MACHINE ACCESSORIES
carbon steel and mounted between the
Machine tools are devices used to shape,
cut, grind, or drill metal, wood, or other materials.
They are essential in manufacturing processes as
they help create products with precision and
accuracy.
Accessories, on the other hand, are add-
ons to machine tools that enhance their
functionality. They can be used for various tasks
such as holding work pieces securely or providing
additional cutting power.
Lathe Machine Accessories:
 Centres: Used for holding the work piece
in lathe.
-The entire load of the work piece and
thrust developed due to metal cutting is
taken by the centers
-Made up of very hard metals to resist
deflection and wear.
-Included angle is generally between 60-
75°.
-Its different types are live and dead
center.
 Chucks: Used for holding and rotating a
work piece in lathe.
-Components of any regular of irregular
can be held.
-Attached to the spindle with bolts with the
back plate screwed on spindle nose.
-Mainly two types: universal or three jaw
chuck and four jaw chuck (independent).
 Lathe Carrier: They are used in
conjunction with the driving plate.
-It may be straight tailed or bent tailed.
-The work piece to be held is inserted in
the V shaped hole.
-Work piece of larger diameter can't be
held.
 Face Plate: Used for holding the chuck in
lathe.
-It is very heavy and has strong ribs.
-Nuts and bolts are used for clamping the
chuck with it.
-Has thread in a hole in centre so that it
can be fit into the spindle nose
 Catch Plate: Also known as driving plate.
-For attachment to the end of head stock
driving spindle, the hole in center in
internally threaded.
-It also carries a hole for the pin which
engages with the tail of the lathe carrier
when the work piece is held.
 Angle Plate: It is a L shaped plate with
two faces at right angles on has slots for
clamping on face plate.
-When work piece is such that it is not
possible to clamp it to the chuck then
angle plate is used.
 Mandrels: It is a shaft made of high
centres.
-It is used for holding the pre drilled work
pieces for outside machining.
-It is always rotated with the help of a dog
and it is never placed in a chuck.
-Its various types are plain, step, collar,
screw, cone, gang, expansion.
 Rests: It is used to support a long slender
job, which is turned between centres.
-It prevents the bending of work piece
which is cause due to its own weight and
vibrations of the cutting forces.
-It is generally used when length to
diameter ratio is around 1: 10-12
-Mainly of two types: steady and follower.
Shaper Machine Accessories:
 Clapper Box: The clapper box is an
essential accessory used in shaper
machines. It is responsible for providing a
smooth cutting action by allowing the tool
to lift off the work piece during the return
stroke.
-Usually made of cast irons or steal and is
mounted on the ram of the shaper
machine.
-Consist of two parts- the clapper block
and the clapper arm.
 Vice: A vice is another important
accessory used in shaper machines. It is
used to hold the work piece securely in
place during the cutting process.
-Vices come in different sizes and shapes
depending on the size and shape of the
work piece. They can be either manually
or hydraulically operated.
 Step Block: Work piece is clamped to the
surface of table by strap clamp.
-Head of T-bolt fits into T-slot and
other end of the clamp is put on a step
block. Clamp rest on the step whose
height is approximately equal to the work
piece height.
-Clamp is tightened using nut and T-bolt
should be placed near to the work piece.
-A number of clamps are used to hold
large work piece.
 Strip and stop Spin: A strip is long piece
of rectangular section. At bottom it has a
lengthwise projection. This projection fits
into the T-slot of the table.
-There are number of holes in the strip.
Using these holes, the strip is clamped to
the table by means of T-bolts. The work
piece butts against the side of the strip
plate.
 -At the other side of the work piece, stop
pins are fitted in the T-slot. The stop pin
screws are tightened to clamp the work
piece. This method is used for holding
thick work piece.
 Wedge Strip and Stop Spin: This
method is used for holding large cylindrical
work piece. The wedge strip has tong
(projection) at its bottom. It fits into the T-
slot of the table. The wedge strip is held
position by a T-bolt.
-At the other side of the work piece a stop
pin is fitted into the table. A wedge block is
placed between the work and stop pin.
The stop pin screw is tightened to clamp
the work piece. A filler block is placed
between stop pin and wedge block to
avoid slipping of wedge block while
clamping.
Planer Machine Accessories:
 Angle Plate: Used to clamp work pieces
of irregular shapes and having holes.
-Clamped to the top of table by T-bolts.
-Work piece is clamped to the vertical face
of angle plate.
-A packing strip may be used to support
the work piece at the bottom.
 Cutting Tools: Cutting tools are an
essential component of planer machine
tool accessories. They are used to remove
materials from the work piece during the
machining process
-Comes in various shape and sizes,
including straight, helical, and circular
cutters.
-HSS and carbide are commonly used
materials for cutting tools due to their
durability and resistance to wear and tear.
Drilling Machine Accessories:
 Drill Bits: Drill bits are the most common
accessory for drills. There are many
different drill bits types, with each being
designed for different, specific applications
and operated in different ways.
-High Speed Steel (HSS) Bits
-Brad Point (Wood) Bits
-Masonry Drill Bits
-Multi-Purpose Drill Bits
-Titanium Nitride HSS
 Chucks: Drill chucks are spindle-mounted
mechanisms that hold a drill or other
cutting instrument. They come in keyed,
keyless, and hybrid systems, allowing for
rapid drill bit changes. Drill chucks are
frequently linked to a machine’s spindle
through a drill chuck arbor that may be
removed.
-Keyed Chuck. Keyed chucks are
designed to use a key to loosen or tighten
the grip on a tool.
-Keyless Chuck. Keyless chucks are
designed to loosen and tighten a tool on
the drill’s chuck collar fast, either manually
or when torque is applied.
-Hybrid Drill Chucks. Both keyed and
keyless methods are available in hybrid
drill chucks. The keyless section tightens
automatically, while the keyed portion is
adjusted on the chuck for increased
gripping and torque support.
-These chucks securely clamp down on
your drill bits, allowing them to drive into
the material without slipping.
 Drill Press Vises: Drill press vises are
clamping devices that hold the work piece
in place while drilling. They come in
different sizes and designs, such as
standard vises, cross-slide vises, and
angle vises.
-Standard vises: A standard drill press
vise with two jaws moving towards and
apart from each other . Suitable for
holding small to medium workpieces.
-Cross-slide vises: A drill press vise that
can move its jaws to the left or to the right.
Allows precise positioning of the work
piece in two direction.
-Angle vises - angular adjustment on
base to allow operator to drill holes at an
angle without tilting table.
 Coolant system: Coolant systems are
used to lubricate and cool the drill bit
during drilling. They help to reduce friction,
heat, and wear on the drill bit, as well as
flush away chips and debris from the hole.
Coolant systems can be either internal or
external.
-External coolant systems uses a spray
nozzle to direct coolant onto the drill bit
and work piece.
-Internal coolant systems deliver coolant
through the center of the drill bit.
-Some drilling machines have built-in
coolant systems, while others require a
separate coolant pump and reservoir.
 Depth Stops: Depth stops, also called drill
stops, are collars that fit around your drill
bit. They allow you to drill a specific depth,
and prevent the drill from drilling any
deeper.
They help to ensure consistent and
accurate hole depths, especially when
drilling multiple holes in the same work
piece.
Boring Machine Accessories:
 Boring Head: Used for mounting cutters
while machining large diameter holes
where a standard boring bar is unsuitable
due to the smaller diameter or excessive
overhang of the cutter.
-Amply supports the tool and reduces
machining time due to the larger number
of cutting edges.
 Boring Bars: A boring bar should be of
the maximum diameter and minimum
length to reduce bending or vibration and
it may support in various ways to suit to
different types of work pieces.
• -Steel Boring Bars are generally suitable
for boring operations where a diameter to
boring length 1:4 possible
• Heavy Metal Boring Bars made of
tungsten carbide and provide greater
rigidity than steel bars. G
• Carbide Boring Bars Carbide bars are
the most rigid bars, making them ideal for
machining hard materials.
Milling Machine Accessories:
 Vertical Milling Attachments or Swivel
Attachments: Desirable on horizontal
milling machines for substituting the
horizontal spindle by a vertical spindle
motion. The attachment is a right-angle
gear box having bevel gear set in ratio of
1:1 and the axis of the vertical spindle
could also be swiveled by 45°, thus
allowing the machining of bevels and
slanted surfaces.
 High-speed Milling Attachments: With
the help of this attachment the speed of
the spindle can be increased three to four
times so that the operation with small
cutters could be carried out efficiently. The
attachment is mounted on the column with
four bolts and can be swiveled also at any
angle.
 Slotting Attachments: With the help of
this attachment, square holes, slots and a
variety of jobs can be made on milling
machine which a rotary tool can’t do. This
unit is mounted on the column face and
converts rotary motion into reciprocating
motion. The usual range of linear
movement is 0-10 cm with an adjustment
for 360 degrees swivel. This attachment
allows the machining of keyways, slots
and certain grooves.
 Universal Dividing Head: An indexing
head, also known as a dividing head or
spiral head, is a specialized tool that
allows a work piece to be circularly
indexed. The indexing dividing head for
the milling machine is a machine tool
accessory installed on the milling machine
to divide the work piece into arbitrary
parts.
 Parallels; Parallels or parallel bars, as
they are sometimes called, are used
primarily to raise the height of the work
piece. Parallels are precision ground bars
which will assure that the position of the
work piece is parallel to the machine table
surface or the bottom surface of the vise
opening.
 Pointed Wiggler or Line Finder: A
wiggler is a tool which is used to reference
the spindle of the machine to the edge of
the part or layout location.
-The wiggler is mounted in the spindle of
the machine. It can be mounted in a drill
chuck or collet. Start the spindle of the
machine and make the wiggler run true by
bringing into contact, a piece of steel or
some other material, with the point of the
wiggler. When the point is running true,
move the table so that the point of the
wiggler is lined up with the layout lines or
the edge of the part.
 Spring Loaded Edge Finder: The spring
loaded edge finder is an accurate and
quick method of locating the edge of the
part. This type of edge finder consists of
two pieces; the head and the shank. The
head and the shank are held together
using a spring. The head of the edge
finder has at least one diameter that is the
same as the shank and can offset
about .05 of an inch off of the centre of the
body. As the edge finder is rotated, the
eccentricity becomes more apparent. The
edge finder can be used in a drill chuck or
collect.
 Vise Stop: The vise stop is used for
repeat positioning of parts. The vise stop
can greatly reduce setup time.
Once the reference plane of the first part
is found, a solid vise stop is set up to
accurately position the next part. There
are many styles of vise stops. Some vise
stops are incorporated into the design of
the vise. Most vise stops can be easily
attached to either the left or right side of
the vise.
Grinding Machine Accessories:
 Magnetic Chuck: Are work-piece holding
devices by means of magnetic force and
you use this extensively in surface
grinding machines; magnetic chucks are
available in circular and rectangular
 shapes. This is extremely useful when you
need to grind small components.
-Have two types of magnetic chucks- one
with a permanent magnet where you
engage or disengage the magnet by using
a lever; and another with an
electromagnet where you can switch the
magnet on or off (from your electric box).
 Wheel Dressers: Your diamond wheel
dresser has single or multiple diamonds
mounted on a shank by a sintering
process. Single point dresser is more
popular and you use it for truing and
dressing of your abrasive grinding wheel.
-During dressing, you are removing the
glazed abrasive particles and expose the
fresh abrasive particles beneath it.
 Precision Grinding Vise: vise is
hardened and ground on all sides and has
one fixed jaw and one movable jaw. Vise
with a ‘V’ on the inside of the movable jaw
is available for clamping round work-
pieces. You can use a smaller vise on a
magnetic chuck and clamp the bigger vice
directly on the machine table.
 V-Blocks: are rectangular blocks with a
V-shape on the top for holding round-
shaped components. The V blocks are
made of good quality steel, hardened and
ground and you can mount it on the
magnetic chuck of your machine. V block
comes in various lengths and clamps to
clamp the work-pieces on the V block. V
blocks are convenient to clamp circular
components for surface grinding on your
machine.
 Sine Table: It is used for precise angular
measurement and used to measure sine
bars very accurately or to detect any work
that offered a high level of accuracy in
measuring angles.
-The sine bar is an exact angle measuring
instrument. It is used to measures angles
very accurately or to align the work piece
at a given angle. The sine bar is the most
accurate tool for measuring angles.
 Punch Former: is an accessory for
accurately grinding various types of
punches as well as electrodes of EDM,
core pins with a surface grinding machine.
It is useful for not just round shape radius
but also for multi angle or any unusual
shapes. This accessory is very valuable
and cost-effective too. You have the
Punch Former with a crank and that can
be used for things like dressing the
grinding wheel into a multitude of curved
or flat shapes.
INVENTIONS AND INNOVATIONS (2017-2018)
TRAUB TNL20
TRAUB, a brand of the INDEX Group,
Reichenbach, Germany, has introduced
the fixed/sliding headstock automatic lathe
TRAUB TNL20 that adds numerous
improvements in productivity, precision
and automation.
A very high-performance Automatic
Turning Machine
It can be equipped to use up to four tools
simultaneously.
TRAUB sliding headstock lathes are
designed for precise and productive
machining of workpieces up to 32 mm in
diameter.
FIRST SLIDING HEADSTOCK MACHINE
Back in the 1800s machinery was going
through radical changes as nothing was
seemingly impossible. Watchmakers in
Switzerland were making smaller and
smaller components to make their
products more portable and the machinery
available simply didn’t provide enough
support to machine tiny diameters
accurately without flexing and thus ruining
the part being turned
By the mid 1880’s these machines were
being mass produced by Nicolas Junker of
Junker & Cie out of Moutier Switzerland
which was, and remains, the watch
making capital of the world
INTERNAL COMPONENTS OF TRAUB TNL20
1. MAIN SPINDLE – or counter spindle.
Designed as the liquid-cooled module
motor spindles.
2. COUNTER SPINDLE
3. TOOL TURRETS (UPPER AND LOWER)
- THE TNL 20 is equipped with 2 tool
turret; one upper turret, as well as one
lower turret. They have multiple cutting
tools to perform multiple cutting
operations.
4. GUIDE BUSHING - The lathe can be
converted in just a few minutes from fixed
headstock to sliding headstock turning
5. GUIDE SLEEVE – A cylindrical tube that
is used to cover guide bushing.
 6. BACK WORKING ATTACHMENT - sliding guard of the machine, which opens
Provides an optimal power flow, thereby automatically behind the robot cell.
significantly improving the rigidity and
Machine Highlights
precision of machining. It has four tool
mountings arranged at sufficient • Simply good handling of blanks and
distances, so that almost no disturbing finished parts
edges develop with inactive tools during
machining. • Using more potentials

7. FRONT WORKING ATTACHMENT - • Intelligent

Consists of 6 tools stations where 3 tools • Productive
position are live and the other 3 are
stationary. It can be used for drilling work Some industries that employ TRAUB TNL20
pieces. include:

8. WORKPIECE DISCHARGE UNIT -

Removes the finished work pieces.
Aerospace Industry
9. WORKPIECE FLUSHING UNIT - Flush
Watch Industry
out small work pieces easily, quickly and
gently from the counter spindle through Medical Surgical Tools & Devices
the indexing shaft of the lower tool turret
by means of an optional flushing unit. THE WALTER T2711/ T2712/ T2713 (THREAD
MILLING CUTTER)
10. LARGE SLIDING GUARD - Locates at the
front side of the TRAUB TNL20 The T2711/T2712/T2713 thread milling
system combines the advantages of
XPANEL - This is where you program the thread milling with those of thread tapping.
functions you want to do on your work piece. With
Xpanel you have always has all relevant Multiple thread sections can be machined
information for efficient production right at the simultaneously with high cutting
machine. parameters, enabling machining times
comparable to those of thread tapping and
Machine Highlights of Traub TNL20 forming.
• Simultaneous machining with 2, 3 or 4 In addition to quick machining, users also
tools benefit from the high degree of process
reliability of thread milling and the cost
• Easy set-up for Versatile Workpieces
benefits of an indexable insert tool.
• Precise and Economic Manufacturing
Benefits:
• Process-Reliable Work Area
• Fast machining and long tool life
• Unique Kinematics
• Easy handling and few radius corrections
TRAUB TNL20 WITH ROBOT CELL IX CENTER
• High operational smoothness and
With the optional robotic cell, blanks cylindrical threads
and/or finished parts can be supplied and
• Extremely productive, surprisingly
discharged quickly, safely and flexibly.
versatile
The robot cell is integrated ergonomically
UPDATED CAD/CAM SOFTWARE
into the machine. It can be moved easily
to the left during the setup process, Tebis Version 4.0 has a new function that can
allowing unobstructed access to the work create non-overlapping shifted surfaces from any
area of the machine. curves at defined angles
During production, the robot cell is fixed in TOOL DATA MANAGEMENT SOFTWARE 2017
front of the machine’s work area. The
robot then accesses the work area via the Tool Data Management software makes
the information on items and tool
 assemblies available for CAM and
simulation systems
There are 2 new Tool Data
Management(TDM) softwares, TDM 2017
and TDM 2017 Global Line
TDM 2017 provides classic two-tier
architecture for direct communication
between server and database
TDM 2017 Global Line uses a three-tier
architecture with interconnected
application servers from Microsoft
Provides more efficient data transfer and
can also be used in parallel to existing
applications
PARTING OFF BLADES AND ADAPTERS
(150.10-JETI)
The blades and adapters remove heat
during parting-off operations
Coolant is delivered internally to the
adapter via a turret and then reaches the
cutting zone through the coolant holes in
the blades
GRINDER BALANCING SYSTEM
(MARPOSS/DITTEL M7002/MA700)
The systems have a new deterninistic
balancing algorithm and a specially
designed balancing head
The units control the balancing heads
directly whether in the stational position or
during high speed operation (up to 30,000
rpm) to automatically detect, evaluate and
monitor imbalances on spindle bearings
CARBIDE MILLING CUTTERS (MC232)
The MC232 Perform product line is a cost-
effective new cutter type available with two, three,
or four flutes in a diameter range of 1/8” to 5/8”.
Smaller diameters are offered with cylindrical
shank and larger diameters with a Weldon shank
of higher horsepower cutting. The MC232 is
designed to be economical and suitable for a
wide range of applications.
PC-DMIS 2017 R2
PC-DMIS 2017 R2 refers to a specific
version of the PC-DMIS metrology
software. The term "PC-DMIS" stands for
"Personal Computer Dimensional
Measurement Interface Standard."
The "2017 R2" indicates the release year
and revision of the software. In this case,
PC-DMIS 2017 R2 was released in July
11, 2017. PC-DMIS 2017 R2 is developed
by Hexagon Manufacturing Intelligence.
The purpose of Hexagon Manufacturing
Intelligence is to provide advanced
metrology and manufacturing solutions to
improve quality, productivity, and
efficiency in various industries.
Usage:
PC-DMIS 2017 R2 is a software used for
measurement and inspection purposes,
particularly in coordinate measuring machine
(CMM) applications. It helps ensure accurate and
precise measurements by providing tools for data
collection, analysis, and reporting.
Benefits:
• Product Quality Assurance
• Improved Manufacturing Efficiency
• Environmental Impact
EDGECAM 2017 R2
Edgecam 2017 R2 is a computer-aided
manufacturing (CAM) software. It is
designed to assist in programming and
controlling CNC (computer numerical
control) machine tools for efficient and
accurate machining operations
Edgecam 2017 R2 was likely released
around May 3, 2017. Edgecam 2017 R2
was developed by the Vero Software, now
a part of Hexagon Manufacturing
Intelligence. Vero Software's purpose is to
provide comprehensive CAD/CAM
(Computer-Aided Design/Computer-Aided
Manufacturing) software solutions that
optimize and automate manufacturing
processes across various industries.
Usage:
The usage of Edgecam 2017 R2 was primarily
focused on creating and optimizing toolpaths for
milling, turning, and drilling operations, as well as
generating CNC code for various CNC machine
tools.
Benefits:
With Edgecam 2017 R2, users can visualize and
simulate toolpaths to detect potential issues such
as collisions or tool interference before the actual
machining process. This helps in reducing errors,
minimizing scrap, and ensuring safe and optimal
machining operations.
PULSED FIBER LASER WELDING
PULSED FIBER LASER WELDING
The system features a versatile high-
power, high-speed laser, available in 20-
to 70-watt (W) powers for welding metals
and plastics. LMWS is suitable for welding
dissimilar metals, including copper to
aluminum, aluminum to stainless and steel
and copper to stainless steel. By simply
changing the settings, this laser can even
be used to mark welded parts.
This series has numerous performance
options to match the right laser to the
application. When paired with the LMF20-
SM pulsed fiber laser welder, the system
offers a 20W welding system for small
features. Paired with the LMF70-HP 70W
pulsed fiber laser, the LMWS offers an
advanced processing system for welding
thin metals up to 0.010 inches (250
micron).
Usage:
Laser Welding is a welding technology used to
join several metal components. A laser produces
a beam of high-intensity that is concentrated into
one spot. This concentrated heat source enables
fine, deep welding and high welding speeds.
Benefits:
Fiber laser welding is increasingly used in today's
production lines because of its many benefits
over traditional welding methods. It offers higher
precision and speed, better weld quality, and the
ability to weld a wider range of materials.
MILLING TURNING AND GRINDING IN A
SINGLE SETUP
Machine tool manufacturer, DMG MORI
has announced that grinding can be
integrated into three sizes of five axis mill-
turn centre in the company’s duoBLOCK
FD series, the largest of which has
1,600x1,600x1,100mm linear axis travels.
DMG MORI supports efficient and
productive complete machining comprising
milling, turning and grinding with the aid of
exclusive DMG MORI technology cycles,
especially where grinding is concerned.
The calibration cycle, for example,
enables calibration of the truing station.
Cycles for internal, external and face
grinding plus truing cycles for truing the
grinding wheel complete the offer. In
addition, new grinding wheel diameters
can be defined automatically.
DMG MORI, a machine tool manufacturer,
has expanded its portfolio to include a new
variant with milling, turning and grinding
(F-mill D-turn S-grind) capabilities. As of
now integration of the grinding technology
is available for the size 80, 125 and 160
machines of the DMU / DMC FD
duoBLOCK series, thereby providing
surface qualities of up to 0.4 µm. Milling,
turning and grinding are carried out in a
single set-up, so deviations resulting from
retooling are also eliminated. This
complete machining capability, including
grinding, is further supported by exclusive
DMG MORI technology cycles.
The addition of grinding on the same
machine platform will be of particular
interest to manufacturers wishing to take
advantage of single set-up metalcutting to
preserve dimensional accuracy and
combine it with high quality surface
finishes down to 0.4µm achievable with
grinding.
Benefits:
Machining a part complete on one machine can
drastically reduce throughput times, transport
times and interim storage times. Further
advantages accrue as time and effort spent in
setting up the machine are also reduced.
INVENTIONS AND INNOVATIONS (2019-2020)
 Tooling and Materials
 Additive Manufacturing
 Automation and Robotics
 Software and Simulation
 IoT and Data Analytics
TOOLING AND MATERIALS
 Walter's Tool-ID System
 Mazak's Smooth Ai CNC
 Walter's DC160 Drill
 Kennametal's HPR drill
 Dormer Pramet's Shark Line Drills
 Diamond-like Carbide (DLC) Coatings
• High hardness (2500-4500 HV)
• Excellent wear resistance.
• Friction reduction.
• Thin, uniform film (precision coating)
• Excellent aesthetics.
 Titanium Nitride (TiN) Coatings
• The advantages of TiN coating
include high hardness and adhesion,
good ductility, excellent lubricity, high
chemical stability and tough resistance
to wear, corrosion and temperature.
 Silicon Nitride (Si3N4) Cutting Tools
• At high temperature, silicon nitride
shows excellent mechanical properties
including low density, high bending
strength, high elastic modulus and
fracture toughness, and high abrasion
wear, as well as solid particle erosion
resistance. In other words, this
material is extremely strong and
extremely tough.
 Aluminum Oxide (Al203) Cutting Tools
• Aluminum Oxide (Al203) is a ceramic
material that is commonly used in
cutting tools due to its unique
properties. Aluminum Oxide is
resistant to most chemicals, making it
suitable for use in a wide range of
cutting applications.
 Nanostructured Carbides
• Carbide tooling allows you to acquire
better performance when it comes to
finish and surface-finish quality.
Carbide tools run lower in cost than
other types of tools. They are very
durable and are resilient to cracking
 Variable Flute Designs
• The more flutes, the lower the chip
volume it can accommodate because
the chip gullet size shrinks as the
number of flutes increases. So, higher
flute counts correlate with low-chip-
volume applications.
ADDITIVE MANUFATURING - Advancements in
the Field of Additive Manufacturing, also known
as 3D Printing, a young but quickly developing
aspect of modern machine shops.
 HP's Jet Fusion 5200
 Desktop Metal's Fiber
 HP's Metal Jet
 Stratasys' F120
 Ultimaker's S5
 EOS’s P 810 polymer 3D Printing
Platform
• The EOS P 810 system is specifically
designed for the production of polymer
parts using a process called laser
sintering.
• The EOS P 810 is a 3D
printer produced by EOS in 2019.
• Developed by the German company
EOS GmbH, was founded in 1989 by
Dr. Hans J. Langer. Dr. Langer is a
pioneer in the field of industrial 3D
printing.
• Parts that can be created using EOS’s
P 180 polymer 3D Printing: Automotive
parts, Aerospace parts, Medical
implants, Consumer goods, Industrial
parts
 HP’s Jet Fusion 5200
• The HP Jet Fusion 5200 is a high-end
industrial 3D printing system that uses
a combination of inkjet printing and
powder fusion technology.
• Developed by the American
technology company Hewlett-Packard
(HP).
• While the system was developed by a
team of engineers and designers at
HP.
• Parts that can be created: Automotive
parts, Aerospace parts, Medical
Devices, Industrial Components
 Carbon’s L1 3D Printer
• The Carbon L1 3D printer uses a
unique combination of hardware,
software, and materials to produce
parts that are strong, durable, and
high-performance.
 • The Carbon L1 3D printer was
developed by Carbon.
• Features:
 Large build volume
 The L1 3D printer has a build
volume of 190 x 118 x 326 mm.
 High-speed printing
 The L1 3D printer is capable of
printing at a rate of up to 5 cm per
hour.
 Advanced materials
 The L1 3D printer uses a range of
advanced materials, including rigid
and flexible resins.
 SLM Solutions’ Selective Laser Melting
Technology
• SLM Solutions' SLM technology is
used for creating complex geometries
and internal structures, producing
parts with high strength and durability,
and minimizing waste materials
compared to traditional subtractive
manufacturing methods.
• The Selective Laser Melting (SLM)
technology was not invented by SLM
Solutions, but rather it was developed
by several researchers and institutions
over the years.
• Step by step breakdown:
 Design
o The part to be created is
designed using computer-
aided design (CAD)
software.
 Preparation
o The CAD file is then
converted into a 3D
printable file format and
transferred to the SLM
machine.
 Melting
o A high-powered laser beam
selectively melts the metal
powder according to the 3D
model, creating a solid layer
of metal.
 Cooling and layering
o The melted metal cools
rapidly and fuses with the
underlying layer. Then, a
new layer of metal powder is
added, and the process
repeats, layer by layer, until
the final part is complete.
 Finishing
o After the printing process is
complete, the printed part
may require additional post-
processing such as
polishing, heat treatment, or
surface finishing to achieve
the desired surface quality,
strength, and accuracy.
 Stratasys’ V650 Flex stereolithography
3D Printer
• The Stratasys V650 Flex is a high-
performance stereolithography (SLA) 3D
printer that uses a vat of liquid
photopolymer resin and a laser to create
high-precision parts with smooth
surfaces and fine details.
• Developed and manufactured by
Stratasys Ltd., an American-Israeli 3D
printing company.
 Stratasys’ F900 Production 3D Printer
• The Stratasys F900 Production 3D
printer is a high-end industrial 3D printer
that is designed for large-scale
production of functional parts and
prototypes. It uses Stratasys' Fused
Deposition Modeling (FDM) technology
to build parts layer-by-layer using high-
performance thermoplastics.
• Developed by Stratasys.
• There may have been many engineers,
designers, and technicians involved in
the development of the F900.
 Stratasys’s Objet260 Dental 3D Printer
• The Stratasys Objet260 Dental 3D
printer is a professional-grade 3D printer
designed specifically for the dental
industry. It uses Stratasys' PolyJet
technology to produce high-precision
dental models and parts, including
surgical guides, dental models, and
orthodontic appliances.
 • Developed by Stratasys, an American
manufacturer of 3D printing technology.
AUTOMATION AND ROBOTICS - As machine
shops become more modernized, jobs that were
once manually done and operated are now being
put in the hands and claws of programmed
machines.
 Boston Dynamics' Spot robot
 Tesla's Autopilot system
 Tesla’s Autopilot System
• Tesla Autopilot is what’s known as an
autonomous driver assistance system.
In simple terms it’s a feature that allows
a Tesla to ‘see’ the cars and road
around it, and drive itself to a limited
degree.
• This doesn’t mean Autopilot is capable
of turning a Tesla into a fully
autonomous self-driving car. The
system is useful, but still very limited,
and requires an attentive driver to be
able to take control at a moment’s
notice. That is despite the name
‘Autopilot.’
• What can ‘Autopilot’ do?
a) Basic Autopilot is a system that is
installed on every modern Tesla as a
standard feature. This system includes
very basic features that lets the Tesla
automatically accelerate up to a pre-set
speed, brake for other vehicles or
pedestrians that it sees ahead, as well as
minimal steering to keep your car centered
in a lane.
b) Full Self Driving is an optional extra, only
available as a $12,000 add-on or a $200 a
month subscription for Model S and Model
X drivers in the United States. This is
essentially a more advanced version of
the Basic Autopilot system, with more
features to assist your driving.
c) Enhanced Autopilot is essentially a
middle-ground option for certain regions,
like the U.K., which gives you a lot of the
best FSD features for a fraction of the
price.
• What Tesla Autopilot can’t do - In
Tesla’s own words, the system can “do
the wrong thing at the worst time,” and
isn’t able to handle every situation the
same way an experienced human driver
would.
• Why is it called Autopilot - Musk says
that Autopilot was named after the
autopilot system used in planes, which
eases the burden on human pilots but
does not replace them. So while
autopilot requires an attentive human
pilot in the cockpit, Autopilot requires a
human driver behind the wheel.
 Omron’s LD-250 Mobile Robot
• OMRON mobile robots are
autonomous mobile robots (AMRs)
designed to dramatically increase
productivity in manufacturing and
logistics operations. OMRON mobile
robots increase throughput, eliminate
errors, improve material traceability,
and allow employees to focus on tasks
that require complex human skills.
What’s more, unlike traditional AGVs,
our mobile robots navigate by the
natural features of the facility and
require no expensive facility
modification.
 Festo’s Bionic Soft Arm Robot
• One robot arm, many variation
possibilities: the BionicSoftArm is a
compact further development of the
BionicMotionRobot, whose range of
applications has now been significantly
expanded. This is made possible by
the modular design of the
BionicSoftArm, which can be
combined from several pneumatic
bellows segments and rotary drives.
• Features:
 Optimum cover of a wide range of
working spaces
Depending on the requirements, the
length of the BionicSoftArm can be varied
with up to seven pneumatic actuators,
thus providing maximum flexibility in
working range and mobility. This makes it
very easy to implement applications that
are difficult to realise with a standard
robot.
 Paradigm shift in robotics
The focus here is on pneumatic
lightweight robots, which are virtually
 predestined for collaborative working
spaces and may in the future represent
cost-effective alternatives to classic robot
concepts. The strengths of pneumatic
drives have always lain in their simple
handling and robustness, the low costs of
acquisition and their high power density.
 Adaptive Pincer Gripper
 BionicSoftHand
 DHEF adaptive gripper fingers
 DHAS adaptive gripper fingers
 Festo’s BionicOpter Robot
• Inspired by the flight of the dragonfly.
• The mechanics of dragonfly flight are
unique: dragonflies can manoeuvre in all
directions, glide without having to beat
their wings and hover in the air. Their
ability to move their two pairs of wings
independently enables them to slow
down and turn abruptly, to accelerate
swiftly and even to fly backwards.
 Festo’s BionicFlyingFox Robot
• For the BionicFlyingFox, our developers
from the Bionic Learning Network took a
close look at the flying fox and technically
implemented its special flight
characteristics. The interaction of the
integrated on-board electronics with an
external motion tracking system enables
the ultra-light flying object to move semi-
autonomously in a defined airspace.
SOFTWARE AND SIMULATION - Most machine
shops use software and simulations to model
work pieces and the process of machining them
both to prepare for automation and to simply
reduce errors
 Autodesk's AutoCAD 2020
 Google's Flutter framework
 Siemens' Solid Edge 2020
• Solid Edge is a 3D computer-aided
design (CAD) program created by
Siemens Digital Industries Software.
Running on Microsoft Windows, Solid
Edge incorporates solid modeling,
assembly modeling, and 2D
orthographic view functionality for
mechanical designers.
• Solid Edge is a CAD software tool used
for 3D design, simulation, and
manufacturing. It was developed by
Siemens and is utilized mainly in the
engineering industry. Solid Edge has a
user-friendly interface and provides a
range of features for 3D design,
including solid modeling, assembly
design, and 2D drafting.
 ANSYS' Discovery Live simulation
software
• Is a simulation-driven 3D design
software tool that combines interactive
modeling and multiple simulation
capabilities, allowing you to address
critical design challenges earlier in the
product design process
• Allows engineers to quickly prepare
models for simulation or create design
variations, all while rapidly exploring
multiple design concepts with real-time
interactivity.
 Autodesk AutoCad 2020
• AutoCAD is computer-aided design
(CAD) software that is used for precise
2D and 3D drafting, design, and
modeling with solids, surfaces, mesh
objects, documentation features, and
more.
• Autodesk is a global leader in design
and make technology that serves
customers across the architecture,
engineering, construction, design,
manufacturing, and entertainment
industries. Autodesk has taken a leading
role in the development of robotics,
Augmented and Virtual Reality, and 3D
printing.
 Altair's Inspire simulation software
• is a tool that empowers you to create,
explore, and study structurally efficient
designs.
 PTC's Creo 6.0
• is a is a family of Computer-aided
design (CAD). Creo runs on Microsoft
Windows and provides software for 3D
CAD parametric feature solid modeling,
3D direct modeling, 2D orthographic
views.
 • Create, analyze, view, and share
designs downstream using 2D CAD, 3D
CAD, and parametric and direct
modeling capabilities.
 SolidWorks' 2020 release. is a solid
modeling computer-aided design and
computer-aided engineering application
published by Dassault Systèmes.
 Autodesk’s Fusion 360
• is a 3D modeling and manufacturing
cloud software, whereas AutoCAD is a
2D drafting software that can do 3D very
well. AutoCAD integrates with industry-
specific tools such as AutoCAD
Architectural, Electrical, Civil 3D, and
Mechanical whereas Fusion 360
focuses on industrial design
(mechanical engineering).
• Fusion 360 and AutoCAD are both
CAD applications
Fusion 360 is a 3D modeling and
manufacturing cloud software, whereas
AutoCAD LT is a 2D drafting software that
can be used to draw 3D objects manually.
• Fusion 360 features for Mechanical
Engineers
Ensure products' form, fit, and function.
Create and edit sketches with sketch
constraints, dimensions, and a powerful
suite of sketch tools. Edit or repair
imported geometry from non-native file
formats. Make design changes without
worrying about time-based features.
IoT AND DATA ANALYTICS - To determine the
Strength, Hardness, Chemical Stability, Red
Hardness, Shear Force Resistance, and Force
Distribution of any tool or workpiece, Data
Analytics are required
Microsoft Azure Data Factory
is a cloud-based data integration service
that enables businesses to collect,
transform, and load data from disparate
sources into a centralized location, such
as a data lake or a data warehouse.
ADF provides a scalable and flexible
solution for businesses looking to
automate and orchestrate data movement
across on-premises and cloud-based data
sources. The service supports a wide
range of data sources, including SQL
Server, Oracle, MySQL, and flat files, as
well as various data formats, such as
JSON, CSV, and XML.
ADF provides a visual interface for
building and managing data pipelines,
which are workflows that define how data
is moved from source to destination.
These pipelines can be scheduled to run
automatically, and ADF provides
monitoring and alerting capabilities to
ensure that the pipelines are running
smoothly.
ADF also includes features for data
transformation and processing, such as
data mapping, data flow, and data
wrangling. These features enable
businesses to perform complex data
transformations and prepare data for
analysis and reporting.
Overall, Azure Data Factory provides
businesses with a powerful and flexible
solution for managing their data
integration needs in the cloud.
Google Cloud Data Proc
is a fully-managed cloud service that
provides a fast, easy, and cost-effective
way to run Apache Hadoop, Apache
Spark, and other Big Data processing
frameworks.
Dataproc is designed to simplify the
deployment, management, and scaling of
Big Data processing clusters in the cloud. It
allows users to create, manage, and
monitor clusters of virtual machines that
can be used to process large-scale data
sets.
Dataproc provides integration with a variety
of Google Cloud Platform services such as
Cloud Storage, BigQuery, and Cloud
Pub/Sub. This makes it easy to ingest and
export data from these services and
perform analytics, machine learning, and
other processing tasks.
HCL Technologies’ DRYiCE Platform
is a suite of artificial intelligence (AI) and
automation solutions that helps
organizations to improve operational
efficiency, reduce costs, and enhance
customer experience. The platform
combines the power of AI, machine
learning, and analytics to automate
repetitive tasks and provide insights for
decision-making.
 Components of Microsoft Azure Data
Factory (ADF)
 DRYiCE iAutomate: This component
automates repetitive and time-
consuming tasks using robotic process
automation (RPA), enabling employees
to focus on more strategic tasks.
 DRYiCE Gold BluePrint: This
component is a virtual assistant that
uses natural language processing (NLP)
to interact with employees and
customers, providing them with quick
and accurate responses to their queries.
 DRYiCE Lucy: This component uses AI
and machine learning to analyze data
and provide insights for better decision-
making.
 DRYiCE Work Insights: This
component provides insights into
employee productivity, enabling
organizations to identify and address
bottlenecks and inefficiencies.
 DRYiCE OptiBot: This component
optimizes IT infrastructure and reduces
costs by automating the management
and optimization of IT resources.
 DRYiCE FailSafe: This component uses
predictive analytics to identify potential
system failures before they occur,
enabling organizations to take proactive
measures to prevent downtime.
Infineon Technologies OPTIGA Trust X
Security Chips
is a security chip designed to protect
sensitive data in Internet of Things (IoT)
devices. It provides secure key storage,
device authentication, and secure
communication capabilities that help to
safeguard against cyber-attacks.
is a tamper-resistant, secure element that
can be integrated into IoT devices to
provide hardware-based security. It
features a Common Criteria EAL6+
certified security controller that meets the
highest security standards for IoT devices.
The chip has a small form factor and can
be easily integrated into a wide range of
devices.
HPE’s Ezmeral Platform
is a hybrid cloud platform designed to help
organizations modernize their
applications, automate their IT operations,
and accelerate their digital transformation.
The platform includes a suite of software
tools and services that enable
organizations to build, deploy, and
manage containerized applications at
scale, both on-premises and in the cloud.
IBM Maximo Asset Monitor
is a cloud-based software application that
helps organizations monitor the health and
performance of their assets, such as
machinery, equipment, and facilities, in
real-time. The software leverages
advanced analytics, artificial intelligence,
and the Internet of Things (IoT) to provide
real-time insights into the operational
health of assets and predict potential
failures before they occur.
Bosch’s IoT Suite
is a software platform designed to help
organizations develop, deploy, and
manage Internet of Things (IoT)
applications and services. It provides a set
of tools and services that allow
organizations to easily connect devices,
sensors, and other IoT endpoints to the
cloud and to each other, enabling data to
be collected and analyzed in real-time.
INVENTIONS AND INNOVATIONS (2021-2022)
M3 VERTICAL MILLING MACHINE. A TURRET
MM.
A turret vertical milling machine is a
type of milling machine that has a
vertically oriented spindle.
It is called a "turret" mill because it has
a turret-like structure on top of the
machine that holds multiple cutting
tools, allowing for rapid tool changes
and increased versatility.
Features:
-Mechanite Cast-Iron Body. Refers to
a type of cast iron that has been
subjected to mechanite treatment
-Mechanite is a process used to
improve the mechanical properties of
cast iron, such as its strength and
hardness.
 -Advantages of using mechanite It uses a reasonable blade gap
cast iron body: to apply shearing force to metal plates
 HIGH STRENGTH AND of various thicknesses using a moving
DURABILITY Superior Damping upper blade and a fixed lower blade so
Properties: Cast iron, especially that the plates can be broken and
mechanite cast iron, has separated according to the required
excellent damping properties, size.
meaning it can absorb Features:
vibrations and reduce chatter -can precisely cut sheets with length
during machining. from 2500mm to 6000mm and with
 DAMPING CHARACTERISTIC thicknesses between 4 and 20mm in
Mechanite cast iron has excellent the most varied types of metal.
damping properties, meaning it -With integrated NC command, the
can absorb and dissipate operator can easily indicate and
vibrations generated during determine the cut length.
machining. This helps to minimize -Manufactured with high rigidity and
chatter and vibration, resulting containing extremely high quality
in improved surface finish and components, they ensure an intuitive
extended tool life. and simple handling of the operations,
 LONGEVITY AND DURABILITY through the NC controller integrated in
Mechanite cast iron is known for this plate cutting machine.
its durability and long
service life.
ETHEREAL HALO-HYBRID: 5-AXIS CNC & 3D
 THERMAL STABILITY Mechanite
PRINTER
cast iron has a low coefficient of
thermal expansion, which Ethereal Halo is the world first
means it is less prone to consumer oriented 5-axis CNC
significant dimensional machine and 5-axis 3D Printer that
changes due to combines both the technologies of
temperature fluctuations subtractive manufacturing and additive
Feature: DRO (DIGITAL READ-OUT) - manufacturing, with a high degree of
An electronic display system that accuracy.
provides precise measurements of 5-axis machining provides infinite
the position of the milling machine’s possibilities as to the part sizes and
axes. shapes you can effectively process.
The term “5-Axis” refers to the
MAQFORT’s NUMERICAL CONTROLLED number of directions in which the
HYDRAULIC SHEARING MACHINE cutting tool can move.
On a 5-axis machining center, the
Designed, developed and improved on cutting tool moves across the X, Y, and
September 2021 to ensure the Z linear axes as well as rotates on the
development of operations safely, A and B axes to approach the work
quickly and with high precision. piece from any direction. In other
With integrated NC command, the words, you can process five sides of a
operator easily indicates and part in a single setup.
determines the cut length. It also has a
hydraulically activated presser foot
FIBER LASER TUBE CUTTING MACHINE
system, guaranteeing uniform fixation
LT-6012D
along the cut.
Hydraulic Shearing Machines A fiber laser tube cutting machine is a
Hydraulic shearing machines specialized industrial machine used for
are used extensively for cutting large cutting and processing various types of
sheets, bars and plates of metallic and tubes and pipes. It utilizes a fiber laser
non-metallic materials into various as the cutting tool, which is a high-
shapes. intensity laser beam generated
through the amplification of light within
a fiber optic cable.
The primary function of a fiber laser
tube cutting machine is to precisely cut
through tubes and pipes to create
desired shapes, lengths, and features.
Accessories:
1. Fiber laser source. It is the most
core component of fiber laser
cutting machine, and it is also the
“power source” for fiber laser
cutting machine to realize cutting
operation. Compared with other
types of lasers, fiber lasers have
RADIAL DRILL MACHINE
the advantages of higher efficiency,
longer service life, less
maintenance, and lower cost. The
widely used best laser source
brands are Raycus and IPG.
2. Laser Cutting Head. The cutting
head of the laser cutting machine is
a laser output device, which
consists of nozzle, focus lens and
focus tracking system. The cutting
head of the laser cutting machine
will travel according to the set
cutting track, but the height of the
laser cutting head needs to be
adjusted and controlled under
different materials, different
thicknesses, and different cutting
parameters.
3. Servo Motors. Servo motor refers
to an engine that controls the
operation of mechanical
components in a servo system. It is
an auxiliary motor indirect speed
change device. The servo motor
can control the speed and position
accuracy very accurately, and can
convert the voltage signal into
torque and speed to drive the
control object. The high-quality
servo motor can effectively ensure
the cutting accuracy, positioning
speed and repeat positioning
accuracy of the laser cutting
machine.
4. Water Chiller. The chiller is the
cooling device of the laser cutting
machine, which can quickly and
efficiently cool the laser source,
laser head and other devices.
5. Rotary Axis or Chuck. The rotary
axis attachment is for cutting the
metal pipes. Including the round
pipes, the square pipes, profile,
and many other types of tubes.
6. Control System. Laser cutting
uses a high-power laser which is
directed through optics and
computer numerical control (CNC)
to direct the beam or material.
Typically, the process uses a
motion control system to follow a
CNC or G-code of the pattern that
is to be cut onto the material.
A Radial Drill Machine is a drilling
machine with the drill spindle in a tool
head and saddle that are movable
along a projecting arm which itself can
be rotated about a vertical column.
It has various applications and several
functions such as drilling, boring,
tapping, reaming, lapping, screwing,
counter boring, spot facing, and much
more.
Drilling Machine Parts
1. BASE. Made of cast iron and ability
to absorb the vibration produced by
the machine parts.
2. COLUMN. To provide support to
the assembly mounted on it.
3. RADIAL ARM. You can rotate the
arm 360 degrees around the
column. This feature is very
beneficial when you want to make
a hole in a large-size part that you
cannot place on the worktable.
4. DRILL HEAD. The driving force
behind the radial drill. It is mounted
on the radial arm. It contains many
important elements such as
gearbox, motor, spindle, depth
gauge, control panel, and many
more. You can also switch between
auto or manual feed mode by using
a spindle wheel.
5. MOTOR. is mounted just above the
drill head. Its main job is to provide
rotary drive to the spindle. When
you are buying a new radial drilling
machine, you should check for the
motor power.
6. SPINDLE. Is a rotating shaft with a
fixture that holds your cutting tool,
to support your tool and provide a
 rotary drive so that it can easily
make a hole in your work piece
without breaking or falling.
7. TABLE. It provides you the facility
to hold the work piece during the
drilling operation. Just like the
base, the table also has a few t-
slots on it so that you can fit
clamping devices to hold your job.
COMPUTER NUMERICAL CONTROLLED
MACHINES (CNC) MACHINES
- Computer Numerical Control machines
are automated machines, which are
operated by computers executing pre-
programmed sequences of controlled
commands. CNC machines are
essentially the opposite of “old-school”
devices that are manually controlled by
hand wheels or levers, or mechanically
automated by cams alone.
Brief History:
Although the idea had been around for
some time, the first Numerical Control
concept wasn’t developed until 1949. John
T. Parsons, an early computing pioneer,
developed it as part of an Air Force
research project carried out at the
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
(MIT).
The idea was further developed and, in
1952, Richard Kegg (in collaboration with
MIT) introduced the Cincinnati Hydro-Tel,
a 28-inch vertical-spindle contour milling
machine.
Early CNC machines in the 1940s and
1950s used punched tape, which was
then commonly used in
telecommunications and data storage.
This technology was replaced by analog
computing technologies. From the 1960s
into the 1970s, digital technologies
emerged, making the production process
automated and more efficient.
WHAT IS CNC MACHINING?
is a subtractive manufacturing process
that typically employs computerized
controls and machine tools to remove
layers of material from a stock piece—
known as the blank or workpiece—and
produces a custom-designed part.
This process is suitable for a wide range
of materials, including metals, plastics,
wood, glass, foam, and composites.
Overview of CNC Machining Process
CNC machining process offers various
capabilities and operations, the
fundamental principles of the process
remain largely the same throughout all of
them. The basic CNC machining process
includes the following stages:
• Designing the CAD model
• Converting the CAD file to a CNC
program
• Preparing the CNC machine
• Executing the machining operation
CAD MODEL DESIGN. The CNC machining
process begins with the creation of a 2D vector or
3D solid part CAD design either in-house or by
a CAD/CAM design Service Company. Computer-
aided design (CAD) software allows designers
and manufacturers to produce a model or
rendering of their parts and products along with
the necessary technical specifications, such as
dimensions and geometries, for producing the
part or product
CAD FILE CONVERSION. The formatted CAD
design file runs through a program, typically
computer-aided manufacturing (CAM)
software, to extract the part geometry and
generates the digital programming code which will
control the CNC machine and manipulate the
tooling to produce the custom-designed part.
MACHINE SETUP. Before the operator runs the
CNC program, they must prepare the CNC
machine for operation. These preparations
include affixing the workpiece directly into the
machine, onto machinery spindles, or into
machine vises or similar work holding devices,
and attaching the required tooling, such as drill
bits and end mills, to the proper machine
components.
Machining Operation Execution
 The CNC program acts as instructions for
the CNC machine; it submits machine
commands dictating the tooling’s
actions and movements to the
machine’s integrated computer, which
operates and manipulates the machine
tooling.
Initiating the program prompts the CNC
machine to begin the CNC machining
process, and the program guides the
machine throughout the process as it
executes the necessary machine
operations to produce a custom-designed
part or product.
TYPES OF CNC MACHINING OPERATIONS
CNC machining is a manufacturing
process suitable for a wide variety of
industries, including
automotive, aerospace, construction,
and agriculture, and able to produce a
range of products, such as automobile
frames, surgical equipment, airplane
engines, gears, and hand and garden
tools.
This section explores some of the most
common mechanical CNC machining
operations including:
• Drilling
• Milling
• Turning
CNC DRILLING.
Drilling is a machining process which
employs multi-point drill bits to produce
cylindrical holes in the workpiece. In CNC
drilling, typically the CNC machine feeds
the rotating drill bit perpendicularly to the
plane of the workpiece’s surface, which
produces vertically-aligned holes with
diameters equal to the diameter of the drill
bit employed for the drilling operation.
However, angular drilling operations can
also be performed through the use of
specialized machine configurations and
work holding devices. Operational
capabilities of the drilling process
include counterboring, countersinking,
reaming, and tapping.
CNC MILLING
Milling is a machining process which
employs rotating to remove material from
the work piece. In CNC milling, the CNC
machine typically feeds the work piece to
the cutting tool in the same direction as
the cutting tool’s rotation, whereas in
manual milling the machine feeds the work
piece in the opposite direction to the
cutting tool’s rotation.
Operational capabilities of the milling
process include face milling—cutting
shallow, flat surfaces and flat-bottomed
cavities into the work piece—and
peripheral milling—cutting deep cavities,
such as slots and threads, into the work
piece
CNC TURNING.
Turning is a machining process which
employs single-point cutting tools to
remove material from the rotating
workpiece. In CNC turning, the machine—
typically a CNC lathe machine—feeds the
cutting tool in a linear motion along the
surface of the rotating workpiece,
removing material around the
circumference until the desired diameter is
achieved, to produce cylindrical parts with
external and internal features, such as
slots, tapers, and threads.
Operational capabilities of the turning
process include boring, facing, grooving,
and thread cutting. When it comes down
to a CNC mill vs. lathe, milling, with its
rotating cutting tools, works better
forlathes, with rotating workpieces and
stationary cutting tools, work best for
faster, more accurate creation of round
parts more complex parts.
CAD.
CAD: Computer-aided design (CAD)
software are programs used to draft and
produce 2D vector or 3D solid part and
surface renderings, as well as the
necessary technical documentation and
specifications associated with the part.
The designs and models generated in a
CAD program are typically used by a CAM
program to create the necessary machine
program to produce the part via a CNC
machining method.
CAD software can also be used to
determine and define optimal part
properties, evaluate and verify part
designs, simulate products without a
 prototype, and provide design data to
manufacturers and job shops.
CAM.
CAM: Computer-aided manufacturing
(CAM) software are programs used extract
the technical information from the CAD
model and generate machine program
necessary to run the CNC machine and
manipulate the tooling to produce the
custom-designed part. CAM software
enables the CNC machine to run without
operator assistance and can help
automate finished product evaluation.
CAE
can translate specific programs of
numbers and letters in order to move the
spindle in various ways.
Many mills use what is known as G-code,
which, as mentioned, is a standardized
programming language recognized by
most CNC machines. A CNC mill can
have a wide array of functions, such as
face milling, shoulder milling, tapping,
drilling and turning. Most CNC mills
come in three to six-axis
configurations.
8 KEY MILLING MACHINE PARTS

CAE: Computer-aided engineering (CAE) 1. Column and Base

software are programs used by - The cast iron column and base support
engineers during the pre-processing, the other parts of the milling machine
analysis, and post-processing phases operations. The column rests on the
of the development process. CAE base and typically houses the oil and
software is used as assistive support tools coolant system.
in engineering analysis applications, such
as design, simulation, planning, - The base is the foundation carrying the
manufacturing, diagnosis, and repair, to weight of everything on the machine,
help with evaluating and modifying product while the column takes the direct weight
design. of the knee and work table.

Types of CAE software available include - The weight of these two components
finite element analysis (FEA), ensures there is minimum vibration
computational fluid dynamics (CFD), and better surface finishes even after
and multibody dynamics (MDB) the heaviest cuts.
software.
2. Knee
- The knee is attached to the column by
dovetail ways and is supported and
TYPES OF CNC MACHINES adjusted up and down by an elevating
screw, also called a vertical positioning
 CNC Milling Machine screw, running vertically from the base.
 CNC Lathe - The vertical movement can be achieved
by either a hand crank or power feed.
 CNC Router The handle to move the saddle in the
transverse direction (cross feed, or in and
 CNC Plasma Cutter out) is also located on the knee, while the
gearing mechanism is enclosed within the
 CNC Electric Discharge Machine
knee.
 CNC Laser Cutter - Some milling machines have power table
feed in the transverse direction, and
that unit is on the knee, as well.
3. Power Feed Mechanism
 All of the following machines use G-code, - The power feed mechanism is contained
which is the language that a CNC machine in the knee. The power feed mechanism is
understands. Each type of CNC machine used to control longitudinal (left and right),
caters to a specific purpose. transverse (in and out), and vertical (up
and down) feeds.
CNC MILLING MACHINE.
- Feed rates are changed for some knee
One of the most common types of CNC milling machines by turning the speed
machines, a CNC mill utilizes computer selection handle. Most milling machines
controls to cut various materials. Mills have a rapid traverse lever to provide a
 temporary increase in the speed of the
longitudinal, transverse, or vertical feeds.
4. WORKTABLE
- As its name suggests, most of the
machining work happens on the work
table. The table is a rectangular piece of
cast iron with T-slots for clamping a
workpiece directly to it or fastening a vise
or other work holding device to hold
smaller parts and machine them safely
and efficiently.
- The longitudinal variable speed power
feed and handles are part of the work
table. In addition, an X-axis leadscrew
under the table engages with a nut and
assists the table in moving horizontally,
either under power or manually.
5. RAM. The ram is a movable overhanging
arm on a vertical milling machine. The ram
is mounted on top of the column, and the
milling head is attached to it on one end.
On Bridgeport milling machines, the
operator can extend and swivel the ram to
cover more of the work table when
machining a larger work piece.
6. Overhanging Arm (Horizontal Milling
Machine). The overhanging arm, often
called the overarm, is a horizontal cat iron
beam on the top of the column on a
horizontal milling machine. Similar to the
ram on a vertical milling machine, it’s
usually a single cast iron piece sliding on
the dovetail way
7. SPINDLE.
- One of the essential parts of the milling
machine is the spindle. It holds and drives
the cutting tools and also a drill chuck,
collets, and other tool holders. Many
vertical milling machines are de facto
drilling machines in addition to doing side
milling, flat milling, and various other types
of cutting that require high-quality tooling.
- Because of the different shapes and
mechanical application methods of the
milling cutters, the milling machine can
perform various milling jobs, including
plane milling, surface milling, angular
milling, groove milling, gear milling, and
cam milling. You can use a forming milling
cutter to machine complex contours and
an indexing head to mill a helical groove.
8. Arbor Support (Horizontal Milling
Machine. The arbor support is a casting
with a bearing that supports the arbor’s
outer end and aligns the arbor’s outer end
with the spindle. Arbor support prevents
the springing of the outer end of the arbor
in cutting operations. Multiple cutting tools
can be mounted on the arbor for gang
milling, offering higher productivity with the
arbor support reinforcing the arbor to allow
for heavier cuts.
CNC LATHE
A lathe is a CNC machine that functions to
cut work pieces as they are rotated. CNC
lathes can make precise cuts quickly by
using various tools.
These CNC machines are quite effective
in the precision they offer compared to
manual lathes. They often have fewer
axes than CNC milling machines, and are
therefore smaller in size and more
compact.
CNC lathes come with similar controls to
those of CNC mills and can read both G-
code and other proprietary programming
languages
CNC Lathe Machine Parts:
1. Headstock. Headstock of a CNC lathe
machine have the main motor of the
machine which drives the main spindle.
Chuck is mounted on this main spindle.
2. CNC Lathe Bed. The tool turret travel
over the CNC lathe bed, which is specially
hardened so any kind of machining can’t
affect them.
3. Chuck. CNC lathe machine chuck grips
the component which are to be machined.
Chuck itself has many parts. Jaws are
mounted on the chuck to grip the part
4. Tailstock. Tailstock are mostly used to
give an extra gripping force for component
machining. For long components
machining they provide extra force on the
other end so machining process can
complete smoothly. You can see in the
above picture at the one end chuck is
gripping the component and on the other
end tailstock is providing the extra force.
5. Tailstock Quill. Actually you move the
whole tailstock forward or reverse, but in
that way it is not used to grip the part, but
tailstock is travelled to a point near the
component and then it is set there, after
that you actuate the tailstock quill which
travel either with hydraulic pressure or
pneumatic pressure to grip the
component.
 6. Foot Switch or Foot Pedals. Foot
switches are used to actual the chuck and
tailstock quill. Through these pedals cnc
machinist’s open and close the chuck to
grip the component, the same way
tailstock quill is taken to forward position
or reversed through theses pedals
7. CNC Control Panel. The brain of the
CNC machine, all the CNC program are
stored inside this panel, CNC machinists
control the whole machine through the
keys on this panel. CNC machinist’s
stat/stop the machine move axis by
pressing different keys on this pane.
8. Tool Turret. The tool are mounted on the
tool turret which are used for component
machining. Tool turrets vary in shapes and
number of tools that can be mounted on
them.
CNC ROUTER
A CNC router is a machine that is very
similar to the commonly used handheld
router utilized for cutting various materials.
This type of CNC machine can aid in the
cutting of steel, wood, aluminum,
composites, plastic and foam.
A CNC router is similar to a CNC mill. It
comes with the ability to use computer
numerical control to route tool paths that
enable the machine to function. CNC
routers reduce waste and increase
productivity by producing various items in
a much shorter amount of time than other
machines.
CNC Router Main Parts:
1. Table
- The table of the machine is made from
heavy duty tubular steel frame that is
welded, precision machined and stress
relieved so that the foundation remains
true and steady over the operational life of
the machine.
- The table is used to support the spoil
board and T-slots. The spoil board allows
the cutter to cut past its surface and not
become damaged on worktable while T-
slot can be used together with strap clamp
to clamp the job to the spoil board.
2. Router Spindle. The router spindle is very
high precision. It is moved in the Z-axis by
precision ball screw system while for X
and Y-axis are the motion of rack and
pinion. These two elements are controlled
by the machine controller.
3. Ball Screw. Ball screw consists of a screw
spindle and a nut integrated with rolling
elements that cycle through a return
mechanism. It is a linear actuator that
translates rotational motion to linear
motion. The ball screw can install on each
of the three axis and is driven by stepper
motor and move the spindle in X, Y and Z
direction.
4. Linear Guideway. Linear guideway
provides linear motion that utilizes re-
circulating rolling elements between a
profiled rail and a bearing block. The
coefficient of friction on a linear guideway
is only 1/50 compared to a traditional slide
and are able to take loads in all directions.
With these features, a linear guideway can
achieve high precision and greatly
enhanced moving accuracy
5. Rack and Pinion Drive. Rack and pinion
is a linear actuator that consists of a pair
gears. The rotational motion applied to the
pinion causes the rack to move relative to
the pinion, thereby translating the
rotational motion of the pinion into linear
motion. It is used in long-travel
applications such as machine tool table
positioning which require high stiffness
and accuracy
6. Driver System. Type of motor that
commonly used is servo motor and
stepper motor. The basic difference
between a stepper motor and a servo
motor is depends on how it is controlled
and the system used.
CNC PLASMA CUTTER
The process of plasma cutting involves the
cutting of a material using a plasma torch.
This method is most commonly used to
cut heavy materials, such as steel and
other forms of metal.
With a CNC plasma cutter, gas is blown at
a very high speed from a nozzle. While
this is being done, an electrical arc forms
through the gas coming out of the nozzle
to the surface that is being cut.
This converts some of the gas into
plasma, and these plasma temperatures
range from 10,000-50,000 degrees. The
plasma is hot enough to melt whatever
material is being cut, and it blows away
any molten metal from the site of the cut
 Main Parts:
1. THE TORCH. The torch is the cutting
component of your plasma table.
CNC Plasma Cutter Consumables
- Retaining Cap: The main purpose of this
cap is to cover and hold the stack of
consumables at the end of the torch. It
holds everything together.
- Nozzle: The nozzle’s main purpose is to
focus the plasma arc. A wider nozzle has
more power for gauging or thick materials,
while a thinner nozzle is used for finer
features. Similarly, the nozzle can shape
the arc for unique applications and helps
funnel gas flow from the torch.
- Electrode: While the nozzle focuses the
arc to actually cut metal, the electrode
carries the current. Electricity moves to the
torch and enters a cathode block, which
the electrode is in contact with and focuses
the charge on the end of the electrode via
a hafnium or tungsten insert, which arcs to
the plate.
- Swirl Ring: In short, the swirl ring causes
the gas headed to the torch to spiral. The
gas encircles the electrode, the arc, and
down through the nozzle in this swirling
manner. This allows the gas going out
through the nozzle to be at different
temperatures. The swirling keeps cooler
gas along the outside, so it helps keep the
nozzle from burning up
CNC ELECTRIC DISCHARGE MACHINE
Electric discharge machining, or EDM for
short, involves creating a specific shape
within a certain material by using electrical
discharges, or sparks.
In this process, the material is removed
from a specific work piece by a series of
recurring electrical discharges between
two electrodes. These electrodes are
separated by a dielectric fluid, which often
receives an electric voltage. In this
machine, the material is placed in between
two electrodes and the machine then
calculates to see the amount of electrical
discharge each electrode needs to
produce.
Main Parts:
1. Electrodes. The wire serves as the
cathode, and the work piece as the anode
of the machine's electrodes. When cutting
with wire EDM, the servo motor controls
the wire electrode to ensure that it never
comes into contact with the work piece.
2. System for Running Wire. The wire
running system regulates the speed and
tension of the electrode wire feed, the
electrode wire's reciprocal feeding, and
the electrode wire coiling on the wire drum
without overlapping.
3. Wire. The wire serves as the electrode to
create the electrical discharge. Therefore,
the work piece's thickness and form
directly impact the wire's diameter
4. Working Table. The work piece is
supported and held by the work table. Two
stepper motors regulate their movement.
Relative movement between the working
table and cathode wire completes wire
EDM machining. The high-speed feed wire
cut EDM machine's working table has X
and Y axis slides and uses a priceless
linear guideway and priceless ball screw
as its moving parts.
5. CNC Control. High-precision stepper
motors with strong coupling and
programming instructions are essential
components of CNC systems. In addition,
CNC tools manage the entire wire EDM
machining process. Controlling the entire
procedure entails being able to handle the
cutting process automatically and
sequence the wire path.
6. Dielectric Fluid. The tank used for the
wire-cut EDM technique must contain
dielectric fluid. With the help of this liquid,
the work piece's minute particles are kept
from adhering to the wire electrode.
Deionized water is the most used medium
since it cools the process and produces a
work piece with a smooth surface
7. Power Supply. The power supply unit
sends pulses between 100V and 300V to
the wire electrode and the workpiece. The
electrical charges that flow through the
wire electrode to interact with the
workpiece are also controlled in frequency
and intensity. Therefore, a highly-
developed power supply unit is required to
deliver the right kind and quality charges
during wire EDM machining.
8. Recycling System. The working solution
(deionized water) is drawn out of the tank
by a pump, passed through a filter to
 remove impurities, and then directed into 8. Motor. The motor of the laser cutting
separate up and down nozzles before machine is a crucial component of the
returning via a filter next to the tank. If the motion system. The performance of the
working solution and filter impact cutting motor directly impacts the processing
quality, they must be changed. quality and production efficiency of the
product
9. Water chiller. The Cooling System is
used to cool the laser generator of a fiber
CNC LASER CUTTER laser cutting machine. The laser generator
converts electrical energy into light
These types of machines are similar to
energy, with a conversion rate of 20% in
CNC plasma machines—the only
the case of a CO2 laser. The remaining
difference is that lasers are mostly used
energy is converted into heat.
for cutting and are great when it comes to
10. Air compressor, gas storage tank.
cutting metals, plastic or hardwood.
Provide and store compressed air.
Depending on the density and strength of
11. Air cooling dryer, filter. The air supply
the material, the intensity of the laser can
system is used to provide clean and dry
be adjusted.
air to the laser generator and laser beam
PARTS:
path, ensuring the normal operation of the
1. Laser cutter frame. The mechanical part
pathway and reflectors.
of the laser cutter is responsible for the
12. Gas cylinders. The laser cutter’s working
movement in the X, Y, and Z-axes,
medium and auxiliary gas cylinders are
including the cutting work platform. The
included. These gases serve as industrial
stability of the machine tool is crucial for
supplements for laser oscillation and as
fiber laser cutting machines, as it directly
auxiliary gases for the cutting head’s
impacts the cutting precision.
operation.
2. Laser generator. A device that produces
13. Dust extractor. The smoke and dust
a laser light source is known as a laser
generated during the fabrication process
generator. The laser generator is the main
must be filtered and treated to meet
power source of laser equipment, similar
environmental protection standards.
to the engine in a car and is the most
14. Slag discharge machine. Eliminate the
expensive component of fiber laser cutting
leftover materials and wastes generated
machines.
during processing.
3. Lenses. The laser lens is the most
commonly used component in fiber laser
cutting equipment. Various optical devices 6 Advantages of CNC Machines
contain laser lenses, each serving a
different purpose, such as full-reflection The main advantage of using CNC
lenses, semi-reflection lenses, and machines is their accuracy
focusing lenses.
4. CNC System. The control system is the Another advantage is that once a program
primary operating system of the fiber laser has been written for a part, it can easily be
cutting machine, which mainly controls the reused over and over again without any
movements of the X, Y, and Z axes and additional input from the operator.
regulates the output power of the laser. Its
quality determines the stability of the 1. Increased Accuracy
machine’s operating performance 2. Increased Productivity
5. Regulated power supply. The
connection between the laser generator, 3. Reduced Setup Time
the laser cutter, and the power supply
system serves mainly to prevent 4. Increased Flexibility
interference from the external power
5. Reduced Labor Costs
network.
6. Laser Cutting head. The cutting head is 6. Improved Safety
the laser output device of a fiber laser
cutting machine, consisting of a nozzle, a 6 Disadvantages of CNC Machines
focusing lens, and a focus tracking
system. The main disadvantage of using CNC
7. Control platform. The process of machines is that they require a significant
controlling the whole cutting device investment in both time and money.
 These machines require frequent
maintenance in order to keep them
running properly;
1. Initial Cost
2. Maintenance Costs
3. Limited Uses
4. High Skill Level Required
5. Dependence on Electricity
6. Requires Regular Maintenance