AN ASSESSMENT ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF HEALTH AND SAFETY

PROGRAMMES IN CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRIES. A CASE STUDY OF

CONSTRUCTION COMPANY X IN MONGU DISTRICT.

By
LUBASI SITALI

A Research Report Submitted to The Handsworth Institute of Health Sciences in

Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Award of Diploma in Occupational
Health and Safety.

HANDSWORTH INSTITUTE OF HEALTH SCIENCES

DEPARTMENT OF INDUSTRIAL, TECHNICAL & SAFETY STUDIES
2023

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DECLARATION

DECLARATION BY THE STUDENT

I hereby declare that all presented information in this document has been obtained in accordance
with academic guidelines and ethical conduct. I also declare that, as required by these guidelines
and conduct, I have fully written this report based on truth and cited all activities and duties that I
undertook while on attachment. I therefore declare that this material is original.

NAME: LUBASI SITALI

ID .NUMBER: 2110095

Signature..................................................Date.....................................

DECLARATION BY THE SUPERVISOR

This attachment report has been submitted with my approval as the university supervisor.

NAME:

Sign…………………………….. Date…………………………………….

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The development of this report took the effort, support and guidance of a number of people and
institutions whom I wish to thank. Firstly, I would like to take time to thank God for the gift and
ability to study at the institution and carry out this study and write this paper. Secondly, gratitude
my family for their endless support and prayers not only during my period of research project but
throughout my course.

Furthermore, I wish to pay tribute to the management and staff of the Handsworth Institute of
Health Sciences for offering me a chance to study at their institution. I am grateful to the entire
Handsworth Institute of Health Sciences, Department Of Industrial, Technical & Safety Studies
for their productive training and the knowledge they have imparted in me throughout the three
years training.

May God bless you all.

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DEDICATION

This work is dedicated to my lovely parents, Mekelabai namafuka , Cosby chama(fiancé) and
my son Mweemba Mweene .

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ABSTRACT

A Construction industry involves a lot of building works which makes it one of the most
accident/injuries/disease prone industries all over the world. In Zambia, construction is labor
demanding and is full of unskilled workers who migrate within and outside the provinces. As
Zambia modernizes its infrastructure through the construction of roads, bridges, shopping malls,
hotels, hospitals, and schools among others; the incidences of on-site accidents and ill-health
detrimental to the workers during the execution of these projects is likely to increase thus
negatively affecting the nation. Our country Zambia as at now still lacks a National Occupational
Safety and Health Management system and as such the Factories Act is used to all industries
including the construction sector. Despite the use of the Factories Act and company safety and
health regulations, accidents are still prevalent in the construction industry. Both reported and
unreported accidents can be prevented or their effects reduced if standardized safety and health
programs are affirmed. The health and safety level on the construction sites lags behind and the
industry is known to be among the most dangerous to work in. The aim of the study is to assess
the effectiveness of OHS programmes that would enhance effective implementation of health and
safety programmes on construction industries/sites in Mongu District, Western Province, Zambia.

This will be achieved by assessing the health and safety of employees in construction sites of the
selected project and also by reviewing the government institutions and regulators mandated with
the responsibilities of enforcing of health and safety programmess. Purposive sampling techniques
shall be used to obtain appropriate respondents.

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 Table of Contents
DECLARATION ........................................................................................................................................... i
DECLARATION BY THE STUDENT ..................................................................................................... i
DECLARATION BY THE SUPERVISOR............................................................................................... i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .......................................................................................................................... ii
ABSTRACT................................................................................................................................................. iv
LIST OF FIGURES ..................................................................................................................................... ix
ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATION ....................................................................................................... x
CHAPTER ONE ........................................................................................................................................... 1
INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................................ 1
1.0. Introduction .................................................................................................................................. 1
1.1. Background Information .................................................................................................................... 1
1.2. Statement of the Problem ................................................................................................................... 2
1.3. Purpose of the study ........................................................................................................................... 3
1.4. Research Objectives ........................................................................................................................... 3
1.4.1. General Objective ....................................................................................................................... 3
1.4.2. Specific Objectives ..................................................................................................................... 3
1.5. Research Questions ............................................................................................................................ 4
1.5.1. General Research Question ......................................................................................................... 4
1.5.2. Specific Research Questions ....................................................................................................... 4
1.6 Research Hypothesis ..................................................................................................................... 4
1.7. Basic assumptions of the study .......................................................................................................... 4
1.8. The Significance of the Study ............................................................................................................ 5
1.9. Scope of the Study ............................................................................................................................. 5
1.10. Limitations of the Study ................................................................................................................... 5
1.11. Delimitation ..................................................................................................................................... 6
1.12. Definition of the significant terms used in the study ........................................................................ 6
1.13. Organisation of the study ................................................................................................................. 7
CHAPTER TWO .......................................................................................................................................... 8
LITERATURE REVIEW ............................................................................................................................. 8
2.0. Introduction ........................................................................................................................................ 8
2.1. Theoretical Literature Reviews .......................................................................................................... 8

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 2.1.1 Safety and Health Management ................................................................................................... 8
2.1.2 Health and Safety at Workplace ................................................................................................... 9
2.1.3. Workplace (Construction) Hazards ...........................................................................................10
2.1.4. Health and Safety Standards .....................................................................................................12
2.1.5. Safety and Health Laws and Guidelines ...................................................................................13
2.1.6. The Occupational Health and Safety Act ..................................................................................13
2.1.7. Health and Safety Policy ...........................................................................................................14
2.1.8. Health and Safety Programmes .................................................................................................14
2.2. Conceptual Framework ....................................................................................................................15
2.3. Theoretical Framework ....................................................................................................................16
2.3.1. The multiple causation theory ...................................................................................................16
2.4. Summary of the literature review.....................................................................................................17
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ................................................................................................................18
3.0 Introduction .......................................................................................................................................18
3.1. Research Design...............................................................................................................................18
3.2. Study Area .......................................................................................................................................18
3.3. Target population .............................................................................................................................18
3.4. Sample Size......................................................................................................................................19
3.5. Data collection .................................................................................................................................19
3.5.1 Primary Data Collection Technique ...........................................................................................19
3.5.2 Secondary Data Collection Techniques .....................................................................................21
3.6. Sampling Methods ...........................................................................................................................22
3.6.1. Purposive Sampling ..................................................................................................................23
3.7. Validity of the data collection instruments ......................................................................................23
3.8. Methods of Data Analysis ................................................................................................................23
3.8.1. Qualitative Approach ................................................................................................................23
3.8.2. Quantitative Approach ..............................................................................................................23
3.9. Summary ..........................................................................................................................................24
CHAPTER FOUR .......................................................................................................................................25
PRESENTATION OF THE FINDINGS ....................................................................................................25
4.0. Introduction ......................................................................................................................................25
4.1 Response rate ....................................................................................................................................25
4.2. Demographic characteristics ............................................................................................................ 25
4.3. Analysis of Primary Data ................................................................................................................. 27

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 4.3.1. What are Management’s Obligation on Health and Safety at the Workplace? ......................... 27
4.3.2. The management’s systems that contribute to the achievement of an OHS programme. ......... 29
4.3.3. Importance of having Health and Safety Programmes .............................................................. 34
4.3.4. Challenges Affecting the Implementation of Occupational Health and Safety Programmes at
Workplace
35
CHAPTER FIVE ........................................................................................................................................ 38
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS ........................................................................................ 38
5.0 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................... 38
5.1 Summary of the Main Findings......................................................................................................... 38
5.1.1 Management’s obligation on health and safety programme in the company ............................. 38
5.1.2 The Management’s systems that contribute to the achievement of an OHS programme ........... 39
5.1.3 Contribution of Occupation Health and Safety Programme ....................................................... 39
5.1.4 Challenges Affecting the Implementation of Occupational Health and Safety Programmes at
the Workplace
39
5.2. General Conclusion .......................................................................................................................... 39
5.3 Recommendations ............................................................................................................................. 40
i. Training and Education ............................................................................................................... 40
ii. Involvement of Staff ................................................................................................................... 40
iii. Conforming to the Budget....................................................................................................... 40
iv. Motivation ............................................................................................................................... 41
v. Contribution to Knowledge ......................................................................................................... 41
5.4. Implications of the Findings ............................................................................................................ 42
5.5. Limitations of the Study ................................................................................................................... 42
5.6 Suggestions for further research........................................................................................................ 43
References ................................................................................................................................................... 44
APPENDICES ............................................................................................................................................ 46
APPENDIX I: BUDGET ....................................................................................................................... 46
APPENDIX II: GHART CHART ........................................................................................................... 47
APPENDIX III: Request to Conduct a Research .................................................................................... 48
APPENDIX IV: Informed Consent for the Respondents ........................................................................ 49
APPENDIX V: Questionnaire of the study ............................................................................................. 50

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LIST OF TABLES

Table 4. 1 Data on demographic characteristics of participants ................................................... 26

Table 4. 2 Availability of OHS Programme ................................................................................. 27

Table 4. 3 Performance of the Programme in the Company......................................................... 28

Table 4. 4 Motive to Insist on OHS .............................................................................................. 29

Table 4. 5 Other factors affecting the implementation of health and safety programmes in the

industry ......................................................................................................................................... 36

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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 2. 1 Conceptual framework ............................................................................................... 15

Figure 2. 2 Multiple causation theory ........................................................................................... 16

Figure 4. 1 success in terms of OHS ............................................................................................. 30

Figure 4. 2 Components which are required for OHS programmes. ............................................ 31

Figure 4. 3 Communication and decision making on OHS programmes ..................................... 32

Figure 4. 4 Worker's Rewards and Recognition Regarding OHS ................................................. 33

Figure 4. 5 Reasons for worker’s participation ............................................................................. 33

Figure 4. 6 Contributions of OHS programmes ............................................................................ 34

Figure 4. 7 Why management should maintain and obligate on OHS programmes. .................... 35

Figure 4. 8 Factors Affecting Implementation of Health and Safety Programme in the Industry 36

Figure 4. 9 Management’s obligation on OHS programmes ........................................................ 37

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ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATION
BSc: Bachelor of Science
HSE: Health and Safety Executive
ILO: International Labor Organization
OHS: Occupational Health and Safety
OSH: Occupational Safety and Health
OSHA: Occupational Safety and Health Administration
WHO: World Health Organization
UNEP: The United Nations Environment Programme
CSO: Central Statistics Office

GDP: Gross Domestic Product

WCFCB: The Workers Compensation Fund Control Board

CICO: China Chongqing International Construction Corporation

PPE: Personal Protective Equipment.
NSC: National Safety Council
HSP: Health and Safety Policy
SHAW: Safety and Health at Work

WWW: The World Wide Web

SPSS: Statistical Package for Social Science.

OSHC: Occupation Safety and Health Council

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 CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.0. Introduction
This chapter is an introductory chapter for this report. It comprised of the background information
which highlighted the background information of the research topic. Moreover, it gave an account
the statement of the problem, research aim and objects, significance of the study, inclusion,
hypothesis, limitations/delimitation and definition of key terms.

1.1. Background Information

Construction comprises of building new structures, renovating old structures and the maintenance
and repair of buildings or other engineered structures such as highways or utility systems (Behm,
2008). The construction industry plays a central role in the national welfare of a country through
the development of housing and office buildings, education and health centers, transport
infrastructure, industrial plants and the restoration of the nation’s infrastructure as well as other
public facilities (Kaliba, 2010). In addition, construction is fundamental to all major economic
drivers and contributes massively to the economy of a nation as such. For instance, construction
covers all the aspects construction, repairs and maintenance of the nation’s physical infrastructure
such as roads, houses and workplaces (Behm, 2008).

The construction industry highly contributes to Zambia’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP).
According to the Central Statistics Office, the construction sector was the second highest
contributor to GDP in the informal sector with a contribution of 27.4 per cent as of 2014 (Central
Statistics Office (CSO, 2014). The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP, 2003) further
alludes that developing countries account for 23 per cent of global construction activities. The
UNEP (2003) also noted that the construction industry in developing countries is more labour
intensive as compared to that of developed countries. This implies that workers are more exposed
to hazards and risks given that most construction jobs are noted to be messy and labour intensive.
The work is often dangerous and presents safety hazards of which may maim, injure or lead to
poor health in workers if not managed and prevented (Tam, et al., 2004). In Mongu,

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Construction is not only labor intensive but involves unskilled workers who migrate within and
outside the district with minimal regulation.

The Workers Compensation Fund Control Board (WCFCB) in Zambia over the period 2008 to
2018 analyzed and reviewed the total number of occupational morbidity cases was 8,009. The
gender most affected by Occupational morbidity was males (94%). Married males were more
affected (72%) compared to single males. However, single females were more affected than the
married females at 4% and 2%, respectively. The major morbidity types were wounds (30%),
fractures (29%), and Amputations (17%). The biggest contributing industries to the cause of
occupational morbidity were manufacturing/construction industries (27%), and mining (19%).
Lusaka and Copperbelt regions were the main Epicenters at 49% and 34% respectively.

The International Labor Organization (ILO, 2012) highlights in a report titled “Decent Work
Country Profile Zambia” that the biggest challenge to maintain a safe work environment in
Zambian industries lay in the inadequacies of the institutions. The institutions are failing to
adequately impose legislation and programs due to numerous problems ranging from poor funding
to luck of qualified personnel in the field of Occupation Health and Safety (OHS). Therefore, there
is need to conduct a research on the effectiveness of health and safety programmes in construction
industries because this will help in the prevention and minimizing of occupational accidents and
illness and thereby achieve its goals. In addition effective OHS programmes will promote welfare
and wellbeing of employees thereby achieving a complete project.

1.2. Statement of the Problem

The rapid growth of the construction industry in Mongu district has induced to increase in the use
of hazardous chemical substances in industry and commerce have increased the chances that
significant numbers of people both employees and members of general public, could have their
health and safety endangered by workplace hazards. There has been a public outcry from Mongu
residents on the OHS programmes in construction sites, a practical example is the death of two
workers engaged by China Chongqing International Construction Corporation (CICO) to dig a
four meter deep trench which collapsed and buried them in Livingstone (Times of Zambia, 15th
May, 2014).

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The health and safety programmes in Zambia particularly Mongu district are not prioritized and
construction companies are not exceptional. The health and safety policy receive little or no funds
to enable them purchase personal protective equipment or maybe its management or rather
employers are reluctant to integrate health and safety policy with various companies. Hence,
employees are demanding for effective OHS programmes in the construction sites for it will aid
them with knowledge and awareness of how to prevent occupational injuries and illness and
promote a safer workplace through the proper use of personal protective equipment (PPE).

Furthermore, there is need to find out the challenges that affect the implementation of health and
safety programmes at workplaces and look at the possible methods that can be used to reduce
occupational injuries, illness, and accidents.

1.3. Purpose of the study

The purpose of this study is to assess the effectiveness of occupational health and safety
programmes in the selected construction site on the Western Province of Zambia and to identify
the challenges that affect the implementation occupational health and safety programmes.

1.4. Research Objectives

1.4.1. General Objective

The general objective of this study is to assess the effectiveness of Occupational health and safety
programmes in Construction industries.

1.4.2. Specific Objectives

The specific objectives of this study are:

1. To examine the availability of safety and health management system in Construction

industries.
2. To assess the importance of having OHS management system in Construction industries.
3. To identify challenges affecting the implementation of health and safety programmes at
workplace

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1.5. Research Questions

1.5.1. General Research Question

Does the occupational health and safety programmes at workplace effective in Mongu District,
Zambia?

1.5.2. Specific Research Questions

The specific research questions are:

1. Does the safety management system contribute to the success of an occupational health
and safety programmes in construction sites in Mongu District?
2. What is the importance of having an OHS management system in construction sites in
Mongu District?
3. What are the challenges affecting the implementation of health and safety programmes at
workplace in Mongu District?

1.6 Research Hypothesis

1. (H0) Safety management system does not contribute to the success of an occupational
health and safety programmes.
(H1) Safety management system contributes to the success of an occupational health and
safety programmes.
2. (H0) Having an OHS management system in construction sites brings a lot of malefits.
(H1) Having an OHS management system in construction sites brings a lot of benefits.
3. (H0) There are no challenges affecting the implementation of health and safety
programmes at workplace.
(H1) There are challenges affecting the implementation of health and safety programmes
at workplace.

1.7. Basic assumptions of the study

The basic assumption of the study is that the respondents appreciate the purpose of the research
exercise and that they will be accessible and corporative in answering the questions.

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1.8. The Significance of the Study

The study on the health and safety programs at workplace will be significant in that it will assess
the OHS management systems existing at workplaces, of which the construction sites will adapt
the findings and will use them as a new tool of motivation to its employees.

The findings of this academic research will also be anticipated to be useful to other public and
private construction organizations. It will highlight how useful the OHS programmes is on the on
the promotion of health and safety in construction sites. It will help to minimize the risk of
exposure to occupational hazards and diseases that are caused by either new technology used in
construction sites or poorly composed occupational health and safety policies.

The findings of this study will also help other organization which will adapt the findings to increase
the awareness and knowledge about occupational health and safety programs. It is anticipated to
aid policy makers to design and devising health and safety policies which will support the attempts
to reduce number of work related accidents, diseases and hazards at workplace in Mongu District.

1.9. Scope of the Study

As mentioned previously, the problems of health and safety programmes in the construction
industries can be addressed simultaneously, with regards to the study’s objectives set out.
Therefore, the scope of this research is based on information retrieval throughout the period of the
study.

1.10. Limitations of the Study

This will be a small scale study done in partial fulfilment of the course requirement for a Bachelor
of Science (Bsc) in Environmental Health. This Research project will be done within a short period
of time because of inadequate funding. Hence, shall only cover one Industrial plant or Company.
The study will also be done within the busy school Calendar. Therefore, this will make it difficult
to concentrate on the study at the expense of other courses.

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1.11. Delimitation

Msabila and Nalaila, (2013) asserts that the delimitation of the study is reducing a study by
geographic location, age, sex, population traits, population size, or other consideration. The study
aims at assessing the effectiveness of health and safety programmes in construction industries in
Mongu district, Western Province Zambia.

1.12. Definition of the significant terms used in the study

Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing and not merely the absence of
disease. This includes: The promotion and maintenance of physical, mental and social well- being
of workers, Prevention among workers of ill-health caused by the working conditions, Protection
of workers in their employment from risk resulting from factors adverse to health, Placing and
maintenance of the worker in an occupational environment adapted to his physical and
psychological equipment.

Safety is identifying, evaluating and controlling workplace hazards and includes measures,
methods or techniques or process to prevent human exposure to unsafe work practices, physical or
even chemical agents. This may involve: Improving working conditions and safe methods of work,
Reasonable hours of work, Provision of personnel protective equipment, Provision of first- aid and
medical facilities.

Welfare is the provision of facilities to maintain the health and well-being of individuals at the
workplace.

Accident is an unexpected, unwanted occurrence which interrupts or interferes with the orderly
progress of work in an establishment by causing bodily injury to a person making him unfit to
resume duty due to partial or total disablement or even death. It can also cause damage or loss to
property, plant, materials or the environment.

Near miss is any incident that could have resulted in an accident. Research has shown that,
approximately, for every ten ‘near miss' events at a particular location in the workplace, a minor
accident will occur.

6
Hazard is a potential condition which might be converted into an accident. It is a state having
potential to injure a person or impair ones health.

Risk is the likelihood of a substance, activity or process to cause harm.

1.13. Organisation of the study

The organisation of the research report will adopt the following structure breakdown:
Chapter 1: Introduction: Introduces the research question and outlines the path the dissertation
takes to reach its conclusion. This is done by outlining the Background, research questions, aim
and objectives of the study.
Chapter 3: Literature Review: Reviews the body of knowledge developed during previous
researches in OHS programmes in construction industries.
Chapter 3: Research Methodology: Explains the methods used in this research to collect and
analyses data to achieve the aim and objectives of this study.
Chapter 4: Results and Discussion: Comprises the results of applying the research methods
adopted in the last chapter.

Chapter 5: Conclusions and Recommendations: An action plan is derived to improve the OHS
programmes and application on construction industry in Mongu. Conclusions are collected from
the data analysis and the recommendations made are based on these conclusions. Further research
areas are also suggested.

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 CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.0. Introduction

A literature review is an evaluative report of studies found in the literature related to the selected
area; it goes beyond the research for information and includes the identification of gaps in
knowledge between the literature and the field of research (Bhattacherjee, 2012). This chapter
discusses literatures of other writers on occupational health and safety in various places around the
world. It presents overview of OHS management systems, workplace hazards, health and safety
standards, safety Acts, and OHS policies and programmes

2.1. Theoretical Literature Reviews

2.1.1 Safety and Health Management

In the project cycle, the most important factors affecting the outcome of a project often reside at
the early stages of its life cycle (Hendricks and Au, 2003). Decisions should be based on competent
economic evaluation with due consideration to adequate financing, prevalent social and regulatory
environment and technological conditions (Hendricks and Au, 2003). Safety Management System
(SMS) comprise of all polices, objectives, roles, responsibilities, codes, standards,
communications, processes, procedure, tools, data and documents. Nevertheless, a construction
work site and the surrounding environment changes daily, making health and safety management
difficult in the sector (Muya et al., 2008).

Studies on fatal and non-fatal incidences have shown that pre-existing organizational factors and
work practices often lay at the genesis of OSH incidents (Gillen et al., 2002). These incidents often
make employees realize the importance of safety in the workplace and reinforce safe work
practices (Mullen, 2004). Muya et al. (2008) suggested that the level of protection accorded to
workers in any country hinges on the economic status of a country. This implies that the more
affluent a country is, the better the measures to protect workers against incidences via OSH policies
(Muya et al., 2008). In order to ensure that a construction site is safe for operations, proper site
management procedures have to be put in place, considering safety (Elbeltagi and Hegazy, 2002).
A straightforward safety and health management system can be effective and

8
successful at a very practical level of enabling managers to develop the understanding and skill to
write a policy statement and carry out a risk assessment. It is also absolutely vital to introduce
safety and health management as a normal, continuing management function rather than a series
of arbitrary rules to be complied with (Walker et al., 2004). Rundmo et al. (2002) showed that
healthy and unhealthy attitudes towards safety and health affected top and middle management
decisions which also exerted influence on the conditions under which employee individually made
decisions. Consequently, managers should be wholly committed and involved in promoting safety.
Extensive use of sub-contractors in the construction industry may lead to lack of on-site safety and
low level of worker commitment (Occupation Safety and Health Council- OSHC, 2001).

2.1.2 Health and Safety at Workplace

In a research conducted by (Abihud, 2013) stated that about 5,000 people worldwide die daily as
a result of work related accidents or diseases. International Labor Organization (ILO) estimated
that over 53 000 fatal accidents at workplace take place in Sub –Saharan region. Worldwide ILO
says that workers do suffer approximately 270 million occupational accident each year (fatal and
non-fatal), and fall victims to some 160 million incident for occupational diseases. This rings a
bell whether people really value safety and health at their employees while at their workplaces and
how informed are employers on the need for safety of their employees while at work.

The world rates of occupational injuries, illnesses and fatalities are still alarming. Nationally, more
than 55,000 people die from occupational hazards annually, 294,000 illnesses and 3.8 million are
getting injured. The accidents’ annual direct and indirect costs have been appraised to be from
$128 billion to $155 billion. Construction accidents lead to delay in project completion, increase
the expenses and ruin the reputation and reliability of contractors (Wang, 2006). According to
report by NSC (National Safety Council) in 1996, 1000 construction workers died at work and
350,000 suffered disabilities. Although Construction workers constitute only 5% of the United
States' workforce, an out of proportion rate of 20% of all occupational fatalities and 9% of all
disabling occupational injuries relate to construction industry (Abdelhamid, 2000).

Abdelhamid, further stated that, construction accidents can be prevented just by identifying the
root causes of accidents, which is possible by accident investigation techniques such as theories

9
of accident causation and human errors. Accident prevention has been defined by Heinrich as ‘An
integrated program, a series of coordinated activities, directed to the control of unsafe personal
performance and unsafe mechanical conditions, and based on certain knowledge, attitudes, and
abilities’. Some other synonyms for accident prevention have been emerged later such as loss
prevention, loss control, total loss control, safety management, incidence loss control
(Abdelhamid, 2000).

Each year on 28 April, the international community commemorates the World Day for Safety and
Health at Work. According to Mukosiku, (2012) active observance of the World Day for Safety
and Health at Work, in Zambia, begun in 2005 with the presentation of speeches by representatives
of tripartite constituents. From 2007-2010 the observance of the day included a full day exhibition
by providers of OSH and OSH-related goods and services. The world marks the ILO world Safety
and Health day every 28th April. Addressing workers last April, ILO East Africa Director Ali
Ibrahim said both human and economic costs of approximately 4 percent of the world’s gross
domestic product lost through injury, death and diseases, resulting in absence from work, sickness,
treatment, disability and the need for survivor benefits (OSHA Newsletter, October 2005: 4).

2.1.3. Workplace (Construction) Hazards

A hazard is described as any source or material that has the potential to cause harm when exposed
to it. In other terms, a hazard often is associated with a condition or activity that, if left
uncontrolled, can result in an injury, illness and loss of property. In 2002 the Occupational Safety
and Health Administration (OSHA, 2002) highlighted that identifying hazards and eliminating or
controlling them as early as possible will help prevent injuries and illnesses.

Occupational injuries are one of the top ten leading causes of morbidity and mortality (WHO,
2005). Accidents account for a range of injuries in the workplace. In 2009, hazards in the
workplace resulted in 3,277,700 nonfatal injuries and illnesses, according to the Bureau of Labor
Statistics; 965,000 of those injuries resulted in missed work days. Recognizing workplace hazards
helps to keep employees safe and reduces costs related to injuries and illnesses, including those
leading to lost productivity. According to the International Labor Organization (ILO, 2015)
estimates, every year over 2.3 million women and men die at work from an

10
occupational injury or disease. Over 350,000 deaths are due to fatal accidents and almost 2 million
deaths are due to fatal work-related diseases. In addition, over 313 million workers are involved
in non-fatal occupational accidents causing serious injuries and absences from work.

The ILO also estimates that 160 million cases of non-fatal work-related diseases occur annually.
These estimates imply that that every day approximately 6,400 people die from occupational
accidents or diseases and that 860,000 people are injured on the job. Furthermore, as estimates
show, work-related diseases represent the main cause of death at work, killing almost six times
more workers than occupational accidents. This should highlight the need for a new paradigm of
prevention: one that also focuses on work-related diseases, not only on occupational injuries (ILO,
2015).

According to Demand media (2013), common hazards and their descriptions at workplace are:
Physical hazard, include heat, cold, vibration and high noise. Working at heights on roofs, ladders
or scaffolding creates a risk of falling. Working in confined spaces carries a risk of asphyxiation.
Workers can be struck by equipment or become entangled in machinery. Other equipment related
hazards include risk of electrical shock or exposure to harmful radiation such as with X-rays, lasers
and radio- frequency energy. Improper lifting technique can cause back injuries, while just
working at a computer for long periods can result in repetitive stress injuries. Simple housekeeping
problems, such as spilled coffee on the floor, can cause a serious injury from a slip and fall. The
most common cause of work-related injury is driving. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics,
highway incidents were the leading cause of workplace fatalities in 2006.

Chemical Hazards, Many jobs require the use of hazardous chemicals. These chemicals may be
toxic, flammable, corrosive or reactive. Some are extremely dangerous, causing harm at very low
doses, while others allow a greater exposure without causing physical harm. Health effects can
manifest quickly (acute exposure) or over a long period of time (chronic exposure). Respiratory
Hazards, Many substances are harmful when inhaled. This includes substances such as asbestos,
chemical solvents, metal fumes and dusts. Some individuals react adversely to certain types of
mold found in the workplace. In addition, although many workplaces restrict smoking, secondhand
smoke is still a potential respiratory hazard.

11
Biological Hazards, Medical and clinical laboratory workers handle potentially infectious bodily
fluids and cultures. Medical professionals are exposed to sick and potentially infectious
individuals. If workplace cafeterias do not follow proper food-handling protocols, their products
can cause food-related illnesses. Virtually all workers are exposed to sick co- workers
occasionally, increasing the risk of transmission of illnesses such as influenza and the common
cold. Stress and Violence, increasingly, stress is surfacing as a workplace hazard. Worker reaction
to long work hours, layoff fears and work pressures can manifest as tangible illnesses such as
ulcers, high blood pressure and heart attacks. Worker stress can also spill over into violence.
According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, workplace violence was the third leading cause of
workplace fatalities in 2006.

Worksmart (2013) pointed that, The management of health and safety at Work Regulations sets
out the following safety management guidance for employers for tackling risks, The basic
approach is also known as a hierarchy of control: Substitution: i.e. try a risk-free or less risky
option. Prevention: e.g. erect a machine guard, or add a non-slip surface to a pathway. Reorganize
work to reduce exposure to a risk: a basic rule is to adapt the work to the worker. In an office,
ensure chairs and display screen equipment (DSE) are adjustable to the individual, and plan all
work involving a computer to include regular breaks. For monotonous or routine work, introduce
work variety and greater control over work. In call centers, introduce work variety by providing
work off the phones, and varying the type of calls handled. As a last resort, issue personal
protective equipment to all staff at risk, and make sure they are trained in when and how to use
this equipment, such as appropriate eye protection, gloves, special clothing, footwear. Provide
training in safe working systems. Provide information on likely hazards and how to avoid them.
Provide social and welfare facilities: e.g. washing facilities for the removal of contamination; a
rest room.

2.1.4. Health and Safety Standards

The achievement of the highest standards of health and safety in the workplace is the moral as well
as the legal responsibility of employers this is the overriding reason. Close and continuous
attention to health and safety is important because ill-health and injuries caused by the system of
work or working conditions cause suffering and loss to individuals and their dependents. In

12
addition, accidents and absences through ill-health or injuries result in losses and damage for the
organization (Armstrong, 2009).

To ensure the application of minimum level of health and safety at work, standards which define
the safe levels of various exposures and other condition of work are needed. These standards also
serve as references for assessment of results from monitoring and provide guidelines for planners.
When standards are further developed, the high variation in workers sensitivity to occupational
exposures should be considered.

2.1.5. Safety and Health Laws and Guidelines

The OSH laws exist to identify the responsibility of the parties involved in industrial or commercial
activities (Lingard and Rowlinson, 2005). It imposes responsibilities on employers to protect the
safety and health of their employees within working periods(Lingard and Rowlinson, 2005). The
purposes of safety and health laws are intended to protect the safety and health of workers and all
involved parties by eliminating or minimizing risks arising from work places and also to encourage
organizations take up a constructive role in improving safety and health practices. These laws also
assist in providing effective compliance and enforcement measures.

In Zambia, the Factories Act and other supporting legislation such as the Mines and Minerals
Development Act, Chapter 213 of the Laws of Zambia are concerned with the provision of suitable
physical conditions under which work has to be undertaken (Mukhalipi, 2004). Phoya (2012)
found that in Tanzania under the Factories Act, construction sites were not regarded as workplaces
and so their activities were not regulated by health and safety ordinances. This was due to the low
level of public awareness of regulations, lack of resources such as personnel and funds, coverage
of the regulations, complexity of design, the procurement system, the low level of education, site
configuration, and location (Phoya, 2012).

2.1.6. The Occupational Health and Safety Act

Appropriate legislation and regulations, together with adequate means of enforcement, are key
policy instruments for the protection of workers. They form a basis for efforts to improve working
conditions and the working environment. According to the Department of Occupational

13
Safety and Health (2006) Occupational Safety and Health Act is simply “An Act to make further
provisions for securing that safety, health and welfare of persons at work, for protecting others
against risks to safety or health in connection with the activities of persons at work, to establish
the National Council for Occupational Safety and Health, and for matters connected therewith”.

2.1.7. Health and Safety Policy

A Health and Safety Policy (HSP) sets out the general approach and commitment on how
management of the construction company will manage the health and safety on sites (HSE, 2015).
In most countries, United Kingdom, Northern Iceland, United State of America, South Africa, it’s
mandatory, for any company not to commerce construction work without submission and approval
of the HSP to the relevant authority (European Agency for Safety and Health at Work, 2014). In
addition, the regulations requires employers with more than 5 employees to prepare a HSP and
review the program and sign the policy at least once a year and set up a program to implement the
policy.

The HSP should be a straightforward statement of senior management's commitment to workplace

safety and health. It should be broad enough to cover all aspects of the company's activities, and
should suits the particular company and views on health and safety (Helen, 2015).

2.1.8. Health and Safety Programmes

Occupational health programmes deal with the prevention of ill-health arising from working
conditions. They consist of two elements: the first element deals with occupational medicine,
which is a specialized branch of preventive medicine concerned with the diagnosis and prevention
of health hazards at work and dealing with any ill-health or stress which has occurred in spite of
preventive actions, and the second element is occupational hygiene, which is the province of the
chemist and the engineer or ergonomist engaged in the measurement and control of environmental
hazards.

Safety programmes deal with the prevention of accidents and with minimizing the resulting loss
and damage to people and property. They relate more to systems of work than the working
environment, but both health and safety programmes are concerned with protection against
hazards, and their aims and methods are clearly interlinked (Armstrong, 2009).

14
Successful safety and health programs have many components and philosophies and differ from
organization to organization, and rightly so, since safety and health programmes should “fit”
individual company’s mission, goals and needs.

2.2. Conceptual Framework

A conceptual framework is a visual or written product that explains, either graphically or in a

narrative form, the main things to be studied (Huberman& Miles: 1994).

Figure 2. 1Conceptual framework

Dependent Variable Independent Variables

Examines safety and health

management system

Effective OHS
Contribution of health and
programmes
safety programmes

Identifies challenges
affecting the implementation
of health and safety
programmes

Source: Author

The above presented is the conceptual framework which demonstrates the independent and
dependent variables that will guide the study. The study will be guided by one dependent variable
and this will be effective OHS programmes while the independent variables will be three drawn
from the specific objectives of the study. Thus, the independent variables will include examination
of safety and health management system, cons of health and safety programmes and identification
of challenges affecting the implementation of health and safety programmes.
This reveals that any changes on the independent variables will make changes on the dependent
variables. For example, if the safety and health inspections are found to be operative, then the OHS
programmes will be effective. While, when there is insufficient contribution of health and safety
at workplace, then the OHS programmes will not be effective. Equally, if challenges are

15
identified, then the health and safety programmes will be improved and the opposite will be found
in the strategy will be ineffective.

2.3. Theoretical Framework

A theory is: “systematically organized knowledge applicable in a wide variety of circumstances;

especially, a system of assumptions, accepted principles, and rules of procedure devised to
analyze, predict, or otherwise explain the nature or behavior of a specified set of phenomena.”

2.3.1. The multiple causation theory

The Heinrich domino theory is structured on theory that an accident is caused by a single cause.
Petersen (1971) developed a model based on management system rather than individual. Petersen
believed that there are two major features of the events which leading to an accident, namely an
unsafe act and an unsafe condition (Jha, 2011). According to Stranks, (2007) there are more than
single causes which unlike simplified theory of domino, there are causes and sub- causes when an
accident happens contribute or lead to both unsafe act and unsafe condition and finally occurrence
of an accident. Through identification of these multiple contributing causes of accident, the unsafe
acts and unsafe conditions should be prevented from arising.

Figure 2. 2 Multiple causation theory

Source: Stranks, (2007).

16
This theory reveals that there are many factors that could bring about work related injuries and
death. For instance the sub-causes ABC, relates to human behaviour such as carelessness,
negligence, ignorance, substance abuse etc, would be among the factors that lead to accident
occurrences in construction companies. Additionally, the sub-causes DEF, simply refers to the
working conditions workers are exposed to during occupation such as working equipment like
unguarded machines, environment can also cause work related injuries and diseases.

2.4. Summary of the literature review

From the literature review it is evident that health and safety measures are necessary in a work
place environment to ensure worker’s safety and wellbeing so as: To maintain and improve
productivity and quality of work; To minimize absenteeism and labor turnover; To reduce
indiscipline and accidents; To improve employee motivation and morale; To reduce spoilage and
cost operations and; To reserve the physical and mental health of employees. But for this to be
realized a good health and safety management system and program should be put in place by
providing; a written statement of safety policy, organization and allocation of responsibilities for
health and safety matters, train employees in health and safety matters, establish safety committee,
ensure first aid facilities, provide appropriate procedures and documentations to minimize
accidents and to regularly consult with employee representatives. Construction firms should have
training and induction to all employees so that they made aware of potential hazards and given
instruction on how to avoid the possible risks. Risk control measures to be put in place with the
aid of sound risk assessment procedures to identify specific hazards and quantify the risks attached
with the aim of hazard elimination through design improvement and change, substitution through
replacement, use of barriers, use of warning systems and use of personal protective clothing.
Procurement procedures and contract documentation can be a useful way to enhance health and
safety in construction projects by ensuring compliance with existing legislation and with the terms
and conditions of a project. The government on the other hand should intensify measures to
strengthen the institutional framework and inspectorate activities in order to achieve a meaningful
administration of the occupational health and safety act, (2007).

17
 CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.0 Introduction

Research methodology is an approach through which research is undertaken. The research

methodology includes research approach, data collection methods and approach, sampling
techniques, reliability and validity of data, data cleaning, data management as well as analysis of
data.

3.1. Research Design

According to Kombo and Tromp (2006), a research design can be thought of as the structure of
research. It is the glue that holds all of the elements in a research project together. A research
design also defines the conceptual structure within which research is conducted. It constitutes the
blueprint for the collection, measurement and analysis of data. Therefore, the combination of
quantitative and qualitative approaches to the study will minimize the weaknesses and capitalize
on the strengths, which results from mixed methods of data collection and analysis. Quantitative
approach will help to determine the extent of the problems and qualitative approach will deal with
the nature of the problems.

3.2. Study Area

The research will be conducted at Construction Company X in Mongu Western part of Zambia
with the population of 179,585 people according to the Geo names geographical database. Zambia
is located at -13.1404 latitude in decimal degrees and 27.8493 longitudes in decimal degrees at an
elevation or altitude of meters. The average elevation of Mongu, Zambia is 969 meters and whose
time zone identity is Africa.

3.3. Target population

The targeted population in this study is Construction Company X a building construction firm
doing building construction business in Mongu District Western Province, Zambia.

18
3.4. Sample Size
The sample size will be sixty (60) and all will be employees from a construction Company X of
Mongu district.

Sample size determination (Jose and Expectation, 1993)

n = N/1 +Ne² where;

n = Sample Size

N =Total Study Population (71)

e = Margin of Error (0.05), the probability of the population less than 100 at 0.05 or greater than
100 at 0.05.

1= Constant

Therefore;

= 71/ 1 + 71 (0.05)2
= 71/ 1 +71 (0.0025)
= 71/ 1.1775
n= 60.3
n= 60
Therefore; since the population will not be more than 100 the researcher will have no sample size
because the total population is manageable and there is no big difference between the sample size
and the total study population, hence manageable.

3.5. Data collection

Research data can be classified into primary or secondary data. Primary data is original data
collected for a specific goal at hand whilst secondary data is information created by other
researchers and made available for reuse (Hox and Boeije, 2005).

3.5.1 Primary Data Collection Technique

There are different primary data collection methods such as interviews, questionnaire survey and
observations. Interviews, questionnaires and observation schedules will be used in the study.
Observations in form of case studies shall be used for the purposes of triangulation.

19
Triangulation is used to cross-check the information in order to increase the credibility and validity
as acknowledged by Yeasmin and Rahman (2012). The information that will be found from
questionnaires will be cross-checked with the information from schedules. Triangulation shall be
used in the research because no study had been done on the assessment of safety and health
programmes in the construction industries in Mongu district. One construction site will be used
for observation.
The research instruments that will be engaged in this study are in-depth interview schedule;
questionnaires; and observation schedule. Semi-structured interviews shall be used to get initial
data on safety and health programmes in construction industry in Mongu district.
The pilot study shall assist in determining flaws, limitations or other weakness within the interview
design. Moreover, it assisted in necessary corrections (Kvale, 2007).

(a) Interviews
Interviews provide in-depth information pertaining to participants “experiences and viewpoints of
a particular topic” (Turner, 2010). The interview in the study assists in getting information of
interviewee experiences on safety and health programmes. This is important because there are no
accident reports in many interviewees’ sites. There are three types of interviews: informal
conversation, general interviews and standardized open-ended interviews.

i. Informal Interviews
Informal interviews involve questions that come from the experience at that particular moment
(Turmer, 2010). The researcher does not ask any specific types of questions yet relies on the
interaction with the participants.

ii. General Interviews

General interviews are more structured than informal interviews but are more flexible in the
composition. In this type of interviews the researcher can interchange the way the questions are
posed (Tuner, 2010).

iii. Standardised Open-Ended Interviews

Standardised Open-ended interviews are particularly organised in such a way that the responses
are open-ended. Participants are asked the identical questions (Gall et al., 2003). The researcher

20
is allowed to ask probing questions as follow up questions and interviewees fully express their
views and experiences (Tuner, 2010).

(b) Questionnaires
Questionnaires are used to collect primary data. They are used when the sample is large and widely
dispersed. There are two types of questionnaires; structured and unstructured (Acharya, 2010).
Structured questionnaires involve closed questions which are well defined in a certain sequence.
Structured questionnaires are mostly used in quantitative data collection. Unstructured
questionnaires include open ended questions (Acharya, 2010). The study employed unstructured
and structured making it to be semi structured. Questionnaires can either be mailed or delivered in
person. The advantage of using questionnaires is that they can be used to collect many different
kinds of information. The limitation is that busy people may not want to take the time and others
may try to give pleasant answers (Kumar, 2005). This limitation can be complemented by
interviews and observations on the case studies sites.

(c) Observation Method

Observation method is the systematic noting and recording of events, behaviors, and objects in the
social setting chosen for study (Marshall, 2008). Participant observation involves the researcher's
involvement in a variety of activities over an extended period of time. Permission will be required
before visiting the sites for observations. Observations are carried out on selected construction
sites to verify the data from interviews and questionnaires. Observation method is used in the case
studies of the selected site. The site is a Mongu to Limulunga road in Western Province.

3.5.2 Secondary Data Collection Techniques

This is a technique where data which was already collected and analysed by someone else, is used
in a study. The secondary data collection technique was used to get the understanding on the
knowledge that exists on safety and health programmes in the construction industry that relates to
the objectives. Moreover, it gave a better understanding of the subject. The review of the work of
other researchers was a guide to the different approaches in the methodologies. Literature review
accomplished several purposes such as sharing the results of other studies that are closely related
to this study.

21
 (a) Literature Sources
The sources of information used in this study were as follows:
i. Journal Articles
Safety and health journals were used especially from Elsevier, ILO, African newsletters and Safety
and Health at Work (SHAW).
ii. Theses and Dissertations
Theses and dissertations from the University of Zambia library can be useful sources of
information. Only published theses are used in this study. Theses and dissertations from the
University of Barotseland library are used as sources of information.
iii. Books
Books on safety and health with the latest editions are used to get information for the study.
iv. Conference Proceedings
Conference proceedings were used in the study to get what was obtaining the latest information in
the construction industry.
v. Government, Corporate Reports and Acts
Corporate reports were used in the study. The Factories Act of 1994 of the Laws of Zambia and
Occupational Health and Safety Act of 2010 are used.
vi. Newspapers
For the interest of this study, newspapers helped to bring out the number of accidents on
construction sites and the public views on the status of the construction sector concerning safety
and health.
vii. World Wide Web
The World Wide Web (WWW) is the fastest-growing source of information. It was used widely
in this study to get the latest published journals and studies from authenticated journal cites on
safety and health in the construction industry.

3.6. Sampling Methods

Sampling methods are classified into probability and non-probability (Latham, 2007). In
probability sampling each member in a sample has the same chance of being selected. The
probability sampling method that was used in the study was stratified and random sampling while
the non-probability was purposive sampling.

22
3.6.1. Purposive Sampling
This is the method of selecting participants who are highly likely to display the process being
examined. The WCFCB and safety shall be sampled because they deal directly with companies.
NCC registers and regulates contractors. The WCFCB compensates workers who get injured or
sick while at work. The construction sites comprising a road and erection of water tanks are
purposively selected for case studies. The two construction areas are selected to get experiences of
different projects and in different places. The case study sites will serve the purpose of verification
of interview and questionnaire results.

3.7. Validity of the data collection instruments

This refers to the relevance of the data collection instruments in relation to the anticipated outcome
of the study. To ensure validity of the data collection instruments the researcher formulated simple
easy to understand questions whose answers had a critical bearing to the variables under
investigation so as to guide the study achieve its purpose. The following strategies was adopted;
interviews, sorting and pre- testing of the questionnaire for the purpose of measuring theoretical
meaningfulness of the concepts and consistency of language used to present concepts. Also by
asking respondents if questions are clear in order to measure the intent of the questions. Following
the validity checks and reliability, data analyzed using Microsoft Excel tables to determine the
percentage of response to show the relationship or difference as the basis to answer the research
questions.

3.8. Methods of Data Analysis

This study shall be comprised of a combination of qualitative and quantitative data analysis
approach which is called mixed method.

3.8.1. Qualitative Approach

Qualitative approach focuses on opinions, understanding and beliefs. Qualitative approach is much
easier to plan and carryout (Mouton, 2008). The qualitative data that shall be collected will be
coded in themes that emerge.

3.8.2. Quantitative Approach

Quantitative approach deals with numbers and measurements. Quantitative approach is an
excellent way of finalising results (Mouton, 2008). The quantitative data that will be collected
shall be analysed using Excel spread sheets and Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS).

23
3.9. Summary

This Chapter presented the methodology that will be used to get data in order to achieve the
objectives of the study. The research in the study is basic, applied, action and explorative in nature.
The primary data will be collected from interviews and questionnaires. The secondary data is
collected from books, journals, internet, reports, newspapers and conference proceedings. The
sampling method engaged in the study is purposive sampling. The collected data shall be analysed
using excel and SPSS.

24
 CHAPTER FOUR

PRESENTATION OF THE FINDINGS

4.0. Introduction
The previous chapter presented the methods that were used in order to carry out this study. The
current chapter presented the findings of the study. The findings were presented with the help of
the charts, graphs and tables. These were presented based on the three objectives of the study.
Moreover, an addition of demographic characteristics was added to indicate the features of the
people who participated in the study.

4.1 Response rate

The study targeted a sample size of 60. However, only 56 provided the feedback for questionnaires.
As for that reason, the response rate for the study was 93%. While 7% did not provide the feedback.
Fortunately, the average sample size was reached giving the researcher a go ahead with data
analysis. Below is how the data was analyzed.

4.2. Demographic characteristics

Based on the findings of the study as presented in table one below, it showed that 96% of the
participants were male while the least 4% were female participants. The results also revealed that
45% were in the age range between 26 and 30, 35% were in the range of 30 and above while the
least 20% were between 20-25 years ago. With respect to education level, the majority were 21%
attained secondary certificate while 43% just had primary certificate and the least 36% had tertiary
certificates. On marital status, the results of the study showed that the majority 45% were married,
34% were single and the least 21% were divorced. Since the researcher needed to understand how
effective the health and safety programmes are in the district, the researcher targeted those
participants who have worked in construction industries for some years as these may have great
experience. As such, the majority 57% worked in construction industries for more than 3 years,
32% worked in construction industries for two years and the least 11% had 1 year working
experience.

25
Table 4. 1 Data on demographic characteristics of participants

Variables Frequency Percentages (%)

Gender of participants
Male 54 96%
Female 2 4%
Total 56 100%
Age of participants
20-25 11 20%
26-30 26 46%
30 and above 19 34%
Total 56 100%
Education level
Primary level 24 43%
Secondary level 12 21%
Tertiary level 20 36%
Total 56 100%
Marital status
Married 25 45%
Single 19 34%
Divorced 12 21%
Total 56 100%
Number of years of work
experience in construction
industries in Mongu district
1 year 6 11%
2 years 18 32%
3 years and above 32 57%
Total 56 100%

26
4.3. Analysis of Primary Data

According to the study setting, the data from the field were aiming to answer the research
questions. This section presents the answers of research questions from all respondent categories
simultaneous.

4.3.1. What are Management’s Obligation on Health and Safety at the Workplace?

The research questions on the commitment of management on the occupation health and safety at
work place was intended to gather information on the presence of OHS systems at the workplace
and how far the management supports the programme to promote performance at large.

4.3.1.1 Availability of Health and Safety Programmes in Construction industry

On the question asked about availability of health and safety programmes in the industry, 34
respondents equivalent to (61%) said there are health and safety programme in their company.
This means that they understood the meaning of Occupational health and safety, therefore basing
on the distribution above it seems that the respondents were much aware of what they were asked
by the researcher hence they have furnished the research with relevant data

Table 4. 2 Availability of OHS Programme

Availability Frequency Percentage

Yes 34 61%

No 22 39%

Total 56 100%

27
4.3.1.2. Performance of the Programme in the Company

On the question about performance of the programme in the organization, the study finding
revealed that 24 respondents (43%) said the programme works well, 32 (57%) said the programmes
does not work well in their organization. This stresses that, even though the majority of 61% agreed
that there was OHS at the place, but still only minimum employees 39% agreed it works
sufficiently.

This implies that the company particularly its associates are not investing much in buying safety
gears and time in regular or continuous seminars to enlighten the workers to comprehend the
benefits and other direct and indirect advantages of OSH. This was revealed by the interviews
conducted, and accessed internal safety audits reports done within the company.
Table 4. 3 Performance of the Programme in the Company

Frequency Percentage
Yes 24 43%
No 32 57%
Total 56 100%

4.3.1.3. Motive for the Construction industries to Insist on Health and Safety Programmes
at Workplace

From the question on reason for the organization to insist on Health and Safety programmes at
workplace, 56 Respondents (100%) accepted that there is a reason for the construction industry to
insist on health and safety programmes at workplace. The findings revealed the reality that the
majority employees have the knowledge about derived benefits from health and safety at
workplace. The distribution below shows that respondents were much aware of what they were
asked by the researcher hence they have furnished the research with relevant data strongly stressing
on the need for OSH.

28
Table 4. 4 Motives to Insist on OHS

Frequency Percentage

Yes 56 100%

No 0 0%

Total 56 100%

4.3.2. The management’s systems that contribute to the achievement of an OHS

programme.

This question was intended to explore how the system of health and safety works at the
organization. It needed to understand all procedures, processes and practices within the
organization to promote a healthier and safe work place. It specifically wanted to analyze
acceptance of OHS to employees, and safety culture within company at large.

4.3.2.1. Definition of Success in Terms of Health and Safety

The question on definition on success in terms of OHS was intended to understand and measure
the knowledge of people on OHS in general at the workplace. Employees at the construction site
indicates greatly to know what OHS is all about as 36% says that for OHS to be successful, no
accidents or work related diseases should happen in the workplace. Also, 30% hinted on training
and education to raise people’s awareness on OHS. Routine inspections and audit on safety should
be given priority was mentioned by 20%, and 14% saw the need for employees involvement as a
factor success for OHS.

29
Figure 4. 1 success in terms of OHS

Success in terms of OHS

Percentage Frequency

14%
Routine inspections and safety audit

20%
Worker's involvement 1
1
30%
Educating and training 1
7
36%
No accidents 2
0

4.3.2.2 Components which are required for OHS Programme

On the question of components to make system of OHS works properly, 31 (55%) respondents
said training and education is a vital aspects. 14 (25%) respondents pointed out the necessities of
working and protective gears like ear guards, reflector jackets, safety boots, etc. On the other hand
7 (13%) respondents each mentioned about the importance of clear communication and
information concerning health and safety, and management appreciation and motivation on health
and safety. 4 (7%) rate of respondent shows the necessity of having first aid; safety rules and
procedures; safety audit; safety committee; safety officer at the workplace. Hence, the results stress
strongly for much half of respondents 55% the need and necessity of education.

30
Figure 4. 2 Components which are required for OHS programmes.

Components which are required for OHS programmes

60

50

40

30

20

10

Personal Clear
Training and Safety guidelines
protective Communication
Education and procedures
equipment and Information
Frequency 31 14 7 4
Percentage 55 25 13 7

Source: Author

4.3.2.3. How do People Communicate and Involved in Decision Making Concern OHS

On the question on how people communicate within the organization concerning the OHS shows
that mostly they use verbal communication as 32% respondents pointed at it. 27% respondents
said they use telephone for quick break of information concerning OHS. Having Safety meetings
is another way used to communicate health and safety matters as 21% respondents mentioned it.
9% respondents show departmental meetings and alarms alert as means of communication on
health and safety issues. While 11% respondents said they communicate through reports and
training.

31
Figure 4. 3 Communication and decision making on OHS programmes

Communication and decision making on OHS programmes

Training and
Reports
11%
Alarms
9%
Verbal
32%

Safety meetings
21%

27%

Source: Author

4.3.2.4. Workers Rewards and Recognition Regarding OHS

The answer to this question shows that 45% respondents said they are paid allowances as a reward
after they work safely for some time. 25% respondents said they have been recognized by given
certificate of recognition for a good work, or given a certificate of attendance after attending safety
training. While 16% each said have been praised and recognized verbally in departmental
meetings; and 14% respondents are given license to work at the overall. These are responses from
questionnaire and other from interviews supported that OHS programme is at the place because it
is also used as the basis to be chosen as the best employee of the year to receive identified rewards.

32
Figure 4. 4 Worker's Rewards and Recognition Regarding OHS

Worker's Rewards and Recognition Regarding OHS

Licence to work at overall

Verbal recognition
Certificate of Recognition

10 20 30 40 50
Certificate of Verbal Licence to work
Allowances Recognition recognition at overall
Percentage 45 25 16 14
Frequency 25 14 9 8

Source: Author

4.3.2.5. Workers Participation on OHS Activities

This question anticipated to measure people’s awareness about OHS and why certainly in the
above question on the motive of OHS they all said yes. Consequently, answers to this question of
why they participate on OHS, 29 (52%) respondents said they do participate because they want to
remain safe and healthy, and also to make their construction industry develop positively. 19 (34%)
respondents said they participate because it is part and parcel of airport rules and procedures. While
8 (14%) respondents said they have no idea why they do participate.

Figure 4. 5 Reasons for worker’s participation

Reasons for participation

6
0
5
0
4
0
30
Remain safe Develops the No idea
and health industry
Frequency 29 19 8
Percentage 52 34 14

33
4.3.3. Importance of having Health and Safety Programmes

This research question was intended to gather information on the role of occupational health and
safety in improving and increasing efficiency in an organization. It was seek to implore relation
between effectiveness of OHS and employee performance.

4.3.3.1. Contribution of Occupational Health and Safety programmes

Under the question on Contribution of Occupational health and Safety on the company, 13 (23%)
of the respondents said OSH reduces the rate of injuries and death at workplace, 14 (25%) of the
respondents said OSH increase productivity, 10 (18%) of the respondents said the programme
increases the profit of organization, while 7 (13%) said the programme increases employees
satisfaction. And 12 (21%) of the respondents said it promotes cooperation among workers and
the management.
Figure 4. 6 Contributions of OHS programmes

Contributions of OHS programmes

25
20
15
10

0
Increases Eliminates Increases Promotes Increases
productivity injuries and worker's cooperation profit for the
death satifaction company

Frequency 14 13 7 12 10
Percentage 25 23 13 21 18

4.3.3.2. Why Management should maintain and Obligate on OHS

According to the responses given by the respondents on this question, 28 respondents said
management should insists and commit on OHS because the safety of their employees is at their
hands, and that it is their responsibility to make sure everyone is going home safe. 17 respondents
said OHS increased productivity therefore management has no option rather than insisting and
commit on the programme of health and safety. 11 respondents each said the reason

34
to insist is that life security increase job satisfaction; and reduce rate of injuries and accidents
occurrence respectively.

Figure 4. 7 Why management should maintain and obligate on OHS programmes.

Why management should maintain and obligate on OHS

programmes
60
50
40
30
20
10
Increases Reduces rate of
accident occurrence
Frequency 28 17 11
Percentage 50 30 20

Source: Author

4.3.4. Challenges Affecting the Implementation of Occupational Health and Safety

Programmes at Workplace
This section wanted to explore and examine things which could pose a setback to the occupational
health and safety programme to work effectively and sufficiently well at the organization.

4.3.4.1. Factors Affecting Implementation of Health and Safety Programme in the Industry

Under this question, 22 respondents equivalent to 39 percent agreed on poor executive support
from the industry. 12 respondents equivalent to 21 percent agreed that high cost to train, provide
protective gears, and compensate affected employees can affect the implementation of OHS. 7
respondents equivalent to 13 percent each agreed on poor management support and low-level of
employees involvement respectively can affect OHS. 10 respondents equivalent to 18 percent
agreed on no identified safety standards and legislation can be a setback factor; while 5 respondents
which is equivalent to 9 percent said powerless HR-department is a setback to health and safety
goals.

35
Figure 4. 8 Factors Affecting Implementation of Health and Safety Programme in the
Industry

Factors Affecting Implementation of Health

and Safety Programme in the Industry
Poor executive support

9%
13% 39% High budget

18%
Unidentified safety
standards
21%
Low level of worker's
involvement
Powerless HR Dept.

Source: Author

4.3.4.2 What are other Factors Seems to be among the Key Problems to Effectively
Implement the Programmes of the Health and Safety?

Under this question 18 respondents equivalent to 32 percent shoot their concern on the Insufficient
financial plan which has been distributed to occupational health and safety, while 7 respondents
equivalent to 13 percent said individual negligence is among a factor which dwarfing the
successful achievement of occupational health and safety programme at workplace.

Table 4. 5 Other factors affecting the implementation of health and safety programmes in
the industry.

Other factors Frequency Percentage

Insufficient financial plan 18 32%

distributed

Individuals negligence 7 13%

36
4.3.4.3 What the management should do to improve the health and safety programmes for
the workers in construction sites?

The question on actions that the management need to do so as to better improve the health and
safety programmes for workers and the company at large 19 (34%) of the respondents suggested
that management seriousness on supervision and disciplining of workers to abide with rules and
regulations is the major solution to better improve the programme for both workers and the
company at large, 11 (20%) each proposed that the management should emphasize on timely safety
drills, training and seminars including daily morning safety assemble to sensitize workers before
resume work will bring undeniable impact on the efficiency of health and safety programme, 8
(14%) said motivation can do a big deal to improve health and safety programme at the workplace.
13 (23%) said provision of essential safety gears (personal protective equipment) is also a measure
to improve OSH, and 5 (9%) said employees participation.

Figure 4. 9 Management’s obligation on OHS programmes

What the management should do to improve the health and safety

programmes for the workers in construction sites?
40

35 34%

30

25 23%
20%
20
14%
15

10 9%

0
Management' Worker'
s seriousnes OHS Motivation Provision of s
Training PPE involvemen
s t
Frequenc
y 19 11 8 13 5
34 20 14 23 9
Percentag

37
 CHAPTER FIVE

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.0 Introduction
A significant number of items were covered by this study on assessment of the effectiveness
occupational health and safety programmes in construction industries in Mongu district. This
chapter presented the summary of the study, and then it drew the conclusions from previous
chapters and finally made recommendations to the particular investors as well as to the university.

5.1 Summary of the Main Findings

This study was undertaken to analyze the effectiveness of the occupational health and safety
programmes in construction industries in Mongu district. The study specifically examined the
management’s obligation on health and safety programmes in the industry, safety and health
management system, assess the contribution of occupational health and safety management system
on achieving workplace health and safety, and identify challenges affecting the implementation of
health and safety programmes at the workplace.

The key findings are summarized as follows:

5.1.1 Management’s obligation on health and safety programme in the company

The findings revealed that has the programme of health and safety at the place as 61% of
respondents supported the question, though 57% said the programme doesn’t work well merely
because there was a least contribution of employees concerning OHS, and lack of operational and
protective equipment. Nevertheless, they acknowledge and appreciate the existence of safety rules
and policy, safety committees, safety officer, and minimum works related diseases and accidents.
Actually 100% respondents said there was a need for the organization to commit and insist on
OHS programme.

38
5.1.2 The Management’s systems that contribute to the achievement of an OHS programme

Respondents assumed they will consider the health and safety programme effective when there
will be no accidents or work related diseases, training and education concerning OHS is given to
all, there is timely inspection and audit, and worker’s involvement of course. Continuously,
answering to the components that can make successful OHS programmes at workplace, 55% said
training and education can be a major aspect. Others said protective gears, involvement and
participation of employees, first aid, communication, motivation, safety rules, safety committee,
and safety audit.

5.1.3 Contribution of Occupation Health and Safety Programme

The study discovered that occupational health and safety programme has the major contribution
on performance the workers and the company at large. 25% of respondents said it increases
productivity, 18% said it increases profit to the company, while 13% said it increases employees
satisfaction. Respondents said it also has other contributions 23% like it eliminate injuries and
reckless death, 21% promote cooperation between workers and management, increase
responsibility and sensitivity among employees.

5.1.4 Challenges Affecting the Implementation of Occupational Health and Safety

Programmes at the Workplace

The study shows that 55 percent of respondents from company X said the main setback for
accomplishing effective application of occupational health and safety programme is actually the
high cost to train, protective gears, and compensate affected employees. Respondents mentioned
other challenges like individual negligence, and insufficient financial plan distributed.

5.2. General Conclusion

The findings shows that respondents were quite aware of the topic under discussion as it revealed
that there was a greater contribution of OHS on increase of production, profit to the organization,
and satisfaction to the employees. It helps to raise worker’s awareness and ties together
management and employees goals for the betterment of the company. Also, the views of

39
respondents showed that health and safety programmes at the place helps to eliminate work related
diseases, injuries and death.

However, the findings came out with an astonishing views or suggestions on how can the
managements with occupational health and safety in place be able to improve and protect their
workers from work related hazards and diseases. According to the respondents’ views, training
and education, management seriousness on making follow-up and disciplining workers concerning
health and safety, conducting timely safety drills, motivation to workers, provision of safety gears,
and worker’s participation will eventually facilitate accomplishing goals.

5.3 Recommendations
Based on the conclusion given above, the following were the recommendations of the study.

i. Training and Education

The study revealed that there was lack of knowledge and skills to employees concerning health
and safety at the airport staffs and partners. Though they have an idea of it but still they show a
greater concern of having the specific knowledge to realize their best. Education including
seminars can increase awareness and brought results we want.

ii. Involvement of Staff

Involvement and participation of staffs is the only thing which can make workers feel
belongingness and attachment to the management and company in general. The people particularly
the workers have the right to know and the right to participate. The people want to get involved in
decision making concerning their lives and their workplace. Only this can make personnel feel
more valued, and appreciate what management does.

iii. Conforming to the Budget

The study also revealed that protective gears, working tools, and all that are so expensive that they
pose challenge to the OHS. But still the study reveal the need for sufficient financial plan to be
allocated on occupational health and safety as people are the ones who make the company move
forward, and so their lives are so resourceful and cannot be replaced once perished.

40
 iv. Motivation

The study appreciates the role of motivation for making workers comply to the OHS. Human
behavior is so fragile and it sometimes needs to be controlled, monitored and motivated. Through
different ways of motivation management may want to use, but the study reveal the uses of
allowances can bring expected results and help to create safety culture within the company.

v. Contribution to Knowledge
The study identified several challenges encountered by the occupational health and safety in
achieving proposed objectives in the company. These challenges were like factors enabled
researched to make recommendation for improvement. Also the study has been of a big help in
providing knowledge to the researched company and other researchers as well as to the
government.

 To the Researcher and other Researcher

The researcher has been able to gain understanding with knowledge and challenges faced by thein
occupational health and safety. The study revealed strengths and weaknesses which are the
challenges for improving the same.

 To the Construction industries

The construction industries are hereby recommended that they improve the health and safety
management system by structuring human resource competence to both its employees and partners
based on the challenges revealed during the study to make sure all go home healthy and safe. The
contractors ought to conduct OHS training to the employees, endorse the safety culture to
employees and educate them on how to use the equipment correctly in the construction site.
The contractors should always employ qualified First Aider who should prepare regular safety
meeting during the work in the construction site. The contractor should make sure that all the
workers wear the personal protection equipment (PPE) and punish the workers who fail to adhere
to. The contractors must form safety committee on construction sites and periodically inspect that
the committees are effective.

41
  To the Government

It is recommended that, since government aims at improving lives of its citizen. Therefore, it has
the role to compose to ensure everyone in the workplace or around is protected from any hazard
which may relate to the working condition or operation at the place by setting good and favorable
condition to workers and investors. The government should vigorously follow up the health and
safety applications in the construction sites by visiting the sites and evaluating the safety
application during the construction period. The government should complete the formulating and
preparing of the comprehensive National OHS policy. The policy should clearly address the key
roles of the main institutions in the management of OHS in the country so as to avoid duplicating
and overlapping of functions. If necessary, the policy should merge some functions. The
government should ensure that players in the construction industry comply with the laid down
legislations and regulations. Were possible, punitive measures should be instituted stringently to ensure
adherence to set regulations. The government through relevant Ministries should consider embedding
in the schools, colleges and universities' curriculum the importance of OHS to instill safety and health
awareness at an early age in would be employees and employers and also Promote workplace-based
training and awareness on OHS.

5.4. Implications of the Findings

The findings of this research report thought to be a catalyst for many operational workplaces in
Mongu district and all over the country for supporting human existence. The researcher anticipate
the construction industries, mine companies, public and private industries, and normal offices to
apprehend recommendations of this study to improve lives of their workers and people around to
accomplish the goals.

5.5. Limitations of the Study

The limitations which posed serious constrains for the researcher to conduct his study efficiently
were;
 Time management factor, time given to complete the study was short, so the researcher
chose to use a single case study approach to eliminate the limitation.
 A Financial difficult was also a restraining factor to the researcher due to the circumstance
that living, travelling and stationary costs are increasing each day.

42
 Nevertheless, the researcher decided to use a nearby case study method to minimize this
limitation.

5.6 Suggestions for further research.

Further studies required to be undertaken on the issue of construction site accident investigations,
reporting and records so as to advice the government on policy formulation and implementation
on matters of health and safety in construction work.

43
 References

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Performance: A Case Study of Arusha Airport Authority. University of Tanzania.
2 Armstrong, M., (2009). Armstrong’s Handbook of Human Resource Management Practice. 11th
ed. London: Kogan Page Limited.
3 Behm, M. (2008), Repporteur‟s Report Construction Sector. East Cardina University, Journal of
Safety Research 39, 175- 178. ELSEVIER and National Safety Council.
4 Bhattacherjee Anol, (2012), Social Science Research: Principles, Methods, and Practices
University of South Florida, pp. 21-24, 38, 78 and 106.
5 Central Statistics Office (CSO) (2014), Gross Domestic Product 2010 Bench Mark,
6 Department of Occupational Safety and Health, (2006). Occupational Safety and Health Act of
1994 (Act 514), Ministry of Human Resources, Malaysia. Construction Engineering and
Management, Vol. 126 (1), pp.52-60
7 Elbeltagi, E., Hegazy(2002), Incorporating Safety into Construction Site Management; Challenges
and Opportunities in Management and Technology, 25-26 April 2002, Miami, Florida, USA.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/health.European Agency for Safety and Health at Work. Accident
prevention in the construction sector.
8 Gall, M. D., Gall, J.P., Borg, W. R. (2003). Educational Research: An Introduction. 7th ed.
Boston, MA: A & B Publication.
9 Hendrickson, C., T. Au (2003), Project Management for Construction, Fundamental Concepts
for Owners, Engineers, Architects and Builders.
10 Hox, J.J., Boeije, H. R. (2005), Data Collection, Primary vs. Secondary. Enclopedia of Social
Measurement. Volume 1. Elsevier Inc.
11 Huberman, M. & Miles, B. (1994).Qualitative data analysis: A methods source book: Arizona.
Sage Publications.
12 ILO, (2015). Creating Safe and Healthy Workplaces for All. Melbourne.
13 International Labor Organization Report, (2012) “Decent Work Country Profile Zambia –
International Labor Organization, 2012”, pp. 7-20.
14 Jha, K. N., (2011) “Construction Project Management: theory and practice”. Dorling Kindersley
(India) Pvt. Ltd., Licensees of Pearson education in south Asia.

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15 Kaliba, C. (2010), Cost Escalation, Schedule Overrun, and Quality Shortfalls on Construction
Projects. Masters Thesis published, University of Zambia, Lusaka. Zambia.
16 Kombo, D. K., and Tromp, D. L. A., (2006). Proposal and thesis writing: an Introduction.
Nairobi: Paulines publication Africa.
17 Kvale, S. (2007) Doing interviews. Thousand Orks, CA: Sage.
18 Ligard, H. and S. Rowlinson (2005), Occupational Health and Safety in Construction Project
Management. New York: Taylor and Francis Books Ltd.
19 Matiko, J. (2013), Construction work and occupational safety and health. African Newsletter on
Occupational Health and Safety. December. 23, 63.
20 Mouton, J.(2001), How to Succeed in Your Master's and Doctoral Studies- A South African
Guide and Resource Book.Mroszczyk, J. Designing for Construction Worker Safety.
21 Mukhalipi, A. (2004), Africa Newsletter on Occupation Health and Safety; 43-45.
22 Mukosiku .G.M. (2012). Zambia Country Profile on Occupational Safety and Health ISBN 978-
92-2-126629-7.
23 Mullen, J. (2004), "Investigating Factors that Influence Individual Safety Behaviour at
Work."Journal of Safety Research 35, 275-285.
24 Phoya, S. (2012), Health and Safety Risk Management in Building in Tanzania: The Practice of
Risk Assessment, Communication and Control. Thesis, Chalmers University of Technology,
Sweden
25 Rundmo, T., A.R. Hale (2003), "Managers' Attitudes Towards Safety and Accident Prevention."
Safety Science. 41, 557 - 574.
26 Stranks, W, (2007). Human Factors and Behavioral Safety. Butterworth Heinemann, Elsevier.
27 Wang, W., Liu, J., & Chou, S., (2006) “Simulation-based safety evaluation model integrated with
network schedule”, Journal of Automation in Construction, Vol. 15(3), pp.341-354
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29 Zambia Times of Zambia Newspaper, 6th May, 2014, pp. 2-3

45
APPENDICES

APPENDIX I: BUDGET

S/N ITEMS AMOUNT (K)

01 Ream of paper 100.00

02 Pens, pencils and rulers 20.00

03 Typing / Printing 300.00

04 Transport from home to Study location daily 300.00

for one week

05 Food 200.00

06 Incentive to my data collection assistants 400.00

Total 1,320.00

46
APPENDIX II: GHART CHART
This research study will be conducted over a period (timeframe) as shown in the schedule below.

ACTIVITY JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL

Proposal
development

Literature review

Proposal submission

Develop tools pre-

testing

Data collection

Data Analysis

Present results

Interpret results

Draft report

Submission for
examination

47
APPENDIX V: Questionnaire of the study
Instructions: Tick one answer of your choice

SECTION A:

Demographic characteristics of participants

1. Gender of participants
a. Male [ ]
b. Female [ ]
2. Age of participants
a. 20-25 [ ]
b. 26-30 [ ]
c. 30 and above [ ]
3. Education level
a. Primary level [ ]
b. Secondary level [ ]
c. Tertiary level [ ]
4. Marital status
a. Married [ ]
b. Single [ ]
c. Divorced [ ]
5. Number of years of working experience in construction industries in Mongu district.
a. 1 year [ ]
b. 2 years [ ]
c. 3 years and above [ ]

SECTION B:
Management’s obligation on Health and safety programmes
1. Are there any health and safety programmes in your company?
a) Yes [ ]
b) No [ ]

2. Do you think the programme works well in your company?

a) Yes [ ]
b) No [ ]

3. Is there any reason for the organization to insist on health and safety programmes at
workplace?
a) Yes [ ]
b) No [ ]

48
SECTION C:
Systems that contribute to the success of an occupational health and safety

1. What components are considered necessary for a successful programme from your
perceptions?
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………

2. What are the organizational, departmental, and individual processes in terms of

communication and decision-making regarding safety and health? (How do you
communicate and make decisions regarding health and safety?)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
…… ………………………………………………………………………………………...
3. How are employees rewarded or recognized for participation in safety and health
activities?
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
4. Why do you participate in health and safety activities?
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………

SECTION D:
Importance of having health and safety programmes at workplace
1. Contribution of occupational health and safety programmes at your company are:

i. Promotes cooperation [ ]
ii. Increase productivity [ ]
iii. Increase the profit of the company [ ]
iv. Increase employee’s satisfaction [ ]
v. Reduce rates of injuries and death [ ]

2. Based on your own working experience, why do you think management should maintain
and obligate on the occupational health and safety practices?
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………

49
SECTION E:
Challenges affecting the implementation of occupational health and safety programmes at
workplace.

1. The following are the factors affecting implementation of health and safety programmes
at workplace.
i. Poor management support [ ]
ii. High cost to train, provision of protective gears, and compensate affected
employees [ ]
iii. Low-level of employees involvement [ ]
iv. Powerless HR-department [ ]
v. No identified safety standards and legislation [ ]

2. What other factor(s) seem to be among the key problems to effectively implement the
programme of the health and safety in your company?
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
3. In your own view, what do you think should be done by the management to improve the
health and safety programmes for workers and the company at large?
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………

50