Professional Documents
Culture Documents
ანალიზური გეომეტრია და უმაღლესი ალგებრა - ვეფხვაძე
ანალიზური გეომეტრია და უმაღლესი ალგებრა - ვეფხვაძე
Tbilisi
I nawili
veqtorebi da koordinatebi
A × B = {( x , y), x ∈ A, y ∈ B}.
3
§2. veqtori. kolinearuli da komplanaruli veqtorebi
1. refleqsurobis: PQ ~ PQ .
2. simetriulobis: Tu PQ ~ RS , maSin RS ~ PQ .
3. tranzitulobis: Tu PQ ~ RS da RS ~ TV , maSin PQ ~ RS .
masaSadame, es mimarTeba eqvivalentobis mimarTebaa, amitom mimarTul mo-
nakveTTa simravle daiyofa eqvivalentobis klasebad. TiToeuli eqvivalento-
bis klasi axali maTematikuri obieqtia. mas vuwodebT veqtors. Tu veqtors
4
nulovani veqtori aris nulovan mimarTul monakveTTa klasi, mas ase aR-
2. p + q = q + p (Sekrebis komutaciuroba).
3. (p + q) + z = p + (q + z) (Sekrebis asociaciuroba).
p1 + p 2 + p 3 = p 1 + (p 2 + p 3 ) = (p1 + p 2 ) + p 3 .
5
G JJJG
λ p = AC , sadac | AC |=| λ || p | da C da B wertilebi erTi da imave wrfeze A wer-
tilis erT mxaresaa. Tu λ < 0 , maSinc C da B wertilebi A wertilis sxvadas-
(λ 1 + λ 2 ) p = λ 1 p + λ 2 p , (λ 1 λ 2 ) p = λ 1 (λ 2 p ) .
λ( p1 + p 2 ) = λ p1 + λ p 2 .
4. 1 ⋅ p = p nebismieri p veqtorisTvis.
veqtorebze moqmedebebis Tvisebebis gamoyenebiT SeiZleba ganvsazRvroT
gamosaxuleba:
λ 1 p 1 + λ 2 p 2 + ... + λ k p k ,
Tu p = 0 , maSin λ = 0 da p = λq .
JG
Teorema 2. vTqvaT, sibrtyeze mocemulia ori arakolinearuli veqtori e1
JJG
da e 2 . maSin yoveli p veqtori maTi wrfivi kombinacia.
G JG JJG
p = λ1 e1 + λ 2 e2 , (1)
6
arsebobs erTaderTi wyvili ( λ 1 , λ 2 ) ricxvebisa, romlisTvisac gvaqvs (1) to-
loba.
JG JJG
damtkiceba. Tu p aris e1 an e 2 veqtoris kolinearuli, maSin (1) toloba
aris Teorema 1-is Sedegi.
JG JJG
vTqvaT, p ar aris kolinearuli e1 an e 2 veqtors.
C D
movdoT samive veqtori erT wertilSi.
G
G p erT-erTi SemTxveva suraTze gamosaxuli. am SemTxve-
e1
vaSi gvaqvs:
A G B
e2 G JJJG JJJG JJJG JG JJG
p = AD = AB + AC = λ1 e1 + λ 2 e 2 .
JG JJG JJG
damkiceba. Tu p veqtori aris e1 , e2 da e3 veqtorebidan romelime ori veq-
toris komplanaruli, maSin (2) toloba da warmodgenis erTaderToba Teorema
2-dan gamomdinareobs.
JG JJG JJG
vTqvaT, p veqtori e1 , e2 da e3 veqtorebidan ar-
JG
E cerTi 2-is komplanaruli ar aris. movdoT p , e1 ,
JJG JJG
G e2 da e3 A wertilSi. suraTis mixedviT, vwerT:
p
D JJG JJG
FE = λ 3 e3
G C
G JJJG JJG JG JJG JJG
e3
G p = AF + FE = λ1 e1 + λ 2 e2 + λ 3 e3 .
e2 F
A
G warmodgenis erTaderToba wina Teoremis analo-
e1
B giurad mtkicdeba.
7
damtkicebuli Teoremebic safuZvelze Semodis gansazRvrebebi: sibrtyeze
nebismier or arakolinearul veqtors sibrtyis bazisi ewodeba. sivrceSi ne-
bismier sam arakomplanarul veqtors sivrcis bazisi ewodeba.
JG JJG G JG JJG
Tu e1 , e2 sibrtyis bazisia da p = x1 e1 + x 2 e2 maSin x 1 , x 2 ricxvebs p koor-
JG JJG
dinatebi ewodeba e1 , e 2 bazisSi; vwerT p = ( x 1 , x 2 ) .
JG JJG JJG G JG JJG JJG
Tu e1 , e 2 , e3 sivrcis bazisia da p = x1 e1 + x 2 e2 + x 3 e3 , maSin x 1 , x 2 , x 3 ricx-
galiTad, p1 = (x 1 , x 2 , x 3 ) , p 2 = ( y1 , y 2 , y 3 ) maSin p1 + p 2 = (x 1 + y1 , x 2 + y 2 , x 3 + y 3 ) ,
λ p 1 = (λx 1 , λx 2 , λx 3 ) .
8
Z sabamisi RerZebi ori sxvadasxva wesiT SeiZleba Se-
M varCioT. suraTze e.w. marjvena sistemaa warmodgeni-
li: Oz RerZidan rom davakvirdeT, Ox RerZis SeTav-
G seba Oy RerZTan saaTis isris sawinaaRmdego mimar-
k
G
TulebiT moZraobiT xorcieldeba.
G
i
j Y
X Tu OM = x i + y j + z k , maSin M wertilis marTkuTxa
koordinatebia x, y da z, M = (x;y,z).
Tu M1 = (x1, y1, z1), M2 = (x2, y2, z2), maSin
M 1 M 2 = (x 2 − x 1 , y 2 − y1 , z 2 − z1 ) .
amasTanave
| M 1 M 2 |= ( x 2 − x 1 ) 2 + ( y 2 − y 1 ) 2 + (z 2 − z 1 ) 2 .
M 1 M 2 = (x 2 − x 1 ) 2 + ( y 2 − y1 ) 2 . .
9
x
M(ρ;ϕ) cos ϕ = x = ρ cos ϕ
x + y2
2
y
sin ϕ = y = ρ sin ϕ
x 2 + y2
0 E
10
Z M sistemas da M = (x;y;z), maSin advilad davamyarebT
kavSirs sferul koordinatebTan:
Y x = ρ cos α cos ϕ
G α M/
k
ϕ y = ρ cos α sin ϕ
0 E X z = ρ sin α
p ⋅ q =| p | ⋅ | q | cos α ,
1. p ⋅ q = q ⋅ p .
2. (p1 + p 2 ) ⋅ q = p1 ⋅ q + p 2 ⋅ q .
3. λ p ⋅ q = p ⋅ λ q = λ (p ⋅ q ) .
4. p ⋅ p =| p | 2 .
am Tvisebebis gamoyenebiT veqtorebis wrfivi kombinaciebi mravalwevrebis
gamravlebis msgavsad SeiZleba gavamravloT. magaliTad,
Tu p = ( x 1 , y1 , z 1 ), q = ( x 2 , y 2 , z 2 ), maSin
11
2. z = p × q perpendikularulia TiToeuli veqtoris ( p da q veqtorebis):
1. p × q = − q × p
2. (λ p) × q = p × (λ q) = λ ( p × q )
3. (p1 + p 2 ) × q = p1 × q + p 2 × q
i× j = k i× k = −j j× k = i
j × i = −k k×i = j k × j = −i
G G G G G G G G G
i×i = 0 k×k = 0 j× j = 0
am formulebidan da veqtoruli namravlis Tvisebebidan gamomdinareobs,
rom veqtoruli namravli koordinatebiT SeiZleba ase warmovadginoT: Tu
p = ( x 1 , y1 , z 1 ), q = ( x 2 , y 2 , z 2 ), maSin
i j k
p × q = x1 y1 z1
x2 y2 z2
( a , b, c ) = ( a × b ) ⋅ c
12
Tu a , b , c marcxvena sameulia, maSin Sereuli namravli am moculobis
mopirdapire ricxvia.
radgan
i j k
a × b = x1 y1 z1 ,
x2 y2 z2
x1 xy1 z1
G G G y z1 x z1 x y1
(a, b,c) = 1 ⋅ x3 − 1 ⋅ y3 + 1 ⋅ z = x2 y2 z2 .
y2 z2 x2 z2 x2 y2 3
x3 y3 z3
G
maSasadame, Tu a = ( x 1 , y1 , z 1 ), b = (x 2 , y 2 , z 2 ), c = ( x 3 , y 3 , z 3 ), maSin Sereuli namra-
vli koordinatebiT ase Caiwereba:
x1 y1 z1
G G G
(a, b,c) = x 2 y2 z2
x3 y3 z3
⎛ a 11 a 13 ⎞
a 12
⎜ ⎟
A = ⎜ a 21 a 22
a 23 ⎟ matrica, cxadia aragadagvarebulia, (1) sistemas erTa-
⎜a a 33 ⎟⎠
a 32
⎝ 31
JG JJG JJG JG JJG JJG
derTi amonaxsni aqvs e1 , e 2 , e3 -s mimarT, radgan e1/ , e 2/ , e3/ wrfivad damouki-
13
(1)-is gaTvaliswinebiT gvaqvs:
JJJJG JG JJG JJG JG JJG JJG JG JJG JJG
OM = x / (a11 e1 + a 21 e 2 + a 31 e3 ) + y / (a12 e1 + a 22 e 2 + a 32 e3 ) + z / (a13 e1 + a 23 e 2 + a 33 e3 ) =
JG JJG JJG
= (a11 x / + a 21 y / + a 31z / )e1 + (a 21 x / + a 22 y / + a 23 z / )e2 + (a 31 x / + a 32 y / + a 33 z / )e3 .
maSasadame
x = a 11 x / + a 12 y / + a 13 z /
y = a 21 x / + a 22 y / + a 23 z /
z = a 31 x / + a 32 y / + a 33 z /
maSin OM = OO / + O / M .
x = x/ + a
y = y/ + b
z = z/ + c
am SemTxvevaSi (roca bazisi ar icvleba) axali sistema miiReba Zvelisagan
paraleluri gadataniT.
JG JJG JJG JJG JJG JJG
Tu (0/ ,e1/ ,e 2/ ,e3/ ) miiReba (0,e1 ,e2 ,e3 ) sistemisgan bazisis cvlilebiTac da
paralleuri gadataniTac, maSin koordinatTa gardaqmnis formulebi miiRebs
saxes:
x = a 11 x / + a 12 y / + a 13 z / + a
y = a 21 x / + a 22 y / + a 23 z / + b
z = a 31 x / + a 32 y / + a 33 z / + c.
JJG G JJG G
e2 e1/ e2 e2/
G G
e2/ α e2/
G G
e2/ α e1/
suraTi 1
14
anu axali sistema miiReba α kuTxiT mobrune-
JG
biT, an mobrunebisa da e1/ -is mimarT simetriis kom-
JJG G
e1/ poziciiT:
e2
G
e2/
JG JJG
marTlac, Tu α aris kuTxe e1/ da e1 veqtorebs
G JJG JJG
e2/ Soris; maSin (0,e1 ,e 2 ) sistemis mobrunebiT α kuT-
JJG JJG JG JJG JG JJG
xiT (0,e1 ,e 2 ) SeuTavsdeba (0,e1/ ,e2/ ) an (0,e1/ , −e 2/ ) -s.
JG JJG
maSasadame e1/ -is koordinatebia (cos α, sin α) , xolo e2/ -is
⎛ π π ⎞ JJG ⎛ π π ⎞
⎜ cos(α + ), sin(α + ) ⎟ an −e 2 = ⎜ cos(α + ), sin(α + ) ⎟
/
⎝ 2 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 2 ⎠
anu
JJG JJG
e2/ = (− sin α, cos α) an e2/ = (sin α, − cos α)
e.i.
⎛ cos α − sin α ⎞
A = ⎜⎜ ⎟, detA = 1
⎝ sin α cos α ⎟⎠
an
⎛ cos α sin α ⎞
A = ⎜⎜ ⎟, detA = –1.
⎝ sin α − cos α ⎟⎠
x = x / cos α − y / sin α
y = x / sin α + y / cos α .
x = x / cos α + y / sin α
y = x / sin α − y / cos α .
A ⋅ AT = E , anu A = ( A T ) −1 ,
a 112 + a 221 = 1
a 11a 12 + a 21a 22 = 0 .
a 122 + a 222 = 1
15
JJG JJG JJG JG JJG JJG
analogiurad, (0,e1 ,e 2 ,e3 ) marTkuTxa sistemidan (0/ ,e1/ ,e2/ ,e3/ ) sistemaze gadas-
vlis A matria orTogonaluri matrica:
⎛ a 11 a 12 a 13 ⎞
⎜ ⎟
A = ⎜ a 21 a 22 a 23 ⎟
⎜a a 32 a 33 ⎟⎠
⎝ 31
sadac
JG JJG JJG JJG
e1/ = a11 e1 + a 21 e2 + a 31 e3
JJG JJG JJG JJG
e2/ = a13 e1 + a 23 e2 + a 33 e3
JJG JJG JJG JJG
e3/ = a13 e1 + a 23 e 2 + a 33 e3
⎛ cos α sin α ⎞
A = ⎜⎜ ⎟, detA = 1
⎝ sin α − cos α ⎟⎠
an
⎛ cos α sin α ⎞
A = ⎜⎜ ⎟, detA = –1.
⎝ sin α − cos α ⎟⎠
Ax + By + C = 0 , A 2 + B 2 ≠ 0 (1)
16
x = x / cos ϕ − y / sin ϕ + a
(2)
y = x / sin ϕ + y / cos ϕ + b
A / x / + B/ y / + / = 0 , (3)
sadac
Ax 2 + 2Bxy + Cy 2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0 , (4)
A / x / 2 + 2B / x / y / + C / y / 2 + D / x / + E / y / + F / = 0 ,
sadac
Ax + By + Cz + D = 0 ,
A 2 + B2 + C2 ≠ 0 .
meore rigis zedapiri ki ewodeba wertilTa simravles, romelTa koordi-
natebi raRac sistemaSi akmayofilebs meore xarisxis samucnobian gantolebas.
17
§2. wrfis sxvadasxva saxis gantoleba sibrtyeze
ax + by + c = 0 , a 2 + b 2 ≠ 0 . (1)
18
a c
y=− x− .
b b
a
es gantoleba ki gansazRvravs wrfes, romlis kuTxuri koeficientia −
b
⎛ c⎞
da kveTs Oy RerZs wertilSi Q⎜ 0;− ⎟ .
⎝ b⎠
z − z0 = tp , z = z0 + tp , z = OM , z 0 = OM 0 .
x = x 0 + tA ,
y = y 0 + tm ,
t nebismieri ricxvia.
Tu A ≠ 0 , m ≠ 0 , miviRebT kanonikur gantolebas
x − x 0 y − y0
= .
A m
x − x0 y − y0
Y = .
x 1 − x 0 y1 − y 0
Q(0;q)
Tu wrfe kveTs sakoordinato RerZebs P(P;0) da
Q(0;q) wertilebSi ( p ≠ 0 , q = 0 ), maSin, or wertilze
0 X
gamavali wrfis gantolebis mixedviT, gveqneba:
P(p;0)
x−p y−0 x−p y
= , + = 0.
0−p q−0 p q
19
x y
+ = 1 – wrfis gantoleba RerZTa monakveTebSi.
p q
M0 = (x0,y0,z0), M 0 M 1 = (a 1 , b1 , c1 ) , M 0 M 2 = (a 2 , b 2 , c 2 ) .
M 0 M = sM 0 M1 + t ⋅ M 0 M 2 (1)
x − x 0 = sa 1 + ta 2
y − y 0 = sb1 + tb 2 (2)
z − z 0 = sc1 + tc 2
x − x0 y − y0 z − z0
a1 b1 c1 =0 (3)
a2 b2 c2
A( x − x 0 ) + B( y − y 0 ) + C(z − z 0 ) , (4)
b1 c1 a1 c1 a1 b1
sadac A = , B=− , C= .
b2 c2 a2 c2 a2 b2
20
G (5)-s ewodeba sibrtyis zogadi gantoleba, yoveli
p (A, m , n )
M(x;y;t)
sibrtyis gantoleba (5) saxiT moicema da piriqiT, yo-
veli (5) saxis gantoleba raRac sibrtyis gantolebaa.
G
M0(x0;y0;t0) axla, vTqvaT, sivrceSi mocemulia wrfe, p(A, m, n)
misi mimmarTveli (paraleluri) veqtoria.
Tu wrfe gadis M0(x0,y0,z0) wertilze, maSin M(x,y,z) mdebareobs wrfeze
M0M = tp , x − x 0 = At
y − y 0 = mt
z − z 0 = nt
x − x 0 y − y0 z − z0
= =
A m n
Tu, magaliTad A = 0 , maSin gveqneba:
⎧x = x 0 ,
⎪
⎨ y − y0 z − z0
⎪ m = n .
⎩
M (a 2 − c 2 ) x 2 + a 2 y 2 = a 2 (a 2 − c 2 ) .
21
aqedan
x 2 y2
+ =1 (2)
a 2 b2
Cven gamoviyeneT elifsis gansazRvreba, rome-
lic eqvivalenturia (1) gantolebis. (2) ki (1)-is Se-
degia. unda vaCvenoT, rom (2) eqvivalenturia (1)-is,
anu elifsis gansazRvrebis, mxolod am SemTxvevaSi
SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom (2) elifsis gantolebaa. maSa-
sadame, unda vaCvenoT, rom (1) aris (2)-is Sedegi.
F1 F2 vTqvaT, M(x;y)-is koordinatebi akmayofilebs (2)-
⎛ x2 ⎞
s. anu y 2 = b 2 ⎜⎜1 − 2 ⎟⎟ , magram b 2 = a 2 − c 2 , anu
⎝ a ⎠
x2 c2
y 2 = a 2 − c 2 − (a 2 − c 2 ) 2
= a 2 − c2 − x 2 + 2 x 2 .
a a
c2 2
MF1 = x 2 + 2cx + c 2 + a 2 − c 2 − x 2 + x
a2
c2 2
MF1 = a 2 + 2cx + x
a2
2
⎛ c ⎞
MF1 = ⎜ a + x ⎟
⎝ a ⎠
c c
(2)-s mixedviT, | x |≤ a , amasTanave, < 1 amitom x <a
a a
amitom
c
MF1 = a + x (3)
a
analogiurad miviRebT, rom
c
MF2 = a − x
a
x 2 + y2 = a 2 .
22
vTqvaT, sibrtyis gardaqmna moicema formulebiT:
x = x/ x/ = x
a / anu b (4)
y= y y/ = y
b a
am gardaqmnas kumSva ewodeba. am gardaqmniT
x 2 + y2 = a 2 .
wrewiri aisaxeba
a2 / 2
(x / ) 2 + (y ) = a 2 elifsze, anu
b2
(x / ) 2 ( y / ) 2
+ 2 =1 elifsze.
a2 b
M(x;y)
e.i. elifsi miiReba wrewirisagan kumSviT:
/ / /
M (x ;y )
c
ricxvs e = ewodeba elifsis eqscentrisi-
a
teti. maSasadame, M(x;y) wertilidan
fokusebamde manZilebia:
MF1 = a + ex , MF2 = a − ex .
( x + c) 2 + y 2 − ( x − c) 2 + y 2 = ±2a . (1)
SemovitanoT aRniSvna:
F1(–c;0) F2(c;0)
b2 = c2 − a 2 , (2)
miviRebT:
x 2 y2
− =1 (3)
a 2 b2
maSasadame, (3) aris (1)-is Sedegi: Tu M(x;y) wertili hiperbolozea, maSin
(x,y) akmayofilebs (3)-s. axla, vTqvaT, M wertilis koordinatebi akmayofilebs
(3)-s, vaCvenoT, rom es ricxvebi (1)-s akmayofilebs.
23
marTlac,
MF1 = ( x + c) 2 + y 2 (3)-dan
b2 2 c2 − a 2 2 c2 2
y2 = ( x − a 2
) = ( x − a 2
) = x − x 2 − c2 + a 2
a2 a2 a2
2
c2 c2 2 ⎛c ⎞
MF1 = x + 2cx + c + 2 x 2 − x 2 − c 2 + a 2 =
2 2
2
x + 2cx + a 2 = ⎜ x + a ⎟
a a ⎝a ⎠
e.i.
⎛c ⎞
MF1 = ±⎜ x + a ⎟
⎝a ⎠
analogiurad
⎛c ⎞
MF2 = ±⎜ x + a ⎟ (4)
⎝a ⎠
x 2 y2
radgan 2
− 2 = 1 , amitom x 2 ≥ a 2 , x ≥ a an x ≤ −a .
a b
Tu x ≥ a , maSin (3) da (4) tolobebSi unfa aviRoT `+~ niSani, Tu x ≤ −a , ma-
Sin orivegan unda aviRoT `–~ niSani.
amitom orive SemTxvevaSi, gvaqvs.
c c
| MF1 − MF2 |= x + a − x + a = 2a .
a a
maSasadame, (1) aris (3)-is Sedegi – (3) hiporbolis kanonikuri gantolebaa.
hiperbola ori nawilisagan Sedgeba:
F1 F2
b b
hiperbolis asimptotebia wrfeebi: y = x da y = − x . isini sibrtyes oTx
a a
nawilad hyofs, romelTagan 2-Si hiperbolaa moTavse-
buli. hiperbolis wertilebsa da Sesabamis asimptotas
Soris manZili nulisaken miiswrafvis, roca wertilis
B
C A(x;y)
abscisa usasrulod izrdeba.
magaliTad, ganvixiloT hiporbolis marjvena Sto
b
da Sesabamiis asimptota, y = x wrfe.
a
24
b
cxadia, Tu A(x;y) Zevs hiperbolaze, maSin y = x 2 − a 2 . Tu B wertilis ko-
a
ordinatebia (x,y), maSin, cxadia,
b
y1 = x.
a
maSasadame,
b b
AB = x− x2 − a2 .
a a
AC → 0 , roca x → ∞ .
x 2 y2
Y − = 1 , anu x 2 − y 2 = a 2
y
/
a2 a2
⎛ π⎞ ⎛ π⎞
x = x / cos⎜ − ⎟ − y / sin ⎜ − ⎟
⎝ 4⎠ ⎝ 4⎠
⎛ π⎞ ⎛ π⎞
y = x / sin ⎜ − ⎟ − y / cos⎜ − ⎟
⎝ 4 ⎠ ⎝ 4⎠
maSin x 2 − y 2 = a 2 gantolebidan miviRebT
2 2
⎛ / 1 1 ⎞ ⎛ 1 1 ⎞
⎜⎜ x + y/ ⎟⎟ − ⎜⎜ − x / + y/ ⎟⎟ = a 2
⎝ 2 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 2 ⎠
aqedan miviRebT:
a2
x / y/ =
2
anu
x / y/ = k .
Tu cvladebisTvis x, y aRniSvnebs davubrundebiT, miviRebT:
xy = k,
misTvis Ox da Oy RerZebi asimptotebia.
25
parabola ewodeba im wertilTa simravles sibrtyeze, romelTagan TiToe-
uli toli manZiliTaa daSorebuli mocemuli wertilidan da mocemuli
wrfidan.
wrfes ewodeba parabolis direqtrisa, wer-
Y tils – fokusi.
M(x;y)
Ox RerZi gavataroT fokusze direqtrisis
K
marTobulad, Oy RerZi – maT Soris Sua wer-
tilze. fokusidan direqtrisamde manZili aR-
vniSnoT p-Ti. M(x;y) wertili mdebareobs para-
0 p X
F( ;0) bolaze maSin da mxolod maSin, roca M-dan
2
manZili direqtrisamde da fokusamde tolia:
MF = MK (1)
anu
2
⎛ p⎞ p
⎜x − ⎟ + y = x +
2
⎝ 2 ⎠ 2
aqedan miviRebT:
y 2 = 2px (2)
(2) aris (1)-is Sedegi.
Tu M(x;y)-is koordinatebi akmayofilebs (2) pirobas, maSin y 2 = 2px , xolo
2 2
⎛ p⎞ ⎛ p⎞ p p
MF = ⎜ x − ⎟ + y 2 = ⎜ x − ⎟ + 2px = x + = x + (x ≥ 0)
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠ 2 2
26
Y marTlac,
2
⎛ b ⎞ 4ac − b 2
y = ax 2 + bx + c = a ⎜ x + ⎟ + .
⎝ 2a ⎠ 4a
X
ganvixiloT paraleluri gadatana:
b
x = x/ −
sur. 4 2a
4ac − b 2
y = y/ +
4a
maSin miviRebT:
y / = a (x / ) 2
1 /
(x / ) 2 = y
a
1
Tu = 2p , miviRebT
a
( x / ) 2 = 2py / .
es parabolis gantolebaa, misi simetriis RerZi axali Oy / RerZia.
c
elifsis eqscentrisitetia ricxvi: e = , e < 1. hiperbolis eqscentriside-
a
c
tia ricxvi: e = , e > 1.
a
a a
direqtrisebis gantolebebia x = da x = − .
e e
a a
x = − x =
a a e e
x = − x =
e e
F1 F2 F1 F2
a a
x=− aris F1-is Sesabamisi direqtrisaa, x = aris F2-is Sesabamisi direq-
e e
trisa.
Teorema. elifsis an hiperbolis nebismieri wertilidan fokusamde da Se-
sabamis direqtrisamde manZilebis Sefardeba eqscentrisitetis tolia.
27
ganvixiloT elifsis SemTxveva; aviRoT
marjvena fokusi: F2(c;0) da Sesabamisi direq-
M a
K trisa x = .
e
F2 Cven ukve viciT, rom
MF2 = a – ex.
axla vipovoT direqtrisamde manZili:
MK.
cxadia
a ex − a a − ex
MK = x − = = .
e e e
e.i.
MF2
= e.
MK
hiperbolis SemTxveva analogiurad ganixileba.
MF = ρ
N B M
K manZili direqtrisamde:
A
F MN = MB + BN
B aris AF da MN-is gadakveTis wertili. cxadia,
AK = BN.
viciT, rom
AF p p
= e, anu =e, AK = .
AK AK e
maSasadame,
p
MN = ρ cos φ +
e
ρ
magram = e.
MN
28
p
e.i. ρ = e(ρ cos ϕ + )
e
ρ − ρe cos φ = p
p
ρ= .
1 − e cos φ
Ax 2 + 2Bxy + Cy 2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0 (1)
( A / ) 2 + 2B / x / y / + C / ( y / ) 2 + D / x / + E / y / + F / = D (2)
amasTanave, gvaqvs
x 2 y2 z2
+ − = 0. (2)
a 2 b2 c2
Tu a = b, maSin igi asec Caiwereba:
x 2 + y2 − k 2z2 = 0 (3)
es zedapiri miiReba Oz RerZis garSemo wrfis
brunviT.
z = h sibrtyiT kveTaSi miiReba wrewiri:
x 2 + y2 = k 2h 2
elifsoidi ewodeba zedapirs, romelsac garkveul marTkuTxa koordinat-
Ta sistemaSi Seesabameba gantoleba:
x 2 y2 z2
+ + = 1,
a 2 b2 c2
sadac a, b, c dadebiTi ricxvebia.
29
ganvixiloT SemTxveva: a = b. maSin gvaqvs:
x 2 y2 z2
+ + = 1,
a 2 a 2 c2
x 2 + y2 z2
+ 2 = 1.
Z a2 c
igi miiReba
⎧ y2 z2
X ⎪ 2 + 2 =1
⎨a c
⎪x = 0
X ⎩
x 2 y2 z2
+ − = 0.
a 2 b2 c2
⎧ x 2 y2
Z ⎪ 2 + 2 =1
⎨a b
⎪z = 0
⎩
⎧ x 2 y2 h2
⎪ 2 + = 1 −
⎨a b2 c2
⎪ z = h.
⎩
h2
Tu | h |< c , maSin 1 − > 0 da kveTaSi miiReba elifsi:
c2
x2 y2
+ =1.
⎛ h2 ⎞ ⎛ h2 ⎞
a ⎜⎜1 − 2
2
⎟⎟ b ⎜⎜1 − 2
2
⎟⎟
⎝ c ⎠ ⎝ c ⎠
x2 + y2 + z2 = a 2 .
30
hiperboloidebi
x 2 y2 z2
+ − = 1, (1)
a 2 b2 c2
sadac a, b, c dadebiTi ricxvebia.
ganvixiloT kerZo SemTxveva: a = b
x 2 y2 z2
+ − = 1.
a 2 a 2 c2
Z
am gantolebiT moicema zedapiri, romelic miiRe-
ba
⎧x2 z2
X ⎪ 2 − 2 =1
⎨a c
⎪y = 0
X ⎩
x 2 y2 z2
+ − = 1.
a 2 b2 c2
misi kveTa Oxy sibrtyiT aris elifsi:
⎧ x 2 y2
⎪ 2 + 2 =1
⎨a b
⎪z = 0
⎩
⎧ x2 y2
⎧x 2 y2 h2 ⎪ + =1
⎪ 2 + 2 = 1+ 2 ⎪ 2⎛ h ⎞ ⎛ h2 ⎞
2
⎨ a ⎜⎜1 + 2 ⎟⎟ b ⎜⎜1 + 2 ⎟⎟
2
⎨a b c anu
⎪z = h ⎪ ⎝ c ⎠ ⎝ c ⎠
⎩ ⎪⎩z = 0.
⎧ x 2 y2
⎪ 2 − 2 =1
⎨a c
⎪ y = 0.
⎩
Oyz sibrtyiT kveTaSi miiReba hiperbola:
⎧ y2 z2
⎪ 2 − 2 =1
⎨b c
⎪ x = 0.
⎩
31
Z
0 Y
⎧ y2 z2
⎪− 2 − 2 = 1
⎨ b c
⎪x = 0.
⎩
am sistemas ara aqvs amonaxsni, kveTa ara gvaqvs.
⎧ y2 z2 h 2
⎪ 2 + 2 = 2 −1
⎨b c a
⎪ x = h.
⎩
kveTaSi miiReba elifsi, roca | h |> a .
⎧ x 2 y2
⎪ 2 − 2 =1
⎨a b
⎪ z = 0.
⎩
miiReba hiperbola.
⎧x2 z2
⎪ 2 − 2 =1
⎨a c
⎪ y = 0.
⎩
miiReba hiperbola
32
Z
x 2 y2 z2 x 2 y2 z2
SevniSnoT, rom + − = −1 , anu − − + = 1 gantolebiTac orka-
a 2 b2 c2 a 2 b2 c2
lTa hiperboloidi moicema.
x 2 y2
+ = 2z , p > 0, q > 0.
p q
Tu p = q, miviRebT
x 2 y2
+ = 2z ,
p q
igi miiReba
⎧x 2 = 2pz
⎨
⎩y = 0
33
axla, vTqvaT p ≠ q , gvaqvs,
x 2 y2
+ = 2z .
p q
⎧ x2 y2
⎪ + =1
⎨ 2ph 2qh
⎪ z = h.
⎩
Tu h < 0, maSin kveTa ar miiReba. Tu h > 0 kveTaSi elifsi miireba. h-is zrda-
sTan erTad elifsis naxevarRerzbie izrdeba.
0 Y
⎧x2 h2
⎪ = 2z −
⎨p q
⎪ y = h.
⎩
igi miiReba
⎧x2
⎪ = 2z
⎨p
⎪y = 0
⎩
x 2 y2
− = 2z , p > 0, q > 0.
p q
⎧ x2 y2
⎪ − =1
⎨ 2hp 2hq ,
⎪z = h
⎩
34
⎧x 2 y2 ⎧ x y ⎧ x y
⎪ − =0 ⎪ − =0 ⎪ + =0
Tu h = 0 anu ⎨p q anu ⎨ p q an ⎨ p q
⎪z = 0 ⎪z = 0 ⎪z = 0
⎩ ⎩ ⎩
⎧ x2 y2
− =1
⎪
(
⎨ 2hp ) (
2
2hq )
2
⎪
⎩z = h
⎧x 2 = 2pz
⎨
⎩y = 0
Tu m ≠ 0 , miiReba parabolebi:
⎛ m2 ⎞
x 2 = 2p⎜⎜ z + ⎟.
⎝ 2q ⎟⎠
⎧ 2 ⎛ n2 ⎞
⎪ y = −2q ⎜ z + ⎟ ⎧ y 2 = −2qz
⎨ ⎝ 2p ⎠ , Tu n=0 ⎨
⎪x = n ⎩ x = 0.
⎩
35
sabolood aseTi suraTi gveqneba:
Z
2
x = 2pz
X
2
y = – 2qz
36
II nawili
f :G×G → G ,
f (f (a , b), c ) = f (a , f (b, c) ) .
(afb)fc = af (bfc)
f(a,b) = f(b,a) = e.
f operacias ewodeba jgufis operacia, G simravlis elementebs ewodeba
jgufis elementebi.
maSasadame, jgufi aris wyvili, romelic Sedgeba G simravlisa da masze
gansazRvruli f operaciisgan, romelsac aqvs sami Tviseba (CamoTvlilia ze-
moT).
maSasadame, simravleze operaciis mocema niSnavs asaxvis mocemas, romelic
simravlis elementebis nebismier wyvils (dalagebul wyvils) usabamebs amave
simravlis elements.
jgufis operaciisTvis sxvadasxva aRniSvnebs iyeneben. es operacia aRvniS-
noT + an . simboloebiT. magaliTad, wyvili <Z; +> aris jgufi.
Tu P dadebiTi namdvili ricxvTa simravlea, maSin struqtura < P; . > aris
jgufi.
jgufis Tvisebebi. yovel jgufSi neitraluri elementi erTaderTia.
jgufis operaciisTvis gamravlebis simbolo gamoviyenoT (am simbolos,
rogorc wesi, arc ki CavwerT xolme) da vaCvenoT, rom neitraluri elementi
erTaderTia: vTqvaT, e da e / ori neitraluri elementia, maSin
e = e ⋅ e/ = e/ e.i. e = e/ .
a ⋅ a −1 = a −1 ⋅ a = e ,
a ⋅b = b⋅a = e .
37
amrigad,
a −1 = a −1 ⋅ e = a −1 (a ⋅ b) = (a −1 ⋅ a )b = e ⋅ b = b .
meores mxriv a (a −1 ⋅ b) = (a ⋅ a −1 )b = b .
analogiurad, meore gantolebisTvisac miviRebT erTaderT y-s, y = ba −1 .
nebismier jgufSi SeiZleba ganvaxorcieloT Sekveca marcxnidan an mar-
jvnidan:
Tu a ⋅ u = a ⋅ v , maSin u = v
da
Tu z ⋅ a = s ⋅ a , maSin z = s .
nebismier jgufSi asociaciurobis Tvisebis ganzogadoebiT vRebulobT:
yovel namravlSi frCxilebis dasma nebismier adgilas SeiZleba.
sami Tanamamravlis SemTxveva asociaciurobis Tvisebaa:
a(bc) = (ab)c .
a n = a. a... a
n − xh
amasTanave,
a 1 = a , a 0 = e da a − n = (a −1 ) n .
ad = e
Tu a-s yvela xarisxi gansxvavebulia, maSin aseTi d ar arsebobs da am a-s
ewodeba usasrulo rigis elementi.
qvejgufi. <H, h> struqturas ewodeba <G, g> jgufis qvejgufi, Tu H ⊂ G da
h da g operaciebi erTmaneTs emTxveva H simravleze.
<H, h>, aris qvejgufi maSin da mxolod maSin, roca H aris G-s qvesimrav-
le, romelzec Sesrulebulia jgufis sami piroba (asociaciuroba, neitralu-
ris arseboba, simetriulis arseboba).
magaliTebi. 1. ganvixiloT < Z, + > jgufi/mTel ricxvTa simravle Sekrebis
mimarT. qvejgufebia. a) luw ricxvTa simravle; b) simravle, romelic mxolod
nulisagan Sedgeba.
38
2. racionalur ricxvTa simravle. Sekrebis mimarT qvejgufebia: a) < Z; + >,
b) mTel ricxvTa simravlis qvejgufebi, g) racionaluri ricxvebia, romlebic
warmoidgineba kentmniSvneliani wiladebiT.
3. nulisagan gansxvavebul namdvil ricxvTa simravle gamravlebis mimarT.
qvejgufebia: a) dadebiT namdvil ricxvTa simravle gamravlebis mimarT, b) nu-
lisagan gansxvavebul racionalur ricxvTa simravle gamravlebis mimarT,
g) simravle, romlis elementebia mxolod –1 da 1 (gamravlebis mimarT).
jgufis faqtor-jgufi
39
komutaciur jgufebSi, yoveli jgufi aris nor-
aH maluri gamyofi.
a a/
H qvejgufi, sazogadod, aris normaluri gamyo-
H
/
fi maSin da mxolod maSin, roca yoveli marcxena
ab a/b
mosazRvre klasi emTxveva, romelime marjvena mo-
sazRvre klass.
b b
/
anu G-s nebismieri a elementisTvis aH da Ha
klasebi erTmaneTs emTxveva (sxvas ver daemTxveva);
anu H-Si yvela x-sTvis unda arsebobdes iseTi z am
simravlidan, rom ax = za , anu z = axa −1 , anu H norma-
luri gamyofia maSin da mxolod maSin, roca nebismieri a-sTvis G-dan nebismie-
ri x-sTvis H-dan axa −1 ∈ H .
normalur qvejgufs aseTi ganmartebac SeiZleba mivceT:
H normaluri qvejgufia G-si maSin da mxolod maSin, roca aH-is da bH-is
elementebis namravlisagan Sedgenili simravle aris ab ⋅ H . maSasadame, marcxe-
na mosazRvre, klasebis simravleSi SeiZleba SemovitanoT operacia, aq aH-is
simetriuli iqneba a −1 H , neitraluri elementi iqneba H. (G, f) jgufis marcxena
mosazRvre klasebisgan Sedgenil jgufs H qvejgufis mimarT mocemuli jgu-
fis faqtor-jgufi ewodeba da ase aRiniSneba: G/H.
jgufTa izomorfizmi
/ /
vityviT, rom < G; f > jgufi izomorfulia < G ; f > jgufis, Tu arsebobs
/
urTierTcalsaxa Sesabamisoba ϕ G-sa da G -s Soris iseTi, rom, Tu ϕ(a ) = a / ,
ϕ( b) = b / maSin
ϕ ( f (a;b) ) = f / (a / ;b / ) (ϕ(afb) = a / f / b / ) .
am SemTxvevaSi vwerT:
G ≅ G/
a a /
/ /
homomorfizmi (G,f) jgufis < G , f > jgufSi
/ /
f(a,b) ϕ f (a ,b ) /
ewodeba iseT ϕ asaxvas, romlisTvisac gvaqvs:
/
b
b
φ ( f (a, b) ) = f / (a / , b / ) ,
40
sadac a / = ϕ(a ) , b / = ϕ(b) .
/
G G
ϕ Tu jgufis operaciebs orive jgufSi er-
a a/
Tnairad CavwerT, maSin SeiZleba mokleT ase
f(a,b) /
f (a/,b )
/ CavweroT:
b b
/
ϕ(ab) = ϕ(a )ϕ(b) .
ψ : (G / Kerϕ) ≅ Im ϕ ,
ψ(a ⋅ Kerϕ) = a .
41
gamosaxulebas
f ( x ) = a n x n + a n −1 x n −1 + ... + a 0 ,
f ( x ) = (a 0 + b 0 ) + (a 1 + b 1 ) + ... + (a n + b n ) x n
k ( x ) = a 0 b 0 + (a 0 b1 + a 1 b 0 ) x + (a 0 b 2 + a 1 b1 + a 2 b 2 ) x 2 ... + a n b k x n + k .
2⋅3 = 0 .
e.i. aranulovani elementebis namravli nulovani elementia.
Tu rgolis ori aranulovani elementis namravli nulia, maSin am elemen-
tebs nulis gamyofebi ewodeba. Tu rgolSi ar aris nulis gamyofebi, aseT
rgols ewodeba unulgamyofo rgoli.
mTel ricxvTa rgoli, mravalwevrTa rgoli unulgamyofo rgolebia.
unulgamyofo komutaciur rgols ewodeba mTelobis are. Tu rgolSi arse-
bobs gamravlebis operaciis neitraluri elementi, aseT rgols ewodeba rgo-
li erTeuliT.
vTqvaT, gvaqvs asociaciuri rgoli erTeuliT da yoveli nulisagan gan-
sxvavebuli elementisTvis arsebobs misi Sebrunebuli, aseT rgols tani ewo-
42
deba. Tu tani komutaciuricaa, maSin aseT tans veli ewodeba. maSasadame, veli
aris komutaciuri, sociaciuri rgoli, erTeuliT, romlis yovel elements
aqvs Sebrunebuli. velSi ar arsebobs nulis gamyofebi.
magaliTebi: namdvil ricxvTa veli, kompleqsur ricxvTa veli.
naSTiani gayofa. jer ganvixiloT naSTiani gayofa mTel ricxvTa simrav-
leSi.
a = bq + r, sadac 0 ≤ r <| b | .
f ( x ) = 3x 5 − 2 x 4 + x 3 − x 2 + 5 da g ( x |= x 3 − 3 x 2 + + 2 x − 3
vipovoT ganayofi: 3x 5 : x 3 = 3x 2 .
avagoT axali mravalwevri:
f 1 ( x ) = f ( x ) − 3x 2 g ( x ) = x 4 − 5 x 3 + 8 x 2 + 5 .
f 2 ( x ) = f 1 ( x ) − xg ( x ) = −4 x 3 + 6x 2 + 3x + 5 .
gavagrZeloT procesi: − 4 x 3 : x 3 = −4
f 3 ( x ) = f 2 ( x ) − (−4)g( x ) = 10 x 2 + 11x − 7 .
maSin gvaqvs:
anu
43
maSasadame,
damtkiceba. vTqvaT
f ( x ) = a n x n + a n −1 x n −1 + ... + a s , g( x ) = b s x s + b s −1 x s −1 + ... + b .
f (x ) = g(x ) ⋅ 0 + f (x ) ,
an
f1 ( x ) = f (x ) − g ( x ) ⋅ x n −s .
bn
misi xarisxi aRvniSnoT n1-iT. cxadia, n1 < n. misi ufrosi wevris koeficien-
ti iyos a n1 . Tu n 1 ≥ s , maSin ganvixiloT mravalwevri:
a n1
f 2 ( x ) = f1 (x ) − g ( x ) ⋅ x n1 − s .
bn
a n2
f 3 (x) = f 2 (x) − g ( x ) ⋅ x n 2 −s ,
bn
cxadia, n > n 1 > n 2 > n 3 , sadac n3 aris f 3 ( x ) -is xarisxi. Tu am process gavag-
rZelebT, aucileblad miviRebT f k ( x ) mravalwevrs, romlis nk xarisxi nakle-
bi iqneba s-ze:
a n k −1
f k ( x ) = f k −1 ( x ) − g ( x ) ⋅ x n k −1 −s ,
bs
44
miRebuli tolobebis SekrebiT miviRebT:
⎡a an an ⎤
f ( x ) − ⎢ n x n −s + 1 x n1 −s + ... + k−1 x n k−1 −s ⎥ g ( x ) = f k ( x ) ;
⎣ bs bs bs ⎦
maSasadame
a n n − s a n1 n1 − s an
q( x ) = x + x + ... + k −1 x n k −1 −s , r(x) = f k (x) ;
bs bs bs
li q ( x ) da r(x) , romelTaTvisac
f ( x ) = g ( x )q ( x ) + z ( x ) (2)
(1) da (2)-dan
45
udidesi saerTo gamyofis povnis evklides algoriTmi: vTqvaT, mocemulia
ori mravalwevri f(x) da g(x), maSin naSTiani gayofis Sesaxeb Teoremis Tanax-
mad, arsebobs erTaderTi wyvili q1(x) da r1(x) mravalwevrebisa, romelTaTvi-
sac gvaqvs:
cxadia, rk(x) aris rk–1(x), rk–2(x), ... g(x), f(x) mravalwevrebis saerTo gamyofi.
amasTanave, f(x) da g(x)-is yoveli gamyofi aris rk(x)-is gamyofi. amitom rk(x)
aris f(x) da g(x) mravalwevrebis udidesi saerTo gamyofi.
Tu d(x) aris f(x) da g(x) mravalwevrebis udidesi saerTo gamyofi, maSin
cd(x) (c ≠ 0) agreTve aris udidesi saerTo gamyofi. amitom ori mravalwevris
udidess saerTo gamyofs, rogorc wesi, am mravalwevrebs Soris uwodeben im
mravalwevrs, romlis ufrosi wevris koeficienti aris 1-is toli.
d ( x ) = f ( x ) u ( x ) + g ( x ) v( x ) .
anu
d(x) = rk −1 (x | u1 (x) + rk − 2 (x)v1 (x) , sadac u 1 ( x ) = −q k ( x ) , v1 ( x ) = 1 .
46
Tu am process gavagrZelebT, miviRebT dasamtkicebel tolobas.
d ( x ) = f ( x ) u ( x ) + g ( x ) v( x ) .
f(x)u(x) + g(x)v(x) = 1.
Tu ϕ( x ) aris f(x)g(x)-is gamyofi da ϕ( x ) Tanamartivia f(x)-Tan, maSin g(x)
iyofa ϕ( x ) -ze.
marTlac
ϕ( x ) ⋅ u ( x ) + f ( x ) v( x ) = 1
ϕ( x )u ( x )g ( x ) + f ( x ) ⋅ g( x ) v( x ) = g( x ) .
x 2 − 2 = ( x − 2 )( x + 2 ) .
47
Teorema. vTqvaT, f(x) nebismieri mravalwevria P velze, p(x) dauyvanadi mra-
valwevria. Tu p(x) ar aris f(x)-is gamyofi, maSin f(x) da p(x) urTierTmartivi
mravalwevrebia.
damtkiceba. vTqvaT, usg (f(x), p(x)) = d(x). d(x) gamyofia p(x)-is, p(x) dauyvana-
dia, amitom d(x) = cp(x), an d(x) = c. pirvel SemTxvevaSi f(x) iyofa p(x)-ze, meore
SemTxvevaSi f(x) da p(x) urTierTmartivia.
mTel ricxvTa rgolis analogiurad, mravalwevrTa rgolSi gvaqvs mra-
valwevris daSla dauyvanad mravalwevrebad, romlebic martivi ricxvebis
rols TamaSobs:
yoveli f(x) mravalwevri SeiZleba erTaderTi saxiT warmovadginoT, Semde-
gi saxiT:
f ( x ) = p1 ( x )p 2 ( x )...p s ( x ) ,
f ( x ) = q 1 ( x )q 2 ( x )...q t ( x ) ,
maSin SeiZleba indeqsebi ise SevcvaloT (Tu aris amis saWiroeba), rom
s = t da p1 ( x ) = q 1 ( x ) , p 2 ( x ) = q 2 ( x ) , . . ., p s ( x ) = q t ( x ) .
mravalwevris fesvi
a n c n + a n −1c n −1 + ... + a 0 .
f (x) = (x − α)q(x) + r ,
r = f (α ) .
48
maSasadame, Tu f(x) iyofa ( x − α ) -ze, anu r = 0, maSin f (α) = 0 da α aris f(x)-
is nuli. Tu α aris f(x)-is nuli, maSin f (α) = 0 da r = f (α) = 0 , e.i. f(x) iyofa
( x − α ) -ze.
f ( x ) = ( x − α 1 )f 1 ( x ) .
f ( x ) = ( x − α 1 )( x − α 2 )f 2 ( x ) .
f (x) = a n (x − α1 ) k1 (x − α 2 ) k 2 ...(x − α s ) ks .
α i nulis jeradoba.
49
III nawili
⎛a a 12 ⎞ ⎛b b 12 ⎞
A = ⎜⎜ 11 ⎟, B = ⎜⎜ 11 ⎟ , maSin
⎝ a 21 a 22 ⎟⎠ ⎝ b 21 b 22 ⎟⎠
⎛ a b + a 12 b 21 a 11 b12 + a 12 b 22 ⎞
A ⋅ B = ⎜⎜ 11 11 ⎟
⎝ a 21 b11 + a 22 b 21 a 21 b12 + a 22 b 22 ⎟⎠
ganvixiloT matrica:
⎛ a 11 a 12 0 0 ⎞
⎜ ⎟
⎜a a 22 0 0 ⎟
C = ⎜ 21
−1 0 b11 b12 ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜ 0 −1 b 21 b 22 ⎟⎠
⎝
maSin
a 22 0 0 a 21 0 0
det C = a 11 ⋅ 0 b11 b12 − a 11 ⋅ − 1 b11 b12 =
−1 b 21 b 22 0 b 21 b 22
= a 12 ⋅ a 22 ⋅ det B − a 12 ⋅ a 21 ⋅ det B = det B ⋅ det A.
axla sxva xerxiT gamovTvaloT detC. amisTvis mesame svets mivumatoT pir-
veli, gamravlebuli b11-ze da meore, gamravlebuli b21-ze, meoTxe svets mivuma-
toT pirveli, gamravlebuli b12-ze da meore, gamravlebuli b22-ze, miviRebT
⎛ a 11 a 12 a 11 b11 + a 12 b 21 a 11 b12 + a 12 b 22 ⎞
⎜ ⎟
⎜ a 21 a 22 a 21 b11 + a 22 b 21 a 21 b12 + a 22 b 22 ⎟
det C = ⎜ ⎟=
−1 0 0 0
⎜ ⎟
⎜ 0 −1 0 0 ⎟
⎝ ⎠
a 12 a 11 b 11 + a 12 b 21 a 11 b12 + a 12 b 22
a b + a 12 b 21 a 11 b12 + a 12 b 22
= (−1) ⋅ a 22 a 21 b11 + a 22 b 21 a 21 b12 + a 22 b 22 = 11 11 = det(AB)
a 21 b11 + a 22 b 21 a 21 b12 + a 22 b 22
−1 0 0
Sebrunebuli matrica
kvadratul matricas ewodeba aragadagvarebuli, Tu misi determinanti ar
udris nuls. Tu kvadratuli matricis determinanti nulia, maSin aseT matri-
cas ewodeba gadagvarebuli.
50
A matricis Sebrunebuli ewodeba, iseT B matricas, romelic akmayofi-
lebs pirobas.
A⋅B = B⋅A = E ,
sadac E erTeulovani matricaa:
⎛1 0 0 0⎞
..
⎜ ⎟
⎜0 1 0 ... 0 ⎟
E=⎜. ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜. ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎝0 0 0 ... 1 ⎠
A⋅B = E .
aqedan
det(A ⋅ B) = det E
det A ⋅ det B = 1
e.i. det A ≠ 0
vTqvaT, A matrica aragadagvarebuli matricaa. avagoT matrica:
⎛ A 11 A 21 ... A n1 ⎞
⎜ ⎟
1 ⎜ A 12 A 22 ... A n 2 ⎟
det A ⎜ . . . . ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜A A 2n ... A nn ⎟⎠
⎝ 1n
sadac A11, A21 ... Ann aris A matricaSi a11, a21 ... ann elementebis algebruli damate-
bebi.
matricas
⎛ A 11 A 21 ... A n1 ⎞
⎜ ⎟
⎜A A 22 ... A n 2 ⎟
C = ⎜ 12
. . . . ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜A A 2n ... A nn ⎟⎠
⎝ 1n
51
⎛ det A 0 ... 0 ⎞ ⎛1 0 0 ... 0 ⎞
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
1 ⎜ 0 det A ... 0 ⎟ ⎜0 1 0 ... 0 ⎟
= ⋅ = = E.
det A ⎜ . . . . ⎟ ⎜. . . . .⎟
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎜ 0 0 ... det A ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 0 0 0 ... 1 ⎟⎠
⎝
⎛ a 11 a 12 ... a 1n ⎞
⎜ ⎟
⎜a a 22 ... a 2 n ⎟
A = ⎜ 21
. . . . ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜a a n2 ... a nn ⎟⎠
⎝ n1
52
vTqvaT, A matricis rangi aris r, vaCvnoT, rom B-s rangi ≤ r . e.i. B-Si r-ze
meti rigis minori yvela nulia. cxadia, B-s is minori, romlis rigi r-ze metia
da ar Seicavs i-ur svets, maSin iს igivea, rac Sesabamisi minori A-Si, e.i. nu-
lis tolia. B-s is minoric, romlis rigi r-ze metia Seicavs i-ur svetsac da
k-ur svetsac, nulia. Tu B-s minori, romlis rigi r-ze metia Seicavs i-ur
svets da ar Seicavs k-ur svets, maSin mas ase warmovadgenT: D1 + D 2 , sadac D1
tolia A matricis Sesabamisi minoris da is nulia, D 2 ki gansxvavdeba A mat-
ricis Sesabamisi minorisgan ricxviTi mamravliT da isic nulia.
amrigad, B matricis rangi ar aRemateba A matricis rangs r(B) ≤ r(A) .
magram A matricac miiReba B-sgan analogiuri elementaruli gardaqmniT,
amitom
r (B) ≤ r (A)
e.i.
r (B) = r (A) .
a 11 a 12 ... a 1r a 1A
a 21 a 22 ... a 2 r a 2A
. . . . .
a r1 a r2 ... a rr a rA
a k1 a k2 ... a kr a kA
53
Tu A > r , maSin igi ( r + 1 ) rigis minoria da maSinac nulia. e.i. misi gaSla
bolo svetis mixedviT = 0.
a 1A A 1 + a 2 A A 2 + ... + a rA A r + a kA A r +1 = 0
a kA = λ 1a 1A + λ 2 a 2 A + ... + λ r a rA , A = 1,...n .
anu
a k1 = λ 1a 11 + λ 2 a 21 + ... + λ r a r1
a k 2 = λ 1a 12 + λ 2 a 22 + ... + λ r a r 2
. . . . . . . . . . .
a kn = λ 1a 1n + λ 2 a 2 n + ... + λ r a rn
a 11 x 1 + a 12 x 2 + ... + a 1n x n = b1
a 21 x 1 + a 22 x 2 + ... + a 2 n x n = b 2
. . . . . . . . . . .
a m1 x 1 + a m 2 x 2 + ... + a mn x n = b m
⎛ a 11 a 12 ... a 1n ⎞
⎜ ⎟
⎜a a 22 ... a 2 n ⎟
A = ⎜ 21
. . . . ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜a a n2 ... a nn ⎟⎠
⎝ n1
⎛ a 11 a 12 ... a 1n b1 ⎞
⎜ ⎟
⎜a a 22 ... a 2 n b 2 ⎟
B = ⎜ 21
. . . . ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜a a mn 2 ... a mn b m ⎟⎠
⎝ m1
54
kroneker-kapelis Teorema. n-ucnobian m gantolebaTa sistemis Tavsebado-
bisaTvis aucilebelia da sakmarisia, rom misi matricis rangi toli iyos ga-
farToebuli maricis rangis. Tavsebadobis SemTxvevaSi sistemas aqvs erTader-
Ti amonaxsni roca rangi udris ucnobTa ricxvs da aqvs uamravi amonaxsni,
roca rangi naklebia ucnobTa ricxvze.
damtkiceba. aucilebloba. vTqvaT sistema Tavsebadia da amonaxsnia (c1,c2,...,cn).
maSin WeSmaritia tolobebi.
a 11c1 + a 12 c 2 + ... + a 1n c n = b1
a 21c1 + a 22 c 2 + ... + a 2 n c n = b 2
. . . . . . . . . . .
a m1c1 + a m 2 c 2 + ... + a mn c n = b m
⎛ a 11 a 12 ... a 1n 0 ⎞
⎜ ⎟
⎜ a 21 a 22 ... a 2 n 0 ⎟
⎜ . . . . 0⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜a a mn 2 ... a mn 0 ⎟⎠
⎝ m1
a 11 x 1 + a 12 x 2 + ... + a 1r x r = b1
a 21 x 1 + a 22 x 2 + ... + a 2 r x r = b 2
. . . . . . . . . . .
a r1 x 1 + a r 2 x 2 + ... + a rr x r = b r
55
2) r < n am SemTxvevaSi pirveli r gantoleba ase gadavweroT:
a 11 x 1 + a 12 x 2 + ... + a 1r x r = b1 − a 1r +1 x r +1 − ... − a 1n x n
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
a r1 x 1 + a r 2 x 2 + ... + a rr x r = b r − a rr +1 x r +1 − ... − a rn x n
a 11 x 1 + a 12 x 2 + ... + a 1n x n = 0
a 21 x 1 + a 22 x 2 + ... + a 2 n x n = 0
. . . . . . . . . .
a m1 x 1 + a m 2 x 2 + ... + a mn x n = 0
a 11 x 1 + a 12 x 2 + ... + a 1r x r = −a 1r +1 x r +1 − ... − a 1n x n
a 21 x 1 + a 22 x 2 + ... + a 2 r x r = −a 2 r +1 x r +1 − ... − a 2 n x n
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
a r1 x 1 + a r 2 x 2 + ... + a rr x r = −a rr +1 x r +1 − ... − a rn x n
56
aq x r +1 , x r + 2 , ..., x n Tavisufali ucnobebia. mivaniWoT maT mniSvnelobebi:
x r +1 = 1 , x r + 2 = 0 , ..., x n = 0 ,
x r +1 = 0 , x r + 2 = 1 , ..., x n = 0 ,
. . . . . . . . . . .
x r +1 = 0 , x r + 2 = 0 , ..., x n = 1 ,
1 0 ... 0
0 1 ... 0
=0
. . . .
0 0 ... 1
ganvixiloT veqtori:
G G G G G
y = x − δr +1e1 − δ r + 2 e2 − δ n en − r = (ρ1 , ρ2 ...ρr ,0,0,...0) .
ρ1 = ρ 2 = ... = ρ r = 0 .
G G G G
e.i. x aris e1 , e 2 ,..., e n − r veqtorebis wrfivi kombinacia.
57
da
G G G G G G
1) f −1 ( x / + y / ) = f −1 ( x / ) + f −1 ( y / ) , x / ∈ M / , y / ∈ M / .
G G
2) f −1 (αx / ) = αf −1 ( x / ) , x / ∈ M / .
/
Teorema izomorfizmis Sesaxeb. M veqtoruli sivrce izomorfulia M -is
/
maSin da mxolod maSin, roca M da M -is ganzomilebebi tolia.
/
damtkiceba. vTqvaT, n aris M da M -s ganzomileba. maTi bazisebi iyos:
G G G G G G
e1 , e 2 ,..., e n da e1/ , e 2/ ,..., e n/ .
vTqvaT,
G G G G
x = λ 1 e1 + λ 2 e 2 + ... + λ n e n ∈ M
G G G G G G
ganvixiloT asaxva: f : x → x / , sadac x / = λ 1 e1/ + λ 2 e 2/ + ... + λ n e n/ .
G G G G
cxadia, f ( x + y) = f ( x ) + f ( y)
G G
f (αx ) = αf ( x ) .
/
e.i. M izomorfulia M -is.
/
axla, vTqvaT M izomorfulia M -is. vaCvenoT, rom maSin maTi ganzomilebe-
bi tolia.
/
davuSvaT sawinaaRmdego, M-is ganzomilebaa n, M -is – m da m ≠ n . SevniS-
/
noT, rom M-is nulovan veqtors Seesabameba M -is nulovani veqtori, radgan
G G G G G
f ( x + 0) = f ( x ) + f ( 0) = f ( x )
G G
e.i. f (0) = 0 / .
garda amisa, cxadia
G G G G G G
f (λ 1 x 1 + λ 2 x 2 + ... + λ k x k ) = λ 1f ( x 1 ) + λ 2 f ( x 2 ) + ... + λ k f ( x k ) .
G G G G G G
amitom, Tu e1 , e 2 ,..., e n bazisia M-Si, maSin Tu k > n , x1 , x 2 ,..., x k wrfivad damo-
kidebulia, e.i. arsebobs λ 1 , λ 2 ,..., λ k romelTagan erTi mainc ar udris nuls,
rom gvaqvs
G G G G
λ1 x1 + λ 2 x 2 + ... + λ k x k = 0
aqedan
G G G G G
λ 1f ( x 1 ) + λ 2 f ( x 2 ) + ... + λ k f ( x k ) = f (0) = 0 / ∈ M.
G G G / /
e.i. f ( x 1 ) , f ( x 2 ) , ... f ( x k ) wrfivad damokidebulia M -Si. amitom M -s ganzomi-
leba m ≤ n . analogiurad miviRebT: n ≤ m . e.i. n = m .
afinuri sivrce
vTqvaT, mocemulia M veqtoruli sivrce P velze da T simravle, romlis
elementebs vuwodoT wertilebi. T simravlis yovel or P da Q wertils Se-
G
vusabamoT – erTaderTi veqtori x ∈ M . am faqts ase CavwerT: x = PQ . vTqvaT,
am Sesabamisobas aqvs Tvisebebi:
58
G
1) yoveli P wertilisa da x veqtorisTvis arsebobs, erTaderTi Q werti-
G
li iseTi, rom (P,Q) wyvils Seesabameba x veqtori: x = PQ
2) nebismieri sami P, Q da S wertilisTvis gvaqvs:
PQ + QS = PS .
maSin vityviT, rom mocemulia A afinuri sivrce. A-s elementi aris sim-
ravle M-is veqtorebisa da T-s wertilebisa.
A afinur sivrces ewodeba n-ganzomilebani, Tu M veqtoruli sivrce aris
n-ganzomilebani.
amrigad, A afinuri sivrce aris veqtorebisa da wertilebis simravle. ne-
G
bismieri x veqtori SeiZleba `movdoT~ nebismier P wertilSi, rac imas niS-
1) Tu MN = QP , maSin MQ = NP . marTlac,
MN + NP = MP = MQ + QP
2) MM = NN , marTlac
MN + NN = MN = MM + MN
MM = NN nulovani veqtoria.
3) MN -is mopirdapire aris NM , marTlac MN + NM = MM .
afinur sivrceSi SeiZleba SemoviRoT koordinatebi. vTqvaT, 0 ∈ A . 0 aris
afinuri sivrcis raime wertili. vuwodoT mas koordinatTa saTave. maSin yo-
G
veli x veqtorisTvis arsebobs erTaderTi X wertili, romlisTvisac gvaqvs:
G
OX = x .
G G G
vTqvaT, A-s veqtorebi e1 , e 2 ,..., e n Sesabamisi veqtoruli sivrcis bazisia. ma-
G
Sin x veqtors Seesabameba koordinatebi mocemul bazisSi:
G
OX = x = ( x 1 , x 2 ,...x n ) .
OX + XY = OY .
anu
XY = OY − OX = ( y1 − x 1 , y 2 − x 2 ,...y n − x n ).
59
veqtorul sivrceTa wrfivi asaxva
vTqvaT, L da M ori veqtoruli sivrcea. asaxavs
f :L →M.
⎛ k
G ⎞ k JG
f⎜
⎝
∑
i =1
αi a i ⎟ =
⎠
∑ α f (a )
i =1
i i
magaliTi 3. homoTetia:
G G G
f : L → L , f (a ) = αa yoveli a ∈ L .
ganvixiloT matrica
⎛ α 11 α 12 ... α 1n ⎞
⎜ ⎟
⎜α α 22 ... α 2 n ⎟
A = ⎜ 21
. . . . ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜α ... α mn ⎟⎠
⎝ m1 α m 2
G G G
am matricis svetebiT f (e1 ) , f (e 2 ) , . . . , f (e n ) veqtorebia warmodgenili.
60
Tu
G G G G
x = x 1 e1 + x 2 e 2 + ... + x n e n
maSin
G G G G
f ( x ) = x 1f (e1 ) + x 2 f (e 2 ) + ... + x n f (e n )
G G G G
Tu f ( x ) = x 1/ e1/ + x 2/ e 2/ + ... + x n/ e m/
maSin (1) tolobebis gaTvaliswinebiT, gveqneba:
x 1/ = α 11 x 1 + α 12 x 2 + ... + α 1n x n
x 2/ = α 21 x 1 + α 22 x 2 + ... + α 2 n x n
(2)
. . . . . . . . . . .
x m/ = α m1 x 1 + α m 2 x 2 + ... + α mn x n
G
maSasadame, Tu cnobilia A matrica, maSin asaxva x → f ( x ) Caiwereba (2)
formulebiT.
advili saCvenebelia rom Tu asaxvas (2) tolobebiT ganvsazRvravT, maSin
igi wrfivi asaxva iqneba.
Tu gvaqvs wrfivi asaxva f : R n → R m , maSin mas Seesabameba matrica
⎛ a 11 a 12 ... a 1n ⎞
⎜ ⎟
⎜a a ... a 2 n ⎟
A = ⎜ 21 22 (1)
. . . . ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜a ... a mn ⎟⎠
⎝ m1 a m 2
G G G G G G
romlis svetebi f (e1 ) , f (e 2 ) , . . . , f (e n ) veqtorebia, e1 , e 2 ,..., e n aris R n -is bazisi.
G G G G
Tu x ∈ R n da x / = f ( x ) , maSin x / -is koordinatebi moicema Semdegi saxiT:
x 1/ = a 11 x 1 + a 12 x 2 + ... + a 1n x n
x 2/ = a 21 x 1 + a 22 x 2 + ... + a 2 n x n
(2)
. . . . . . . . . . .
x m/ = a m1 x 1 + a m 2 x 2 + ... + a mn x n
61
G G
damtkiceba. vTqvaT, f aragadagvarebulia, toloba f ( x ) = 0 ase Caiwereba
a 11 x 1 + a 12 x 2 + ... + a 1n x n = 0
a 21 x 1 + a 22 x 2 + ... + a 2 n x n = 0
. . . . . . . . . . .
a n1 x 1 + a n 2 x 2 + ... + a nn x n = 0
f ⋅ g -s matrica
62
G G G G
e1/ = c11 e1 + c 21 e 2 + ... + c n1 e n
. . . . . . . . . .
G G G G
e n/ = c1n e1 + c 2 n e 2 + ... + c nn e n
maSasadame,
G G G G G G
h −1 (e1/ ) = e1 , h −1 (e 2/ ) = e 2 , ... h −1 (e n/ ) = e n
amasTanave,
G G G G
f (e1/ ) = b11 e1/ + b 21 e 2/ + ... + b n1 e n/
. . . . . . . . . . . .
G G G G
f (e n/ ) = b1n e1/ + b 2 n e 2/ + ... + b nn e n/
e.i.
G G G G
h −1 D f (e1/ ) = b11 e1 + b 21 e 2 + ... + b n1 e n
. . . . . . . . . .
G G G G
h −1 ⋅ f (e n/ ) = b1n e1 + b 2 n e 2 + ... + b nn e n
aqedan
G G G G
h −1 ⋅ f ⋅ h (e1 ) = b11 e1 + b 21 e 2 + ... + b n1 e n
. . . . . . . . . .
G G G G
h −1 ⋅ f ⋅ h (e n ) = b1n e1 + b 2 n e 2 + ... + b nn e n
amrigad, B = CA −1C .
C −1 AC = B .
A msgavsia A matricis.
msgavsebis mimarTebas tranzitulobis Tvisebac aqvs.
amasTanave, Tu A matrica msgavsia B matricis, maSin
63
amasTanave, Tu A da B msgavsi matricebia, maSin maTi rangebi tolia.
amrigad, wrfivi operatoris matricis determinanti ar aris damokidebuli
bazisze.
aqedan
G G G G
f −1 ( x ) = α 1 e1 + α 2 e 2 + ... + α n e n .
G
aranulovan x veqtors ewodeba f wrfivi operatoris sakuTrivi veqtori,
Tu arsebobs iseTi ricxvi λ , rom
G G
f ( x ) = λx .
⎛ a 11 a 12 ... a 1n ⎞
⎜ ⎟
⎜a a ... a 2 n ⎟
A = ⎜ 21 22 ,
. . . . ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜a a ... a nn ⎟⎠
⎝ n1 n 2
maSin
G G G G
f (e1 ) = a 11 e1 + a 21 e 2 + ... + a n1 e n
. . . . . . . . . .
G G G G
f (e n ) = a 1n e1 + a 2 n e 2 + ... + a nn e n .
64
maSin cxadia,
G G
f ( x ) = (a 11 x 1 + a 12 x 2 + ... + a 1n x n )e1 +
G
+ (a 21 x 1 + a 22 x 2 + ... + a 2 n x n )e 2 + ....
G
+ (a n1 x 1 + a n 2 x 2 + ... + a nn x n )e n .
G G G G G
radgan f ( x ) = λx = λx 1 e1 + λx 1 e 2 + ... + λx n e n .
amitom
(a 11 − λ) x 1 + a 12 x 2 + ... + a 1n x n = 0
a 21 x 1 + (a 22 − λ ) x 2 + ... + a 2 n x n = 0
. . . . . . . . . . .
a n1 x 1 + a n 2 x 2 + ... + (a nn − λ) x n = 0
a 11 − λ a 12 ... a 1n
a 21 a 22 − λ ... a 2 n
=0 (1)
. . . .
a n1 a n2 ... a nn − λ
α1 = a11 + a 22 + ... + a nn .
65
Tu f wrfiv operators aqvs n wrfivi damoukidebeli sakuTari veqtori, ma-
Sin es veqtorebi SeiZleba bazisad aviRoT. cxadia, maSin
G G G G G G
f (e1 ) = λ 1 e1 , f (e 2 ) = λ 2 e 2 , ... f (e n ) = λ n e n .
⎛ λ1 0 ... 0 ⎞
⎜ ⎟
⎜ 0 λ2 ... 0 ⎟
A=⎜
. . . . ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜0 0 ... λ n ⎟⎠
⎝
G G G G G
x⋅x ≥ 0 da x⋅x = 0⇒ x = 0.
G G G G
magaliTi 1. vTqvaT, x = (α 1 , α 2 ,..., α n ) , anu x = α1 e1 + ... + α n e n
G
y = (β1 , β 2 ,..., β n ) , maSin skalaruli namravli SeiZleba ase ganvsazRvroT:
G G
x ⋅ y = α 1β1 + α 2 β 2 + ... + α n β n .
66
G G G
M vqtoruli evkliduri sivrcis e1 , e 2 ,..., e n baziss ewodeba orTogonaluri,
G G G G
Tu e i ⋅ e j = 0 , Tu i ≠ j . Tu garda amisa e i ⋅ e i = 1 (i = 1,2,..n), maSin baziss ewodeba
orTonormirebuli.
SeiZleba vaCveniT, rom yovel evklidur veqtorul sivrceSi arsebobs or-
Tonormirebuli bazisi; yoveli bazisidan SeiZleba miviRoT orTonormirebu-
li bazisi.
G G G
marTlac, vTqvaT e1 , e 2 ,..., e n bazisia, SevarCioT α ricxvi ise rom
G G G G G G
g 2 = e 2 + α e1 orTogonaluri iyos e1 -Tan – g 2 ⋅ e1 = 0 ,
G G
G G G G e1 ⋅ e 2
e i ⋅ e 2 + α ⋅ e i ⋅ e1 = 0 ⇒ α = − G G , Tu am process gavagrZelebT, miviRebT orTogo-
e1 ⋅ e1
G G G
G G G g1 g 2 gn
nalur baziss. vTqvaT, g 1 , g 2 ,...g n orTogonaluri bazisia, maSin G , G ,... G
| g1 | | g 2 | | g n |
iqneba orTonormirebuli bazisi.
maSasadame,
G G G G G G G G
f ( x + y) ⋅ f ( x + y) = (f ( x ) + f ( y)) ⋅ (f ( x ) + f ( y)) =
G G G G G G
= f ( x ) ⋅ f ( y ) + 2f ( x ) ⋅ f ( y ) + f ( y ) ⋅ f ( y ) = (1)
G G G G G G
= x ⋅ x + 2f ( x )f ( y) + y ⋅ y.
magram
G G G G G G G G G G
( x + y) ⋅ ( x + y) = x ⋅ x + 2 x ⋅ y + y ⋅ y. (2)
⎛ a 11 a 12 ... a 1n ⎞
⎜ ⎟
⎜a a ... a 2 n ⎟
A = ⎜ 21 22 ,
. . . . ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜a a ... a nn ⎟⎠
⎝ n1 n 2
67
maSin
G G G G
f (e1 ) = a 11 e1 + a 21 e 2 + ... + a n1 e n
G G G G
f (e 2 ) = a 12 e1 + a 22 e 2 + ... + a n 2 e n
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
G G G G
f (e n ) = a 1n e1 + a 2 n e 2 + ... + a nn e n
maSasadame
a 1i a 1k + a 2i a 2 k + ... + a ni a nk = 0 i≠k
(3)
a + a + ... + a = 0
2
1i
2
2i
2
ni
| A |= ±1 .
n
L( x 1 , x 2 ,..., x n ) = ∑a
i , j=1
ij , xix j , sadac a ij = a ji .
68
kvadratuli forma SeiZleba asec CavweroT
⎛ x1 ⎞
⎜ ⎟
⎜x2 ⎟
⎜ . ⎟
L( x 1 , x 2 ,..., x n ) = X T AX , sadac X =⎜ ⎟.
⎜ . ⎟
⎜ . ⎟
⎜x ⎟
⎝ n⎠
⎛ x1 ⎞ ⎛ y1 ⎞
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎜x2 ⎟ ⎜ y2 ⎟ ⎛ b11 b12 ... b1n ⎞
⎜ ⎟
⎜ . ⎟ ⎜ . ⎟ ⎜b b ... b 2 n ⎟
⎜ ⎟ = B⎜ ⎟ , sadac B = ⎜ 21 22 .
⎜ . ⎟ ⎜ . ⎟ . . . . ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜ . ⎟ ⎜ . ⎟ ⎜b b ... b nn ⎟⎠
⎜x ⎟ ⎜y ⎟ ⎝ n1 n 2
⎝ n⎠ ⎝ n⎠
⎛ y1 ⎞
⎜ ⎟
⎜ y2 ⎟
⎜ . ⎟
L1 ( y1 , y 2 ,..., y n ) = Y T (B T AB)Y , Y=⎜ ⎟
⎜ . ⎟
⎜ . ⎟
⎜y ⎟
⎝ n⎠
L1 ( y 1 , y 2 ,..., y n ) = Y T CY ,
69
misi matrica aris BT AB .
Tu B aragadagvarebuli matricaa, maSin L da L1, kvadratul formebs ewo-
deba eqvivalenturi. cxadia, maTi matricebis determinantebs erTnairi niSani
aqvs, radgan
| C |=| A || B | 2 .
a 11 a 12 ... q 1n
a 11 a 12 a 13
a 11 a 12 a 21 a 22 ... a 2 n
a 11 > 0 , > 0, a 21 a 22 a 23 > 0 , > 0.
a 21 a 22 . . . .
a 31 a 32 a 33
a n1 a n 2 ... a nn
70