`

Architectural Design and Spatial Planning for a Juvenile

Rehabilitation Center in Lapu-Lapu City: Optimizing
Environments for Rehabilitation and Reintegration
_______________________________________

A Research Proposal
Presented to the
Architecture Department, College of Engineering and Architecture
Cebu Institute of Technology University
Cebu City
_______________________________________

In Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements for the Degree
BACHELLOR OF SCIENCE IN ARCHITECTURE

By:
STEWART BIEL INFIESTO
JOSEPH ROILAN C. LAYAR
RODRIGO MIÑOZA JR.

December 2023

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 APPROVAL SHEET

This research/dissertation proposal entitled TITLE prepared and submitted by

STUDENT NAME in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of
Science in Architecture is hereby recommended for approval.

___Ar. Dexter John F. Perral___

Research Adviser

This research is approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of
Bachelor of Science in Architecture.

Ar. June S. Bayaton

Chair, Architecture Department

Dr. Evangeline Evangelista

Dean, College of Engineering and Architecture

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First and foremost, the researchers would want to express their gratitude to the
Almighty God for His unwavering grace, direction, and protection throughout this study
endeavor.

The mentorship of Ar. Dexter John Perral stands out, contributing steadfast
support, patience, motivation, and extensive knowledge that directed the research and
thesis composition.

A sincere thank you is extended to the parents for consistent financial support,
guidance, encouragement, and lifelong inspiration.

Also to classmates and friends for engaging discussions, collaborative efforts

during late nights to meet deadlines, and shared enjoyable moments over the past five
months.

Furthermore, recognition is given to the guidance, trust, advice, and support from
the thesis coordinator, Professor Dexter John Perral, throughout the study's progression
to its culmination.

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 ABSTRACT

The critical phase of adolescence significantly impacts an individual's growth and

development. Within Lapu-Lapu City, a highly populated area in the Visayas region of
the Philippines, a scarcity of rehabilitation facilities exists despite the moderate crime
index. This research focuses on addressing the urgent need for a tailored Juvenile
Rehabilitation Center in this city. The aim is not only to enhance rehabilitation
environments but also to facilitate the reintegration of juveniles, providing them with the
necessary tools for a brighter future.

Employing an applied quantitative qualitative non-experimental research

approach, this study aims to optimize architectural design and spatial planning for the
Juvenile Rehabilitation Center in Lapu-Lapu City. It blends practical problem-solving with
a comprehensive analysis of the local environment and the experiences of neighboring
municipalities, alongside insights from existing juvenile facilities in the City.

Additionally, The study involves various respondents, including rehabilitation

personnel, City hall staffs, and juveniles, employing purposive and snowball sampling
techniques for comprehensive data collection.

The research instruments utilized encompass surveys, interviews, observations,

and document searches. Through technical data acquisition, site visits, community
engagement, and observations of existing facilities, the study gathers diverse insights.
Findings reveal significant challenges within the current rehabilitation center,
emphasizing the necessity for tailored spaces for leisure, learning, and improved living
conditions.

The conclusion underscores the need for a spatially well-designed center that
balances private and communal spaces, emphasizing adaptability, noise control, and
traffic flow. These insights are crucial for crafting a rehabilitation center focused on
residents' recovery and overall well-being, aiming to create a conducive environment for
successful rehabilitation and reintegration of juvenile offenders.

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 Table of Contents
Chapter 1 ............................................................................................................................ 1
Introduction .................................................................................................................. 1
Statement of the problem ............................................................................................ 2
Objectives .....................................................................................................................2
Significance of the Study ............................................................................................. 3
Scope and Delimitation ................................................................................................ 4
DEFINITION OF TERMS ............................................................................................. 5
Chapter 2 ............................................................................................................................ 6
Review of Related Literature ....................................................................................... 6
Theoretical Framework .............................................................................................. 15
Theoretical Background .............................................................................................16
Conceptual Framework ..............................................................................................21
Chapter 3 .......................................................................................................................... 22
Research Methodology .............................................................................................. 22
Research Environment .............................................................................................. 22
Research Respondents ............................................................................................. 24
Sampling Method ....................................................................................................... 25
Research Instrument & Tools .................................................................................... 25
Research Procedure .................................................................................................. 26
Chapter 4 .......................................................................................................................... 27
DATA PRESENTATION ............................................................................................ 27
Chapter 5 .......................................................................................................................... 32
SUMMARY .................................................................................................................32
CONCLUSION ........................................................................................................... 33
RECOMMENDATION ................................................................................................ 34
Bibliography .....................................................................................................................35
Appendix .......................................................................................................................... 37
Request Letter ...........................................................................................................38
Research Questionnaires .......................................................................................... 39
Lapu-Lapu City CLUP ................................................................................................ 40

1
 List of Figures
Figure 1 ............................................................................................................................. 27
Figure 2 ............................................................................................................................. 28
Figure 3 ............................................................................................................................. 29

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Chapter 1
Introduction
Adolescence is a vital phase in the life of an individual, as this time is
marked by growth, development, and discovery. The word "juvenile" has a deeper sense
at this magnificent era of human existence. Juveniles are young persons who are on the
edg e of adulthood, and whose vulnerabilities are frequently heightened by family, social
to cultural, as well as individual events that may harm their development.

Lapu-Lapu City is a first-class highly populated city in the Visayas region of the
Philippines, housing 508,159 residents in the city with a moderate crime index of 47.34.
However, while being a mainly urbanized zone, there is a scarcity of rehabilitation
facilities in Lapu-Lapu region, presently there is only one rehab facility maintained in the
city.

Rehabilitation is characterized as attempts or interventions to restore an

individual to their normal behavior before events in life altered them. Reintegration, on
the other hand, is the process of moving a person back to society, in this situation
helping the children come back to society. The second stresses the laborious work of
reintegrating a person into society’s fabric, carefully cultivating their potential to become
peaceful and productive members of their community. It entails the sensitive task of
assisting the return of juveniles to society, provided they have the assistance, skills, and
attitude required for a successful and constructive reintegration.

This study sets out to address the crucial need for the design and spatial
planning of a juvenile rehabilitation center that is adapted to the specific demands of
Lapu-Lapu City. It strives to improve the surroundings within this center to assist not only
rehabilitation but also reintegration of juveniles, providing them with the tools they need
to mend their ways and begin on a new route towards a brighter, more hopeful future.

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Statement of the problem

The study sought to determine how can architectural design and spatial planning
be optimized for the of Juvenile Rehabilitation Center in Lapu-Lapu City to enhance the
environments of rehabilitation and reintegration of juvenile offenders.
To address the previously mentioned issues, the researchers sought solutions to
the following:

1. What are the current problems in the city’s existing rehabilitation center?
2. What are the key factors to consider when selecting the ideal location for the
proposed juvenile rehabilitation center?
3. What are the lacking facilities in the city’s existing rehabilitation center that
could be added?
4. What are the spatial needs of a juvenile rehabilitation center?
5. What are the essential principles and considerations for designing an efficient
and effective facility layout?

Objectives

This research aims to create an architectural design and spatial planning for a
Juvenile Rehabilitation Center in Lapu-Lapu City and to enhance the environments for
rehabilitation and reintegration of juvenile offenders.
In addition to the primary objectives outlined above, this research also endeavors
to achieve the following goals:

1. To identify the current problems in the city’s existing rehabilitation center.

2. To identify the key factors to consider when selecting the ideal location for the
juvenile rehabilitation center.
3. To identify the lacking facilities in the city’s existing rehabilitation center.
4. To determine the spatial needs of a juvenile rehabilitation center.
5. To develop essential principles and considerations for designing an efficient and
effective facility layout.

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Significance of the Study

The architectural design and spatial planning proposal for a juvenile rehabilitation
center in Lapu-Lapu city shall provide comprehensive re-evaluation and improvement of
the facilities dedicated to the rehabilitation and reintegration of juvenile offenders in the
city. This research also holds the potential to benefit various stakeholders in the region.
Each of these stakeholders stands to gain in distinct ways from the implementation of
the proposed infrastructure.
To the juvenile offenders
Juvenile offenders stand to benefit significantly from this study. They can expect
improved living conditions, rehabilitation programs, and a supportive environment that
can increase their chances of successful reintegration into society, ultimately reducing
the likelihood of reoffending.
To the people of lapu-lapu city
The residents will experience enhanced public safety as a direct result of
reduced recidivism rates among juvenile offenders. This reduction translates into a
decreased risk of juvenile offenders engaging in criminal activities, leading to a safer and
more secure community for everyone.
To the LGU of lapu-lapu city
The LGU of lapu-lapu city can benefit from potential cost savings in the long term
by reducing the need for repeated incarcerations and legal proceedings related to
juvenile offenders. Efficient rehabilitation programs can lead to economic benefits for the
city, making it a more financially sustainable endeavor.

To families of juvenile offenders

Families of juvenile offenders can find solace in the study's outcomes as it may
lead to improved living conditions and support systems for their children during
rehabilitation. This improvement can significantly ease the concerns and reduce the
stress and worry experienced by families.
To the designers
Design professionals will gain valuable insights into designing facilities with a
specific focus on rehabilitation and reintegration through this study. These insights can
potentially open up new opportunities for projects in similar domains and significantly
improve their professional expertise.

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To the academic and research communities

The study can serve as a valuable resource for further research and academic
exploration in various fields such as architecture, criminology, psychology, and social
work. It contributes to the development of evidence-based practices and fosters
academic growth and knowledge dissemination.
To the healthcare providers
Improved rehabilitation outcomes can lead to better mental and physical health
outcomes among juvenile offenders, thereby reducing the demand on healthcare
services and resources.

Scope and Delimitation

This research has a particular emphasis on Lapu-Lapu City, especially focused

on juvenile offenders who need rehabilitation and reintegration activities. It offers an
insight into the layout, infrastructure, and atmosphere required in a juvenile rehabilitation
institute. It also explores how to effectively integrate rehab programs and support
networks with the architecture of the jail to serve juvenile offenders better.
The research recognises serious restrictions within its scope, specifically focused
on collecting data pertinent to the population of juvenile offenders in Lapu-Lapu, without
embracing data collection for the whole city's population. The predicted outputs of this
study comprise the fabrication of a comprehensive physical design for the best usage of
the Juvenile Rehabilitation Center in Lapu-Lapu City, including detailed site development
plans, electrical layouts, and sanitary layouts. It's vital to remember that the research will
not give exact cost estimates for the development. Instead, it tries to give architectural
assistance and guiding principles for prospective future projects while preserving a wide
separation from active participation in the planning or execution processes.

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DEFINITION OF TERMS

To understand clearer of the terms that are being used in this study, the following
terms with definitions are presented:
City - as used in this book shall mean the city of lapu-lapu.
Cusp - as used in the book shall mean the transitional period or phase when an
individual is on the verge of a significant change from childhood to adulthood.
Facility - as used in this book shall mean the proposed rehabilitation center for
juvenile in lapu-lapu city.
LGU - as used in the book shall mean the local government unit of lapu-lapu city.
Recidivism - as used in the book shall mean the tendency of a convicted
juvenile offender to reoffend or commit new crimes after rehabilitation.
Spatial Planning - as used in the book shall mean the process of organizing and
arranging physical spaces to optimize their functionality and usability, often involving
considerations of layout, design, and zoning
Stakeholders - as used in the book shall mean the resident, organization or
anyone that will be affected by the proposed rehabilitation center.

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Chapter 2
Review of Related Literature
Juvenile Rehabilitation Center Design
The optimal design for juvenile correctional facilities should adhere to established
design principles that are instrumental in creating an environment aimed at reducing
recidivism rates among young offenders. Instead of emulating traditional prisons with
harsh and punitive characteristics, the design should strive to cultivate an atmosphere
reminiscent of a camp or educational institution. This approach emphasizes the
importance of cultivating a welcoming, supportive, and educational environment where
the primary focus is on personal growth, skill development, and rehabilitation. The
arrangement of spaces, the selection of materials, and the overall atmosphere all play
crucial roles in shaping the experiences of juveniles within the system. An open and
inviting layout, the use of non-intimidating materials, and the cultivation of a positive
ambiance can engender a sense of security and motivate efforts towards rehabilitation.
In summary, the fundamental message is that well-conceived juvenile correctional
facilities have the potential to positively influence rehabilitation outcomes, ultimately
aiding young individuals in their journey to reintegrate into society as responsible and
law-abiding citizens.[1]
Utilizing open staff stations can significantly enhance the comfort and security of
both the juveniles and staff members. These control stations are strategically positioned
to provide supervisors with excellent visibility and the ability to intervene promptly, thus
effectively mitigating the escalation of conflicts into violent incidents. As a direct result of
these installed control stations, there has been a substantial reduction in violent
occurrences. Furthermore, the decrease in violent incidents translates to a reduced
likelihood of juveniles accumulating additional infractions on their records, thereby
facilitating their future prospects for employment and admission into educational
programs upon release.[2]
It is advisable to separate spaces with different noise levels, creating a distinction
between noisy and quiet areas. Proximity between rooms and activity spaces should be
maintained to facilitate a transition from private to public zones, enhancing the overall
livability of the unit. Implementing open access between these areas promotes increased
freedom of movement, with concentrated supervision situated centrally within the
circulation space. For heightened security, continuous supervision is required for
maximum security areas, while access to other zones remains under constant control.[2]

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Individuals with a history of aggression tend to react more strongly to intrusions

into their personal space. This highlights the significance of ensuring that there is
sufficient room in common areas such as lounges and shared rooms within the facility.
This accommodation is essential to accommodate the larger personal space boundaries
that many residents likely require.[3] The inclusion of seating arrangements that are
partially adjustable or fully mobile aids in regulating personal space, fostering a sense of
control, encouraging positive interpersonal engagement, and potentially mitigating the
stress of overcrowding and aggressive behavior in shared areas.[2]
The dining area should be conveniently connected to the living spaces, allowing
inmates the freedom to choose their seating. Flexibility can be achieved by incorporating
movable furniture and lightweight screens that can be easily repositioned to create
private areas within the dining space. This approach promotes an informal and trusting
atmosphere.[2]
Sleeping quarters, dining areas, and recreational spaces should be positioned in
close proximity to a 24-hour staff supervision station. This configuration, characterized
by zoned control, promotes increased opportunities for interpersonal interactions
between the youth and the staff. [2]
Offering individual bedrooms equipped with private
bathrooms, including toilets and showers, can be the most pivotal design adjustment to
facilitate privacy, alleviate overcrowding stress, and diminish the occurrence of
aggressive behavior in youth living units. Beyond stress reduction, single rooms can also
contribute to addressing the prevalent issue of sleep disturbances among adolescents.[3]
Window views that showcase natural landscapes with depth are consistently more
favored compared to window views of built environments with limited visual depth or
visual simplicity. The act of gazing at nature, even for a brief period, has been shown to
lower physiological stress levels and alleviate feelings of anger, anxiety, and other
negative emotions. [3]
Single-level facilities allow for more straightforward access to and enhanced
supervision of sleeping rooms, whereas multi-level facilities present notable operational
difficulties, including potential issues with vertical movement, resident accessibility,
emergency evacuation, room oversight, adherence to accessibility standards for
individuals with mobility challenges, and the potential for behavioral challenges.[2] Single-
story structures can be designed to enable residents to access a secure outdoor space
without the need for frequent staff escorts through stairwells, which can be both time-
consuming and resource-intensive. Additionally, supervising resident smokers was a

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demanding task, and multi-level facilities exacerbated the difficulties and inefficiencies
associated with escorting smoking residents to ground-level smoking areas up to eight
times daily.[3]
These design features offer more than just a boost to rehabilitation; they also
contribute to convenience and safety for both the staff and inmates when integrated with
robust security standards. By incorporating these elements, correctional facilities create
environments that go beyond mere functionality. They significantly impact the
psychological well-being of inmates by fostering positivity and providing them with
effective communication skills that are essential for their journey towards personal
transformation. The spaces not only serve as physical settings but also as psychological
stimuli that encourage positive behavioral change. Furthermore, these design
improvements have a direct impact on staff effectiveness and morale. When staff
members operate in spaces that prioritize safety and rehabilitation, their ability to carry
out their responsibilities is enhanced, leading to a more effective and satisfying work
environment. In sum, these design elements offer a multi-faceted approach to
corrections, encompassing the welfare of both inmates and the staff, and contributing to
the overarching goals of rehabilitation and security. [1]

Reintegration Programs For Juveniles

Juvenile rehabilitation programs are designed to help young individuals who have
committed delinquent acts to reintegrate into society, develop necessary life skills, and
reduce the likelihood of them engaging in future criminal behavior. These programs vary
in their structure and approach but generally aim to provide support, education, and
guidance to juveniles involved in the justice system. [4]
Counseling and therapy constitute essential components of juvenile rehabilitation
programs, with the aim of addressing the emotional, psychological, and behavioral
challenges contributing to delinquent behaviors in young individuals. Individual
counseling provides a customized approach to aid juveniles in gaining self-awareness,
acquiring coping mechanisms, and fostering personal development. It frequently
addresses issues such as anger management, trauma, or substance misuse. Group
counseling encourages peer support and enhances interpersonal skills, while family
therapy enhances family relationships and support networks.[5] In particular, trauma-
informed therapy is indispensable for those who have endured traumatic experiences,
and treatment for substance abuse centers on addressing addiction issues. These

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interventions collectively assist young individuals in comprehending and managing their

behavior, thereby diminishing the likelihood of reoffending and facilitating their
successful reintegration into society.[6]
Education and skill enhancement constitute fundamental elements of juvenile
rehabilitation initiatives, primarily focused on arming young individuals with the expertise
and competencies necessary for a successful reintegration into society. These programs
provide educational opportunities, including academic instruction and vocational training,
granting juveniles vital life skills, access to GED programs, and job training.[4]By
addressing educational gaps and furnishing practical skills, these programs improve the
prospects of future employment and self-reliance, ultimately lowering the likelihood of
reoffending. Participation in educational programs can instill renewed hope and offer a
clearer path to success for youth offenders, helping them recognize that there are
alternatives to a life of criminal activity.[6]
Recreational initiatives play a pivotal role in the comprehensive approach of
juvenile rehabilitation efforts, granting young offenders opportunities for personal
development, skill acquisition, and constructive engagement. These programs support
physical fitness, teamwork, and leisure activities, enabling juveniles to cultivate self-
esteem and form healthy social connections. Beyond serving as time-fillers, recreational
programs offer alternatives to engaging in criminal activities and foster a sense of
purpose and belonging. [6]
Activities such as sports, artistic endeavors, outdoor
expeditions, and cultural events instill valuable life skills, including discipline and
perseverance. Furthermore, they bolster emotional well-being, alleviate stress, and
contribute to a more balanced and fulfilling lifestyle. By delivering constructive and
enjoyable outlets, recreational programs represent an indispensable element of juvenile
rehabilitation, playing a crucial role in the holistic development of these individuals and
contributing to the reduction of recidivism rates.[4]
Programs focused on spiritual enrichment can play a role in the rehabilitation of
juvenile individuals by addressing the spiritual and ethical aspects of their lives. These
initiatives aim to assist juveniles in exploring and nurturing their sense of spirituality or
connection to higher values, which can serve as a source of strength and ethical
guidance. Common activities within these programs include meditation, group
discussions, and support from chaplains or religious leaders.[6]
It's worth noting that participation in these spiritual enhancement programs is usually
voluntary and respectful of an individual's personal beliefs. They can offer a sense of

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purpose, ethical foundation, and a framework for making positive life choices. By
encouraging introspection and the cultivation of a moral compass, these programs seek
to foster personal growth and character development, contributing to a more well-
rounded and responsible individual as they reintegrate into society. However, it is
essential to emphasize that these programs should be conducted in a manner that
upholds an individual's freedom of religion and belief and should not involve coercion or
exclusivity.[4]
Juvenile rehabilitation programs encompass a wide range of interventions,
collectively aimed at meeting the diverse needs of young offenders. These programs are
critical elements in the effort to support the reform, reintegration, and prevention of
reoffending among these individuals. [5]
Additionally, it's important to recognize the
existence of other programs, such as social services, health initiatives, and dietary
services, which contribute to the holistic approach of juvenile rehabilitation. These
programs address both the individual needs and the overall well-being of these young
individuals, all in the endeavor to steer them toward a more promising and law-abiding
future. [6]

Therapeutic Environments
When creating an ideal environment, it is critical to identify children's
psychological and physical characteristics. The efficiency of the environment will be
jeopardized unless there is a thorough understanding of children, their developmental
phases, as well as their emotional, social, and physical characteristics at various ages.
Spaces designed for children are more important in this setting than other spatial
[7]

domains. As urban infrastructure advances to promote proper and sustainable urban

growth, the provision of adequate conditions for the next generation, the community's
children, becomes critical in directing human society toward an ideal and healthy
community. Children's spaces need imaginative thinking since their growth is far more
vulnerable to the effects of their environment than that of adults. According to specialists
in the field of child development, the quality of the environment has a significant
influence on children's social, emotional, psychological, and physical development.[8]
Designing buildings is still mainly an artistic process based on the individual
experience of the architect and his reference to architectural history.[9] Therapeutic
architects are entrusted with reimagining a world that is free of impediments. In theory,
this improves patients' well-being by changing the environment into a source of

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restoration that improves their health. Facilitating safe movement and embracing natural
lighting lead to better mental and physical lives.[8] The benefits of landscapes for health
and well-being have sparked significant multidisciplinary attention, especially in the last
two decades, with a focus on the green and blue components. The notion of healing
landscapes, coined by geographer Wilbert Gesler in 1992, brings up the relationship
between geography and health, trying to uncover the causes underlying the perception
of specific areas as beneficial. [9]
In 2005, Conradson contended that we should scrutinize therapeutic landscape
experiences more critically, viewing them as 'relational outcomes.' These outcomes arise
through intricate interactions between an individual and their broader socio-
environmental context, merging physiological and psychological responses to the
environment.[9] One pivotal element in crafting a healing and therapeutic setting is
natural light. Its impact on human beings is profound, influencing them on physiological,
mental, and psychological levels. Daylight serves as a vital energy source in our
existence, exerting significant effects on human beings in various dimensions.[10]
Light's impact on our daily biological clock has long been recognized. People
employ daylight in a variety of ways, including large windows, skylights, high windows,
and vast inside locations. Many books and articles discuss how sunlight affects people's
physical and psychological well-being.[10] Conversely, psychiatrists generally agree that
the absence of daylight or shorter hours of exposure to daylight] may cause several
health disorders [Morriss 2001; Evans 2003; Bower 2005]. These are sadness, fatigue,
mood disorders and seasonal affective disorder [SAD].[9]

Human-Centric Architecture
Even developing urban buildings such as highways, bridges, and so on are
among the most essential measurements of any society in today's architecture. As a
result, an image of the significance of the human factor effect on other constructions
directly related to humans may be observed.[11] Human-centered architecture is a design
approach that prioritizes the requirements, preferences, and experiences of people. It
recognizes that the ultimate goal of design is to create spaces that improve people's
quality of life through providing comfort, practicality, and aesthetic enjoyment. Human-
centered design develops spaces that encourage enjoyment, productivity, and a sense
of belonging by prioritizing human well-being and addressing the different needs of
individuals.[12]

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Previous research has shown that poorly designed buildings can have a severe
impact on a person's psychological state, creating stress, anxiety, sadness, and even
aggressive behavior.[13] If the design is not centered around the user it may result in
poorly thought-out designs. Users may become frustrated or even angry if their
expectations are not met.[14] As a result, within the realm of human-centered architectural
design, greater emphasis has been placed on the affective experience evoked by
architectural design qualities. In particular, the restorative potential of built environments,
i.e., their ability to reduce mental fatigue, boost productivity, and relieve stress, has
piqued the interest of many researchers in recent years.[12]
Architecture has the ability to impact social dynamics and develop interpersonal
bonds. Human-centered architecture acknowledges this potential and strives to design
environments that foster social interaction, cooperation, and a sense of community.
Public plazas, parks, and public places within buildings are thoughtfully created to
encourage interactions, dialogues, and shared experiences.[12] Human-centered design
may address some of the world's most pressing issues by utilizing empathy, valuable
insight, and critical thinking.[14] Human-centered architecture prioritizes people in the
design process in order to create environments that meet their requirements, promote
their well-being, and foster a sense of connection to their surroundings. Architects and
designers have the ability to create settings that improve people's lives and contribute to
the lives of communities by prioritizing human comfort, ergonomics, social interaction,
cultural context, and aesthetics. Human-centered architecture exemplifies design's ability
to create environments that are not just functional but also highly meaningful and
satisfying for both individuals and society as a whole.[12]

Security and Safety Measures in Juvenile Rehabilitation

In spite of extensive research and efforts, the challenge of youth crime persists,
causing enduring consequences for individuals, families, and society. These
consequences encompass issues such as adults engaging in subsequent criminal
activities, along with experiencing adverse outcomes like substance abuse,
psychological challenges, and domestic violence. The procedures and regulations
employed within youth facilities can exacerbate the young individuals' trauma and
behavioral issues, hindering the establishment of a safe and supportive environment.[15]
In youth rehabilitation centers, ensuring the top priorities are the safety and
protection of staff and the young residents is crucial. This entails implementing diverse

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strategies, like emphasizing positive conduct, overseeing the organization's functioning,

and employing technology to bolster security.[16] The construction of these facilities must
prioritize minimizing the risk of fires and ensuring safe evacuation for all. Sufficient space,
proper amenities, and the necessary equipment should be in place for activities such as
exercise, recreation, physical training, and leisure. The facilities should provide medical
services to identify and address any physical or mental health concerns, as well as
issues related to substance abuse or other conditions that could impede a young
person's reintegration into society. Specialized drug abuse prevention and rehabilitation
programs, led by trained and qualified personnel, must be implemented.[17]Preparations
for handling and recovering from various emergencies, including those stemming from
nature, human actions, technology, and public health, should be established.[18] The
facility's physical setting can also influence the relationships between staff and young
individuals and the upkeep of a safe and secure atmosphere.[19]

Juvenile rehabilitation centers guarantee the safety of clients through an array of

measures, including:
1. Efficient security methods, including behavioral, administrative, and
technological measures, are put into action to safeguard the well-being of both
staff and residents.[16]
2. Concerning medical services, detection and treatment of physical or
mental illnesses, substance abuse, or any other conditions that could obstruct
the reintegration of juveniles into society is essential. Each juvenile detention
facility must maintain access to suitable medical facilities and equipment based
on the number and needs of residents, along with having trained staff capable of
providing preventive health care and managing medical emergencies. [17]
3. Incorporating specialized programs for the prevention and treatment of
drug abuse is imperative in juvenile detention facilities. These programs need to
be overseen by personnel with appropriate qualifications. They should be tailored
to the specific needs of the juveniles, taking into account factors such as age and
gender. Additionally, facilities and services for detoxification, managed by trained
personnel, should be accessible to juveniles dependent on drugs or alcohol.[17]
4. Concerning emergency planning, all facilities within the juvenile justice
system must be proactively involved in planning for the reduction, response to,
and recovery from emergencies of natural, human-made, technological, and

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public health origins.[19]

5. Regarding programs and services, effective programs offer a range of
activities and opportunities to release emotional and physical stress.
Rehabilitation or habilitation is deemed such a crucial objective that the Juvenile
Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act [JJDPA] encourages state advisory
groups and state agencies to allocate funds for "initiatives promoting positive
development among delinquent and other vulnerable youth, aiding them in
achieving: [i] a feeling of safety and structure; [ii] a sense of belonging and
affiliation; [iii] a sense of self-value and social contribution; []iv] a sense of self-
reliance and control over their lives."[20]

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Theoretical Framework

Architectural Design and Spatial Planning for a Juvenile

Rehabilitation Center in Lapu-Lapu City: Optimizing
Environments for Rehabilitation and Reintegration

Juvenile Reintegration Human-Centric Security and Safety

Rehabilitation Therapeutic Measures in
Programs For
Environments Architecture Juvenile
Center Design Juveniles
Rehabilitation

Juvenile Rehabilitation Human- Effective

Therapeutic
Correctional Programs for Centered Safety and
Environments
Facility Design Juvenile Architecture Security in
As a Catalyst
That Delinquents Rehabilitation
For Health,
Encourages (Fidanci, Elif Centers
Well-Being
Rehabilitation (Kumar Ayse, 2023)
And Social
M.,2023) (Brian R.
Equity
(Krueger Johnson, 2014)
J.,2018) (Marques B.,
et.al., 2018) Physical
Effective Setting's Impact
Programs and on Staff-Youth
Services Relationships
and Safety
(Liddell W.,
et.al., 2018) (Oostermeijer
S., et.al, 2022)

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Theoretical Background
Juvenile Correctional Facility Design That Encourages Rehabilitation
The study is anchored on James Krueger's Juvenile Correctional Facility Design.
This theory focuses on the impact of the design principles of juvenile correctional
facilities on the rehabilitation and well-being of young inmates. It emphasizes that
creating an environment that resembles a camp or school rather than a traditional prison
can contribute to reduced recidivism rates and better outcomes for young offenders.
Below are an explanations of the theoretical background based on the literature:
The literature suggests that when young people are sent to correctional facilities
designed with restorative principles, such as open community areas, daylighting,
calming acoustics, and other positive design elements, they are more likely to lead
successful and fulfilling lives after their incarceration. This notion emphasizes the
significance of the physical environment in promoting rehabilitation and positive
outcomes.
James Krueger's Juvenile Correctional Facility Design highlights the importance
of normative design principles in reducing recidivism rates. In other words, when juvenile
correctional facilities adopt designs that make them more akin to camps or schools than
traditional prisons, they create an atmosphere that is more conducive to rehabilitation. It
also points out that the traditional layout of juvenile correctional facilities, where
individual cells are separated along narrow corridors, does little to encourage positive
interactions between inmates and supervisors. This implies that the design of the facility
has a direct impact on the dynamics and relationships within the facility, which can affect
the rehabilitation process.
The Alameda County Juvenile Justice Center is cited as an example of a facility
that has successfully implemented restorative design principles. This facility incorporates
secure areas and open community spaces. In this model, young offenders who break
rules are temporarily separated from the community but can regain access through good
behavior. This case study underscores the effectiveness of these design principles in
practice.
The literature also highlights the positive impact of facility design on both inmates
and staff. The introduction of open staff stations with improved visibility and control has
led to reduced violent incidents. Fewer violent incidents, in turn, reduce the chances of
young offenders receiving additional infractions, making their reintegration into society
more manageable.

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Overall, James Krueger suggests several design considerations for juvenile

correctional facilities that can have a positive impact on rehabilitation rates. These
considerations include open communal areas, flexible furnishings, daylighting, central
control stations, outdoor spaces, durable and familiar materials, peaceful features,
calming acoustics, convenience, and personalized details. It posits that a well-designed
facility can foster rehabilitation, improve inmate well-being, and reduce recidivism rates.
By emphasizing restorative and normative design principles, this theoretical foundation
provides a framework for understanding how facility design can contribute to the
successful reintegration of young offenders into society while ensuring the safety and
well-being of both inmates and staff.

Rehabilitation Programs for Juvenile Delinquents

The theoretical background drawn from the provided literature of Mukesh Kumar
focuses on the multifaceted approach to juvenile rehabilitation programs, encompassing
various components to address the emotional, psychological, and behavioral challenges
faced by young individuals in the context of delinquency. These programs aim to foster
personal development and equip juveniles with the skills necessary for successful
reintegration into society.
The first foundation of juvenile rehabilitation programs rests on counseling and
therapy. These interventions are tailored to address the emotional, psychological, and
behavioral issues contributing to delinquent behaviors. Individual counseling provides a
personalized approach to enhance self-awareness, coping mechanisms, and personal
growth, targeting problems such as anger management, trauma, and substance abuse.
Group counseling promotes peer support and improves interpersonal skills, while family
therapy strengthens family bonds and support networks. Trauma-informed therapy is
essential for those who have endured traumatic experiences, and substance abuse
treatment focuses on addressing addiction issues. Collectively, these interventions aid
young individuals in understanding and managing their behavior, reducing the likelihood
of reoffending, and facilitating their successful reintegration into society.
Another crucial aspect of juvenile rehabilitation programs stated in the literatures
are education and skill enhancement. These initiatives equip young individuals with the
knowledge and competencies necessary for successful reintegration into society. They
provide educational opportunities, including academic instruction and vocational training,

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offering vital life skills, access to GED programs, and job training. By addressing
educational gaps and providing practical skills, these programs improve the prospects of
future employment and self-reliance, ultimately lowering the likelihood of reoffending.
Participating in these programs can instill hope and offer youth offenders a clear path to
success, demonstrating that alternatives to a life of criminal activity exist.

Effective Programs and Services

The study is anchored from the provided literature of Wayne Liddell, et.al. It
highlights recreational programs, encompassing activities like sports, artistic pursuits,
outdoor expeditions, and cultural events, play a pivotal role in juvenile rehabilitation.
These activities instill valuable life skills, including discipline and perseverance, while
also promoting emotional well-being, stress relief, and a more balanced and fulfilling
lifestyle. By offering constructive and enjoyable outlets, recreational programs contribute
significantly to the holistic development of these individuals, thereby contributing to the
reduction of recidivism rates.
Spiritual enrichment programs are also addressed in the literature, the spiritual
and ethical dimensions of young offenders' lives. They aim to help juveniles explore and
nurture their sense of spirituality or connection to higher values, providing a source of
strength and ethical guidance. Activities within these programs often include meditation,
group discussions, and support from chaplains or religious leaders. Participation in these
programs is typically voluntary and respectful of an individual's personal beliefs. They
offer a sense of purpose, an ethical foundation, and a framework for making positive life
choices. By encouraging introspection and the cultivation of a moral compass, these
programs seek to foster personal growth and character development, contributing to a
more well-rounded and responsible individual as they reintegrate into society.
In summary, the literature highlights the comprehensive nature of juvenile
rehabilitation programs, which are designed to address the multifaceted needs of young
offenders. These programs employ various strategies, including counseling, education,
recreational activities, and spiritual enrichment, to foster personal growth, equip
individuals with essential life skills, and reduce the likelihood of reoffending. The
emphasis is on a holistic approach that recognizes the importance of addressing both
the individual needs and the overall well-being of young offenders to support their reform
and successful reintegration into society.

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Therapeutic Environments As a Catalyst For Health, Well-Being And Social Equity

The underpinning of this study is by Bruno Marques, Jacqueline Mclntosh and

Chelsea Kershaw’s “Therapeutic environments as a catalyst for health, well-being and
social equity”. It stated that Creating an ideal environment, particularly for children,
requires a comprehensive understanding of their psychological and physical
characteristics. The efficiency and effectiveness of such an environment are contingent
upon recognizing the developmental phases, emotional needs, social dynamics, and
physical requirements of children at various ages.
The well-being of the younger generation, the community's children, plays a
pivotal role in shaping an ideal and healthy community. This is because children's growth
and development are considerably more influenced by their surroundings compared to
adults. Specialists in child development emphasize that the quality of the environment
significantly impacts children's social, emotional, psychological, and physical
development.
The abundance of natural light is a critical component in creating a healing and
therapeutic atmosphere. Natural light has a profound impact on humans at the
physiological, mental, and psychological levels. It is an essential source of energy that
has a big impact on people's well-being in a variety of ways. The effect of light on the
human biological clock is widely known, and its inclusion into architectural design is
accomplished by the use of large windows, skylights, high windows, and expansive
interior spaces. Numerous studies and articles have looked into how sunlight impacts
people's physical and psychological well being.

Effective Safety and Security in Rehabilitation Centers

The building and its operations must prioritize the security and safety of
adolescent residents and staff as their primary objectives. This requires the
implementation of various measures, both in terms of behavior and technology, to
establish a secure environment that promotes proper conduct and diminishes the
chances of accidents. Ensuring security and safety within rehabilitation facilities is a
comprehensive process that takes into account internal and external factors. Enhancing
safety across different contexts, including workplaces, public areas, homes, and
personal lives, heavily relies on identifying potential security vulnerabilities and deploying
effective protective measures.

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The process of rehabilitation can be quite draining for healthcare professionals

and the family members of the individuals they are working with. Individuals must
navigate this process while grappling with additional sources of stress and the potential
for serious challenges. It's essential to cultivate a safety-oriented culture that fosters a
vigilant mindset, prevents complacency, and safeguards the well-being of healthcare
providers. Workplace violence []WPV] is a pervasive concern, encompassing any act of
violence directed at an employee. Multiple factors, such as mental health issues,
substance dependence, power struggles, and inadequate conflict resolution skills, can
contribute to instances of violence. A comprehensive understanding of the factors that
predispose individuals to commit acts of violence, including a history of violence or fear
of legal consequences, is integral to the safety protocols of correctional facilities and
medical centers.
Juvenile justice professionals face numerous challenges when dealing with a
specific group of clients prone to aggressive behavior. These challenges are
exacerbated by an increased workload and the necessity to enter potentially risky
environments. For instance, the fear of crime or becoming a victim can have a more
significant impact on the well-being of these workers than the actual occurrence of
crimes. Consequently, it is vital to integrate specific measures into their daily routines to
reduce the risk of victimization, alleviate stress, and create a more positive work
environment. This entails recognizing potential threats, implementing a comprehensive
security strategy, employing multiple layers of security measures, taking proactive
preventive steps, adhering to supportive policies and procedures, and ensuring that
employees have access to pertinent information and maintain awareness of their
surroundings.
In order to reduce their susceptibility as possible targets, practitioners should
maintain awareness of their personal characteristics. To achieve this, practitioners
should consider measures such as restricting access to potential weapons, enhancing
visibility and awareness, fortifying their surroundings, and devising a plan for seeking aid
when necessary. In addition, they should thoroughly evaluate their immediate
environment during home visits and when transferring children, establish clear
communication, and ensure the safety of the child being moved. When wrongdoers
perceive low-risk opportunities, detect inadequate guardians, and spot vulnerable targets,
the probability of violence or abuse incidents rises. By taking proactive actions to
diminish their appeal as targets, practitioners possess the ability to significantly influence

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the probability of such occurrences. Consequently, the mentioned security protocols and
policies are crafted to foster safety and security within rehabilitation centers.

Physical Setting's Impact on Staff-Youth Relationships and Safety

The study investigated how the physical environment influenced relationships
between staff and children as well as safety at a juvenile detention facility in Melbourne,
Australia. The facility's design and construction had a substantial influence on workers'
ability to exert "relational security," a critical component of maintaining a secure
workplace. A variety of design aspects have been found in terms of staff interactions
with young people and general safety, including unit size, access to private quarters,
common areas, outdoor surrounds, mood, spatial characteristics, and facility layout.
Staff favored smaller units because they could provide customized care and
create a safer and simpler working environment. The absence of peaceful, private
spaces and social activity areas impeded the formation of ties between staff and teens.
Gardens and courtyards were regarded as critical for relationship development and de-
escalation. Older facilities with low ceilings were deemed detrimental to the well-being of
both staff and young people, while spaces with an abundance of natural light and space
were deemed better for rehabilitation and establishing a pleasant atmosphere.
The facility's inability to tailor security measures to the individual needs and
security levels of young people impeded the practice of relational security. A rigorous,
"one-size-fits-all" approach to security measures was demonstrated to have a
substantial influence on relationship security and general safety. The study underlines
the importance of facility architecture in the juvenile justice profession since it has a
substantial impact on staff-youth relationships, safety, and the success of relational
security techniques. These findings point to the importance of incorporating trauma-
informed care into the design of a supportive environment that allows for feedback and
safety. Among the study's flaws are the effects of the COVID-19 outbreak on interview
respondents and the need for greater research into young people's opinions of these
concerns.

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Conceptual Framework

Architectural Design and Spatial Planning for a Juvenile

Rehabilitation Center in Lapu-Lapu City: Optimizing
Environments for Rehabilitation and Reintegration

Juvenile Reintegration Human-Centric Security and

Rehabilitation Therapeutic Safety Measures in
Programs For Architecture
Center Design Environments Juvenile
Juveniles
Rehabilitation

Effective
rehabilitation Psychological Therapeutic Applying Multi-
design and educational Environment Human- dimensional
enhances the training will help create Centric security
holistic well- enhance calming and Design will strategy will
being of the juvenile restorative help improve improve overall
individuals rehabilitation. spaces and user safety.
undergoing improve experience
rehabilitation positive and enhance
outcomes well-being

Recreational
and spiritual Physical
programs enrich Environment
the process of Influence
juvenile Relational
reintegration. Security

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Chapter 3
Research Methodology
This study is categorized as "Applied Quantitative Qualitative Non-Experimental
Research" for several compelling reasons. Firstly, the study is deeply rooted in practical,
real-world problem-solving, focusing on the design and spatial planning of a juvenile
rehabilitation center. This applied research approach aims to provide practical solutions
to address a specific societal issue. Secondly, it incorporates both quantitative and
qualitative methods. Quantitative data collection is essential for assessing measurable
factors like the physical layout and cost-efficiency of the center's design, while qualitative
data collection is employed to capture the perspectives, experiences, and needs of
stakeholders, such as staff, juveniles, and the community. Lastly, the research is non-
experimental in nature, as it doesn't involve the manipulation of variables in a controlled
setting. Instead, it aims to observe, analyze, and understand the existing state of juvenile
rehabilitation facilities, emphasizing optimization without the need for experimental
interventions. This research methodology is well-suited for addressing the real-world
challenges of designing rehabilitation environments for juvenile offenders in Lapu-Lapu
City.

Research Environment
City of Lapu-Lapu
Lapu-Lapu City, located on the thriving island of Mactan in the scenic Cebu
province of the Philippines, is bounded by the main island of Cebu to the north and to
the west by Cebu city and Mactan channel. Lapu-Lapu city is linked to Mandaue city by
the Mactan-Mandaue bridge and Marcelo Fernan bridge. Lapu-Lapu city is a compelling
city that combines rich history, natural beauty, and modern appeal. The city of Lapu-
Lapu comprises 508,159 people (2020) with 35,306 teenagers, with 17,204 girls and
18,101 boys. The City of Lapu-Lapu will serve as an invaluable research environment for
the study. The City of Lapu-Lapu functions as the key research environment for the
project. The value of this local environment resides in its direct link with the intended
project, as it signifies the precise region where the Juvenile Rehabilitation Center would
be situated. By focusing on Lapu-Lapu City, the research assures that data collecting is
site-specific and contextually relevant. It permits for an in-depth analysis of the city's
distinctive socio-cultural, economic, and geographic aspects, thereby facilitating the
production of architectural designs and spatial planning that are tailor-made to suit the
special wants and issues of the community. Furthermore, data acquired from Lapu-Lapu

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City gives the option for complete stakeholder participation, guaranteeing that the
proposed center matches with the objectives and expectations of the local population. In
summary, Lapu-Lapu City's location as the research setting is vital in ensuring the
project's practicality, cultural sensitivity, and success in enhancing surroundings for the
rehabilitation and reintegration of juvenile adolescents.
Neighboring Cities and Municipalities
The surrounding municipalities and cities represent an essential part of the
research environment, providing a larger background for our study. These nearby
locations provide an important comparison dimension, allowing us to analyze how
juvenile institutions and their performance change across administrative areas. The
researchers may get insights into the interplay between policies, socioeconomic
conditions, and the juvenile justice system by evaluating the surrounding communities,
providing a more complete understanding of the difficulties and triumphs in the larger
geographic area. The inclusion of adjacent cities and municipalities in Lapu-Lapu City is
critical to attaining the goals of the research on architectural design and spatial planning
for a Juvenile Rehabilitation Center. It provides for a thorough awareness of the local
context, comparative analysis, and involvement with local stakeholders. Furthermore, it
aids in tailoring the design to the geographical restrictions and potential of the location,
as well as ensuring that the suggested solutions are ecologically sustainable. Finally, the
setting chosen for data collection is critical for developing a rehabilitation center in Lapu-
Lapu City that maximizes surroundings for rehabilitation and reintegration.
Juvenile Facilities in Cebu city
The selection of the Cebu City Juvenile Facilities as the principal venue for data
collecting is significant in the context of the study. These establishments serve as living
examples of existing structures and operational models in the field of juvenile
rehabilitation, providing invaluable knowledge concerning effective, spatial, and
operational characteristics that might influence the architectural style and planning
process of the recommended rehabilitation institution in Lapu-Lapu City. The report
presents genuine data on the demands and challenges observed by juvenile
rehabilitation facilities by a detailed review of these establishments. This information
leads to the formulation of design solutions that are fit for the local context and based on
best practices and practical experience, ensuring the proposed center's success and
relevance in its aim to better conditions for rehabilitation and reintegration.

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Research Respondents
Rehabilitation Personnel
The researchers will interview the rehab workers since they play a crucial role in
the administration and management of juvenile rehabilitation clinics. They are
immediately engaged in the day-to-day activities, services, and programs that are vital
for the rehabilitation and reintegration of juveniles. The researchers will engage rehab
workers to gather first-hand insights into the existent procedures, obstacles, and needs
inside juvenile rehabilitation clinics. The researchers will conduct interviews and surveys
to determine the particular needs and best practices that should be addressed in the
architectural design and spatial planning for the proposed facility. Key topics of
investigation may include security standards, programming space needs, and their
experiences in rehabilitation.

Lapu-Lapu City Hall Official

The researchers will specifically inquire about the Comprehensive Land Use Plan
(CLUP) of Lapu-Lapu City from the City Hall officials. This data is crucial for
understanding the city's land use policies, zoning regulations, and long-term
development strategies. Requesting information regarding the CLUP will provide
essential insights into how the proposed Juvenile Rehabilitation Center aligns with the
city's urban planning framework, ensuring its compatibility and compliance within the
broader city development plan.
Juvie (Juvenile)
Juveniles, or the principal beneficiaries of the rehabilitation facility, are crucial
replies as they are the ultimate end-users of the institution. Understanding their wants
and viewpoints is vital to developing a rehabilitative environment that promotes their
development and reintegration into society. The researchers will connect with juvies via
interviews and surveys, ensuring their ideas are heard and their special requirements
are represented in the architectural design and spatial layout. Key subjects of inquiry
may include their living arrangements, educational and recreational demands, and their
attitudes on security and privacy.

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Sampling Method
This study employed a combination of purposive sampling and snowball
sampling methods, each chosen for specific reasons that align with the research
objectives. Purposive sampling enables meticulous selection of participants who
possess distinctive characteristics and expertise relevant to juvenile rehabilitation
centers. This method allows for the efficient collection of data from individuals who can
provide valuable insights into the optimization of rehabilitation environments, ensuring
the relevance of the gathered information.
Simultaneously, the researchers have incorporated snowball sampling as it
proves invaluable when reaching out to populations that may be challenging to access
using traditional sampling techniques. This method is particularly useful for connecting
with individuals who have direct experiences within rehabilitation centers, including
juveniles in rehabilitation, staff, and those who have undergone rehabilitation themselves.
By leveraging existing networks and connections, snowball sampling creates a chain of
referrals, which helps tap into the rich qualitative data provided by individuals closely
linked to the rehabilitation center environment. Together, these sampling methods
enable the researchers to collect a comprehensive range of insights, from experts in the
field to personal experiences, enriching our research with a diverse and valuable
perspective on architectural and spatial planning for juvenile rehabilitation centers.

Research Instrument & Tools

In this study, the researchers utilized essential research instruments that served
as pivotal tools for data collection and knowledge acquisition. These instruments
encompassed surveys, interviews, observations, and document searches. Surveys
utilize questionnaires as their primary research tool, allowing for structured data
collection from a wide sample of participants. Interviews employ voice recorders and
note-taking as tools to capture in-depth qualitative information from individuals.
Observations are facilitated by cameras, which help record events, behaviors, and
phenomena in a systematic manner. Document searches rely on PCs and Wi-Fi
connections to access and sift through vast repositories of information, enabling
researchers to uncover relevant documents and data sources. These research
instruments and their associated tools are crucial for gathering diverse and
comprehensive data, ultimately aiding researchers in their quest for knowledge and
insights.

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Research Procedure
 Technical Data Acquisition: The researcher shall go to the planning office of the city
hall to acquire technical details of the selected site, including land use regulations,
zoning requirements, and site-specific data.

 Site Visits: The researcher shall conduct site visits to the chosen location to gather
data on the local environment, existing infrastructure, topography, and any site-
specific challenges.

 Community Engagement: The researcher shall engage in discussions and

interviews with the local community to understand their needs, concerns, and
preferences regarding the juvenile rehabilitation center.

 Existing Facility Visits: The researcher shall visit existing rehabilitation centers or
similar institutions, such as hospitals, to document their operational and spatial
aspects, focusing on circulation, security measures, and rehabilitation programs.

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Chapter 4
DATA PRESENTATION

Concerns of the City’s Existing Rehabilitation Center’s Residents

Based on the data gathered from surveys conducted with both the residents and
employees of the Home Care Center for Children, the facility has several issues that
impact the daily lives of its residents. They voiced varying levels of discomfort regarding
Accessibility, which scored 15, Poor lighting at 28, Insufficient Privacy with a score of 36,
Noise registering the highest concern at 82, Poor Natural Ventilation at 57, Cleanliness
garnering a score of 85, and Congestion being the least concerning factor, scoring 13.
Amid these concerns, Noise emerged as the most prevalent issue, scoring the
highest at 82, signifying a significant disturbance experienced by residents due to noise-
related factors within the facility. In contrast, Congestion, with a score of 13, was the
least troublesome factor identified.

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Lacking Facilities at the Rehabilitation Center in Lapu -Lapu

City

The data collected from surveys conducted with both the residents and
employees of the Home Care Center for Children regarding lacking facilities at the
Rehabilitation Center in Lapu-Lapu City reveals specific numerical values assigned to
various deficient areas within the facility. The scores attributed to each area highlight the
extent of inadequacy observed within the center: Recreational Area scored 76, Spiritual
Area obtained a score of 53, Educational Area and Therapy Area both registered a score
of 0, and Training and Vocational Area scored 70.
Among the identified deficiencies, Recreational Area and Training and Vocational
Area emerged as the most prominent areas of concern, scoring 76 and 70, respectively.
These higher scores indicate a substantial absence or inadequacy in recreational
facilities and training opportunities within the center. Conversely, both the Educational
Area and Therapy Area scored 0.

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Lapu-Lapu City Institutional Land Use Plan

Figure 3: Photo showing the Zoning Map of Lapu-Lapu CIty

Based on the Comprehensive Land Use Plan of Lapu-Lapu City, which was
obtained through a document search at Lapu-Lapu City Hall, Institutional areas are
designated for schools, churches, government centers, hospitals, and other public and
social service facilities. These areas are planned to be situated near residential zones.
It's important to note that these facilities don't necessarily require extensive space. The
proposed residential areas are planned to be located in Barangays Gun-ob, Canjulao,
Babag, Calawisan, Bankal, Pajac, Basak, Maribago, Mactan, and Agus.

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Juvenile Rehabilitation Center Spatial Requirements

Based on James Krueger's Juvenile Correctional Facility Design Article, a

comprehensive juvenile rehabilitation center requires several specific spaces
meticulously designed to support the rehabilitation and well-being of young residents.
Individual living quarters equipped with private bedrooms and bathrooms aim to ensure
privacy and reduce stress among residents while fostering a sense of personal space.
Connected dining areas provide a communal setting linked to living spaces, fostering
social interaction and trust among residents. The inclusion of recreational spaces,
facilitating various activities such as sports, arts, and cultural events, becomes integral
for personal development, physical fitness, and social engagement within the center.
Dedicated counseling and therapy rooms serve as spaces for both individual and group
sessions, addressing emotional, psychological, and behavioral challenges faced by the
residents.
Additionally, educational areas, encompassing classrooms or vocational training
spaces, play a vital role in bridging educational gaps and imparting necessary job skills.
Staff supervision stations strategically placed throughout the center enhance continuous
observation and interaction between residents and staff. Effective differentiation of quiet
and noisy zones within the center contributes to improving the overall livability of the
environment. Lastly, providing secure outdoor areas accessible from the facility allows
residents moments of relaxation and fresh air without constant staff presence. These
enumerated spatial requirements for a juvenile rehabilitation center are derived from
comprehensive analyses and insights gathered from related literature.

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Principles and Consideration for an Efficient Rehabilitation Center

Based on Luis Vargas’ study about “A Rehabilitation Center for Young

Criminals” , a multitude of principles and considerations emerge for crafting an efficient
and supportive facility layout within a juvenile rehabilitation center. One of the key
identified principles revolves around the allocation of spaces within the facility. It
advocates for the provision of private living quarters complemented by communal
spaces, thereby striking an equilibrium between privacy and social interaction, essential
for the residents' emotional and psychological well-being. Moreover, flexibility emerges
as a critical aspect in the layout design, necessitating adaptable furnishings and
partitions to cater to the diverse needs of residents and the evolving dynamics of
rehabilitation programs. Equally vital is the strategic integration of staff supervision
stations across the facility. This strategic placement ensures continuous monitoring,
intervention, and thus, the fostering of a secure environment conducive to the residents'
growth and transformation.
Considerations also extend to aspects like noise management, optimizing traffic
flow, and integrating natural elements. Effective noise management plays a pivotal role
in creating a tranquil environment, crucial for therapy sessions and individual
contemplation. Optimizing traffic flow within the facility ensures ease of movement,
reducing congestion and fostering efficient operations. Additionally, incorporating natural
elements, such as access to outdoor spaces and maximizing natural views, contributes
significantly to residents' mental well-being, offering visual relief and a connection to the
natural world.

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Chapter 5

SUMMARY

The overriding purpose of this research is to formulate a design and spatial plan
for a juvenile rehabilitation center. The gathered data serves as the foundation for the
overarching purpose of this research. The Existing Lapu-Lapu City Rehabilitation Center
faces various challenges impacting the well-being of its residents. These challenges
have been highlighted through input from both the residents and the staff working within
the center. They encompass a range of issues spanning accessibility, lighting, privacy,
noise disturbance, natural ventilation, cleanliness, and congestion. Among these, noise
emerges as the most prevalent issue significantly affecting the residents' day-to-day
lives, whereas congestion appears to be the least troublesome element in comparison.

Furthermore, a detailed examination of Lapu-Lapu City's Institutional Land Use

Plan reveals specific areas intended for institutions such as schools, hospitals, and
government centers strategically positioned near residential zones. Delving into the
requisites for an all-encompassing juvenile rehabilitation center, it becomes evident that
a sophisticated spatial layout is crucial. This layout should encompass private living
spaces, shared dining areas, recreational zones, rooms dedicated to counseling and
therapy, educational facilities, staff supervision points, distinct areas for quiet and active
engagement, as well as secure outdoor spaces. A well-designed rehabilitation center
must strive to strike a balance between private and communal spaces, integrate
adaptability into its layout, strategically position staff observation points, regulate noise
levels, ensure smooth traffic flow, and incorporate elements from nature to foster the
mental and emotional well-being of its residents.

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CONCLUSION

The comprehensive findings obtained from the Lapu-Lapu City Rehabilitation

Center clearly demonstrate the variety of difficulties that both residents and employees
encounter. Everyday life in the center is severely disrupted by problems including
excessive noise, inadequate ventilation, and cleanliness. It is essential to deal with each
of these issues separately in order to guarantee a more comfortable living space.

The center's absence of designated areas for leisure and learning activities,
which are essential to the residents' overall well-being and personal growth is revealed.
The necessity for customized places that assist residents in their recreational and
educational efforts is highlighted by this gap. On the other hand, the city's initiative to
strategically locate institutional buildings close to residential neighborhoods is a positive
step toward encouraging accessibility and community cohesion. Careful planning of the
spatial layout is imperative to establish an environment that supports rehabilitation.
Meeting these specific spatial requirements is pivotal for a comprehensive approach
crucial to residents' recovery.

Overall, balancing private and communal spaces, incorporating adaptability into

the design, and accounting for elements like noise control and traffic flow are crucial in
nurturing an environment that enhances residents' mental and emotional well-being.
Embracing these insights plays a pivotal role in crafting a rehabilitation center that
places residents' recovery and overall well-being at the forefront.

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RECOMMENDATION

In making juvenile rehabilitation centers better, future researchers should look

closely at things we haven't paid much attention to before. This will help make the
existing ways we design these centers even better. To deal with the problems we found
in our study, we need to explore new ways to reduce noise. This could involve using new
materials and changing how the space is set up. Testing these ideas will help us find
better ways to deal with the issue of noise in the rehabilitation centers.

To design juvenile rehabilitation centers well, we need to think about how the
space feels for the young people there. This means using ideas from environmental
psychology and tools that help us design spaces efficiently. It's important to work
together with experts in environmental engineering and sustainable design to make sure
we have good air circulation. It is also recommended for future researchers to explore
and compare different rehabilitation centers. This includes looking at the programs they
have, the cultures they are in, and the rules they follow. By doing this, we can create a
collection of the best ways to design these centers. To really understand what works,
researchers should visit these centers and talk to the people who live there. This will
give us a better idea of how different places affect the success of rehabilitation programs.

In the end, to make juvenile rehabilitation centers the best they can be, we need
to keep exploring, working together with different experts, and looking at what works in
different parts of the world.

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Bibliography
[1] J. Krueger, Juvenile Correctional Facility Design That Encourages Rehabilitation, Oct.
2018.
[2] L. C. Vargas, “A Rehabilitation Center for Young Criminals For the City of Chihuahua,

Chih., Mexico,” thesis, 2015

[3] R. S. Ulrich, “Evidence-informed Design Recommendations for Juvenile Facilities in

Sweden. Report Prepared for the Swedish National Board of Institutional Care”, 2020.

[4] “Regional Rehabilitation Center For Youth (RRCY),” Department of Social Welfare

and Development - CAR, ND. https://car.dswd.gov.ph/programs-services/centers-

institutions/regional-rehabilitation-center-for-youth/.

[5] M.Kumar, “Rehabilitation Programs for Juvenile Delinquents”, 2023.

[6] W.Liddell, et.al, “Effective Programs and Services”, 2014.

[7] T. Owens, The new science of ‘Therapeutic’ architecture — and what it could mean

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[8] S. Aripin, Healing architecture: a study on the physical aspects of healing

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social equity, Landscape Research”, 2021

[11] H. S. Alavi, et.al, “The Hide and Seek of Workspace: Towards Human-Centric

Sustainable Architecture”, ND

[12] E. A. Fidanci, Human-Centered Architecture, Jun. 2023.

[13] Y. Zhang, B. Xiao, and X. Li, Prediction of human restorative experience for human-

centered residential architecture design: A non-immersive VR–DOE-based machine

learning method, May 2015

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[14] A. Voegeli , Human-Centered Architecture: What is It and How It Makes a

Difference, vol. Adriana Voegeli, Sep. 2020.

[15] L. J. Elwyn, N. Esaki, and C. A. Smith, “Safety at a girls secure juvenile justice

facility,” Therapeutic Communities: The International Journal of Therapeutic

Communities, 2015.

[16] “SAFETY & SECURITY FOR JUVENILE JUSTICE PROFESSIONALS Enhancing

Safety & Security at the Office, On the Street, and Off-Duty.”

https://www.gvsu.edu/cms4/asset/903124DF-BD7F-3286-

FE3330AA44F994DE/probation_officer_safety-brian_johnson.pdf, 2014.

[17] “United Nations Rules for the Protection of Juveniles Deprived of their Liberty,” ND.

https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/united-nations-rules-

protection-juveniles-deprived-their-liberty.

[18] “Emergency Planning for Juvenile Residential Facilities,” Office of Juvenile Justice

and Delinquency Prevention. https://ojjdp.ojp.gov/programs/emergency-planning-

juvenile-facilities, 2020.

[19] S. Oostermeijer, M. Dwyer, and P. Tongun, “Relational security: The impact of

facility design on youth custodial staffs’ practices and approaches,” Criminal Behaviour

and Mental Health, 2022 .

[20] “Ch.10 Effective Programs and Services | Desktop Guide,” Nicic.gov, 2010.

https://info.nicic.gov/dtg/node/16

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Appendix
Request Letter

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Research Questionnaires

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Lapu-Lapu City CLUP

39
 CURRICULUM VITAE

Name: Stewart Biel Infiesto

Address: Basak, Lapu-Lapu City

E-mail Address: stewartbiel@gmail.com

Birthplace: Cebu City

Birthdate: September 8, 2001

Age: 23

Citizenship: Filipino

Gender: Male

Religion: Roman Catholic

Name of parents: Mabini Infiesto

Eduardo Infiesto

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND:

Primary:

Opao Elementary School

Mandaue City,Cebu
S.Y. 2008-2014

Secondary:

University of Cebu Lapu-Lapu and Mandaue Campus

Mandaue City, Cebu
S.Y. 2014-2018

Tertiary :

Cebu Institute of Technology University

Natalio Bacalso Ave.,Cebu City

S.Y. 2020-present

35
Name: Joseph Roilan C. Layar

Address: San Vicente,Liloan,Cebu

F-mail Address: annalie.layar@gmail.com

Birthplace: Mandaue City

Birthdate: May 08,2002

Age: 20

Citizenship: Filipino

Gender: Male

Religion: Roman Catholic

Name of parents: Annalie Layar

Rodrigo Layar

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND:

Primary:

Paknaan Elementary School

Mandaue City,Cebu

S.Y. 2008-2014

Secondary:

Our Lady of Rule Catholic Learning School

Jugan Consolacion

S.Y. 2014-2018

Tertiary :

Cebu Institute of Technology University

Natalio Bacalso Ave.,Cebu City

S.Y. 2020-present

35
Name: Rodrigo Miñoza Jr.

Address: V.Rama Ave, Guadalupe, Cebu City

G-mail Address: rodrigominoza@cit.edu

Birthplace: Maasin City

Birthdate: December 11, 2001

Age: 22

Citizenship: Filipino

Gender: Male

Religion: Roman Catholic

Name of parents: Merla Miñoza

Rodrigo Miñoza Sr.

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND:

Primary:

Padre Burgos Central Elementary School

Padre Burgos,Leyte

S.Y. 2008-2014

Secondary:

Ramon Duterte Memorial National Highschool

Guadalupe, Cebu

S.Y. 2014-2018

Tertiary :

Cebu Institute of Technology University

Natalio Bacalso Ave.,Cebu City

S.Y. 2020-Present

36