ELEMENTARY LOGIC

A reasoning conducted according to the principles of validity. It allows one to determine whether or
not an argument is valid in and out of Mathematics.
Proposition – is a declarative statement that may be expressed an idea which can be true or
false but definitely not both.
Types of Propositions:
1. Simple – means a single idea statement.
2. Compound – conveys two or more ideas.
Examples: Determine whether true or false
a) 29 is a prime number True Single
b) 13 – 6 = 7 True Single
c) 120 is an even number and it is divisible by 2. True Compound
d) 20 < - 10 False Single
e) A triangle has three sides and is a type of quadrilateral. False Compound
LOGICAL CONNECTIVES
STATEMENTS CONNECTIVES SYMBOLIC FORMS TYPES OF
STATEMENTS
Not P Not ~P Negation
P and Q And P^Q Conjunction
P or Q Or PvQ Disjunction
If P, then Q If…., then… PQ Conditional
P if and only if Q If and only if PQ Biconditional

Examples:
P: Triangle has three sides.
Q: Triangle has three corners.
R: The sum of the interior angles of a single is 180°.
1) ~P Triangle doesn’t have three sides.
2) ~R The sum of the interior angles of a triangle is not 180°.
3) P^Q Triangle has have three sides and three corners.
4) ~P^Q Triangle doesn’t have three sides and has three corners.
5) P v Q Triangle has three sides or has three corners.
6) PR Triangle has three sides if and only if the sum of its interior angel is 180°.
7) QP Triangle has three corners if and only if it has three sides.
8) ~P~R Triangle doesn’t have three sides if and only if the sum of its interior angles is s
180°
9) P v~Q Triangle has three sides or it doesn’t have three corners
 CONDITIONAL STATEMENTS
Are statement which are in the form “If p, then Q”. P is the hypothesis while Q is the
conclusion.
CONDITIONAL PQ (If P, then Q)
CONVRSE OF CONDITIONAL QP (If Q, then P)
INVERSE OF CONDITIONAL ~P~Q (If not P, then not Q)
CONTRAPOSITIVE OF CONDITIONAL ~Q~P (If not Q, then not P)

Examples:
Statement: All Filipinos are hospitable
Conditional: If a person is a Filipino, then he is hospitable. PQ
Converse: If a person is hospitable, then he is a Filipino. QP
Inverse: If a person is not a Filipino, then he is not hospitable ~P~Q
Contrapositive: If a person is not hospitable, then he is not a Filipino. ~Q~P

THE TRUTH TABLE

P: All even numbers are divided by 2.
Q: 5 is divisible by 2.
P Q P Q P^Q PvQ PQ QP ~P~Q ~Q~P
r: The sides of a rectangle are equal.
S: 1221 is divisible by 11.
r s r s r^s r vs sr sr ~r~s ~s~r ~s~ ~rs ~ss
r