ELEMENTARY LOGIC:

connectives,
quantifiers, negation,
variables
PROPOSITION
a declarative statement that is precisely
formulated, such that it is unambiguous and
can be classified as either true or false.
They serve as the basis for making
mathematical claims, proving theorems,
and expressing mathematical truths.
Propositions must adhere to the rules of
mathematical language and notation, and
they should be clear, complete, and free
from ambiguity.
 Example: Determine the ff statement as
proposition and not.
1. 1+1=2
Sol: Proposition because the sentence has a truth value
(TRUE).
2. 2+2
Sol: Not a Proposition because the truth value in the
statement cannot be determined.
3. Mt. Apo is the tallest mountain in the Philippines.
Sol: Proposition because it has a truth value (true).
4. All volcanoes are active volcano.
Sol. Proposition because it has a truth value (false).
5. The girl is slim and tall.
Sol: Not a proposition because it is neither true or
false.
6. Please open the door.
Sol: Not a proposition because it is imperative.
7. Who are you?
Sol: Not a proposition because it is interrogative.
8. x>5 if x>2
Sol: Proposition because it has a truth value (false).
 If a proposition is true, then we
say its true value is TRUE, and if a
proposition is false, we say its true
value is FALSE.
CONNECTIVES (LOGICAL CONNECTIVES)

TYPE OS STATEMENTS CONNECTIVES SYMBOLIC FORM STATEMENT

NEGATION NOT ~P not P

CONJUNCTION AND P∧Q P and Q

DISJUNCTION OR P∨Q P or Q

CONDITIONAL If…, then… P⇒Q If P, then Q

BICONDITIONAL If and only if P⟺Q P if and only if Q

 Example:
P: Triangle has three sides.
Q: Triangle has three corners.
1. ~P – Triangle does not have three sides.
2. ~Q - Triangle does not have three corners.
3. P ∧ Q – Triangle has three sides and three corners.
4. P ∨ Q- Triangle has three sides or three corners.
5. P ⇒ Q – If triangle has three sides then it has three
corners.
6. P ⟺ Q – Triangle has three sides if and only if it has
three corners.
 TRUTH TABLE

P Q ~P ~Q P∧Q P∨Q P⇒Q Q⇒P ~P ⟺ ~Q ~Q ⟺ ~P

T T F F T T T T T T

T F F T F T F T T F

F T T F F T T F F T

F F T T F F T T T T
TRUTH TABLE

P Q ~P ~Q P⇒Q ~ Q v (P ⇒ Q) ~Q ∧ ~P (~Q ∧ ~P) ⟺ P

T T F F T T F T

T F F T F T F T

F T T F T T F T

F F T T T T T F