1. Analogue: Continually varying signal, e.g.

a sound signal

2. ADC: Analogue to digital converter converts analogue signals to digital signals

3. Sampling: Taking samples of a sound wave at fixed intervals

4. Sample rate: Number of sound samples taken each sound

5. Storage Units:

1 byte = 8 bits
1 Kilobyte = 1000 bytes
1 Megabyte = 1000 Kilobytes
1 Gigabyte = 1000 Megabytes
1 Terabyte = 1000 gigabytes
1 Petabyte = 1000 terabytes

6. HLL:
a. High Level Language
b. Easy for humans to read, write and edit
c. Example: any programming languages like python, java etc…

7. LLL:
a. Low Level Language
a. More difficult for humans to read
b. Example: Code in binary format

8. Translator:
Translator converts program instructions into machine code format so the processor can
carry out the instructions. There are 3 types of translators.
1. Interpreter
2. Assembler
3. Compiler

9. Difference between Interpreter, Assembler and Compiler

1. Interpreter
a. Translates each line of HLL code into machine code
b. Carries out one instruction before translating the next instruction
2. Assembler:
a. Converts assembly language instructions to machine code
b. Creates one line of machine code for each assembly language instruction
3. Compiler:
a. Translates the entire program into machine code
b. Does not run the program until all lines of code have been translated
10. CPU:
● The part of the computer that carries out program instructions is known as the
Processor.
● A CPU has 3 main components and it uses these components when it is
carrying out the instructions in a computer program.
● The 3 main components of CPU are
○ Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)
○ Control Unit
○ Registers
11. Components of CPU:
PC: Program counter - stores the address of the next instruction
MAR: Memory Address Register - Holds the address of the memory location being
Accessed.
MDR: Memory Data Register - any data or instruction that pass into or out of main
memory must pass through the MDR
CU: Control Unit - Issues commands to the other hardware components to ensure
that programs are carried out correctly
CIR: Current Instruction Register - Stores the address of the instruction the CPU is
currently executing
ALU: Arithmetic Logic Unit - Carries out the calculations needed during the
execution of a program
ACC: Accumulator - A register used by the ALU to store the results of the processing
the ALU carries out

12. Symbols of Logical gates

Logic Symbol Rules of Operation

gate

AND gate Output from this gate is 1 if

BOTH inputs are 1

OR gate Output from this gate is 1 if

EITHER inputs is1
 NOT gate The output from this gate is
always the opposite of the
input

13. Truth table for AND logical gate

Input A Input B Output X

0 0 0

0 1 0

1 0 0

1 1 1

14. Truth table for OR logical gate

Input A Input B Output X

0 0 0

0 1 1

1 0 1

1 1 1
15. Truth table for NOT logical gate

Input A Output X

1 0

0 1