EVOLUTION AND IMPORTANCE OF

RECREATION SPACE
SEMINAR REPORT
SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT
FOR THE AWARD OF
BACHELOR of ARCHITECTURE

GAURAV GAUTAM INDWAR

BARN1AR14023

School of Architecture & Design

ITM UNIVERSITY
GWALIOR, M.P., INDIA

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 DECLARATION

I, GAURAV GAUTAM INDWAR (BARN1AR14023), hereby solemnly declare that the

seminar report entitled National Institute of Design submitted in partial fulfillment for the
award of the BACHELOR of ARCHITECTURE degree at the ITM University Gwalior is a
record of bonafide work carried out by me in the ninth semester of the course.

GAURAV GAUTAM INDWAR

BARN1AR14023

This is to certify that to the best of my knowledge the thesis entitled, National Institute of
Design is a bonafied work by GAURAV GAUTAM INDWAR (BARN1AR14023), of School of
Architecture ITM University.

This dissertation fulfills the requirement relating to the nature and standard laid down by the ITM
University Gwalior.

AR. REBECCA JADON AR. NUPUR SHAH

DEAN, (Guide) (Seminar Co-ordinator)
School of Architecture School of Architecture
ITM University ITM University

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0

RECOMMENDATION

The dissertation on Evolution and Importance of Recreation Space by GAURAV GAUTAM

INDWAR (BARN1AR14023), of final year B.Arch. submitted in partial fulfillment of the

requirement for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Architecture at the ITM University

Gwalior is recommended for acceptance.

External Examiner Internal Examiner

ACCEPTANCE

I hereby certify that the dissertation Report entitled National Institute of Design by GAURAV
GAUTAM INDWAR (BARN1AR14023) is accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirement of
the award of the degree of Bachelor of Architecture at the ITM University Gwalior Dated:
PROF. REBECCA JADON
(DEAN) School of Architecture

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ACKNOWLEDGMENT

Saying only word of thanks from core of my heart in my opinion is much more than a token of
love and your gratitude towards helping hand.

Firstly, I am highly in debited to Ar. NUPUR SHAH my dissertation guide for her continuous
guidance, helpful comments and tremendous support at every stage of work. Without her
valuable inputs, the thesis would not have been able to reach its final form.

I would also like to thank our respected Dean Professor REBECCA JADON, Dissertation
coordinator Ar. NUPUR SHAH and all faculty of School of Architecture for providing me
knowledge & give support to develop my dissertation.

I am also very much thankful to my family and friends for their moral support to complete my
dissertation. I render my gratitude to Almighty who bestowed self-confidence, ability and
strength in me to complete this work.

GAURAV GAUTAM INDWAR

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 CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE NO.
CONTENTS 1

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 INTRODUCTION 6
1.2 ABSTRACT 7
1.3 AIM 8
1.4 OBJECTIVES 8
1.5 METHODOLOGY 8
1.6 SCOPE 8
1.7 NEED 8
CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 10
2.1 INTRODUCTION
2.2 HISTORY OF EVOLUTION OF RECREATION SPACE 11
3.1 EVOLUTION OF RECREATION 13
4.1CATEGORIZTION OF RECREATIONAL AND ACTIVITIES 15
4.1.1 APPORACH 15
5.1 NEED FOR RECREATIONAL AMENITIES IN APARTMENTS 19
6.1 PROVISION OF RECREATIONAL AREAS AND COMPARISION 22
CHAPTER 3 RESEARCH PAPERS AND JOURNALS 25
7.1 MODERN TRENDS IN RECREATION
7.2 VALUES OF FOREST AND PARKS
7.2.1 RECREATIONAL VALUES
CHAPTER 4 CASE STUDY 31

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8.1 KILLERBERRIN RECREATION AND LEISURE CENTRE PROJECT
8.1.1 WHAT DID THE PROJECT INVOLVE
8.1.2 WHAT IS FEEDBACK
CHAPTER 5 QUESTIONNRIES 33
CHAPTER 6 INFERENCES/CONCLUSION 35

CHAPTER 7 REFERENCE/BIBLIOGRAPHY 36

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INTRODUCTION
Recreation or fun is the expenditure of time in a manner designed for therapeutic refreshment of
ones’ body or mind. While leisure is more likely a form of refreshment, entertainment or sleep,
recreation is active for the participant but in a refreshing and diverting manner. A time in which
individuals are not compelled to do anything, and are free to choose to relax or to take part in a
leisure activity. It has important social functions, including relief from the demands and
restriction of work.
Most people enjoy socializing with friends for dinner or a drink after a hard day at work. For
many young people, having a regular night out a week is a normal part of their free time, whether
it is joining friends for a drink in a pub, dinning out in a restaurant, watching a film, playing
video games or dancing at a club.
Recreation is an activity of leisure. It is an essential element of human biology and psychology.
It is done for enjoyment, amusement, pleasure or health benefits & considered to be fun. Apart
from recreation use, open space also allows the penetration of sunlight and air movement as well
as for planting areas for visual relief. It is essential land use element in urban design. It is
particularly important in high density, high rise built environment like New York, Hong Kong.

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ABSTRACT
This dissertation will explore the impact of recreation space on humans and why is it needed and
important. Recreation or fun is the expenditure of time in a manner designed for therapeutic
refreshment of ones’ body or mind. While leisure is more likely a form of refreshment,
entertainment or sleep, recreation is active for the participant but in a refreshing and diverting
manner. A time in which individuals are not compelled to do anything, and are free to choose to
relax or to take part in a leisure activity. It has important social functions, including relief from
the demands and restriction of work. History evolution of recreation space and ancient
recreation. Early Christian era and evolution of recreation. Category of recreational space.
Recreational need in apartments. Modern research in recreation.
Economic and social changes in the western world the need for multiple land use. Recreation in
forest areas is therefore an important issue, as well from the point of forestry policy as of forestry
planning the advantage of large recreational areas is the possibility to create a large visitors
capacity per area as well as a large diversity and a good accessibility. The first point to be
mentioned in this respect is the future distribution of leisure time. This distribution is a decisive
factor in the planning and zoning of outdoor recreation facilities. Case study of Kellerberrin
recreation leisure center and Pennsylvania recreation center.

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CHAPTER 1
1.2 AIM
1.2.1 To comprehend the impact of recreational space on humans and why is it needed.
1.3 OBJECTIVE
1.3.1 To study the history of recreation spaces in context with amusement park.
1.3.2 Evolution of recreation spaces with time its changes.
1.3.3 Categories of recreation spaces in today’s situation in private space and private
Boundary.

1.3.4 Why recreation space is needed in township.

1.3.5 Role of recreation space and its advantages.
1.3.6 Identify the public concerns about the recreation in the ancient period.
1.4 METHODOLOGY
1.4.1 To achieve the predefined objective.
1.4.2 Collection of information about recreational space through online literature
Study.

1.4.3 Data collection through literature case study and research paper
1.5 SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS
1.5.1 Analysis limited to the recreation and park.
1.6 NEED
1.6.1 To study about the importance of recreation space in township, urban planning,
and how it has evolved and what are the conditions that it spread and why is it beneficial in
today’s life.

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9
CHAPTER 2
2.1 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1.1 History evolution of recreation space
Ancient Egypt: The Egyptian culture was a rich and diversified one; it achieved an advanced
knowledge of astronomy, architecture, engineering, agriculture, and construction. The Egyptians
had a varied class structure, with a powerful nobility, priesthood, and military class and lesser classes
of workers, artisans, peasants, and slaves. This civilization, which lasted from about 5000 B.C. well
into the Roman era, was richly recorded in paintings, statuary, and hieroglyphic records.
The ancient Egyptians led a colorful and pleasant life; it is said that their energies were directed to
the arts of living and the arts of dying. They engaged in many sport as part of education and
recreation, including wrestling, gymnastic exercises, lifting and swinging weights, and ball games.
Bullfighting was a popular spectacle and, at least at its inception, was religiously motivated. Music,
drama, and dance were forms of religious worship as well as social entertainment. The Egyptians
had complex orchestras that included various stringed and percussive instruments. Groups of
female performers were attached to temples, and the royal houses had troupes of entertainers who
performed on sacred or social occasions.
Ancient Assyria and Babylonia: The land known as the “fertile crescent” between two great rivers,
the Tigris and the Euphrates, was ruled by two powerful empires, Assyria in the north and Babylon
in the south. These kingdoms were in power for approximately 26 centuries, from about 2900 B.C.
until the invasion by Alexander the Great in 330 B.C. Like the ancient Egyptians, the Assyrians
and Babylonians had many popular recreation activities, such as boxing, wrestling, archery, and a
variety of table games. In addition to watching dancing, listening to music, and giving banquets,
Assyrians were also devoted to hunting; the nobles of Assyria went lion hunting in chariots and
on foot, using spears. The chase was a daily occupation, recorded for history in numerous reliefs,
sculptures, and inscriptions. As early as the ninth century B.C parks were established as sites for
royal hunting parties. They also provided settings for feasts, assemblies, and royal gatherings. On
the estates of other monarchs during the ninth and tenth centuries B.C. were vineyards,
fishponds, and the famed hanging gardens of Babylon.
Ancient Greece : In the city-states of ancient Greece, particularly in Athens during the so-called
Golden Age of Pericles from about 500 to 400 B.C., humankind reached a new peak of
philosophical and cultural development. The Athenians took great interest in the arts, in learning,
and in athletics. These pursuits were generally restricted to wellborn, aristocratic noblemen, who
had full rights of citizenship, including voting and participation in affairs of state. Craftsmen,
farmers, and tradespeople were also citizens, but had limited rights and less prestige. Labor was
performed by slaves and foreigners, who outnumbered citizens by as much as two or three to one.
The amenities of life were generally restricted to the most wealthy and powerful citizens, who
represented the Athenian ideal of the balanced man—a combined soldier, athlete, artist,
statesman, and philosopher. This ideal was furthered through education and the various religious
festivals, which occupied about 70 days of the year. The arts of music, poetry, theater, gymnastics,
and athletic competition were combined in these sacred competitions.
Pastimes in the Middle Ages: Despite disapproval from the church, many forms of play continued
during the Middle Ages: Medieval society was marked by rigid class stratification; below the
nobility and clergy were the peasants, who were divided into such ranks as freemen, serfs, and
slaves. Life in the Middle Ages, even for the feudal nobility, was crude and harsh. Manors and
castles were little more than stone fortresses—crowded, dark, and damp. Knights were responsible

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for fighting in the service of their rulers; between wars, their favorite pastimes were hunting and
hawking. Hunting skill was considered a virtue of medieval rulers and noblemen. The sport was
thought to be helpful in keeping hunters from the sin of idleness. (A vigorous and tiring sport, it
was also believed to prevent sensual Hunting also served as a useful preparation for war. In a later
era, the Italian Machiavelli pointed out that since the main concern of the prince must be war, he
must never cease thinking of it. In times of peace, thoughts of war should be directed to the sport
of hunting.

EARLY CHRISTIAN ERA : Under attack by successive waves of northern European tribes, the
Roman Empire finally collapsed. For a period of several centuries, Europe was overrun with warring
tribes and shifting alliances. The organized power of Rome, which had built roads, extended
commerce, and provided civil order, was at an end. Gradually the Catholic Church emerged to
provide a form of universal citizenship within Europe. Having suffered under the brutal
persecutions of the Romans, the early Christians condemned all that their pagan oppressors had
stood for—especially their hedonistic way of life. Indeed, the early church fathers believed in a
fanatical asceticism, which in the Byzantine, or Eastern, Empire was marked by the Anchorite
movement, with its idea of salvation through masochistic self-deprivation.

THE RENAISSANCE : Historians generally view the first half of the Middle Ages in Europe
(roughly from A.D. 400 to 1000) as the Dark Ages, and the next 400 to 500 years as le haut
Moyen Age, or High Middle Age. The Renaissance is said to have begun in Italy about A.D..
1350, in France about 1450, and in England about 1500. It marked a transition between the
medieval world and the modern age. The term renaissance means rebirth and describes the revived
interest in the scholarship, philosophy, and arts of ancient Greece and Rome that developed at this
time. More broadly, it also represented a new freedom of thought and expression, a more rational
and scientific view of life, and the expansion of commerce and travel in European life.

Play as Education
Varied forms of play became part of the education of the youth of the nobility at this time. The
French essayist Michel de Montaigne, in discussing the education of children, wrote.

Our very exercises and recreations, running, wrestling, music, dancing, hunting, riding, and
fencing will prove to be a good part of our study. It is not a soul, it is not a body that we are
training up; it is a man, and we ought not to divide him into two parts.

DEVELOPMENT OF PARKS AND RECREATION AREAS: During the middle Ages, the
need to enclose cities within protective walls necessitated building within a compact area that left
little space for public gardens or sports areas. As the walled city became more difficult to defend
after the invention of gunpowder and cannon, residents began to move out of the central city.
Satellite communities developed around the city, but usually with little definite planning. As the
Renaissance period began, European town planning was characterized by wide avenues, long
approaches, handsome buildings, and similar monumental features. The nobility decorated their
estates with elaborate gardens, some of which were open to public use, as in Italy at the end of the
thirteenth century. There were walks and public squares, often decorated with statuary. In some
cases, religious brotherhoods built clubhouses, gardens, and shooting stands for archery practice
that were used by towns people for recreation and amusement.

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3.1Evolution of recreation
Activities of the present are the ones being inherited from our ancestors and being modified from
time to time. Before civilization had ushered into the historic arena and before the onset of the
machine age, men led a hard and robust life in contrast to the soft and luxurious life of today the
hard work for surviving done by the primitives contributed to the physical perfection and there
was no necessity for organized system to physical education.

With the advancement of the civilization, physical degradation took place because of less
exertion in the machine age life. Thus, the need is felt for body development. Human body has
not indeed and cannot have altered greatly. Habits and living have altered beyond recognition
and the strain of modern life needs correction, if balance is to be presser end true functions of
life achieved. Hence the need for an organized system of physical education is needed to
compensate the loss sustained by man. The desire to pay is one of the strongest instincts of the
human race.

Different kinds of sports and open spaces are both very important in the life and welfare of
mankind today people flock to watch matches not because they do not wish to pay but to satisfy
these instincts of facilities keep them away. They love sports and derive benefits from open air
excitement, tensing of muscles as they watch.

Recreation have very important role in the growth and development of mind and body. It also
provides a ladder of fulfillment and success to youngster.

Hence the need for an organized system it is needed to compensate the loss sustained by man.
People all over the world are showing kin interest in the international sporting events.

Different kinds of sports and open spaces are very important in the life and welfare of mankind.
Today people flock to watch matches not just because they do not wish to play but to satisfy their
instincts.

Contribute to grater fitness, better health and sense of personal well-being.

Plays a vital role in the rounded education for children.
Provides a large number of jobs.
Promotes and enhances standing in the world.
There is need to establish a hierarchy in recreation.

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Recreational activities of the rural areas

In the village of India recreation activity in rural areas are quite different from urban areas.
Commercial activity cannot be found here. In rural areas nature and type of recreational activities
of a village depends on its economic and social progress.

Following are the activity that we could see in rural areas.

Chit-chatting generally ladies do in the veranda of a house and men in the middle of the village
space where everybody gathered during evening.
Visiting relatives and enjoying festivals together, worshiping and praying in temples. Singing
and dancing in a group. Participating in a community activity such as fair and festivals. Playing
some indoor and outdoor games.
Popular Indian games are that we do not see now a days as it took the place of it.
Pitho, kancha, gutte, gilli danda, kho kho.

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4.1.1 AN INVENTORY STUDY ON THE CATEGORIZATION AND TYPE
OF RECREATIONAL ACTIVITIES
This study was carried out with a motivation for recreational activity types and the
categorization of these activities. The purpose of the study is to create an inventory list
that can serve as a base for the work related to the recreation. In this context, recreational
activity types have benefited from secondary data. Expert opinion has been applied to
the categorization of recreational activities. As a result, different recreational activity
categories were created and an inventory of recreational activity types was revealed.

Recreation activities which are generally seen as leisure time activities have emerged in
different forms at each period of community life and they have got different
implementation areas.

Definitions made relating with recreation; show that the concept of recreation and leisure
time are used in place of one another or that they create the same perception on the
individuals as conceptually.
While the most basic classifications of these activities as per spaces are as given below
 Home based recreation
 Recreation away from home
 Travel and tourism recreation.
It is also seen that types of leisure time activities are gathered under headings such as active-
passive, closed-open, or mental physical leisure time activities.

4.1APPROACH
The purpose of the work is to create an inventory list that can be used as a basis for
recreation related in disciplines of sports, tourism, landscape design, etc. In this context,
secondary data were used in the formation of recreational activity types; Expert opinion
has been applied to the classification of recreational activities.
Under this heading, recreation activities and information regarding the classification of
these activities are stated. On the below Table 1, recreation activities and categories
relating with these activities are shown:
Basic Entertainments

Auctions Radio
Concerts Sports having spectators (baseball,
football,
formula)
Dance shows Telling stories
Offers (food etc) Television

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Exhibitions (For example: flower shows, auto fairs etc) Theatre

Films/Cinema-shows Internet
(surfing)
Meetings (for an activity or as freely)
Mental Activity, Relaxation, and Self-Awareness
Academic classes (for example: psychology, philosophy) Seminars

Personal development group lessons Classes for

developing
skills (for
example:
cooking,
design)
Meditation Tai Chi
Museums Travel/ Trip/
Visit (by
walking)
Poet Writing/readi
ng
Yoga Historical
settlements
Conferences Mud bath
Using water sources with warm minerals Going to
Turkish bath
Warm bath-tub bath Sun bath
Listening to music Watching
sunrise/sunset
Massage Sauna and
steam room
Travel/ Trip / Visit (with a vehicle)
Sports and exercises
Aerobics Boxing
Archery Getting on a
canoe
Car Race Cricket
Badminton Croquet
Getting on the balloon Curling
Baseball Diving
Basketball Dog racing
Riding with bicycle Fencing

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Billiard Football
Sledging Field hokey
Bowling Frisbee
Frisbee football Rowing
Golf Rugby
Gymnastics Sailing with a
sailboat
Handball Shooting
Glider flight Throwing
discs
Running American football Skateboard
Judo Softball (baseball that is placed on
small fi-
elds)
Karate Squash
Skiing Surfing
Kite surfing Swimming
Lacrosse (a ball game like hockey) Table tennis
Mountain cycling Tennis
Paddle tennis (area with rectangular Athleticism
walls)
Platform tennis (a grounds having Volleyball
trees )
Paddleball (a special ball game) Water ball
Parasailing Water skiing
Polo cycling Weight lifting
Rafting Wind surfing
Skating Wrestling
Yachting Skiing with snowboard
Paragliding Jumping with a parachute
Bungee jumping Bungee jumping (from an air vehicle)
Air skating Underwater rafting
Shooting with guns Cross skiing
Skating Walking while skiing
Orienteering Descending with rope

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Music
Attending concerts Singing at the chorus
Attending music schools Singing in a group that is not official
Going to night clubs Listening to songs
Attending symphonies Playing music instrument (with
friends)
Composing music Singing solo songs
Leading music groups Whistling
Art
Participating in art Glass art
Caligraphy Ice art
Ceramics Metal art
Design Mozaic art
Technical drawing Oil painting
Paper folding art Sculpture art
Photography art Water colour paint
Sketching Wood engraving art
Marble art Stained-glass art
Dance
Riding
Playing with horses hole Free diving
Ice hockey Diving with
snorkel
Rolling skating Snow skiing
Jai Alai Skiing with
snow vehicle
Getting on Jet Ski Walking on
snow

Play/Video games
Active games Games with money base (like
monopoly)
Table games for adults Drama games
Art games Double table games (chess)
Card games Games based on estimations

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Table games for children
Computer games
Imaginative games
Domestic games
Illusionism
Information games
Memory games
Team games
Art clubs
Sportive clubs (like tennis)
Participating in meetings
Participating in unions
Participating in fighting clubs
Participating in city clubs
Participating in clubs relating with
handic- rafts (line sewing)
Participating in cultural clubs (like
music)
Participating in dance clubs
Participating in drama clubs
Participating in educational
groups (like historical)
Participating in family meetings
Participating in public unions
Participating in game clubs (like chess) Participating in winter sport clubs
Participating in groups for adults
Human Services
Providing aid for disabled people
Providing aid for homeless people
Providing aid for sick people
Games with human interactions
Paper-pencil games (like tictactoe)
Puzzles
Spelling games (like scrabble)
Table sports (like table tennis)
Target games (like dart)
Throwing games (like frisbee)
Participating in international clubs
Participating in investment clubs
Participating in groups for speaking
foreign languages
Participating in outdoor activities
(like clim- bing)
Participating in political groups
Participating in professional
organizations
Participating in religious groups
Taking part in chorus
Participating in social clubs
Participating in scouting clubs
Participating in veteran groups
Visiting friends
Participating in water sport
clubs (like swimming)
(like ski- ing)
Participating in youth groups
Participating in hobby clubs
Providing aid for elders
Human groups
International groups
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Groups with certain aims
Protection and environmental science
Educational groups
Association providing funds
Nature Activities/Open Air Recreation
Walks made for investigating animals
Walking with back-packs
Walking at the coast
Investigating the birds
Activities with camp fire
Camping
Fishing (fresh water)
Garden works
Collecting wild fruits and vegetables
Climbing
Hunting
Climbing on the mountain
Walking in nature (with
accommodation)
Collecting mushrooms
Taking photos
Camping (with vehicles)
4wd Driving experience
Vehicle safari
Nature walk (daily)
Climbing on ice
Discovering underwater caves
Flying kites
Driving motorcycle
Paintball
Traveling with paramotor
Training pet animals
Painting (nature)
National groups
Interpersonal support groups
Protection groups
Walking in the night time
Picnic
Walks made for identifying plants
Walking near the river
Climbing on the rocks
Diving with equipment
Fishing (sea)
Cave investigation
Following the traces of animals
Investigating the whales
Discovering the wild life
Waling in the wild bushes
Collecting agricultural products
Collecting wild plants and flowers
Taking boat tours
ATV experience
Cross motor experience
Canyon passage
Climbing at the zenith
Activities for protecting the nature
Jet boat experience
Learning in nature
Climbing on the tree
Collecting sea products
Going on safari with camels
Getting on boat (without engines)
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Hedonic Activities
Drinking Gambling
Using drugs Sexual intercourse
Watching particulars with sexual
content (striptease, porn images
etc)

Leisure time and recreation concept has appeared in different forms at each period of
community life starting from the history of humanity till our time and it has continued
existing. Accordingly, due to the structure of recreation concept, it could be interpreted
that it should be evaluated as a dynamic within a continuous development and change.
In parallel to this, recreation classifications could change as per geography and culture,
time space, city perception, city life and architectural structure, technology, economy, and
social approaches just like the case with recreation approach. Furthermore, just like
classifications could change, each activity contained in them could evolve to different
points within itself. For example, with the influence of changing perception of body in
the community, social approach, and popular culture, recreation varieties with the
purpose of sports. And exercise are also apt to change. From this point forth, the most
important factor to be focused on with regards to the classification of recreation events, is
the consideration of current periods. Although the classifications which are made till our
time have been influenced and shaped by this factor, there are certain deficiencies and
points to be focused on.

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5.1WHY NEED FOR RECREATIONL AMENITIES IN APARTMENT AND
TOWNHOUSE PROJECTS.

Various types of research have been conducted which suggest that both children and adults benefit
from close association with outdoor recreation space.

Much of the research focuses on the need for outdoor spaces to accommodate children’s play.
Active play is seen as an important part of all phases of childhood development While the
provision of active outdoor play spaces in multi-residential developments can be beneficial to
people of all ages, it is most important for toddlers and young children who

 Spend most of their time in ‘play mode.

 Require adult supervision while playing, and
 Who are unable to travel to a neighborhood park on their own.

The availability of active child play spaces on-site, increases the amount of outdoor play time for
toddlers and young children significantly.
Older children and adolescents also benefit from outdoor space in multi-residential projects,
especially in areas when neighborhood parks are not readily available. In these instances, it may
be difficult for older children and adolescents to travel to a faraway park to play.

 The walking distance may too great.

 Bicycling on major roads may be too dangerous.
 Bus service may be unavailable.
 Their parents may be unable to drive them to the nearest park.

Even when a neighborhood park is nearby, there may be merit in providing some active space on-site in
multi-residential developments, as older children and adolescents are more likely to engage in activities
if recreational spaces are readily available to them. While adults have different recreational needs and
generally have better access to off-site recreational facilities than children do, they still can make use of
on-site recreational spaces. Recreational needs and preferences also change considerably as adults age, with
young adults focusing more on active recreation and older adults focusing more on passiverecreation. The
absence of recreational amenities in multi-residential projects can be problematic for adults as well. Some
residents may not drive or have access to an automobile; for them, travelling to a distant park for

21
recreation may not be an option. And, even when automobile access is available, the inconvenience of that
travel will likely reduce their desire to travel off-site for certain recreational amenities. Both passive and
active recreational spaces also provide a neutral space where residents in multi residential developments
can meet each other and socialize. Such spaces, in particular, allow children to meet each other and develop
relationships. Those relationships, in turn, provide opportunities for their parents to meet and socialize.
To the extent that on-site recreational spaces can assist in reducing anonymity, resident satisfaction can be
enhanced.

In practice, most multi-family residential developments provide some type of recreational space; although
the amount, type, and quality of amenity space may vary considerably from project to project.

Higher-end rental projects tend to provide the greatest

amount of recreational amenities as part of the value added
package that they offer. The amenities offered in these projects
tend to be tailored to the target market (e.g. children’s play
areas and swimming pools for family-oriented projects;
racquet courts and other active-space amenities for projects
targeted to younger adults; and more passive amenities for
seniors’ projects). In these cases, the amenity package is
designed to appeal to a target market that is most willing and
able to pay for the inclusion of the amenities.

Low income affordable housing projects (e.g. LIHTC projects) also tend to provide on-site recreational
amenities. In this case, recreational amenities are a requirement of a project’s federally assisted financing
package. The amenities proposed for each project will vary depending upon the target market to some
degree, but with the exception of seniors’ projects, child play facilities are almost always included.

5.1.1Types of facilities /minimum recreational provision in residential apartments.

Playground area
Swimming pool
Shops

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6.1 PROVISION OF RECREATIONAL AREAS IN URBAN SPACES
INTERNATIONAL LONG-TERM COMPARISON OF THE
DEVELOPMENTS OF SELECTED EUROPEAN CITIES.

The quality of life of the urban population is considerably determined by the existing vegetation
and the available open spaces in the cities. According to ECI criteria [EUROPEAN COMMON
INDICATORS, 2001] recreational areas are public parks, green and open areas which are
designated for the exclusive use of pedestrians and cyclists. Furthermore, open-air sports facilities
and private areas (private parks, agricultural areas) have to be included as long as they are
accessible to the public and free of charge.

For the analysis of the reachability those residential areas have been looked at which are situated
within 300 m. It is based on the assumption that a distance of 300 m “as the crow flies” is
equivalent to 500 m on foot. In view of the angular road network, waiting time at traffic lights etc.
a walking time of up to 15 minutes at a moderate walking pace can be assumed for a distance of
500 m. A period of 15 minutes maximum to reach nearby recreational areas can be accepted and
thus represents an admissible benchmark. According to ECI criteria can be considered as
recreational areas accessible to the public free of charge. Apart from green urban areas also
agriculturally used areas as well as forests and semi-natural areas can be classed as recreational
areas. From this asset some sub-classes resp. areas were not considered as being relevant for
recreational purposes. On the one hand these are recreational areas that demand the payment of an
entrance fee. On the other hand these are private, mostly fenced, and thus not open to the public
areas as well as areas with no recreational function at all.

6.1.1 Analyses
Share of recreational areas
After the selection of the relevant recreational areas from the totality of areas within the four time
slots the shares of recreational areas in the entity of the relevant analysis area were calculated and
presented separately.

For the cities analysed a continuous degradation of the share of public recreational areas within
the past 50 years has to be stated. Mainly this could be ascribed to the enormous decline of
agriculturally used area for the benefit of settlement areas, i.e. urban, commercial and industrial
areas In particular, there was a steady decrease of recreational areas in the core zones. Especially
Bratislava saw an above average negative development.

6.1.2 Reachability of public recreational areas

For all recreational areas buffers at a distance of 300 m from the recreational areas were drawn.
Subsequently the proportions of the residential areas

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24
CHAPTER-3
7.1 RESEARCH PAPERS
MODERN TRENDS IN RECREATION

Modern sports become very competitive and highly professional.

Performance is do reaching beyond human abilities (limits)
Physiological process determine the human performance. There is a limit to these processes,
therefore a limit to human performance so, we are trying to illegally alter these process to enhance
performance. It has given rise to serious ethical issues in the world of recreation. So, the perceived
Health benefits from participation in sports and recreation are gradually being subtle. There is a
worldwide concern not only about health of elite athletes but also of other participants at school
and college level sports.

Recently a survey was conducted

Questionnaire: behavioral and attitudinal questionnaires

The population: 4 technical institute
Total: 500 technical students
The study aims: to study young people perception and their awareness about benefits of sports
participation.
The study reveals: a significant percentage of students avoid participation in sports and physical
activities.
In this survey student’s participation in sports and physical activities at BITS PILANI in India.

Total number of students pursuing engineering degrees on campus

Integrated first degree 3610
Higher degree 532
PHD 371
Total 4513

Student’s participation no

Regular using health club 400

Playing various games 150
General fitness, walking and running 50
Total 600
Regular 3 weeks. It means only 13% student participate in sports and physical activities.

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 Students’ activities 4513 Per%
Physical activities and sports 600 13
overscheduled 578 12.8
not interested 365 8
other extracurricular activities 236 5.2
no reply 2734 60.58

STUDENTS ACTIVITIES

3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0

The University has a root-mail service to connect all students and staff members on campus.
Through this root- mail we contact the students who don’t come to sports and encourage them
and make them aware of benefits of sports participation.
 It has been observed that most students are well aware of sports participation benefits. So,
awareness and perception always don’t work unless a person does not want to change.
 Many students even found ignoring the benefits and enjoy the lifestyle as they have been
living.
 They have become obsessed with doing the things the old way, their lifestyle inertia that
is keeping them fixed in place.
 The lifestyle inertia (wont/habit) is a routine of behavior that is repeated regularly and
tends to occur unconsciously.
 Sometimes, they suffer from Compulsive disorder, or obsessive-compulsive disorder, is
an anxiety disorder or a persistent attachment to an object or idea.
 This is what needs to overcome to accomplish any meaningful change in their life by
forceful stimuli.

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  A significant difference found between awareness and perception with sports
participation among students.
 Many parents restrain their children from participation in sports due to present trend of
sports.
 Many parents restrain their children from participation in sports due to present trend of
sports.
 It is concerned to know that only 13% college going students are active in physical
activities and sports.

It has been well documented that sports participation has health-related benefits. But still a
significant number of students found avoiding participation.

As a result most of them are found to be suffering from metabolic diseases. Recreational
activities and modified games may attract students but not all. In such case, compulsory
participation may be the most efficient way to push them towards DECODING their lifestyle
habit.

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7.2 JOURNAL ARTICLE ON RECREATION VALUES OF FOREST AND
PARKS

Economic and social changes in the

western world the need for multiple land
use. Recreation in forest areas is therefore
an important issue, as well from the point
of forestry policy as of forestry planning.

Recreation planning is surveyed in three

successive steps. In the course of history,
parks in the neigh bourhood of large towns
have been integrated into and form a
dominant feature.

In the Netherland the change in altitude

regarding forests promoted by an increase
population and therefore a stronger
recreation pressure gave rise in 1966 to the
second report on physical planning.
Making extensive parks in neighbourhood
of large towns as Amsterdam, Rotterdam and the Hague. These would have to function as day
recreation sites and as buffer zones. As a result some large regional parks created there.

As regards future large size park areas, recently a discussion started. Small number of large parks
from 2000 to 4000ha can be maintained.

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7.2.1 RECREATION VALUES

The advantage of large recreational areas is the possibility to create a large visitors capacity per
area as well as a large diversity and a good accessibility. The first point to be mentioned in this
respect is the future distribution of leisure time. This distribution is a decisive factor in the
planning and zoning of outdoor recreation facilities. However the effect of their relative increase
are extremely important not only with regard to the spending of leisure time and therefore
planning and zoning of facilities but also in relation with settlement and urbanization.

It should be an important point of discussion to improve environmental and recreational

conditions. A kind of conditional medium and long term planning, while in the meantime the
newly planted areas could be used as recreation grounds for the already existing parts of the
towns. It is a good thing at least foresters and landscape architects are becoming more and more
involved in town and regional planning in the Netherlands.

7.2.2 Planning for recreation in forests and parks.

There is a widespread general knowledge of recreation values of forests and parks. If however
we try to apply this knowledge in an operational sense to plan new facilities there is lack of
quantative knowledge. Only specific research can fill this gap.

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For deign purposes several types of approach can be distinguished, but when having to create
new facilities. For example recreation opportunities in forest- the sequence allocation-capacity-
layout may in itself be an approach to solve the problem. There is a close relation between these
components of recreation planning such a sequence-based approach may meet the first
requirements.

As stated in many papers, actual recreation is a result of the interaction between the supply of
recreation opportunities and the demand to spend leisure time.
A transformation of dwellings for the summer holidays into weekend houses occurs so the
distance from urban Centre is going to receive a heavier weight as a result of the higher use-
frequency.

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CHAPTER-4
8.1 LITERATURE CASE STUDY OF KELLERBERRIN RECREATION
AND LEISURE CENTRE PROJECTS.
8.1.1How Royalties for regions helped build kellerberrins’ new recreation
center

The Royalities for Regions program provided 1.85million dollar Programme. Recreation and
leisure center

This project involved the refurbishing of recreation facilities at Kellerberrins and the
amalgamation of sporting clubs and facilities into one area to become the Kellerberrin recreation
and leisure center

It also included the upgrading of facilities at the central wheat belt harness racing club.
8.1.2 WHAT DID THE PROJECTS INVOLVE?

The aim of the project was to provide the shire of kellerberrin with new, first class recreation
facilities in the heart of the wheat belt. The project funded 1.85 million dollar from Royalities for
regions and more than 2million dollar from other sources such as lottery west and dept. of sport
and recreation. Community provided an estimated further 1million dollar of in kind contributions
of labour sand and transport cost.
It involved the development of a bar/club room with outdoor terrace and crèche with outdoor
play area, kitchen and family dinning facilities, a tote, offices with board and meeting rooms, a
gymnasium and sports equipment storage.

8.1.3 WHAT IS THE FEEDBACK?

People surveyed have reported many positive benefits with regard to the KRLC, most
significantly that it has brought to the community together and that the center is now a
harmonious meeting place for the entire community.

Other identified benefits include:

Creating better facilities and the ability to host events.
Increasing economic and employment benefits for the town.
Creating more opportunities for participation in sport.
Increasing community use, ownership and input.
Improved coordination of funding for sport and
Effective project management.

There is more interaction between residents and intergenerational interaction-community center.

On top of that there has been an appreciable increase in participation rates in sports, particularly
for children.

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People also appear to be taking an increased interest in sports they had not played before because
they now see the other opportunities when they visit the KRLC for other activities.

The impact on local economy is difficult to gauge as it is still early days. However most people
interviewed believe that there had been increase in the economic benefits for the town.

The new venue and facilities have also

increased the opportunities for kellerberrin to host bigger sporting and social events. The next
project will involve the development of squash court, store rooms, car park paving, additional
change rooms and spectator shade structures.

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CHAPTER-5
QUESTIONNAIRES
Do we just want to save our space? Create a park construct a community center Provide
community recreation programs? Or just we want to improve our parks and recreation.

Of course, we definitely want to augment our recreation for better activities parks and services
and for our residents. That means we just have to look at improving and expanding what we offer
now. Recreation and parks is only one part of total community planning, along with other system
like public safety, transportation and public works infrastructure.

How could we make a strategy to get residents involve in recreation? Why recreation facilities
are provided in place to place in urban areas. In cities greenbelt areas how could people interact
with recreation and why they would like to visit in that place?

Design meaningful projects or assignments that have the potential to attract the kind of
volunteers we most want. Ability to recruit types of volunteers we want is directly connected to
what we are asking people to do as volunteers.

After design, second most important part is creativity in deciding where to look for volunteers.
Only go to sources with the potential to have the types of people we want. For each area where
we need aid brainstorm new, creative places to seek.

Why recreation and parks?

Well, we have comprehended about parks and recreation and decided to explore parks and
recreation in our community. It could be understand very well by taking a serious look on case
study of Pennsylvania.
Here there is a different look at public recreation and park services. 53 acre Hampden Park.
People love the parks that are close to home, places where friends gather, children play and
nature abounds. It is very important that recreation programs to have in their communities.
Developing and operating a local recreation system may be one of the most rewarding
experiences our community will ever have.

In Pennsylvania providers of recreation and parks services range from family campgrounds,
commercial fitness centers and ice rinks. Recreation began in Pennsylvania and throughout the
United states as two distinct movements.
Urban parks-8900 acre Fairmount parks in Philadelphia. They provided recreation to children in
schools in 1800s. Industrial revolution created social needs that initiated the first playgrounds in
our cities. At first they focus in public sectors recreation was on social services for citizens and
public parks funding came primarily from taxes.

Roles of Governmental Providers

Pennsylvania state government’s role is same to that of federal government. It has 116 state
parks and one of the largest systems in the country. Pennsylvania has a 1.4 million-acre state
game open to the public for hunting, trapping, fishing and hiking, and over 2.1 million acres of
state forests. They provide services that contribute to the betterment of residents and the
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community as a whole, services. But in Pennsylvania local governments provide community
recreation and parks services for the benefit of people living within the boundaries of cities.

 Providing parkland and recreation facilities for residents.

 Municipal parks for public to enjoy. They do not close when the economy is struggling.
 Within Pennsylvania communities, a variety of organization exists whose purpose
includes providing recreation opportunities to their members.
 Developing and maintain park area and recreation facilities for citizens to enjoy at the
time, protecting and preserving the environment for future generation.
 Offering recreation programs and services that are consistent with citizens’ need and
interests and add to their health, sense of well-being and sense of community.

Pennsylvania: 501 public school districts

Keystone Central School District: 29 municipalities
It includes indoor swimming pools, gymnasiums, weight training rooms, auditoriums, wrestling
room, computer labs, ball fields, tennis courts, football stadiums, soccer fields running track.
Plays a vital role in the provision of recreation services by allowing community use of their
facilities.

In rural Pennsylvania open spaces is plentiful. Thousands of acres of state forests and game lands
and state parks are close by. These facilities provide only limited scope of activities. Places to
hunt fish and hike can’t provide only a limited needs for sports, cultural and social activities.
Since school districts are often the only providers of recreation facilities in rural communities.

UNDERSTANDING VALUE OF RECREATION

We could take an example of discussed above Pennsylvanian what kind of services provide for
citizens, will they include recreation and parks in their response? They should, but if they don’t,
most likely owing to they don’t understand why recreation and parks services are important to
their communities. To find out if the recreation and parks programs and services your
community offers are valuable and worthwhile to citizens many questions have to be asked and
answered.
Who gains from these services?
How do residents benefit?
What does your community get in return?
What significant issues must be dealt with?
How would that affect your community?
What could be offered that residents wouldn’t want to do without?
So, this way we could determine what community role our recreation and parks should play.

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CHAPTER 6
9.1 INFERENCES
9.1.1 Recreation areas has many beneficial and advantages aspects. By studying many
literature study and research papers, journals and case study. There is a lot comparison between
recreation in earlier periods ancient times and different ages of time. With the modern recreation
activities lot of things changed as compared to older times. Many facilities like we found in
urban recreation areas apartments, group housing. Planning of township and importance of built
recreation in forest and different parts has some values as we saw earlier. There is a quite
difference between earlier and modern recreation activities that before there were no
technologies and now a days many things came up with technology and due to this we have
many activities to do and it also generates revenue. Before recreation only meant to be fun and
entertainment purpose but as we have lots of things to do it came up with different purpose also.

10.1 CONCLUSION
As it is already discuss that recreation plays a vital role in human’s life for better healthy life.
Different types of recreation activity are done in everywhere. In many smart cities and developed
countries planning is done and rest part of land utilizes as a recreation space for the better
development and beauty of the area. It has many impacts over population socially and
economically. Provides lots of opportunities jobs to the people. Reduces lots of stresses and
prevents from ailments. It actually gives a fun or entertainment and gives freedom from all types
of problems in our daily life. It has many direct advantages. So the conclusion of this dissertation
is recreation has beneficial advantages and many other needs. Recreation and Parks programs,
places, events and services offered impact many areas of citizen’s lives and your community as a
whole. So in Pennsylvania case study we saw the benefits of public recreation and parks.
Meeting the basic needs of your residents, Improving our local economy, enhancing our natural
environment, strengthening our community and so on.

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CHAPTER-7
REFERENCE
(1) Wienkler maniel-paper
(2)Recreation and open spaces
(3)Architectural Services Department, Universal Accessibility for External Areas, Open Spaces
& Green Spaces (2007)
(4) G. Meinel, M. Winkler Institute of Ecological and Regional Development (IOER),
Dresden/Germany
(5) Early history of recreation and leisure.
(6) A serious look at leisure time theory in the leisure time research.
(7) Recreation values of forest and parks Journal.
(8)

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