punctual, because my punctuality aids other

workers to be punctual.

➢ Reliability; I understand that my reliability for the company brings me works satisfaction and

also plays a vital role for the development of the company.

➢ Efficiency; being efficient helps to decrease errors at construction and if there is no error

there will not be failure

➢ Open mindedness; open mindedness can bring a good communication with labors. This helps

for the effectiveness of the work.

2.8 ENTREPRENEURSHIP SKILL

From this internship investigation, I get a knowledge about how can i become an entrepreneur

and helps me to understand job opportunities and application mechanism of the construction

sector. If I become contracts or sub – contracts

So after graduation I’m ready to invent a job opportunity and generate an income for myself and

for peoples who needs my help.

The following works are recommended for fresh graduates, because those works need a small

capital and gives a better income.

➢ HCB production

➢ Become sub- contractors

➢ Cobble stone works.

➢ Construction equipment’s rent

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CHAPTER THREE

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

3.1 CONCLUSION

I think it would be fair to say the internship program has been a helpful experience in exposing

us to the real engineering work. It can also be expressed as an exciting even depending upon how

excited one really is to put his theoretical knowledge into practice.

Also, this program creates an opportunity to think in what way we should learn and what type of

knowledge should we have to gather before we leave. For the students the program opens the

space to have some relation with some personnel and company. Which in turn minimize the

number of idles in the country.

These days the technology of construction industry has been improved. Consequently, modern

and new construction techniques and material usage is in practice. This has greatly required the

improvement of the work methodology. As a result, the supervision work shall also be improved.

So, it is clear that the supervisor has a big role to improve the time quality and cost controlling

in the construction industry. To implement these parameters (time, cost and quality) the

experience of the supervisor shall be carefully determined by the consultant depending on the

size and complexity of the project.

Additional to the above having this internship in this time helps us to know what will be expected

from us as civil engineers. Such us

o Being practically rich

o Being confident in theoretical knowledge

o Team working ability

o Creativity and problem-solving ability ...

Generally, the purpose of this Internship (apparent) program was to introduce students with

working condition and mostly it helps students to grasp knowledge from practicing the theory

which they have been learning in the class. This program gave us good practical skills and made

us familiar to the outside real construction world. Most the theoretical things we been leaned got

illustrated here in this program, which develops more our confidence in the theoretical

knowledge.

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3.2 RECOMMENDATION

During my internship experience period I have seen some positive and negative sides about the

internship hosting company and area of improvement of the internship program. So, I want to

raise my personal opinion to improve the internship for future students. In this part of my report

I will try to suggest some ideas for my internship hosting company and my department .

The following are the recommendations that I made to solve the problems and I hope they might

help the company:

➢ Necessary safety materials ,they have to close duct cause its dark and first aid should be prepared for
workers and site visitors.

➢ Poor Handling of steel (rebar) on the site the problem with drawing should be corrected.

Because each and everything must have done with only the design given unless and

otherwise it must be design again.

➢ Slump test and silt content test should be conducted on the site.

➢ Carelessness of using spacer, on keeping/storing construction materials and on batching,

mixing, pouring, placing and vibration of concrete should be stopped.

➢ All construction rules should be respected in day to day activities to avoid or reduce

different problems

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Appendix

Site words Rough meaning

Tumby Plum bob

Cristy T shape like scaffold for slab and beam to keep stand the formworks

Kerebat Timber material used to keep the column formwork fixed.

Kabaleto Rebar chair

Berga One 12 m bar

Fondo Bottom formwork

Sponda Side form work

Squadra keep some area rectangle or make each angle 90

Soleta Slab

Stafa Stirrup

stanga inclining layer used to keep column fixed

Gindila It horizontal layer on slap that keep stanga fixed

Juntaw it a paste that found between two walls

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