MADDA WALABU UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING

ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATION STREAM

TITLE:- PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND SIMULATION OF MULTI

CARRIER CODE DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS (MC-CDMA)

PREPARED BY:-
NAME ID NO
1. ABENEZER SEIFU ..........................................................UGR/16132/12

ADVISOR NAME:- Mster. Abyahen .T

SUBMISSION DATE:- 13/05/2016 E.C

 DECLARATION
Me do hereby declare that the work presented in this thesis entitled “Performance
Evaluation and Simulation of Multi Carrier Code Division Multiple Access (MC-
CDMA)”, submitted by us is an original record of thesis work carried out by us under the
supervision of “advisor name and designation”. The contents of this thesis, in full or in
partial, have not been submitted to any other Institute or University.
Name of students Signature
1. Abenezer Seifu …………………….

The thesis has been submitted for examination with my approval as a university advisor.
Name of advisor Signature
Abyhem .T ………………..

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 APPROVAL SHEET
The undersigned certify that the above candidates have fulfilled the condition of the project
Paper in full fulfillment for final project (thesis) in Electrical and Computer Engineering
department.
Chairman, Dept. Head committee Signature Date
----------------------- ------------ ----/----/---------
Advisor/Supervisor Signature Date
----------------------- ------------ ----/----/---------
Examiner Signature Date
----------------------- ------------ ----/----/---------
Examiner Signature Date
----------------------- ------------ ----/----/---------

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Me are extremely grateful to the faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, for giving
us the opportunity to carry out this project, which is taken and considered as one course in
the curriculum. Me would like to express our earnest gratitude and regards to our project
advisor, Mster Abyahen .T lecturer in stream of Communication and Electronics
systems Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, for being the corner stone of
our project to reach this simulation result. It was her continuous encouragement,
invaluable supervision, perpetual motivation, guidance and basic comments from the
beginning of the project to reached this last simulation result, and successful
documentation preparation aswell as readiness of us for this project presentation.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS
DECLARATION ................................................................................................................. I
APPROVAL SHEET ......................................................................................................... II
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .............................................................................................. III
TABLE OF CONTENTS .................................................................................................. IV
LIST OF FIGURES .......................................................................................................... VI
LIST OF ABBRIVATIONS ............................................................................................VII
ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................................... IX
CHAPTER ONE ................................................................................................................. 1
INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................. 1
1.1. Background of Study............................................................................................... 1
1.2. Problem of Statement .............................................................................................. 2
1.3. Objective of the Project ........................................................................................... 2
1.5. Scope of Project ...................................................................................................... 2
1.6. Limitation ................................................................................................................ 3
CHAPTER TWO ................................................................................................................ 4
LITERATURE REVIEW ................................................................................................... 4
2.1. Multiple Access Techniques ................................................................................... 4
2.1.1. Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) ................................................. 5
2.1.2. Time Division Multiple Access ......................................................................... 5
2.1.3. Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) ......................................................... 6
2.2. Overview of MC-CDMA ........................................................................................ 8
2.3. Principles of MC-CDMA .......................................................................................11
2.3.1. The F-parameter............................................................................................... 12
2.4. CDMA over Multipath Fading Effect ....................................................................13
2.5. MC-CDMA over multipath fading effect ...............................................................14
CHAPTER THREE .......................................................................................................... 15
METHODOLOGY ........................................................................................................... 15
3.1. Software requirement ............................................................................................ 15
3.2 Flow chart for the methodology ..............................................................................15
3.3. Interference cancellation techniques ......................................................................16
3.4. Analysis of MC-CDMA .........................................................................................17

IV
CHAPTER FOUR ............................................................................................................. 20
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ....................................................................................... 20
4.1. Plots of Variance of multi-user interference versus number of user ......................20
4.2. Plots of EN/NO versus number of user ..................................................................21
4.3. PLOTS OF BIT ERROR RATE VS EN / Nо ........................................................21
4.4. Plots of BER versus number of subscriber.............................................................22
CHAPTER FIVE .............................................................................................................. 23
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION ................................................................ 23
5.1. Conclusion ............................................................................................................. 23
5.2. Recommendation for future work ..........................................................................23
REFERENCE .................................................................................................................... 24
APPENDIXIS ................................................................................................................... 25

V
 LIST OF FIGURES
Figure (1) 2.1.The basic concept of TDMA ........................................................................ 6
Figure (2) 2.2. CDMA techniques which assigned a unique pseudo noise code ................ 7
Figure (3) 2.3. Single carrier transmitter structure ............................................................ 10
Figure (4) 2.4. Multi-carrier transmitter structure ............................................................. 10
Figure (5) 2.5. MC-DS-CDMA system structures ............................................................ 11
Figure (6) 2.6. MT-CDMA system structure .................................................................... 11
Figure (7) 3.1. Methodology flow chart ............................................................................ 15
Figure (8) 4. 1. Plots of σ² MUI versus number of user in MC-CDMA system ............... 20
Figure (9) 4.2 Plots of EN/Nо versus number of user in MC-CDMA system .................. 21
Figure (10) 4.3 Plots of Bit Error Rate versus EN/No in MC-CDMA system ................. 21
Figure (11) 4.4 Plots of Code Length versus number of user in MC-CDMA system....... 22

VI
 LIST OF ABBRIVATIONS
ACF ......................................... Auto Correlation Function
A/D.......................................... Analog to Digital Converter
AWGN ..................................... Additive white Gaussian noise
BPSK....................................... Binary phase shift keying
BER ......................................... Bet error rate
BS ............................................ Base station
CCF ......................................... Cross correlation function
CLT ......................................... Central limit theorem
CPMS ...................................... Continuous phase modulation
CSI ........................................... Channel state information
D/A.......................................... Digital to analog converter
DFH......................................... Dynamic frequency hopping
DFT ......................................... Discrete Fourier transformer
DS-CDMA .............................. Direct sequence –code division multiple access
FDMA ..................................... Frequency division multiple access
FDD........................................ Frequency division duplexing
FFT ......................................... Fast furrier transformer
FH ...........................................Frequency hopping
FH-CDMA .............................. Frequency hopping code division multiple access
FSK ......................................... Frequency shift keying
GSM ....................................... Global system for mobile
IC............................................ Interference cancellation
ISI........................................... Inter symbol interference
LOS ........................................ Line of sight
LTE ........................................ Long term evolution
MAI ....................................... Multiple access interference
MC ......................................... Multi-carrier
MC-CDMA ............................ Multi-carrier code division multiple access
MFSK..................................... M-array frequency shift keying
MIMO .................................... Multiple input multiple output

VII
MLSE ..................................... Mean list square error
MMSE .................................... Minimum mean squared error
MPI .........................................Multiple path interference
MRC....................................... Maximum ratio combining
MS .......................................... Mobile station
MUI ........................................ Multiple user interference
N-FFT .....................................N- point fast furrier transformer
OFDMA .................................. Orthogonal frequency division multiple access
PAPR...................................... Peak to average power ratio
PLC ......................................... Parallel interference cancellation
P/S ........................................... Parallel to serial
PTS.......................................... Partial transmit square
SLM ......................................... Selected mapping
S/P ............................................ Serial to parallel
SIR ........................................... Signal to interference ratio
SISO ......................................... Single input single output
SNR .......................................... Signal noise ratio
SS ............................................. Spread spectrum
TDD .........................................Time division duplexing
TDMA ...................................... Time division multiple access
TS .............................................. Symbol time
ZCZ ........................................... Zero correlation zone

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 ABSTRACT
In electronics and communication system MC-CDMA (Multi-Carrier Code Division
Multiple Access) is very attractive choice for high speed wireless communication with
bandwidth utilization and BER (bit error rate) performance. MC-CDMA is used in wireless
communication to avoid the problem of ISI (inter symbol interference) and also exploit
frequency diversity. It is also used to support multiple users with high speed data
communications.
Analysis of the Bit Error Rate (BER) will be carried out for a Multi Carrier CDMA wireless
communication link considering the effect of channels limitations like fading, delay spread
etc. Different schemes of MC-CDMA will be considered and performance result will be
evaluated by numerical computations. Performance degradations due to above system
impairments will be evaluated and optimum system design parameters will be determined.
This project presents analysis of MC-CDMA system over the AWGN (Additive White
Gaussian Noise) and Raleigh channel for different number of subcarrier and different
number of users. MC-CDMA system analysis will be performed by simulating the
MCCDMA using MATLAB program.

Key words :- CDMA, MC-CDMA, BER, AWGN

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 CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1. Background of Study
Wireless communications is an emerging field, which has seen enormous growth in the last several
years. The spectacular growth of video, voice and data communication over the Internet, and the
equally rapid pervasion of mobile telephony, justifies great expectations for mobile multimedia.
Due to this growth of multimedia communication, the users demanded high data rate
communication systems in wireless environment where the spectral resource is scarce (S. Hara
and R. Prasad 2017). [4]
Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) is an up-to-date technology widely used in operational
radar, navigation and wireless multimedia telecommunication systems and playing a dominant role
in the philosophy of the next generation high data rate wireless systems .CDMA is a multiple
access technique where different users share the same physical medium, that is, the same frequency
band, at the same time. The main ingredient of CDMA is the spread spectrum technique, which
uses high rate signature pulses to enhance the signal bandwidth far beyond what is necessary for a
given data rate.
In a CDMA system, the different users can be identified and, hopefully, separated at the receiver
by means of their characteristic individual signature pulses (sometimes called the signature
waveforms), that is, by their individual codes .The conventional code division multiple access
technique used in third generation system faces serious limitations by channel dispersion, causing
inter symbol interference (ISI), and it requires advanced signal processing algorithms to contain
it. Multi carrier CDMA (MC-CDMA) employing multiple stream of data channel can combat
channel dispersion, hence ISI, thereby increasing system capability to accommodate a higher
number of users and its data rate requirements (Kumar and Chellappan, 2009).
Therefore MC-CDMA is formed by combining orthogonal frequency division multiplexing
(OFDM) with CDMA became a significant research topic. Consequently MC-CDMA has the
advantages of both CDMA and OFDM. The CDMA part increases spectrum utilization and the
OFDM part reduces multipath fading and Inter Symbol Interference (ISI). Thus MC-CDMA is an
efficient technique that reduces problems like, spectral limitation and distortion due to multipath

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channels. So it is considered as a strong contender for future mobile communication to obtain high
data rates at downlink.
1.2. Problem of Statement
CDMA particularly in the downlink suffers from the frequency selective fading and inter symbol
interference. There is the question arise that weather the implementation of the MC-CDMA can
help to achieve higher data rate performance than CDMA over Rayleigh Fading Channel. In this
paper we want to present the performance of MC-CDMA in AWGN channel and Rayleigh channel
using BPSK modulation technique. We want to show through graph of performance of MC-
CDMA using MATLAB programming.
1.3. Objective of the Project
1.3.1. General objective
The main objective of this project is to solve the problem of frequency selective fading and inter
symbol interference to improve the performance of communication channel system BER.
1.3.2. Specific objectives
• To simulate the performance evaluation of MC-CDMA using mat lab.
• To determine the optimum system parameters at a given system BER.
• To improve the limitations of CDMA such us bandwidth, fading and noise.
• To compare the performance of MC-CDMA and CDMA.
1.4. Significance of the project
The main contribution of this paper is to compute the performance of CDMA and MC-CDMA by
considering a bit error rate. After that we proceed with a simulation in MATLAB to verify that
MC-CDMA perform well than CDMA in Rayleigh Fading Channel.
1.5. Scope of Project
MC-CDMA combines the benefits of CDMA with the natural robustness to frequency selectivity
offered by OFDM. It can be interpreted as CDMA with the spreading taking place in the frequency
rather than temporal domain. In MC-CDMA, the processing and signature spreading occurs in the
frequency domain. Optimum as well as linear receivers, such as the matched filter, decor relator
and minimum mean-squared error (MMSE) can be used in the frequency domain in an analogous
way to their use in the time domain for CDMA.

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On the other hand; one of the major negative aspects with MC modulations is that when the
sinusoidal signals of the n carriers add, most constructively the peak envelope power is as much
as n times the mean envelope power. The ratio between the instantaneous power of these peaks
and the average power of the signal (PAPR) is too large and therefore it reduces the A/D and D/A
converters effective mean resolution. Moreover, it requires the use of power amplifiers that behave
linearly up to the peak envelope power of the transmitted signal.
1.6. Limitation
Narrowband in MC-CDMA opposes inter symbol interference but it is susceptible to the
attenuation effect caused by fading. The practical implementation of MC-CDMA is very difficult
as it requires a highly complex interference environment which affects on BER.

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 CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
In this chapter, an overview of the current research literature is provided on the future wireless
communication transceiver over the multipath fading effect. Literature review has been done on
research works carried out in the area of CDMA and MC-CDMA wireless channel over Multipath
Fading Channel. Some of the important results obtained by the researches in the area of wireless
communication are listed as follows:
 Nitika Sachdeva & Deepak Sharma (2012) explained that the wireless communication
channel suffers from much impairment such as AWGN, the path loss, the shadowing and
the fading. This work considered fading as is a major problem and in order to reduce it,
diversity is being used. Finally it was considered that thus in diversity technique, multiple
copies of the same data is transmitted to the receiver via multiple paths or channels and the
final decision is made by the receiver without knowing to the transmitter.
 Aditya Chopra & Brian L. Evans (2013) analyzed the performance of diversity combining
techniques in interference-limited channels. They considered a multi-antenna receiver
operating in an interference-limited channel and evaluated four diversity combining
algorithms in terms of outage probability in the low-outage regime. The contribution of this
work was derivation of closed-form expressions for the output Signal to- Interference Ratio
(SIR) statistics of fixed weight, maximal ratio, selection and postdetection combining.
These results can be applied in analyzing the outage performance and throughput capacity
of both centralized and decentralized interference-limited wireless networks.
2.1. Multiple Access Techniques
Mobile communications are rapidly becoming more and more necessary for everyday activities.
With so many more users to accommodate, more efficient use of bandwidth is a priority among
cellular phone system operators. Equally important is the security and reliability of these calls.
Multiple accesses is a technique where many subscribers or local stations can share the use of the
use of a communication channel at the same time or nearly so despite the fact originate from widely
different locations. A channel can be defined as a portion of the limited radio resource, which is
temporarily allocated for a specific purpose or user, such as someone’s phone call. A multiple
access method is a definition of how the radio spectrum is divided into channels and how the
channels are allocated to the many users of the system.

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Multiple access techniques are used to allow a large number of mobile users to share the allocated
spectrum in the most efficient manner. As the spectrum is limited, so the sharing is required to
increase the capacity of cell or over a geographical area by allowing the available bandwidth to be
used at the same time by different users. And this must be done in a way such that the quality of
service doesn’t degrade within the existing users.
The following are the basic techniques of multiple accesses:
 Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA)
 Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)
 Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)
2.1.1. Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA)
This was the initial multiple-access technique for cellular systems in which each individual user is
assigned a pair of frequencies while making or receiving a call. One frequency is used for downlink
and one pair for uplink. This is called frequency division duplexing (FDD). That allocated
frequency pair is not used in the same cell or adjacent cells during the call so as to reduce the co
channel interference. Even though the user may not be talking, the spectrum cannot be reassigned
as long as a call is in place. Different users can use the same frequency in the same cell except that
they must transmit at different times. The features of FDMA are as follows: The FDMA channel
carries only one phone circuit at a time. If an FDMA channel is not in use, then it sits idle and it
cannot be used by other users to increase share capacity. After the assignment of the voice channel
the BS and the MS transmit simultaneously and continuously. The bandwidths of FDMA systems
are generally narrow i.e. FDMA is usually implemented in a narrow band system. The symbol time
is large compared to the average delay spread. The complexity of the FDMA mobile systems is
lower than that of TDMA mobile systems. FDMA requires tight filtering to minimize the adjacent
channel interference.
2.1.2. Time Division Multiple Access
In digital systems, continuous transmission is not required because users do not use the allotted
bandwidth all the time. In such cases, TDMA is a complimentary access technique to FDMA.
Global Systems for Mobile communications (GSM) uses the TDMA technique. In TDMA, the
entire bandwidth is available to the user but only for a finite period of time. In most cases the
available bandwidth is divided into fewer channels compared to FDMA and the users are allotted
time slots during which they have the entire channel bandwidth at their disposal.

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TDMA requires careful time synchronization since users share the bandwidth in the frequency
domain. The number of channels are less, inter channel interference is almost negligible. TDMA
uses different time slots for transmission and reception. This type of duplexing is referred to as
Time division duplexing (TDD). The feature of TDMA includes the following: TDMA shares a
single carrier frequency with several users where each user makes use of non-overlapping time
slots.
The number of time slots per frame depends on several factors such as modulation technique,
available bandwidth etc. Data transmission in TDMA is not continuous but occurs in bursts. This
results in low battery consumption since the subscriber transmitter can be turned OFF when not in
use. Because of a discontinuous transmission in TDMA the handoff process is much simpler for a
subscriber unit, since it is able to listen to other base stations during idle time slots. TDMA uses
different time slots for transmission and reception thus duplexers are not required. TDMA has an
advantage that is possible to allocate different numbers of time slots per frame to different users.
Thus bandwidth can be supplied on demand to different users by concatenating or reassigning time
slot based on priority.

Figure (1) 2.1.The basic concept of TDMA

2.1.3. Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)
In code division multiple access (CDMA) system, the narrowband massage signal is multiplied by
a very large bandwidth signal called the spreading signal. All CDMA users use the same carrier
frequency and may transmit simultaneously which we see in figure 2. Each user has its own

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pseudorandom code word. The receiver performs a time correlation operation to detect only the
specific desired code word. All other code word appears as noise. Each user operates
independently with no knowledge of the other users.
In CDMA, the same bandwidth is occupied by all the users, however they are all assigned separate
codes, which differentiates them from each other. CDMA utilize a spread spectrum technique in
which a spreading signal (which is uncorrelated to the signal and has a large bandwidth) is used to
spread the narrow band message signal.

Figure (2) 2.2. CDMA techniques where each channel is assigned a unique pseudo noise code
2.1.3.1. Problems with CDMA
2.1.3.1.1. CDMA and Self-interference Problem
In CDMA, self-interference arises from the presence of delayed replicas of signal due to multipath.
The delays cause the spreading sequences of the different users to lose their orthogonally, as by
design they are orthogonal only at zero phase offset. Hence in dispreading a given user’s
waveform, nonzero contributions to that user’s signal arise from the transmissions of the other
users in the network. This is distinct from both TDMA and FDMA, wherein for reasonable time
or frequency guard bands, respectively, orthogonally of the received signals can be preserved.

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 2.1.3.1.2. CDMA and Near-Far Problem
The near-far problem is a serious one in CDMA. This problem arises from the fact that signals
closer to the receiver of interest are received with smaller attenuation than are signals located
further away. Therefore the strong signal from the nearby transmitter will mask the weak signal
from the remote transmitter. In TDMA and FDMA, this is not a problem since mutual interference
can be filtered. In CDMA, however, the near-far effect combined with imperfect orthogonally
between codes (e.g. due to different time sifts), leads to substantial interference. Accurate and fast
power control appears essential to ensure reliable operation of multiuser DSCDMA systems.
In general, the strongest received mobile signal will capture the demodulator at a base station. In
CDMA, stronger received signal levels raise the noise floor at the base station demodulators for
the weaker signals, thereby decreasing the probability that weaker signals will be received. To
overcome this problem, power control is used. Power control is provided by each base station in a
cellular system and assures that each mobile within the base station coverage area provided the
same signal level to the base station receiver.
There are three ways to spread the bandwidth of the signal:
 Frequency hopping: The signal is rapidly switched between different frequencies within the
hopping bandwidth pseudo-randomly, and the receiver knows beforehand where to find the
signal at any given time.
 Time hopping: The signal is transmitted in short bursts pseudo-randomly, and the receiver
knows beforehand when to expect the burst.
 Direct sequence: The digital data is directly coded at a much higher frequency. The code is
generated pseudo-randomly, the receiver knows how to generate the same code, and
correlates the received signal with that code to extract the data.
2.2. Overview of MC-CDMA
The MC-CDMA scheme is a promising technology for future wireless communication systems.
Future wireless communication requires a system supporting a large number of users, which can
simultaneously provide high data rate. The MC-CDMA is a type of multiple accesses that utilize
the benefits of both CDMA and OFDM schemes. The multi carrier part reduces the multipath
fading and ISI, whereas the spread spectrum technology utilizes the limited spectrum in an efficient
way. The high data rate transmission will make a resistive channel. The multi carrier part will

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overcome this problem by transmitting high data rate data into low rate parallel subcarriers. The
overlapping of carriers provides high spectral efficiency.
Compared to the other multicarrier technique, in a MC-CDMA scheme the original data symbols
are first spread with a pseudorandom sequence, followed by the modulation on different carriers.
That is, in a MC-CDMA system the chips of same symbol are modulated on different carriers.
Hence the spreading is said to be done in frequency domain. Compared to DS-CDMA, in
MCCDMA the codes that is used to distinguish each user are modulated in frequency domain,
hence the need of complex rake receiver is avoided.
The data sequence d is first multiplied with a spreading sequence Cn+ iNc, where n=0, 1…Nc-1.
Cn+iNc denote the nth chip during the ith symbol interval and Nc denotes the spreading factor.
After spreading, the data symbols are transmitted on different orthogonal subcarriers in parallel.
The spread data symbols are modulated on different orthogonal subcarriers with the help of N
point inverse fast Fourier transform (N-IFFT). Similar to an OFDM system, the MC-CDMA
system reduces the interference between the successive symbols by cyclically extending the FFT
block with cyclic prefix of Np samples.
The basic principle of multicarrier systems is to split a high-rate data stream into a number of lower
rate streams that are transmitted simultaneously over a number of subcarriers. The relative amount
of dispersion in time caused by multipath delay spread reduces as the symbol duration increases
for the lower rate parallel streams. Inter symbol interference (ISI) is eliminated almost completely
by introducing a guard time in every multicarrier symbol. In the guard time, the multicarrier
symbol is cyclically extended to avoid inter carrier interference. The simplified transmitter
structures of single carrier and multicarrier system are shown in Figure 3 and 4Ts denotes symbol
duration. In single carrier system, as the symbol duration decreases in order to achieve fast data
transmission, the normalized delay spread (Td / Ts) increases.
The delay spread might be hundreds of times larger than the symbol duration. This makes the
equalizer structure complex. Current equalizer techniques cannot recover the original transmitted
signal for such cases. The MLSE can minimize the BER under perfect knowledge of the channel
state information (CSI). However, its complexity exponentially increases with the delay spread
and the order of the modulation. Therefore, the single carrier scheme cannot be a good candidate
for high rate data transmission.

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 Figure (3) 2.3. Single carrier transmitter structure

Figure (4) 2.4. Multi-carrier transmitter structure

In order to effectively reduce the influence of the multipath, the symbol duration must be greater
than the delay spread. Then, only the fraction of the symbol energy is corrupted by ISI. Thus, we
can ignore the ISI. To keep the data rate equal to that of the single carrier system, a parallel data
transmission is required. In multicarrier systems, the high rate data stream is split to lower rate
parallel data stream by the Serial-to-Parallel (S/P) block. Each data stream modulates its own
carrier called a subcarrier. Thus, we can achieve the flat fading channel at each subcarrier without
losing the data rate. The natural questions which arise are how to assign the subcarrier frequencies
and what kind of pulse shape can be used to prevent the interference between sub channels. Each
sub channel spectrum does not overlap and it requires a guard band to avoid interference between
adjacent sub channels. However, in OFDM and MC-CDMA systems each sub channel spectrum
overlaps since the subcarrier spacing is set to 1/ Ts.
2.2.1 Three Types of Multicarrier CDMA systems
In the first type of system, namely, MC-CDMA system (Figure 5), a spreading sequence is serial-
to-parallel converted, and each chip modulates a different carrier frequency. This implies that the
number of carriers N should be equal to the processing gain M, and each carrier conveys a
narrowband waveform, rather than a DS waveform. In other words, the resulting signal has a In
the second type of system, which is usually called MC-DS-CDMA system (Figure 6), the available
frequency spectrum is divided into N equal width frequency bands, typically much less than the
processing gain M, and each frequency band is used to transmit a narrowband DS waveform.

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 Figure (5) 2.5. MC-DS-CDMA system structures
The third type of system, which is usually called MT-CDMA. It can actually be taken as a special
kind of MC-DS-CDMA with spectrum overlapping between subcarriers and frequency diversity
can also be obtained. A larger spreading gain is available in MT-DS-CDMA for each sub stream
at the cost of introducing interference between subcarriers.

Figure (6) 2.6. MT-CDMA system structure

2.3. Principles of MC-CDMA
Multi-carrier CDMA is a digital modulation technique where a single data symbol is transmitted
at multiple narrow-band subcarriers with each subcarrier encoded with a phase offset of 0 or π
based on a spreading code. The narrowband subcarriers are generated using BPSK modulated
signals, each at different frequencies which at baseband are at multiples of a harmonic frequency
1/ Tb. Consequently, the subcarriers are orthogonal to each other at baseband, and the component
at each subcarrier may be filtered out by modulating the received signal with the frequency
corresponding to the particular subcarrier of interest and integrating over a symbol duration. The
orthogonally between subcarrier frequencies is maintained if the subcarrier frequencies are spaced
apart by multiples of F/ Tb. Throughout this document, F, which will be used to describe the
spacing between subcarrier frequencies for an MC-CDMA signal, will be referred to as the F-
parameter.
The phase at each subcarrier corresponds to one element of the spreading code. For a spreading
code of length N, there are N subcarriers. Throughout this paper, N will be referred to as the

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spreading factor. This modulation scheme is also a multiple access technique in the sense that
different users will use the same set of subcarriers but with a different spreading code that is
orthogonal to the code of all other users. Thus, it is important to point out that there exist two levels
of orthogonally. While the subcarriers frequencies are orthogonal to each other, and the spreading
codes are also orthogonal to each other.
Upon careful examination, the discrete-time version of the signal can be viewed as the Discrete
Fourier Transform (DFT) of a Direct Sequence - Code Division Multiple Access (DS-CDMA)
signal, i.e., the signal is CDMA-coded in frequency. This scheme can also be considered as a
spread spectrum technique since the signal is spread over a larger band-width than necessary in
order to achieve frequency diversity. PN coded structure in the frequency domain.
2.3.1. The F-parameter
In order to obtain a compact signal in frequency, it would be desirable to space the subcarriers as
closely together as possible. The closest possible spacing between subcarriers is where F = 1. With
this particular spacing, the structure of the signal is exactly that of Orthogonal Frequency Division
Multiplexing (OFDM).
2.3.1.1. F = 1 and OFDM
Although OFDM and MC-CDMA have the same signal structure, they are very different in how
the subcarriers are actually used to transmit data. With OFDM, different data symbols are
transmitted at different subcarriers. These sets of data symbols can be encoded with error
correction or detection codes to compensate for the loss of individual subcarriers and their
corresponding data symbols. The goal of OFDM is to reduce the effective transmission rate and
consequently increase the symbol duration. As a result, the OFDM signal is affected less by delay
spreads and ISI because of the longer symbol duration. In addition, if the channel changes rapidly,
i.e., when there are large Doppler shifts, the longer symbol duration helps to average out the signal
over these fluctuations and occurrences of deep fades in time. The implementation of multiple
accesses in OFDM is different from that of MC-CDMA in that different users do not use the same
set of subcarriers. Multiple accesses in OFDM may be implemented by having different users
transmit on different sets of subcarriers (frequency division multiplexing) or to have different users
contribute to a data set that will be assigned to the same OFDM signal. Thus, as it can be seen,
OFDM and MC-CDMA differ greatly in the utilization of the subcarriers.

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Since MC-CDMA has the same signal structure for F = 1as OFDM, some conclusions and results
about OFDM can be applied to MC-CDMA for F = 1. One conclusion is that MC-CDMA for F =
1is spectrally efficient. Since the subcarriers are spaced closely together, an efficient bits/Hz ratio
is obtained [5]. In addition, since the edges of the signal in frequency are formed by narrow band
sinc ( ) functions, the drop off of the MC-CDMA (F = 1) signal spectrum at its edges is very sharp.
Consequently, the spectral leakage into adjacent frequency bands is small. Another conclusion that
can be drawn from the similarity with OFDM will be brought up when the implementation aspects
of MC-CDMA are discussed.
2.3.1.2. F very Large
While one would desire a spectrally compact and efficient signal, there is also the conflicting goal
of frequency diversity. By transmitting the signal at multiple subcarriers, it is hoped that only a
few of the subcarriers will be severely attenuated with the majority of the subcarriers passing
through the channel with little distortion. The degree to which this goal coincides with the physical
channel depends on the coherence bandwidth, BWC, of the channel. If several subcarriers lie
within the coherence bandwidth, then it is statistically likely that the loss of one subcarrier implies
the loss of all the sub-carriers within BWC. In this case, frequency diversity is not achieved.
Consequently, depending on the actual physical channel, one may desire to space the subcarriers
as far apart as possible, corresponding to a large F-parameter, in order to obtain frequency
diversity. This implies that frequency diversity can be achieved with a relatively small spreading
factor with MC-CDMA using an appropriate value for F. While this may not make the MCCDMA
signal spectrally compact, a possible solution is to have other programs or applications
(Not necessarily constructed of MC-CDMA signals) assigned to the gaps between the narrowband
subcarriers.
2.4. CDMA over Multipath Fading Effect
CDMA selects the minimum number of paths such that the combined output SNR is larger than a
threshold. The following existing research works considered the problem with CDMA system and
ways to solve the problem with solutions.
 S.Hara and R.Prasad (2016) described a Spread Spectrum (SS) system based on Continuous
-Phase Modulations (CPMs). The main idea of this work is the sequence of modulation
indices of a multi-h CPM as an FH sequence. This CPM-based spread spectrum system
achieves an overall spectral efficiency larger than that of a single-user single-h CPM

13 | P a g e
 transmission even when a single-user detector is employed at the receiver. It also
outperforms other solutions in the literature.
2.5. MC-CDMA over multipath fading effect
Literature review has been done on research works carried out in the area of, MC-CDMA with
MUD wireless receiver over multipath fading channel. Some of the important results obtained by
the researches.
 Saralees Nadarajah (2008) investigated the BER performance of synchronous MC-CDMA
systems over Nakagami-m-fading channels. An essential part of this investigation is the
derivation of the MGF of the output decision variable at a receiver. This result was a finite
sum of elementary functions and so it can be computed easily to any degree of accuracy.
 Hema Kale et al (2012) explained that the MC-CDMA is becoming a very significant
downlink multiple access technique for high-rate data transmission in the future generation
wireless communication systems. This work has evaluated the performance of group
allocation criteria employed in downlink transmission, which results in throughput
maximization. This modified technique is a sub channel allocation in the downlink
transmission of MC-CDMA systems. This work has investigated the method of sub channel
allocation to the user for the given transmit power in the downlink transmission. This
observed result in further saving of the power and achieving higher throughput is compared
with the original algorithm and the results show that for the given power and BER proposed,
the algorithm comparatively produces far better results.

14 | P a g e
 CHAPTER THREE
METHODOLOGY
INTRODUCTION
This chapter will cover the details explanation of methodology that is being used to make this
project complete and working well. Many methodology or findings from this field mainly
generated into journal for others to take advantages and improve as upcoming studies. The
method is use to achieve the objective of the project that will accomplish a perfect result. In order
to evaluate this project, the methodology based on performance evaluation and simulation of multi
carrier code division multiple access (MC CDMA).
3.1. Software requirement
For software requirement, we have choose MATLAB 2021. MATLAB is a software tool
suite used primarily for electronic design the project. Since this software can do the simulation of
the schematic diagram and can perform. After the process of gathering all the related
information about this project, a step of designing the circuit consist of our project was done.
Using MATLAB software, where several basics process of designing the circuit was done.
3.2 Flow chart for the methodology
Below shows the summery of methodology.

Problem identification

Literature Review

Developing mathematical model

Simulation using MATLAB code

Performing analysis depend on simulation result

Conclusion and recommendation

Figure (7) 3.1. Methodology flow chart

15 | P a g e
3.3. Interference cancellation techniques
The user capacity of a system is mainly limited due to the domination of interference affecting the
system. There are several ways to improve the user capacity by using optimum detection,
interference cancellation (IC) methods, or methods such as decor relating receiver. The use of
multi user algorithms improves the performance of the system; however the complexity increases
exponentially with increase in the number of users and code length. In IC techniques, it attempts
to remove the multiple user interference from each user’s received signal prior to making data
decisions. IC cancellation techniques can be mainly classified as serial or successive and parallel
cancellation techniques.
In serial cancellation techniques, the interference caused by the remaining users is removed from
each user in succession. However in order to achieve this, a specific geometric power distribution
must be assigned to each user. Another disadvantage of this scheme is that there is a delay in
accomplishing the interference cancellation of all users in the system. In parallel processing the
interference produced by the remaining users accessing the channel is simultaneously removed
from each user.
3.3.1. Use of efficient spreading sequence
The interferences such as MPI and MAI are closely related to the Auto-correlation function (ACF)
and Cross correlation function (CCF) of the spreading sequence used to spread the data sequence.
Hence the use of spreading sequence with good correlation properties can replace the need of
complicated interference cancellation techniques. The commonly used spreading sequences are
Pseudo noise sequence, Walsh codes, Gold codes etc. The spreading sequence set that have ideal
impulsive ACF and zero CCF can significantly reduce the interference affecting the system. But
such ideal sequences are difficult to design. A set of spreading sequence known as zero correlation
zone (ZCZ) sequence are defined to be a sequence set with zero correlation zone at out of phase
state [8]. Hence, if the entire multi path and multiple access delays are within this zero correlation
zone, then the use of ZCZ sequences in the system can effectively eliminate MPI and MAI.
Both binary and ternary codes are a type of ZCZ code in which ternary ZCZ sequence have longer
zero correlation zone and large family size. The figure clearly shows that ZCZ code performs better
than other spreading codes. Among binary and ternary ZCZ code, the performance of the system
using ternary ZCZ code is superior to the system using binary ZCZ code.

16 | P a g e
 3.3.2. PAPR reduction techniques
Also compared to a CDMA system, the use of narrow band signals in an MC-CDMA system makes
the system less sensitive to ISI and multipath fading. However, in a multi carrier system the
transmitted signal exhibit high PAPR which reduces the efficiency of high power amplifier and
degrades the system performance. Hence to improve the system performance, it is required to
reduce the PAPR. There are different PAPR reduction techniques, which are mainly classified as
signal scrambling techniques and signal distortion techniques. Partial transmit sequence
(PTS), selected mapping (SLM), Block coding techniques etc., are signal scrambling techniques
and peak windowing, envelope scaling, peak reduction carrier etc., are signal distortion techniques.
The PAPR reduction techniques should be selected by considering the following factors such as,
it should create only few harmful side effects such as in-band distortion, out-of band radiation,
reduced BER degradation, low implementation complexity etc. However, most of the PAPR
reduction techniques reduces PAPR at the cost of loss in data rate, increases complexity and
transmit signal power etc. Md. Kislu Noman, etc. Highlight that PTS is a special case of SLM and
also the performance of system using PTS is superior to that of the one using SLM. However the
use of both PTS and SLM increases the implementation complexity at the receiver.
3.4. Analysis of MC-CDMA
Here we discuss about the Bit Error Rate on the MC-CDMA system. After combining the
transmitted signal signals the CDMA antenna transmits the signals over the wireless media. In
receiver side we get the all combing signal with some unexpected signal which is MUI, ICI and
Noise signal. So in the receiver side after combining all sub-carrier signals we get the received
signal is
X= + + + ………………………………………………………......… (3.1)
Where,
= wanted signal;
=multi-user interference (due to imperfect restoration of the sub-carrier amplitudes);
= inter-carrier interference (due to crosstalk between and );
= noise;
We can write the wanted signal as:-
……………..… (3.2)

17 | P a g e
Where,
N = number of subscriber,
n = subscriber number,
= crosstalk between the user.
= Sampling time.
= weight factors which is constant.
= orthogonal spreading codes
The variance of became zero for large number of, i.e., the system working like non fading
channel.
The multi-user interference signal is
……………………………….……..…….. (3.3)
We can write the as
…………………........ (3.4)
Where,
= is the sets of orthogonal code of the sub career index n
= = is the sets of orthogonal code of the sub career index

=A is the value of =0
So the variance of MUI,
If we may assume that fading of the sub-carriers is independent, we can write
……………….…………………………..….. (3.5)

………………………………….……… (3.6)

Where
= power of the signal.
= power of the noise signal
After simplify all the equation we get the variance,
……………….………..……………………………….…..... (3.7)

………...……………………………... (3.8)
Here,

18 | P a g e
Δ = distance of signal between two subscriber,
Now, after putting;
= in the equation
………………………….….. (3.9)
So the variance of ICI,

………………….... (3.10)
After simplify the equation we get the variance
= …………..…………………………………………………………... (3.11)
Where
= variation of the signal power between of any two subscriber
The variance of the noise collected over all sub-carriers weighted by becomes
…………………………..…………………………………………… (3.12)
………………………………………….. (3.13)

19 | P a g e
 CHAPTER FOUR
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Here, we take the number of subscriber N is 16; number of chips per bit (code length) L is taken as 16. Bit rate Rb
is 10000 bit per sample. Noise power N0 has been taken 10 micro watts. We take different Signal power Po in dB
which is 10dB, 7dB, 5dB, 2dB, 0dB, -2dB, -5dB and 10dB. The equation we use here to find,

………………………………….……………..…………………………….…….... (4.1)

SNR = ..................................................................................................................................... (4.2)

= …………………………………………………………………………..………... (4.3)

Here we take =10 OF ……………………………………………………………...... (4.4)

4.1. Plots of Variance of multi-user interference versus number of user:

Figure (8) 4. 1. Plots of σ² MUI versus number of user in MC-CDMA system

Figure 4.1 shows the plots of σ²MUI versus number of user in MC-CDMA system. This figure comes from
equation [8]. We see that if we increase the number of user then the interference between different user increases.
The variance of the multi user interference depends on signal power. If we increase the power then the interference
increases gradually. For example, in this graph variance of MUI for 10dB power is very high and it is more than
14. Whereas for low power like 5dB variance of MUI is less than 2. And it is close to zero for very low power
like 10dB
4.2. Plots of EN/NO versus number of user:
Figure 4.2 shows the plots of EN/Nо versus number of user in MC-CDMA system.
This figure comes from equation [14]. EN/Nо has an inverse relationship with no of subscriber.
If we increase number of user then EN/Nо decreases.

Figure (9) 4.2 Plots of EN/Nо versus number of user in MC-CDMA system
4.3. PLOTS OF BIT ERROR RATE VS EN / Nо:

Figure (10) 4.3 Plots of Bit Error Rate versus EN/No in MC-CDMA system
Figure 4.3 shows the Plots of Bit Error Rate versus EN/Nо in MC-CDMA system. This figure
comes from equation [15]. It is found that BER decreases with respect to EN/Nо for a particular
signal power. signal power is very high than BER decrease rapidly with respect to EN/Nо. if signal
power is very low then BER decreases very slowly with respect to EN/Nо. We prefer lower BER
in Wireless communication system and that’s why we should use high signal power.
4.4. Plots of BER versus number of subscriber:

Figure (11) 4.4 Plots of Code Length versus number of user in MC-CDMA system
Me have to plot the combination value of Code length and Number of user which we find in figure
4.4. After that we can find the graph for Code length versus Number of user for related BER
which we see in figure 15. Here we see that for a particular BER if we increase the Code length
then we can easily give support to the more number of users. For more number of users that
particular BER may be low and that is acceptable in our system. But if user is less and this reason
that particular BER became high for system and that is not acceptable.
 CHAPTER FIVE
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1. Conclusion
In this thesis paper we have used some basic equation to find out our expected results. No new
equation was deriving on this thesis paper.
Me saw the performance result for Multi-user interference and Inter carrier interference for certain
number of user. If we increase the user then the MUI and ICI occurs more and more.
By BER versus ratio of Energy of bit and Noise density analysis we saw that if we increase the value
of 0NEN then the BER became low. In communication system we cannot prefer high BER. If BER is
low then the channel can transfer the signal more perfectly.
We also saw that how can the Code length effect the user capacity in the system. For a particular
accepted BER we can easily serve more number of users if the code length is high.
The major problem of MC-CDMA is Multi carrier interference and inter carrier interference occur.
Near far problem and Multi-path fading also another disadvantage of this system. We saw that in
CDMA system due to code difference between the users they can easily share the same frequency.
That’s why the capacity of serving user easily can increase.
5.2. Recommendation for future work
Further research can be carried out on MC-CDMA system considering the effect of fading and
frequency offset between the sub-carriers in the receiver.
Work can be carried out to find the improvement in BER performance while using Rake Receiver to
combat the effect of fading and delay spread. And also Works can be initiated to find optimum user
code length for a given number of users in a MC-CDMA system in presence of channel effects.
 REFERENCE
[1] A.Mourad, On The System Level Performance of MC-CDMA Systems in The Downlink”
Ph.D. dissertation, Rennes Univ.,France, 2018
[2] Jean-Paul M. G. Linnartz – “Performance Analysis of Synchronous MC- CDMA in Mobile
with Both Delay and Doppler Spreads”,IEEE, vol. 50, no. 6, November 2001
[3] Saimoon Ara Amin and Md.Mahbubul Alam – “Performance analyses of Multi-Carrier DS-
CDMA wireless communication systems.”
[4] S. Hara and R. Prasad, “Overview of multicarrier CDMA,” IEEE., vol. 35, no. 12, pp. 126–
133, Dec. 1997
[5] Theodore S. Rappaport –“Wireless Communications principle and practice”
[6] Vijay K. Garg - “Wireless Communication and Networking”
[7] http://www.telecomspace.com/cdma.html
[8] http://www.wirelesscommunication.nl/reference/chaptr05/cdma/cdma.htm
 APPENDIXIS
MATLAB code:
Mat lab Code for Variance of Multi user interference versus number of user:
clc clear
all close
all
N=1:3:23;

N0=10^-6;
Rb=10000;
L=8;
P0dB=[-10 -5 -2 0 2 5 7 10 ];
for s=1:length(P0dB)
P0(s)=10.^(P0dB(s)./10); end

Tb=1./Rb;
Eb=P0.*Tb;
SNR=Eb./N0;
M11=P0/N0;
M02=P0/N0^2;
M22=2*P0.^2/N0.^2;
Pdel=0.1*P0;
Ts=Tb/L; for
j=1:length(SNR) for
i = 1:length(N)

sMUI(i)=sqrt(((N(i)-1)/N(i))* Ts.^2*(M22(j)-M11(j).^2)); end

SMUI(:,j)=sMUI; end
Smui=(SMUI.^2)./100
0; for
k=1:length(Pdel);
for l =
1:length(SNR);

sICI(l)=sqrt((Pdel(k).*M02(l)).*Ts.^2);
snoise(l)=sqrt(N(l).*(M02(k).*N0).*Ts); end

SICI(:,k)=sICI;
Snoise(:,k)=snoise;
end format long for
y=1:length(P0); for z
= 1:length(P0)

EN(z)=(N0*(M11(y).^2.*Ts.^2))./(SICI(z).^2+SMUI(z).^2+Snoise(z).
^2); end

En(:,y)=EN;
En1(:,y)=EN/N0;
EndB(y)=10*log10(En1(y)); end

Sici=(SICI.^2)./100; en=En1./1000;

BER=(1./2)*erfc(sqrt(En./N0)); plot(N,Smui,'linewidth',4)

title('OUTPUT OF VAR.MUI VS NUMBER OF USER ')

xlabel('NUMBER OF USER') ylabel('VARIANCE OF
MUI') axis([1 16 0 16])

legend('Po=-10dB' ,'Po=-5dB','Po=-
2dB','Po=0dB','Po=2dB','Po=5dB','Po=7dB','Po=10dB',8) clc
clear all close all

N=1:3:23;
N0=10^-6;
Rb=10000;
L=8;
P0dB=[-10 -5 -2 0 2 5 7 10 ];
for s=1:length(P0dB)
P0(s)=10.^(P0dB(s)./10); end

Tb=1./Rb;
Eb=P0.*Tb;
SNR=Eb./N0;
M11=P0/N0;
M02=P0/N0^2;
M22=2*P0.^2/N0.^2;
Pdel=0.1*P0;
Ts=Tb/L; for
j=1:length(SNR) for
i = 1:length(N)

sMUI(i)=sqrt(((N(i)-1)/N(i))* Ts.^2*(M22(j)-M11(j).^2)); end

SMUI(:,j)=sMUI; end

Smui=(SMUI.^2)./1000; for
k=1:length(Pdel); for l =
1:length(SNR);

sICI(l)=sqrt((Pdel(k).*M02(l)).*Ts.^2);
snoise(l)=sqrt(N(l).*(M02(k).*N0).*Ts); end

SICI(:,k)=sICI;
Snoise(:,k)=snoise; end

format long for

y=1:length(P0); for z
= 1:length(P0)

EN(z)=(N0*(M11(y).^2.*Ts.^2))./(SICI(z).^2+SMUI(z).^2+Snoise(z).
^2); end
En(:,y)=EN;
En1(:,y)=EN/N0;
EndB(y)=10*log10(En1(y)); end

Sici=(SICI.^2)./100; en=En1./1000;

BER=(1./2)*erfc(sqrt(En./N0)); plot(N,Smui,'linewidth',4)

title('OUTPUT OF VAR.MUI VS NUMBER OF USER ')

xlabel('NUMBER OF USER') ylabel('VARIANCE OF
MUI') axis([1 16 0 16])

legend('Po=-10dB' ,'Po=-5dB','Po=-
2dB','Po=0dB','Po=2dB','Po=5dB','Po=7dB','Po=10dB',8) clc
clear all close all N=1:3:23;

N0=10^-6;
Rb=10000;
L=8;
P0dB=[-10 -5 -2 0 2 5 7 10 ];
for s=1:length(P0dB)
P0(s)=10.^(P0dB(s)./10); end

Tb=1./Rb;
Eb=P0.*Tb;
SNR=Eb./N0;
M11=P0/N0;
M02=P0/N0^2;
M22=2*P0.^2/N0.^2;
Pdel=0.1*P0;
Ts=Tb/L; for
j=1:length(SNR) for
i = 1:length(N)

sMUI(i)=sqrt(((N(i)-1)/N(i))* Ts.^2*(M22(j)-M11(j).^2)); end

SMUI(:,j)=sMUI; end

Smui=(SMUI.^2)./1000; for
k=1:length(Pdel); for l =
1:length(SNR);

sICI(l)=sqrt((Pdel(k).*M02(l)).*Ts.^2);
snoise(l)=sqrt(N(l).*(M02(k).*N0).*Ts); end

SICI(:,k)=sICI;
Snoise(:,k)=snoise;
end format long for
y=1:length(P0); for z
= 1:length(P0)

EN(z)=(N0*(M11(y).^2.*Ts.^2))./(SICI(z).^2+SMUI(z).^2+Snoise(z).
^2); end

En(:,y)=EN;
En1(:,y)=EN/N0;
EndB(y)=10*log10(En1(y));
end
Sici=(SICI.^2)./100; en=En1./1000;

BER=(1./2)*erfc(sqrt(En./N0)); plot(N,Smui,'linewidth',4)

title('OUTPUT OF VAR.MUI VS NUMBER OF USER ')

xlabel('NUMBER OF USER') ylabel('VARIANCE OF
MUI') axis([1 16 0 16])

legend('Po=-10dB' ,'Po=-5dB','Po=-
2dB','Po=0dB','Po=2dB','Po=5dB','Po=7dB','Po=10dB',8)
MATLAB Code for En/No versus Number of user:
clc clear
all close
all
N=1:3:23;

N0=10^-6;
Rb=10000;
L=8;
P0dB=[-10 -5 -2 0 2 5 7 10 ];
for s=1:length(P0dB)
P0(s)=10.^(P0dB(s)./10); end

Tb=1./Rb;
Eb=P0.*Tb;
SNR=Eb./N0;
M11=P0/N0;
M02=P0/N0^2;
M22=2*P0.^2/N0.^2;
Pdel=0.1*P0;
Ts=Tb/L; for
j=1:length(SNR) for
i = 1:length(N)

sMUI(i)=sqrt(((N(i)-1)/N(i))* Ts.^2*(M22(j)-M11(j).^2)); end

SMUI(:,j)=sMUI; end

Smui=(SMUI.^2)./1000; for
k=1:length(Pdel); for l =
1:length(SNR);

sICI(l)=sqrt((Pdel(k).*M02(l)).*Ts.^2);
snoise(l)=sqrt(N(l).*(M02(k).*N0).*Ts); end
SICI(:,k)=sICI;
Snoise(:,k)=snoise;
end format long for
y=1:length(P0); for z
= 1:length(P0)

EN(z)=(N0*(M11(y).^2.*Ts.^2))./(SICI(z).^2+SMUI(z).^2+Snoise(z).
^2); end

En(:,y)=EN;
En1(:,y)=EN/N0;
EndB(y)=10*log10(En1(y)); end

Sici=(SICI.^2)./100; en=En1./1000;

BER=(1./2)*erfc(sqrt(En./N0)); plot(N,en,'linewidth',3)

title('OUTPUT OF SNR vs. NUMBER OF USERS ')

xlabel('Number of user') ylabel('SNR
(EN/NO)') axis([1 16 0 12])

legend('Po=-10dB','Po=-5dB','Po=-
2dB','Po=0dB','Po=2dB','Po=5dB','Po=7dB','Po=10dB',8)
Mat lab Code for BER versus En/No:
clc clear
all close
all
N=1:3:25;

N0=10^-6;
Rb=10000;
L=8;
P0dB=[-10 -5 -2 0 2 5 7 10];
for s=1:length(P0dB)
P0(s)=10.^(P0dB(s)./10); end

Tb=1./Rb;
Eb=P0.*Tb;
SNR=Eb./N0;
M11=P0/N0;
M02=P0/N0^2;
M22=2*P0.^2/N0.^2;
Pdel=0.1*P0;
Ts=Tb/L; for
j=1:length(SNR) for
i = 1:length(N)

sMUI(i)=sqrt(((N(i)-1)/N(i))* Ts.^2*(M22(j)-M11(j).^2)); end

SMUI(:,j)=sMUI; end

Smui=(SMUI.^2)./1000; for
k=1:length(Pdel); for l =
1:length(SNR);

sICI(l)=sqrt((Pdel(k).*M02(l)).*Ts.^2);
snoise(l)=sqrt(N(l).*(M02(k).*N0).*Ts); end
SICI(:,k)=sICI;
Snoise(:,k)=snoise;
end SICI; format
long

for y=1:length(P0); for

z = 1:length(P0)

EN(z)=(N0*(M11(y).^2))./(((M22(z)(M11(z).^2))+
M02(z).*(Pdel(z)+(N0./Ts)))); end

En(:,y)=EN;
En1(:,y)=EN/N0;
EndB(y)=10*log10(En1(y)); end

BER=(1./2)*erfc(sqrt(En./N0));
semilogy(EndB,BER,'linewidth',3)
title('OUTPUT OF BER VS SNR ')
xlabel('SNR (EN/NO)') ylabel('BIT
ERROR RATE (BER)') axis([-40 -10
10e-12 10e-0]) legend('Po=-
10dB','Po=-5dB','Po=-

2dB','Po=0dB','Po=2dB','Po=5dB','Po=7dB','Po=10dB',3)
Mat lab for BER versus number of users:
clc clear
all close
all P0=10;

N=1:0.05:16
N0=10^-6;
Rb=10000;
Tb=1/Rb; L=[32 16
8] for
a=1:length(L)
Ts(a)=Tb/L(a) end

Eb=P0*Tb;
SNR=Eb/N0;
M11=P0/N0;
M02=P0/N0^2;
M22=2*P0.^2/N0.^2;
Pdel=0.1*P0; for
j=1:length(L); for i
= 1:length(N);

sMUI(i)=sqrt(((N(i)-1)/N(i))* Ts(j)^2*(M22-M11^2)); end

SMUI(:,j)=sMUI; end

for k=1:length(L); for l =

1:length(N);
sICI(l)=sqrt((Pdel.*M02)*Ts(k)^2);
snoise(l)=sqrt(N(l).*(M02*N0)*Ts(k));
end

SICI(:,k)=sICI;
Snoise(:,k)=snoise;
end format long for
y=1:length(L); for z
= 1:length(N);

EN(z)=(N0*(M11^2*Ts(y)^2))/(SICI(z)^2+SMUI(z)^2+Snoise(z)^2); end

En(:,y)=EN;
En1(:,y)=EN/N0; end

BER=(1/2)*erfc(sqrt(En1))
semiology(N,BER,'linewidth',4) title('BER
VS NUMBER OF USERS ') xlabel('NUMBER OF
USER') ylabel('BIT ERROR RATE (BER)')
axis([0 16 10e-12 10e-0])
legend('L1=8','L2=16','L3=32',4)