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Fg
= 4, 4 .1 0 − 4 0
Fe
ﻗﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺫﺏ ﺍﳌﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ Fgﺿﻌﻴﻔﺔ ﺟﺪﺍ ﺃﻣﺎﻡ ﻗﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺫﺏ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﻓﻴﻤﻜﻦ ﺇﳘﺎﳍﺎ ﰲ ﺍﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﻴﻜﺮﻭﺳﻜﻮﰊ
ﺍﻷﺳﺘﺎﺫ:ﳐﺘﺎﺭ.ﺑﺎﺩﻱ
ﺑﺮﻭﺗﻮﻥ -ﺇﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻥ( ﰲ ﺫﺭﺓ ﺍﳍﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﲔ
3-5ﻃﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ) ﺑﺮﻭﺗﻮﻥ
1-3-5ﺍﻷﻃﻴـﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺬﺭﻳﺔ:
ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﻧﻄﻼﻗﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻃﻴﻔﻪ.
ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﻴﻒ ﺍﳍﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﲔ ﻣﺜﻼ ﻳﻮﺿﻊ ﰲ ﺣﺒﺎﺑﺔ ﺯﺟﺎﺟﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺷﺮﻭﻁ ﲡﺮﻳﺒﻴﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﰒ ﺗﻘﺪﻡ ﻃﺎﻗﺔ ﻟﻠﺬﺭﺍﺕ ﻓﺘﺰﺩﺍﺩ ﻃﺎﻗﺘﻬﺎ ،ﻭ ﺗﺼﺒﺢ ﻧﺸﻴﻄﺔ ﻭﻏﲑ
ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺮﺓ ،ﻭﻟﻜﻲ ﺗﻌﻮﺩ ﺇﱃ ﺣﻠﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻻﻛﺜﺮ ﺇﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭﺍ ﺗﻨﺨﻔﺾ ﻃﺎﻗﺘﻬﺎ ﺑﺈﺻﺪﺍﺭﻩ ﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺿﻮﺋﻴﺔ ،ﻋﻨﺪ ﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺀ ﳓﺼﻞ ﻋﺎﻯ ﻃﻴﻒ ﺍﻻﺻﺪﺍﺭ ﻭ ﻫﻮ
ﻣﺘﻘﻄﻊ ﺃﻱ ﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻻﺷﻌﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻭ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﻌﲏ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻮﺍﺗﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﺷﻌﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻻ ﺗﺄﺧﺬ ﺇﻻ ﻗﻴﻤﺎ ﳏﺪﺩﺓ ﻟﺬﺍ ﻧﻘﻮﻝ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺗﺮ ﻣﻜﻤﻢ
)ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﳝﺜﻞ ﻃﻴﻒ ﺍﳍﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﲔ(
ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ :
ﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻚ ﻧﻴﻮﺗﻦ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻟﻼﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺮﺳﻢ ﻣﺪﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺍﺓ ﳑﺎ ﻳﻌﻄﻲ ﻟﻠﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﻛﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﻠﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻭ ﻫﺬﺍ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﱯ
ﻟﻠﺬﺭﺓ .ﻟﻜﻦ ﻃﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ) ﺑﺮﻭﺗﻮﻥ -ﺇﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻥ ( ﻣﻜﻤﻤﺔ ﻭ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮﺓ)ﺍﻻﻃﻴﺎﻑ
ﻭ ﻣﻨﻪ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﱯ ﻟﻠﺬﺭﺓ ﻣﺮﻓﻮﺽ .ﻭﻻ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻣﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻚ ﻧﻴﻮﺗﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺬﺭﺓ
ﺍﻷﺳﺘﺎﺫ:ﳐﺘﺎﺭ.ﺑﺎﺩﻱ
3-3-5ﺳﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺬﺭﺓ :
ﲤﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺬﺭﺓ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺳﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﻟﻠﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮﺓ
ﺍﺻﻄﻼﺣﺎ ﺗﻌﻄﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﻟﻠﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ) (0ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺗﺸﺮﺩ ﺍﻟﺬﺭﺓ ﻭﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺧﺮﻯ ﺳﺎﻟﺒﺔ.
0 ∞
-0.3 6
-0.5 5
-0.8 4
-1.5 3
ﺗﻐﯾر ﺻﻐﯾر ﻟﻠطﺎﻗﺔ
أﺷﻌﺔ ﺗﺣت اﻟﺣﻣراء
-3.4 2
ﺗﻐﯾر ﻣﺗوﺳط ﻟﻠطﺎﻗﺔ
اﻷﺷﻌﺔ اﻟﻣرﺋﯾﺔ
-13.6 1
ﺗﻐﯾر ﻛﺑﯾر ﻟﻠطﺎﻗﺔ
أﺷﻌﺔ ﻓوق ﺑﻧﻔﺳﺟﯾﺔ
ﺍﻷﺳﺘﺎﺫ:ﳐﺘﺎﺭ.ﺑﺎﺩﻱ